peace corps nicaragua welcome book | may 2012

7/31/2019 Peace Corps Nicaragua Welcome Book | May 2012

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PBK ^KIOK OLX^_ ZKFOLAK_ UL[ PL

MEOIXIJ[I

I ^KIOK OLX^_ ^[HFEOIPELM GLX MKZ WLF[MPKKX_Aiu 8>98


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MEOIXIJ[I AI^

Pbes ai~ es {sk` zepb ~kxaesselm gxla pbk _pipk @k~ixpakmp


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^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC9

I ZKFOLAK FKPPKX

Olmjxip{fipelms lm ul{x mlaemipelm glx im issejmakmp pl zlxc is i ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx em Meoixij{i- Ul{

biwk ~xlhihfu xki` pbip Meoixij{i es pbk skolm` ~llxksp ol{mpxu em pbk Zkspkxm Bkaes~bkxk& sl ul{ oim

eaijemk pbip Meoixij{ims& ks~koeiffu pblsk em pbk ixkis lg jxkipksp mkk` zbkxk zk skxwk& giok aimu obiffkmjks-

Ul{ aiu mlp biwk bkix` pbip ^kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i es xkoljmetk` is lmk lg pbk spxlmjksp ^kiok Olx~s~xljxias em pbk Empkx!Iakxeoi im` pbk îoegeo xkjelm- Pbes es `{k pl ifalsp ?> ukixs lg `kèoipk` skxweok hu

^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs im` spigg em Meoixij{i-

Ul{ ixk hkemj isck` pl skxwk em Meoixij{i `{xemj im krpxkakfu kroepemj peak- Pbk ukix 8>99 aixck` ?> ukixs

lg ^kiok Olx~s skxweok em Meoixij{i im` ;> ukixs lg ^kiok Olx~s skxweok zlxf`ze`k- G{xpbkxalxk& zk ixk iff

hkemj isck` pl blmlx ^xkse`kmp Ckmmkùs ~xlaesk im` akkp pbk ~xkse`kmps obiffkmjk pl xk`kèoipk l{x

olaaepakmp pl ^kiok Olx~s skxweok glx pbk mkrp ;> ukixs im` aireaetk l{x olffihlxipelms im` olmpxeh{pelms em

pbk ol{mpxeks zk skxwk-

Is i ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx em Meoixij{i ul{ zeff biwk i xkif dlh is i `kwkfl~akmp ~xlgksselmif zlxcemj ip

pbk emwepipelm lg i Meoixij{im jlwkxmakmp aemespxu pl zlxc lm i s~koegeo ~xldkop i``xkssemj i mipelmif mkk` lg

pbk Meoixij{im ~kl~fk- Ul{x ~xldkop bis s~koegeo jlifs im` lhdkopewks pl ~xlwe`k pkobmeoif issespimok em pbkskoplx pl zbeob ul{ biwk hkkm issejmk`- Ul{ zeff zlxc zepb Meoixij{im ol{mpkx~ixps& olaa{mepu akahkxs&

im` ul{pb& spxewemj pl iobekwk kiob lg pbksk jlifs glx s{spiemihfk `kwkfl~akmp- Ul{ biwk hkkm lggkxk` pbes

emwepipelm pl skxwk hisk` lm pbk k`{oipelm im` kr~kxekmok ul{ ifxkiù ~lsskss& im` ul{x cmlzfk`jk zeff hk

kmbimok` hu im empkmsk pxiememj ~xljxia `ksejmk` pl ~xk~ixk ul{ glx pbk obiffkmjks lg Wlf{mpkkx skxweok-

Ul{ zeff hk ~xlwe`k` l{pspimèmj pxiememj em ~xiopeoif _~imesb& pkobmeoif lxekmpipelm glx ul{x ~xldkop

issejmakmp& im` oxlss!o{fp{xif lxekmpipelm pl issesp ul{ em pbk ~xlokss lg iì~pemj ul{x ~kxslmif zlxc im`

fegkspufk pl kms{xk ul{x sigkpu im` kggkopewkmkss em Meoixij{i- ^kiok Olx~s pxiememj zeff hk pl{jb& hkoi{sk

^kiok Olx~s skxweok es pl{jb- @{xemj pbk 99 zkkcs lg pxiememj& ul{ zeff hk xky{exk` pl `kalmspxipk ul{x

olaaepakmp im` ola~kpkmok em fimj{ijk& pkobmeoif& oxlss!o{fp{xif& im` olxk sceff ixkis em lx`kx pl y{ifegu glx

^kiok Olx~s skxweok im` szkix em is i ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx-

Pbxl{jbl{p ul{x skxweok& ul{ zeff hk s{~~lxpk` hu im krpxkakfu kèoipk kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i spigg pbip

zeff j{e`k& s{~~lxp& im` obiffkmjk ul{ pl aireaetk ul{x skxweok im` ~xlwe`k akimemjg{f olmpxeh{pelms pl pbk

Meoixij{im ~kl~fk- Pbk obiffkmjks zeff hk aimu pbxl{jbl{p ul{x skxweok& ul{x emepeif obiffkmjk zeff hk pl

empkjxipk empl ul{x blsp olaa{mepu& olaa{meoipk 80,: em _~imesb& im` gem` floif gxekm`s im` i s{~~lxp suspka-

Ul{ zeff hk kr~kopk` pl hkolak ~ixp lg ul{x olaa{mepu& s~kmèmj alsp lg ul{x peak& emof{èmj ifalsp iff lg

ul{x zkkckm`s& empkjxipk` empl ìefu fegk im` o{splas zbefk fewemj lm i floif spe~km`- _p{ù pbes Zkfolak

Hllc& ul{x Wlf{mpkkx Issejmakmp @ksoxe~pelm "WI@%& im` pbk ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx Bim`hllcpl fkixm

alxk ihl{p Meoixij{i& ul{x issejmakmp& im` kiok Olx~s ~lfeoeks- fkisk xkgfkop blmkspfu lm ul{x zeffemjmkss

pl olaaep pl pbk bejbksp fkwkf lg ^kiok Olx~s skxweok-

Zk bl~k ul{ zeff `koe`k ul{ ixk xkiù glx pbk obiffkmjk im` xkzix`s lg ^kiok Olx~s skxweok- Pbk ^kiok

Olx~s,Meoixij{i pkia es fllcemj glxzix` pl akkpemj ul{ im` zlxcemj zepb ul{ glx pbk mkrp pzl ukixs) _kkul{ ip pbk iex~lxp {~lm ixxewif)

Oixlf Hixxeoc

Ol{mpxu @exkoplx


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OLMPKMP_

I ZKFOLAK FKPPKX------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9OLMPKMP_ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8OLXK KR^KOPIPELM_ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;GLX ^KIOK OLX^_ WLF[MPKKX_ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;^KIOK OLX^_,MEOIXIJ[I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7BE_PLXU IM@ ^XLJXIA_--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7Besplxu lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s em Meoixij{i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7Besplxu im` G{p{xk lg ^kiok Olx~s ^xljxiaaemj em Meoixij{i------------------------------------------------- 7OL[MPXU LWKXWEKZ4 MEOIXIJ[I IP I JFIMOK ----------------------------------------------------- 2Besplxu----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2Jlwkxmakmp--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2Kolmlau ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5^kl~fk im` O{fp{xk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5Kmwexlmakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9>XK_L[XOK_ GLX G[XPBKX EMGLXAIPELM ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9>Jkmkxif Emglxaipelm Ihl{p Meoixij{i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9>Olmmkop Zepb Xkp{xmk` Wlf{mpkkxsim` Lpbkx Emwepkks ----------------------------------------------------------- 99Lmfemk Ixpeofks,O{xxkmp Mkzs _epks Ihl{p Meoixij{i ------------------------------------------------------------- 99Empkxmipelmif @kwkfl~akmp _epks Ihl{p Meoixij{i ------------------------------------------------------------------ 99Xkolaakm`k` Hllcs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98Hllcs Ihl{p pbk Besplxu lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98Hllcs lm pbk Wlf{mpkkx Kr~kxekmok ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98FEWEMJ OLM@EPELM_ IM@ WLF[MPKKX FEGK_PUFK --------------------------------------------------- 9?Olaa{meoipelms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9?Aief ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9?Pkfk~blmks -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9?Ola~{pkx& Empkxmkp& im` Kaief Iookss ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90Bl{semj im` _epk Floipelm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90Fewemj Ifflzimok im` Almku Aimijkakmp ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9;Gll` im` @ekp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9;Pxims~lxpipelm --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97Jkljxi~bu im` Ofeaipk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9:_loeif Iopewepeks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9:^xlgksselmifesa& @xkss& im` Hkbiwelx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9:^kxslmif _igkpu-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92Xkzix`s im` Gx{spxipelms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92^KIOK OLX^_ PXIEMEMJ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95Lwkxwekz lg ^xk!_kxweok Pxiememj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95Pkobmeoif Pxiememj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8>Fimj{ijk Pxiememj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8>Oxlss!O{fp{xif Pxiememj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 89Bkifpb Pxiememj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89_igkpu Pxiememj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89I``epelmif Pxiememjs @{xemj Wlf{mpkkx _kxweok ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 89


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^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC?

UL[X BKIFPB OIXK IM@ _IGKPU EM MEOIXIJ[I--------------------------------------------------- 88Bkifpb Ess{ks em Meoixij{i -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88Bkf~emj Ul{ _piu Bkifpbu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88Aiempiememj Ul{x Bkifpb ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88Zlakms Bkifpb Emglxaipelm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8?Ul{x ^kiok Olx~s Akèoif Cep ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8?Akèoif Cep Olmpkmps ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8?Hkglxk Ul{ Fkiwk4 I Akèoif Obkocfesp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80_igkpu im` _ko{xepuL{x îxpmkxsbe~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8;Gioplxs pbip Olmpxeh{pk pl Wlf{mpkkx Xesc -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87_piuemj _igk4 @lmp Hk i Pixjkp glx Oxeak ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:_{~~lxp gxla _pigg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:Oxeak @ipi glx Meoixij{i --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:Wlf{mpkkx _igkpu _{~~lxp em Meoixij{i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82@EWKX_EPU IM@ OXL__!O[FP[XIF E__[K_ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 85Lwkxwekz lg @ewkxsepu em Meoixij{i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?>Zbip Aejbp i Wlf{mpkkx Giok< ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?>^lssehfk Ess{ks glx Gkaifk Wlf{mpkkxs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?>Wlf{mpkkx Olaakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?9^lssehfk Ess{ks glx Wlf{mpkkxs lg Olflx ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?9Wlf{mpkkx Olaakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?9^lssehfk Ess{ks glx _kmelx Wlf{mpkkxs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?8Wlf{mpkkx Olaakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ??^lssehfk Ess{ks glx Jiu& Fksheim& lx Heskr{if Wlf{mpkkxs-------------------------------------------------------- ??^lssehfk Xkfejel{s Ess{ks glx Wlf{mpkkxs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0Wlf{mpkkx Olaakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?0^lssehfk Ess{ks glx Wlf{mpkkxs Zepb _~koeif Mkk`s ----------------------------------------------------------------- ?0^lssehfk Ess{ks glx Aixxek` Wlf{mpkkxs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?0Wlf{mpkkx Olaakmp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?;GXKY[KMPFU I_CK@ Y[K_PELM_ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?7Blz a{ob f{jjijk ia E ifflzk` pl hxemj pl Meoixij{i< -------------------------------------------------------- ?7Zbip es pbk kfkopxeo o{xxkmp em Meoixij{i< -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?7Blz a{ob almku sbl{f` E hxemj< -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?7Zbkm oim E pick wioipelm im` biwk ~kl~fk wesep ak< --------------------------------------------------------------- ?:Zeff au hkflmjemjs hk olwkxk` hu ems{ximok< ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?:@l E mkk` im empkxmipelmif `xewkxs feokmsk< ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?:Zbip sbl{f` E hxemj is jegps glx Meoixij{im gxekm`s im` au blsp giaefu< ------------------------------- ?:Zbkxk zeff au sepk issejmakmp hk zbkm E gemesb pxiememj im` blz eslfipk` zeff E hk< ------------ ?:Blz oim au giaefu olmpiop ak em im kakxjkmou< ------------------------------------------------------------------- ?:Oim E oiff blak gxla Meoixij{i< --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?2_bl{f` E hxemj i okff{fix ~blmk zepb ak< --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?2Zeff pbkxk hk kaief im` Empkxmkp iookss< _bl{f` E hxemj au ola~{pkx< --------------------------------- ?2ZKFOLAK FKPPKX_ GXLA MEOIXIJ[I WLF[MPKKX_ ------------------------------------------- ?5ÎOCEMJ FE_P ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0?^XK!@KÎXP[XK OBKOCFE_P ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07Giaefu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07


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^iss~lxp,Pxiwkf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07Ak`eoif,Bkifpb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07Ems{ximok ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07^kxslmif i~kxs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07Wlpemj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0:^kxslmif Kggkops ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0:

Gemimoeif Aimijkakmp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0:OLMPIOPEMJ KIOK OLX^_ BKI@Y[IXPKX_ ------------------------------------------------------------ 02


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^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC;

OLXK KR^KOPIPELM_

GLX ^KIOK OLX^_ WLF[MPKKX_

Em zlxcemj plzix` g{fgeffemj pbk ^kiok Olx~s Aesselm lg ~xlalpemj zlxf` ~kiok im` gxekm`sbe~& is i pxiemkk

im` Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ ixk kr~kopk` pl4

9- ^xk~ixk ul{x ~kxslmif im` ~xlgksselmif fegk pl aick i olaaepakmp pl skxwk ihxli` glx i g{ff pkxa lg 8:

almpbs

8- Olaaep pl ea~xlwemj pbk y{ifepu lg fegk lg pbk ~kl~fk zepb zbla ul{ fewk im` zlxc3 im`& em `lemj sl& sbixk

ul{x sceffs& iì~p pbka& im` fkixm mkz sceffs is mkk`k`

?- _kxwk zbkxk pbk ^kiok Olx~s iscs ul{ pl jl& {m`kx olmèpelms lg bix`sbe~& eg mkokssixu& im` zepb pbk

gfkrehefepu mkk`k` glx kggkopewk skxweok

0- Xkoljmetk pbip ul{x s{ookssg{f im` s{spiemihfk `kwkfl~akmp zlxc es hisk` lm pbk floif px{sp im` olmge`kmok

ul{ h{ef` hu fewemj em& im` xks~kopg{ffu empkjxipemj ul{xskfg empl& ul{x blsp olaa{mepu im` o{fp{xk

