peace corps nicaragua welcome book | october 2009

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Nicaragua Welcome Book | October 2009

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jfp{ bgq }ifqp {g gni, [ei xigxji gb Lm`fqfcyf* fjglc sm{e Xifì @gqxp p{fbb flk Rgjyl{iiqp* jggo bgqsfqk {gnii{mlc flk sgqomlc sm{e }gy griq {ei liu{ {sg }ifqp,

[eiqi fqi nfl} liikp ml Lm`fqfcyf* flk {ei Xifì @gqxp fllg{ egxi {g fkkqipp {ein fjj, Fp f qipyj{* si efrisgqoik {gci{eiq sm{e gyq gjjifcyi flk gyl{iqxfq{ Lm`fqfcyflp {g pi{ xqmgqm{mip sm{e qipxi`{ {g seiqi flk ml sef{fqifp }gy* fp Rgjyl{iiqp* pegyjk sgqo, @yqqil{j}* fjj Rgjyl{iiqp jmri gy{pmki {ei fxm{fj m{} gb Nflfcyf* sm{e {einfdgqm{} jmrmlc ml qyqfj pi{{mlcp flk ml pnfjj {gslp, ]gyq Xifì @gqxp fppmclnil{ smjj xqgrmki }gy {ei gxxgq{ylm{} {gjmri sm{e {egpi Lm`fqfcyflp seg fqi fnglc {ei xggqip{ flk ngp{ licji`{ik* flk {g pefqi ml {eimq kf}.{g.kf}èfjjilcip flk dg}p, [egpi efjjilcip smjj kinflk {ei riq} aip{ gb sef{ mp ml }gy flk smjj gb{il {ip{ egs cilymliflk bmqn }gyq gnnm{nil{ mp, [g ai py`ìppbyj* ipxi`mfjj} gl {ei kmbbm`yj{ kf}p* }gy smjj liik {g kmc kiix {g bmlk {eixf{milì flk ng{mrf{mgl {g eflkji {ei kinflkp gb {ei kf} flk {ei yliuxi`{ik, Fkdyp{mlc {g jmbi ml Lm`fqfcyf smjj ailim{eiq mlp{fl{ lgq fjsf}p ifp}* ay{ }gyq nf{yqi kikm`f{mgl smjj cmri }gy {ei gxxgq{ylm{} {g ilqmè {ei jmrip gb g{eiqp

semji cqgsmlc xiqpglfjj} flk xqgbippmglfjj} ml sf}p }gy efri }i{ {g mnfcmli, ]gyq ibbgq{p {g fkkqipp xgriq{} smjjefri f lfni flk f bfì ifè kf}* sijj ai}glk {ei pmnxji ml{il{mgl {g nfoi f kmbbiqilì,

Fp {qfmliip flk Rgjyl{iiqp* }gy smjj qiìmri emce.vyfjm{} nikm`fj fqi flk {qfmlmlc* flk glcgmlc xqgcqfn flkfknmlmp{qf{mri pyxxgq{ bqgn gyq kikm`f{ik p{fbb, Yxgl fqqmrfj ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy smjj aicml fl 66.siio {qfmlmlcxqgcqfn {ef{ inxefpmtip gnxi{ilì ml Pxflmpe jflcyfci* qgpp.`yj{yqfj ylkiqp{flkmlc* flk {ièlm`fj pomjjp* fjglcsm{e sf}p {g xqgng{i }gyq gsl cggk eifj{e flk xiqpglfj pfbi{}, ]gy smjj jifql lg{ glj} {g f`ìx{* ay{ {g rfjyi {eikmbbiqilìp ml yj{yqi flk yp{gnp* {g cg ai}glk pmnxji {gjiqflì {g f kiix ylkiqp{flkmlc flk qipxi`{, F{ m{p`gl`jypmgl* }gy smjj ai mnxqippik sm{e egs bfq }gy efri xqgcqippik flk egs sijj xqixfqik }gy smjj ai {g nii{ {eièfjjilcip gb Xifì @gqxp piqrmì ml Lm`fqfcyf, @gni sm{e fl gxil nmlk* f sfqn eifq{* flk f cggk pilpi gb eyngq*flk }gy fqi pyqi {g kg sijj,

Aibgqi }gyq kixfq{yqi bqgn {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip* xjifpi qibji`{ eglip{j} gl }gyq gnnm{nil{ flk ng{mrf{mgl {g eijxLm`fqfcyflp ml {eimq ibbgq{p {g ai{{iq {eimq jmrip, Xifì @gqxp piqrmì smjj il{fmj pgni efqkpemxp flk qivymqi f cqif{ kifjgb kikm`f{mgl {g xigxji flk sgqo, ]gy smjj ai iuxi`{ik {g ai`gni xfq{ gb }gyq `gnnylm{}* flk ai ml{icqf{ik ml m{p kfmj}jmbi flk yp{gnp, ]gy smjj pxilk ngp{ gb }gyq {mni {eiqi* ml`jykmlc siioilkp flk nyè gb }gyq bqii {mni? flk* jmoinfl} qi{yqlik Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp* }gy smjj gli kf} flumgypj} jggo bgqsfqk {g {ei kf} {ef{ }gy smjj ai faji {gqi{yql flk rmpm{ sm{e {egpi seg smjj pggl ai`gni bfnmj} flk bqmilkp, P{yk} {emp Sij`gni Aggo * }gyq Rgjyl{iiqFppmclnil{ Kip`qmx{mgl %RFK-* flk {ei Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq Eflkaggo {g jifql ngqi fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf* }gyqfppmclnil{* flk {ei xgjm`mip flk mlpmce{p {ef{ cymki yp fjj, M fn pyqi {ef{ {emp aqmib ml{qgky`{mgl smjj {inx{ }gy {gqipifqè byq{eiq {ei bfp`mlf{mlc flk gnxjiu emp{gq}* yj{yqi flk nfoiyx gb Lm`fqfcyf, [foi fkrfl{fci gb sef{iriqgxxgq{ylm{mip }gy efri {g kg dyp{ {ef{, Si sfqnj} sij`gni }gy flk xjikci {g pyxxgq{ }gy ml iriq} sf} si `fl, ]gyqby{yqi Lm`fqfcyfl bfnmjmip* bqmilkp* flk g.sgqoiqp ml gnnylm{mip {eqgycegy{ {ei `gyl{q} fsfm{ {ei gxxgq{ylm{} {gpefqi {eimq jmrip flk egxip sm{e ifè gb }gy, Ml {ei ilk* {ef{ pefqmlc nf} dyp{ {qflpbgqn {ei sf} }gy rmis {ei sgqjk flk}gyqpijb,

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@GL[IL[P

F SIJ@GNI JI[[IQ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6@GL[IL[P ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1@GQI IUXI@[F[MGLP BGQ XIF@I @GQXP RGJYL[IIQP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;

XIF@I @GQXP'LM@FQFCYF EMP[GQ] FLK XQGCQFNP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;Emp{gq} gb {ei Xifì @gqxp ml Lm`fqfcyf,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;Emp{gq} flk By{yqi gb Xifì @gqxp Xqgcqfnnmlc ml Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;

@GYL[Q] GRIQRMIS4 LM@FQFCYF F[ F CJFL@I ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;Emp{gq} ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2Cgriqlnil{ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2I`glgn} ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2Xigxji flk @yj{yqi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2Ilrmqglnil{ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

QIPGYQ@IP BGQ BYQ[EIQ MLBGQNF[MGL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5Ciliqfj Mlbgqnf{mgl Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5

@glli`{ Sm{e Qi{yqlik Rgjyl{iiqp flk G{eiq Mlrm{iip ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5Gljmli Fq{m`jip'@yqqil{ Lisp Pm{ip Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =Ml{iqlf{mglfj Kirijgxnil{ Pm{ip Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =Qi`gnnilkik Aggop ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =

JMRMLC @GLKM[MGLP FLK RGJYL[IIQ JMBIP[]JI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 68@gnnylm`f{mglp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 66Egypmlc flk Pm{i Jg`f{mgl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 66Jmrmlc Fjjgsflì flk Ngli} Nflfcinil{ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61Bggk flk Kmi{ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61[qflpxgq{f{mgl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60Cigcqfxe} flk @jmnf{i ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6;

Pg`mfj F`{mrm{mip,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6;Xqgbippmglfjmpn* Kqipp* flk Aiefrmgq ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 69Xiqpglfj Pfbi{} ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 69Qisfqkp flk Bqyp{qf{mglp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 62

XIF@I @GQXP [QFMLMLC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63Xqi.Piqrmì [qfmlmlc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63

]GYQ EIFJ[E @FQI FLK PFBI[] ML LM@FQFCYF ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6=Eifj{e Mppyip ml Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18Eijxmlc ]gy P{f} Eifj{e},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18Nfml{fmlmlc ]gyq Eifj{e,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18Sgnilp Eifj{e Mlbgqnf{mgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16

]gyq Xifì @gqxp Nikm`fj Om{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16Nikm`fj Om{ @gl{il{p,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16Aibgqi ]gy Jifri4 F Nikm`fj @eiòjmp{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16Pfbi{} flk Pi`yqm{}Gyq Xfq{liqpemx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1;Pyxxgq{ bqgn P{fbb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19@qmni Kf{f bgq Lm`fqfcyf,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12Rgjyl{iiq Pfbi{} Pyxxgq{ ml Lm`fqfcyf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

KMRIQPM[] FLK @QGPP.@YJ[YQFJ MPPYIP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15Griqrmis gb Kmriqpm{} ml Lm`fqfcyf,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1=Sef{ Nmce{ f Rgjyl{iiq Bfì7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1=



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BQIVYIL[J] FPOIK VYIP[MGLP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00SIJ@GNI JI[[IQP BQGN LM@FQFCYF RGJYL[IIQP ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 03XF@OMLC JMP[ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;1XQI.KIXFQ[YQI @EI@OJMP[ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;9

Bfnmj} ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;9

Xfppxgq{'[qfrij ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;9Nikm`fj'Eifj{e ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;9Mlpyqfl`i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;9Xiqpglfj Xfxiqp,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;2Rg{mlc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;2Xiqpglfj Ibbi`{p ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;2Bmlfl`mfj Nflfcinil{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;2

@GL[F@[MLC XIF@I @GQXP EIFKVYFQ[IQP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;3



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@GQI IUXI@[F[MGLPBGQ XIF@I @GQXP RGJYL[IIQP

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6, Xqixfqi }gyq xiqpglfj flk xqgbippmglfj jmbi {g nfoi f gnnm{nil{ {g piqri faqgfk bgq f byjj {iqn gb 13ngl{ep

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;, Qi`gclmti {ef{ }gyq py`ìppbyj flk pyp{fmlfaji kirijgxnil{ sgqo mp afpik gl {ei jg`fj {qyp{ flk glbmkilì}gy aymjk a} jmrmlc ml* flk qipxi`{byjj} ml{icqf{mlc }gyqpijb ml{g* }gyq egp{ gnnylm{} flk yj{yqi

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seiqi }gy piqri5, Iuiq`mpi dykcnil{ flk xiqpglfj qipxglpmamjm{} {g xqg{i`{ }gyq eifj{e* pfbi{}* flk sijj.aimlc flk {ef{ gb

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xigxji ml {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip ag{e kyqmlc flk bgjjgsmlc }gyq piqrmì

XIF@I @GQXP'LM@FQFCYFEMP[GQ] FLK XQGCQFNP

Emp{gq} gb {ei Xifì @gqxp ml Lm`fqfcyf[ei bmqp{ Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp fqqmrik ml Lm`fqfcyf ml 6=2=, Ai{siil 6=2= flk 6=35* {ei xqgcqfn qflcik ml pmtibqgn 39 {g 619 Rgjyl{iiqp, Rgjyl{iiqp xqgrmkik fppmp{flì ml fqifp pyè fp iky`f{mgl* rg`f{mglfj {qfmlmlc* qyqfjly{qm{mgl* qyqfj sf{iqsgqop* fcqm`yj{yqfj iu{ilpmgl* ggxiqf{mrip* flk nylm`mxfj kirijgxnil{, Fb{iq {ei ifq{evyfoi gb 6=31* ibbgq{p siqi kikm`f{ik {g qiaymjkmlc {ei gyl{q}p mlbqfp{qy`{yqi,

[ei Xifì @gqxp xqgcqfn ml Lm`fqfcyf sfp pypxilkik ml 6=35 ai`fypi gb `mrmj sfq, Ml 6=51* {ei Xifì @gqxpf{{inx{ik {g qi.ip{fajmpe f xqgcqfn ml Lm`fqfcyf ay{ sfp ylpy`ìppbyj ai`fypi gb {ei emcej} xgjfqmtik xgjm{m`fjpm{yf{mgl ml {ei gyl{q}, Bgyq Rgjyl{iiqp bqgn Xifì @gqxp xqgcqfnp ml g{eiq Pxflmpe.pxifomlc gyl{qmip qimlm{mf{ik{ei xqgcqfn ml Nf} 6==6, [ei xqgcqfn efp pmlì cqgsl {g ngqi {efl 698 Rgjyl{iiqp sgqomlc ml bmri xqgdi`{p{eqgycegy{ Lm`fqfcyf,

Ml Dflyfq} 6==9* Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf xmjg{ik gnnylm{}.afpik {qfmlmlc %@A[-* fl mllgrf{mri* iuxiqmil{mfjjifqlmlc ngkij {ef{ }gy smjj pggl xfq{m`mxf{i ml bmqp{eflk, @A[ eijxp {qfmliip fkfx{ {g bmijk pm{yf{mglp semji jmrmlcsm{e Lm`fqfcyfl bfnmjmip kyqmlc {ei byjj {qfmlmlc xiqmgk,

Xifì @gqxp Xqgcqfnnmlc ml Lm`fqfcyf

Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf sgqop ml bmri xqmnfq} fqifp4 pnfjj aypmlipp kirijgxnil{ %PAK-* gnnylm{} eifj{eiky`f{mgl* ilrmqglnil{fj iky`f{mgl* fcqm`yj{yqi %m,i,* pyp{fmlfaji bggk pi`yqm{}-* flk {ifèmlc Ilcjmpe fp f bgqimcljflcyfci %[IBJ-, Fjj xqgdi`{p bg`yp gl eijxmlc Lm`fqfcyflp kirijgx pyp{fmlfaji qipxglpip {g jg`fj liikp,

XIF@I @GQXP z LM@FQFCYF SIJ@GNI AGGO;


7/50

Ml 6==6* seil {ei Xifì @gqxp qi{yqlik {g Lm`fqfcyf* {ei bmqp{ Rgjyl{iiqp siqi fppmclik {g rg`f{mglfj {qfmlmlcmlp{m{y{ip, Fp f qipyj{ gb {ef{ ibbgq{* {ei PAK xqgdi`{ sfp qif{ik, [emp xqgdi`{ efp pmlì iuxflkik flk fkfx{ik {g nii{Lm`fqfcyfp iniqcmlc liikp flk efjjilcip, [emp xqgdi`{ xqgrmkip pyp{fmlfaji aypmlipp flk jmbi pomjjp {g }gy{e*ml`jykmlc gy{.gb.pèggj }gy{e* ilefl`mlc {eimq fxf`m{} {g qif{i gq cfml inxjg}nil{ flk ml`qifpmlc ml`gni flki`glgnm` gxxgq{ylm{mip ml {eimq gnnylm{mip, PAK Rgjyl{iiqp bg`yp ngp{ gb {eimq ibbgq{p gl `glky`{mlcil{qixqiliyqpemx flk dga pomjjp {qfmlmlc gyqpip bgq }gy{e ml pi`glkfq} pèggjp* {ièlm`fj mlp{m{y{ip* flk ml g{eiqiky`f{mglfj il{iqp, Lifqj} fjj PAK Rgjyl{iiqp fqi fppmclik {g sgqo ml pi`glkfq} pèggjp sm{e {ei Nmlmp{q} gb Iky`f{mgl* flk {ei} jmri ml pnfjj {gslp flk m{mip, Afpik gl gnnylm{} liikp flk gxxgq{ylm{mip* Rgjyl{iiqp fjpgxqgrmki mlbgqnf{mgl {ièlgjgc} {qfmlmlc flk aypmlipp fkrmpmlc {g jg`fj pnfjj aypmlipp gsliqp,

[ei gnnylm{} eifj{e iky`f{mgl xqgdi`{ aicfl ml 6==1, Sgqomlc ml xfq{liqpemx sm{e {ei Nmlmp{q} gb Eifj{e%NMLPF-* Rgjyl{iiqp ml {emp xqgdi`{ p{qmri {g mnxqgri {ei eifj{e flk sijj.aimlc gb xggq qyqfj Lm`fqfcyflp, [gfkkqipp {ei qm{m`fj eifj{e liikp gb Lm`fqfcyf* gnnylm{} eifj{e iky`f{mgl Rgjyl{iiqp fqi afpik gy{ gb qyqfj eifj{e`jmlm`p flk xgp{p, Ml `gldyl`{mgl sm{e jg`fj eifj{e xqgng{iqp* Rgjyl{iiqp iky`f{i gnnylm{} ninaiqp gl afpm`xqiril{mgl {ièlmvyip {g eijx {ein frgmk gq kmnmlmpe {ei ibbi`{p gb kirfp{f{mlc ay{ gl{qgjjfaji kmpifpip, [emp xqgdi`{inxefpmtip {eqii xqmnfq} fqifp4 xqgng{mgl gb eifj{emiq piuyfj aiefrmgqp ml fkgjipìl{ flk fkyj{ xgxyjf{mglp*qiky`{mgl gb ylkipmqik xqiclfl`mip ml fkgjipìl{p* flk xqgng{mgl gb nf{iqlfj flk emjk eifj{e xqf`{mìp, Xqiril{mrieifj{e iky`f{mgl bg`ypip gl piuyfjj} {qflpnm{{ik kmpifpip %P[Kp- flk EMR'FMKP* jmbi pomjjp bgq }gy{e* {iilxqiclfl`}* aqifp{biikmlc* nf{iqlfj flk emjk ngqamkm{} flk ngq{fjm{}* ly{qm{mgl* xqiril{faji kmpifpip* flkrf``mlf{mglp, Rgjyl{iiqp glky`{ eifj{e iky`f{mgl f`{mrm{mip ml qyqfj eifj{e jmlm`p flk xgp{p* ml jg`fj xqmnfq} flkpi`glkfq} pèggjp* flk sm{e gnnylm{} cqgyxp %sgnilp cqgyxp* fkgjipìl{ cqgyxp* i{`,-,

Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf mlm{mf{ik {ei gnnylm{}.afpik ilrmqglnil{fj iky`f{mgl xqgdi`{ ml 6==9, [emp xqgdi`{ fmnp {gèflci f{{m{ykip flk xqgng{i xgpm{mri aiefrmgq f{ {ei `gnnylm{} jirij {gsfqk {ei pyp{fmlfaji ypi gb lf{yqfjqipgyqìp, Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp sgqo sm{e {ei Nmlmp{q} gb Iky`f{mgl %NMLIK- {g eijx jg`fj {ifèiqp ileflì {eimqxfq{m`mxf{gq} {ifèmlc ni{egkgjgcmip, [ei} kg {emp a} ml{icqf{mlc ilrmqglnil{fj {gxm`p ml{g {ei jfppqggnp flk a}mnxjinil{mlc eflkp.gl f`{mrm{mip gy{pmki {ei `jfppqggn pi{{mlc, Fjj Rgjyl{iiqp ml {emp xqgdi`{ y{mjmti f dgml{j}xyajmpeik %Xifì @gqxp flk NMLIK- ilrmqglnil{fj iky`f{mgl cymki bgq xqmnfq} pèggjp {g kmqi`{ {eimq f`{mrm{mip,Rgjyl{iiqp fqi fppmclik {g qyqfj pèggj kmp{qm`{p seiqi {ei} sgqo sm{e f{ jifp{ {eqii ijinil{fq} pèggjp, Rgjyl{iiqp

sgqo kmqi`{j} sm{e {ifèiqp* p{ykil{p* flk gnnylm{} ninaiqp pyxxgq{mlc ilrmqglnil{fj iky`f{mgl ypmlc ml{iqf`{mri*p{ykil{.ìl{iqik ni{egkp flk gnnylm{} ibbgq{p {g fkkqipp jg`fj ilrmqglnil{fj glìqlp, Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqpngkij xfq{m`mxf{gq} iky`f{mgl ni{egkgjgcmip* glky`{ {ifèiq.{qfmlmlc f`{mrm{mip* flk `ggqkmlf{i g{eiqilrmqglnil{fjj} bg`ypik f`{mrm{mip afpik gl `gnnylm{} liik,

Xifì @gqxp aicfl sgqomlc ml {ei fcqm`yj{yqi pi`{gq ml jf{i 6=== ml qipxglpi {g kfnfci bqgn Eyqqm`fli Nm{è ml {eilgq{eiql qicmgl gb {ei gyl{q}, [eipi fqifp gl{mlyi {g pybbiq {ei glpivyilìp gb eyqqm`flip* bjggkp* flk kqgyce{p{ef{ efri kirfp{f{ik qgxp flk jflkp flk fypik f piqmgyp pg`mgi`glgnm` qyqfj qmpmp, Qyqfj egypiegjkp bqgn {eilgq{e* il{qfj* flk Xf`mbm` qicmglp pybbiq emce xgriq{} jirijp fypik a} jgs qgx xqgky`{mrm{} flk mlfkivyf{i ypi gb afò}fqk pxfì flk frfmjfaji amgkmriqpm{}, [emp qipyj{p ml nfjly{qm{mgl flk f jgs p{flkfqk gb jmrmlc, Xifì @gqxpRgjyl{iiqp sgqo sm{e {ei Lf{mglfj Mlp{m{y{i gb Fcqm`yj{yqfj [ièlgjgc} %ML[F-* flk fqi fppmclik {g pnfjj qyqfj`gnnylm{mip, [ei xqgdi`{ efp f p{qglc bfnmj} bg`yp, Rgjyl{iiqp sgqo sm{e jg`fj bfqn bfnmjmip {g mnxqgri {eimq bggk

pi`yqm{} a} ilefl`mlc pgmj biq{mjm{}? xqgng{mlc pgmj flk sf{iq glpiqrf{mgl? mnxjinil{mlc qgx kmriqpmbm`f{mgl flkml{icqf{ik xip{ nflfcinil{? flk nfumnmtmlc frfmjfaji qipgyqìp flk pxfì ml f bfnmj}p afò}fqk gq xf{mg fqif,Fcqm`yj{yqi Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp fjpg sgqo sm{e bfnmjmip gl bggk.xqgìppmlc f`{mrm{mip bgq glpynx{mgl flk'gqpfji,

Ml 1882* Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf jfylèik m{p lisip{ xqgdi`{* {ifèmlc Ilcjmpe fp f bgqimcl jflcyfci* gq [IBJ, [ei[IBJ xqgdi`{ bg`ypip gl mnxqgrmlc {ei vyfjm{} gb Ilcjmpe mlp{qy`{mgl ml Lm`fqfcyfp xyajm` pi`glkfq} pèggjp a}ml{qgky`mlc gnnylm`f{mri flk xfq{m`mxf{gq} ni{egkp flk xqgng{mlc jflcyfci ypi ml fy{eil{m` pm{yf{mglp, Rgjyl{iiqp{ifn {ifè sm{e Lm`fqfcyfl Ilcjmpe {ifèiqp* sgqomlc jgpij} {g xjfl flk {ifè jfppip {gci{eiq, [ei gadi`{mri mp bgq{eipi Rgjyl{iiqp {g eijx gyl{iqxfq{ {ifèiqp mnxqgri {eimq jmlcymp{m` flk ni{egkgjgcm`fj fxf`m{mip, [IBJ



8/50

Rgjyl{iiqp fjpg gqcflmti rfqmgyp {ifèiq {qfmlmlc f`{mrm{mip* eijx kirijgx Ilcjmpe {ifèmlc nf{iqmfjp* gbbiq Ilcjmpe`jfppip {g gnnylm{} cqgyxp* sgqo sm{e }gy{e* flk ylkiq{foi rfqmgyp g{eiq `gnnylm{} gy{qifè f`{mrm{mip, [ei[IBJ xqgdi`{ ggqkmlf{ip m{p ibbgq{p sm{e NMLIK flk {ei Lm`fqfcyfl ]gy{e Mlp{m{y{i %MLDYRI-,

Ifè Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf xqgdi`{ mlrgjrip }gy{e flk {foip f cilkiq.pilpm{mri fxxqgfè {g fèmiri ivyfjm{} flkpyp{fmlfamjm{}, Fjj xqgdi`{p fqi fkdyp{ik flk qibmlik fp lis gxxgq{ylm{mip flk liikp iniqci, Bgq iufnxji* fp lismlbgqnf{mgl {ièlgjgcmip fqi kirijgxik flk f`ìpp cqgsp {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q}* {ei Xifì @gqxp egxip {g ypi {egpi{ièlgjgcmip {g fmk Lm`fqfcyflp,

@GYL[Q] GRIQRMIS4LM@FQFCYF F[ F CJFL@I

Emp{gq}

Lm`fqfcyf xqgafaj} kiqmrip m{p lfni bqgn fl Mlkmfl emib* Lm`fqfg* seg qyjik xfq{ gb {ei fqif f{ {ei {mni gb {eiPxflmpe @glvyip{, @eqmp{gxeiq @gjynayp* ml 6;=1* sfp {ei bmqp{ Iyqgxifl {g {gyè Lm`fqfcyfl pgmj, Bqfl`mp`gEiqlflkit ki @qkgaf bgjjgsik ml 691; flk bgylkik {ei xqml`mxfj gjglmfj m{mip gb Cqflfkf flk Jil, Cqflfkfirgjrik ml{g f p{qglcegjk gb {ei fqmp{g`qf`}* flk Jil ai`fni {ei xgjm{m`fj flk ml{ijji`{yfj fxm{fj, [ei qmrfjq}ai{siil {eipi m{mip xiqpmp{p {g {emp kf}, Bgq {eqii il{yqmip* Lm`fqfcyf sfp f xqgrmlì gb {ei @fx{fml`} Ciliqfj gb Cyf{infjf* fp {ei Pxflmpe fjjik {eimq {iqqm{gqmip pgy{e gb Nium`g, Mlkixilkilì bqgn Pxflmpe qyji `fni ml 6516*flk* bgq f pegq{ xiqmgk gb {mni* Lm`fqfcyf sfp f ninaiq gb {ei @il{qfj Fniqm`fl Bikiqf{mgl* semè ml`jykikCyf{infjf* Eglkyqfp* Ij Pfjrfkgq* flk @gp{f Qm`f, Ml 6505* Lm`fqfcyf ai`fni fl mlkixilkil{ qixyajm`,

Bgq {ei liu{ 688 }ifqp* Lm`fqfcyf iuxiqmilìk xiqmgkp gb sfq flk xifì* ml`jykmlc fl f{{inx{ik {foigriq a}Fniqm`fl Smjjmfn Sfjoiq ml {ei nmk. {g jf{i 6588p, Sfjoiq sfp kibif{ik flk omjjik a} fl fjjmflì gb @il{qfjFniqm`fl lf{mglp, Fb{iq flg{eiq xiqmgk gb ylqip{ ml {ei ifqj} 6=88p* Lm`fqfcyfp xqipmkil{ mlrm{ik Y,P, Nfqmlip {gqip{gqi flk nfml{fml gqkiq ml {ei gyl{q}, Ml 6=0;* {ei cgriqlnil{ sfp {foil griq a} Ciliqfj Flfp{fpmg PgngtfCfq`f* mlm{mf{mlc ngqi {efl ;8 }ifqp gb bfnmj} qyji ylkiq f nmjm{fq} km`{f{gqpemx, Ml 6=31* il{qfj Nflfcyf sfp

kip{qg}ik a} fl ifq{evyfoi {ef{ omjjik {egypflkp, Nflfcyf sfp liriq gnxji{ij} qiaymj{ flk efp ai`gni f pxqfsjmlc`m{} sm{egy{ f il{iq, Ml 6=3=* {ei Pgngtf qicmni sfp griq{eqgsl a} {ei Nfqump{ Pflkmlmp{f Lf{mglfj Jmaiqf{mglBqgl{ %BPJL-* semè qyjik yl{mj 6==8, [emp xiqmgk ml`jykik f Y,P, cgriqlnil{.pyxxgq{ik mrmj sfq fcfmlp{ {eiPflkmlmp{f cgriqlnil{, F 6=5= f``gqk xiqnm{{ik bqii iji`{mglp ml 6==8* ml semè Rmgji{f Afqqmgp ki @efngqqg*olgsl bgq eiq `gl`mjmf{gq} lf{yqi* ai`fni xqipmkil{, Lm`fqfcyf efp iuxiqmilìk qijf{mri xifì pmlì 6==8* flk {ei`gyl{q} efp ijiaqf{ik bgyq py`ìppmri bqii iji`{mglp {g kf{i,

Cgriqlnil{

Lm`fqfcyf mp fl mlkixilkil{ qixyajm` sm{e f king`qf{m`fjj} iji`{ik xqipmkil{ flk f ylm`fniqfj Lf{mglfj Fppinaj}sm{e =0 pif{p, [ei fppinaj}p ninaiqp fqi iji`{ik a} xqgxgq{mglfj qixqipil{f{mgl flk piqri bmri.}ifq {iqnp,Xqipmkil{mfj iji`{mglp fqi glky`{ik iriq} bmri }ifqp, [ei yqqil{ xqipmkil{* Kflmij Gq{icf* jifkiq gb {ei jib{mp{qirgjy{mgl {ef{ griq{eqis {ei Pfngtf km`{f{gqpemx ml 6=3=* sfp iji`{ik ml king`qf{m`fjj} eijk iji`{mglp ml 1882, Ei mp

{ei bgyq{e king`qf{m`fjj} iji`{ik xqipmkil{ pmlì {ei ilk gb {ei bmqp{ Pflkmlmp{f qicmni ml 6==8, Lm`fqfcyfp bgyqpmclmbm`fl{ xgjm{m`fj xfq{mip fqiBqil{i Pflkmlmp{f ki Jmaiqf`mgl Lf`mglfj %BPJL-*Xfq{mkg Jmaiqfj @glp{m{y`mglfjmp{f %XJ@-*Fjmfltf Jmaiqfj Lm`fqfcyilpi %FJL-* flk Ngrmnmil{g ki Qilgrf`ml Pflkmlmp{f %NQP-, King`qf`} ml Lm`fqfcyf mp ml m{p mlbfl`} fp m{ p{qmrip {g ngri ai}glk m{p {ilpi flk {qgyajik xfp{,

I`glgn}

Fcqm`yj{yqi mp {ei gqliqp{gli gb {ei Lm`fqfcyfl i`glgn}, [ei xqml`mxfj qgxp fqi gql* aiflp* pgqceyn* flk qmì,@g{{gl* gbbii* pycfq* aflflfp* flk {gaf``g fqi {ei xqml`mxfj iuxgq{ qgxp, Fkkm{mglfj iuxgq{ xqgky`{p fqi aiib flkpeqmnx, Ml {ei ifqj} 6==8p* Lm`fqfcyf iuxiqmilìk f riq} ylp{faji i`glgnm` pm{yf{mgl* sm{e e}xiqmlbjf{mgl* f jfqciiu{iqlfj kia{* flk emce ylinxjg}nil{, Kyqmlc {ei xfp{ 69 }ifqp* {ei `gyl{q} efp xqmrf{mtik nfl} xyajm` mlp{m{y{mglp*



9/50

ay{ ml{iqlfj flk iu{iqlfj kia{ qf{ip qinfml kflciqgypj} emce, Semji Nflfcyf efp cqgsl flk ngkiqlmtik* {ei xggqqyqfj flk nfqcmlfjmtik yqafl xgxyjf{mglp efri iuxiqmilìk bis i`glgnm` cfmlp, Kqgyce{p ml 6==2 flk 6==3*bgjjgsik a} Eyqqm`fli Nm{è ml 6==5* fypik {qinilkgyp i`glgnm` efqkpemx, [ei gnamlf{mgl gb ylinxjg}nil{ flkylkiqinxjg}nil{ iuìikp 98 xiqìl{, Lm`fqfcyfp fllyfj xiq `fxm{f cqgpp lf{mglfj xqgky`{ mp `yqqil{j} jipp {efl+988* nfomlc m{ gli gb {ei xggqip{ gyl{qmip ml {ei einmpxeiqi, Fl fkkm{mglfj kqgyce{ ml 1886* gyxjik sm{e f pefqxki`jmli ml gbbii xqmìp* jik {g eylciq ml qyqfj fqifp flk flg{eiq piqmgyp efjjilci {g {ei i`glgn}, [ei gbbii qmpmp`gl{mlyip {gkf}* kfnfcmlc ag{e {ei i`glgnm` flk pg`mfj sijbfqi gb {ei gyl{q},

[ei @il{qfj Fniqm`fl Bqii [qfki Fcqiinil{ %@FB[F- mp fl fcqiinil{ fnglc {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip* bmri @il{qfjFniqm`fl gyl{qmip %@gp{f Qm`f* Ij Pfjrfkgq* Cyf{infjf* Eglkyqfp* flk Lm`fqfcyfflk {ei Kgnmlm`fl Qixyajm , M{p{iqnp siqi licg{mf{ik flk pmclik a} @il{qfj Fniqm`fl qixqipil{f{mrip ml 188;, [ei Y,P, @glcqipp qf{mbmik @FB[F mlDyj} 1889 flk ml Fycyp{ 1889 Xqipmkil{ Cigqci S, Aype pmclik {ei amjj ml{g jfs, Fj{egyce {eiqi fqi kmbbiqmlcxiqpxi`{mrip gl m{p xyqxgpi flk gy{`gnip* m{p fmn mp {g xqgng{i i`glgnm` cqgs{e ml {ei qicmgl flk fjjirmf{i xgriq{}a} gxilmlc yx {qfki flk mlrip{nil{ %flk {eyp qif{mlc dgap-,

Xigxji flk @yj{ yqi

[ei nfdgqm{} gb Lm`fqfcyflp fl aip{ ai jfppmbmik fp nip{mtg* f nmu ml semè lim{eiq {ei Iyqgxifl lgq {ei Mlkmfl

`yj{yqip xqikgnmlf{i, Gl {ei cigcqfxem`fjj} flk xgjm{m`fjj} mpgjf{ik @fqmaaifl gfp{ {eiqi fqi pmu kmbbiqil{ i{elm``yj{yqip* ml`jykmlc {ei nip{mtg xgxyjf{mgl, [ei g{eiqp fqi @qigji* Nmpom{g* Cfqbylf* Qfnf* flk Nf}fclf, [ei@fqmaaifl qicmgl mp nyj{mi{elm`* nyj{mjmlcyfj* flk yj{yqfjj} kmriqpi* ay{ m{p qipmkil{p glj} qixqipil{ fagy{ 68 xiqìl{gb {ei {g{fj xgxyjf{mgl,

[ei gbbm`mfj flk xqikgnmlfl{ jflcyfci ml Lm`fqfcyf mp Pxflmpe, Fjglc {ei @fqmaaifl gfp{ pgni Nmpom{g* Nf}fclf*flk Qfnf yj{yqip efri nfml{fmlik {eimq mlkmcilgyp jflcyfcip? Fbqg.@fqmaaiflp pxifo Ilcjmpe flk @qigji,

