peronard (1988) el hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

17
3267*5$’2(1/,1*h¸67,&$ ,QVWLWXWRGHOLWHUDWXUD\FLHQFLDVGHOOHQJXDMH ’DWRVGHOWH[WR 7tWXOR (OKRPEUHTXHKDEODHOKRPEUHTXHHVFULEH $XWRURUHV 0DULDQQH3HURQDUG (GLWRURUHV $xRGHSXEOLFDFLyQ &LXGDG 6DQWLDJR (GLWRULDO 1GH3iJLQDV 2WURV ’LVFXUVRGH,QFRUSRUDFLyQDOD$FDGHPLDGHOD/HQJXD GHQRYLHPEUHGH ,QGLFDFLRQHV /RVQ~PHURVSXHVWRVDSLHGHSiJLQDFRUUHVSRQGHQDOQ~PHURGHSiJLQDGHOWH[WR RULJLQDO’HHVWHPRGRODSDODEUDTXHHVWpVHxDODGDFRQHOSLHGHSiJLQDTXHGLJD SRUHMHPSOR3DJFRUUHVSRQGHUiDOILQDOGHODSiJLQDGHORULJLQDO &yPRFLWDUHVWHWH[WR 3HURQDUG 0 (O KRPEUH TXH KDEOD HO KRPEUH TXH HVFULEH (Q %ROHWtQ $FDGHPLD&KLOHQDGHOD/HQJXD6DQWLDJRGH&KLOHSS

Upload: carlos-balboa

Post on 30-Jun-2015

699 views

Category:

Documents


49 download

DESCRIPTION

Continuum entre oralidad y escritura

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

3267*5$'2�(1�/,1*hË67,&$��,QVWLWXWR�GH�OLWHUDWXUD�\�FLHQFLDV�GHO�OHQJXDMH������'DWRV�GHO�WH[WR���7tWXOR��� � � (O�KRPEUH�TXH�KDEOD��HO�KRPEUH�TXH�HVFULEH�$XWRU�RUHV��� � � 0DULDQQH�3HURQDUG�(GLWRU�RUHV��$xR�GH�SXEOLFDFLyQ��� �����&LXGDG�� � � 6DQWLDJR�(GLWRULDO��1��GH�3iJLQDV��� � �������2WURV��� 'LVFXUVR�GH�,QFRUSRUDFLyQ�D�OD�$FDGHPLD�GH�OD�/HQJXD��

���GH�QRYLHPEUH�GH��������,QGLFDFLRQHV���/RV�Q~PHURV�SXHVWRV�D�SLH�GH�SiJLQD�FRUUHVSRQGHQ�DO�Q~PHUR�GH�SiJLQD�GHO�WH[WR�RULJLQDO��'H�HVWH�PRGR��OD�SDODEUD�TXH�HVWp�VHxDODGD�FRQ�HO�SLH�GH�SiJLQD�TXH�GLJD��SRU�HMHPSOR��3DJ�������FRUUHVSRQGHUi�DO�ILQDO�GH�OD�SiJLQD�����GHO�RULJLQDO����&yPR�FLWDU�HVWH�WH[WR���3HURQDUG�� 0�� �������� (O� KRPEUH� TXH� KDEOD�� HO� KRPEUH� TXH� HVFULEH�� (Q� %ROHWtQ�$FDGHPLD�&KLOHQD�GH�OD�/HQJXD��6DQWLDJR�GH�&KLOH��SS��������

Page 2: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

� (/�+20%5(�48(�+$%/$��(/�+20%5(�48(�(6&5,%(���

0DULDQQH�3HURQDUG�����

��6U��'LUHFWRU��6UV��$FDGpPLFRV��VHxRUDV�\�VHxRUHV��

'HVHR� FRPHQ]DU� SRU� H[SUHVDU� PLV� DJUDGHFLPLHQWRV� D� ORV� PLHPEURV� GH� OD�$FDGHPLD�&KLOHQD�GH�OD�/HQJXD�SRU�OD�GHVLJQDFLyQ�FRPR�PLHPEUR�GH�Q~PHUR�GH�OD�FXDO�PH�KDQ�KHFKR�REMHWR��(V�XQ�DOWtVLPR�KRQRU��GHO�FXDO��FLHUWDPHQWH��QR�PH�VLHQWR�PHUHFHGRUD�� 1R� SRVHR� QL� HO� GRQ� GH� OD� HORFXHQFLD� QL� OD� LQVSLUDFLyQ� SRpWLFD� TXH�SXGLHUD�HVSHUDUVH�GH�TXLHQ�YD�D�FRPSDUWLU�OD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�GH�YHODU�SRU�HO�EXHQ�XVR�GH�QXHVWUD�OHQJXD�FRQ�WDQ�GHVWDFDGDV�SHUVRQDOLGDGHV�GHO�PXQGR�GH�ODV�OHWUDV��

6LQ�HPEDUJR�OD�DFHSWR��HQ�OD�FRQILDQ]D�GH�SRGHU�FRUUHVSRQGHU�DO�KRQRU�TXH�VH�PH�FRQILHUH�GHVGH�HO�FDPSR�TXH�PH�HV�SURSLR��HO�GH�OD�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�HQ�WRUQR�D�OD�OHQJXD�PDWHUQD��0H�LQWHUHVDQ�HVSHFLDOPHQWH�ORV�DVSHFWRV�TXH�GLFHQ�UHODFLyQ�FRQ�OD�DGTXLVLFLyQ� \� HO� XVR� GHO� FDVWHOODQR� \� ORV� SURFHVRV� PHQWDOHV� FRQFRPLWDQWHV�� (OOR�H[SOLFD�HO�WHPD�TXH�KH�HVFRJLGR�SDUD�HVWD�VROHPQH�RFDVLyQ��D�VDEHU���(O�KRPEUH�TXH�KDEOD��HO�KRPEUH�TXH�HVFULEH���

(O�OHQJXDMH�KXPDQR��HQ�FXDQWR�OHQJXDV�R�LGLRPDV��PXHVWUD�GLIHUHQFLDFLRQHV�LQWHUQDV� UHFXUUHQWHV� TXH� VH� SXHGHQ� VLVWHPDWL]DU� VHJ~Q� GLYHUVDV� GLPHQVLRQHV��FURQROyJLFD��JHRJUiILFD��VRFLRFXOWXUDO��HVWLOtVWLFD��HWF����FRQVWLWX\HQGR�VXEFRQMXQWRV�GH�OHQJXDV�IXQFLRQDOHV��FyGLJRV�R�QRUPDV�GLVWLQWRV��(O� REMHWLYR� GH� OD� SUHVHQWH� GLVHUWDFLyQ� HV� PRVWUDU� TXH� HQ� FXOWXUDV�� DOIDEHWL]DGDV��FRPR�OD�QXHVWUD��SRVHHGRUDV�GH�XQD�ODUJD�WUDGLFLyQ�HVFULWD��HV�QHFHVDULR�DxDGLU�XQD�QXHYD�GLPHQVLyQ�D� ODV�\D�DFHSWDGDV��TXH�SRGUtDPRV�GHQRPLQDU� �OD�PRGDOLGDG�GH�H[SUHVLyQ���

4XLHUR�VXEUD\DU�TXH�HO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR��R�PHMRU�WRGDYtD��OD�YDULHGDG�HVFULWD�GH� OD� OHQJXD��RULJLQDGD�HQ� OD�PHQWH�\� HO� HVStULWX�GHO�KRPEUH�� UHSHUFXWH� VREUH� VXV�FUHDGRUHV�� IDFLOLWDQGR� R�� LQFOXVR�� SRVLELOLWDQGR� FDPELRV� VXVWDQFLDOHV� HQ� VXV�SURFHVRV� FRJQRVFLWLYRV�SHUVRQDOHV�� ODQ]iQGRORV�KDFLD�QXHYRV�PRGRV�GH� VLJQLILFDU��GH�FRQRFHU�\�GH�SHQVDU��

(O� OHQJXDMH� \� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� VH� HQFXHQWUDQ�� GH� KHFKR�� WDQ� tQWLPDPHQWH��OLJDGRV� HQ� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� GH� ORV� KDEODQWHV� TXH� KDQ� GHELGR� WUDQVFXUULU� VLJORV� GH�UHIOH[LyQ�SVLFROyJLFD�\� OLQJ�tVWLFD�DQWHV�GH�TXH� VX�HVSHFLILFLGDG�\� VX� LQWHUUHODFLyQ�FRPHQ]DUDQ� D� FRQVLGHUDUVH� SUREOHPiWLFDV� \� VH� LQFRUSRUDUDQ� DO� FDPSR� GH� OD�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ��

,QQHFHVDULR��SRU�IUHFXHQWH��UHVXOWD�FLWDU�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�UHSHWLGR�SRU�WDQWRV�\�WDQWRV� ILOyVRIRV�� JUDPiWLFRV� \� HVWXGLRVRV� GHVGH� TXH� $ULVWyWHOHV� DILUPDUD�� �(O�OHQJXDMH�HV�OD�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ�GH�ODV�H[SHULHQFLDV�GH�OD�PHQWH�������(VWD�FRQFHSFLyQ�GHO� OHQJXDMH�� FRPR� XQD� HVSHFLH� GH� HQYROWRULR� R� URSDMH� FRQ� HO� FXDO� VH� YLVWH� HO�SHQVDPLHQWR� SDUD� H[SUHVDUOR�� LPSOLFD� XQ� VXSXHVWR� UDUD� YH]� GLVFXWLGR� DQWHV� GH����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����GHO�RULJLQDO�

Page 3: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

QXHVWUR�VLJOR��D�VDEHU��TXH�ODV�FDWHJRUtDV�OLQJ�tVWLFDV�FRUUHVSRQGHQ�D�ODV�FDWHJRUtDV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�\�ODV�OH\HV�GH�OD�OyJLFD�VRQ�ODV�OH\HV�TXH�ULJHQ�±R�GHELHUDQ�UHJLU±�OD�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�GH�ORV�HQXQFLDGRV��

&XDQGR� GXUDQWH� ORV� VLJORV� ;,,� \� ;,,,� ODV� OHQJXDV� YHUQiFXODV� HXURSHDV�FRPLHQ]DQ�D�VHU�REMHWR�GH�HVWXGLR�\�UHIOH[LyQ��ORV�JUDPiWLFRV�GHELHURQ�UHVROYHU�XQ�YHUGDGHUR�GLOHPD��VL� ODV� OH\HV�GHO� OHQJXDMH�VRQ�ODV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�\� ODV� OH\HV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR� VRQ� XQLYHUVDOHV�� ¢FyPR� VH� H[SOLFD� WDO� GLYHUVLGDG"� /D� VROXFLyQ��LQJHQLRVD� SRU� OR� GHPiV�� HV� UHDFWXDOL]DGD� SRU� 1RDP� &KRPVN\�� XQR� GH� ORV� PiV�LQWHUHVDQWHV�I�OyVRIRV�GHO�OHQJXDMH�GH�QXHVWUR�VLJOR��DQWH�XQ�SUREOHPD�GLIHUHQWH������D�VDEHU��HQ�HO�OHQJXDMH�H[LVWHQ�GRV�QLYHOHV��XQR�VXSHUILFLDO��YDULDEOH�\�FDPELDQWH�\��SRU� OR� WDQWR�� GLIHUHQWH� GH� XQD� OHQJXD� D� RWUD�� \� RWUR� SURIXQGR�� LQWHULRU�� XQLYHUVDO��FX\DV�IRUPDV�VH�LGHQWLILFDQ�FRQ�ODV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR������

(V� WDO� OD� YLJHQFLD� GH� HVWH� VHQWLPLHQWR� HQ� OD� DFWXDOLGDG�� DXQ� HQWUH� ORV�HVWXGLRVRV�GHO�OHQJXDMH��TXH�&RVHULX��FRQVFLHQWH�GH�ORV�ULHVJRV��KD�FUHtGR�RSRUWXQR�DUJXPHQWDU� HQ� FRQWUD� GH� TXLHQHV�� GH� XQD� X� RWUD� PDQHUD�� FRQVFLHQWH� R�LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWH�� SHUPLWHQ� TXH� LQIOX\DQ� HQ� VXV� UHIOH[LRQHV� OLQJ�tVWLFDV� WDOHV�FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV�OyJLFDV������

&LHUWDPHQWH�� QR� HV� &RVHULX� HO� ~QLFR� TXH� HVWLPD� SRFR� DIRUWXQDGD� HVWD�LQWURPLVLyQ�� (Q� HO� SUHVHQWH� VLJOR�� HO� UHFKD]R�PiV� HQpUJLFR� SURYLHQH� GHO� OODPDGR�HVWUXFWXUDOLVPR�OLQJ�tVWLFR�±\�PX\�HQ�HVSHFLDO�GHO�GHVFULSWLYLVPR�DPHULFDQR±�TXH��HQ�XQ�DPELHQWH�FLHQWtILFR�SRVLWLYLVWD�\�GH�H[WUHPR�HPSLULFLVPR��UHFKD]D�FXDOTXLHU�UHIHUHQFLD� D� KHFKRV� R� SURFHVRV� PHQWDOHV�� 'H� HVWH� PRGR�� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�FRQIXQGLHQWH� HQWUH� OHQJXDMH� \� SHQVDPLHQWR� HV� VXVWLWXLGD� SRU� VX� VHSDUDFLyQ�DEVROXWD��FRQ�OR�FXDO�HO�HVWXGLR�GH�VX�SRVLEOH�LQWHUUHODFLyQ�TXHGD��LJXDOPHQWH��IXHUD�GH�WRGD�UHIOH[LyQ�FLHQWtILFD�DFHSWDEOH��

6LQ� HPEDUJR�� OD� FRQYHUJHQFLD� WHRUpWLFD� HQ�pSRFDV�GHWHUPLQDGDV�HQ� WRUQR�D�FLHUWRV� WHPDV�� FRQ�H[FOXVLyQ�GH�RWURV�� TXH�SDUHFH� FDUDFWHUL]DU� WRGR�GHVDUUROOR�GHO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�KXPDQR��QR�LPSLGH�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�YHUGDGHURV�SRHWDV�GH�ODV�FLHQFLDV��KRPEUHV� FDSDFHV�� GH� XQ� SHQVDPLHQWR� GLYHUJHQWH�� TXH� SODQWHDQ� QXHYRV� WHPDV� R�UHSODQWHDQ�ORV�DQWLJXRV�HQ�IRUPD�UHQRYDGD�\�FUHDWLYD��

(Q�$PpULFD��HQ�OD�DVIL[LDQWH�DWPyVIHUD�DQWLPHQWDOLVWD�GHO�PHGLR�DFDGpPLFR�GH� ORV� (VWDGRV� 8QLGRV�� GXUDQWH� OD� SULPHUD� PLWDG� GHO� SUHVHQWH� VLJOR�� VXUJHQ�KRPEUHV�FRPR�(GXDUGR�6DSLU�\�%HQMDPtQ�:KRUI��TXLHQHV�VH�DWUHYHQ�D�SODQWHDU�OD�FXHVWLyQ� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ� HQWUH� OHQJXDMH� \� SHQVDPLHQWR�� 6X� KLSyWHVLV�� FDOLILFDGD�SRVWHULRUPHQWH�FRPR��UHODWLYLVPR�OLQJ�tVWLFR���SXHGH�H[SUHVDUVH�DVt��HO�OHQJXDMH�QR�HV� ±FRQWUD� OD� FUHHQFLD� LQJHQXD±� OD� HWLTXHWD� ILQDO� TXH� VH� SRQH� DO� SHQVDPLHQWR�DFDEDGR�� 0iV� TXH� VLPSOH� URSDMH� HV� VXUFR� TXH� RULHQWD� \� PROGHD� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR�PLVPR�� 2SLQD� :KRUI�� ����ODV� IRUPDV� GH� ORV� SHQVDPLHQWRV� GH� XQD� SHUVRQD� VRQ�FRQWURODGDV�SRU�LQH[RUDEOHV�OH\HV�GH�PRGHORV��GH�ODV�TXH�HOOD�HV�LQFRQVFLHQWH��7DOHV�PRGHORV� VRQ� ODV� VLVWHPDWL]DFLRQHV�� LPSHUFHSWLEOHPHQWH� LQWULQFDGDV�� GH� VX� SURSLR�OHQJXDMH����������

(QWUHWDQWR�� HQ� (XURSD� RULHQWDO�� \� PiV� HVSHFtILFDPHQWH� HQ� 5XVLD�� GHVWDFD�RWUR� SVLFyORJR� TXH� VH� GHGLFD� DO� HVWXGLR� GH� OD� LQWHUUHODFLyQ� HQWUH� SHQVDPLHQWR� \�OHQJXDMH�GHVGH�OD�SHUVSHFWLYD�RQWRJHQpWLFD��0H�UHILHUR�D�/HY�9\JRWVN\��TXLHQ��HQ�OD�OtQHD� PDWHULDOLVWD� GLDOpFWLFD�� SODQWHD� TXH� DPERV� SURYLHQHQ� GH� UDtFHV� JHQpWLFDV����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 4: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

GLVWLQWDV��GXUDQWH�ORV�SULPHURV�DxRV�GH�YLGD�GHO�LQGLYLGXR�VLJXHQ�OtQHDV�VHSDUDGDV�GH�GHVDUUROOR��HV�GHFLU��HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�GHO�QLxR�SHTXHxR�HV�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SUiFWLFR�\� VX� KDEOD�� SUHLQWHOHFWXDO�� 3RVWHULRUPHQWH�� DPEDV� OtQHDV� GH� GHVDUUROOR� FRQYHUJHQ�SDUFLDOPHQWH� \� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� VH� WRUQD� YHUEDO� PLHQWUDV� TXH� HO� OHQJXDMH� VH� KDFH�UDFLRQDO������(VWR�QR�LPSOLFD��VLQ�HPEDUJR��OD�VXSHUSRVLFLyQ�WRWDO�GH�DPERV��6H�WUDWD�PiV�ELHQ��HQ�OD�FRQFHSFLyQ�GH�9\JRWVN\��GH�GRV�DFWLYLGDGHV�TXH�FRLQFLGHQ�HQ�SDUWH�±HQ�HO�OODPDGR�SHQVDPLHQWR�YHUEDO±�SHUR�TXH�QR�VH�DJRWDQ�HQ�GLFKD�FRLQFLGHQFLD��SHUVLVWLHQGR� MXQWR� D� pO� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� SUiFWLFR� \� HO� KDEOD� QR� LQWHOHFWXDO�� (O�SHQVDPLHQWR� YHUEDO� VH� HQFXHQWUD� IXHUWHPHQWH� LQIOXLGR� SRU� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� GHO�OHQJXDMH�LQWHULRUL]DGR��VX�KHUUDPLHQWD��OD�FXDO��D�VX�YH]��HV�HO�UHVXOWDGR�WDQWR�GH�OD�GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�SDXODWLQD�HQWUH� ODV�IXQFLRQHV�VRFLDOHV�\�HJRFpQWULFDV�GHO�QLxR�FRPR�GH�XQD�VHULH�FRQFRPLWDQWH�GH�FDPELRV�HVWUXFWXUDOHV�GHO�KDEOD������

5HVXOWD� GLItFLO� QR� PHQFLRQDU�� HQWUH� ORV� HVWXGLRVRV� PiV� FUHDWLYRV� GH� HVD�pSRFD�� D� -HDQ� 3LDJHW�� SVLFyORJR� VXL]R� FX\DV� LGHDV�� LJQRUDGDV� HQ� VX� WLHPSR�� KDQ�UHSHUFXWLGR�SRVWHULRUPHQWH�HQ�HO�FDPSR�GH�ORV�HVWXGLRV�SVLFROyJLFRV�HYROXWLYRV��$O�LJXDO�TXH�9\JRWVN\��GD�JUDQ�LPSRUWDQFLD�D�OD�LQWHOLJHQFLD�SUiFWLFD��PDQLIHVWDGD�HQ�DFFLRQHV�\�PDQLSXODFLRQHV�GH�REMHWRV��DQWHULRU�D�WRGD�FDSDFLGDG�GH�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ�VLPEyOLFD�� 'LILHUH�� HQ� FDPELR�� UDGLFDOPHQWH� GH� GLFKR� DXWRU� HQ� FXDQWR� DO� SDSHO�UHODWLYR�GHO� OHQJXDMH� HQ� HO� GHVDUUROOR� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� \� GH� OD� LQWHOLJHQFLD� GHO� VHU�KXPDQR�� 6HJ~Q� HVWH� SVLFyORJR�� HO�� GHVDUUROOR� LQWHOHFWXDO� SUHFHGH� \� GHWHUPLQD�VLHPSUH�HO�GHVDUUROOR�OLQJ�tVWLFR��RWRUJiQGROH�VXV�SURSLDV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV��

$Vt��HO�QLxR�HV�FDSD]�GH�FRQVWUXLU�\�VLPEROL]DU�VXV�UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV�PHQWDOHV�PHGLDQWH�VtPERORV�SURSLRV�DQWHV�GH�LQLFLDUVH�HQ�HO�XVR�GH�ORV�VLJQRV�FRQYHQFLRQDOHV�GH�VX�UHVSHFWLYD�OHQJXD�PDWHUQD��(VWD�VyOR�YLHQH�D�VXVWLWXLU�VtPERORV�SHUVRQDOHV��D�PHQXGR�GH�FDUiFWHU�LFyQLFR��SRU�VLJQRV�DUELWUDULRV�\�FRQYHQFLRQDOHV�PiV�~WLOHV�SDUD�OD� LQWHUDFFLyQ� VRFLDO�� 3HUR� OD� FDSDFLGDG� GH� VLPEROL]DFLyQ� WHQGUtD� VXV� UDtFHV� HQ� OD�DFFLyQ�\�QLQJXQD�GHSHQGHQFLD�GHO�OHQJXDMH������

6L� ELHQ�� VHJ~Q� VH� GHVSUHQGH� GH� ODV� SDODEUDV� GH� 3LDJHW�� ODV� HVWUXFWXUDV�OLQJ�tVWLFDV� HQ�QDGD� DIHFWDQ� ODV� HVWUXFWXUDV� FRJQRVFLWLYDV�� Vt� SHUPLWHQ� DOFDQ]DU� OD�~OWLPD� HWDSD� GHO� GHVDUUROOR� GH� OD� LQWHOLJHQFLD� TXH� 3LDJHW� GHQRPLQD� �GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR� IRUPDO�� R� �SURSRVLFLRQDO�� ����� (VWD�� TXH� VH� FDUDFWHUL]D� SRU� OD�FDSDFLGDG�TXH�PXHVWUD�HO�VXMHWR�GH�PDQLSXODU�PHQWDOPHQWH�PXQGRV�KLSRWpWLFRV�\�GH�UHDOL]DU�RSHUDFLRQHV�VREUH�RSHUDFLRQHV��UHTXLHUH�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�VLJQRV�FRPSOHMR�\�DEVWUDFWR�FRPR�ODV�OHQJXDV�QDWXUDOHV��(O�SDSHO�LQVWUXPHQWDO�DVLJQDGR�DO�OHQJXDMH�HQ� OD� WHRUtD� SLDJHWDQD� QR� GHEH� HQWHQGHUVH� FRPR� GHWHUPLQDQWH�� &RQ� SUHFLVLyQ� VH�SRGUtD�GHFLU�TXH�VH�OH�DWULEX\H�FDUiFWHU�GH�IDFWRU�QHFHVDULR�SHUR�QR�VXILFLHQWH�\�SRU�HOOR�� DXQTXH� WRGR� VHU� KXPDQR� QRUPDO� SRVHH� OD� FDSDFLGDG� GH� KDEODU�� QR� WRGD�SHUVRQD�QL�WRGR�SXHEOR�DOFDQ]D�HVWD�HWDSD�VXSHULRU�GH�GHVDUUROOR�FRJQRVFLWLYR��

2WUD� SHUVSHFWLYD� GHVGH� OD� FXDO� VH� KD� DERUGDGR� HO� SUREOHPD� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�HQWUH� HO� OHQJXDMH� \� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� HV� OD� ILORJHQpWLFD�� 0H� UHILHUR� D� ORV� HVWXGLRV�UHODFLRQDGRV� FRQ� HO� RULJHQ� GHO� OHQJXDMH� \� VX� LPSDFWR� HQ� OD� KXPDQL]DFLyQ� GHO�KRPEUH��&RPR� HV� REYLR�� VyOR� SXHGH�KDFHUVH� GHVGH� HO� SXQWR�GH� YLVWD� HVSHFXODWLYR�SXHV�QR�HV�SRVLEOH��IUHQWH�D�WDOHV�KLSyWHVLV��GLVSRQHU�GH�FRUURERUDFLRQHV�HPStULFDV�VyOLGDV� H� LUUHIXWDEOHV�� $� HOOR� VH� GHEH� OD� LPSRUWDQFLD� TXH� DGTXLHUHQ� ORV� VXSXHVWRV�ILORVyILFRV�\�DQWURSROyJLFRV�TXH�FRQVWLWX\HQ�HO�WUDVIRQGR�GH�ODV�SURSRVLFLRQHV�TXH�±���������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 5: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

VLHPSUH� FRQ� FDUiFWHU� GH� WHQWDWLYDV±� KDQ� VLGR� SODQWHDGDV� VREUH� HO� WHPD� HQ� ORV�~OWLPRV� WLHPSRV��$�SHVDU�GH� OR�DQWHULRU�� OD�GHVLJQDFLyQ�GH� KRPR� ORTXHQV�TXH�KD�YHQLGR� D� VXVWLWXLU� DTXHOODV� RWUDV� GH� KRPR� VDSLHQV� X� KRPR� IDEHU� DSXQWD� D� OD�LPSRUWDQFLD�TXH��HQ�JHQHUDO��VH� OH�DWULEX\H�D� OD�HPHUJHQFLD�GH�HVWD�IDFXOWDG�FRPR�GHILQLWRULD� GH� OD� HVSHFLH� KXPDQD�� 7DPSRFR� VH� VXHOH� SRQHU� HQ� GXGD� TXH� WDQWR� OD�FDSDFLGDG� LQWHOHFWXDO� FRPR� OD� OLQJ�tVWLFD� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� GHO� KRPEUH�FRQWHPSRUiQHR� VHDQ� HO� UHVXOWDGR� GH� XQD� OHQWD� HYROXFLyQ� H� LQWHUDFFLyQ�� /DV�GLVFXVLRQHV� JLUDQ� PiV� ELHQ� HQ� WRUQR� DO� SDSHO� TXH� OD� DFWLYLGDG� OLQJ�tVWLFD� SXHGH�KDEHU�GHVHPSHxDGR�HQ�HO�FUHFLPLHQWR�PHQWDO�\�HVSLULWXDO�GHO�KRPEUH��

,QFOXVR�KD\�TXLHQHV��ROYLGDQGR�TXH�QL� OD�PHQWH�QL� HO� OHQJXDMH��GHO�KRPEUH�SULPLWLYR�HUDQ�OR�TXH�VRQ�\�GHVFRQRFLHQGR�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�TXH�VLJQLILFD�HVWDU�LQPHUVR�HQ� XQ� PHGLR� SDUODQWH�� KDQ� TXHULGR� YHU� XQ� ULJXURVR� SDUDOHOR� HQWUH� HO� GHVDUUROOR�RQWRJHQpWLFR�GH�OD�OHQJXD�PDWHUQD�\�OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�OD�OHQJXD�RULJLQDULD��

(O� WHPD� DSDVLRQD� \� ODV� RSLQLRQHV�� LQWXLFLRQHV� \� FRQMHWXUDV� PiV� GLYHUVDV�FXEUHQ�HO�SDQRUDPD�GH�ODV�OXFXEUDFLRQHV��5HVXOWD�GLItFLO�QR�SUHJXQWDUVH�DFHUFD�GH�FyPR�VHUtD�HVH�DQWHSDVDGR�QXHVWUR�DQWHV�GH�OD�FUHDFLyQ�GHO�OHQJXDMH��¢&yPR�KDEUi�VLGR� DTXHO� KRPtQLGR� D� SXQWR� GH� VHU� KRPEUH"� 6HJXUDPHQWH� SRVH\y� DOJXQD�FDSDFLGDG� SDUD� UHWHQHU� LPiJHQHV� YLVXDOHV�� DF~VWLFDV�� ROIDWLYDV�� HWF�� 7DO� YH]� KDEUi�SRGLGR� UHFRUGDU� OXJDUHV�� SHUVRQDV�� VLWXDFLRQHV�� QR� HQ� HO� VHQWLGR� GH� HYRFDU�FRQVFLHQWHPHQWH� XQD� LPDJHQ�� SHUR� Vt� GH� UHFRQRFHU� DOJR� FRPR� \D� YLVWR�� ROLGR��SDOSDGR�� <� HV�PX\� SRVLEOH� TXH� WDO� UHFRQRFLPLHQWR� KD\D� VXUJLGR� DFRPSDxDGR� GH�VHQVDFLRQHV�SODFHQWHUDV��GHVDJUDGDEOHV��H[FLWDQWHV�DO�SDVDU�HO�HVWtPXOR�RULJLQDO�SRU�HO�VLVWHPD�OtPELFR��3RVLEOHPHQWH�HO�GHVDUUROOR�SRVWHULRU�GH�FLHUWDV�iUHDV�GHO�FHUHEUR�OR� KD\D� FDSDFLWDGR� SDUD� HVWDEOHFHU� DVRFLDFLRQHV� WUDQVPRGDOHV� GH� PDQHUD� TXH�FLHUWRV� HVWtPXORV� HYRFDUDQ� QR� VyOR� VHQVDFLRQHV� VLQR� WDPELpQ� LPiJHQHV� HQ� RWUD�PRGDOLGDG�VHQVRULDO��$Vt��XQ�RORU�SXGR�VHU�LQGLFLR�R�VtPEROR�GHO�UHFXHUGR�YLVXDO�GH�XQ� DQLPDO�� OD� YLVWD� GH� XQD� OLHEUH�� HO� VtPEROR� GHO� UHFXHUGR� GH� XQD� FRPLGD�VXVWDQFLRVD��HWF��

2WURV� HVWXGLRVRV�� HQ� OD� PLVPD� OtQHD�� FHQWUDQ� VXV� HVSHFXODFLRQHV� HQ� OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�ODV�GLYHUVDV�IXQFLRQHV�OLQJ�tVWLFDV�\� OD�UHSHUFXVLyQ�GH�pVWDV�VREUH�ORV�SURFHVRV� FRJQRVFLWLYRV�� R� YLFHYHUVD�� ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV� UHFLHQWHV� GHVWDFDQ� FRPR�HVSHFtILFDPHQWH�KXPDQDV�ODV�IXQFLRQHV�GHVFULSWLYD�\�DUJXPHQWDWLYD�\�VXEUD\DQ�VX�DSDULFLyQ� FRPR� UDVJR� IXQGDQWH� HQ� HO� GHVDUUROOR� LQWHOHFWXDO� GHO� VHU� KXPDQR�� /D�LPSRUWDQFLD� GH� WDOHV� IXQFLRQHV� UDGLFD� LQGLUHFWDPHQWH� HQ� HO� KHFKR� GH� TXH� XQ�HQXQFLDGR� GHVFULSWLYR� SXHGH� VHU� YHUGDGHUR� R� IDOVR� \� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� GHO�GLVWDQFLDPLHQWR� TXH� HVWR� LPSOLFD� HQWUH� HO� PXQGR� GH� ORV� KHFKRV� FRQFUHWRV� \� HO�OHQJXDMH� FRQGXFH�� SRU� XQ� ODGR�� DO� GHVDUUROOR� GH� OD� LPDJLQDFLyQ� KXPDQD�� GH� OD�IDQWDVtD� \� GH� OD� LQYHQWLYD�� \�� FRQ� HOOR�� D� OD� GLYHUVLGDG� FXOWXUDO� \�� SRU� RWUR�� D� OD�IXQFLyQ� DUJXPHQWDWLYD� \� D� OD� FUtWLFD�KDFLD� HO� OHQJXDMH��$FHSWDGD� OD� SRVLELOLGDG�GH�GHVFULSFLRQHV� IDOVDV� R� HUUyQHDV�� VXUJH� OD� QHFHVLGDG� GH� DUJXPHQWDU� HQ� IDYRU� R� HQ�FRQWUD�� GH� DWDFDU� OD� DILUPDFLyQ� GHO� RWUR� \� GHIHQGHU� OD� SURSLD�� GH� FRQYHQFHU� R�SHUVXDGLU� DO� RWUR� R� FRQFRUGDU� ILQDOPHQWH� HQ� RWUD� YHUGDG�� GLVWLQWD� GH� ODV� \D�H[SXHVWDV� ������ (Q� WDO� VHQWLGR�� 3RSSHU� FRQMHWXUD� TXH� HVWD� OXFKD� LQWHOHFWXDO��SURGXFWR� GH� OD� WHQVLyQ� HQWUH� GHVFULSFLyQ� \� QHFHVLGDG� GH� FULWLFDU� OD� GHVFULSFLyQ��

���������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 6: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

SXHGH�KDEHU�HVWLPXODGR�HO�GHVDUUROOR�UiSLGR��VLQ�SUHFHGHQWHV��GH�WRGR�OR�TXH�VLJXH��D�VDEHU��HO�GHVDUUROOR�GHO�OHQJXDMH�PLVPR��GHO�FHUHEUR�\�GH�OD�FLYLOL]DFLyQ��������

3HUR� £FXiQ� OHMRV� HVWi� WRGR� HVWR� GH� H[SOLFDU� OD� HYROXFLyQ� GH� OD� OyJLFD� \� GHO�OHQJXDMH�� \� £TXp� SHOLJURVR� SRGUtD� VHU� GHMDUVH� OOHYDU� SRU� OD� IDQWDVtD� \� XQ� SRFR� GH�VHQWLGR�FRP~Q��3RU�HMHPSOR��FXiQ�VHQVDWD�QRV�SDUHFH�OD�FUHHQFLD�SRSXODU�DFHUFD�GH�OD� VLPSOLFLGDG� GH� OHQJXDMH� HQ� VXV� LQLFLRV� ±DSHQDV� XQDV� SDODEUDV� DLVODGDV� FRQ�VLJQLILFDGRV�FRQFUHWRV�\�SUHFLVRV±�\�DFHUFD�GH�VX�SRVWHULRU�GHVDUUROOR�HQ�WpUPLQRV�GH�OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�HVWUXFWXUDV�FDGD�YH]�PiV�FRPSOHMDV�\�YDULDGDV��<��VLQ�HPEDUJR��KD\� UD]RQHV� VXILFLHQWHV� SDUD� VXSRQHU� TXH� ODV� SDODEUDV� QR� VRQ� ODV� XQLGDGHV�SULPLWLYDV� \� TXH�� SRU� HO� FRQWUDULR�� UHVXOWDQ� GH� VLPSOLILFDFLRQHV� SURJUHVLYDV�H[SHULPHQWDGDV�SRU�HPLVLRQHV�PXFKR�PiV�HODERUDGDV�������/D�VLVWHPDWLFLGDG�TXH�FDUDFWHUL]D�ODV�OHQJXDV�FRQRFLGDV�HV�XQ�DYDQFH�KDFLD�OD�VLPSOLILFDFLyQ��SURGXFWR�GHO�DSRUWH� GH�PHQWHV� UHJXODGRUDV� FDGD� YH]�PiV� DQDOyJLFDV�� FDSDFHV� GH� LPSRQHU� XQD�XQLIRUPLGDG�JHQHUDOL]DQWH�SRU�HQFLPD�GH�OD�GLYHUVLGDG�FRQFUHWD��

7DO�YH]�QXQFD�VHSDPRV�FRQ�FHUWH]D�FyPR�HPHUJLHURQ�OD�OyJLFD�\�HO�OHQJXDMH�QL� SRGDPRV� UHFRQRFHU� ORV� GHWDOOHV� GH� OD� GHOLFDGD� WUDED]yQ� HQWUH�PHQWH� \� FHUHEUR�TXH� OH� KDQ� GDGR� VXVWDQFLD� \� IRUPD�� 3HUR�� DO� PHQRV�� HVWi� IXHUD� GH� WRGD� GXGD�UD]RQDEOH�TXH�VLQ�DOJ~Q�OHQJXDMH�\�VX�IXQFLyQ�VLPEROL]DGRUD�HO�KRPEUH�QR�KDEUtD�SRGLGR�FRQVWUXLU��PiV�DOOi�GHO�PXQGR�VHQVLEOH��ORV�PXQGRV�GH�VX�LQWHULRULGDG�TXH��UHIOHMiQGRVH�XQRV�VREUH�RWURV��FRQWULEX\HQ�D�OD�SURIXQGLGDG�LQWHOHFWXDO�\�HVSLULWXDO�GHO�KRPEUH�GH�KR\��

6L� ELHQ� OD� SHUVSHFWLYD� ILORJHQpWLFD� QR� RIUHFH� ±DO� PHQRV� SRU� HO� PRPHQWR±�SLVWDV� TXH� SHUPLWDQ� DYDQ]DU� KDFLD� OD� VROXFLyQ� GHO� SUREOHPD�� VLJXHQ� YLJHQWHV� ORV�RWURV�HQIRTXHV��(V�FLHUWR�TXH�ODV�WHRUtDV�TXH�VH�KDQ�PDQHMDGR�KDVWD�DKRUD�DSDUHFHQ�HQ�SRVLFLRQHV�FRQWUDSXHVWDV��VLQ�PXFKRV�SXQWRV�GH�FRQWDFWR��(OOR�VH�GHEH�HQ�SDUWH�D�OD�IDOWD�GH�SUHFLVLyQ�H�LQFOXVR�YDJXHGDG�FRQ�TXH�VH�XWLOL]DQ�FRQFHSWRV�WDOHV�FRPR�OHQJXDMH��SHQVDPLHQWR��LQWHOLJHQFLD��OR�TXH�GLILFXOWD�FRQWUDVWDFLRQHV�HVFODUHFHGRUDV��

+R\� HQ� GtD� OD� FRPXQLGDG� FLHQWtILFD� HVWi� HQ�PHMRUHV� FRQGLFLRQHV� TXH� KDFH�XQDV� GpFDGDV� SDUD� UHSODQWHDUVH� HO� SUREOHPD� JUDFLDV� D� ORV� LQVWUXPHQWRV�FRQFHSWXDOHV� DSRUWDGRV� SRU� ODV� GLYHUVDV� GLVFLSOLQDV� OLQJ�tVWLFDV� ±OLQJ�tVWLFD� GHO�WH[WR�� SVLFROLQJ�tVWLFD� \� SUDJPiWLFD�� HQWUH� RWUDV±� \� SRU� OD� SVLFRORJtD� FRJQRVFLWLYD�TXH� LQGDJD� HQ� WRUQR� D� XQD� YDULHGDG� GH� SURFHVRV� PHQWDOHV� FRQVLGHUDGRV�DQWHULRUPHQWH� IXHUD� GHO� DOFDQFH� GH� ORV� PpWRGRV� FLHQWtILFRV�� /DV� KHUUDPLHQWDV�WHRUpWLFDV� ±FRQFHSWRV� \� PRGHORV±� FRQ� TXH� VH� FXHQWD� HQ� OD� DFWXDOLGDG� SHUPLWHQ�DEULJDU� HVSHUDQ]DV� GH� REWHQHU� UHVSXHVWDV� TXH� DUURMHQ� OX]� VREUH� WHPD� WDQ�IXQGDPHQWDO�SDUD�OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ�GHO�KRPEUH��

(VWR�� VLQ� HPEDUJR�� QR� EDVWD� SDUD� JDUDQWL]DU� XQ� PD\RU� JUDGR� GH� DFXHUGR��SXHV�� PiV� DOOi� GH� ODV� WHRUL]DFLRQHV� FRKHUHQWHV� \� ORV� H[SHULPHQWRV�� SUREDWRULRV��IXQGiQGRORV��HVWiQ�ODV�FRQFHSFLRQHV�DFHUFD�GHO�VHU�KXPDQR��DFHUFD�GH�VX�SHFXOLDU�QDWXUDOH]D��DFHUFD�GH�DTXHOOR�TXH�OR�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�ODV�RWUDV�FUHDWXUDV��4XLHQ�EXVFD�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�SHQVDPLHQWR�\�OHQJXDMH�SDUWLHQGR�GH�OD�EDVH�GH�TXH�HVWH�~OWLPR�HV�XQ� VLVWHPD� DO� LQWHULRU� GH� OD� FRQVWLWXFLyQ� HVSLULWXDO� GHO� VHU� KXPDQR�� TXLHQ� QR� OR�FRQVLGHUD�XQ�DWULEXWR�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SVLFRItVLFR�������QR�SRGUi�OOHJDU�D�ODV�PLVPDV�FRQFOXVLRQHV� TXH� TXLHQHV� IXQGDPHQWHQ� HO� RULJHQ� GLIHUHQFLDGR� GHO� OHQJXDMH� \� GHO����������������������������������������������������3DJ�������3DJ�����

Page 7: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

SHQVDPLHQWR�HQ�HO�KHFKR�GH�TXH��OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�OD�LQWHOLJHQFLD�HPEULRQDULD�HQ�ORV�DQLPDOHV� ±GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� HQ� VX� H[DFWR� VHQWLGR±� QR� HVWi� GH� QLQJ~Q� PRGR�UHODFLRQDGD�FRQ�HO� OHQJXDMH���X�RSLQH�TXH��HO� FKLPSDFp�PXHVWUD� ORV�FRPLHQ]RV�GH�XQ�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�LQWHOHFWXDO�GH�OD�PLVPD�FODVH�\�WLSR�TXH�HO�GHO�KRPEUH��������

&RPR� VHxDOp� DQWHULRUPHQWH�� HVWDV� GLIHUHQFLDV� QR� DIHFWDQ� OD� FXHVWLyQ� GH� OD�HYROXFLyQ��PRWLYR�GH�YLROHQWDV�GLVFXVLRQHV�\�GHVFDOLILFDFLRQHV�KDFH�DSHQDV�DOJXQDV�GpFDGDV��$XQTXH�VH�HVWp�OHMRV�GH�FRQFRUGDU�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�SXQWRV�\��GH�KHFKR��H[LVWDQ�GLYHUJHQFLDV�EiVLFDV� HQ� FXDQWR�DO� FyPR�\� DO�SRUTXp�� OD�PD\RUtD�GH� ORV� HVWXGLRVRV�DFHSWDQ�KR\�HQ�GtD�TXH�HO�KRPEUH��WDO�FRPR�OR�FRQRFHPRV��KD�SDVDGR�SRU�PLOHV�GH�DxRV�GH� OHQWRV�\� FRQWLQXRV�FDPELRV�ELROyJLFRV��PHQWDOHV�� HVSLULWXDOHV�\� FXOWXUDOHV�TXH� OR� KDQ� KXPDQL]DGR�� D� SDUWLU� GH� XQ� DQWHSDVDGR� HQ� HO� FXDO� SUHGRPLQDEDQ� ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�DQLPDOHV��

¢3RU� TXp� KHPRV� GH� VXSRQHU� TXH� HVWD� FRQWLQXD� HYROXFLyQ� VH� KD� GHWHQLGR"�%LHQ�VDEHPRV�TXH�HO� OHQJXDMH�HV�XQ� IHQyPHQR�GLQiPLFR��TXH�VH� WUDQVIRUPD�HQ� OD�PHGLGD�HQ�TXH�HO�KRPEUH��GHO�FXDO�IRUPD�SDUWH�WDQ�tQWLPD��WDPELpQ�FDPELD��\�VL�HO�OHQJXDMH��GH�DOJ~Q�PRGR��KD�FRQWULEXLGR�D�KDFHU�KRPEUH�DO�KRPEUH��¢SRU�TXp�QR�VXSRQHU� TXH� SRVWHULRUPHQWH� FXDOTXLHU� DOWHUDFLyQ� LPSRUWDQWH� HQ� HO� GHYHQLU� GH� ODV�OHQJXDV�OR�DIHFWDUi"�<�¢TXp�FDPELR�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�±HQ�HO�FRQWH[WR�GH�VX�KLVWRULD�D�QXHVWUR�DOFDQFH±�TXH�OD�LQYHQFLyQ�GH�OD�HVFULWXUD"�$XQ�DQWHV�GH�HVWXGLDU�HO�DVXQWR�SDUHFH�GLItFLO�DFHSWDU�TXH�XQD�LQQRYDFLyQ�WDQ�IXQGDPHQWDO�QR�KD\D�KHFKR�VHQWLU�VX�LPSDFWR�VREUH�ODV�HVWUXFWXUDV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�KXPDQR��

(V� FXULRVR� TXH� HQ� QXHVWUD� FXOWXUD� WDQ� WHFQRORJL]DGD� \� GHSHQGLHQWH� GHO�GRFXPHQWR�HVFULWR�SDUD� VX� IXQFLRQDPLHQWR� LQVWLWXFLRQDO� \� HO� DYDQFH� LQWHOHFWXDO� HO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�KD\D�VLGR�� VyOR�HQ�pSRFDV� UHFLHQWHV�� FRQVLGHUDGR� WHPD�GH�HVWXGLR�SRU� OLQJ�LVWDV� \� SVLFROLQJ�LVWDV�� TXLHQHV�� KDVWD� OD� GpFDGD� GHO� ��� ±VDOYR� FRQWDGDV�H[FHSFLRQHV±��VH�FRQFHQWUDURQ�SULRULWDULDPHQWH�HQ�HO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO��

(VWD� VLWXDFLyQ� SDUHFH� KDEHU� VLGR� FRQVHFXHQFLD� GHO� IRQRFHQWULVPR� TXH� ±VHJ~Q�6FLQWR±�KD�GRPLQDGR�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�GH�ORV�HVWXGLRVRV�GHVGH�ODV�pSRFDV�PiV�UHPRWDV������\��TXH�GH�KHFKR��D~Q�GRPLQD�HO�VHQWLPLHQWR�SRSXODU�VREUH�HO�DVXQWR��(Q�HIHFWR��H[LVWH��XQD�ODUJD�\�DXWRUL]DGD�WUDGLFLyQ��LQLFLDGD�SRU�ORV�PiV�LPSRUWDQWHV�ILOyVRIRV�JULHJRV�\� UHFRJLGD�SRU�QRWDEOHV�SHQVDGRUHV�D� OR� ODUJR�GH� OD�KLVWRULD��TXH�FRQFLEH� OD� RUDOLGDG� FRPR� UDVJR�GHILQLWRULR�GHO� OHQJXDMH� \� UHOHJD� OD� HVFULWXUD� D�XQ�PHUR�VLVWHPD�DX[LOLDU�FX\D�~QLFD�IXQFLyQ�HV�WUDQVFULELU�ORV�VRQLGRV�OLQJ�tVWLFRV�SDUD�GDUOHV�OD�SHUPDQHQFLD�GH�OD�TXH�pVWRV�FDUHFHQ��

([LVWHQ�EXHQDV�UD]RQHV�SDUD�VXVWHQWDU� WDO� FUHHQFLD��+LVWyULFDPHQWH��HQ�VXV�SULQFLSLRV��HO�OHQJXDMH�VH�PDQLIHVWy�YRFDOPHQWH��(Q�HO�WUDQVFXUVR�GH�OD�KLVWRULD��GH�HQWUH� ODV�GHFHQDV�GH�PLOHV�GH� OHQJXDV�TXH�VH�KDQ�KDEODGR�� DSHQDV�XQ�Q~PHUR�GH�FLHQ�KDQ�VLGR�WUDQVFULWDV�D�DOJ~Q�VLVWHPD�JUiILFR�DOJXQD�YH]�\�VyOR����SDUHFHQ�KDEHU�GHVDUUROODGR� DOJ~Q� WLSR� GH� OLWHUDWXUD� ������ 'H� HOOR� HV� OHJtWLPR� FRQFOXLU� TXH� OD�HVFULWXUD� QR� HV� XQ� GHVDUUROOR� SRVWHULRU� LQHYLWDEOH� \� QL� VLTXLHUD� IUHFXHQWH� GHO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO��3RU�RWUD�SDUWH��GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GHO�GHVDUUROOR�OLQJ�tVWLFR�GHO�LQGLYLGXR��OD�VLWXDFLyQ�HV�PX\�VLPLODU��WRGR�QLxR�QRUPDO�DSUHQGH�D�KDEODU�PLHQWUDV�TXH�VyOR�DOJXQRV� ±\� HQ� DOJXQDV� pSRFDV� PX\� SRFRV±� DSUHQGHQ� D� HVFULELU�� <� DSUHQGHU� D�HVFULELU��¢QR�HV�DFDVR�DSUHQGHU�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�IRQHPDV�\�JUDItDV"�$�VLPSOH�YLVWD��OD� FRQFOXVLyQ� SDUHFH� REYLD�� HO� OHQJXDMH� HV� QDWXUDOPHQWH� RUDO� \� OD� HVFULWXUD�� XQ����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 8: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

VLVWHPD� GH� VLJQRV� TXH� UHSUHVHQWDQ� IRQHPDV�� HV� GHFLU�� XQ� VLVWHPD� GH� VLJQRV�VHFXQGDULRV��

(Q� HO� KHFKR� QR� HV� H[WUDxR�� HQWRQFHV�� TXH� OD� OLQJ�tVWLFD� PRGHUQD� KD\D�UHFRJLGR� OD� WUDGLFLyQ� H� LQFRUSRUDGR� HQ� OD� GHILQLFLyQ�PLVPD� GH� OHQJXDMH� HO� UDVJR�IRQROyJLFR�� &RPR� VH� UHFRUGDUi�� 6DXVVXUH�� FRQVLGHUDGR� IXQGDGRU� GH� OD� FRUULHQWH�HVWUXFWXUDOLVWD� TXH� GRPLQy� HO� SDQRUDPD� GH� OD� OLQJ�tVWLFD� HXURSHD� KDVWD� HO�DGYHQLPLHQWR� GH� OD� FRQFHSFLyQ� JHQHUDWLYD� HQ� OD� GpFDGD� GHO� ���� GLVWLQJXH� ORV�DVSHFWRV� VLVWHPiWLFRV� \� VRFLDOHV� GHO� OHQJXDMH� GH� ORV� DVSHFWRV� LQGLYLGXDOHV� \�DVLVWHPiWLFRV��FRQVDJUDQGR�HO�SULPHUR�FRPR�REMHWR�GH�OD�OLQJ�tVWLFD�FRQ�HO�QRPEUH�GH� �ODQJXH��� (VWD� �OHQJXD�� HV� GHILQLGD� SRU� pO� FRPR�XQ� VLVWHPD�GH� VLJQRV�� \� HVWRV�~OWLPRV�� FRPR� UHDOLGDGHV� PHQWDOHV� ELIiVLFDV� FRQVWLWXLGDV� SRU� XQ� VLJQLILFDGR� R�FRQFHSWR�\�XQ�VLJQLILFDQWH�R�LPDJHQ�DF~VWLFD�������<�VL�ELHQ�GHGLFD�XQ�FDStWXOR�D�OD�HVFULWXUD�� VX� PLVPR� WtWXOR� �5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ� GH� OD� OHQJXD� SRU� OD� HVFULWXUD��SUHDQXQFLD�VX�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�VHJ~Q�HO�FXDO�OD�HVFULWXUD�HV��SRU�Vt�PLVPD�H[WUDxD�DO�VLVWHPD� LQWHUQR� ������� OHQJXD� \� HVFULWXUD� VRQ� GRV� VLVWHPDV� GH� VLJQRV� GLVWLQWRV�� OD�~QLFD�UD]yQ�GH�VHU�GHO�VHJXQGR�HV�OD�GH�UHSUHVHQWDU�DO�SULPHUR��������

(VWD� SHUVSHFWLYD� QR� FDPELD� FRQ� HO� DGYHQLPLHQWR� GH� OD� �UHYROXFLyQ� HQ�OLQJ�tVWLFD��� FRPR� VH� FDOLILFy� OD� LUUXSFLyQ�GH� ODV� LGHDV� GH�1RDP�&KRPVN\� HQ� HVWD�GLVFLSOLQD�� /RV� PRGHORV� TXH� VXUJHQ� SRVWXODQ� XQ� VLVWHPD� VHPiQWLFR�� XQ� VLVWHPD�Op[LFR�JUDPDWLFDO�\�XQ�VLVWHPD�IRQROyJLFR��1DGD�VH�GLFH�GH�OD�HVFULWXUD��QL�PHQRV�GH�XQ�SRVLEOH�PRGHOR�GH�FRPSHWHQFLD�HVFULWD���

(Q�HVWH�SDQRUDPD�GH�DSDUHQWH�XQDQLPLGDG�HQ�FXDQWR�D�OD�SRVLFLyQ�UHODWLYD�GH� OD� HVFULWXUD� IUHQWH� DO� OHQJXDMH� RUDO� KD\�� DO� PHQRV�� GRV� H[FHSFLRQHV�� 8QD�� OD�HVFXHOD� JORVHPiWLFD� ±FX\R� SULQFLSDO� UHSUHVHQWDQWH� HV� +MHPVOHY±�� TXH� GHVDUUROOD�KDVWD�VX�FRQFOXVLyQ�~OWLPD�OD�LGHD�GH��IRUPD��SODQWHDGD�SRU�6DXVVXUH�\�GHVFULEH�OD�OHQJXD� FRPR� XQ� WLSR� GH� iOJHEUD� TXH� SXHGH� PDQLIHVWDUVH� D� WUDYpV� GH� GLVWLQWDV�VXVWDQFLDV�±DF~VWLFD��JUiILFD��JHVWXDO��HWF�±��/D�VHJXQGD�H[FHSFLyQ��\�WDO�YH]�VHD�OD�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�SRU�VX�LQIOXHQFLD�SRVWHULRU��OD�FRQVWLWX\H�HO�&tUFXOR�/LQJ�tVWLFR�GH�3UDJD�� DOJXQRV� GH� FX\RV� LQWHJUDQWHV� \D� D� ILQHV� GH� OD� GpFDGD� GHO� ��� UHFRQRFHQ� OD�LPSRUWDQFLD�GH�OD�QRUPD�HVFULWD�FRPR�PHUHFHGRUD�GH�OD�DWHQFLyQ�GH�ORV�OLQJ�LVWDV�������

&DEH�KDFHU�QRWDU�TXH�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�OR�RUDO�\�OR�HVFULWR��GHVWDFDGD�SRU�ORV�OLQJ�LVWDV�GH�3UDJD��HVWi�SRVWXODGD�HQ�HO�SODQR�GH�OD�QRUPD�\�QR�HQ�HO�GH�OD�OHQJXD��OD�FXDO��SDUD�GLFKRV�HVWXGLRVRV��HV�XQ�VLVWHPD�YLUWXDO�TXH�VXE\DFH�D�XQ�FRQMXQWR�GH�VLVWHPDV�IXQFLRQDOHV�R�QRUPDV��

0H� DWUHYHUtD� D� DILUPDU�TXH� OD� SHUVLVWHQFLD� DFUtWLFD�GHO� IRQRFHQWULVPR� HQ� OD�EDVH� GH� ODV� WHRUL]DFLRQHV� PRGHUQDV� \� OD� FRQVLJXLHQWH� GHVSUHRFXSDFLyQ� SRU� HO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�WLHQHQ�VX�RULJHQ��SUHFLVDPHQWH��HQ�HO�DOWR�QLYHO�GH�DEVWUDFFLyQ�TXH�FDUDFWHUL]y�GXUDQWH�GpFDGDV�HO�REMHWR�GH�ORV�HVWXGLRV�OLQJ�tVWLFRV��(V�HYLGHQWH�TXH�OD�GLVWLQFLyQ�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� HQWUH� FDVWHOODQR� KDEODGR� \� FDVWHOODQR� HVFULWR� QR� KDFH�UHIHUHQFLD� D� GRV� OHQJXDV� GLIHUHQWHV�� 3HUR� HV� LJXDOPHQWH� HYLGHQWH� TXH� QR� HV� OR�PLVPR�XQD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ�TXH�XQ�WH[WR�HVFULWR��

+DEUtD� TXH�SUHJXQWDUVH�� HQWRQFHV�� D� TXp�QLYHO� GH� DEVWUDFFLyQ� VXUJHQ� HVWDV�GLIHUHQFLDV��&RPR�\D�FRPHQWDPRV��DFHSWDU�TXH�HO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�HV�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�HVFULWXUD��GH�WUDVFULSFLyQ�FRQYHQFLRQDO�GH�ODV�SDODEUDV��QRV�OOHYDUtD�D�FRQFOXLU�TXH����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 9: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

QR�KD\�QLQJXQD�RWUD�GLIHUHQFLD��SXHVWR�TXH�WRGR�WH[WR�VHUtD�FRGLILFDGR�IyQLFDPHQWH�SULPHUR��6XSRQHU�FRQ�+MHPVOHY�TXH�XQ�WH[WR�HVFULWR�HV�DSHQDV�XQD�DOWHUQDWLYD�GH�H[SUHVLyQ� GH� XQD� IRUPD� GDGD�� QRV� FRQGXFLUtD� D� OD� PLVPD� FRQFOXVLyQ�� <�� VLQ�HPEDUJR��VDEHPRV�TXH�HVWR�QR�HV�DVt��VDEHPRV�TXH�KD\�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�IUDVHRORJtD��TXH�QR�XVDPRV�ORV�PLVPRV�WpUPLQRV�QL�ODV�PLVPDV�HVWUXFWXUDV�FXDQGR�KDEODPRV�R�HVFULELPRV�DXQTXH�UHFRQR]FDPRV�TXH�HQ�DPERV�FDVRV�HVWDPRV�XVDQGR�XQD�PLVPD�OHQJXD��$GHPiV��VL�HVWXYLpUDPRV�HTXLYRFDGRV�HQ�HVWD�LQWXLFLyQ��¢FyPR�H[SOLFDU�TXH�OD� HVFULWXUD� UHVXOWH� WDQ� GLItFLO� SDUD� HO� HVFRODU� \� TXH� HQ� GHWHUPLQDGRV� SHUtRGRV� VH�SURGX]FD�XQ�UHWUDVR�GH�YDULRV�DxRV�HQWUH�VX�HGDG�OLQJ�tVWLFD�KDEODGD�\�OD�HVFULWD"�6L�VDEHU�HVFULELU�QR�IXHUD�VLQR�XQ�SUREOHPD�GH�DSUHQGL]DMH�PRWRU�\�GH�WUDGXFFLyQ�GH�IRQHPDV� D� JUDItDV��� XQD� YH]� DGTXLULGDV� HVWDV� KDELOLGDGHV� HO� MRYHQ� GHELHUD�PDQLIHVWDU�LGpQWLFD�GHVWUH]D�HQ�DPEDV�YHUVLRQHV�\�HOOR�QR�HV�DVt��

$FHSWDQGR� OD� H[LVWHQFLD�GH�XQD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV� LPSRUWDQWH�TXH� OD� VXSXHVWD�DQWHULRUPHQWH�TXH�SHUPLWD�GLVWLQJXLU�HQWUH�QRUPD�R�FyGLJR�RUDO�\�QRUPD�R�FyGLJR�HVFULWR�� \� DSR\DGRV� HQ� ORV� DYDQFHV� ORJUDGRV� HVWDV� GRV� ~OWLPDV� GpFDGDV� SRU� OD�OLQJ�tVWLFD� \� OD� SUDJPiWLFD�� XQ� JUXSR� GH� HVWXGLRVRV� KD� RSWDGR� SRU� UHSODQWHDU� HO�DVXQWR�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�\�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�\�UHDOL]D�HQ�OD�DFWXDOLGDG�XQD� VHULH� GH� LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV� HQIRFDGDV� KDFLD� OD� DFWLYLGDG� \� KDFLD� VX� SURGXFWR�� HO�WH[WR�RUDO�\�HO�WH[WR�HVFULWR��

$QWHV� GH� SUHVHQWDU� DOJXQRV� GH� ORV� UHVXOWDGRV� GH� HVWRV� HVWXGLRV� HV�LQGLVSHQVDEOH� DGYHUWLU� TXH� QR� VH� WUDWD� GH� UHDOLGDGHV�� R� FRQVWUXFWRV� XQLWDULRV� X�KRPRJpQHRV��SRU�HO�FRQWUDULR��7DQWR�ORV�WH[WRV�RUDOHV�FRPR�ORV�WH[WRV�HVFULWRV�\�ODV�UHVSHFWLYDV� DFWLYLGDGHV� JHQHUDGRUDV� YDUtDQ� JUDQGHPHQWH� VHJ~Q� ODV� FLUFXQVWDQFLDV�TXH�URGHDQ�VX�SURGXFFLyQ��3RU�HOOR�KD\�TXLHQHV�SUHILHUHQ�HYLWDU�OD�PHQFLyQ�GH�GRV�FDWHJRUtDV�GLVWLQWDV�\�VH�LQFOLQDQ�SRU�XQD�GHVFULSFLyQ�HQ�WpUPLQRV�GH�XQ�FRQWLQXXP�HQ�HO�TXH�XQD�GHWHUPLQDGD�YDULHGDG�GH�WH[WR�RUDO�VH�XELTXH�HQ�XQ�H[WUHPR�\�HQ�HO�RWUR�XQD�YDULHGDG�HVSHFtILFD�GH� WH[WR�HVFULWR� ������(Q�HVH�FRQWLQXXP�\�� VHJ~Q� ODV�GLPHQVLRQHV�FRQVLGHUDGDV��VH�GLVWULEXLUtDQ��SRU�HMHPSOR��ODV�FRQYHUVDFLRQHV�FDUD�D�FDUD�� ORV� FRQWDFWRV� YHUEDOHV� WHOHIyQLFRV�� ODV� H[SRVLFLRQHV� GH� ORV� FDWHGUiWLFRV�� ODV�FDUWDV� SHUVRQDOHV�� ODV� QRWDV� D\XGD� PHPRULD�� ODV� FUyQLFDV� SHULRGtVWLFDV�� OD� SURVD�H[SRVLWLYD��HWF���VLQ�PHQFLRQDU� ODV�YDULHGDGHV� OLWHUDULDV��$�HVWR�KDEUtD�TXH�DJUHJDU�ORV�FDVRV�HQ�TXH�DPEDV�PRGDOLGDGHV�VH�FRPELQDQ�FRPR��SRU�HMHPSOR��OD�OHFWXUD�HQ�YR]�DOWD�GH�WH[WRV�HVFULWRV�R�ODV�WUDQVFULSFLRQHV�GH�WH[WRV�RUDOHV��GH�JUDQ�IUHFXHQFLD�HQ� ORV� PHGLRV� HGXFDWLYRV�� )UHQWH� D� HVWH� PRVDLFR� GH� YDULHGDG� \� WUDVODSR� HV�FRPSUHQVLEOH�TXH�DOJXQRV�SLHQVHQ�TXH�OD�GLVWLQFLyQ�HQWUH�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�\�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�QR�WLHQH�PXFKR�VHQWLGR�\�UHVXOWH�PHMRU�GHVFULELU�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�FRPR�XQD�VHULH�GH�YDULHGDGHV�GH�XQD�OHQJXD��WRGDV�HOODV�D�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GHO�KDEODQWH��TXLHQ�GHFLGH�OD�PRGDOLGDG��RUDO�R�HVFULWD��VHJ~Q�ODV�FLUFXQVWDQFLDV�������

6LQ� HPEDUJR�� DFHSWDU� HVWD� SRVLELOLGDG�QRV� OOHYD� D� OD� SRVLFLyQ� GH� OD� HVFXHOD�JORVHPiWLFD� \�� OR� TXH� UHVXOWD� XQ� LQFRQYHQLHQWH� PiV� VHULR�� VLJQLILFD� GHVHVWLPDU�FLHUWDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�ORV�SURFHVRV�SVLFROLQJ�tVWLFRV�DVRFLDGRV�±HQ�QXHVWUD�FXOWXUD±�D� OD� SURGXFFLyQ� GH� WH[WRV� HVFULWRV�� GHWHUPLQDGDV� SRU� OD� QDWXUDOH]D� \� ORV� UDVJRV�HVSHFtILFRV�GH�ORV�WH[WRV�R�SRU�RWUDV�GLPHQVLRQHV�UHODFLRQDGDV�FRQ�ODV�IXQFLRQHV�TXH�FXPSOHQ�HQ�QXHVWUR�PHGLR��

���������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 10: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

3URSRVLFLRQHV� FRPR� ODV� PHQFLRQDGDV�� HQ� HO� VHQWLGR� GH� QR� FRQVLGHUDU� HO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�\�HO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�FRPR�GRV�FDWHJRUtDV�GLVWLQWDV��VXUJHQ��D�PL�PRGR�GH� YHU�� GH� OD� FRQVLGHUDFLyQ� GH� ODV��� FDWHJRUtDV� FRPR� REMHWRV� GLVFUHWRV��SHUIHFWDPHQWH�GHOLPLWDGRV��FRQMXQWRV�GH�UDVJRV�GLVWLQWLYRV�TXH�FRUUHVSRQGHQ�D�ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� TXH� ORV� IHQyPHQRV� GHEHQ� SRVHHU� SDUD� VHU� DVLJQDGRV� D� WDOHV�FDWHJRUtDV��(VWD�DVLJQDFLyQ�HV�GH�WLSR��WRGR�R�QDGD���GH�PRGR�TXH�VL�XQ�HOHPHQWR�R�IHQyPHQR�SUHVHQWD� ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�SHUWLQHQWHV�HV�DVLJQDGR�D� WDO� FDWHJRUtD�\�HQ�FDVR�FRQWUDULR�QR�OR�HV��

(VWD� FRQFHSFLyQ� FDWHJyULFD� GH� ORV� IHQyPHQRV�� HVSHFLDOPHQWH� GH� ORV�UHODFLRQDGRV�FRQ�HO�VHU�KXPDQR��UHVXOWD��HQ�OD�DFWXDOLGDG��LQDGHFXDGD��

$� SDUWLU� GH� ODV� LGHDV� SLRQHUDV� GH� /DERY�� GLYXOJDGDV� HQ� OD� GpFDGD� GHO� ����FRLQFLGHQWHV� FRQ� ODV� GH� RWURV� OLQJ�LVWDV� \� FLHQWLVWDV� KXPDQRV�� DFHUFD� GH� OD�YDULDELOLGDG�LQKHUHQWH�D�WRGRV�ORV�DVSHFWRV�\�QLYHOHV�GHO�OHQJXDMH��KD�VLGR�QHFHVDULR�UHFRQVLGHUDU�HVWH�FRQFHSWR�WDMDQWH�GH�FDWHJRUtDV�\�VXVWLWXLGR�SRU�HO�GH�FDWHJRUtDV�GH�OtPLWHV� GLIXVRV�� /R� DQWHULRU� VLJQLILFD� TXH� VL� ELHQ� KDEUi� FDVRV� GH� IiFLO� DVLJQDFLyQ��SXHV�ORV�IHQyPHQRV�VH�XELFDQ�FHQWUDOPHQWH�HQ�OD�FDWHJRUtD�FRQVWLWX\HQGR�HMHPSORV�SURWRWtSLFRV��KDEUi�WDPELpQ�FDVRV�GXGRVRV�R�PDUJLQDOHV�SRUTXH�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�HQ�]RQDV�OLPtWURIHV�R�FROLQGDQWHV��DOOt�GRQGH�OD�FDWHJRUtD�LQFOX\H�XQ�PD\RU�Q~PHUR�GH�UDVJRV�GH�FDWHJRUtDV�DILQHV��

$SOLFDGR� HVWR� D� ODV� FDWHJRUtDV� TXH� QRV� LQWHUHVDQ�� D� VDEHU�� OHQJXDMH� RUDO�OHQJXDMH� HVFULWR�� HV� SRVLEOH� DILUPDU� TXH�� HQ� JHQHUDO�� OD� YDULHGDG� OLQJ�tVWLFD� PiV�WtSLFDPHQWH� RUDO�� HV� GHFLU�� OD� TXH� SUHVHQWD� HO� PD\RU� Q~PHUR� GH� DWULEXWRV� GH�RUDOLGDG�� HV� OD� FRQYHUVDFLyQ� GLDOyJLFD� FDUD� D� FDUD�� PLHQWUDV� TXH� HO� SURWRWLSR� GH�OHQJXDMH� HVFULWR� HV� HO� WH[WR� H[SRVLWLYR� DFDGpPLFR�� /DV� RWUDV� YDULHGDGHV� SUHVHQWDQ�VyOR� DOJXQDV� GH� ODV� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�� QR� VLHPSUH� ODV� PLVPDV�� \� D� PHGLGD� TXH� VH�DFHUFDQ� D� ODV� ]RQDV� OLPtWURIHV� PDQLILHVWDQ� UDVJRV� TXH� FRUUHVSRQGHQ� D� RWUDV�FDWHJRUtDV��

+HFKD� HVWD� DGYHUWHQFLD�� SURFHGHUp� D� UHYLVDU� VRPHUDPHQWH� DOJXQDV� GH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�TXH�FRQ�PD\RU�IUHFXHQFLD�VH�PHQFLRQDQ�HQ�UHODFLyQ�DO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�\�DO�OHQJXDMH� HVFULWR�� \� OXHJR� FRPHQWDUp� VX� SRVLEOH� HIHFWR� VREUH� HO� GHVDUUROOR�FRJQRVFLWLYR��/D�SHUVSHFWLYD�VHUi�SVLFRSUDJPiWLFD��GH�PRGR�TXH�HQIDWL]DUp�DTXHOORV�DVSHFWRV�GHO�WH[WR�TXH�VH�UHODFLRQHQ�FRQ�VX�XVR�HQ�FRQWH[WR�\�ORV�SURFHVRV�PHQWDOHV�SXHVWRV� HQ� MXHJR� HQ� VX� SURGXFFLyQ�� 3RU� HOOR� QR� PH� LQWHUHVD� GHVWDFDU� FLHUWDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�IRUPDOHV�GHVFXELHUWDV�PHGLDQWH�WUDEDMRV�HPStULFRV�FRPR��SRU�HMHPSOR��OD� PD\RU� ORQJLWXG� GH� ODV� SDODEUDV� HQ� ORV� WH[WRV� HVFULWRV�� HO� PD\RU� Q~PHUR� GH�UHODFLRQHV�DWULEXWLYDV�� OD�PD\RU�YDULHGDG�HQ� OD� VHOHFFLyQ� Op[LFD��HWF��� D�PHQRV�TXH�SXHGD�H[SOLFDUODV�GHVGH�OD�SHUVSHFWLYD�DGRSWDGD��

8QR� GH� ORV� IDFWRUHV� TXH� FRQ�PD\RU� IUHFXHQFLD� DSDUHFH�PHQFLRQDGR� HQ� ODV�FRPSDUDFLRQHV�HQWUH�HO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�\�HO�HVFULWR�HV�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�GH�XVR����

(Q�SULPHU�OXJDU��FDGD�KDEODQWH��HQ�XQD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ�FDUD�D�FDUD��FRQVWUX\H�\�HYDO~D�VXV�HQXQFLDGRV�D�OD�OX]�GH�VXV�UHODFLRQHV�SHUVRQDOHV�FRQ�VX�LQWHUORFXWRU�\�VX�FRQRFLPLHQWR� PXWXR�� *UDFLDV� D� HVWH� FRQWH[WR� SVLFRVRFLDO� VDEH� TXp� GHFLU� \� FyPR�GHFLUOR�� 3XHGH� PHGLU� FRQ� QRWDEOH� DSUR[LPDFLyQ� FXiQWD� LQIRUPDFLyQ� GHEH�LQFRUSRUDU� H[SOtFLWD� R� LPSOtFLWDPHQWH� HQ� HO� WH[WR�� \� KDVWD� HV� SRVLEOH� TXH� SXHGD�����������������������������������������������������3DJ��������3DJ�����

Page 11: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

FRQWURODU�HQ�TXp�RSRUWXQLGDGHV�HO�R\HQWH�UHFXUULUi�D�VX�SURSLR�FRQRFLPLHQWR�SUHYLR�LQFRUSRUiQGROR� RSRUWXQDPHQWH� HQ� OD� UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ� PHQWDO� GHO� FRQWHQLGR� GHO�GLVFXUVR�TXH�YD�FRQVWUX\HQGR��(Q�RWUDV�SDODEUDV��HO�KDEODQWH�HVWi�HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�VHJXLU� DO� SLH� GH� OD� OHWUD� OD� Pi[LPD� GH� OD� FDQWLGDG�� QRUPD� GH� WRGD� FRQYHUVDFLyQ�H[LWRVD�� UHVXPLGD� HQ� HO� VLJXLHQWH� FRQVHMR�� +D]� TXH� WX� FRQWULEXFLyQ� VHD� WRGR� OR�LQIRUPDWLYD�TXH�VH�UHTXLHUD�\�TXH�QR�VHD�PiV�LQIRUPDWLYD�TXH�OR�QHFHVDULR�������

(O� WH[WR� HVFULWR�� HQ� FDPELR�� VXHOH� HVWDU� GHVWLQDGR�� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDPHQWH�� D�YDULRV�OHFWRUHV��LQFOXVR�GHVFRQRFLGRV�SRU�HO�HVFULWRU��6L�ELHQ�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�pO�WHQJD�XQ� WLSR� GH� GHVWLQDWDULR� HQ� PHQWH� \�� SRU� FRQVLJXLHQWH�� HVWp� HQ� FRQGLFLRQHV� GH�IRUPDUVH� DOJXQD� LGHD� DFHUFD� GH� ORV� FRQRFLPLHQWRV� SUHYLRV� TXH� pVWH� SRVHH�� HV�HYLGHQWH�TXH�QXQFD�SRGUi�DSOLFDU�OD�Pi[LPD�GH�OD�FDQWLGDG�FRQ�OD�SUHFLVLyQ�GH�XQ�KDEODQWH��$�VDELHQGDV�GH�TXH�ORV�YDFtRV�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�GLILFXOWDQ�R�LPSRVLELOLWDQ�OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ�� \� TXH� ORV� H[FHVRV� OD� HQWRUSHFHQ�� HO� HVFULWRU� WHQGUi� TXH� RSWDU� SRU�DOJXQD�DOWHUQDWLYD�FRQ�ORV�ULHVJRV�GH�HTXLYRFDUVH��

(Q� VHJXQGR� OXJDU�� GXUDQWH� HO� WUDQVFXUVR� GH� OD� FRQYHUVDFLyQ� FDUD� D� FDUD� HV�SRVLEOH�QHJRFLDU�XQ�WUDVIRQGR�GH�FRQRFLPLHQWR�FRPSDUWLGR�D�PHGLGD�TXH�DYDQ]D�OD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ��PLHQWUDV�TXH�HO�WH[WR�HVFULWR�PRQROyJLFR�HV�FHUUDGR�������(O�HVFULWRU�QR�FXHQWD�FRQ�OD�UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ�QHFHVDULD�SDUD�DGHFXDU�HO�FRQWHQLGR�GH�VX�WH[WR�DO� UHDO� QLYHO� GH� FRQRFLPLHQWR�GH� VXV� OHFWRUHV��(O� OHFWRU�QR�SXHGH�JXLDU� DO� HVFULWRU�SLGLHQGR�H[SOLFDFLRQHV�R�KDFLHQGR�SUHJXQWDV�\�REVHUYDFLRQHV��

(Q� WHUFHU� OXJDU�� HVFULWRU� \� OHFWRU� QR� FRPSDUWHQ� XQ� PLVPR� FRQWH[WR�VLWXDFLRQDO��(VWR�VLJQLILFD�TXH�HQ�OD�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�GHO�WH[WR�HO�DXWRU�QR�SXHGH�EXVFDU�DSR\R� H[WHUQR� SDUD� SUHFLVDU� ORV� VLJQLILFDGRV� UHIHUHQFLDOHV� \� GHEH� GHVFDQVDU�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH� HQ� HO� VLJQLILFDGR� LQWUtQVHFR�� OR� TXH� H[LJH� XQ� PD\RU� HVIXHU]R� GH�SURFHVDPLHQWR�WDQWR�HQ�OR�Op[LFR�FRPR�HQ�OR�VLQWiFWLFR�������

(Q�FXDUWR�OXJDU��GXUDQWH�OD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ��FDGD�IUDVH�SXHGH�HVWDU�LPSXOVDGD�SRU� XQ�PRWLYR� GHWHUPLQDGR� \� HO� UXPER� TXH� WRPD� HO� GLiORJR� HVWi� UHJLGR� HQ� WRGR�PRPHQWR� SRU� ODV� FDPELDQWHV� IXHU]DV� LQWHULRUHV� GH� ORV� KDEODQWHV�� (O� PHQRU�SRWHQFLDO�GH� LQWHUDFFLyQ� VLPXOWiQHD�\�SHUVRQDO�TXH� FDUDFWHUL]D�DO� OHQJXDMH� HVFULWR������ KDFH� UHVSRQVDEOH� DO� DXWRU� GHO� GHVHQYROYLPLHQWR� GHO� WH[WR�� TXLHQ� GHEH���HMHUFLWDU� XQ� FXLGDGRVR� FRQWURO� VREUH� HO� PRGR� GH� SUHVHQWDFLyQ� GH� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ�PDQWHQLHQGR�HO�KLOR� FRQGXFWRU�R� WHPD��JXLDQGR�FRQVFLHQWHPHQWH� VX�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�LQWHUQD�GH�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�OH�SHUPLWD�DOFDQ]DU�OD�ILQDOLGDG�SHUVHJXLGD��/D�DWHQFLyQ��TXH�HQ�XQ�LQWHUFDPELR�GLDOyJLFR�QR�QHFHVLWD�DEDUFDU�PiV�GH�OR�TXH�HQ�HVH�PRPHQWR�VH�HVWi�SURFHVDQGR�� WUDWiQGRVH�GH�XQ� WH[WR�HVFULWR��GHEH�PRYHUVH�FRQVWDQWHPHQWH�KDFLD� DWUiV�� KDFLD� OR� \D� HVFULWR� ±D� ILQ� GH� UHFRQVLGHUDU� XQD� GHFLVLyQ�� FRPSDUDU�H[SUHVLRQHV� DOWHUQDWLYDV�� UHRUGHQDU� ODV� GLYHUVDV� SDUWHV±�� \� KDFLD� DGHODQWH�� FRQ� HO�SURSyVLWR�GH�SODQLILFDU�PHQWDOPHQWH�QR� VyOR� OD� IUDVH� VLJXLHQWH� VLQR� WRGR�HO� WH[WR��HVER]DQGR�HO�HVTXHPD�FRQFHSWXDO�TXH�KD�GH�JXLDU�ODV�FRQVWUXFFLRQHV�VLJXLHQWHV��

(VWD� GLIHUHQFLD� HQ� HO� JUDGR� GH� SODQLILFDFLyQ� GH� DPERV� WH[WRV� HV� SRVLEOH�JUDFLDV�D�RWUR�IDFWRU��WDPELpQ�PHQFLRQDGR�SRU�ORV�HVWXGLRVRV�FRPR�IXHQWH�\�RULJHQ�GH� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH� DPERV� WLSRV� GH� OHQJXDMH�� OD� PD\RU� SHUPDQHQFLD� GHO� VLJQR�JUiILFR��(VWH�UDVJR�IDFLOLWD�XQD�HODERUDFLyQ�PiV�OHQWD�GHO�WH[WR�HVFULWR��VLQ�OD�SUHVLyQ�QL� OD� XUJHQFLD� TXH� H[LJH� OD� HYDQHVFHQFLD� GHO� VLJQR� IyQLFR��(O� WH[WR� HVFULWR� DEUH� OD�SRVLELOLGDG�GH� UHYLVLRQHV� \� FRUUHFFLRQHV� LPSRVLEOHV� R�PX\�GLItFLOHV� HQ� HO� OHQJXDMH�����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 12: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

RUDO�� OR� TXH� H[SOLFD� VX� FDUiFWHU�PiV� HODERUDGR�� OD� DXVHQFLD� GH� IDOVDV� SDUWLGDV�� GH�YDFLODFLRQHV��URGHRV�\�UHGXQGDQFLDV��DVt�FRPR�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�XQD�PD\RU�YDULHGDG�GH�UHFXUVRV�HVWLOtVWLFRV��/R�HItPHUR�GH�ORV�VLJQRV�IyQLFRV�\�OD�OLPLWDGD�FDSDFLGDG�GH�QXHVWUD�PHPRULD�LQPHGLDWD�KDFHQ�LPSUDFWLFDEOH�HVWD�FODVH�GH�SXOLPHQWR��GH�PRGR�TXH�DO�KDEODU��QR�VH�SXHGHQ�GHVWUXLU�ORV�SULPHURV�ERUUDGRUHV��������

/D� OHQWLWXG� HQ� OD� HODERUDFLyQ� GHO� WH[WR� HVFULWR� WDPELpQ� H[SOLFD� VX� PD\RU�ULTXH]D� \� YDULHGDG� Op[LFD�� 2�� PHMRU� D~Q�� OD� UDSLGH]� H[LJLGD� HQ� HO� KDEODU� DWHQWD�FRQWUD�OD�YDULHGDG�Op[LFD��(OOR�VH�GHEH�D�TXH�HO�KDEODQWH�WLHQH�DSHQDV�XQD�SHTXHxD�SDUWH�GH� VX� YRFDEXODULR� DOWDPHQWH�GLVSRQLEOH�� FRPR� VH�GLFH�SRSXODUPHQWH�� �HQ� OD�SXQWD�GH�OD�OHQJXD���/D�HYRFDFLyQ�GHO�UHVWR�GHO�YRFDEXODULR�SHUVRQDO�� LQFUXVWDGR�D�YHFHV� SURIXQGDPHQWH� HQ� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� MHUiUTXLFD� GH� QXHVWUD�PHPRULD� VHPiQWLFD��UHTXLHUH� HVIXHU]RV� FRJQRVFLWLYRV� FRQVLGHUDEOHV� FRQ� OD� FRQVLJXLHQWH� GHPRUD�� $O�HVFULELU� VH� GLVSRQH� D� PHQXGR� GHO� WLHPSR� QHFHVDULR� SDUD� EXVFDU� OD� SDODEUD� TXH�H[SUHVH� QXHVWUR� SHQVDPLHQWR� FRQ� PiV� DGHFXDFLyQ�� SHUPLWD� KDFHU� GLVWLQFLRQHV�FRQFHSWXDOHV�PiV�VXWLOHV�R��VLPSOHPHQWH��VXHQH�PHMRU��

2WUD� GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� HO� OHQJXDMH� RUDO� \� HO� OHQJXDMH� HVFULWR�� DVRFLDGD� D� OD�QDWXUDOH]D�JUiILFD�GHO�PRGR�GH�H[SUHVLyQ�GH�HVWH�~OWLPR��HV�OD�PDQHUD�GH�RUJDQL]DU�OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�\�PDUFDU�HO�FRQWHQLGR�TXH�VH�FRQVLGHUD�GHVFRQRFLGR�SRU�HO�UHFHSWRU��GLVWLQJXLpQGROR�GHO�TXH�VH�VXSRQH�FRQRFLGR��4XLHQ�GHVHH�VHU�FRPSUHQGLGR�GHEH���FRQVWUXLU� VX� WH[WR� HQWUHWHMLHQGR� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ�QXHYD� FRQ� LQIRUPDFLyQ�\D�GDGD�R�SUHYLDPHQWH�FRQRFLGD��

(O� OHQJXDMH� RUDO� FXHQWD� FRQ� DOJXQRV� PHFDQLVPRV� PRUIRVLQWiFWLFRV� \��IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH�� FRQ� UHFXUVRV� SURVyGLFRV� ±DFHQWXDOHV� \� PHOyGLFRV±� H� LQFOXVR�JHVWXDOHV�\�SDUDOLQJ�tVWLFRV�TXH�SHUPLWHQ�GHVWDFDU�OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�QXHYD�\�SRQHU�HQ�VHJXQGR�SODQR�OD�\D�FRQRFLGD��(O�HVFULWRU��HQ�FDPELR��QR�FXHQWD�FRQ�HVWRV�~OWLPRV�\�GHEH� VXSOLUORV� FRQ� XQ� YDULDGR� MXHJR� GH� UHFXUVRV� VLQWiFWLFRV�� (QWUH� HVWRV� ~OWLPRV�FDEH� PHQFLRQDU� OD� �QRPLQDOL]DFLyQ��� &RQ� HVWH� UHFXUVR� OLQJ�tVWLFR� VH� SUHVHQWDQ�DFFLRQHV� \� SURFHVRV� FRPR� VL� IXHUDQ� REMHWRV�� GDQGR� SRU� FRQRFLGR� VX� FRQWHQLGR� \�GHMiQGROR� IXHUD� GH� GLVFXVLyQ�� VREUH� HVH� WUDVIRQGR� FRQFHSWXDO� VH� FRQWUDVWD� OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�TXH�VH�TXLHUH�SUHVHQWDU�FRPR�QRYHGRVD��(O�SUHFLR�TXH�KD\�TXH�SDJDU�SRU� HOOR� HV� OD� PD\RU� FRPSOHMLGDG� GH� ODV� IUDVHV� QRPLQDOHV� UHVXOWDQWHV� ������&RPSiUHQVH���O�D��/DV�SULPHUDV�FRQYHUVLRQHV�GH�ORV�QDWLYRV�IXHURQ�REUD�GH�ORV�� VDFHUGRWHV�HVSDxROHV�����E��)XHURQ�VDFHUGRWHV�HVSDxROHV�ORV�TXH�FRQYLUWLHURQ�D�ORV�� SULPHURV�QDWLYRV�����D��1LQJXQD�GH�ODV�FRQVXOWDV�DQDOL]DGDV�PHUHFH�UHVSXHVWD�����E��6H�DQDOL]DURQ�DOJXQDV�FRQVXOWDV�\�QLQJXQD�PHUHFH�UHVSXHVWD����

&RPR� VH� SXHGH� DGYHUWLU� HQ� ORV� HMHPSORV� FLWDGRV�� DOJXQD� VXWLO� GLIHUHQFLD�VHPiQWLFD�H[LVWH�HQWUH�DPEDV�YHUVLRQHV�\�HOOD�UDGLFD��SUHFLVDPHQWH��HQ�OD�GLIHUHQWH�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� TXH� VH� OH� KD� GDGR� D� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ� PHGLDQWH� HO� FDPELR� GH�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�Op[LFR�VLQWiFWLFD��1R�VH�WUDWD�GH�XQD�PD\RU�FRPSOHMLGDG�VLQWiFWLFD�±VL�SRU�WDO�VH�HQWLHQGH�ORQJLWXG�R�Q~PHUR�GH�FOiXVXODV�SRU�SHUtRGR±�VLQR�GH�XQD�PD\RU�����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 13: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