;- Xkoljmetk pbip ul{ ixk xks~lmsehfk 80 bl{xs i ìu& : ìus i zkkc glx ul{x ~kxslmif olm`{op im`

~xlgksselmif ~kxglxaimok

7- Kmjijk zepb blsp ol{mpxu ~ixpmkxs em i s~exep lg oll~kxipelm& a{p{if fkixmemj& im` xks~kop

:- Zlxc zepbem pbk x{fks im` xkj{fipelms lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s im` pbk floif im` mipelmif fizs lg pbk ol{mpxu

zbkxk ul{ skxwk

2- Krkxoesk d{`jakmp im` ~kxslmif xks~lmsehefepu pl ~xlpkop ul{x bkifpb& sigkpu& im` zkff!hkemj im` pbip lg

lpbkxs

5- Xkoljmetk pbip ul{ zeff hk ~kxokewk`& em ul{x blsp ol{mpxu im` olaa{mepu& is i xk~xkskmpipewk lg pbk ~kl~fk&

o{fp{xks& wif{ks& im` pxièpelms lg pbk [mepk` _pipks lg Iakxeoi

9>- Xk~xkskmp xks~lmsehfu pbk ~kl~fk& o{fp{xks& wif{ks& im` pxièpelms lg ul{x blsp ol{mpxu im` olaa{mepu pl

~kl~fk em pbk [mepk` _pipks hlpb `{xemj im` glfflzemj ul{x skxweok


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^KIOK OLX^_,MEOIXIJ[IBE_PLXU IM@ ^XLJXIA_

Besplxu lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s em Meoixij{i

Pbk gexsp ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs ixxewk` em Meoixij{i em 9575- Hkpzkkm 9575 im` 95:2& pbk ~xljxia ximjk` em

setk gxla :; pl 98; Wlf{mpkkxs- Wlf{mpkkxs ~xlwe`k` issespimok em ixkis s{ob is k`{oipelm& wloipelmif pxiememj&x{xif m{pxepelm& x{xif zipkxzlxcs& ijxeo{fp{xif krpkmselm& oll~kxipewks& im` a{meoe~if kwkfl~akmp- Igpkx pbk

kixpby{ick lg 95:8& kgglxps zkxk `kèoipk` pl xkh{efèmj pbk ol{mpxus emgxispx{op{xk-

Pbk ^kiok Olx~s ~xljxia em Meoixij{i zis s{s~km`k` em 95:2 hkoi{sk lg oewef zix- Em 9528& pbk ^kiok Olx~s

ippka~pk` pl xk!kspihfesb i ~xljxia em Meoixij{i h{p zis {ms{ookssg{f hkoi{sk lg pbk bejbfu ~lfixetk` ~lfepeoif

sep{ipelm em pbk ol{mpxu- Gl{x Wlf{mpkkxs gxla kiok Olx~s ~xljxias em lpbkx _~imesb!s~kicemj ol{mpxeks

xkemepeipk` pbk ~xljxia em Aiu 9559- Pbk ~xljxia bis semok jxlzm pl alxk pbim 8>> Wlf{mpkkxs zlxcemj em

gewk ~xldkops pbxl{jbl{p Meoixij{i-

Em Dim{ixu 955;& ^kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i ~eflpk` olaa{mepu!hisk` pxiememj "OHP%& im emmlwipewk& kr~kxekmpeif

fkixmemj al`kf pbip ul{ zeff sllm ~ixpeoe~ipk em gexspbim`- OHP bkf~s pxiemkks iì~p pl gekf` sep{ipelms zbefk

fewemj zepb Meoixij{im giaefeks {xemj pbk g{ff ~xk!skxweok pxiememj "^_P% ~kxel` lg 99 zkkcs- Pbk giaefublakspiu kr~kxekmok lg ^_P zeff bkf~ ~xk~ixk ul{ glx ul{x 80!almpb blakspiu {~lm hkolaemj i Wlf{mpkkx-

Hu fewemj zepb i giaefu glx pbk kmpexk 8: almpbs lg ul{x ^kiok Olx~s skxweok& ul{ zeff alxk y{eocfu `kwkfl~

pbk fimj{ijk im` o{fp{xif sceffs mkk`k` pl hk im kggkopewk Wlf{mpkkx- Pbk blakspiu kr~kxekmok fki`s pl jxkipkx

empkjxipelm em pbk olaa{mepu& zbeob oim bkf~ pl xk`{ok xescs im` ifflz ul{ pl skxwk alxk sigkfu-

Besplxu im` G{p{xk lg ^kiok Olx~s ^xljxiaaemj em Meoixij{i

^kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i mlz zlxcs em ser ~xeaixu ixkis4 saiff h{semkss `kwkfl~akmp "_H@%& aipkxmif im`

obef` bkifpb& skr{if im` xk~xl`{opewk bkifpb& kmwexlmakmpif k`{oipelm& ijxeo{fp{xk "e-k-& s{spiemihfk gll`

sko{xepu%& im` pkiobemj Kmjfesb is i glxkejm fimj{ijk "PKGF%- Iff ~xldkops glo{s lm bkf~emj Meoixij{ims

`kwkfl~ s{spiemihfk xks~lmsks pl floif mkk`s-

Em 9559& zbkm pbk ^kiok Olx~s xkp{xmk` pl Meoixij{i& pbk gexsp Wlf{mpkkxs zkxk issejmk` pl wloipelmif pxiememj

emspep{pks- Is i xks{fp& pbk _H@ ~xldkop zis oxkipk`- Pbes ~xldkop bis semok kr~im`k` im` iì~pk` pl akkp

Meoixij{is kakxjemj mkk`s im` obiffkmjks zepb pbxkk aiem jlifs4 9% Ul{pb kmpxk~xkmk{xsbe~ sceffs pxiememj3

8% Pkobmeoif issespimok im` saiff h{semkss i`wesemj3 im` ?% Oi~ioepu h{efèmj im` pkiobkx pxiememj-

Pbes ~xldkop ~xlwe`ks s{spiemihfk h{semkss im` fegk sceffs pl ul{pb& emof{èmj l{p!lg!sobllf ul{pb& kmbimoemj

pbkex oi~ioepu pl oxkipk lx jiem ka~fluakmp im` emoxkisemj emolak im` kolmlaeo l~~lxp{mepeks em pbkex

olaa{mepeks- _H@ Wlf{mpkkxs glo{s alsp lg pbkex kgglxps lm olm`{opemj kmpxk~xkmk{xsbe~ im` dlh sceffs

pxiememj ol{xsks glx ul{pb em skolmìxu sobllfs& pkobmeoif emspep{pks& im` em lpbkx k`{oipelmif okmpkxs- Mkixfu iff

_H@ Wlf{mpkkxs ixk issejmk` pl zlxc em skolmìxu sobllfs `{xemj pbk ioi`kaeo sobllf ukix& gxla Gkhx{ixu pl

Mlwkahkx& zepb pbk Aemespxu lg K`{oipelm& im` pbku {s{iffu fewk em saiff! pl akè{a!setk` plzms im` oepeks-

Ip pbk km` lg pbk sobllf ukix& iff _H@ Wlf{mpkkxs bkf~ pl lxjimetk sp{`kmp h{semkss ola~kpepelms em pbkexolaa{mepeks- G{xpbkxalxk& hisk` lm olaa{mepu mkk`s im` l~~lxp{mepeks& Wlf{mpkkxs ifsl ~xlwe`k emglxaipelm

pkobmlflju pxiememj im` h{semkss i`wesemj pl floif saiff h{semkss lzmkxs im` oll~kxipewks-

Pbk olaa{mepu bkifpb k`{oipelm ~xldkop hkjim em 9558- Zlxcemj em ~ixpmkxsbe~ zepb pbk Aemespxu lg Bkifpb

"AEM_I%& Wlf{mpkkxs em pbes skoplx spxewk pl ea~xlwk pbk bkifpb im` zkff!hkemj lg ~llx x{xif Meoixij{ims- Pl

i``xkss pbk oxepeoif bkifpb mkk`s lg Meoixij{i& bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs ixk hisk` l{p lg x{xif bkifpb okmpkxs im` ~lsps-

Em olmd{mopelm zepb floif bkifpb ~xlalpkxs& Wlf{mpkkxs k`{oipk olaa{mepu akahkxs lm hiseo ~xkwkmpelm

pkobmey{ks im` hkbiwelx obimjk spxipkjeks pl bkf~ pbka iwle` lx èaemesb pbk kggkops lg `kwispipemj h{p


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^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC:

~xkwkmpihfk eskisks- [mpef 8>9>& iff bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs zlxck` em pbxkk ~xeaixu ixkis4 ~xlalpelm lg bkifpbekx

skr{if hkbiwelxs em i`lfksokmp im` i`{fp ~l~{fipelms& xk`{opelm lg {m`ksexk` ~xkjmimoeks em i`lfksokmps& im`

~xlalpelm lg aipkxmif im` obef` bkifpb ~xiopeoks- @{k pl pbk xi~e` s~xki` lg BEW em!ol{mpxu& pbk ~lsp jxi`{iffu

emoxkisk` bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs issejmakmps em pbk xkjelms alsp iggkopk` hu pbk k~e`kaeo& im` zbkxk pbkxk zis i

spxlmj mkk` glx ~xlalpelm lg bkifpbu skr{if ~xiopeoks- Ip pbk siak peak& bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs zlxcemj em x{xif

ixkis xkifetk` pbip pbku bi` pl glo{s pbkex kgglxps plzix` xk`{oemj bejb aipkxmif alxpifepu im` aifm{pxepelm

em`krks-

Is lg Dim{ixu 8>99& pbk olaa{mepu bkifpb ~xldkop es zlxcemj lm pzl èspemop pxiops44 pbk Bkifpbu Fegkspufkspxioc zeff ieas pl xk`{ok pkkmijk ~xkjmimoeks im` koxkisk emoe`kmoks lg BEW im` skr{iffu pximsaeppk` eskisk"_P@% xipks ialmj jkmkxif im` alsp!ip!xesc ~l~{fipelm3 im` Aipkxmif im` Obef` Bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs zlxcplzix` xk`{oemj aipkxmif im` obef` alxheèpu im` alxpifepu hu ~xlalpemj sl{m` bkifpb ~xiopeoks- Zbefk hlpbpxiocs lg pbk olaa{mepu bkifpb ~xldkop kr~kxekmok lwkxfi~ em pbkex zlxc is olaa{mepu bkifpb ~xlalpkxs& pbkèspemop pxiocs ifflz hlpb pu~ks lg bkifpb Wlf{mpkkxs pl mixxlz pbkex kgglxps im` glo{s alxk s~koegeoiffu em pbkskpzl ixkis-

Wlf{mpkkxs gxla pbk Aipkxmif im` Obef` Bkifpb xldkop olm`{op bkifpb k`{oipelm iopewepeks em x{xif bkifpbokmpkxs,~lsps& em hexpbemj bl{sks& im` zeff ~ixpeoe~ipk em pbk AEM_I l{pxkiob ~xljxias im` pxiem olaa{mepu

bkifpb zlxckxs im` ae`zewks- Wlf{mpkkxs issejmk` pl pbk Bkifpbu Fegk _pufks ^xldkop zeff zlxc em floif~xeaixu im` skolmìxu sobllfs& zepb ul{pb jxl{~s& zepb pbk ~l~{fipelm alsp ip!xesc lg olmpxiopemj _P@s,BEW&emof{èmj olaakxoeif skr zlxckxs& akm zbl biwk skr zepb akm& {meglxak` jxl{~s "s{ob is pbk ~lfeok imàefepixu%& im` aejximp ~l~{fipelms-

^kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i emepeipk` pbk olaa{mepu!hisk` kmwexlmakmpif k`{oipelm ~xldkop em 955;- Pbes ~xldkop

ieas pl obimjk ippep{`ks im` ~xlalpk ~lsepewk hkbiwelx& ip pbk olaa{mepu fkwkf& plzix` pbk s{spiemihfk {sk lg

mip{xif xksl{xoks- ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs zlxc zepb pbk Aemespxu lg K`{oipelm "AEMK@% pl bkf~ floif

pkiobkxs kmbimok pbkex ~ixpeoe~iplxu pkiobemj akpbl`lfljeks- Pbku l pbes hu empkjxipemj kmwexlmakmpif pl~eos

empl pbk ofissxllas im` hu ea~fkakmpemj bim`s!lm iopewepeks l{pse`k pbk ofissxlla skppemj- Iff Wlf{mpkkxs em

pbes ~xldkop {pefetk i dlempfu ~{hfesbk` "^kiok Olx~s im` AEMK@% kmwexlmakmpif k`{oipelm j{e`k glx ~xeaixu

sobllfs pl èxkop pbkex iopewepeks- Wlf{mpkkxs ixk issejmk` pl x{xif sobllf èspxeops zbkxk pbku zlxc zepb ip fkisp

pzl kfkakmpixu sobllfs- Wlf{mpkkxs zlxc exkopfu zepb pkiobkxs& sp{`kmps& im` olaa{mepu akahkxs&s{~~lxpemj kmwexlmakmpif k`{oipelm {semj empkxiopewk& sp{`kmp!okmpkxk` akpbl`s im` olaa{mepu kgglxps pl

i``xkss floif kmwexlmakmpif olmokxms- kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs al`kf ~ixpeoe~iplxu k`{oipelm akpbl`lfljeks&

olm`{op pkiobkx!pxiememj iopewepeks& im` ollxèmipk lpbkx kmwexlmakmpiffu!glo{sk` iopewepeks hisk` lm

olaa{mepu mkk`-

Pbk ^kiok Olx~s hkjim zlxcemj em pbk ijxeo{fp{xk skoplx em fipk 9555 em xks~lmsk pl ìaijk gxla B{xxeoimk

