polinización y sanidad
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
1/64
Crop Pollination and
Honey Bee Health
Marion EllisUniversity of Nebraska
Department of Entomology
Good things happen when beekeepers,scientists and growers work together
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
2/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
3/64
Almond Growing Areaof California
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
4/64
2000 2004
824
1,084
998
2003
CA Almond Production (million lbs)
698
2001 2002
1,033
Source: Almond Board of California
912
2005
2006
1,092698
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
5/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
6/64
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
91,000
169,936
248,000
327,000
411,000
510,000
580,000
Source: California Agricultural Statistics Service
Almond Bearing Acres
100,000
Year
Bearing Acres
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
7/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
8/64
U.S. Almond Production and Grower Prices
Price
$/lb.
2005 f1990 200019951970 1975 1980 1985
Source: National Agriculture Statistics Service, USDA
f = forecast
1200
Pounds
0
200
400
600
800
1000
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Production
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
9/64
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Average Almond Pollination Fees, 1995-2006
Year
Dollars Per Colony
Giannini Foundation
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
10/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
11/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
12/64
Pollination requirements
Self incompatible Requires cross
pollination
Not thinned 100% of flowers must
be cross pollinated forgood crop
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
13/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
14/64
Acceptable colonies for pollination
8 frames of bees
Frame - 1 standard deep frame,2/3 to 3/4 covered with bees at600F (15.60C)
800 inch2 (5200 cm2) of brood
Bloom season is early Any colony not in top shape by
Sept. 1 will be substandard
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
15/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
16/64
Pollination Practices (Almonds)
Bring in bees at first bloom or earlier
Strong colonies more important than
distribution Usually dropped in groups of 16-32
Bee density recommendations average2.5 colonies per acre
Remove promptly when done
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
17/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
18/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
19/64
Pollination Practices (Almonds)
Growers want bees in place fromfirst blossom to last petal fall
Pesticide exposure is possible beforebloom (dormant sprays) and afterbloom (Egyptian alfalfa weevil, grape
cutworm) In and out dates are specified in
contracts
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
20/64
Nutrition Issues
Poor foragingconditions priorto almond
pollination Almonds are a
monoculture inthe central
valley We do not have
a nutritionallycomplete pollen
substitute
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
21/64
Almond pollination and honeybee health
The spread of diseases and pests
1.2 million colonies moved into central
valley of California
Colonies subsequently moved across theentire country
The spread of miticide resistantgenes
Undermines resistance management
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
22/64
Almond pollination and honeybee health
The impact of pesticideexposure
Pesticides used to control croppests
Pesticides used to control bee
pests Frequency of treatment
Residues, interactions,
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
23/64
Invasive species 1984-2007
Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) 1984
Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) 1987
Small hive beetle (Athenia tumida)1998
Nosema ceranae2002
Israeli acute paralysis virus (2007)
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
24/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
25/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
26/64
Deformed wing virus
Israeli acute paralysis virus
Other bee viruses
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
27/64
The small hive beetle life cycle
Beetlesfly into
colonies
Youngbeetleshatch
after 3-4weeks
Larvaeleave hiveto pupate
in soil
Eggs laidin
protectedplaces
Eating phase
of larvae
Adapted from Otto Boecking, Ceile Germany 2005
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
28/64
Microscopicexamination is
necessary fordiagnosis
Economicthreshold is 10,000spores per bee
Phase contrastmicroscope and
blood countingchamber arerequired for
diagnosis
Nosema ceranae
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
29/64
Pesticides and bee toxicity
Until 1985 focus on pesticides appliedto crops and unintentional exposure offoraging bees
In last 27 years pesticides have beenintentionally put in beehives to controlpests
Both the intentional and unintentionalexposures have resulted in residues inbeeswax
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
30/64
Losses from 1966-1985
Attributable to organochlorines,carbamates, organophosphates andpyrethroid compounds
Most efforts to protect beesfocused on restricting application
during bloom Residual products were never
effectively addressed
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
31/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
32/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
33/64
Honey bee injury potential
Plant growth stage
Relative toxicity ofthe chemical
Choice of formulation
Residual action
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
34/64
Honey bee injury potential
Drift
Temperature
Distance from treatedfields
Time of application
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
35/64
Formulation and Injury Potential
Microencapsulated products
Dusts
Wettable powders
Emulsifiable concentrates
Solutions
Ultra low volume (ULV)
Granular products
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
36/64
Pollinator protection
What can applicators do?