Ngqi {efl =8 xiqìl{ gb {ei xgxyjf{mgl aijglcp {g @eqmp{mfl kilgnmlf{mglp %fxxqgumnf{ij} 30 xiqìl{ gb semèmkil{mb} {einpijrip fp Qgnfl @f{egjm`p* 69 xiqìl{ fp aijglcmlc {g rfqmgyp irflcijm`fj eyqèip* flk {ei qinfmlkiq{g g{eiq @eqmp{mfl.afpik bfm{ep* pyè fp Ngqfrmflp* Ngqnglp* i{`,-? 5,9 xiqìl{ ki`jfqi lg qijmcmgyp fbbmjmf{mgl gq`jfmn {g ai f{eimp{p, [ei {qfkm{mglfj pg`mfj p{qy`{yqi gb Lm`fqfcyf efp aiil ippil{mfjj} gjglmfj* sm{e f pnfjj lynaiq

gb sifj{e} jflkgslmlc bfnmjmip f{ {ei {gx flk f aqgfk xifpfl{ jfpp f{ {ei ag{{gn, Kipxm{i {ei gyl{q}p i`glgnm`cqgs{e ml {ei 6=38p* {ei iniqcilì gb f nmkkji jfpp* flk {ei ki`fki gb pg`mfjmp{ qyji* {eiqi fqi p{mjj p{fqo mlivyfjm{mipml {ei kmp{qmay{mgl gb sifj{e, [ei gyl{q}p iky`f{mglfj p}p{in* f nfdgq frilyi bgq i`glgnm` flk pg`mfj ngamjm{}*qiìl{j} qixjfìk {ei {qfkm{mglp gb jfppm`mpn flk ml{ijji`{yfjmpn sm{e rg`f{mglfj {qfmlmlc, [eyp* {ei jgsiq `jfpp lgsefp f pgnisef{ ai{{iq eflì bgq i`glgnm` fkrflìnil{, [ei jm{iqf`} qf{i mp ip{mnf{ik f{ 25 xiqìl{,

Lm`fqfcyflp fqi sfqn* ciliqgyp* flk bqmilkj}, Kipxm{i {ei {ilpmglp ai{siil {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip flk Lm`fqfcyflcgriqlnil{p ml {ei 6=58p* {ei Lm`fqfcyflp fqi gxil {g qiìmrmlc Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp ml{g {eimq gnnylm{mip flkegnip, [eimq egpxm{fjm{} mp eynajmlc, Lm`fqfcyflp fqi xqgyk gb {eimq yj{yqfj eiqm{fci* fp piil ml {}xm`fj kflìp pyèfp {ei Cicilpi flk ml {ei `gl{mlyik mnxgq{flì gb xgi{ Qyal Kfqg, Lm`fqfcyflp fqi fjpg xfppmglf{i fagy{xgjm{m`p flk fqi vymò {g pefqi {eimq {egyce{p gl xfp{ gq yqqil{ iril{p,

Ilrmqglnil{Lm`fqfcyf mp {ei jfqcip{ gb {ei bmri @il{qfj Fniqm`fl qixyajm`p* sm{e f jflk fqif gb fjngp{ 98*888 pvyfqi nmjip%pjmce{j} pnfjjiq {efl Lis ]gqo-, M{ mp {ei jifp{ kilpij} xgxyjf{ik gb {ei @il{qfj Fniqm`fl lf{mglp* sm{e f xgxyjf{mglgb 9*239*092 %Dyj} 1883 ip{,- flk fl friqfci fllyfj cqgs{e qf{i gb 6,599 xiqìl{, Olgsl fp {ei jflk gb jfoip flkrgj`flgip* Lm`fqfcyf efp f kmriqpi ilrmqglnil{* ml`jykmlc emcejflkp* jgsjflkp* {qgxm`fj bgqip{p* jfoip* flk {sggìflp, Jfoi Lm`fqfcyf mp gli gb {ei jfqcip{ bqipesf{iq jfoip ml {ei sgqjk flk gl{fmlp pyè fvyf{m` gkkm{mip fpbqipesf{iq pefqop, Lm`fqfcyfp jg`f{mgl flk kmriqpi cigcqfxe} nfoi m{ f aify{mbyj flk qipgyqì.qmè gyl{q}* }i{ m{ mpfjpg ryjliqfaji {g nfl} lf{yqfj kmpfp{iqp* ml`jykmlc ifq{evyfoip* rgj`flm` iqyx{mglp* bjggkp* kqgyce{p* flk eyqqm`flip,[emp ryjliqfamjm{} efp ml`qifpik fp f qipyj{ gb kibgqip{f{mgl flk glp{qy`{mgl ml ylpfbi fqifp,



10/50

QIPGYQ@IP BGQ BYQ[EIQ MLBGQNF[MGL

Bgjjgsmlc mp f jmp{ gb siapm{ip bgq fkkm{mglfj mlbgqnf{mgl fagy{ {ei Xifì @gqxp flkLm`fqfcyf flk {g glli`{ }gy {gqi{yqlik Rgjyl{iiqp flk g{eiq mlrm{iip, Xjifpi oiix ml nmlk {ef{ fj{egyce si {q} {g nfoi pyqi fjj {eipi jmlop fqif`{mri flk yqqil{* si fllg{ cyfqfl{ii m{, Mb }gy kg lg{ efri f`ìpp {g {ei Ml{iqli{* rmpm{ }gyq jg`fj jmaqfq}, Jmaqfqmip

gbbiq bqii Ml{iqli{ ypfci flk gb{il ji{ }gy xqml{ mlbgqnf{mgl {g {foi egni,

F lg{i gb fy{mgl4 Fp }gy pyqb {ei Ml{iqli{* ai fsfqi {ef{ }gy nf} bmlk ayjji{ml agfqkp flk èf{ qggnp ml semèxigxji fqi bqii {g iuxqipp gxmlmglp fagy{ {ei Xifì @gqxp afpik gl {eimq gsl iuxiqmilì* ml`jykmlc gnnil{p a}{egpi seg siqi ylefxx} sm{e {eimq egmì {g piqri ml {ei Xifì @gqxp, [eipi gxmlmglp fqi lg{ {egpi gb {ei Xifì@gqxp gq {ei Y,P, cgriqlnil{* flk si egxi }gy smjj oiix ml nmlk {ef{ lg {sg xigxji iuxiqmilì {eimq piqrmì ml {eipfni sf},

Ciliqfj Mlbgqnf{mgl Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf

sss,`gyl{q}sf{è,`gn' Gl {emp pm{i* }gy fl jifql fl}{emlc bqgn sef{ {mni m{ mp ml Nflfcyf {g egs {g glriq{ bqgn {ei kgjjfq {g {ei @gqkgaf,

Dyp{ jmò gl Lm`fqfcyf flk cg bqgn {eiqi,

sss,p{f{i,cgr[ei Y,P, P{f{i Kixfq{nil{p siapm{i mppyip afòcqgylk lg{ip xiqmgkm`fjj} fagy{ gyl{qmip fqgylk {ei sgqjk, BmlkLm`fqfcyf flk jifql ngqi fagy{ m{p pg`mfj flk xgjm{m`fj emp{gq},

sss,xpq,oiiji,f`,yo'gbbm`mfj,e{n[emp pm{i ml`jykip jmlop {g fjj {ei gbbm`mfj pm{ip bgq cgriqlnil{p sgqjksmki,

sss,cigcqfxe},fagy{,`gn'jmaqfq}'nfxp'ajmlkiu,e{n[emp gljmli sgqjk f{jfp ml`jykip nfxp flk cigcqfxem`fj mlbgqnf{mgl* flk ifè gyl{q} xfci gl{fmlp jmlop {g g{eiqpm{ip* pyè fp {ei Jmaqfq} gb @glcqipp* {ef{ gl{fml gnxqieilpmri emp{gqm`fj* pg`mfj* flk xgjm{m`fj afòcqgylk,

sss,`}aiqpèggjayp,yl,gqc'mlbglf{mgl'mlbg,fpx[emp Ylm{ik Lf{mglp pm{i fjjgsp }gy {g pifqè bgq p{f{mp{m`fj mlbgqnf{mgl bgq ninaiq p{f{ip gb {ei Y,L

sss,sgqjkmlbgqnf{mgl,`gn[emp pm{i xqgrmkip fl fkkm{mglfj pgyqì gb yqqil{ flk emp{gqm`fj mlbgqnf{mgl fagy{ gyl{qmip fqgylk {ei sgqjk,

e{{x4''jflm`,y{iufp,iky'jf'`f'lm`fqfcyf' [ei Jf{ml Fniqm`fl Mlbgqnf{mgl Li{sgqo @il{iq %JFLM@- bqgn {ei Ylmriqpm{} gb [iufp mp f riq} gnxqieilpmriqipgyqì gl fjj gb Jf{ml Fniqm`f, M{ fjpg gqcflmtip* a} gyl{q}* jmlop {g f rfqmi{} gb siapm{ip gl nyj{mxji {gxm`p%emp{gq}* yj{yqi* cgriqlnil{* lisp* i{`,-, Ml Ilcjmpe flk Pxflmpe,

sss,jglij}xjfli{,`gn'kip{mlf{mglpRmpm{ {emp pm{i bgq ciliqfj {qfrij fkrmì fagy{ fjngp{ fl} gyl{q} ml {ei sgqjk,

@glli`{ Sm{ e Qi{yq lik Rgjyl{ iiqpflk G{eiq Mlrm{ iip

sss,qx`r,gqc[emp mp {ei pm{i gb {ei Lf{mglfj Xifì @gqxp Fppg`mf{mgl* nfki yx gb qi{yqlik Rgjyl{iiqp, Gl {emp pm{i }gy fl bmlkjmlop {g fjj {ei Sia xfcip gb {ei bqmilkp gb cqgyxp bgq ngp{ gyl{qmip gb piqrmì* nfki yx gb bgqniq Rgjyl{iiqp seg



11/50

piqrik ml {egpi gyl{qmip, [eiqi fqi fjpg qicmglfj cqgyxp seg bqivyil{j} ci{ {gci{eiq bgq pg`mfj iril{p flk jg`fjrgjyl{iiq f`{mrm{mip, Gq cg p{qfmce{ {g {ei Bqmilkp gb Lm`fqfcyf pm{i4sss,fnmcgpkilm`fqfcyf,gqc ,

sss,xifì`gqxpgljmli,gqc[emp mp fl mlkixilkil{ lis pm{i piqrmlc qi{yqlik Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiqp, [eiqi fqi qijirfl{ jmlop {g mlbgqnf{mgl flkèf{ cqgyxp bgq xqgpxi`{mri Rgjyl{iiqp,

e{{x4''sss,qx`rsiaqmlc,gqc[emp pm{i mp olgsl fp {ei Qi{yqlik Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq Sia Qmlc, Aqgspi {ei Sia qmlc flk pii sef{ bgqniqRgjyl{iiqp fqi pf}mlc fagy{ {eimq piqrmì,

sss,xifì`gqxpsqm{iqp,gqc[emp pm{i mp egp{ik a} f cqgyx gb qi{yqlik Rgjyl{iiq sqm{iqp, M{ mp f ngl{ej} gljmli xyajm`f{mgl gb ippf}p flk Rgjyl{iiqf``gyl{p gb {eimq Xifì @gqxp piqrmì,

sss,fnmcgpkilm`fqfcyf,gqc[emp mp {ei gbbm`mfj siapm{i bgq {ei qi{yqlik Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq cqgyx Bqmilkp gb Lm`fqfcyf, M{ gl{fmlp ciliqfj

mlbgqnf{mgl gl {ei gyl{q} flk piqrip fp fl gqcflmtf{mglfj bg`fj xgml{ bgq bgqniq Rgjyl{iiqp,Gljmli Fq{ m`j ip'@yqqil{ Lisp Pm{ ip Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf

sss,mas,`gn,lm@gnxqieilpmri jmp{ gb jmlop {g jg`fj flk ml{iqlf{mglfj pm{ip fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf %ml Pxflmpe-

sss,lm`fqfcyf,`gnJmlop {g Ilcjmpe jflcyfci lisp p{gqmip fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf flk ngqi

e{{x4''sss,ml{yq,cga,lm' Nmlmp{q} gb [gyqmpn siaxfci {g jifql ngqi fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf

sss,jfxqilpf,`gn,lm' Lm`fqfcyfp jfqcip{ kfmj} lispxfxiq %ml Pxflmpe-,

e{{x4''sss,sgqjk.lispxfxiqp,`gn'lm`fqfcyf,e{njJmlop {g Ilcjmpe jflcyfci lisp p{gqmip fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf,

Ml{iqlf{mglfj Kirijgxnil{ Pm{ip Fagy{ Lm`fqfcyf

e{{x4''nflfcyf,ypinafpp},cgr' [ei pm{i gb {ei Y,P, Inafpp} ml Lm`fqfcyf,

e{{x4''lm`fqfcyf,ypfmk,cgr' [ei Y,P, Fcil`} bgq Ml{iqlf{mglfj Kirijgxnil{p gbbm`mfj Lm`fqfcyf siapm{i, [emp xqgrmkip rfjyfaji mlbgqnf{mgl glkirijgxnil{ {qilkp ml.`gyl{q},

sss,sgqjkaflo,gqc[ei Sgqjk Aflo Cqgyxp nmppmgl mp {g bmce{ xgriq{} flk mnxqgri {ei jmrmlc p{flkfqkp gb xigxji ml {ei kirijgxmlcsgqjk, M{ mp f kirijgxnil{ aflo {ef{ xqgrmkip jgflp* xgjm`} fkrmì* {ièlm`fj fppmp{flì* flk olgsjikci.pefqmlcpiqrmìp {g kirijgxmlc gyl{qmip {g qikyì xgriq{}, [emp pm{i gl{fmlp f jg{ gb mlbgqnf{mgl flk qipgyqìp qicfqkmlcLm`fqfcyf flk kirijgxnil{,

XIF@I @GQXP z LM@FQFCYF SIJ@GNI AGGO=
http://www.amigosdenicaragua.org/http://www.amigosdenicaragua.org/


12/50

sss,gfp,gqc[ei Gqcflmtf{mgl gb {ei Fniqm`fl P{f{ip siapm{i gl{fmlp mlbgqnf{mgl fagy{ kirijgxnil{ xqmgqm{mip* king`qf`}* flkg{eiq mppyip {ef{ fqi oi} ml {ei Fniqm`fp,

Qi`gnnilkik Aggop

6, Aiqnfl* Dgpeyf* flk Qflk} Sggk, Nggl Eflkaggop Lm`fqfcyf %a} qi{yqlik Lm`fqfcyf Rgjyl{iiqp-,Iniq}rmjji* @fjmb,4 Frfjgl [qfrij Xyajmpemlc* 1881,

1, Ki Jf Pijrf* Pfjgngl, [qgxm`fj [gsl flk G{eiq Xginp , Egyp{gl* [iufp4 Fq{i Xajm`g Xqipp* 6===,

0, Cjill* Cfqrml, Iriq}agk} Efk Emp Gsl Cqmlcg4 [ei @MF flk {ei @gl{qfp , Ylm{ik Omlckgn4 Aqfppi}p*6==1,

;, Cgyjk* Dibbqi} J, [g Kmi ml [emp Sf}4 Lm`fqfcyfl Mlkmflp flk {ei N}{e gb {ei Nip{mtfdi 6558.6=29 ,Kyqefn* L,@,4 Kyoi Ylmriqpm{} Xqipp* 6==5,

9, Omltiq* P{ixeil, Ajggk gb Aqg{eiqp4 Jmbi flk Sfq ml Lm`fqfcyf , Lis ]gqo4 Flègq Aggop* 6==1,

2, Nf`Fyjf}* Limjj, [ei Pflkmlg Fbbfmq , Sf`fegg{f Xqipp* 6==5,

3, Niqqmjj* [mn J, Lm`fqfcyf4 F @gyl{q} P{yk} , Sfpemlc{gl* K,@,4 Cgriqlnil{ Xqml{mlc Gbbmì* 6===,

5, Nmqflkf* Qgciq, [ei @mrmj Sfq ml Lm`fqfcyf4 Mlpmki {ei Pflkmlmp{fp , Pgniqpi{* L,D,4 [qflpf`{mglXyajmpeiqp* 6==0,

=, Lgqpsgq{e}* Oil{, Lm`fqfcyf4 F @gyl{q} Cymki , Pmjriq @m{}* L,N,4 Ml{iqeinmpxeiqm` Qipgyqì @il{iq*6==8,

68, Xittyjjg* Jfsqilì, F{ {ei Bfjj gb Pgngtf , Xm{{payqce* Xf,4 Ylmriqpm{} gb Xm{{payqce Xqipp* 6==;,

66, Xjyloi{{* Eftij, Lm`fqfcyf4 F Cymki {g {ei Xigxji* Xgjm{m`p flk @yj{yqi , Lgq{efnx{gl* Nfpp,4 Ml{iqjmlo Xyajmpemlc* 6===,

Aggop Fagy{ {ei Emp{gq} gb { ei Xifì @gqxp6, Egbbnfl* Ijmtfai{e @gaap, Fjj ]gy Liik mp Jgri4 [ei Xifì @gqxp flk {ei Pxmqm{ gb {ei 6=28p , @fnaqmkci*

Nfpp,4 Efqrfqk Ylmriqpm{} Xqipp* 1888,

1, Qmì* Ciqfjk [, [ei Agjk Iuxiqmnil{4 DBOp Xifì @gqxp , Lg{qi Kfni* Mlk,4 Ylmriqpm{} gb Lg{qi KfniXqipp* 6=59,

0, P{gppij* P`g{{,Pfqci4 [ei Jmbi flk [mnip gb Pfqcil{ Peqmriq , Sfpemlc{gl* K,@,4 Pnm{epglmfl Mlp{m{y{mglXqipp* 188;,

Aggop gl {ei Rgjyl{iiq Iuxiqmilì6, Afliqdii* Kmjjgl, Pg ]gy Sfl{ {g Dgml {ei Xifì @gqxp4 Sef{ {g Olgs Aibgqi ]gy Cg , Aiqoiji}*

@fjmb,4 [il Pxiik Xqipp* 1888,

1, @fpiagj{* Nfqdgqmi KiNgpp,Nfqcfqm{f4 F Cyf{infjfl Xifì @gqxp Iuxiqmilì , Cmc Efqagq* Sfpe,4Qik Fxxji Xyajmpemlc* 1888,

0, Kmqjfn* Pefqgl, Ai}glk Pmaiqmf4 [sg ]ifqp ml f Bgqcg{{il Xjfì , Pfl{f Afqafqf* @fjmb,4 N`Pifp Aggop*188;,