Aepob em pbk mlxpbkxm xkjelm lg pbk ol{mpxu- Pbksk ixkis olmpem{k pl s{ggkx pbk olmsky{kmoks lg b{xxeoimks&

gfll`s& im` `xl{jbps pbip biwk `kwispipk` oxl~s im` fim`s im` oi{sk` i skxel{s sloelkolmlaeo x{xif oxeses-

X{xif bl{skblf`s gxla pbk mlxpb& okmpxif& im` îoegeo xkjelms s{ggkx bejb ~lwkxpu fkwkfs oi{sk` hu flz oxl~

~xl`{opewepu im` emi`ky{ipk {sk lg hiocuix` s~iok im` iwiefihfk helèwkxsepu- Pbes xks{fps em aifm{pxepelm im` i

flz spimìx` lg fewemj- kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs zlxc zepb pbk Mipelmif Emspep{pk lg Ijxeo{fp{xif Pkobmlflju

"EMPI% im` ixk issejmk` pl saiff x{xif olaa{mepeks- Pbk ~xldkop bis i spxlmj giaefu glo{s- Wlf{mpkkxs zlxczepb floif gixa giaefeks pl ea~xlwk pbkex gll` sko{xepu hu kmbimoemj slef gkxpefepu3 ~xlalpemj slef im` zipkx

olmskxwipelm3 ea~fkakmpemj oxl~ èwkxsegeoipelm im` empkjxipk` ~ksp aimijkakmp3 im` aireaetemj iwiefihfk

xksl{xoks im` s~iok em i giaefus hiocuix` lx ~ipel ixki- Ijxeo{fp{xk Wlf{mpkkxs ifsl zlxc zepb giaefeks lm

gll`!~xlokssemj iopewepeks glx olms{a~pelm im`,lx sifk-

Em 8>>7& kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i fi{mobk` eps mkzksp ~xldkop& pkiobemj Kmjfesb is i glxkejm fimj{ijk& lx PKGF-

Pbk PKGF ~xldkop glo{sks lm ea~xlwemj pbk y{ifepu lg Kmjfesb emspx{opelm em Meoixij{is ~{hfeo skolmìxu

sobllfs hu empxl`{oemj olaa{meoipewk im` ~ixpeoe~iplxu akpbl`s im` ~xlalpemj fimj{ijk {sk em xkif!fegk


10/50


sep{ipelms- Wlf{mpkkxs pkia pkiob& zlxcemj oflskfu zepb Meoixij{im Kmjfesb pkiobkxs pl ~fim im` pkiob ofissks

pljkpbkx- Pbk lhdkopewk es glx pbksk Wlf{mpkkxs pl bkf~ ol{mpkx~ixp pkiobkxs ea~xlwk pbkex femj{espeo im`

akpbl`lfljeoif oi~ioepeks- PKGF Wlf{mpkkxs ifsl lxjimetk wixel{s pkiobkx pxiememj iopewepeks& bkf~ `kwkfl~

Kmjfesb pkiobemj aipkxeifs& lggkx Kmjfesb ofissks pl olaa{mepu jxl{~s& zlxc zepb ul{pb& im` {m`kxpick

wixel{s lpbkx olaa{mepu l{pxkiob iopewepeks- Pbk PKGF ~xldkop ollxèmipks eps kgglxps zepb AEMK@ im` pbk

Meoixij{im Ul{pb Emspep{pk "EMD[WK%-

Kiob kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i ~xldkop emwlfwks ul{pb im` picks i jkm`kx!skmsepewk i~~xliob pl iobekwk ky{ifepuim` s{spiemihefepu- ^kiok Olx~s ~xldkops ixk wixek` em pbkex i~~xliob& im` ul{x `kèoipelm pl xks~lmèmj pl pbkmkk`s lg ul{x olaa{mepu im` xksefekmok em lwkxolaemj pbk lhspiofks ul{x ~xldkops giok zeff hk ckus pl is{ookssg{f skxweok- Iff ~xldkops ixk olmpem{iffu ea~xlwemj& xkgememj& im` i`d{spemj pl akkp kakxjemj mkk`s-

OL[MPXU LWKXWEKZ4 MEOIXIJ[I IP I JFIMOK

Besplxu

Meoixij{i ~xlhihfu `kxewks eps miak gxla im Emèim obekg& Meoixil& zbl x{fk` ~ixp lg pbk ixki ip pbk peak lg

pbk _~imesb Olmy{ksp- Obxespl~bkx Olf{ah{s& em 9058& zis pbk gexsp K{xl~kim pl pl{ob Meoixij{im slef-

Gximoesol Bkxmim`kt `k Ox`lhi glfflzk` em 9;80 im` gl{m`k` pbk ~xemoe~if olflmeif oepeks lg Jximiì im`Fkm- Jximiì kwlfwk` empl i spxlmjblf` lg pbk ixesploxiou& im` Fkm hkoiak pbk ~lfepeoif im` empkffkop{if

oi~epif- Pbk xewifxu hkpzkkm pbksk oepeks ~kxsesps pl pbes ìu- Glx pbxkk okmp{xeks& Meoixij{i zis i ~xlwemok lg

pbk Oi~piemou Jkmkxif lg J{ipkaifi& is pbk _~imesb oiffk` pbkex pkxxeplxeks sl{pb lg Akreol- Em`k~km`kmok

gxla _~imesb x{fk oiak em 9289& im`& glx i sblxp ~kxel` lg peak& Meoixij{i zis i akahkx lg pbk Okmpxif

Iakxeoim Gk`kxipelm& zbeob emof{`k` J{ipkaifi& Blm`{xis& Kf _ifwi`lx& im` Olspi Xeoi- Em 92?2& Meoixij{i

hkoiak im em`k~km`kmp xk~{hfeo-

Glx pbk mkrp 9>> ukixs& Meoixij{i kr~kxekmok` ~kxel`s lg zix im` ~kiok& emof{èmj im ippka~pk` picklwkx huIakxeoim Zeffeia Zifckx em 92;;- Zifckx zis `kgkipk` im` ceffk` hu im iffeimok lg Okmpxif Iakxeoimmipelms- Igpkx imlpbkx ~kxel` lg {mxksp em pbk kixfu 95>>s& Meoixij{is ~xkse`kmp emwepk` [-_- Aixemks pl xksplxkim` aiempiem lx`kx em pbk ol{mpxu- Em 95?0& pbk jlwkxmakmp zis pickm lwkx hu Jkmkxif Imispisel _lalti

Jixoi& emepeipemj alxk pbim 0> ukixs lg giaefu x{fk {m`kx i aefepixu èopiplxsbe~- Em 95:8& `lzmplzm Aimij{izis `kspxluk` hu im kixpby{ick pbip ceffk` pkms lg pbl{sim`s- Aimij{i zis mkwkx ola~fkpkfu xkh{efp im` bishkolak i s~xizfemj oepu zepbl{p i okmpkx- Em 95:5& pbk _lalti xkjeak zis lwkxpbxlzm hu i ~l~{fespxkwlf{pelm& im` zis xk~fiok` hu pbk Aixresp _imèmespi Mipelmif Fehkxipelm Gxlmp "G_FM%& zbeob x{fk` {mpef955>- Pbes ~kxel` emof{`k` i [-_- jlwkxmakmp!s{~~lxpk` oewef zix ijiemsp pbk _imèmespi jlwkxmakmp- I 9525ioolx` ~kxaeppk` gxkk kfkopelms em 955>& em zbeob Welfkpi Hixxels `k Obialxxl& cmlzm glx bkx olmoefeiplxumip{xk& hkoiak ~xkse`kmp- Meoixij{i bis kr~kxekmok` xkfipewk ~kiok semok 955>& im` pbk ol{mpxu bis okfkhxipk`

gl{x s{ookssewk gxkk kfkopelms pl ìpk-

Jlwkxmakmp

Meoixij{i es im em`k~km`kmp xk~{hfeo zepb i kaloxipeoiffu kfkopk` ~xkse`kmp im` i {meoiakxif Mipelmif

Isskahfu zepb 5? skips- Pbk isskahfus akahkxs ixk kfkopk` hu ~xl~lxpelmif xk~xkskmpipelm im` skxwk gewk!

ukix pkxas- xkse`kmpeif kfkopelms ixk olm`{opk` kwkxu gewk ukixs- Pbk o{xxkmp ~xkse`kmp& @imekf Lxpkji& fki`kxlg pbk fkgpesp xkwlf{pelm pbip bkf~k` pl lwkxpbxlz pbk _lalti xkjeak em 95:5& zis kfkopk` em kaloxipeoiffu!

bkf` kfkopelms em 8>>7- Bk es pbk gl{xpb `kaloxipeoiffu!kfkopk` ~xkse`kmp semok pbk km` lg pbk gexsp _imèmespi

xkjeak em 955>-Meoixij{is gl{x sejmegeoimp ~lfepeoif ~ixpeks ixk Gxkmpk _imèmespi k Fehkxioem Mioelmif

"G_FM%& îxpe`l Fehkxif Olmspep{oelmifespi "^FO%&Ifeimti Fehkxif Meoixijkmsk "IFM%& imÀlweaekmpl k

Xkmlwioem _imèmespi "AX_%- @kaloxiou em Meoixij{i es em eps emgimou is ep spxewks pl alwk hkulm` eps pkmsk

im` pxl{hfk` ~isp-


11/50


Kolmlau

Ijxeo{fp{xk es pbk olxmkxsplmk lg pbk Meoixij{im kolmlau- Pbk ~xemoe~if oxl~s ixk olxm& hkims& slxjb{a& im`

xeok- Olpplm& olggkk& s{jix& himimis& im` plhiool ixk pbk ~xemoe~if kr~lxp oxl~s- I`èpelmif kr~lxp ~xl`{ops ixk

hkkg im` sbxea~- Em pbk kixfu 955>s& Meoixij{i kr~kxekmok` i wkxu {mspihfk kolmlaeo sep{ipelm& zepb

bu~kxemgfipelm& i fixjk krpkxmif khp& im` bejb {mka~fluakmp- @{xemj pbk ~isp 9; ukixs& pbk ol{mpxu bis

~xewipetk` aimu ~{hfeo emspep{pelms& h{p empkxmif im` krpkxmif khp xipks xkaiem imjkxl{sfu bejb- Zbefk

Aimij{i bis jxlzm im` al`kxmetk`& pbk ~llx x{xif im` aixjemifetk` {xhim ~l~{fipelms biwk kr~kxekmok` gkz

kolmlaeo jiems- @xl{jbps em 9557 im` 955:& glfflzk` hu B{xxeoimk Aepob em 9552& oi{sk` pxkakm`l{s

kolmlaeo bix`sbe~- Pbk olahemipelm lg {mka~fluakmp im` {m`kxka~fluakmp krokk`s ;> ~kxokmp-

Meoixij{is imm{if ~kx oi~epi jxlss mipelmif ~xl`{op es o{xxkmpfu fkss pbim $;>>& aicemj ep lmk lg pbk ~llxksp

ol{mpxeks em pbk bkaes~bkxk- @{xemj pbk 8>>5!8>9> bixwksp& Meoixij{i xkjespkxk` i ?8-8 ~kxokmp emoxkisk em eps

olggkk kr~lxp wif{k em xkfipelm pl pbk ~xkwel{s skislm& ea~xlwemj fewemj olmèpelms em x{xif ixkis-

Pbk Okmpxif Iakxeoim Gxkk Pxi`k Ijxkkakmp "OIGPI% es im ijxkkakmp ialmj pbk [mepk` _pipks& gewk Okmpxif

Iakxeoim ol{mpxeks "Olspi Xeoi& Kf _ifwi`lx& J{ipkaifi& Blm`{xis& im` Meoixij{i% im` pbk @laemeoim

Xk~{hfeo- Eps pkxas zkxk mkjlpeipk` im` sejmk` hu Okmpxif Iakxeoim xk~xkskmpipewks em 8>>0- Pbk [-_-

Olmjxkss xipegek` OIGPI em D{fu 8>>; im` em I{j{sp 8>>; ^xkse`kmp Jklxjk Z- H{sb sejmk` pbk heff empl fiz-

Ifpbl{jb pbkxk ixk èggkxemj ~kxs~kopewks lm eps ~{x~lsk im` l{polaks& eps iea es pl ~xlalpk kolmlaeo jxlzpbem pbk xkjelm im` iffkweipk ~lwkxpu hu l~kmemj {~ pxi`k im` emwkspakmp "im` pb{s oxkipemj dlhs%-

^kl~fk im` O{fp{xk

Pbk aidlxepu lg Meoixij{ims oim hksp hk ofissegek` is akspetl& i aer em zbeob mkepbkx pbk K{xl~kim mlx pbk

Emèim o{fp{xks ~xk`laemipk- Lm pbk jkljxi~beoiffu im` ~lfepeoiffu eslfipk` Oixehhkim olisp pbkxk ixk ser

èggkxkmp kpbmeo o{fp{xks& emof{èmj pbk akspetl ~l~{fipelm- Pbk lpbkxs ixk Oxklfk& Aescepl& Jixg{mi& Xiai&

im` Aiuijmi- Pbk Oixehhkim xkjelm es a{fpekpbmeo& a{fpefemj{if& im` o{fp{xiffu ewkxsk& h{p eps xkse`kmps lmfu

xk~xkskmp ihl{p 9> ~kxokmp lg pbk plpif ~l~{fipelm-

Pbk lggeoeif im` ~xk`laemimp fimj{ijk em Meoixij{i es _~imesb- Iflmj pbk Oixehhkim olisp slak Aescepl&