Do not treatfields in bloom
Do not allow
spray to land onblooming weeds
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
37/64
Pollinator protection
What can applicators do?
Choose short residualmaterials and lowhazard formulations
Avoid spray drift
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
38/64
Pesticides and bee toxicity
1985-2011
Genetically modified crops
Neonicotinoids
Phenylpyrazoles
Miticides in beehives Pesticide residues in beeswax
Fungicides applied during bloom
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
39/64
Neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazolesand bees
Low toxicity in single exposurebioasssays
Multiple and prolonged exposures- systemic
How to assess injury - acutemortality, immune system
function, learning, navigation?
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
40/64
When drugs interact.
One plus one can = 17
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
41/64
Erythromycin with oral contraceptives (anything withestrogen) will render the contraceptive ineffective
Flagyl (giaridia treatment) and ethanol makes younauseated and inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
Lipitor interacts with azole fungicides (Diflucan)used to treat yeast infections. The fungicide inhibits
Lipitor metabolism causing the level of Lipitor tobecome too high leading to muscle breakdown
Some examples of human
drug interactions
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
42/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
43/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
44/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
45/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
46/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
47/64
tau-fluvalinate
coumaphos
thymol
fenpyroximate
amitraz
oxalic acid
Legacy drugs, pesticides and fungicides in
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
48/64
Legacy drugs, pesticides and fungicides inbrood nest wax
Frazier et al., 2008. American Bee Journal Mullin
et al., 2010. PLoS ONE
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
49/64
"All things are poisonand nothing is without
poison, only the dosepermits something not tobe poisonous
Paracelsus1493-1541
A basic axiom of toxicology
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
50/64
therapeutic
harmful
deadly
no effect
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
51/64
tau-fluvalinate
coumaphos
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
52/64
Johnson et al. accepted; PLoS ONE.
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
53/64
Fungicides?
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
54/64
chlorothalonil boscalid +
pyraclostrobin
Group 3
sterol biosynthesis inhibitors
SBI fungicide
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
55/64
SBI fungicide
tau-fluvalinate
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
56/64
pre-trea
tment
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
57/64
propiconazole
myclobutanil
metconazole
fenbuconazole
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
58/64
therapeutic
harmful
deadly
no effect
N
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
59/64
Cl
O OO
PO
O
S
Cl
N
O
O
N
O
F
FF
tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fungicides non-hive pesticides
natural toxins
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
N
O
N
N
O
O
OH
OH
OHHO
HO
S
P
O
O
O
O
SO
O
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
60/64
tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fenpyroximate
1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by
P450s
Drugs detoxified by P450s
X
P450 i hibiti G
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
61/64
tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fenpyroximate
1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by
P450s
Drugs detoxified by P450s
X
2. Avoid the use of P450-detoxified miticidal drugs whenbees are also exposed to P450-inhibiting Group 3
fungicides
P450-inhibiting Group3 fungicides
X
Synergistic
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
62/64
no increase in miticide toxicity
~ increase in miticide toxicity less than 20 fold
! increase in miticide toxicity greater than 20 fold
!! increase in miticide toxicity of nearly 1,000 fold
Synergisticinteractionssummary
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
63/64
-
8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad
64/64
16 University and USDA Laboratory partners
$4 million dollars over 4 yearsDivision of labor, no redundancy
Only collaborative intiatives considered