13/50

;, Iqknfl* Pfqfe, Lmli Emjjp {g Lfnaglofef4 [sg ]ifqp ml {ei Eifq{ gb fl Fbqm`fl Rmjjfci , Lis ]gqo*L,],4 Xm`fkgq* 1880,

9, Eiqqiqf* Pypflf, Nflcg Ijixefl{p ml {ei Pyl4 Egs Jmbi ml fl Fbqm`fl Rmjjfci Ji{ Ni Ai ml N} Poml ,Agp{gl4 Pefnaefjf Xyajm`f{mglp* 6===

2, Eippjiq* Xi{iq, Qmriq [gsl4 [sg ]ifqp gl {ei ]flc{ti , Lis ]gqo* L,],4 Xiqillmfj* 1886,

3, Oillik}* Ciqfjkmli ik, Bqgn {ei @il{iq gb {ei Ifq{e4 P{gqmip gy{ gb {ei Xifì @gqxp , Pfl{f Nglm`f*@fjmb,4 @jgriq Xfqo Xqipp* 6==6,

5, [egnxpil* Ngqm{t, Jmrmlc Xggq4 F Xifì @gqxp @eqglm`ji , Pif{{ji* Sfpe,4 Ylmriqpm{} gb Sfpemlc{glXqipp* 6==3 %qixqml{-,

JMRMLC @GLKM[MGLP FLKRGJYL[IIQ JMBIP[]JI

@gnnylm`f{mglp

NfmjQijf{mri {g {ei piqrmì ml ngp{ kirijgxmlc gyl{qmip* nfmj ai{siil {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip flk Lm`fqfcyf mp kixilkfaji,Fmqnfmj {foip fagy{ {sg siiop? pyqbfì nfmj fl {foi ngl{ep, Xfòfcip pgni{mnip n}p{iqmgypj} kmpfxxifq ml {qflpm{*flk pgni{mnip {ei} fqi gxilik flk {ei gl{il{p p{gjil, M{ mp aip{ mb xfòfcip kg lg{ iuìik {sg xgylkp, Xfkkikilrijgxi.pmtik xfòfcip sgqo sijj, Kgl{ efri ngli}* fmqjmli {mòi{p* gq g{eiq rfjyfajip pil{ {g }gy {eqgyce {einfmj, Pilpm{mri m{inp pegyjk ai pil{ rmf fl iuxikm{ikflk mlpyqik`gyqmiq piqrmì pyè fp KEJ gq YXP, ]gy `fl`glpyj{ sm{e ml.`gyl{q} p{fbb gl egs {g kg {emp* mb liìppfq},

M{ mp ypyfjj} lg{ sgq{e {ei ibbgq{ {g efri jfqci xfòfcip pil{ bqgn {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip, Rgjyl{iiqp fqi qipxglpmaji bgq

xf}mlc yp{gnp biip gl jfqciq m{inp* semè nf} iuìik {ei rfjyi gb {ei m{inp pil{, Qi{qmirmlc f xfòfci gb{il niflpfl il{mqi kf}p {qfrij {g {ei m{}, [eiqi fqi ngkiql pyxiqnfqoi{p flk g{eiq sijj.p{gòik p{gqip ml {ei fxm{fj {ef{pegyjk pyxxj} fjj }gyq liikp,

]gyq fkkqipp kyqmlc {qfmlmlc ml Lm`fqfcyf smjj ai4

]gyq Lfni* X@[Rgjyl{fqmg kij @yiqxg ki XftFxfq{fkg Xgp{fj 0192Nflfcyf* Lm`fqfcyf@il{qfj Fniqm`f

Glì }gyq pm{i efp aiil mkil{mbmik* }gy smjj ai qipxglpmaji bgq pilkmlc {ei fkkqipp {g bfnmj} flk bqmilkp mb }gy ki`mki{g efri }gyq nfmj kijmriqik kmqi`{j} {eiqi,

[ijixeglipMl{iqlf{mglfj xegli piqrmì {g flk bqgn Lm`fqfcyf mp cggk qijf{mri {g piqrmì ml g{eiq kirijgxmlc gyl{qmip, ILM[IJ*{ei Lm`fqfcyfl {ijixegli fcil`}* efp gbbmìp ml ngp{ nylm`mxfj il{iqp flk ml fjj `m{mip, Ml{iqlf{mglfj {ijixegli fjjp`fl ai riq} iuxilpmri? egsiriq* Ml{iqli{ fbip {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q} gbbiq cggk `gnnylm`f{mgl piqrmìp f{ ngqiqifpglfaji qf{ip, Bgq {ijixegli gnnylm`f{mgl {g {ei P{f{ip* ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp ypi Ml{iqli{ fbip gq efri bfnmj} flkbqmilkp fjj {ein f{ f jg`fj lynaiq, G{eiqp fjj egni gjji`{* ypmlc ml{iqlf{mglfj fjjmlc fqkp bqgn gnxflmip pyèfp F["[* N@M* flk Pxqml{ gq {ei jg`fj riqpmgl bqgn ILM[IJ,



14/50

Nfl} gb {ei bfnmjmip seg egp{ Rgjyl{iiqp kyqmlc {qfmlmlc efri {ijixeglip ml {eimq egnip, Mb lg{* {eiqi mp xyajm` xeglif`ìpp ml fjj gb {ei {qfmlmlc gnnylm{mip, Lm`fqfcyf fjpg efp f bfmqj} iu{ilpmri flk cqgsmlc ìjjyjfq xegli piqrmì,Fjj Xifì @gqxp p{fbb ninaiqp efri ijjxeglip* fp kg f piji`{ li{sgqo gb Rgjyl{iiqp seg f`{ fp gnnylm`f{mglp flkiniqcil`} jmfmpglp {g Rgjyl{iiqp {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q}, @ijjxegli piqrmì mp frfmjfaji ml fjj kixfq{nil{fj fxm{fjp*ay{ ai`fypi gb ngyl{fmlgyp {iqqfml flk p`f{{iqik xgxyjf{mglp* piqrmì qfqij} qifèip {ei ngqi qing{i fqifp, Fp fqipyj{ gb bfmqj} smki `griqfci* gq f{ jifp{ f`ìppmamjm{} ml {ei kixfq{nil{fj fxm{fjp* lifqj} efjb gb {ei Rgjyl{iiqpèggpi {g efri ijjxeglip, Egsiriq* kmbbiqilìp ml {ièlgjgc} nfoi nfl} Y,P, ijjxeglip ml`gnxf{maji sm{e {eiLm`fqfcyfl p}p{in, Seiqi ijjxegli piqrmì mp ylfrfmjfaji* jg`fj gnnylm`f{mgl ni{egkp fqi pybbm`mil{j} qijmfaji bgqRgjyl{iiqp flk fqi gnxf{maji sm{e {ei Xifì @gqxp rmis {ef{ Rgjyl{iiqp pegyjk jmri ngkip{j} f{ {ei jirij gb {eimqjg`fj gjjifcyip,

@gnxy{iq* Ml{iqli{* flk Infmj F`ìppJg`fj Ml{iqli{ xqgrmkiqp iump{ ml {ei fxm{fj* ml lifqj} fjj nfdgq m{mip* flk ml pgni pnfjjiq {gslp, Fp f qipyj{* m{mipflk {gslp {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q} efri Ml{iqli{ fbip {ef{ gbbiq f`ìpp {g {ei xyajm` a} {ei egyq %bgq f pnfjj bii-,@glli`{mrm{} efqcip ml pgni {gslp nf} ai emceiq {efl ml m{mip mb {ei} kg lg{ efri f jg`fj piqriq flk efri {g nfoijglc kmp{flì fjjp {g `glli`{,

Ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp efri qicyjfq %siioj} gq ngl{ej}- f`ìpp {g infmj, Bgq ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp* infmj mp {ei xqmnfq} bgqn gb `gnnylm`f{mgl sm{e bqmilkp flk bfnmj} ml {ei P{f{ip, Fkkm{mglfjj}* {ei Xifì @gqxp gbbmì ml Nflfcyf efp bgyq`gnxy{iqp sm{e Ml{iqli{ f`ìpp bgq Rgjyl{iiqp {g ypi,

Egypmlc flk Pm{i Jg`f{mgl

Egypmlc gx{mglp flk pm{i jg`f{mglp rfq} cqif{j} kixilkmlc yxgl }gyq xqgdi`{, Aypmlipp Rgjyl{iiqp {ilk {g jmri ml{gslp flk m{mip qflcmlc bqgn 6*888 {g 688*888 qipmkil{p, [IBJ Rgjyl{iiqp jmri ml pnfjj. {g nikmyn.pmtik {gslp mlag{e qyqfj flk yqafl fqifp, [ei jg`f{mgl gb eifj{e flk ilrmqglnil{ fppmclnil{p rfqmip bqgn nikmyn.pmtik m{mip {gqing{i qyqfj gnnylm{mip, Fcqm`yj{yqi Rgjyl{iiqp ciliqfjj} jmri ml pnfjj* qing{i gnnylm{mip %fp bis fp 188qipmkil{p- glìl{qf{ik ml {ei lgq{eiql qicmgl gb {ei gyl{q},

Ngp{ %ay{ lg{ fjj- Rgjyl{iiq egnip efri iji`{qm`m{}* flk ngp{ efri qyllmlc sf{iq, Egsiriq* ag{e iji`{qm` flk sf{iq

piqrmì nf} ai ml{iqnm{{il{, F bis egnip iril efri {ijixeglip flk* qfqij}* f`ìpp {g faji {ijirmpmgl, Rgjyl{iiqp mlriq} qyqfj pm{ip nf} efri {g efyj sf{iq {g {eimq egnip bqgn gnnylfj xynxp bgq {eimq kfmj} sf{iq pyxxj}, ]gyqRgjyl{iiq Fppmclnil{ Kip`qmx{mgl xqgrmkip cqif{iq ki{fmj fagy{ xg{il{mfj egypmlc flk pm{i qifjm{mip bgq }gyq xqgdi`{,

Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyfp pm{i flk egypmlc xgjm`} cymkip {ei piji`{mgl gb pfbi flk f`ìppmaji jg`f{mglp bgq fjjfppmclnil{p {ef{ efri rmfaji sgqo gx{mglp, Fjj Rgjyl{iiqp fqi qivymqik {g jmri sm{e f egp{ bfnmj} {eqgycegy{ {qfmlmlcflk kyqmlc {eimq bmqp{ pmu siiop f{ {eimq xqgdi`{ pm{i, Kyi {g qing{ilipp* flk'gq bis egypmlc gx{mglp* pgni pm{ip smjjqivymqi Rgjyl{iiqp {g jmri sm{e bfnmjmip bgq {ei kyqf{mgl gb {eimq piqrmì, [ei Xifì @gqxp qi`gnnilkp {ef{Rgjyl{iiqp jmri sm{e f bfnmj} {eqgycegy{ {eimq piqrmì* fp m{ ilqmèip Rgjyl{iiqp Xifì @gqxp iuxiqmilì semjiilefl`mlc {eimq pfbi{} flk f`ìx{flì a} {ei `gnnylm{}, Seil mlkixilkil{ egypmlc gx{mglp fqi frfmjfaji*Rgjyl{iiqp fqi xiqnm{{ik {g qil{ egnip {ef{ nii{ {ei Xifì @gqxp egypmlc qm{iqmf, Semji pgni pm{ip efri {sg gqngqi Rgjyl{iiqp* glj} nfqqmik Rgjyl{iiqp fl pefqi egypmlc kyqmlc {eimq piqrmì, Ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp jmri sm{eml f gli.

{g {sg.egyq sfjo gq ayp qmki bqgn flg{eiq Rgjyl{iiq,

Seil }gy fqi psgql ml fp f Rgjyl{iiq* }gy smjj ai qivymqik {g pyanm{ f pm{i jg`f{gq bgqn {ef{ smjj ilfaji Xifì @gqxp{g jg`f{i flk gnnylm`f{i sm{e }gy {eqgycegy{ }gyq piqrmì, Xifì @gqxp p{fbb smjj xiqmgkm`fjj} rmpm{ }gy f{ }gyq pm{i{g xqgrmki xiqpglfj* xqgbippmglfj* flk nikm`fj pyxxgq{ flk cymkflì,

Jmrmlc Fjjgsflì flk Ngli} Nflfcinil{

Fp f Rgjyl{iiq ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy smjj qiìmri bgyq {}xip gb fjjgsflìp, [ei bmqp{ mp f jmrmlc fjjgsflì {g griq }gyqafpm` jmrmlc iuxilpip* pyè fp qil{* y{mjm{mip* bggk* egypiegjk pyxxjmip* jg{emlc* jg`fj {qfrij* qi`qif{mgl* flkil{iq{fmlnil{, [ei jmrmlc fjjgsflì mp qirmisik glì f }ifq {eqgyce f nfqoi{ pyqri} {g ilpyqi {ef{ m{ mp fkivyf{i, [ei



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fngyl{ gb {ei fjjgsflì rfqmip afpik gl {ei gp{ gb jmrmlc ml kmbbiqil{ qicmglp gb {ei gyl{q}* flk mp xfmk ml jg`fj`yqqil`}, M{ mp kixgpm{ik glì f ngl{e ml{g f Lm`fqfcyfl aflo f``gyl{ {ef{ }gy smjj nfml{fml, ]gy fqi jmoij} {g bmlk{ef{ }gy qiìmri ngqi qinyliqf{mgl {efl }gyq Lm`fqfcyfl gyl{iqxfq{ gq pyxiqrmpgq,

]gy smjj fjpg qiìmri f rf`f{mgl fjjgsflì gb +1; xiq ngl{e* kixgpm{ik ml f jg`fj aflo f``gyl{ ml Y,P, kgjjfqp* flk fgli.{mni pi{{jmlc.ml fjjgsflì bgq {ei xyqèfpi gb afpm` egypiegjk m{inp, Bmlfjj}* mb {ei Xifì @gqxp fpop }gy {g{qfrij bgq im{eiq xqgcqfnnf{m`* nikm`fj* gq g{eiq qifpglp* }gy smjj ai qimnayqpik bgq eg{ij* {qflpxgq{f{mgl* flk nifjp,[ei fknmlmp{qf{mri gbbmìq %FG- smjj ki{iqnmli {ei fxxqgxqmf{i fngyl{ flk ni{egk gb xf}nil{,

Ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp bmlk {ei} fl jmri gnbgq{faj} sm{eml {ei ngl{ej} jmrmlc fjjgsflì* fj{egyce pgni aqmlc ngli}bqgn egni {g eijx xf} bgq gy{.gb.`gyl{q} rf`f{mgl {qfrij, Rgjyl{iiqp fqi qipxglpmaji bgq nflfcmlc {eimq gslqipgyqìp, [ei Xifì @gqxp iuxi`{p Rgjyl{iiqp {g nfml{fml f jmbip{}ji pmnmjfq {g {ef{ gb {ei xigxji sm{e segn {ei}jmri flk sgqo,

[g ga{fml fpe %ml`qkgafp gq Y,P, kgjjfqp-* f rfqmi{} gb F[N nfèmlip fqi frfmjfaji ml Nflfcyf flk ml piji`{jfqci m{mip {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q}, [qfrijiqp eiòp fqi ml`qifpmlcj} ngqi ml`glrilmil{ {g ypi* flk fl glj} ai`fpeik bgq f bii f{ f bis aflop ml {ei fxm{fj, Y,P, kgjjfqp fqi f`ìx{ik f{ ngp{ aypmlippip ml Nflfcyf flk g{eiqnfdgq m{mip, @qikm{ fqkp fqi f`ìx{ik ml nfl} ip{fajmpenil{p ml Nflfcyf flk ml pgni nfdgq m{mip {eqgycegy{ {ei`gyl{q}? {ei} fqi ypibyj bgq rf`f{mglp flk {qfrij,

[qfmliip flk Rgjyl{iiqp fqi qipxglpmaji bgq {ei pfbi{} flk qixjfìnil{ gb {eimq gsl xqgxiq{} flk xiqpglfjkg`ynil{p, [ei Xifì @gqxp xqgrmkip mlbgqnf{mgl fagy{ xiqpglfj xqgxiq{} mlpyqflì f{ p{fcmlc flk smjj* yxglqivyip{* fqqflci f sm{ekqfsfj bqgn }gyq qifkdyp{nil{ fjjgsfl i f``gyl{ {g xf} mlpyqflì xqinmynp, Mlpyqflìpegyjk ai qilisik iriq} }ifq,

Bggk flk Kmi{

[ei p{fxjip gb {ei Lm`fqfcyfl kmi{ fqi aiflp* qmì* iccp* kfmq} xqgky`{p* nif{p* flk bggkp nfki sm{e gql %i,c,*{gq{mjjfp*lf`f{fnfjip * flk xmlgjmjjg * f xgxyjfq airiqfci nfki sm{e cqgylk gql flk g`gf-, F smki rfqmi{} gb bqym{pflk rici{fajip fqi cqgsl jg`fjj}* bqgn faafcip flk fqqg{p {g xmlifxxjip flk xfxf}fp, [eimq frfmjfamjm{} rfqmip a}

{ei pifpgl flk f`ìpp {g nfqoi{p, Fp f qipyj{ gb {ei ilkinm` xgriq{} ml Lm`fqfcyf* ngp{ Lm`fqfcyflp kfmj} kmi{`glpmp{p gb cfjjg xml{g * f nmu{yqi gb qik aiflp flk qmì bqmik ml rici{faji gmj* semè nmce{ ai f``gnxflmik a} gql{gq{mjjfp* faafci pfjfk* f pnfjj fngyl{ gb nif{ gq emòil* gq jg`fjj} nfki pfj{} eiipi, Ngp{ kfmq} xqgky`{p fqinfki ml f {qfkm{mglfj bfpemgl ml qyqfj pi{{mlcp flk* {eyp* fqi lg{ xfp{iyqmtik,