Aiuijmi& im` Xiai o{fp{xks biwk aiempiemk` pbkex emèjkml{s fimj{ijks3 Igxl!Oixehhkims s~kic Kmjfesb im`

Oxklfk-

Alxk pbim 5> ~kxokmp lg pbk ~l~{fipelm hkflmjs pl Obxespeim kmlaemipelms "i~~xlreaipkfu :? ~kxokmp lg

zbeob e`kmpegu pbkaskfwks is Xlaim Oipblfeos3 9; ~kxokmp is hkflmjemj pl wixel{s kwimjkfeoif ob{xobks3 im`

pbk xkaiem`kx pl lpbkx Obxespeim!hisk` giepbs& s{ob is Alxiweims& Alxalms& kpo-%3 2-; ~kxokmp kofixk ml

xkfejel{s iggefeipelm lx ofiea pl hk ipbkesps- Pbk pxièpelmif sloeif spx{op{xk lg Meoixij{i bis hkkm ksskmpeiffu

olflmeif& zepb i saiff m{ahkx lg zkifpbu fim`lzmemj giaefeks ip pbk pl~ im` i hxli` ~kisimp ofiss ip pbk

hlppla- @ks~epk pbk ol{mpxus kolmlaeo jxlzpb em pbk 95:>s& pbk kakxjkmok lg i ae``fk ofiss& im` pbk `koi`k

lg sloeifesp x{fk& pbkxk ixk speff spixc emky{ifepeks em pbk espxeh{pelm lg zkifpb- Pbk ol{mpxus k`{oipelmif suspka&

i aidlx iwkm{k glx kolmlaeo im` sloeif alhefepu& xkokmpfu xk~fiok` pbk pxièpelms lg ofisseoesa im`

empkffkop{ifesa zepb wloipelmif pxiememj- Pb{s& pbk flzkx ofiss mlz bis i slakzbip hkppkx obimok glx kolmlaeo

i`wimokakmp- @{k pl i fepkxiou oia~iejm hkpzkkm Aiu 8>>: im` D{mk 8>>5& pbk effepkxiou xipk bis hkkm

xk`{ok` pl ?-;7 ~kxokmp& ioolxèmj pl jlwkxmakmp spipespeos em I{j{sp 8>>5-

Meoixij{ims ixk zixa& jkmkxl{s& im` gxekm`fu- @ks~epk pbk pkmselms hkpzkkm pbk [mepk` _pipks im` Meoixij{im

jlwkxmakmps em pbk 952>s& Meoixij{ims ixk l~km pl xkokewemj kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkxs em pbkex olaa{mepeks im`

blaks- Pbkex bls~epifepu es b{ahfemj- Meoixij{ims ixk ~xl{` lg pbkex o{fp{xif bkxepijk& is skkm em pu~eoif

ìmoks& s{ob is pbk Jkjkmsk& im` em pbk olmpem{k` ea~lxpimok lg ~lkp X{hm @ixl- Meoixij{ims ixk ifsl

~isselmipk ihl{p ~lfepeos im` ixk y{eoc pl sbixk pbkex pbl{jbps lm ~isp lx o{xxkmp kwkmps-


12/50

^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC9>

Kmwexlmakmp

Meoixij{i es pbk fixjksp lg pbk gewk Okmpxif Iakxeoim xk~{hfeos& zepb i fim` ixki lg ifalsp ;>&>>> sy{ixk aefks

"sfejbpfu saiffkx pbim Mkz Ulxc%- Ep es pbk fkisp `kmskfu ~l~{fipk` lg pbk Okmpxif Iakxeoim mipelms& zepb i

~l~{fipelm lg ;&:8:&:>: "D{fu 8>98 kspeaipk% im` im iwkxijk imm{if jxlzpb xipk lg 9->7: ~kxokmp "8>98

kspeaipk%- Cmlzm is pbk fim` lg ficks im` wlfoimlks& Meoixij{i bis i èwkxsk kmwexlmakmp& emof{èmj

bejbfim`s& flzfim`s& pxl~eoif glxksps& ficks& im` pzl lokims- Fick Meoixij{i es lmk lg pbk fixjksp gxksbzipkx

ficks em pbk zlxf` im` olmpiems s{ob iy{ipeo l`èpeks is gxksbzipkx sbixcs- Meoixij{is floipelm im` èwkxsk

jkljxi~bu aick ep i hki{peg{f im` xksl{xok!xeob ol{mpxu& ukp ep es ifsl w{fmkxihfk pl aimu mip{xif èsispkxs&

emof{èmj kixpby{icks& wlfoimeo kx{~pelms& gfll`s& xl{jbps& im` b{xxeoimks- Pbes w{fmkxihefepu bis emoxkisk` is

i xks{fp lg `kglxkspipelm im` olmspx{opelm em {msigk ixkis-

XK_L[XOK_ GLX G[XPBKX EMGLXAIPELM

Glfflzemj es i fesp lg zkhsepks glx i`èpelmif emglxaipelm ihl{p pbk ^kiok Olx~s im` Meoixij{i& is zkff is zius

pl olmmkop ul{ pl xkp{xmk` Wlf{mpkkxs im` lpbkx emwepkks- ^fkisk ckk~ em aem` pbip ifpbl{jb zk pxu pl aick

s{xk iff pbksk femcs ixk iopewk im` o{xxkmp& zk oimmlp j{iximpkk ep- Eg ul{ `l mlp biwk iookss pl pbk Empkxmkp& wesep

ul{x floif fehxixu- Fehxixeks lggkx gxkk Empkxmkp {sijk im` lgpkm fkp ul{ ~xemp emglxaipelm pl pick blak-

I mlpk lg oi{pelm4 Is ul{ s{xg pbk Empkxmkp& hk izixk pbip ul{ aiu gem` h{ffkpem hlix`s im` obip xllas em

zbeob ~kl~fk ixk gxkk pl kr~xkss l~emelms ihl{p pbk ^kiok Olx~s hisk` lm pbkex lzm kr~kxekmok& emof{èmj

olaakmps hu pblsk zbl zkxk {mbi~~u zepb pbkex obleok pl skxwk em pbk ^kiok Olx~s- Pbksk l~emelms ixk mlp

pblsk lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s lx pbk [-_- jlwkxmakmp& im` zk bl~k ul{ zeff ckk~ em aem` pbip ml pzl ~kl~fk

kr~kxekmok pbkex skxweok em pbk siak ziu-

Jkmkxif Emglxaipelm Ihl{p Meoixij{i

zzz-ol{mpxuzipob-ola,

Lm pbes sepk& ul{ oim fkixm imupbemj gxla zbip peak ep es em pbk oi~epif lg Meoixij{i pl blz pl olmwkxp gxla pbk

`lffix pl pbk Meoixij{i Olx`lhi Lxl "MLE%- D{sp ofeoc lm Meoixij{i im` jl gxla pbkxk-

zzz-flmkfu~fimkp-ola,`kspemipelms

Wesep pbes sepk glx jkmkxif pxiwkf i`weok ihl{p ifalsp imu ol{mpxu em pbk zlxf`-

zzz-spipk-jlw

Pbk _pipk @k~ixpakmps zkhsepk ess{ks hiocjxl{m` mlpks ~kxelèoiffu ihl{p ol{mpxeks ixl{m` pbk zlxf`- Gem`

Meoixij{i im` fkixm alxk ihl{p eps sloeif im` ~lfepeoif besplxu- Ul{ oim ifsl jl pl pbk sepks empkxmipelmif pxiwkf

skopelm pl obkoc lm olmèpelms pbip aiu iggkop ul{x sigkpu-

zzz-~sx-ckkfk-io-{c,lggeoeif-bpa

Pbes emof{`ks femcs pl iff pbk lggeoeif sepks glx jlwkxmakmps zlxf`ze`k-

zzz-jkljxi~bu-ihl{p-ola,fehxixu,ai~s,hfem`kr-bpa

Pbes lmfemk zlxf` ipfis emof{`ks ai~s im` jkljxi~beoif emglxaipelm& im` kiob ol{mpxu ~ijk olmpiems femcs pl

lpbkx sepks& s{ob is pbk Fehxixu lg Olmjxkss& pbip olmpiem ola~xkbkmsewk besplxeoif& sloeif& im` ~lfepeoif

hiocjxl{m`-

zzz-ouhkxsobllfh{s-{m-lxj,emglmipelm,emgl-is~

Pbes [mepk` Mipelms sepk ifflzs ul{ pl skixob glx spipespeoif emglxaipelm glx akahkx spipks lg pbk [-M-
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.countrywatch.com/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.countrywatch.com/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationshttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationshttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.state.govhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.state.govhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.psr.keele.ac.uk/official.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.psr.keele.ac.uk/official.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.geography.about.com/library/maps/blindex.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.geography.about.com/library/maps/blindex.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.cyberschoolbus.un.org/infonation/info.asphttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.cyberschoolbus.un.org/infonation/info.asphttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.cyberschoolbus.un.org/infonation/info.asphttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.geography.about.com/library/maps/blindex.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.psr.keele.ac.uk/official.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.state.govhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.lonelyplanet.com/destinationshttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.countrywatch.com/


13/50


zzz-zlxfèmglxaipelm-ola

Pbes sepk ~xlwe`ks im i`èpelmif sl{xok lg o{xxkmp im` besplxeoif emglxaipelm ihl{p ol{mpxeks ixl{m` pbk zlxf`-

Olmmkop Zepb Xkp{xmk` Wlf{mpkkxs

im` Lpbkx Emwepkks

zzz-x~ow-lxjPbes es pbk sepk lg pbk Mipelmif ^kiok Olx~s Issloeipelm& ai`k {~ lg xkp{xmk` Wlf{mpkkxs- Lm pbes sepk ul{ oim

gem` femcs pl iff pbk Zkh ~ijks lg pbk Gxekm`s lg jxl{~s glx alsp ol{mpxeks lg skxweok& ola~xesk` lg glxakx

Wlf{mpkkxs zbl skxwk` em pblsk ol{mpxeks- Pbkxk ixk ifsl xkjelmif jxl{~s pbip gxky{kmpfu jkp pljkpbkx glx sloeif

kwkmps im` floif wlf{mpkkx iopewepeks-

zzz-^kiokOlx~sZlxf`ze`k-lxj

Pbes sepk es blspk` hu i jxl{~ lg xkp{xmk` Wlf{mpkkx zxepkxs- Ep es i almpbfu lmfemk ~{hfeoipelm lg kssius im`

Wlf{mpkkx iool{mps lg pbkex kiok Olx~s skxweok-

Lmfemk Ixpeofks,O{xxkmp Mkzs _epks Ihl{p Meoixij{i

zzz-ehz-ola-mePbes es i ola~xkbkmsewk fesp lg femcs pl floif im` empkxmipelmif sepks ihl{p Meoixij{i "em _~imesb%-

zzz-meoixij{i-ola

Pbes lggkxs femcs pl Kmjfesb fimj{ijk mkzs splxeks ihl{p Meoixij{i im` alxk-

bpp~4,,zzz-emp{x-jlh-me,

Pbes es pbk Aemespxu lg Pl{xesa zkh~ijk zbkxk lmk oim fkixm alxk ihl{p Meoixij{i-

zzz-fi~xkmsi-ola-me,

Pbes es Meoixij{is fixjksp ìefu mkzs~i~kx "em _~imesb%-

bpp~4,,zzz-zlxf`!mkzs~i~kxs-ola,meoixij{i-bpafPbes ~xlwe`ks femcs pl Kmjfesb fimj{ijk mkzs splxeks ihl{p Meoixij{i-

bpp~4,,zzz-kfm{kwlèixel-ola-me,

Pbes es imlpbkx fixjk Meoixij{im iefu mkzs~i~kx "em _~imesb%-

Empkxmipelmif @kwkfl~akmp _epks Ihl{p Meoixij{i

bpp~4,,aimij{i-{skahissu-jlw,

Pbes es pbk sepk lg pbk [-_- Kahissu em Meoixij{i-

bpp~4,,meoixij{i-{sie`-jlw,Pbes es pbk [-_- Ijkmou glx Empkxmipelmif @kwkfl~akmps lggeoeif Meoixij{i zkhsepk im` ~xlwe`ks wif{ihfk

emglxaipelm lm kwkfl~akmp pxkm`s em!ol{mpxu-

zzz-zlxf`himc-lxj

Pbk Zlxf` Himc Jxl{~s aesselm es pl gejbp ~lwkxpu im` ea~xlwk pbk fewemj spimìx`s lg ~kl~fk em pbk

`kwkfl~emj zlxf`- Ep es i kwkfl~akmp himc pbip ~xlwe`ks flims& ~lfeou i`weok& pkobmeoif issespimok& im`

cmlzfk`jk!sbixemj skxweoks pl kwkfl~emj ol{mpxeks pl xk`{ok ~lwkxpu- Pbes sepk olmpiems i flp lg emglxaipelm

im` xksl{xoks xkjixèmj Meoixij{i im` kwkfl~akmp-
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.worldinformation.comhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.worldinformation.comhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.rpcv.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.rpcv.orghttp://www.peacecorpsworldwide.org/http://www.peacecorpsworldwide.org/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.ibw.com.nihttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.ibw.com.nihttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.nicaragua.comhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.nicaragua.comhttp://www.intur.gob.ni/http://www.intur.gob.ni/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.laprensa.com.ni/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.laprensa.com.ni/http://www.world-newspapers.com/nicaragua.htmlhttp://www.world-newspapers.com/nicaragua.htmlhttp://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/http://managua.usembassy.gov/http://managua.usembassy.gov/http://nicaragua.usaid.gov/http://nicaragua.usaid.gov/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.worldbank.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.worldbank.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.worldbank.orghttp://nicaragua.usaid.gov/http://managua.usembassy.gov/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/http://www.world-newspapers.com/nicaragua.htmlhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.laprensa.com.ni/http://www.intur.gob.ni/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.nicaragua.comhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.ibw.com.nihttp://www.peacecorpsworldwide.org/http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.rpcv.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Desktop/www.worldinformation.com


