POTENCIAL AGRONÓMICO DEL REGADÍO

ELIAS FERERES

INSTITUTO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE (CSIC) Y

UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA

Secano60% Regadío

40%

PRODUCCIÓN DE ALIMENTOS

El riego es muy importante

en la intensificación de la producción agrícola

Secano83%

1.250 mill ha

Regadío17%

250 mill ha

SUPERFICIE CULTIVADA MUNDIAL

(WRI “World Resources Institute”, 2004; FAOSTAT, 1999)

Introducción general

PRODUCCIÓN DE ALIMENTOS Y SUPERFICIE CULTIVADA

Produccionpotencial

Produccion real

Solar Radiation Temperatures

Phys.-chem. Limitations (water, nutrients)

Ecological reductions (pests, diseases weeds, etc..)

La brecha entre rendimientos, YG

YG = P. POTENCIAL – P. REAL

(B)

(C)

YG

E. Fereres, IAS-CSIC

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

/ha )

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

AustraliaChinaIndiaUSA

Wheat

89 kg ha-1 year-1

51 kg ha-1 year-1

24 kg ha-1 year-1

21 kg ha-1 year-1

41 kg ha-1 year-1World

Projections based on Yield Trends

Source: FAOSTAT

Wheat

E. Fereres, IAS-CSIC

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Gra

in Y

ield

(k g

/ ha )

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

WHEAT

Algeria (15 kg/ha/year)

Syria (22 kg/ha/year) Iran (16 kg/ha/year)

Source: FAOSTAT

Syria (61 kg/ha/year)

Iran (52 kg/ha/year)

Water use (mm)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Yie

ld (t

/ha)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 n = 691

China Loess PlateauMediterranean BasinNorth American Great PlainsSE Australia22 x (water use - 60)

Analysis of wheat yields by Sadras and Angus (2006)

Trigo

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Agua recibida (mm)

Ren

dim

ien

to (

kg*h

a-1

)

Gonzalez-Dugo yMateos, 2007, en Andalucía

Montoro et al., En Albacete

Maíz

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Agua recibida (mm)

Ren

dim

ien

to (

kg

*ha-1

)

Gonzalez-Dugo yMateos, 2007, en Andalucía

Montoro et al., En Albacete

¡ES EL MANEJO!

OBJETIVO: CERRAR LA BRECHA DE LOS RENDIMIENTOS

Agua consumida / Agua requeridaASSESSING IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE

Relative Irrigation Supply

(Lorite et al., Irrig.Sci., 2004)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Seasonal ET (mm)

Cotton

Sunflower

Maize

Sugar beet

Garlic

Wheat

Onion

Beans

Pepper

Large Large variations in variations in Crop ET Crop ET among farmsamong farms

Satellite-based Satellite-based estimation of estimation of consumptive use (ET) consumptive use (ET) for planning and for for planning and for performance performance assessment.assessment.(SEBAL, METRIC, etc.,)(SEBAL, METRIC, etc.,)

Lorite et al., 2007

P. Zarco’s team, IAS,P. Zarco’s team, IAS,Córdoba.Córdoba.

El desafío es ahorrar agua en la agricultura

REDUCIR PÉRDIDAS:(escorrentía, drenaje,.)

Y/OREDUCIR ET (E y/o T)

?

CO2

H2O

CO2

H2O

ZEF/Bonn/2001

ETc (mm)

ETmax

YmaxY

(t/

ha)

Typical Production FunctionTypical Production FunctionAgronomic CropsAgronomic Crops

Background

• Revision of the 1979 FAO I & D Paper no.33, “Yield Response to Water”  

• Consultative process with experts

• A simulation model for field-crops:

AquaCrop

ETo

Phenology Canopy Cover

T (oC) Es Ta

Leaf expansion gs

SenescenceBiomass

pw

YieldHI

CO2

Root (depth/shape)

AquaCrop Conceptual Framework| Crop

www.fao.org/nr/water

P. Steduto, D. Raes, T.C. Hsiao & E. FereresA MODEL FOR SIMULATING WATER-LIMITED YIELD

(LA PRODUCCIÓN ALCANZABLE CON UNA CANTIDAD DE AGUA LIMITADA)

DEFICIT IRRIGATIONDEFICIT IRRIGATION = APPLICATIONS = APPLICATIONS BELOW CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS (ET)BELOW CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS (ET)

(Soil water deficits may or may not cause crop water (Soil water deficits may or may not cause crop water deficits and reduction in ET)deficits and reduction in ET)

REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI)REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI) ==

PLANNED CROP WATERPLANNED CROP WATERDEFICITS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.DEFICITS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.