[ei bggk ciliqfjj} mp lg{ pxm`}* flk nfl} Rgjyl{iiqp bmlk {ef{ Lm`fqfcyflp ypi {gg nyè gmj* pfj{* flk pycfq bgq {eimq{fp{ip, Nfl} Rgjyl{iiqp ildg} bqip`gp f gl`g`{mgl gb bqipej} pvyiitik bqym{ flk rici{faji dymìp nmuik sm{esf{iq flk pycfq {ef{ gnip ml nfl} kmp{ml`{ bjfrgqp, Ml `gfp{fj fqifp* Rgjyl{iiqp bmlk bqipe bmpe flk g``fpmglfjj} iriljgap{iq gq peqmnx, Aiib* xgqo* flk emòil fqi smkij} frfmjfaji {eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q}* ay{ y{p gb qik nif{ kmbbiqcqif{j} bqgn {egpi bgylk ml {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip, M{ mp kmbbm`yj{ {g bmlk nif{p {ef{ nii{ Y,P, p{flkfqkp bgq bjfrgq flkvyfjm{},

M{ mp xgppmaji {g nfml{fml f rici{fqmfl kmi{ ml Lm`fqfcyf, Egsiriq* {eiqi mp cqif{iq rfqmi{} flk frfmjfamjm{} gb ìq{fmlbggkp{ybbp ml Nflfcyf {efl ml gy{j}mlc fqifp, M{ mp mnxgq{fl{ {g lg{i {ef{ Lm`fqfcyf mp f aiib.xqgky`mlc gyl{q}* flkpgni Lm`fqfcyflp* xfq{m`yjfqj} ml qyqfj fqifp* smjj lg{ ylkiqp{flk rici{fqmflmpn, Fp f rici{fqmfl* }gy smjj liik {gkirijgx f yj{yqfjj} pilpm{mri fxxqgfè {g ki`jmlmlc {g if{ nif{,

Pmlì }gy smjj ai jmrmlc sm{e f Lm`fqfcyfl bfnmj} kyqmlc {qfmlmlc flk {ei bmqp{ pmu siiop f{ }gyq pm{i* }gy smjj aimnnikmf{ij} iuxgpik {g Lm`fqfcyfl if{mlc efam{p flk ni{egkp gb bggk xqixfqf{mgl, Egp{ bfnmjmip qiìmri mlbgqnf{mglqicfqkmlc fl} pxi`mfj kmi{fq} glìqlp, Fj{egyce {ei bfnmjmip fqi ciliqfjj} vym{i f``gnngkf{mlc* }gy pegyjk aixqixfqik {g efri jipp gl{qgj griq }gyq kmi{ semji jmrmlc sm{e f egp{ bfnmj},



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Pgni Rgjyl{iiqp seg fqi jmrmlc gl {eimq gsl ggo bgq {einpijrip {g efri ngqi gl{qgj griq {eimq kmi{, Rgjyl{iiqpseg ggo ildg} iuxjgqmlc lis sf}p {g ypi {ei jg`fj bggkp frfmjfaji* flk gb{il pefqi {eipi qi`mxip sm{e {eimqLm`fqfcyfl bqmilkp flk bfnmj}, G{eiq Rgjyl{iiqp nf} xf} f jg`fj bfnmj} {g if{ nifjp sm{e {ein,

[qflpxgq{f{mgl

Ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp {qfrij ml Lm`fqfcyf gl gnniq`mfj xyajm` aypip? f riq} pnfjj lynaiq gb pm{ip fqi f`ìppmaji a} biqq}gq xflcf %xfppilciq glj}- agf{p, Bgq {ei rfp{ nfdgqm{} gb Rgjyl{iiqp* {qfrijmlc {g flk bqgn pm{i il{fmjp f qmki ml flgjk pèggj ayp* semè nf} ai griq`qgskik* pjgs* flk pgni{mnip ylqijmfaji, F{ ngqi qyqfj pm{ip* Rgjyl{iiqp nf} aiqivymqik {g {qfrij ml glriq{ik bjf{aik {qyòp* fp {ei qgyce {iqqfml nfoip ayp xfppfci mnxgppmaji, Rgjyl{iiqp fqi lg{xiqnm{{ik {g gsl* kqmri* gq qmki gl ng{gq`}`jip gq {g gsl gq kqmri g{eiq ng{gqmtik riem`jip f{ fl} {mni kyqmlc {eimqpiqrmì, Glj} seil Rgjyl{iiqp fqi gl fy{egqmtik rf`f{mgl nf} {ei} kqmri* pegyjk {ei} eggpi {g qil{ f riem`ji,Rmgjf{mgl gb {eipi xgjm`mip nf} ai cqgylkp bgq {iqnmlf{mgl gb piqrmì,

Ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp ci{ fqgylk {eimq pm{i flk rmpm{ lifqa} `gnnylm{mip gl bgg{ gq ypi jg`fjj} frfmjfaji {qflpxgq{f{mglni{egkp, Pgni Rgjyl{iiqp bmlk {ef{ {qfrij a} am`}`ji mp {ei ngp{ xqf`{m`fj sf} {g ci{ fqgylk f{ {eimq pm{i* flk {ei}xyqèfpi {ein sm{e {eimq pi{{jmlc.ml fjjgsflì, [egyce am`} jip agyce{ jg`fjj} fqi lg{ gb {ei pfni vyfjm{} fp {egpifrfmjfaji ml {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip* {ei} fqi ngqi {efl pybbm`mil{ bgq Rgjyl{iiq {qflpxgq{f{mgl liikp, Rgjyl{iiqp nf} aqmlc

f am`}`ji bqgn {ei Y,P, mb {ei} xf} fl} fkkm{mglfj fmq bqimce{ gp{p, %Lg{i {ef{ aqmlcmlc f am`}`ji bqgn egni mp lg{qi`gnnilkik bgq piriqfj qifpglp4 6- m{ mp mnxgppmaji {g olgs {ei qifjm{mip gb }gyq pm{i flk {qflpxgq{f{mgl liikp yl{mj}gy f`{yfjj} ci{ {eiqif amoi nf} lg{ ai fxxqgxqmf{i gq liìppfq}? 1- m{ nf} ai kmbbm`yj{ {g bmlk {ei fxxqgxqmf{i xfq{pbgq nfml{ilflì? 0- gslmlc f amoi {ef{ mp lg{ frfmjfaji jg`fjj} smjj pi{ }gy fxfq{ bqgn }gyq egp{ gyl{q} gjjifcyipflk bqmilkp? flk ;- m{ fl nfoi }gy f {fqci{ bgq qmni, Mb }gy èggpi {g qmki f amoi* eijni{ ypi mp nflkf{gq},-Lgl`gnxjmfl i sm{e Xifì @gqxp sgqjksmki nflkf{gq} eijni{ ypi xgjm`} fl ai cqgylkp bgq fknmlmp{qf{mripixfqf{mgl,

Ml riq} bis mlp{flìp* Rgjyl{iiqp fjpg gsl gq qil{ egqpip {g {qfrij bqgn egni {g mpgjf{ik gnnylm{mip flk bfqnp,]gy pegyjk bfnmjmfqmti }gyqpijb sm{e }gyq pm{i flk glpyj{ }gyq xqgcqfn nflfciq qicfqkmlc fxxqgxqmf{i ni{egkp gb {qflpxgq{f{mgl,

Cigcqfxe} flk @jmnf{iLm`fqfcyf fl ai kmrmkik ml{g bgyq cigcqfxem` fqifp4 {ei gfp{fj fqif ai{siil {ei jfoip flk {ei Xf`mbm` Gìfl? {eiCqif{ Qmb{* f jgs kixqippmgl ml semè Jfoi Nflfcyf flk Jfoi Lm`fqfcyf jmi? {ei il{qfj emcejflkp {g {ei lgq{e flkifp{ gb {ei qmb{? flk {ei @fqmaaifl jgsjflkp* semè f``gyl{ bgq ngqi {efl ;8 xiqìl{ gb {ei jflk fqif ay{ glj} 68xiqìl{ gb {ei xgxyjf{mgl, [ei `jmnf{i rfqmip sm{e {ei qicmgl* ay{ Lm`fqfcyf ciliqfjj} mp eg{ flk {qgxm`fj* sm{e ggj*`gnbgq{faji lmce{p flk f riq} pegq{ kq} gq `ggj pifpgl, [ei ifp{iql {emqk gb {ei gyl{q}* gnxgpik gb {ei ifp{iqlpjgxip gb {ei il{qfj emcejflkp flk {ei @fqmaaifl jgsjflkp* efp f si{* {qgxm`fj jmnf{i* sm{e jm{{ji gq lg kq} gq ggjpifpgl, [ei jmnf{i gb {ei il{qfj emcejflkp mp rfqmfaji ai`fypi gb m{p qmkci flk rfjji} {gxgcqfxe}* ay{ ciliqfjj} m{ mpfl fqif gb ngkiqf{i {inxiqf{yqip flk }ifq.qgylk qfmlbfjj, [ei Xf`mbm` fqif iuxiqmilìp f kmp{ml`{ {qgxm`fj si{ pifpgl%Nf} {eqgyce Lgrinaiq- flk {qgxm`fj kq} pifpgl %Kiìnaiq {eqgyce Fxqmj-, [inxiqf{yqip {eiqi fqi ngqi`gnbgq{faji ml {ei kq} pifpgl ai`fypi gb jgsiq eynmkm{},

Pg`mfj F`{mrm{mipPg`mfj f`{mrm{mip smjj rfq} kixilkmlc gl seiqi }gy fqi jg`f{ik flk {ei pmti gb }gyq pm{i, Lm`fqfcyflp fqi ciliqfjj}omlk flk gxil* flk {eyp ijiaqf{mglp gb fjj {}xip fqi `gnngl, ]gy fqi il`gyqfcik {g ai`gni f xfq{ gb }gyq`gnnylm{} flk xfq{m`mxf{i ml bfnmj} ijiaqf{mglp* jg`fj kflìp* flk bgjojgqm` f`{mrm{mip fp jglc fp {ei} g``yq ml pfbiilrmqglnil{p, [ei Y,P, Nfqmlip ml{qgky ik afpiafjj {g Lm`fqfcyf ml {ei ifqj} 6=88p* flk m{ mp lgs {ei lf{mglfj pxgq{,Ngp{ gnnylm{mip efri afpiafjj {ifnp flk siioilk cfnip, Pg`ìq flk rgjji}afjj fqi cqgsmlc ml xgxyjfqm{}{eqgycegy{ {ei gyl{q} fnglc ag{e nil flk sgnil,

]gy smjj ai iuxi`{ik {g byjj} ml{icqf{i ml{g }gyq gnnylm{}, [emp niflp }gy smjj pxilk {ei rfp{ nfdgqm{} gb }gyq{mni ml }gyq Xifì @gqxp pm{i* ml`jykmlc siioilkp flk ngp{ gb }gyq bqii {mni, Rgjyl{iiqp g``fpmglfjj} rmpm{ lifqa}

XIF@I @GQXP z LM@FQFCYF SIJ@GNI AGGO6;


17/50

Rgjyl{iiqp gq cg {g f qicmglfj il{iq {g sf{è f ngrmi* ypi {ei Ml{iqli{* efri f pxi`mfj nifj* ay} liikik pyxxjmip* gq dyp{ qijfu ml f xjfì sm{e fmq `glkm{mglmlc, Rgjyl{iiqp fqi kmp`gyqfcik bqgn pxilkmlc jimpyqi {mni ml Nflfcyf ai`fypigb {ei eif{ flk pi`yqm{} glìqlp, Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf nfml{fmlp p{qm`{ xgjm`mip qicfqkmlc {qmxp fsf} bqgn pm{i,

Xqgbippmglfjmpn* Kqipp* flk Aiefrmgq

F Rgjyl{iiq fppmclnil{ mp f xqgbippmglfj xgpm{mgl, Fj{egyce f bis gb }gy nmce{ sgqo ml mlbgqnfj pi{{mlcp* }gy smjjai iuxi`{ik {g f`{ flk kqipp xqgbippmglfjj}, Fjngp{ fjj Rgjyl{iiqp pxilk pgni gb {eimq {mni sgqomlc ml jg`fj pèggjp*flk {eyp fqi piil fp `gnnylm{} jifkiqp flk nil{gqp, Ngqi pxi`mbm` mlbgqnf{mgl gl kqipp gkip flk {ifèiqp qgjip mpfrfmjfaji ml }gyq Rgjyl{iiq Fppmclnil{ Kip`qmx{mgl, ]gy smjj qiìmri fl gqmil{f{mgl {g fxxqgxqmf{i aiefrmgq flk`yj{yqfj pilpm{mrm{} kyqmlc xqi.piqrm i {qfmlmlc, Fp f Rgjyl{iiq* }gy smjj efri {ei p{f{yp gb fl mlrm{ik cyip{ flk nyp{ai pilpm{mri {g {ei efam{p* {fp{ip* flk {faggp gb }gyq Lm`fqfcyfl egp{p, ]gyq ibbi`{mrilipp fp f kirijgxnil{ sgqoiq*pf{mpbf`{mgl fp f Rgjyl{iiq* flk pfbi{} fp f bgqimcliq jmrmlc ml f `gnnylm{} smjj fjj ai ileflìk a} xqgbippmglfjaiefrmgq, Aiefrmgq {ef{ digxfqkmtip {ei Xifì @gqxp nmppmgl ml Lm`fqfcyf gq }gyq xiqpglfj pfbi{} fllg{ ai {gjiqf{ika} {ei Xifì @gqxp flk gyjk jifk {g fknmlmp{qf{mri pixfqf{mglf ki`mpmgl gl {ei xfq{ gb {ei Xifì @gqxp {g{iqnmlf{i }gyq piqrmì, [ei Rgjyl{iiq Eflkaggo xqgrmkip ngqi mlbgqnf{mgl gl {ei cqgylkp bgq fknmlmp{qf{mripixfqf{mgl,

Lm`fqfcyflp glpmkiq xiqpglfj fxxifqflì fl mnxgq{fl{ mlkmrmkyfj efqf`{iqmp{m`, Xqgxiq kqipp `fl eijx ip{fajmpe }gyq`qikmamjm{} fp f xqgbippmglfj* flk m{ qibji`{p }gyq qipxi`{ bgq {ei jg`fj yp{gnp flk iuxi`{f{mglp gb {ei xigxji sm{esegn }gy jmri flk sgqo, Mlfxxqgxqmf{i kqipp* jmoi mlfxxqgxqmf{i aiefrmgq* mp pgni{emlc {ef{ fl pi{ Rgjyl{iiqp fxfq{bqgn {eimq gnnylm{mip,

[ei aip{ cymkijmli mp {g kqipp fp }gyq Lm`fqfcyflp gjjifcyip kg, Lm`fqfcyflp kqipp xqgbippmglfjj} fpyfj4 lif{* jifl*mqglik, ]gy pegyjk aqmlc fpyfj xqgbippmglfj f{{mqi bgq fjj rilyip seil }gy fqi sgqomlc, Fxxqgxqmf{i f{{mqi nf}ml`jyki g{{gl xfl{p %lmì oefomp fqi f`ìx{faji-* lmì g{{gl pemq{p flk'gq ajgypip %lg{ [.pemq{p-* flk fp nyè fpxgppmaji* g{{gl pomq{p gq kqippip bgq sgnil %lg{ nmlm jilc{e-, Lif{ ajyi diflp %kfqo flk lg{ ajifèik gy{- fqif`ìx{faji ay{ fl ai eg{ ml Lm`fqfcyfp sfqniq jmnf{i, Lim{eiq pegq{p lgq bfkik [.pemq{p fqi fxxqgxqmf{i bgq nfji gqbinfji Rgjyl{iiqp ml {ei sgqoxjfì, Kqippip gq pemq{p {ef{ fqi {mce{ gq pxfcei{{m.p{qfx {flo {gxp fqi fjpg lg{fxxqgxqmf{i sgqo f{{mqi, @gnbgq{faji sfjomlc pegip gq pflkfjp fqi pym{faji? egsiriq* Lm`fqfcyflp rmis [irf. gq

@ef`g.p{}ji pflkfjp fp mlfxxqgxqmf{i bgq {ei sgqo ilrmqglnil{, Pegq{p flk {illmp pegip fqi f`ìx{faji pxgq{psifq* ay{pegyjk lg{ ai glpmkiqik fxxqgxqmf{i bgq sgqo,

Kyqmlc {qfmlmlc* }gy smjj ai iuxi`{ik {g gapiqri {ei pfni jg{emlc cymkijmlip, Pemq{p flk pegip nyp{ ai sgql f{ fjj{mnip, Pegq{p flk pxfcei{{m.p{qfx {flo {gxp nf} lg{ ai sgql f{ {ei Xifì @gqxp gbbmì gq bgq fl} gbbm`mfj Xifì @gqxpf`{mrm{}, Rmpmaji agk} xmiq`mlcp fqi lg{ xiqnm{{ik bgq {qfmliip? lgq fqi {ei} fxxqgxqmf{i bgq Rgjyl{iiqp f{ pèggjp gqg{eiq sgqoxjfìp, Ifqqmlcp flk xgl}{fmjp fqi lg{ xiqnm{{ik bgq nfji Rgjyl{iiqp kyqmlc piqrmì, Kqifkjgòp pegyjk ailif{ flk lg{ jglciq {efl pegyjkiq jilc{e,

Oiix ml nmlk {ef{ glbgqnmlc {g jg`fj lgqnp mp f pnfjj pf`qmbmì bgq {ei cqif{ fkril{yqi flk jfp{mlc bqmilkpemxp {ef{fsfm{ }gy,