14/50


zzz-lis-lxj

Pbk Lxjimetipelm lg pbk Iakxeoim _pipks zkhsepk olmpiems emglxaipelm ihl{p kwkfl~akmp ~xelxepeks&

`kaloxiou& im` lpbkx ess{ks pbip ixk cku em pbk Iakxeois-

Xkolaakm`k` Hllcs

9- Hkxaim& Dlsb{i& im` Ximù Zll`-Allm Bim`hllcs Meoixij{i "hu xkp{xmk` Meoixij{i Wlf{mpkkxs%-

Kakxuweffk& Oifeg-4 Iwiflm Pxiwkf {hfesbemj& 8>>8-

8- @k Fi _kfwi& _iflalm- Pxl~eoif Plzm im` Lpbkx lkas- Bl{splm& Pkris4 Ixpk ^hfeol ^xkss& 9555-

?- Jfkmm& Jixwem-Kwkxuhlù Bi` Bes Lzm Jxemjl4 Pbk OEI im` pbk Olmpxis- [mepk` Cemj`la4

Hxisskus& 9558-

0- Jl{f`& Dkggxku F- Pl @ek em Pbes Ziu4 Meoixij{im Emèims im` pbk Aupb lg pbk Akspetidk 922>!957;-

@{xbia& M-O-4 @{ck [mewkxsepu xkss& 9552-

;- Cemtkx& _pk~bkm-Hfll` lg Hxlpbkxs4 Fegk im` Zix em Meoixij{i- Mkz Ulxc4 Imoblx Hllcs& 9558-

7- AioI{fiu& Mkeff- Pbk _imèml Iggiex- Zioibllpi xkss& 9552-

:- Akxxeff& Pea F-Meoixij{i4 I Ol{mpxu _p{ù- Zisbemjplm& @-O-4 Jlwkxmakmp xempemj Lggeok& 9555-

2- Aeximì& Xljkx- Pbk Oewef Zix em Meoixij{i4 Emse`k pbk _imèmespis- _lakxskp& M-D-4 Pximsiopelm

^{hfesbkxs& 955?-

5- Mlxszlxpbu& Ckmp-Meoixij{i4 I Ol{mpxu J{e`k- _efwkx Oepu& M-A-4 Empkxbkaes~bkxeo Xksl{xok

Okmpkx& 955>-

9>- ^ktt{ffl& Fizxkmok-Ip pbk Giff lg _lalti- êppsh{xjb& î-4 [mewkxsepu lg êppsh{xjb ^xkss& 9550-

99- ^f{mckpp& Bitkf-Meoixij{i4 I J{e`k pl pbk kl~fk& ^lfepeos im` O{fp{xk- Mlxpbia~plm& Aiss-4Empkxfemc {hfesbemj& 9555-

Hllcs Ihl{p pbk Besplxu lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s

9- Blggaim& Kfetihkpb Olhhs-Iff Ul{ Mkk` es Flwk4 Pbk ^kiok Olx~s im` pbk _~exep lg pbk 957>s-

Oiahxe`jk& Aiss-4 Bixwix` [mewkxsepu xkss& 8>>>-

8- Xeok& Jkxif` P- Pbk Hlf` Kr~kxeakmp4 DGCs kiok Olx~s- Mlpxk @iak& Em`-4 [mewkxsepu lg Mlpxk

@iak ^xkss& 952;-

?- _plsskf& _olpp- _ixjk4 Pbk Fegk im` Peaks lg _ixjkmp _bxewkx- Zisbemjplm& @-O-4 _aepbslmeim

Emspep{pelm xkss& 8>>0-

0- Akesfkx& _pimfku- Zbkm pbk Zlxf` Oiffs4 Pbk Emse`k _plxu lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s im` eps Gexsp ;> Ukixs-

Hlsplm& Aiss-4 Hkiolm ^xkss& 8>99-

Hllcs lm pbk Wlf{mpkkx Kr~kxekmok

9- @exfia& _bixlm-Hkulm` _ehkxei4 Pzl Ukixs em i Glxjlppkm ^fiok- _impi Hixhixi& Oifeg-4 Ao_kis

Hllcs& 8>>0-
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.oas.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.oas.orghttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/lwallace/Downloads/www.oas.org


15/50

^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC9?

8- Oiskhlfp& Aixdlxek @kAlss-Aixjixepi4 I J{ipkaifim kiok Olx~s Kr~kxekmok- Jej Bixhlx& Zisb-4

Xk` I~~fk ^{hfesbemj& 8>>>-

?- Kxàim& _ixib-Memk Beffs pl Miahlmcibi4 Pzl Ukixs em pbk Bkixp lg im Igxeoim Weffijk- Mkz Ulxc&

M-U-4 eoi`lx& 8>>?-

0- Bkssfkx& kpkx-Xewkx Plzm4 Pzl Ukixs lm pbk Uimjptk- Mkz Ulxc& M-U-4 ^kxkmmeif& 8>>9-

;- Ckmmkù& Jkxifèmk k`- Gxla pbk Okmpkx lg pbk Kixpb4 _plxeks l{p lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s- _impi Almeoi&

Oifeg-4 Oflwkx îxc ^xkss& 9559-

7- Pbla~skm& Alxept-Fewemj ^llx4 I ^kiok Olx~s Obxlmeofk- _kippfk& Zisb-4 [mewkxsepu lg Zisbemjplm

^xkss& 955: "xk~xemp%-

FEWEMJ OLM@EPELM_ IM@ WLF[MPKKX FEGK_PUFK

Olaa{meoipelms

Aief

Xkfipewk pl skxweok em alsp `kwkfl~emj ol{mpxeks& aief hkpzkkm pbk [mepk` _pipks im` Meoixij{i es k~kmìhfk-

Iexaief picks ihl{p pzl zkkcs3 s{xgiok aief oim pick almpbs- iocijks slakpeaks auspkxel{sfu esi~~kix em

pximsep& im` slakpeaks pbku ixk l~kmk` im` pbk olmpkmps splfkm- Ep es hksp eg ~iocijks `l mlp krokk` 8 ~l{m`s-

î``k` kmwkfl~k!setk` ~iocijks zlxc zkff- @lmp biwk almku& iexfemk peockps& lx lpbkx wif{ihfks skmp pl ul{

pbxl{jb pbk aief- _kmsepewk epkas sbl{f` hk skmp wei im kr~kèpk im` ems{xk ol{xekx skxweok s{ob is @BF

lx [^_& h{p olmse`kx pbip slak epkas ixk mlp ifflzk` hu @BF lx [^_& s{ob is fey{e`s& oxkèp oix`s& im`

almku- Ul{ oim olms{fp zepb em!ol{mpxu spigg lm blz pl `l pbes& eg mkokssixu-

Ep es {s{iffu mlp zlxpb pbk kgglxp pl biwk fixjk ~iocijks skmp gxla pbk [mepk` _pipks- Wlf{mpkkxs ixk xks~lmsehfkglx ~iuemj o{splas gkks lm fixjkx epkas& zbeob aiu krokk` pbk wif{k lg pbk epkas skmp- Xkpxekwemj i ~iocijk

lgpkm akims im kmpexk ìus pxiwkf pl Aimij{i- Pbkxk ixk al`kxm s{~kxaixckps im` lpbkx zkff!splock` splxksem pbk oi~epif pbip sbl{f` s{~~fu iff ul{x mkk`s& ifpbl{jb f{r{xu lx jl{xakp epkas oim hk wkxu olspfu-

Ul{x i``xkss `{xemj pxiememj em Meoixij{i zeff hk4

Ul{x Miak& ÔP

Wlf{mpixel `kf O{kx~l `k ît

I~ixpi`l lspif ?8;7

Aimij{i& Meoixij{i

Okmpxif Iakxeoi

Lmok ul{x sepk bis hkkm e`kmpegek`& ul{ zeff hk xks~lmsehfk glx skmèmj pbk i``xkss pl giaefu im` gxekm`s eg ul{

`koe`k pl biwk ul{x aief kfewkxk` exkopfu pbkxk-

Pkfk~blmks

Empkxmipelmif ~blmk skxweok pl im` gxla Meoixij{i es jll` xkfipewk pl skxweok em lpbkx `kwkfl~emj ol{mpxeks-

KMEPKFOfixl im` ALWE_PIX& pbk pzl aiem Meoixij{im pkfk~blmk ola~imeks& biwk lggeoks em alsp

a{meoe~if okmpkxs im` em iff oepeks- Empkxmipelmif pkfk~blmk oiffs oim hk wkxu kr~kmsewk3 blzkwkx& ul{ oim jl pl

~{hfeo oiff okmpkxs pbip ~xlwe`k empkxmipelmif ~blmk skxweok& zbefk Empkxmkp oigks pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu lggkx

jll` olaa{meoipelm skxweoks ip alxk xkislmihfk xipks- Glx pkfk~blmk olaa{meoipelm pl pbk _pipks& alsp

Wlf{mpkkxs {sk pbksk okmpkxs& oiffk` Ffiai is Bkfiìs& im` Empkxmkp oigks lx biwk giaefu im` gxekm`s oiff

pbka lm pbkex floif okff~blmk lx ip i olmwkmpelmif m{ahkx-


16/50


Aimu lg pbk giaefeks zbl blsp Wlf{mpkkxs `{xemj pxiememj biwk pkfk~blmks em pbkex blaks- Eg mlp& pbkxk es~{hfeo ~blmk iookss em iff lg pbk pxiememj olaa{mepeks- Meoixij{i ifsl bis i giexfu krpkmsewk im` jxlzemjokff{fix ~blmk skxweok- Iff ^kiok Olx~s spigg akahkxs biwk okff~blmks& is `l pbk aidlxepu lg Wlf{mpkkxspbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu- kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i es o{xxkmpfu {semj i Giaefu ^fim& zbeob ifflzs glx gxkk{mfeaepk` oiffs im` pkrp akssijks hkpzkkm spigg im` Wlf{mpkkxs- Lpbkx oiffs l{pse`k lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s ~fimoim hk ai`k pbxl{jb pbk ~{xobisk lg ~xk~ie` aem{pks- Okff~blmk skxweok es iwiefihfk em iff k~ixpakmpif

oi~epifs& h{p hkoi{sk lg al{mpieml{s pkxxiem im` soippkxk` ~l~{fipelms& skxweok aiu mlp xkiob pbk alxk xkalpkixkis- @eggkxkmoks em pkobmlflju aick aimu [-_- okff~blmks emola~ipehfk zepb pbk Meoixij{im suspka3pbkxkglxk& ep es hksp pl ~{xobisk i okff~blmk em!ol{mpxu im` zepb cmlzfk`jk lg zbeob skxweoks ixk iwiefihfk em ijewkm ~xldkop sepk- Alsp Wlf{mpkkxs ~{xobisk emkr~kmsewk okff~blmks olspemj $8> pl $0>-

Zbkxk okff~blmk skxweok es {miwiefihfk& floif olaa{meoipelm akpbl`s ixk s{ggeoekmpfu xkfeihfk glx Wlf{mpkkxsim` ixk ola~ipehfk zepb pbk ^kiok Olx~s wekz pbip Wlf{mpkkxs sbl{f` fewk al`kspfu ip pbk fkwkf lg pbkex floifolffkij{ks-

Ola~{pkx& Empkxmkp& im` Kaief Iookss

Floif Empkxmkp ~xlwe`kxs kresp em pbk oi~epif& em mkixfu iff aidlx oepeks& im` ixk krpkmèmj pl aimu saiffkx

plzms- Is i xks{fp& oepeks im` plzms pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu biwk Empkxmkp oigks pbip lggkx iookss pl pbk ~{hfeo hu

pbk bl{x "glx i saiff gkk%- Olmmkopewepu obixjks em slak plzms aiu hk bejbkx pbim em oepeks eg pbku `l mlp biwki floif skxwkx im` biwk pl aick flmj èspimok oiffs pl olmmkop- Aimu lg pbk Empkxmkp oigks biwk _cu~k im`

Jaief obip,~blmk oiff oi~ihefepeks-

Alsp Wlf{mpkkxs biwk xkj{fix "ìefu& zkkcfu lx almpbfu% iookss pl kaief- Glx alsp Wlf{mpkkxs& kaief es pbk

~xeaixu glxa lg olaa{meoipelm zepb gxekm`s im` giaefu em pbk _pipks- I`èpelmiffu& pbk kiok Olx~s lggeok em

Aimij{i bis gl{x ola~{pkxs zepb Empkxmkp iookss glx Wlf{mpkkxs pl {sk-

Bl{semj im` _epk Floipelm

Bl{semj l~pelms im` sepk floipelms wixu jxkipfu `k~kmèmj {~lm ul{x ~xldkop- H{semkss Wlf{mpkkxs pkm` pl fewkem plzms im` oepeks ximjemj gxla 9&>>> pl 9>>&>>> xkse`kmps- PKGF Wlf{mpkkxs fewk em saiff! pl akè{a!setk`plzms em hlpb x{xif im` {xhim ixkis- Pbk floipelm lg bkifpb im` kmwexlmakmp issejmakmps wixeks gxla akè{a!

setk` oepeks pl xkalpk x{xif olaa{mepeks- Ijxeo{fp{xk Wlf{mpkkxs jkmkxiffu fewk em saiff& xkalpk olaa{mepeks"is gkz is 8>> xkse`kmps% olmokmpxipk` em pbk mlxpbkxm xkjelm lg pbk ol{mpxu& zepb i gkz krok~pelms lm pbkIpfimpeo im` ioegeo se`ks lg pbk ol{mpxu-