(Crop water stress occurs at certain stages; ET may or (Crop water stress occurs at certain stages; ET may or may not be reduced significantly; RISKS increased)may not be reduced significantly; RISKS increased)

As uniformity decreases, more water is needed to achieve high yields

Fereres et al., 1993, ICSC, Ames, Iowa.

EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND IRRIGATION WATER

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fr u

it Y

ield

(t h

a-1)

400 500 600 700 800 900ETc (mm)

Y = -16.836 + 62.85×10-3 ET - 0.035×10-3 ET2

R2 = 0.71

Water production fuction of olive; Cordoba, 1996-2000

(Moriana et al., JASHS, 2003)

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

300 400 500 600 700 800 900

ET (mm)

MWP(€/m3)

Marginal WP of a mature olive orchard under water deficits

(Moriana et al., JASHS, 2003)

28 %32%

40 %36 %13 %

51 %

1983 2003

254.817 ha

282.372 ha

Field crops

Olives

Distribution of Irrigated Crops

Cap, Junta de Andalucía (2004)Anuario de Estadística Agraria (1983)

630.490 ha630.490 ha 893.009 ha893.009 haTotalTotal

ANDALUCÍA,ANDALUCÍA,S. SPAINS. SPAIN

320.971 ha

80.549 ha

355.820 haHorticultural crops 228.970 ha

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

año

ha

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 hm 3

ha de regadío hm3

Capítulo I. Introducción

EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS REGADÍOS

28 %32%

40 %

Field crops 254.817 ha

282.372 haOlives

355.820 haHorticultural crops

Distribution of Irrigated Crops, 2003

Anuario de Estadística Agraria (1983)Cap, Junta de Andalucía (2004)

893.009 ha893.009 haTotal

Field crops 196.164 ha

109.755 haVegetable crops

167.560 haTrees & Vines

473.479 ha473.479 haTotal

42 %

35 %23 %

Fresno Co., California Andalucia, Spain

Fresno County Agricultural Commisioner

Riego deficitario controlado (RDC)

Deficits hídricos planificados en

momentos determinados del

desarrollo al objeto de minimizar

el impacto en el rendimiento

Mantener los ingresos y Mantener los ingresos y reducir el agua de riegoreducir el agua de riego

ObjetivosObjetivos

RDI IN ORANGE TREESThe effects on fruit quality and profits

Each dot is a RDI treatment (from Fereres, Goldhamer and Parsons, 2003)

43000

44000

45000

46000

47000

48000

Gro

ss Y

ield

(kg

/ ha)

18000

18500

19000

19500

20000

20500

21000

21500

22000

Gro

ss R

eve n

ue (

$/h a

)

y = 14.3x + 35808

R2 = 0.599

y = -5.13x + 23736

R2

= 0.078

Control

Control

Applied Water (mm/season)

a b

1:1

550 600 650 700 750 800 600 650 700 750 800 850

RDC

RDS

RFinca

38,8 b

36,3 c

39,1 b

73,5 a

71,6 b

73,2 a

Agua aplicada Produc. Diám. Fruto nº (mm) (t ha-1) (mm) frutos

Tratamiento

300 b

300 b

304 b

353

353

528

RESULTADOS DE UN EXPERIMENTO DE 5 AÑOS (2001-2006)

Melocotonero, Córdoba, Finca la Veguilla

33% menos de agua de riego en RDC sin impacto en la producción

PROYECTO CONSOLIDER 2006

“Programa Integral de Ahorro y Mejora Productiva del Agua de Riego en la

Horticultura Española”

FIN