Xiqpglfj Pfbi{ }Ngqi ki{fmjik mlbgqnf{mgl fagy{ {ei Xifì @gqxp fxxqgfè {g pfbi{} mp `gl{fmlik ml {ei Eifj{e @fqi flk Pfbi{}èfx{iq* ay{ m{ mp fl mnxgq{fl{ mppyi flk fllg{ ai griqinxefpmtik, Fp p{f{ik ml {ei Rgjyl{iiq Eflkaggo* ai`gnmlc fXifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq il{fmjp iq{fml pfbi{} qmpop, Jmrmlc flk {qfrijmlc ml fl ylbfnmjmfq ilrmqglnil{ %gb{il{mnipfjgli-* efrmlc f jmnm{ik ylkiqp{flkmlc gb jg`fj jflcyfci flk yj{yqi* flk aimlc xiqìmrik fp sijj.gbb fqi pgni gb {eibf`{gqp {ef{ fl xy{ f Rgjyl{iiq f{ qmpo, Nfl} Rgjyl{iiqp iuxiqmilì rfq}mlc kicqiip gb ylsfl{ik f{{il{mgl flkefqfppnil{, Xi{{} {eib{p flk ayqcjfqmip fqi lg{ yl`gnngl* flk ml`mkil{p gb xe}pm`fj flk piuyfj fppfyj{ kg g``yq*fj{egyce ngp{ Lm`fqfcyf Rgjyl{iiqp gnxji{i {eimq {sg }ifqp gb piqrmì sm{egy{ xiqpglfj pi`yqm{} ml`mkil{p, [eiXifì @gqxp efp ip{fajmpeik xqgìkyqip flk xgjm`mip kipmclik {g eijx }gy qikyì }gyq qmpop flk ileflì }gyq pfbi{}



18/50

flk pi`yqm{}, [eipi xqgìkyqip flk xgjm`mip* ml fkkm{mgl {g pfbi{} {qfmlmlc* smjj ai xqgrmkik glì }gy fqqmri mlLm`fqfcyf F{ {ei pfni {mni* }gy fqi iuxi`{ik {g {foi qipxglpmamjm{} bgq }gyq pfbi{} flk sijj.aimlc,

Ifè p{fbb ninaiq f{ {ei Xifì @gqxp mp `gnnm{{ik {g xqgrmkmlc Rgjyl{iiqp sm{e {ei pyxxgq{ {ei} liik {gpy`ìppbyjj} nii{ {ei efjjilcip {ei} smjj bfì {g efri f pfbi* eifj{e}* flk xqgky`{mri piqrmì, Si il`gyqfciRgjyl{iiqp flk bfnmjmip {g jggo f{ gyq pfbi{} flk pi`yqm{} mlbgqnf{mgl gl {ei Xifì @gqxp siapm{i f{sss,xifì`gqxp,cgr'pfbi{} ,

Mlbgqnf{mgl gl {eipi xfcip cmrip nippfcip gl Rgjyl{iiq eifj{e flk Rgjyl{iiq pfbi{}, F rmkig nippfci bqgn {eiKmqi`{gq mp gl {emp xfci* fp sijj fp f pi`{mgl {m{jik Pfbi{} flk Pi`yqm{} ml Kix{e, [emp xfci jmp{p {gxm`p qflcmlc bqgn{ei qmpop gb piqrmlc fp f Rgjyl{iiq {g xgp{p pfbi{} pyxxgq{ p}p{inp {g iniqcil`} xjfllmlc flk gnnylm`f{mglp,

Qisfqkp flk Bqyp{qf{mglp

Aimlc f Rgjyl{iiq ml Lm`fqfcyf fl ai ag{e emcej} qisfqkmlc flk {iqqmaj} bqyp{qf{mlc, [emp mp gli qifpgl se} piqrmlcml {ei Xifì @gqxp mp gb{il fjjik {ei {gyceip{ dga }gyjj iriq jgri, F {qfmlii gb{il fqqmrip sm{e mkifjmp{m` lg{mglp gb sfl{mlc {g pfri {ei bgqip{* bmlk lis sf}p {g ml`qifpi bggk xqgky`{mgl {g ki`qifpi eylciq flk nfjly{qm{mgl* gq kirijgxlis jg`fj xqgky`{p {ef{ smjj nfoi f gnnylm{} gq aypmlipp gsliq qmè, Ay{ {eil bqyp{qf{mglp gb{il fqmpi griq {ei

kmbbm`yj{} gb ci{{mlc {emlcp f``gnxjmpeik* {ei jfò gb pyxxgq{ bqgn jg`fj gyl{iqxfq{p* flk {ei gap{f`jip gb xgriq{} flkxggq iky`f{mgl,

]gy nmce{ p{qyccji {g xiqbi`{ {ei jflcyfci* fkfx{ {g iq{fml Lm`fqfcyfl yp{gnp* gq bmlk pybbm`mil{ bmlfl`mfjqipgyqìp, [ei bfnmj} gq eyqè dyp{ kgsl {ei p{qii{ bqgn }gyq egypi nmce{ xjf} jgyk nypm` iriq} lmce{* gq {eiqggp{iq liu{ kggq nmce{ aicml qgsmlc ifè ngqlmlc f{ 1488 f,n, ]gy fqi iq{fml {g nmpp }gyq bfnmj} flk bqmilkpafò egni,

Ay{ griq {mni* }gyq mlm{mfj mkifjmpn mp jmoij} {g ai qixjfìk a} f pilpi gb xqf`{m`fjm{}, Pfrmlc {ei bgqip{ ai`gnipxjfl{mlc f bis {qiip {g xqg{i`{ f sf{iqpeik, Biikmlc f lf{mgl ai`gnip biikmlc f bfnmj}, Qirgjy{mglmtmlc f aypmlippai`gnip eijxmlc f aypmlipp qyl ai{{iq, Gli egxip {ef{ }gy smjj lg{ pii {emp fp f jgpp gb mkifjmpn ay{* qf{eiq* fqifjmtf{mgl {ef{ kirijgxnil{ gnip bqgn pnfjj ay{ pmclmbm`fl{ p{ixp {foil ml xfq{liqpemx sm{e }gyq gnnylm{},

[g ai py`ìppbyj fp f Rgjyl{iiq* }gy smjj liik {g ai bjiumaji* qipgyqìbyj* flk xf{mil{, ]gy smjj ai cmril f emcekicqii gb qipxglpmamjm{} flk mlkixilkilì ml }gyq sgqoxiqefxp ngqi {efl ml fl} g{eiq dga }gy efri efk gq smjjefri, ]gy smjj gb{il bmlk }gyqpijb ml pm{yf{mglp {ef{ qivymqi fl famjm{} {g ng{mrf{i }gyqpijb flk g{eiqp sm{e jm{{jicymkflì bqgn pyxiqrmpgqp, ]gy smjj jifql {g {foi dg} bqgn {ei jm{{ji {emlcp4 {ei pnmjip flk jfycep gb emjkqil sfjomlc{g pèggj* {ei sij`gni pgylk gb qfml gl f tml` qggb* {ei pxfqoji ml f èmjkp i}ip seil ei qifjmtip {ef{ pfrmlc f {qiiniflp pfrmlc f amqk* {ei gnbgq{ ml f ng{eiqp bfì seil eiq afa} mp eifj{e} flk sijj lgyqmpeik* {ei pf{mpbf`{mgl gb faypmlipp gsliq seil pei mp faji {g xf} eiq kia{p flk pfri ngli},

Seil }gy gnxji{i }gyq piqrmì ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy smjj jifri olgsmlc {ef{ }gy efri lg{ glj} griq`gni bqyp{qf{mglpflk gap{f`jip ay{ fjpg nfki jfp{mlc bqmilkpemxp flk eijxik xigxji aymjk ai{{iq jmrip bgq {einpijrip flk {eimq bfnmjmip,Mb }gy fqi gnnm{{ik {g ml{icqf{mlc ml{g }gyq gnnylm{} flk sgqomlc efqk* }gy smjj ai f py`ìppbyj Rgjyl{iiq,

http://www.peacecorps.gov/safetyhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/safety


19/50

XIF@I @GQXP [QFMLMLC

Xqi.Piqrmì [qfmlmlc

Xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc mp {ei bmqp{ iril{ sm{eml f gnxi{il`}.afpik {qfmlmlc xqgcqfn {ef{ gl{mlyip {eqgycegy{ }gyq 13ngl{ep gb piqrmì ml Lm`fqfcyf, Xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc ilpyqip {ef{ Rgjyl{iiqp fqi ivymxxik sm{e {ei olgsjikci* pomjjp*

flk f{{m{ykip {g ibbi`{mrij} xiqbgqn {eimq dgap, Gl friqfci* lmli gb 68 {qfmliip fqi psgql ml fp Rgjyl{iiqp,

Xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc mp glky`{ik ml Lm`fqfcyf flk kmqi`{ik a} {ei Xifì @gqxp sm{e xfq{m`mxf{mgl bqgnqixqipil{f{mrip gb Lm`fqfcyf gqcflmtf{mglp* bgqniq Rgjyl{iiqp* flk'gq {qfmlmlc gl{qf`{gqp, [ei jilc{e gb xqi.piqrmì{qfmlmlc rfqmip* ypyfjj} qflcmlc bqgn 5.61 siiop* kixilkmlc gl {ei `gnxi{il`mip qivymqik bgq {ei fppmclnil{,Lm`fqfcyf nifpyqip fèmirinil{ gb jifqlmlc flk ki{iqnmlip mb {qfmliip efri py`ìppbyjj} fèmirik gnxi{il`mip*ml`jykmlc jflcyfci p{flkfqkp* bgq psifqmlc ml fp f Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq,

[eqgycegy{ piqrmì* Rgjyl{iiqp p{qmri {g fèmiri xiqbgqnflì gnxi{il`mip, Mlm{mfjj}* xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc fbbgqkp {eigxxgq{ylm{} bgq {qfmliip {g kirijgx flk {ip{ {eimq gsl qipgyqìp, Fp f {qfmlii* }gy smjj xjf} fl f`{mri qgji ml pijb.iky`f{mgl, ]gy smjj ai fpoik {g ki`mki egs aip{ {g pi{ flk nii{ gadi`{mrip flk {g bmlk fj{iqlf{mri pgjy{mglp, ]gy smjjai fpoik {g xqixfqi bgq fl iuxiqmilì ml semè }gy smjj gb{il efri {g {foi {ei mlm{mf{mri flk f`ìx{ qipxglpmamjm{} bgqki`mpmglp, [ei py`ìpp gb }gyq jifqlmlc smjj ai ileflìk a} }gyq gsl ibbgq{ {g {foi qipxglpmamjm{} bgq }gyq jifqlmlcflk {eqgyce pefqmlc iuxiqmilìp sm{e g{eiqp,

Xifì @gqxp {qfmlmlc mp bgylkik gl fkyj{ jifqlmlc ni{egkp flk gb{il ml`jykip iuxiqmil{mfj eflkp.gl fxxjm`f{mglppyè fp glky`{mlc f xfq{m`mxf{gq} gnnylm{} liikp fppippnil{ flk bf`mjm{f{mlc cqgyxp, Py`ìppbyj {qfmlmlc qipyj{p ml`gnxi{ilì ml rfqmgyp {ièlm`fj* jmlcymp{m`* qgpp.`yj{yqfj* eifj{e* flk pfbi{} flk pi`yqm{} fqifp, Ml{icqf{mlc ml{g {ei`gnnylm{} mp ypyfjj} gli gb {ei gqi gnxi{il`mip Rgjyl{iiqp p{qmri {g fèmiri ag{e ml xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc flkkyqmlc {ei bmqp{ piriqfj ngl{ep gb piqrmì, Py`ìppbyj pyp{fmlfaji kirijgxnil{ sgqo mp afpik gl {ei jg`fj {qyp{ flk`glbmkilì Rgjyl{iiqp aymjk a} jmrmlc ml* flk qipxi`{byjj} ml{icqf{mlc ml{g* {ei Lm`fqfcyf gnnylm{} flk yj{yqi,[qfmliip fqi xqixfqik bgq {emp {eqgyce f egni.p{f} iuxiqmilì* semè gb{il qivymqip {qfmliip {g jmri sm{e egp{bfnmjmip kyqmlc xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc, Ml{icqf{mgl ml{g {ei gnnylm{} lg{ glj} bf`mjm{f{ip cggk sgqomlc qijf{mglpemxp*ay{ m{ bgp{iqp jflcyfci jifqlmlc flk qgpp.`yj{yqfj f`ìx{flì flk {qyp{* semè eijx ilpyqi }gyq eifj{e* pfbi{}* flkpi`yqm{},

Sgril ml{g {ei gnxi{il`mip* {ei famjm{} {g `gnnylm`f{i ml {ei egp{ gyl{q} jflcyfci mp `qm{m`fj {g aimlc fl ibbi`{mriXifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq, Pg afpm` mp {emp xqiìx{ {ef{ m{ mp pxijjik gy{ ml {ei Xifì @gqxp F`{4 Lg xiqpgl pefjj aifppmclik {g ky{} fp f Rgjyl{iiq ylkiq {emp f`{ ml fl} bgqimcl gyl{q} gq fqif yljipp f{ {ei {mni gb pyè fppmclnil{ ei%gq pei- xgppippip pyè qifpglfaji xqgbm`mil } fp emp %gq eiq- fppmclnil{ qivymqip ml pxifomlc {ei jflcyfci gb {ei`gyl{q} gq fqif {g semè ei %gq pei- mp fppmclik,

Griqrmis gb Xqi.Piqrmì [qfmlmlcYxgl }gyq fqqmrfj ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy smjj xfq{m`mxf{i ml f {eqii.kf} gqmil{f{mgl {ef{ smjj xqgrmki }gy sm{e afpm`*xiq{mlil{ mlbgqnf{mgl gl jmrmlc ml Lm`fqfcyf, ]gy smjj bmlk gy{ fagy{ Xifì @gqxp fknmlmp{qf{mri mppyip fp {ei}xiq{fml {g Xifì @gqxp {qfmlmlc, Fkkm{mglfjj}* }gy smjj jifql sef{ {ei Xifì @gqxp iuxi`{p bqgn }gy kyqmlc {qfmlmlcflk sef{ }gy fl iuxi`{ bqgn {ei Xifì @gqxp, ]gy smjj efri {ei gxxgq{ylm{} {g pxifo sm{e yqqil{ Rgjyl{iiqp ml}gyq xqgdi`{ flk fpo vyip{mglp fagy{ fl} mlm{mfj nikm`fj glìqlp, Fb{iq {emp gqmil{f{mgl* }gy smjj aicml jmrmlc sm{e fegp{ bfnmj}* pxilkmlc Pf{yqkf} lmce{ flk Pylkf} sm{e {ein aibgqi aicmllmlc xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc gl Nglkf}ngqlmlc,

Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf ypip f gnnylm{}.afpik {qfmlmlc ngkij {ef{ sfp xmgliiqik ml Lm`fqfcyf ml Dflyfq} 6==9,Nfl} Xifì @gqxp {qfmlmlc xqgcqfnp sgqjksmki efri pmlì fkgx{ik {emp ngkij* ml semè ngp{ {qfmlmlc f`{mrm{mip {foixjfì ml {ei gnnylm{} seiqi gli jmrip kyqmlc {qfmlmlc, [emp {}xi gb mnniqpmgl efp xqgril ngqi py`ìppbyj {eflg{eiq ni{egkp ml xqixfqmlc Rgjyl{iiqp bgq {ei qifjm{mip gb piqrmì,



20/50

[qfmlmlc smjj glpmp{ gb piriqfj gnxglil{p* ml`jykmlc Pxflmpe jflcyfci* {ièlm fj pomjjp* qgpp.`yj{yqfj fsfqilipp*{ei qgji gb Rgjyl{iiqp ml kirijgxnil{* flk eifj{e flk pfbi{} mppyip, ]gy smjj f{{ilk Pxflmpe jfppip flk fqq} gy{{ièlm`fj flk qgpp.`yj{yqfj {fpop ml }gyq `gnnylm{} Nglkf} {eqgyce Bqmkf}, Gl Siklipkf} flk Bqmkf} fb{iqlgglpflk pgni Pf{yqkf} ngqlmlcp* {ei il{mqi {qfmlmlc cqgyx ypyfjj} smjj gni {gci{eiq bgq ngqi bgqnfj {qfmlmlc pippmglp,Kyqmlc {qfmlmlc }gy smjj ai qicyjfqj} irfjyf{ik gl }gyq famjm{} {g f`vymqi flk kinglp{qf{i {ei jflcyfci* {ièlm`fj*`qgpp.`yj{yqfj* flk pfbi{} pomjjp liikik {g ai f Rgjyl{iiq,

]gy smjj jmri sm{e }gyq egp{ bfnmj} bgq {ei il{mqi 66.siio {qfmlmlc xiqmgk, [sg gq {eqii g{eiq {qfmliip smjj jmri ml {eipfni gnnylm{} sm{e kmbbiqil{ bfnmjmip* flk }gy smjj p{yk} Pxflmpe flk `fqq} gy{ mlkmrmkyfj {ièlm`fj {fpop {gci{eiq,Iril {egyce {ei il{mqi {qfmlmlc cqgyx smjj ai pxqifk gy{ fnglc bmri gq pmu gnnylm{mip* Xifì @gqxp p{fbb ninaiqpsmjj ai xqipil{ gl f kfmj} afpmp, [ei {qfmlmlc kmqi`{gq flk g{eiq Xifì @gqxp p{fbb smjj nfoi bqivyil{ {qmxp {g ifè`gnnylm{} {g ilpyqi {ef{ {qfmlmlc gadi`{mrip fqi aimlc ni{,