Alsp "h{p mlp iff% Wlf{mpkkx blaks biwk kfkopxeoepu im` alsp biwk x{mmemj zipkx lx zkffs- Blzkwkx& hlpbkfkopxeo im` zipkx skxweok aiu hk empkxaeppkmp- Wlf{mpkkxs em wkxu x{xif sepks aiu biwk pl bi{f zipkx pl pbkexblaks gxla olaa{mif ~{a~s glx pbkex ìefu zipkx s{~~fu- I gkz blaks biwk pkfk~blmks im` iookss pl oihfkpkfkweselm es lm pbk xesk pbimcs pl ea~xlwk` floif skxweoks- Ul{x Wlf{mpkkx Issejmakmp @ksoxe~pelm ~xlwe`ksalxk kpiefs ihl{p ~lpkmpeif bl{semj im` sepk xkifepeks glx ul{x ~xldkop-

Hkoi{sk lg pbk ea~lxpimok lg olaa{mepu empkjxipelm im` glx ul{x lzm sigkpu im` sko{xepu& ul{ ixk xky{exk` pl

fewk zepb i blsp giaefu glx pbk `{xipelm lg ul{x Wlf{mpkkx skxweok- Aixxek` ol{~fks ixk ifsl xky{exk` pl fewk

zepb i giaefu- xljxia spigg zeff e`kmpegu i giaefu& {s{iffu i floif olaa{mepu fki`kx lx slaklmk zkff!cmlzm

hu ul{x ~xldkop ol{mpkx~ixps& zepb zbla ul{ zeff fewk emepeiffu- Fipkx& ul{ aiu obimjk giaefeks& ~kmèmj

bl{semj i~~xlwifs& sbl{f` ul{ sl `ksexk glx pbk `{xipelm lg ul{x skxweok- Pbk kr~kxekmok lg sbixemj ìu!pl!ìu

fegk zepb i Meoixij{im giaefu zeff bispkm ul{x o{fp{xif iì~pipelm im` zeff bkf~ ul{ i~~xkoeipk pbk fegkspufk lg

pbk Meoixij{im o{fp{xk- Ul{x ~kxslmif sigkpu zeff ifsl hk kmbimok` zbkm pbk olaa{mepu skks ul{ is i ~ixp lg i

floif giaefu- Is pbes bl{semj ~lfeou es i aimìplxu im` mlm!mkjlpeihfk xky{exkakmp& ep es ea~lxpimp pl pbemc

ihl{p pbes olaaepakmp im` ul{x ihefepu pl hk gfkrehfk kml{jb pl fewk zepb i giaefu em hiseo olmèpelms& zepb

feaepk` ~xewiou- Bl{semj oim olmsesp lg saiff zll`km& i`lhk& lx okakmp hfloc spx{op{xks3 slak aiu biwk

~kxslmif lx olaa{mepu zkffs im` lpbkxs empkxaeppkmp x{mmemj zipkx- @{xemj pbk xu skislm "Mlwkahkx pl


17/50

^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC9;

I~xef%& pbkxk ixk lgpkm zipkx sblxpijks& sl Wlf{mpkkxs aiu biwk pl olffkop im` siwk zipkx glx {sk- Bl{sks biwk

l{pbl{sks im` ~xewipk l{p`llx sblzkx gioefepeks-

Zbkm ul{ ixk szlxm em is i Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ zeff hk xky{exk` pl s{haep i sepk floiplx glxa pbip zeff kmihfk ^kiok

Olx~s pl floipk im` olaa{meoipk zepb ul{ pbxl{jbl{p ul{x skxweok im` pbip a{sp hk {~ìpk` kwkxu peak pbip

ul{ alwk igpkx ul{x bl{sk bis hkkm i~~xlwk`- ^kiok Olx~s spigg zeff ~kxelèoiffu wesep ul{ ip ul{x sepk pl

~xlwe`k ~kxslmif& ~xlgksselmif& im` akèoif s{~~lxp im` j{eìmok-

Fewemj Ifflzimok im` Almku Aimijkakmp

Is i Wlf{mpkkx em Meoixij{i& ul{ zeff xkokewk gl{x pu~ks lg ifflzimoks- Pbk gexsp es i lmk!peak skppfemj em

ifflzimok pl issesp ul{ zepb kr~kmsks xkfipk` pl alwemj pl ul{x sepk glfflzemj pxiememj is ul{ pximsepelm empl

ul{x mkz blak- Pbk skolm` es i almpbfu fewemj ifflzimok pl olwkx ul{x hiseo fewemj kr~kmsks& s{ob is xkmp&

{pefepeks& gll`& bl{skblf` s{~~feks& oflpbemj& floif pxiwkf& xkoxkipelm& im` kmpkxpiemakmp- Pbk fewemj ifflzimok es

xkwekzk` lmok i ukix pbxl{jb i aixckp s{xwku pl kms{xk pbip ep es i`ky{ipk- Pbk ial{mp lg pbk ifflzimok wixeks

hisk` lm pbk olsp lg fewemj em èggkxkmp xkjelms lg pbk ol{mpxu& im` es ~ie` em floif o{xxkmou- Ep es `k~lsepk` lmok

i almpb empl i Meoixij{im himc iool{mp pbip ul{ zeff aiempiem- Ul{ ixk feckfu pl gem` pbip ul{ xkokewk alxk

xka{mkxipelm pbim ul{x Meoixij{im ol{mpkx~ixp lx s{~kxweslx-

Ul{ zeff ifsl xkokewk i wioipelm ifflzimok lg $80 ~kx almpb& `k~lsepk` em i floif himc iool{mp em floif

o{xxkmou& im` i lmk!peak skppfemj!em ifflzimok glx pbk ~{xobisk lg hiseo bl{skblf` epkas zbkm ul{ ixxewk ip

ul{x pzl!ukix ~xldkop sepk- Gemiffu& eg pbk ^kiok Olx~s iscs ul{ pl pxiwkf glx kepbkx ~xljxiaaipeo& akèoif& lx

lpbkx xkislms& ul{ zeff hk xkeah{xsk` glx blpkf& pxims~lxpipelm& im` akifs {~ pl im kspihfesbk` ial{mp "is

`kpkxaemk` hu kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i% im` {~lm s{haesselm lg i hxekg kr~kmsk xk~lxp-

Alsp Wlf{mpkkxs gem` pbku oim fewk olaglxpihfu zepbem pbk almpbfu fewemj ifflzimok& ifpbl{jb slak hxemj

almku gxla blak pl bkf~ ~iu glx l{p!lg!ol{mpxu wioipelm pxiwkf- Wlf{mpkkxs ixk xks~lmsehfk glx aimijemj

pbkex lzm xksl{xoks- Pbk ^kiok Olx~s kr~kops Wlf{mpkkxs pl aiempiem i fegkspufk seaefix pl pbip lg pbk ~kl~fk

zepb zbla pbku fewk im` zlxc-

Pl lhpiem oisb "em ox`lhis lx [-_- `lffixs%& i wixekpu lg IPA aiobemks ixk iwiefihfk em Aimij{i im` em iff`k~ixpakmp oi~epifs pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu- Pxiwkfkxs obkocs ixk emoxkisemjfu alxk emolmwkmekmp pl {sk& im`

oim lmfu hk oisbk` glx i gkk ip i gkz himcs em pbk oi~epif- [-_- `lffixs ixk iook~pk` ip alsp h{semkssks em

Aimij{i im` lpbkx aidlx oepeks& h{p a{sp hk gxkk lg aixcs im` pkixs- Oxkèp oix`s ixk iook~pk` em aimu

kspihfesbakmps em Aimij{i im` em slak aidlx oepeks pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu3 pbku ixk {skg{f glx wioipelms im`

pxiwkf-

Pxiemkks im` Wlf{mpkkxs ixk xks~lmsehfk glx pbk sigkpu im` xk~fiokakmp lg pbkex lzm ~xl~kxpu im` ~kxslmif

`lo{akmps- Pbk kiok Olx~s ~xlwe`ks emglxaipelm ihl{p ~kxslmif ~xl~kxpu ems{ximok ip spijemj im` zeff& {~lm

xky{ksp& ixximjk i zepb`xizif gxla ul{x xki`d{spakmp ifflzimok iool{mp pl ~iu ems{ximok ~xkae{as-

Ems{ximok sbl{f` hk xkmkzk` kwkxu ukix-

Gll` im` @ekpPbk spi~fks lg pbk Meoixij{im èkp ixk hkims& xeok& kjjs& ìexu ~xl`{ops& akips& im` gll`s ai`k zepb olxm "k-j-&

plxpeffis& mioipiaifks& im`~emlfeffl& i ~l~{fix hkwkxijk ai`k zepb jxl{m` olxm im` ololi%- I ze`k wixekpu lg

gx{eps im` wkjkpihfks ixk jxlzm floiffu& gxla oihhijks im` oixxlps pl ~emki~~fks im` ~i~iuis- Pbkex

iwiefihefepu wixeks hu pbk skislm im` iookss pl aixckps- Is i xks{fp lg pbk km`kaeo ~lwkxpu em Meoixij{i& alsp

Meoixij{ims ìefu ekp olmsesps lgjiffl ~empl& i aerp{xk lg xk` hkims im` xeok gxek` em wkjkpihfk lef& zbeob

aejbp hk ioola~imek` hu olxm plxpeffis& oihhijk sifi`& i saiff ial{mp lg akip lx obeockm& lx floiffu ai`k


18/50


sifpu obkksk- Alsp ìexu ~xl`{ops ixk ai`k em i pxièpelmif gisbelm em x{xif skppemjs im`& pb{s& ixk mlp

~ispk{xetk`-

Pbk gll` jkmkxiffu es mlp s~eou& im` aimu Wlf{mpkkxs gem` pbip Meoixij{ims {sk pll a{ob lef& sifp& im` s{jix

glx pbkex pispks- Aimu Wlf{mpkkxs kmdlugxksolsi olmolopelm lg gxksbfu!sy{kktk` gx{ep im` wkjkpihfk d{eoks

aerk` zepb zipkx im` s{jix pbip olaks em aimu èspemop gfiwlxs- Em olispif ixkis& Wlf{mpkkxs gem` gxksb gesb im`

looiselmiffu kwkm flhspkx lx sbxea~- Hkkg& ~lxc& im` obeockm ixk ze`kfu iwiefihfk pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu& h{po{ps lg xk` akip èggkx jxkipfu gxla pblsk gl{m` em pbk [mepk` _pipks- Ep es èggeo{fp pl gem` akips pbip akkp [-_-

spimìx`s glx gfiwlx im` y{ifepu-

Ep es ~lssehfk pl aiempiem i wkjkpixeim ekp em Meoixij{i- Blzkwkx& pbkxk es jxkipkx wixekpu im` iwiefihefepu lg

okxpiem gll` epkas em Aimij{i pbim em l{pfuemj ixkis- Ep es ea~lxpimp pl mlpk pbip Meoixij{i es i hkkg!~xl`{oemj

ol{mpxu& im` slak Meoixij{ims& ~ixpeo{fixfu em x{xif ixkis& zeff mlp {m`kxspim` wkjkpixeimesa- Is i wkjkpixeim&

ul{ zeff mkk` pl kwkfl~ i o{fp{xiffu!skmsepewk i~~xliob pl kofememj akip ~xl`{ops-

_emok ul{ zeff hk fewemj zepb i Meoixij{im giaefu `{xemj pxiememj im` pbk gexsp ser zkkcs ip ul{x sepk& ul{ zeff

hk eaakèipkfu kr~lsk` pl Meoixij{im kipemj biheps im` akpbl`s lg gll` ~xk~ixipelm- Blsp giaefeks xkokewk

emglxaipelm xkjixèmj imu s~koeif ekpixu olmokxms- Ifpbl{jb pbk giaefeks ixk jkmkxiffu y{epk ioolaalìpemj&

ul{ sbl{f` hk ~xk~ixk` pl biwk fkss olmpxlf lwkx ul{x èkp zbefk fewemj zepb i blsp giaefu-

_lak Wlf{mpkkxs ollc glx pbkaskfwks pl biwk alxk olmpxlf lwkx pbkex èkps- Wlf{mpkkxs zbl ollc kmdlu

kr~flxemj mkz zius pl {sk pbk floif gll`s iwiefihfk& im` lgpkm sbixk pbksk xkoe~ks zepb pbkex Meoixij{im

gxekm`s im` giaefu- Pbkxk es kwkm i hllc& zxeppkm hu Wlf{mpkkxs& lm xkoe~ks olffkopk` im`,lx oxkipk hu pbka-

Pxims~lxpipelm

Alsp Wlf{mpkkxs pxiwkf em Meoixij{i lm olaakxoeif ~{hfeo h{sks3 i wkxu saiff m{ahkx lg sepks ixk iookssehfk

hu gkxxu lx~imji "~isskmjkx lmfu% hlips- Glx pbk wisp aidlxepu lg Wlf{mpkkxs& pxiwkfemj pl im` gxla pbkex sepk

kmpiefs i xe`k em im lf` sobllf h{s& zbeob aiu hk lwkxoxlz`k` im` sflz& pbl{jb sobk`{fks ixk skp im` h{sks

pu~eoiffu k~ixp ip sobk`{fk` peaks- Ip alxk x{xif sepks& Wlf{mpkkxs aiu hk xky{exk` pl pxiwkf em olmwkxpk`

gfiphk` px{ocs& is pbk xl{jb pkxxiem aicks h{s ~issijk ea~lssehfk- Wlf{mpkkxs ixk mlp ~kxaeppk` pl lzm& `xewk&lx xe`k lm alplxouofks lx pl lzm lx `xewk lpbkx alplxetk` wkbeofks ip imu peak `{xemj pbkex skxweok- Lmfu zbkm

Wlf{mpkkxs ixk lm i{pblxetk` wioipelm aiu pbku `xewk& sbl{f` pbku obllsk pl xkmp i wkbeofk- Welfipelm lg pbksk