HODERUDFLyQ� TXH� UHVXOWD� HQ� XQ� WH[WR� VLQySWLFR�� PtQLPDPHQWH� UHGXQGDQWH� \�DOWDPHQWH� FRPSDFWR�� VXV� HVWUXFWXUDV� SUHVHQWDQ� HOHPHQWRV� FRQVWLWX\HQWHV�IXHUWHPHQWH� FRKHVLRQDGRV� TXH� FRQWLHQHQ� PD\RU� FDQWLGDG� GH� LQIRUPDFLyQ� HQ� XQ�Q~PHUR�UHODWLYDPHQWH�UHGXFLGR�GH�SDODEUDV�� �

(Q� FDPELR�� OD� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� FDUDFWHUtVWLFD� GHO� WH[WR� KDEODGR� HV�PiV� VXHOWD��PiV�DELHUWD��\�ODV�VHFXHQFLDV�RUDFLRQDOHV��HQ�RFDVLRQHV�PX\�FRPSOHMDV��HYLGHQFLDQ�XQ� JUDGR� PHQRU� GH� DQiOLVLV� SUHYLR� \� PD\RU� HVSRQWDQHLGDG�� (Q� RWUDV� SDODEUDV��PHQRU�FRQWURO�FRQVFLHQWH��

(VWH�~OWLPR�DVSHFWR�UHVXOWD�FUtWLFR�SDUD�OD�GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�HQWUH�OD�QRUPD�RUDO�\�OD�QRUPD�HVFULWD�GHVGH�OD�SHUVSHFWLYD�GH�ORV�SURFHVRV�SVLFROLQJ�tVWLFRV�LPSOLFDGRV�HQ�OD�SURGXFFLyQ��

&RPR� PHQFLRQp� KDFH� XQRV� PRPHQWRV�� HO� WH[WR� HVFULWR� QR� GHSHQGH� GHO�FRQWH[WR� VLWXDFLRQDO� FRQFUHWR� HQ� TXH� VH� SURGXFH�� GDGR��� TXH� pVWH� GLItFLOPHQWH�FRLQFLGLUi� FRQ� HO� FRQWH[WR� GH� VX� OHFWXUD�� 7DPELpQ� VHxDOp� TXH� QR� HV� IiFLO� SDUD� XQ�DXWRU� FDOLEUDU� HO� FRQRFLPLHQWR� GH� VXV� OHFWRUHV� D� ILQ� GH� DGHFXDUVH� D� pO�� $PERV�KHFKRV�� HQ� FRQMXQWR�� FRQWULEX\HQ� D� OD� GHVFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ� GHO� WH[WR�� DO� OLPLWDU�IXHUWHPHQWH� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ� H[WUDWH[WXDO� TXH� SXGLHUD� IDFLOLWDU� VX� LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ��(VWR�REOLJD�DO�HVFULWRU�D�SUHVWDU�HVSHFLDO�DWHQFLyQ�D�OD�PDQHUD�HQ�TXH�HVWUXFWXUD�OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ� \� D� HMHUFHU� DO� Pi[LPR� VX� KDELOLGDG� SDUD� PDQLSXODU� ODV� IRUPDV�OLQJ�tVWLFDV� GH� DFXHUGR� FRQ� ODV� SRVLELOLGDGHV� TXH� OH� RIUHFH� VX� OHQJXD�� 7RGR� HOOR�VXSRQH� XQ� HOHYDGR� JUDGR� GH� FRQFLHQFLD� PHWDOLQJ�tVWLFD�� SXHV� H[LJH� GHO� VXMHWR� OD�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ� DQDOtWLFD� GH� VX� OHQJXD� \� OD� FDSDFLGDG� GH� FRQWURODU� VXV� SURSLRV�SURFHVRV� DWHQFLRQDOHV� TXH�� QDWXUDOPHQWH�� VH� ILMDQ�PiV� HQ� HO� FRQWHQLGR� TXH� HQ� OD�IRUPD�OLQJ�tVWLFD�������

(Q�XQD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ��HQ�FDPELR��HO�DSR\R�FRQWH[WXDO�\�ODV�LQWHUYHQFLRQHV�GHO�LQWHUORFXWRU� VRQ� YtDV� DOWHUQDWLYDV� SDUD� OD� LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ� GHO� FRQWHQLGR� GH� ORV�HQXQFLDGRV� TXH� UHTXLHUHQ�� FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH�� PHQRV� DWHQFLyQ� VREUH� OD� IRUPD� \�PHQRV� FRQFLHQFLD� GH� ODV� UHJODV� TXH� VH� HVWiQ� XVDQGR�� (Q� RWUDV� SDODEUDV�� HO� UDVJR�WtSLFR�GH�OD�RUDOLGDG�HV�OD�HVSRQWDQHLGDG��PLHQWUDV�TXH�HO�UDVJR�VREUHVDOLHQWH�GH�OD�QRUPD�HVFULWD�HV�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�PHWDOLQJ�tVWLFD��

$KRUD�ELHQ��PLHQWUDV�TXH�HO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�OLQJ�tVWLFR�QR�DQDOL]DGR�VH�FXOWLYD�GHVGH�OD�SULPHUD�LQIDQFLD��ODV�KDELOLGDGHV�PHWDOLQJ�tVWLFDV�±WDQWR�HQ�VX�GLPHQVLyQ�HMHFXWLYD�� GH� FRQWURO� VREUH� ORV� SURFHVRV� SVLFROLQJ�tVWLFRV� SURSLRV�� FRPR� HQ� OD� GH�FRQRFLPLHQWR� FRQVFLHQWH� \� DQDOtWLFR� GH� OD� OHQJXD±� FRUUHVSRQGHQ� D� XQ� GHVDUUROOR�PiV�WDUGtR��LQLFLDGR�DOUHGHGRU�GH�ORV���y���DxRV�GH�HGDG��

(V�SRVLEOH�TXH�WRGR�VHU�KXPDQR��LQFOXVR�HO�QR�DOIDEHWL]DGR��ORJUH�D�HVD�HGDG�XQ� FLHUWR� JUDGR� GH� FRPSHWHQFLD� PHWDOLQJ�tVWLFD� HQ� IRUPD� QDWXUDO� FRPR�FRQVHFXHQFLD� GH� XQD� PD\RU� PDGXUDFLyQ� LQWHOHFWXDO� \� SXHGD�� SRU� WDQWR�� HQ�RFDVLRQHV�� KDFHU� GH� OD� IRUPD� OLQJ�tVWLFD� REMHWR� GH� VX� SHQVDPLHQWR�� 1R� REVWDQWH��DQiOLVLV� PiV� DILQDGRV� \� FRQWUROHV� PiV� HVWULFWRV� \� SUHFLVRV� UHTXLHUHQ� OD� ILMH]D� \�SHUGXUDELOLGDG� GH� ORV� VLJQRV� JUiILFRV�� *UDFLDV� D� HOORV� HVWDV� KDELOLGDGHV� SXHGHQ�DOFDQ]DU�QLYHOHV�GH�GRPLQLR�GLItFLOHV�±VL�QR�LPSRVLEOHV±�GH�ORJUDU�HQ�VLWXDFLRQHV�GH�H[FOXVLYD�RUDOLGDG��

&RQVHJXLU�� VLQ� HPEDUJR�� HO� QLYHO� UHTXHULGR� SDUD� OD� FRQVWUXFFLyQ� GH� WH[WRV�TXH� HYLGHQFLHQ� XQD� GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ� GH� QRUPDV�� H[LJH� HVIXHU]RV� VLVWHPiWLFRV� \�����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 14: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

SURORQJDGRV�� 1R� VH� GHEH� FDHU� HQ� HO� HUURU� GH� FUHHU� TXH� WRGR� WH[WR� HVFULWR� HV�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ� GH� OD� QRUPD� HVFULWD� R� TXH� XQD� EXHQD� FDOLJUDItD� \� RUWRJUDItD�JDUDQWL]DQ� HO� GRPLQLR� GH� GLFKD� QRUPD�� 'H� KHFKR�� VDOYR� FDVRV� GH� DSWLWXG� R�SUHFRFLGDG� H[FHSFLRQDOHV�� OD� FDUDFWHUtVWLFD� GH� ORV� WH[WRV� GH� HVFRODUHV� HV� OD�HVSRQWDQHLGDG�� PDQLIHVWDGD� HQ� OD� IDOWD� GH� SODQLILFDFLyQ� SUHYLD� \� GH� UHYLVLyQ�SRVWHULRU�� HQ� HO� FDUiFWHU� SRFR� VLQWpWLFR���� HQ� OD� DXVHQFLD� GH� PDUFDFLyQ� VLQWiFWLFD�FODUD�TXH�GLVWLQJD� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ�QXHYD�� LPSRUWDQWH�GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�GH� OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ� GHO� WH[WR� \� OD� LQIRUPDFLyQ� \D� FRQRFLGD�� LQGLVSHQVDEOH� SHUR�VHFXQGDULD��HWF��

(Q� OD�HGXFDFLyQ�VXSHULRU�VH�REVHUYD�PiV�FODUDPHQWH� OD�GLVWLQFLyQ�HQWUH� ODV�GRV�QRUPDV��/RV�WH[WRV�HVFULWRV�GH� ORV� MyYHQHV�HYLGHQFLDQ�PD\RU�HODERUDFLyQ�\�HQ�HOORV�ORV�UDVJRV�GH�RUDOLGDG�VRQ�PHQRV�IUHFXHQWHV��

&RQ� OD� SUiFWLFD�� HVWH� DYDQFH� HQ� OD� KDELOLGDG� OLQJ�tVWLFD� GHO�PXFKDFKR� WUDH�DSDUHMDGR� XQ� GREOH� FDPELR� HQ� ORV� SURFHVRV� GH� FRQWURO� PHWDOLQJ�tVWLFR� \� VXV�FRQWHQLGRV��SRU�XQD�SDUWH��DOJXQDV�GH�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�VH�DXWRPDWL]DQ�FRQVXPLHQGR�PHQRU� FDQWLGDG�GH� HQHUJtD� HQ� HO� SURFHVDPLHQWR�PHQWDO�� HO� FXDO�TXHGD�GLVSRQLEOH�SDUD�QXHYDV�IXQFLRQHV�VLPXOWiQHDV��SRU�RWUD��FLHUWDV�RSHUDFLRQHV�VH�DGHODQWDQ�D�OD�HVFULWXUD�PLVPD� GH�PRGR� TXH� HO� MRYHQ� DSUHQGH� D� UHDOL]DUODV�PHQWDOPHQWH� FRQ� HO�DSR\R�GH�ODV�LPiJHQHV�DF~VWLFDV�R�YLVXDOHV�GHSRVLWDGDV�HQ�VX�PHQWH��$Vt�DXPHQWD�OD�HILFLHQFLD�GH�OD�SODQLILFDFLyQ�\�GLVPLQX\H�HO�Q~PHUR�GH�UHYLVLRQHV�SRVWHULRUHV��

(VWR� WUDH�FRQVLJR�XQD� LPSRUWDQWH�FRQVHFXHQFLD�� ODV�FDSDFLGDGHV�DQDOtWLFD�\�GH� FRQWURO� FRPLHQ]DQ� D� DSOLFDUVH� DO� OHQJXDMH� RUDO� TXH�� HQ� GHWHUPLQDGDV�FLUFXQVWDQFLDV�� PXHVWUD� FODURV� UDVJRV� GH� QRUPD� HVFULWD�� 'HVGH� HVRV� PRPHQWRV�VXUJH��GLIHUHQFLiQGRVH��XQD�QXHYD�YDULHGDG�OLQJ�tVWLFD�GHQWUR�GH�OD�QRUPD�RUDO��HO�HVWLOR� IRUPDO�DFDGpPLFR�TXH�FRPSDUWH�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� WDQWR�GH� OHQJXDMH�RUDO�FRPR�GH�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR�������

(O�FRQMXQWR�GH�ODV�REVHUYDFLRQHV�DQWHULRUHV�QRV�HVWDUtD�GHPRVWUDQGR�TXH�OD�RUDOLGDG�GH�XQD�SHUVRQD�TXH�KD�GHVDUUROODGR�WDPELpQ�OD�QRUPD�HVFULWD�HV�GLIHUHQWH�GH�DTXHOOD�TXH�QXQFD�OR�KD�ORJUDGR��$~Q�PiV��GHELGR�D� ODV�PD\RUHV�H[LJHQFLDV�HQ�ORV� SURFHVRV� GH� DQiOLVLV�� GH� SODQLILFDFLyQ� \� GH� FRQWURO� GH� VXV� SURSLRV� SURFHVRV�PHQWDOHV� TXH� HVWD� QRUPD� LPSOLFD�� LQIOX\H�� HQ� GHILQLWLYD�� HQ� OD� HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�PLVPR��$XQ�FXDQGR�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�QR�HVWpQ�FRQVFLHQWHV�GH� OR� TXH� OHV� VXFHGH�� GH� KHFKR� \D�QR�SLHQVDQ�GHO�PLVPR�PRGR�TXLHQHV� KDQ� VLGR�DIHFWDGRV��GLUHFWD�R�LQGLUHFWDPHQWH��SRU�OD�HVFULWXUD�������

¢+DFLD� GyQGH� VH� RULHQWD� HO� HVStULWX� FUHDGRU� GHO� KRPEUH� DKRUD"� ¢4Xp�UHSHUFXVLRQHV� WHQGUiQ� VREUH� VX� PHQWH� ORV� DYDQFHV� WHFQROyJLFRV� TXH� VX� LQJHQLR�LQYHQWD�HQ�HO�FDPSR�GH�ODV�FRPXQLFDFLRQHV�\�GH�OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ"�

/R� TXH� KDFH�PLOHV� GH� DxRV� FRPHQ]y� VLHQGR� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH�PDUFDV� VREUH�DOJ~Q� PDWHULDO� UHVLVWHQWH� TXH� SHUPLWLHUD� WUDVFHQGHU� HO� HVSDFLR� \� HO� WLHPSR� KD�OOHJDGR�D�VHU�HO�SULQFLSDO�LQVWUXPHQWR�GH�DFUHFHQWDPLHQWR�\�GLIXVLyQ�GH�ODV�FXOWXUDV��UHHPSOD]DQGR�� HQ�PXFKRV� FDVRV�� OD� YR]��PHGLR� GH� DOFDQFH�PiV� OLPLWDGR�� SHUR�� DO�PLVPR�WLHPSR��PiV�SHUVRQDO�H�tQWLPR����

7DO�YH]�HO�HIHFWR�SVLFROyJLFR�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�GH�HVWD�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�FXOWXUDO�OR�SRGDPRV�GHVFULELU�FRQ�HO�WpUPLQR��GLVWDQFLDPLHQWR���(O�HVFULWRU�YXHOFD�VREUH�HO�����������������������������������������������������3DJ��������3DJ�����

Page 15: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

SDSHO� ODV� LGHDV�� ODV� VHQVDFLRQHV�� ORV� VHQWLPLHQWRV� TXH� EXOOHQ� HQ� VX� LQWHULRU�� ORV�FRQYLHUWH� HQ�SDODEUDV� \� HQ� FXDQWR� WDOHV� ODV� DOHMD�� ODV� FRQWHPSOD�� ODV� FULWLFD�� FRPR�FULWLFD�\�UHYLVD�WDPELpQ�HO�OHQJXDMH�HQ�HO�TXH�TXHGDURQ�HVFULWDV��,JXDOPHQWH�GLVWDQWH�VH�HQFXHQWUD�DTXHO�R�DTXHOORV�D�ORV�FXDOHV�OHV�HVWi�GHVWLQDGR�HO�WH[WR�� (O� HVFULWRU�� HQ� VLOHQFLR�� HVFULEH�� (O� GLiORJR� VH� KDFH� PRQyORJR�� /D�DUJXPHQWDFLyQ�� HQFXHQWUR� IHUWLOL]DGRU� GH� GRV� HVStULWXV�� VH� KDFH� GLVFXUVLYR�� (O�HVFULWRU�� HQ� VROHGDG�� HVFULEH�� 3HUR� HQ� VX� SHQVDPLHQWR� D~Q� KD\� FDELGD� SDUD� HO� W~��DTXHO� TXH� HQ� RWUR� PRPHQWR�� HQ� RWUR� OXJDU�� UHFLELUi� HO� SURGXFWR� DFDEDGR� GH� VX�HVIXHU]R� \� UHFRQRFHUp� HQ� pO�� HQ� VXV� LGHDV�� HQ� VX� IUDVHRORJtD� \� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� OD�SHFXOLDU� LQGLYLGXDOLGDG�GHO�DXWRU��(O� FRQWDFWR��DXQTXH�GLIHULGR�\�GLVWDQFLDGR��D~Q�VXEVLVWH��

3HUR�HO�LQJHQLR�GHO�KRPEUH�QR�GHVFDQVD��(O�WHOpIRQR��OD�UDGLR��OD�JUDEDGRUD��DFRUWDQGR� GLVWDQFLDV�� ILMDQGR� OD� YR]�� UHHPSOD]DQ� YHQWDMRVDPHQWH� DO� OiSL]�� OD�PiTXLQD�GH�HVFULELU��ODV�LPSUHVRUDV��/D�LQWHUDFFLyQ�D�GLVWDQFLD��TXH�DOJXQD�YH]�IXH�UDVJR�H[FOXVLYR�GH�OD�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�HVFULWD��VH�GD�FRQ�LJXDO�R�PD\RU�IUHFXHQFLD�HQ�OD�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�RUDO��¢4Xp�LPSHQVDGRV�HIHFWRV�VREUH�OD�PHQWH�\�HO�OHQJXDMH�WHQGUiQ�HVWDV�LQYHQFLRQHV�\�RWUDV�TXH�YHQGUiQ"�

¢4Xp� LQHVSHUDGDV� UHSHUFXVLRQHV� WHQGUi� OD� FRPSXWDGRUD�� FX\R� XVR�LQGLVFULPLQDGR� VH� HVWi� IRPHQWDQGR� GHVGH� OD� SULPHUD� LQIDQFLD"� ¢'H� TXp� PDQHUD�DIHFWDUi� HOOD� OD� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� GH� ORV� SURFHVRV�PHQWDOHV� GH� VXV� XVXDULRV"� ¢6H� YHUi��ILQDOPHQWH��DOWHUDGD� OD�FDSDFLGDG�GH� LQWHUDFFLyQ� OLQJ�tVWLFD�GH�TXLHQHV�VH�GHGLFDQ�GXUDQWH�ODUJDV�KRUDV�D�KDEODU�FRQ�XQD�FRPSXWDGRUD��UHPHGR�PHFiQLFR�GHO�FHUHEUR�KXPDQR��IRUPDOL]DFLyQ�GH�OD�PHQWH"�

,QTXLHWXGHV� FRPR� pVWDV� SDUHFHQ� VHU� XQ� HFR� GH� DTXHOODV� TXH� HQ� VX�RSRUWXQLGDG�GHVSHUWy�OD�GLIXVLyQ�GH�OD�DOIDEHWL]DFLyQ��\�VL�ELHQ�QR�HV�IiFLO�FRQWURODU�HO�LPSDFWR�GH�OD�WpFQLFD�HQ�ODV�FXOWXUDV�OHWUDGDV��QR�HV�PHQRV�FLHUWR�TXH�QR�HV�MXVWR��VLQ�PiV��FRQVLGHUDUOR�QHJDWLYR��3RU�HO�FRQWUDULR��+HPRV�YLVWR�FyPR�HO�KRPEUH�TXH�ORJUD� HO� GRPLQLR� GH� OD� QRUPD� HVFULWD� WLHQH� PD\RUHV� SRVLELOLGDGHV� GH� DOFDQ]DU�QLYHOHV� VXSHULRUHV� GH� DXWRFRQFLHQFLD� \� GH� FRQWURO� GH� VXV� SURSLRV� SURFHVRV�LQWHULRUHV�� 1R� WHQHPRV� SRU� TXp� VXSRQHU� TXH� QR� VXFHGHUi� RWUR� WDQWR� FRQ� HVWDV�QXHYDV�PRGDOLGDGHV�FRPXQLFDWLYDV��

3RUTXH�VR\�RSWLPLVWD�\�WHQJR�IH�HQ�HO�GHVWLQR�GHO�VHU�KXPDQR�FUHR�TXH�OR�TXH�KD�VDOLGR�GH�OD�PHQWH�\�GHO�HVStULWX�GHO�KRPEUH�QR�FRQWULEXLUi��HQ�GHILQLWLYD��D�VX�GHVKXPDQL]DFLyQ�\�TXH��SRU�HO�FRQWUDULR��KD�GH�D\XGDUOH�D�GHVDUUROODU�DO�Pi[LPR�\�GH�PDQHUD�SRVLWLYD�WRGD�OD�SRWHQFLDOLGDG�TXH�HQ�pO�SXVR�VX�FUHDGRU�����1RWDV�ELEOLRJUiILFDV�����$5,67Ï7(/(6��'H�OQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�HQ�+��3��&RRNH��HG��\�WUDG����$ULVWRWOH��YRO��O��SS�����������/RQGUHV��:LOOLDP�+HLQH�0DQQ����� (O� SUREOHPD� TXH� LQWHUHVD� D� 1�� &KRPVN\� HV� OD� UHODFLyQ� HQWUH� IRUPD� H[WHUQD� GH� OD�H[SUHVLyQ� \� VLJQLILFDGR�� FX\D� QDWXUDOH]D� LQGLUHFWD� VH� KDFH� HYLGHQWH� HQ� ODV� RUDFLRQHV�DPELJXDV�\�HQ�ODV�SDUiIUDVLV����� 'XUDQWH� ORV� VLJORV� ;,,,� \� ;,9� VXUJH� OD� GHQRPLQDGD� �JUDPiWLFD� HVSHFXODWLYD�� \��SRVWHULRUPHQWH��GXUDQWH�ORV�VLJORV�;9,,�<�;9,,,�� OD��JUDPiWLFD�UD]RQDGD���FX\RV�FXOWRUHV�����������������������������������������������������3DJ�����

Page 16: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

FRPSDUWHQ�HO�VXSXHVWR�GH�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GH�XQD�OyJLFD�FRP~Q�D�WRGDV�ODV�OHQJXDV�R�JUDPiWLFD�XQLYHUVDO�����&26(5,8��(�� �/RJLFLVPR�\� DQWLORJLFLVPR�HQ� OD�JUDPiWLFD��� HQ�7HRUtD�GHO�/HQJXDMH� \�/LQJ�tVWLFD�*HQHUDO��0DGULG��*UHGRV��������SS�������������� :+25)�� %�� /HQJXDMH�� 3HQVDPLHQWR� \� 5HDOLGDG�� %DUFHORQD�� %DUUDO�� ������ S�� �����3XEOLFDGR�RULJLQDOPHQWH�HQ������HQ�OD�UHYLVWD�7EHRVRSELVW�����9<*276.<��/��3HQVDPLHQWR�\�/HQJXDMH��%XHQRV�$LUHV��3Op\DGH��������S���������OELG���S����������-��3LDJHW�GHGLFD�YDULDV�REUDV�DO�WHPD�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�±HQ�HO�VHQWLGR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ� PHQWDO±� \� HO� OHQJXDMH�� (QWUH� HOODV� FDEH� GHVWDFDU� (O� 1DFLPLHQWR� GH� OD�,QWHOLJHQFLD� HQ� HO�1LxR��%XHQRV�$LUHV��$EDFR�� ������ \�/D� )RUPDFLyQ� GHO� 6tPEROR� HQ� HO�1LxR�� 0p[LFR�� )RQGR� GH� &XOW8UD� (FRQyPLFD�� ������ $PEDV� IXHURQ� RULJLQDOPHQWH�SXEOLFDGDV�HQ�OD�GpFDGD�GHO�������� 3,$*(7�� -�� H� ,1+(/'(5�� %��'H� OD� /yJLFD� GHO� 1LxR� D� OD� /yJLFD� GHO� $GROHVFHQWH��%XHQRV�$LUHV��3DLGyV������������3233(5��.��5�<�(&&/(6��-��&��(O�<R�\�VX�&HUHEUR��%DUFHORQD��/DERU�8QLYHUVLWDULD��������S�����������OELG���S�����������/$1*(5��6���6SHFXODWLRQV�RQ�WKH�RULJLQV�RI�VSHHFK�DQG�LWV�FRPPXQLFDWLYH�IXQFWLRQ���7KH�4XDUWHUO\�MRXUQDO�RI�6SHHFK��;/9,��������SS���������������6$3,5��(��(O�/HQJXDMH��0p[LFR��)RQGR�GH�&XOWXUD�(FRQyPLFD��������S���������9<*276.<�� /��� RS�� FLW��S�� ���� FLWDQGR� RSLQLRQHV� GH�:��.RHKOHU�� TXLHQ� UHDOL]y� XQD�VHULH�GH�HVWXGLRV�DFHUFD�GH�OD�FRQGXFWD�GH�FKLPSDQFpV�DOUHGHGRU�GHO�DxR��������� 6&,172�� /�)�0�� :ULWWHQ� /DQJXDJH� DQG� 3V\FERORJLFDO� 'HYHORSPHQW�� 2UODQGR��$FDGHPLF�3UHVV������������21*��:�-��2UDOLW\�DQG�/LWHUDF\��7KH�7HFEQRORJL]LQJ�RI�WEH�:RUG��/RQGUHV��0HWKXHQ��������S���������6$86685(��)��GH��&XUVR�GH�/LQJ�tVWLFD�*HQHUDO��%XHQRV�$LUHV��/RVDGD��������S������������ ,ELG��� S�� ����� ���� 6&,172�� /�)�0��� RS�� FLW��� PHQFLRQD� D� $UW\PRY\F�� +DYUDQHN��0DWKHVLXV�\�9DFKHN������7$11(1��'���HG����6SRNHQ�DQG�:ULWWHQ�/DQJXDJH��1RUZRRG��1�-��$EOH[������������&+$)(��:��<�'$1,(/(:,&=��-���3URSHUWLHV�RI�VSRNHQ�DQG�ZULWWHQ�ODQJXDJH���S������HQ�5��+RURZLW]� \� 6�-�� 6DPXHOV� �HGV����&RPSUHKHQGLQJ�2UDO� DQG�:ULWWHQ� /DQJXDJH�� 6DQ�'LHJR��$FDGHPLF�3UHVV��������SS��������������*5,&(��+�3�� �/RJLF�DQG�FRQYHUVDWLRQ��� HQ�3��&ROH�\� -�/��0RUJDQ� �HGV����6\QWD[�DQG�6HPDQWLFV��YRO�,,,��1XHYD�<RUN��$FDGHPLF�3UHVV��������SS�������������),//025(��&K���,GHDO�UHDGHUV�DQG�UHDO�UHDGHUV���S�������HQ�'��7DQQHQ��HG����$QDOL]LQJ�'LVFRXUVH��7H[W�DQG�7DON��:DVKLQJWRQ��*HRUJHWRZQ�8��3UHVV��������SS��������������� 3(5)(77,��&+��$�� �6RPH� DV\PPHWULHV� LQ� WKH� DFTXLVLWLRQ� RI� OLWHUDF\��� S�� ���� HQ�5��+RURZLW]�\�6��-��6DPXHOV��HGV����RS��FLW���SS���������������6&,172��/�)�0��RS��FLW���FRQVLGHUD�HO�SRWHQFLDO�GH�LQWHUDFFLyQ�XQD�GH�ODV�GLPHQVLRQHV�TXH�SHUPLWH�GLVWLQJXLU�HO�OHQJXDMH�RUDO�GHO�OHQJXDMH�HVFULWR��/DV�RWUDV�GRV�GLPHQVLRQHV�VRQ�OD�SUHVHUYDELOLGDG�\�OD�FRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ������+$//�,'$�<��0�$�.���6SRNHQ�DQG�ZULWWHQ�PRGHV�RI�PHDQLQJ��S�����HQ�5��+RURZLW]�\�6�-��6DPXHOV��HGV���RS��FLW���SS�������������,ELG���S������

Page 17: Peronard (1988) El hombre que habla; el hombre que escribe

����%,$/<672.��(��<�5<$1�(�%���$�PHWDFRJQLWLYH�IUDPHZRUN�IRU�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�ILUVW�DQG�VHFRQG�ODQJXDJH�VNLO,V��HQ�'�/��)RUUHVW�3UHVVOH\��*�(��0DFNLQQRQ�\�7�*��:DOOHU��HGV��� 0HWDFRJQLWLRQ�� &RQJQLWLRQ� DQG� +XPDQ� 3HUIRUPDQFH�� 2UODQGR�� $FDGHPLF� 3UHVV��������SS���������������3(5)(77,������$���RS��FLW���SS�������������21*��:��-���2UDO�UHPHPEHULQJ�DQG�QDUUDWLYH�VWUXFWXUHV��HQ�'��7DQQHQ��HG���RS��FLW���SS�����������