Lg{i {g @gyxjip4 Xifì @gqxp'Lm`fqfcyf il`gyqfcip nfqqmik gyxjip {g xfq{m`mxf{i ml gyq xqgcqfn? gyxjip efribgylk piqrmì ml Lm`fqfcyf {g ai riq} qisfqkmlc, Ngqi pxi`mbm` fkrfl{fcip flk efjjilcip {g piqrmlc fp gyxjip fqinil{mglik jf{iq ml {emp aggo, Egsiriq* mb }gy fqi glpmkiqmlc piqrmì ml Lm`fqfcyf* m{ mp mnxgq{fl{ {g lg{i {ef{ }gysmjj ifè jmri sm{e f kmbbiqil{ egp{ bfnmj} kyqmlc {ei 66.siio xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc xiqmgk flk smjj ngp{ jmoij} fjpg aijmrmlc ml pixfqf{i* ay{ limceagqmlc* gnnylm{mip, [emp smjj ai{{iq ilfaji }gy ifè {g kirijgx }gyq jflcyfci flk{ièlm`fj pomjjp pixfqf{ij}* flk {g pefqi ml {ei qmè qgpp.`yj{yqfj iuxiqmilì gb pxilkmlc {mni sm{e }gyq gsl egp{bfnmj} flk gnnylm{}, [ei py`ìpp ml {ei {qfmlmlc xqgcqfn smjj ai kyi ml jfqci xfq{ {g f gyxjip smjjmlclipp {g xy{{eimq mlkmrmkyfj jifqlmlc gadi`{mrip bmqp{* qifjmtmlc {ef{ ifè xiqpgl smjj liik {mni flk xiqpglfj pxfì {g nii{ {eièfjjilcip feifk flk {g byjj} ilcfci ml {ei {qfmlmlc f`{mrm{mip, @gyxjip efri xjil{} gb gxxgq{ylm{mip {g pii gli flg{eiqkyqmlc {ei siio f{ xjilfq} pippmglp flk fl pxilk siioilkp {gci{eiq kyqmlc {ei xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc xiqmgk, Xjifpi`gl{f`{ }gyq xjfìnil{ gbbmìq gq {ei `gyl{q} kipo ylm{ bgq ngqi pxi`mbm` mlbgqnf{mgl,

[ièlm`fj [qfmlmlc[ièlm`fj {qfmlmlc mp gnxi{il`}.afpik, [emp gnxglil{ gb xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc smjj xqixfqi }gy {g sgqo mlLm`fqfcyf a} aymjkmlc gl {ei pomjjp }gy fjqifk} efri flk eijxmlc }gy kirijgx lis pomjjp ml f nflliq fxxqgxqmf{i bgq}gyq xqgdi`{ cgfjp, Xifì @gqxp p{fbb* Lm`fqfcyfl iuxiq{p* flk yqqil{ Rgjyl{iiqp smjj bf`mjm{f{i {ei {qfmlmlc pippmglp,

[qfmlmlc xjfìp cqif{ inxefpmp gl jifqlmlc egs {g {qflpbiq {ei pomjjp }gy efri {g `gnnylm{} ninaiqp f{ }gyq pm{i,

[ièlm`fj {qfmlmlc smjj ml`jyki pippmglp gl {ei ciliqfj i`glgnm` flk xgjm{m`fj ilrmqglnil{ ml Lm`fqfcyf flkp{qf{icmip bgq sgqomlc sm{eml pyè f bqfnisgqo, ]gy smjj qirmis }gyq {ièlm`fj pi`{gqp cgfjp flk smjj nii{ sm{e {eiLm`fqfcyfl fcil`mip flk gqcflmtf{mglp {ef{ efri mlrm{ik {ei Xifì @gqxp {g fppmp{ {ein, ]gy smjj ai pyxxgq{ik flkirfjyf{ik a} {ei {qfmlmlc p{fbb pg }gy fl aymjk {ei glbmkilì flk pomjjp }gy liik {g ylkiq{foi }gyq xqgdi`{ f`{mrm{mipflk ai f xqgky`{mri ninaiq gb }gyq gnnylm{},

Jflcyfci [qfmlmlcFp f Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq* }gy smjj bmlk {ef{ jflcyfci pomjjp fqi ippil{mfj {g xiqpglfj flk xqgbippmglfj pf{mpbf`{mglkyqmlc }gyq piqrmì, [eipi pomjjp fqi qm{m`fj {g }gyq dga xiqbgqnflì* {ei} eijx }gy ml{icqf{i ml{g }gyq egp{`gnnylm{}* flk {ei} fl ifpi }gyq xiqpglfj fkfx{f{mgl {g {ei lis pyqqgylkmlcp, [eiqibgqi* jflcyfci {qfmlmlc mp {ei

eifq{ gb {ei {qfmlmlc xqgcqfn* flk }gy nyp{ py`ìppbyjj} nii{ nmlmnyn jflcyfci qivymqinil{p {g `gnxji{i {qfmlmlcflk ai`gni f Rgjyl{iiq, Lm`fqfcyfl jflcyfci mlp{qy`{gqp {ifè bgqnfj jflcyfci jfppip bmri kf}p f siio ml pnfjjcqgyxp gb {eqii {g bgyq xigxji,

]gyq jflcyfci {qfmlmlc smjj ml`gqxgqf{i {ei gnnylm{}.afpik fxxqgfè, Ml fkkm{mgl {g `jfppqggn {mni* }gy smjj aicmril fppmclnil{p {g sgqo gl gy{pmki gb {ei jfppqggn flk sm{e }gyq egp{ bfnmj}, [ei cgfj mp {g eijx }gy fèmiri fjirij gb afpm` pg`mfj gnnylm`f{mgl xqgbm`mil } pg }gy fl `gl{mlyi {g kirijgx jflcyfci pomjjp glì }gy fqi f{ }gyqpm{i, Xqmgq {g aimlc psgql ml fp f Rgjyl{iiq* }gy smjj sgqo gl p{qf{icmip {g gl{mlyi jflcyfci p{ykmip kyqmlc }gyq {sg}ifqp gb piqrmì,



21/50

@qgpp.@yj{yqfj [qfmlmlcFp xfq{ gb }gyq xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc* }gy smjj jmri sm{e f Lm`fqfcyfl egp{ bfnmj}, [emp iuxiqmilì mp kipmclik {g ifpi}gyq {qflpm{mgl {g jmbi f{ }gyq pm{i, Bfnmjmip cg {eqgyce fl gqmil{f{mgl glky`{ik a} Xifì @gqxp p{fbb {g iuxjfml {eixyqxgpi gb xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc flk {g fppmp{ {ein ml eijxmlc }gy fkfx{ {g jmrmlc ml Lm`fqfcyf, Nfl} Rgjyl{iiqp bgqnp{qglc flk jfp{mlc bqmilkpemxp sm{e {eimq egp{ bfnmjmip,

@qgpp.`yj{yqfj flk gnnylm{} kirijgxnil{ {qfmlmlc smjj eijx }gy mnxqgri }gyq `gnnylm`f{mgl pomjjp flk ylkiqp{flk}gyq qgji fp f bf`mjm{f{gq gb {ei kirijgxnil{ xqgìpp, ]gy smjj ai iuxgpik {g {gxm`p pyè fp `gnnylm{} ngamjmtf{mgl*`glbjm`{ qipgjy{mgl* cilkiq flk kirijgxnil{* xqgdi`{ pyp{fmlfamjm{}* lglbgqnfj flk fkyj{ iky`f{mgl p{qf{icmip* flksgqomlc sm{e }gy{e,

Eifj{ e [qfmlmlcKyqmlc xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc* }gy smjj ai cmril afpm` nikm`fj {qfmlmlc flk mlbgqnf{mgl, ]gy smjj ai iuxi`{ik {gxqf`{mì xqiril{mri eifj{e fqi flk {g {foi qipxglpmamjm{} bgq }gyq gsl eifj{e a} fkeiqmlc {g fjj nikm`fj xgjm`mip,[qfmliip fqi qivymqik {g f{{ilk fjj nikm`fj pippmglp* semè ml`jyki pyè {gxm`p fp xqiril{mri eifj{e nifpyqip* flknmlgq flk nfdgq nikm`fj mppyip {ef{ }gy nmce{ il`gyl{iq semji ml Lm`fqfcyf, Ly{qm{mgl* nil{fj eifj{e* pfbi{} flkpi`yqm{}* pi{{mlc yx f pfbi jmrmlc pm{yf{mgl* flk egs {g frgmk EMR'FMKP flk g{eiq piuyfjj} {qflpnm{{ik kmpifpip

%P[Kp- fqi fjpg griqik,Pfbi{} [qfmlmlcKyqmlc {ei pfbi{} {qfmlmlc pippmglp* }gy smjj jifql egs {g fkgx{ f jmbip{}ji {ef{ qikyìp }gyq qmpop f{ egni* f{ sgqo*flk kyqmlc }gyq {qfrijp, ]gy smjj fjpg jifql fxxqgxqmf{i* ibbi`{mri p{qf{icmip bgq gxmlc sm{e ylsfl{ik f{{il{mgl flkfagy{ }gyq mlkmrmkyfj qipxglpmamjm{} bgq xqgng{mlc pfbi{} {eqgycegy{ }gyq piqrmì,

Fkkm{mglfj [qfmlmlc Kyqmlc Rgjyl{iiq Piqrmì

Ml m{p `gnnm{nil{ {g mlp{m{y{mglfjmti vyfjm{} {qfmlmlc* {ei Xifì @gqxp efp mnxjinil{ik f {qfmlmlc p}p{in {ef{xqgrmkip Rgjyl{iiqp sm{e gl{mlyfj gxxgq{ylm{mip {g iufnmli {eimq gnnm{nil{ {g Xifì @gqxp piqrmì semji

ml`qifpmlc {eimq {ièlm`fj flk qgpp.`yj{yqfj pomjjp, Kyqmlc piqrmì* {eiqi fqi {eqii xqmnfq} {qfmlmlc iril{p, [ei {m{jipflk gadi`{mrip bgq {egpi {qfmlmlcp fqi fp bgjjgsp4

Ml.piqrmì {qfmlmlc4 Xqgrmkip fl gxxgq{ylm{} bgq Rgjyl{iiqp {g yxcqfki {eimq {ièlm`fj* jflcyfci* flk xqgdi`{kirijgxnil{ pomjjp semji pefqmlc {eimq iuxiqmilìp flk qifbbmqnmlc {eimq gnnm{nil{ fb{iq efrmlc piqrik bgq{eqii {g pmu ngl{ep,

Nmk{iqn glbiqilì %kgli ml `gldyl`{mgl sm{e {ièlm`fj pi`{gq ml.piqrmì-4 Fppmp{p Rgjyl{iiqp ml qirmismlc{eimq bmqp{ }ifq* qifppippmlc {eimq xiqpglfj flk xqgdi`{ gadi`{mrip* flk xjfllmlc bgq {eimq pi`glk }ifq gb piqrmì,

@jgpi.gb.piqrmì glbiqilì4 Xqixfqip Rgjyl{iiqp bgq {ei by{yqi fb{iq Xifì @gqxp piqrmì flk qirmisp {eimq

qipxi`{mri xqgdi`{p flk xiqpglfj iuxiqmilìp,

[ei lynaiq* jilc{e* flk kipmcl gb {eipi {qfmlmlcp fqi fkfx{ik {g gyl{q}.pxi`mbm` liikp flk glkm{mglp, [ei oi} {g {ei{qfmlmlc p}p{in mp {ef{ {qfmlmlc iril{p fqi ml{icqf{ik flk ml{iqqijf{ik* bqgn {ei xqi.kixfq{yqi gqmil{f{mgl {eqgyce {eiilk gb }gyq piqrmì* flk fqi xjfllik* mnxjinil{ik* flk irfjyf{ik ggxiqf{mrij} a} {ei {qfmlmlc p{fbb* Xifì @gqxpp{fbb* flk Rgjyl{iiqp,

XIF@I @GQXP z LM@FQFCYF SIJ@GNI AGGO6=


22/50

]GYQ EIFJ[E @FQI FLKPFBI[] ML LM@FQFCYF

[ei Xifì @gqxp emceip{ xqmgqm{} mp nfml{fmlmlc {ei cggk eifj{e flk pfbi{} gb iriq} Rgjyl{iiq, Xifì @gqxp nikm`fjxqgcqfnp inxefpmti {ei xqiril{mri* qf{eiq {efl {ei yqf{mri* fxxqgfè {g kmpifpi, [ei Xifì @gqxp ml Lm`fqfcyf

nfml{fmlp f jmlm` sm{e f byjj.{mni nikm`fj gbbmìq* seg {foip fqi gb Rgjyl{iiqp xqmnfq} eifj{e fqi liikp,Fkkm{mglfj nikm`fj piqrmìp* pyè fp {ip{mlc flk afpm` {qif{nil{* fqi fjpg frfmjfaji ml Lm`fqfcyf f{ jg`fj egpxm{fjp, Mb }gy ai`gni piqmgypj} mjj* }gy smjj ai {qflpxgq{ik im{eiq {g fl Fniqm`fl.p{flkfqk nikm`fj bf`mjm{} ml {ei qicmgl gq {g{ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip,

Eifj{e Mppyip ml Lm`fqfcyf

[ei ngp{ gnngl eifj{e xqgajinp fnglc Rgjyl{iiqp flk {ei Lm`fqfcyfl xgxyjf{mgl ml ciliqfj* semè fjpg g``yq ml{ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip* fqi yxxiq qipxmqf{gq} mlbi`{mglp flk kmfqqeif, [eipi xqgajinp nf} ai ngqi bqivyil{ gq`gnxgylkik a} jmbi ml Lm`fqfcyf ai`fypi iq{fml ilrmqglnil{fj flk yj{yqfj bf`{gqp ml {ei gyl{q} qfmpi {ei qmpo gqiufìqaf{i {ei piriqm{} gb mjjlippip flk mldyqmip, Pgni cfp{qgml{ip{mlfj xqgajinp fl ai frgmkik a} agmjmlc kqmlomlcsf{iq flk {egqgycej} sfpemlc bqym{p flk rici{fajip aibgqi if{mlc {ein,

[sg fkkm{mglfj nfdgq eifj{e glìqlp ml Lm`fqfcyf fqi nfjfqmf flk kilcyi biriq, Ai`fypi nfjfqmf mp ilkinm` eiqi*{ei Xifì @gqxp qivymqip fjj Rgjyl{iiqp {g {foi siioj} fl{mnfjfqmfj nikm`f{mgl, [ei fl{mnfjfqmfj nikm`f{mgl yqqil{j}fxxqgrik a} eifkvyfq{iqp flk ypik a} Rgjyl{iiqp mp ejgqgvymli xegpxef{i, G{eiq gx{mglp fqi frfmjfaji bgqmlkmrmkyfjp seg fl{ {gjiqf{i {ei pmki ibbi`{p gb ejgqgvymli* {egyce ngp{ Rgjyl{iiqp efri lg xqgajinp {fomlc m{, M{mp qy`mfj {ef{ fjj Rgjyl{iiqp p{qm`{j} bgjjgs nikm`fj gbbmì cymkijmlip {g xqiril{ ngpvym{g am{ip* ml fkkm{mgl {g {fomlcfl{mnfjfqmfj xqgxe}jfump, ]gy smjj fjpg ai rf``mlf{ik fcfmlp{ eixf{m{mp F flk A* {i{flyp'kmxe{eiqmf* xgjmg* {}xegmk*nifpjip* nynxp* qyaijjf* flk qfamip fp xfq{ gb gyq xqiril{mri eifj{e xqgcqfn,

Eijxmlc ]gy P{f} Eifj{e}

[ei Xifì @gqxp smjj xqgrmki }gy sm{e fjj {ei liìppfq} mlg`yjf{mglp* nikm`f{mglp* flk mlbgqnf{mgl {g p{f} eifj{e},Yxgl }gyq fqqmrfj ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy smjj xfq{m`mxf{i ml f piqmip gb nikm`fj pippmglp kipmclik {g fppmp{ }gy ml fppynmlc

qipxglpmamjm{} bgq }gyq gsl eifj{e, F{ {ei aicmllmlc gb {qfmlmlc* }gy smjj qiìmri f Xifì @gqxp nikm`fj om{ sm{epyxxjmip {g {foi fqi gb nmjk mjjlippip flk bmqp{ fmk liikp, [ei gl{il{p gb {emp om{ fqi jmp{ik jf{iq ml {emp efx{iq,

Kyqmlc xqi.piqrmì {qfmlmlc* }gy smjj efri f`ìpp {g fkkm{mglfj afpm` nikm`fj pyxxjmip {eqgyce {ei nikm`fj gbbmì,Egsiriq* }gy smjj ai qipxglpmaji bgq }gyq mlm{mfj pyxxj} gb xqip`qmx{mgl kqycp flk fl} g{eiq pxi`mbm` nikm`fj pyxxjmip}gy qivymqi* fp {ei Xifì @gqxp smjj lg{ gqkiq {eipi m{inp kyqmlc {qfmlmlc, [eiqibgqi* xjifpi aqmlc f {eqii.ngl{epyxxj} gb fl} xqip`qmx{mgl kqycp }gy ypi* ml`jykmlc amq{e gl{qgj xmjjp* pmlì {ei} nf} lg{ ai frfmjfaji ml Lm`fqfcyfflk m{ nf} {foi piriqfj ngl{ep bgq pemxnil{p {g fqqmri,

]gy smjj efri nikm`fj flk kil{fj irfjyf{mglp f{ {ei nmkxgml{ flk ilk gb }gyq piqrmì, Mb }gy kirijgx f piqmgypnikm`fj xqgajin kyqmlc piqrmì* {ei nikm`fj gbbmìqp ml Lm`fqfcyf smjj `glpyj{ sm{e {ei Gbbmì gb Nikm`fj Piqrmìp mlSfpemlc{gl* K,@, Mb m{ mp ki{iqnmlik {ef{ }gyq glkm{mgl fllg{ ai {qif{ik ml Lm`fqfcyf* }gy nf} ai irf`yf{ik {g {ei

Ylm{ik P{f{ip gq Xflfnf bgq byq{eiq irfjyf{mgl flk fqi,

Xifì @gqxp kil{fj fqi pyxxgq{p fl fllyfj eiòyx flk xqgxe}jfump {g xiqbgqn qgy{mli jiflmlc flk ifqj}mkil{mbm`f{mgl flk {qif{nil{ gb kmpifpi, Nikm`fj irf`yf{mgl mp lg{ fy{egqmtik bgq {ei xyqxgpi gb fllyfj eiòyxp, [eiXifì @gqxp kgip lg{ xqgrmki kil{fj fqi {g {qif{ fip{ei{m` glkm{mglp %i,c,* gq{egkgl{mf* kil{fj riliiqp* flk sem{ilmlcxqgìkyqip- gq {g bmu gq gqqi`{ xqi.iump{mlc p{qy`{yqfj xqgajinp %i,c,* nfjg``jypmgl-,