~lfeoeks aiu hk jxl{m`s glx pkxaemipelm lg skxweok-

Alsp Wlf{mpkkxs jkp ixl{m` pbkex sepk im` wesep mkixhu olaa{mepeks lm gllp lx {sk floiffu!iwiefihfk

pxims~lxpipelm akpbl s- _lak Wlf{mpkkxs gem` pbip pxiwkf hu heouofk es pbk alsp ~xiopeoif ziu pl jkp ixl{m` im`

~{xobisk i heouofk zepb pbkex skppfemj!em ifflzimok- Pbl{jb heouofks hl{jbp floiffu ixk mlp lg pbk siak y{ifepu

is pblsk iwiefihfk em pbk [mepk` _pipks& pbku ixk alxk pbim s{ggeoekmp glx Wlf{mpkkx pxims~lxpipelm mkk`s-

Wlf{mpkkxs aiu hxemj i heouofk gxla pbk [-_- eg pbku ~iu imu i`èpelmif iex gxkejbp olsps- "Mlpk pbip hxemjemj i

heouofk gxla blak es mlp xkolaakm`k` glx skwkxif xkislms4 9% ep es ea~lssehfk pl cmlz pbk xkifepeks lg ul{x sepk

im` pxims~lxpipelm mkk`s {mpef ul{ iop{iffu jkp pbkxki heck aiu mlp hk i~~xl~xeipk lx mkokssixu3 8% ep aiu hk

èggeo{fp pl gem` pbk i~~xl~xeipk ~ixps glx aiempkmimok3 ?% lzmemj i heck pbip es mlp iwiefihfk floiffu zeff skp ul{i~ixp gxla ul{x blsp ol{mpxu olffkij{ks im` gxekm`s3 im` 0% ep oim aick ul{ i pixjkp glx oxeak- Eg ul{ obllsk pl

xe`k i heck& bkfakp {sk es aimìplxu-% Mlmola~feimok zepb kiok Olx~s zlxf`ze`k aimìplxu bkfakp {sk

~lfeou oim hk jxl{m`s glx iàemespxipewk sk~ixipelm-

Em wkxu gkz emspimoks& Wlf{mpkkxs lzm lx xkmp blxsks pl pxiwkf gxla blak pl eslfipk` olaa{mepeks im` gixas-

Ul{ sbl{f` giaefeixetk ul{xskfg zepb ul{x sepk im` olms{fp ul{x ~xljxia aimijkx xkjixèmj i~~xl~xeipk

akpbl`s lg pxims~lxpipelm-


19/50

^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC9:

Jkljxi~bu im` Ofeaipk

Meoixij{i oim hk èwe`k` empl gl{x jkljxi~beo ixkis4 pbk olispif ixki hkpzkkm pbk ficks im` pbk îoegeo Lokim3

pbk Jxkip Xegp& i flz `k~xksselm em zbeob Fick Aimij{i im` Fick Meoixij{i fek3 pbk okmpxif bejbfim`s pl pbk

mlxpb im` kisp lg pbk xegp3 im` pbk Oixehhkim olisp flzfim`s& zbeob iool{mp glx alxk pbim 0> ~kxokmp lg pbk fim`

ixki h{p lmfu 9> ~kxokmp lg pbk ~l~{fipelm- Pbk ofeaipk wixeks zepb pbk xkjelm& h{p Meoixij{i jkmkxiffu es blp

im` pxl~eoif& zepb ollf& olaglxpihfk mejbps im` i wkxu sblxp ollf skislm- Pbk Mlxpbkxm xkjelm& emof{èmj Kspkf&

Demlpkji& Aipijif~i& im` M{kwi _kjlwei& es al{mpieml{s zepb i mlpeokihfu ollfkx ofeaipk pbim pbk xksp lg

Meoixij{i- Pbk kispkxm pbex` lg pbk ol{mpxu& ola~lsk` lg pbk kispkxm sfl~ks lg pbk okmpxif bejbfim`s im` pbk

Oixehhkim flzfim`s& bis i zkp& pxl~eoif ofeaipk& zepb feppfk lx ml `xu lx ollf skislm- Pbk ofeaipk lg pbk okmpxif

bejbfim`s es wixeihfk hkoi{sk lg eps xe`jk im` wiffku pl~ljxi~bu& h{p jkmkxiffu ep es im ixki lg al`kxipk

pka~kxip{xks im` ukix!xl{m` xiemgiff- Pbk blppksp xkjelms lg Meoixij{i emof{`k Fklm& Obemim`kji& im`

Aimij{i- Pbksk ioegeo xkjelms kr~kxekmok i espemop pxl~eoif zkp skislm "Aiu pbxl{jb Mlwkahkx% im`

pxl~eoif xu skislm "@kokahkx pbxl{jb I~xef%-

_loeif Iopewepeks

_loeif iopewepeks zeff wixu `k~kmèmj lm zbkxk ul{ ixk floipk` im` pbk setk lg ul{x sepk- Meoixij{ims ixk

jkmkxiffu cem` im` l~km& zepb okfkhxipelms lg iff pu~ks hkemj olaalm- Ul{ ixk kmol{xijk` pl hkolak i ~ixp lg

ul{x olaa{mepu im` ~ixpeoe~ipk em giaefu okfkhxipelms& floif imoks& im` glfcflxeo iopewepeks is flmj is pbkuloo{x em sigk kmwexlmakmps- Pbk [-_- Aixemks empxl`{ok` hiskhiff pl Meoixij{i em pbk kixfu 95>>s& im` ep es

mlz pbk mipelmif s~lxp- Alsp olaa{mepeks biwk hiskhiff pkias im` zkkckm` jiaks- _lookx es ifsl zef`fu

~l~{fix im` wlffkuhiff& pll& olmpem{ks pl jxlz em ~l~{fixepu pbxl{jbl{p pbk ol{mpxu ialmj hlpb akm im`

zlakm-

Ul{ zeff hk kr~kopk` pl g{ffu empkjxipk empl ul{x olaa{mepu- Pbes akims ul{ zeff s~km` pbk wisp aidlxepu lg

ul{x peak em ul{x ^kiok Olx~s sepk& emof{èmj zkkckm`s im` alsp lg ul{x gxkk peak- Wlf{mpkkxs looiselmiffu

wesep mkixhu Wlf{mpkkxs lx jl pl i xkjelmif okmpkx pl zipob i alwek& {sk pbk Empkxmkp& biwk i s~koeif akif& h{u

mkk`k` s{~~feks& lx d{sp xkfir em i ~fiok zepb iex olmèpelmemj- Wlf{mpkkxs ixk èsol{xijk gxla s~kmèmj

fkes{xk peak em Aimij{i hkoi{sk lg pbk kr~kmsk im` sko{xepu olmokxms- kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i aiempiems spxeop

~lfeoeks xkjixèmj pxe~s iziu gxla sepk-

^xlgksselmifesa& @xkss& im` Hkbiwelx

I Wlf{mpkkx issejmakmp es i ~xlgksselmif ~lsepelm- Ifpbl{jb ul{ aiu zlxc em im emglxaif skppemj& ul{ zeff hk

kr~kopk` pl iop im` `xkss ~xlgksselmiffu- Ifalsp iff Wlf{mpkkxs s~km` slak lg pbkex peak zlxcemj em floif

sobllfs im` ixk skkm is olaa{mepu fki`kxs im` akmplxs- Alxk s~koegeo emglxaipelm lm `xkss ol`ks im`

pkiobkxs xlfks es iwiefihfk em ul{x Wlf{mpkkx Issejmakmp @ksoxe~pelm- Ul{ zeff xkokewk im lxekmpipelm pl

i~~xl~xeipk hkbiwelx im` o{fp{xif skmsepewepu {xemj ~xk!skxweok pxiememj- Is i Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ zeff biwk pbk

spip{s lg im emwepk` j{ksp im` a{sp hk skmsepewk pl pbk biheps& pispks& im` pihlls lg ul{x Meoixij{im blsps- Ul{x

kggkopewkmkss is i `kwkfl~akmp zlxckx& sipesgiopelm is i Wlf{mpkkx& im` sigkpu is i glxkejmkx fewemj em i

olaa{mepu zeff iff hk kmbimok` hu ~xlgksselmif hkbiwelx- Hkbiwelx pbip dkl~ixètks pbk kiok Olx~s aesselm

em Meoixij{i lx ul{x ~kxslmif sigkpu oimmlp hk plfkxipk` hu pbk ^kiok Olx~s im` ol{f` fki` pl iàemespxipewk

sk~ixipelmi `koeselm lm pbk ~ixp lg pbk ^kiok Olx~s pl pkxaemipk ul{x skxweok- Pbk Wlf{mpkkx Bim`hllc

~xlwe`ks alxk emglxaipelm lm pbk jxl{m`s glx iàemespxipewk sk~ixipelm-

Meoixij{ims olmse`kx ~kxslmif i~~kiximok im ea~lxpimp emèwe`{if obixiopkxespeo- xl~kx xkss oim bkf~

kspihfesb ul{x oxkèhefepu is i ~xlgksselmif& im` ep xkgfkops ul{x xks~kop glx pbk floif o{splas im` kr~kopipelms

lg pbk ~kl~fk zepb zbla ul{ fewk im` zlxc- Emi~~xl~xeipk `xkss& feck emi~~xl~xeipk hkbiwelx& es slakpbemj pbip

oim skp Wlf{mpkkxs i~ixp gxla pbkex olaa{mepeks-


20/50


Pbk hksp j{e`kfemk es pl `xkss is ul{x Meoixij{im olffkij{ks `l- Meoixij{ims `xkss h{semkss ois{if4 mkip&

ofkim& im` exlmk`- Ul{ sbl{f` hxemj ois{if ~xlgksselmif ippexk glx iff wkm{ks zbkm ul{ ixk zlxcemj-

I~~xl~xeipk ippexk aiu emof{`k olpplm ~imps "meok cbices ixk iook~pihfk%& meok olpplm sbexps im`,lx hfl{sks "mlp

P!sbexps%& im` olpplm scexps lx `xkssks glx zlakm "mlp aeme fkmjpb%- Mkip hf{k dkims "ìxc im` mlp hfkiobk` l{p%

ixk iook~pihfk im` {sk` hu i m{ahkx lg ~xlgksselmifs& emof{èmj pkiobkxs& em s~epk lg pbk blp pka~kxip{xks-

Mkepbkx sblxps mlx gi`k` P!sbexps ixk i~~xl~xeipk glx aifk lx gkaifk Wlf{mpkkxs em pbk zlxc~fiok- @xkssks lx

sbexps pbip ixk pejbp lx s~ijbkppe!spxi~ pimc pl~s ixk ifsl mlp i~~xl~xeipk zlxc ippexk- Olaglxpihfk zifcemj sblks

lx simìfs ixk s{epihfk3 blzkwkx& Meoixij{ims wekz l{p`llx simìfs is emi~~xl~xeipk glx pbk zlxc kmwexlmakmp-

_blxps im` pkmmes sblks ixk iook~pihfk s~lxpszkix& h{p sbl{f` mlp hk olmse`kxk` i~~xl~xeipk glx zlxc-

@{xemj pxiememj& ul{ zeff hk kr~kopk` pl lhskxwk pbk siak oflpbemj j{e`kfemks- _bexps im` sblks a{sp hk zlxm

ip iff peaks- _blxps im` s~ijbkppe!spxi~ pimc pl~s aiu mlp hk zlxm ip pbk ^kiok Olx~s lggeok lx glx imu lggeoeif

^kiok Olx~s iopewepu- Wesehfk hlù ~ekxoemjs ixk mlp ~kxaeppk` glx pxiemkks3 mlx ixk pbku i~~xl~xeipk glx

Wlf{mpkkxs ip sobllfs lx lpbkx zlxc~fioks- Kixxemjs im` ~lmupiefs ixk mlp ~kxaeppk` glx aifk Wlf{mpkkxs `{xemj

skxweok- @xki`flocs sbl{f` hk mkip im` mlp flmjkx pbim sbl{f`kx fkmjpb-

Ckk~ em aem` pbip olmglxaemj pl floif mlxas es i saiff sioxegeok glx pbk jxkip i`wkmp{xk im` fispemj gxekm`sbe~s

pbip iziep ul{-

^kxslmif _igkpu

Alxk `kpiefk` emglxaipelm ihl{p pbk ^kiok Olx~s i~~xliob pl sigkpu es olmpiemk` em pbk Bkifpb Oixk im`

_igkpu obi~pkx& h{p ep es im ea~lxpimp ess{k im` oimmlp hk lwkxka~bisetk`- Is spipk` em pbk Wlf{mpkkx

Bim`hllc& hkolaemj i kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx kmpiefs okxpiem sigkpu xescs- Fewemj im` pxiwkfemj em im

{mgiaefeix kmwexlmakmp "lgpkmpeaks iflmk%& biwemj i feaepk` {m`kxspimèmj lg floif fimj{ijk im` o{fp{xk& im`

hkemj ~kxokewk` is zkff!lgg ixk slak lg pbk gioplxs pbip oim ~{p i Wlf{mpkkx ip xesc- Aimu Wlf{mpkkxs

kr~kxekmok wixuemj kjxkks lg {mzimpk` ippkmpelm im` bixissakmp- kppu pbkgps im` h{xjfixeks ixk mlp

{molaalm& im` emoe`kmps lg ~buseoif im` skr{if issi{fp l loo{x& ifpbl{jb alsp Meoixij{i Wlf{mpkkxs

ola~fkpk pbkex pzl ukixs lg skxweok zepbl{p emoe`kmp- Pbk kiok Olx~s bis kspihfesbk` ~xlok`{xks im` ~lfeoeks

`ksejmk` pl bkf~ ul{ xk`{ok ul{x xescs im` kmbimok ul{x sigkpu im` sko{xepu- Pbksk ~xlok`{xks im` ~lfeoeks& em

i`èpelm pl sigkpu pxiememj& zeff hk ~xlwe`k` lmok ul{ ixxewk em Meoixij{i- [semj pbksk pllfs& ul{ ixk kr~kopk`pl pick xks~lmsehefepu glx ul{x sigkpu im` zkff!hkemj-