Nfml{fmlmlc ]gyq Eifj{e

Fp f Rgjyl{iiq* }gy nyp{ f`ìx{ glpmkiqfaji qipxglpmamjm{} bgq }gyq gsl eifj{e, Xqgxiq xqi`fy{mglp smjj pmclmbm`fl{j}qikyì }gyq qmpo gb piqmgyp mjjlipp gq mldyq}, [ei gjk fkfci Fl gylì gb xqiril{mgl mp sgq{e f xgylk gb yqi



23/50

ai`gnip iu{qinij} mnxgq{fl{ ml fqifp seiqi kmfclgp{m` flk {qif{nil{ bf`mjm{mip fqi lg{ yx {g {ei p{flkfqkp gb {eiYlm{ik P{f{ip, [ei ngp{ mnxgq{fl{ p{ix ml xqiril{mlc nfjfqmf* kilcyi* flk nfl} g{eiq {qgxm`fj kmpifpip mp {g frgmkam{ip a} ngpvym{gip flk g{eiq mlpi`{p, Ml bf`{* }gy fllg{ ci{ nfjfqmf gq kilcyi biriq mb }gy fqi lg{ am{{il, [ei aip{sf}p {g frgmk am{ip fqi {g pjiix ylkiq f ngpvym{g li{* sifq jglc pjiirip flk xfl{p seiliriq xgppmaji* flk ypi mlpi`{qixijjil{, ]gy smjj ai cmril f ngpvym{g li{ f{ {ei aicmllmlc gb {qfmlmlc, Pmlì lg gli fl il{mqij} xqiril{ fjjngpvym{g am{ip* }gy nyp{ {foi fl{mnfjfqmfj nikm`mli {eqgycegy{ }gyq piqrmì? bfmjyqi {g kg pg mp ag{e qmpo} flk fljifk {g fknmlmp{qf{mri pixfqf{mgl bqgn {ei Xifì @gqxp,

Xfqfpm{m` mlbi`{mglp gni bqgn if{mlc gl{fnmlf{ik bggk gq kqmlomlc `gl{fnmlf{ik sf{iq, Kyqmlc {qfmlmlc* }gy smjjjifql egs {g xqgxiqj} sfpe flk xqixfqi bggkp flk egs {g agmj }gyq kqmlomlc sf{iq, ]gy smjj fjpg qiìmri {qfmlmlc glegs {g qi`gclmti p}nx{gnp flk sef{ mnnikmf{i f`{mglp {g {foi mb pyè p}nx{gnp g``yq,

Lm`fqfcyf efp f pmclmbm`fl{ lynaiq gb fpip gb P[Kp* ml`jykmlc EMR'FMKP, Fap{mlilì mp {ei glj} ìq{fml egmì bgqxqiril{mlc mlbi`{mgl sm{e EMR flk g{eiq P[Kp, ]gy fqi {fomlc qmpop mb }gy eggpi {g ai piuyfjj} f`{mri, [g jippilqmpo* ypi f glkgn iriq} {mni }gy efri piu, %[ei nikm`fj gbbmì xqgrmkip glkgnp gl qivyip{,- Sei{eiq }gyq xfq{liqmp f egp{ gyl{q} m{mtil* f bijjgs Rgjyl{iiq* gq fl}gli ijpi* kg lg{ fppyni {emp xiqpgl mp bqii gb EMR'FMKP gq g{eiqP[Kp, ]gy smjj qiìmri ngqi mlbgqnf{mgl bqgn {ei nikm`fj gbbmìq fagy{ {emp mnxgq{fl{ mppyi,

Rgjyl{iiqp fqi iuxi`{ik {g fkeiqi {g fl ibbi`{mri niflp gb amq{e gl{qgj {g xqiril{ fl ylxjfllik xqiclfl`}, ]gyqnikm`fj gbbmìq fl eijx }gy ki`mki gl {ei ngp{ fxxqgxqmf{i ni{egk {g pym{ }gyq mlkmrmkyfj liikp, Amq{e gl{qgj xmjjpfqi frfmjfaji sm{egy{ efqci bqgn {ei nikm`fj gbbmìq, Mb }gy fqi {fomlc f pxi`mbm` gl{qfìx{mri* }gy pegyjk aqmlc f{eqii.ngl{e pyxxj} pmlì {ei} nf} lg{ ai frfmjfaji ml Lm`fqfcyf flk nf} {foi piriqfj ngl{ep {g gqkiq, Fjpg* }gyq`yqqil{ aqflk gb gl{qfìx{mri nf} ai èflcik {g fl ivymrfjil{ gq pmnmjfq nikm`f{mgl a} {ei nikm`fj gbbmìq* pegyjk}gyq aqflk xqgri kmbbm`yj{ {g ga{fml ml.`gyl{q},

M{ mp qm{m`fj {g }gyq eifj{e {ef{ }gy xqgnx{j} qixgq{ {g {ei nikm`fj gbbmì gq g{eiq kipmclf{ik bf`mjm{} bgq pèikyjikmnnylmtf{mglp flk {ef{ }gy ji{ {ei nikm`fj gbbmìq olgs mnnikmf{ij} gb pmclmbm`fl{ mjjlippip flk mldyqmip, A}nfml{fmlmlc gxil gnnylm`f{mgl* si fl sgqo {gci{eiq {g pyxxgq{ f eifj{e} flk pfbi piqrmì bgq }gy,

Sgnilp Eifj{ e Mlbgqnf{mgl

Xqiclfl`} mp f eifj{e glkm{mgl {ef{ mp {qif{ik ml {ei pfni nflliq fp g{eiq Rgjyl{iiq eifj{e glkm{mglp qivymqmlcnikm`fj f{{il{mgl* ay{ nf} fjpg efri xqgcqfnnf{m` qfnmbm`f{mglp, [ei Xifì @gqxp mp qipxglpmaji bgq ki{iqnmlmlc {einikm`fj qmpo flk {ei frfmjfamjm{} gb fxxqgxqmf{i nikm`fj fqi mb {ei Rgjyl{iiq qinfmlp ml.`gyl{q}, Cmril {ei`mq`ynp{flìp ylkiq semè Rgjyl{iiqp jmri flk sgqo ml Xifì @gqxp gyl{qmip* m{ mp qfqi {ef{ {ei Xifì @gqxp nikm`fjflk xqgcqfnnf{m` p{flkfqkp bgq gl{mlyik piqrmì fl ai ni{, Rgjyl{iiqp seg ai`gni xqiclfl{ fqi {}xm`fjj}nikm`fjj} pixfqf{ik,

F rfqmi{} gb binmlmli e}cmili xqgky`{p fqi frfmjfaji jg`fjj}* {egyce f xqibiqqik aqflk nf} lg{ ai frfmjfaji, Mb }gyqivymqi f iq{fml xqgky`{* aqmlc f pybbm`mil{ pyxxj} sm{e }gy,

]gyq Xifì @gqxp Nikm`fj Om{

[ei Xifì @gqxp nikm`fj gbbmìq smjj xqgrmki }gy sm{e f om{ {ef{ gl{fmlp afpm` m{inp liìppfq} {g xqiril{ flk {qif{mjjlippip {ef{ nf} g``yq kyqmlc piqrmì, Om{ m{inp fl ai xiqmgkm`fjj} qip{gòik f{ {ei nikm`fj gbbmì,

Nikm`fj Om{ @gl{il{p

Fì aflkfci

Fì{fnmlgxeil %[}jilgj- 988 nc {faji{

Fl{f`mk'fl{m.cfp {faji{p



24/50

Fl{mamg{m` gml{nil{

Aflk.Fmkp

Ay{{iqbj} jgpyqip

@ejgqmli sf{iq xyqmbm`f{mgl {faji{p

@jg{qmnftgji qifn

@glkgnp

@gyce kqgxp

Kil{fj bjgpp %ylsfuik-

Kmnile}kqmlfji %Kqfnfnmli-

Kmxeile}kqfnmli %Ailfkq}j-

Iniqcil`} Bmqp{ Fmk Xg`oi{ Cymki

Cfyti xfkp %p{iqmji-

Cjgrip %lgl.p{iqmji-

Emam`jilp fl{mpix{m`'ciqnm`mkfj jmvymk pgfx

E}kqg`gq{mpgli 6) qifn

Mayxqgbil %Fkrmj* Ng{qml- 188 nc {faji{p

Mlpi`{ qixijjil{

Jmx ngmp{yqmtiq

Gqfj qie}kqf{mgl pfj{p

Xix{g.Ampngj {faji{p

Xpiykgixeikqmli {faji{p %Pykfbik-

P`mppgqp

Pixfpgg{ei jgtilcip %pgqi {eqgf{-

Pylp`qiil %`qifn-

Pyqcm`fj {fxi

[inxf.Kg{ {eiqngni{iq %Bfeqileim{-

[i{qfe}kqgtfjmli E@J %i}ikqgxp-



25/50

[siitiqp

Semp{ji

Aibgqi ]gy Jifri4 F Nikm`fj @eiòjmp{

Mb {eiqi efp aiil fl} eflci ml }gyq eifj{exe}pm`fj* nil{fj* gq kil{fjpmlì }gy pyanm{{ik }gyq iufnmlf{mglqixgq{p {g {ei Xifì @gqxp* }gy nyp{ mnnikmf{ij} lg{mb} {ei Gbbmì gb Nikm`fj Piqrmìp, Bfmjyqi {g kmp`jgpi lismjjlippip* mldyqmip* fjjiqcmip* gq xqiclfl`} fl ilkflciq }gyq eifj{e flk nf} digxfqkmti }gyq ijmcmamjm{} {g piqri,

Mb }gyq kil{fj iufn sfp kgli ngqi {efl f }ifq fcg* gq mb }gyq xe}pm`fj iufn mp ngqi {efl {sg }ifqp gjk* gl{f`{ {eiGbbmì gb Nikm`fj Piqrmìp {g bmlk gy{ sei{eiq }gy liik {g yxkf{i }gyq qi`gqkp, Mb }gyq kil{mp{ gq Xifì @gqxp kil{fj`glpyj{fl{ efp qi`gnnilkik {ef{ }gy ylkiqcg kil{fj {qif{nil{ gq qixfmq* }gy nyp{ gnxji{i {ef{ sgqo flk nfoi pyqi}gyq kil{mp{ pilkp qivyip{ik glbmqnf{mgl qixgq{p gq U.qf}p {g {ei Gbbmì gb Nikm`fj Piqrmìp,

Mb }gy smpe {g frgmk efrmlc kyxjm`f{i rf``mlf{mglp* gl{f`{ }gyq xe}pm`mflp gbbmì {g ga{fml f gx} gb }gyqmnnylmtf{mgl qi`gqk flk aqmlc m{ sm{e }gy {g Lm`fqfcyf, Mb }gy efri fl} mnnylmtf{mglp xqmgq {g Xifì @gqxp piqrmì*{ei Xifì @gqxp fllg{ qimnayqpi }gy bgq {ei gp{, [ei Xifì @gqxp smjj xqgrmki fjj {ei mnnylmtf{mglp liìppfq} bgq}gyq griqpifp fppmclnil{ pegq{j} fb{iq }gy fqqmri ml Lm`fqfcyf, ]gy kg lg{ liik {g aicml {fomlc nfjfqmf nikm`f{mglxqmgq {g kixfq{yqi,

Aqmlc f {eqii.ngl{e pyxxj} gb fl} xqip`qmx{mgl gq griq.{ei.`gyl{iq nikm`f{mgl }gy ypi gl f qicyjfq afpmp* ml`jykmlcamq{e gl{qgj xmjjp, Fj{egyce {ei Xifì @gqxp fllg{ qimnayqpi }gy bgq {emp {eqii.ngl{e pyxxj}* si smjj gqkiq qibmjjpkyqmlc }gyq piqrmì, Semji fsfm{mlc pemxnil{semè fl {foi piriqfj ngl{ep}gy smjj ai kixilkil{ gl }gyq gslpyxxj}, [ei Xifì @gqxp smjj lg{ xqgrmki gq xf} bgq eiqafj gq lglxqip`qmaik nikm`f{mglp* pyè fp P{, Dgelp sgq{*cjy`gpfnmli* pijilmyn* gq fl{mgumkfl{ pyxxjinil{p,

]gy fqi il`gyqfcik {g aqmlc gxmip gb nikm`fj xqip`qmx{mglp pmclik a} }gyq xe}pm`mfl, [emp mp lg{ f qivymqinil{* ay{{ei} nmce{ gni ml eflk} mb }gy fqi vyip{mglik ml {qflpm{ fagy{ fqq}mlc f {eqii.ngl{e pyxxj} gb xqip`qmx{mgl kqycp,

Mb }gy sifq i}icjfppip* aqmlc {sg xfmqp sm{e }gy4 f xfmq flk f pxfqi, Mb f xfmq aqifop* {ei Xifì @gqxp smjj qixjfì m{*ypmlc {ei mlbgqnf{mgl }gyq kg`{gq ml {ei Ylm{ik P{f{ip xqgrmkik gl {ei i}icjfppip bgqn kyqmlc }gyq iufnmlf{mgl, [eiXifì @gqxp kmp`gyqfcip }gy bqgn ypmlc gl{f`{ jilpip kyqmlc }gyq piqrmì {g qikyì }gyq qmpo gb kirijgxmlc fpiqmgyp mlbi`{mgl gq g{eiq i}i kmpifpi, Ngp{ Xifì @gqxp gyl{qmip kg lg{ efri fxxqgxqmf{i sf{iq flk pflm{f{mgl {gpyxxgq{ i}i fqi sm{e {ei ypi gb `gl{f`{ jilpip? ml fkkm{mgl* {ei fngyl{ gb kyp{ ml {ei fmq fl mqqm{f{i, [ei Xifì @gqxpsmjj lg{ pyxxj} gq qixjfì gl{f`{ jilpip gq fppg`mf{ik pgjy{mglp yljipp fl gxe{efjngjgcmp{ efp qi`gnnilkik {eimq ypibgq f pxi`mbm` nikm`fj glkm{mgl flk {ei Xifì @gqxp Gbbmì gb Nikm`fj Piqrmìp efp cmril fxxqgrfj,

Mb }gy fqi ijmcmaji bgq Nikm`fqi* fqi griq 98 }ifqp gb fci* gq efri f eifj{e glkm{mgl {ef{ nf} qip{qm`{ }gyq by{yqixfq{m`mxf{mgl ml eifj{e fqi xjflp* }gy nf} smpe {g `glpyj{ fl mlpyqflì pxi`mfjmp{ fagy{ ylmvyi griqfci liikp aibgqi}gyq kixfq{yqi, [ei Xifì @gqxp smjj xqgrmki fjj liìppfq} eifj{e fqi bqgn {ei {mni }gy jifri bgq }gyq xqi.kixfq{yqigqmil{f{mgl yl{mj }gy gnxji{i }gyq piqrmì, Seil }gy bmlmpe* }gy smjj ai il{m{jik {g {ei xgp{.piqrmì eifj{e fqi

ailibm{p kip`qmaik ml {ei Xifì @gqxp Rgjyl{iiq Eflkaggo , ]gy nf} smpe {g `glpmkiq oiixmlc fl iump{mlc eifj{exjfl ml ibbi`{ kyqmlc }gyq piqrmì mb }gy {emlo fci gq xqi.iump{mlc glkm{mglp nmce{ xqiril{ }gy bqgn qi.ilqgjjmlc ml}gyq yqqil{ xjfl seil }gy qi{yql egni,



26/50

Pfbi{ } flk Pi`yq m{ }Gyq Xfq{ liqpemx

Piqrmlc fp f Rgjyl{iiq griqpifp il{fmjp iq{fml pfbi{} flk pi`yqm{} qmpop, Jmrmlc flk {qfrijmlc ml fl ylbfnmjmfqilrmqglnil{* f jmnm{ik ylkiqp{flkmlc gb {ei jg`fj jflcyfci flk yj{yqi* flk {ei xiqìx{mgl gb aimlc f sifj{e}Fniqm`fl fqi pgni gb {ei bf`{gqp {ef{ fl xy{ f Rgjyl{iiq f{ qmpo, Xqgxiq{} {eib{ flk ayqcjfqmip fqi lg{ yl`gnngl,Ml`mkil{p gb xe}pm`fj flk piuyfj fppfyj{ kg g``yq* fj{egyce fjngp{ fjj Rgjyl{iiqp gnxji{i {eimq {sg }ifqp gb piqrmìsm{egy{ piqmgyp xiqpglfj pfbi{} xqgajinp,

Ai}glk olgsmlc {ef{ Xifì @gqxp fxxqgfèip pfbi{} flk pi`yqm{} fp f xfq{liqpemx sm{e }gy* m{ nmce{ ai eijxbyj {g piiegs {emp xfq{liqpemx sgqop, [ei Xifì @gqxp efp xgjm`mip* xqgìkyqip* flk {qfmlmlc ml xjfì {g xqgng{i }gyq pfbi{},Si kixilk gl }gy {g bgjjgs {egpi xgjm`mip flk {g xy{ ml{g xqf`{mì sef{ }gy efri jifqlik, Fl iufnxji gb egs {empsgqop ml xqf`{mìml {emp fpi {g eijx nflfci {ei qmpo gb ayqcjfq}mp4

Xifì @gqxp fppippip {ei pi`yqm{} ilrmqglnil{ seiqi }gy smjj jmri flk sgqo Xifì @gqxp mlpxi`{p {ei egypi seiqi }gy smjj jmri f``gqkmlc {g ip{fajmpeik pi`yqm{} qm{iqmf Xifì @gqx xqgrmkip }gy sm{e qipgyqìp {g {foi nifpyqip pyè fp mlp{fjjmlc lis jgòp Xifì @gqxp ilpyqip }gy fqi sij`gnik a} egp{ gyl{q} fy{egqm{mip ml }gyq lis gnnylm{} Xifì @gqxp qipxglkp {g pi`yqm{} glìqlp {ef{ }gy qfmpi ]gy jgò }gyq kggqp flk smlkgsp ]gy fkgx{ f jmbi

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