Kiob spigg akahkx ip pbk ^kiok Olx~s es olaaeppk` pl ~xlweèmj Wlf{mpkkxs zepb pbk s{~~lxp pbku mkk` pl

s{ookssg{ffu akkp pbk obiffkmjks pbku zeff giok pl biwk i sigk& bkifpbu& im` ~xl`{opewk skxweok- Zk kmol{xijk

Wlf{mpkkxs im` giaefeks pl fllc ip l{x sigkpu im` sko{xepu emglxaipelm lm pbk ^kiok Olx~s zkhsepk ip

zzz-~kiokolx~s-jlw,sigkpu-

Emglxaipelm lm pbksk ~ijks jewks akssijks lm Wlf{mpkkx bkifpb im` Wlf{mpkkx sigkpu- Pbkxk es i skopelm pepfk`

_igkpu im` _ko{xepu em @k~pb- Ialmj pl~eos i``xkssk` ixk pbk xescs lg skxwemj is i Wlf{mpkkx& ~lsps sigkpu

s{~~lxp suspkas& im` kakxjkmou ~fimmemj im` olaa{meoipelms-

Xkzix`s im` Gx{spxipelmsHkemj i Wlf{mpkkx em Meoixij{i oim hk hlpb bejbfu xkzixèmj im` pkxxehfu gx{spxipemj- Pbes es lmk xkislm zbu

skxwemj em pbk ^kiok Olx~s es lgpkm oiffk` pbk pl{jbksp dlh ul{ff kwkx flwk- I pxiemkk lgpkm ixxewks zepb

e`kifespeo mlpelms lg zimpemj pl siwk pbk glxksp& gem` mkz zius pl emoxkisk gll` ~xl`{opelm pl `koxkisk b{mjkx

im` aifm{pxepelm& lx `kwkfl~ mkz floif ~xl`{ops pbip zeff aick i olaa{mepu lx h{semkss lzmkx xeob- H{p pbkm

gx{spxipelms lgpkm ixesk lwkx pbk èggeo{fpu lg jkppemj pbemjs ioola~fesbk`& pbk fioc lg s{~~lxp gxla floif

ol{mpkx~ixps& im` pbk lhspiofks lg ~lwkxpu im` ~llx k`{oipelm-
http://www.peacecorps.gov/safetyhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/safetyhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/safety


21/50


Ul{ aejbp spx{jjfk pl ~kxgkop pbk fimj{ijk& iì~p pl okxpiem Meoixij{im o{splas& lx gem` s{ggeoekmp gemimoeif

xksl{xoks- Pbk giaefu lx ob{xob d{sp `lzm pbk spxkkp gxla ul{x bl{sk aejbp ~fiu fl{` a{seo kwkxu mejbp& lx pbk

xllspkx mkrp `llx aejbp hkjem oxlzemj kiob alxmemj ip 8 i-a- Ul{ ixk okxpiem pl aess ul{x giaefu im` gxekm`s

hioc blak-

H{p lwkx peak& ul{x emepeif e`kifesa es feckfu pl hk xk~fiok` hu i skmsk lg ~xiopeoifepu- _iwemj pbk glxksp hkolaks

~fimpemj i gkz pxkks pl ~xlpkop i zipkxsbk`- Gkkèmj i mipelm hkolaks gkkèmj i giaefu- Xkwlf{pelmetemj ih{semkss hkolaks bkf~emj i h{semkss x{m hkppkx- Lmk bl~ks pbip ul{ zeff mlp skk pbes is i flss lg e`kifesa h{p&

xipbkx& i xkifetipelm pbip kwkfl~akmp olaks gxla saiff h{p sejmegeoimp spk~s pickm em ~ixpmkxsbe~ zepb ul{x

olaa{mepu-

Pl hk s{ookssg{f is i Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ zeff mkk` pl hk gfkrehfk& xksl{xokg{f& im` ~ipekmp- Ul{ zeff hk jewkm i bejb

`kjxkk lg xks~lmsehefepu im` em`k~km`kmok em ul{x zlxc~kxbi~s alxk pbim em imu lpbkx dlh ul{ biwk bi` lx

zeff biwk- Ul{ zeff lgpkm gem` ul{xskfg em sep{ipelms pbip xky{exk im ihefepu pl alpewipk ul{xskfg im` lpbkxs zepb

feppfk j{eìmok gxla s{~kxweslxs- Ul{ zeff fkixm pl pick dlu gxla pbk feppfk pbemjs4 pbk saefks im` fi{jbs lg

obef`xkm zifcemj pl sobllf& pbk zkfolak sl{m` lg xiem lm i temo xllg& pbk s~ixcfk em i obef`s kuks zbkm bk

xkifetks pbip siwemj i pxkk akims siwemj ihex`& pbk olaglxp em i alpbkxs giok zbkm bkx hihu es bkifpbu im`

zkff!ml{xesbk`& pbk sipesgiopelm lg i h{semkss lzmkx zbkm sbk es ihfk pl ~iu bkx `khps im` siwk almku-

Zbkm ul{ ola~fkpk ul{x skxweok em Meoixij{i& ul{ zeff fkiwk cmlzemj pbip ul{ biwk mlp lmfu lwkxolak

gx{spxipelms im` lhspiofks& h{p ifsl ai`k fispemj gxekm`sbe~s im` bkf~k` ~kl~fk h{ef` hkppkx fewks glx pbkaskfwks

im` pbkex giaefeks- Eg ul{ ixk olaaeppk` pl empkjxipemj empl ul{x olaa{mepu im` zlxcemj bix`& ul{ zeff hk i

s{ookssg{f Wlf{mpkkx-

^KIOK OLX^_ PXIEMEMJ

Lwkxwekz lg ^xk!_kxweok Pxiememj

[~lm ul{x ixxewif em Meoixij{i& ul{ zeff ~ixpeoe~ipk em i pbxkk!ìu lxekmpipelm pbip zeff ~xlwe`k ul{ zepb hiseo&

~kxpemkmp emglxaipelm lm fewemj em Meoixij{i- Ul{ zeff gem` l{p ihl{p ^kiok Olx~s iàemespxipewk ess{ks is pbku

~kxpiem pl ^kiok Olx~s pxiememj- I`èpelmiffu& ul{ zeff fkixm zbip pbk ^kiok Olx~s kr~kops gxla ul{ `{xemjpxiememj im` zbip ul{ oim kr~kop gxla pbk ^kiok Olx~s- Ul{ zeff biwk pbk l~~lxp{mepu pl s~kic zepb o{xxkmp

Wlf{mpkkxs em ul{x ~xldkop im` isc spigg akahkxs y{kspelms ihl{p imu emepeif akèoif olmokxms- Igpkx pbes

lxekmpipelm& ul{ zeff hkjem fewemj zepb i blsp giaefu& s~kmèmj _ip{xìu mejbp im` _{mìu zepb pbka hkglxk

hkjemmemj ~xk!skxweok pxiememj lm Almìu alxmemj-

^kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i {sks i olaa{mepu!hisk` pxiememj al`kf pbip zis ~elmkkxk` em Meoixij{i em Dim{ixu

955;- Aimu ^kiok Olx~s pxiememj ~xljxias zlxf`ze`k biwk semok i`l~pk` pbes al`kf& em zbeob alsp pxiememj

iopewepeks pick ~fiok em pbk olaa{mepu zbkxk lmk fewks `{xemj pxiememj- Pbes pu~k lg eaakxselm bis ~xlwkm

alxk s{ookssg{f pbim lpbkx akpbl`s em ~xk~ixemj Wlf{mpkkxs glx pbk xkifepeks lg skxweok-

Pxiememj zeff olmsesp lg skwkxif ola~lmkmps& emof{èmj _~imesb fimj{ijk& pkobmeoif sceffs& oxlss!o{fp{xif

izixkmkss& pbk xlfk lg Wlf{mpkkxs em `kwkfl~akmp& im` bkifpb im` sigkpu ess{ks- Ul{ zeff ippkm` _~imesb

ofissks im` oixxu l{p pkobmeoif im` oxlss!o{fp{xif piscs em ul{x olaa{mepu Almìu pbxl{jb Gxeìu- Lm

Zk`mksìu im` Gxeìu igpkxmllms im` slak _ip{xìu alxmemjs& pbk kmpexk pxiememj jxl{~ {s{iffu zeff olak

pljkpbkx glx alxk glxaif pxiememj sksselms- @{xemj pxiememj& ul{ zeff hk xkj{fixfu kwif{ipk` lm ul{x ihefepu pl

ioy{exk im` kalmspxipk pbk fimj{ijk& pkobmeoif& oxlss!o{fp{xif& im` sigkpu sceffs mkk`k` pl hk i Wlf{mpkkx-

Ul{ zeff fewk zepb ul{x blsp giaefu glx pbk kmpexk 99!zkkc pxiememj ~kxel`- Pzl lx pbxkk lpbkx pxiemkks zeff fewk

em pbk siak olaa{mepu zepb eggkxkmp giaefeks& im` ul{ zeff sp{ù _~imesb im` oixxu l{p emèwe`{if pkobmeoif


22/50

^KIOK OLX^_ v MEOIXIJ[I ZKFOLAK HLLC8>

piscs pljkpbkx- Kwkm pbl{jb pbk kmpexk pxiememj jxl{~ zeff hk s~xki` l{p ialmj gewk lx ser olaa{mepeks& ^kiok

Olx~s spigg akahkxs zeff hk ~xkskmp lm i ìefu hises- Pbk pxiememj èxkoplx im` lpbkx ^kiok Olx~s spigg zeff

aick gxky{kmp pxe~s pl kiob olaa{mepu pl kms{xk pbip pxiememj lhdkopewks ixk hkemj akp-

Mlpk pl Ol{~fks4 kiok Olx~s,Meoixij{i kmol{xijks aixxek` ol{~fks pl ~ixpeoe~ipk em l{x ~xljxia3 ol{~fks

biwk gl{m` skxweok em Meoixij{i pl hk wkxu xkzixèmj- Alxk s~koegeo i`wimpijks im` obiffkmjks pl skxwemj is

ol{~fks ixk akmpelmk` fipkx em pbes hllc- Blzkwkx& eg ul{ ixk olmse`kxemj skxweok em Meoixij{i& ep es ea~lxpimppl mlpk pbip ul{ zeff kiob fewk zepb i èggkxkmp blsp giaefu `{xemj pbk 99!zkkc ~xk!skxweok pxiememj ~kxel` im`

zeff alsp feckfu ifsl hk fewemj em sk~ixipk& h{p mkejbhlxemj& olaa{mepeks- Pbes zeff hkppkx kmihfk kiob lg ul{ pl

`kwkfl~ ul{x fimj{ijk im` pkobmeoif sceffs& im` pl sbixk em pbk xeob oxlss!o{fp{xif kr~kxekmok lg s~kmèmj peak

zepb ul{x lzm blsp giaefu im` olaa{mepu- Pbk s{ookss em pbk pxiememj ~xljxia zeff hk `{k em fixjk ~ixp pl i

ol{~fks zeffemjmkss pl ~{p pbkex emèwe`{if fkixmemj lhdkopewks gexsp& xkifetemj pbip kiob ~kxslm zeff mkk` peak

im` ~kxslmif s~iok pl akkp pbk obiffkmjks ibki` im` pl g{ffu kmjijk em pbk pxiememj iopewepeks- Ol{~fks biwk

~fkmpu lg l~~lxp{mepeks pl skk lmk imlpbkx `{xemj pbk zkkc ip ~fkmixu sksselms im` oim s~km` zkkckm`s

pljkpbkx {xemj pbk ~xk!skxweok pxiememj ~kxel`- fkisk olmpiop ul{x ~fiokakmp lggeokx lx pbk ol{mpxu ksc {mep

glx alxk s~koegeo emglxaipelm-

Pkobmeoif Pxiememj

Pkobmeoif pxiememj zeff ~xk~ixk ul{ pl zlxc em Meoixij{i hu h{efèmj lm pbk sceffs ul{ ifxkiù biwk im`

bkf~emj ul{ `kwkfl~ mkz sceffs em i aimmkx i~~xl~xeipk pl pbk mkk`s lg pbk ol{mpxu- Pbk ^kiok Olx~s spigg&

Meoixij{i kr~kxps& im` o{xxkmp Wlf{mpkkxs zeff olm`{op pbk pxiememj ~xljxia- Pxiememj ~fioks jxkip ka~bises

lm fkixmemj blz pl pximsgkx pbk sceffs ul{ biwk pl pbk olaa{mepu em zbeob ul{ zeff skxwk is i Wlf{mpkkx-

Pkobmeoif pxiememj zeff emof{`k sksselms lm pbk jkmkxif kolmlaeo im` ~lfepeoif kmwexlmakmp em Meoixij{iim`

spxipkjeks glx zlxcemj zepbem s{ob i gxiakzlxc- Ul{ zeff xkwekz ul{x pkobmeoif skoplxs jlifs im` zeff akkp

zepb pbk Meoixij{im ijkmoeks im` lxjimetipelms pbip emwepk` pbk ^kiok Olx~s pl issesp pbka- Ul{ zeff hk

s{~~lxpk` im` kwif{ipk` pbxl{jbl{p pxiememj pl h{ef` pbk olmge`kmok im` sceffs ul{ mkk` pl {m`kxpick ul{x

~xldkop iopewepeks im` hk i ~xl`{opewk akahkx lg ul{x olaa{mepu-

Pkobmeoif pxiememj es ola~kpkmou!hisk`- Pbes ola~lmkmp lg ~xk!skxweok pxiememj zeff ~xk~ixk ul{ pl zlxc emMeoixij{i hu h{efèmj lm pbk sceffs ul{ ifxkiù biwk im` bkf~emj ul{ `kwkfl~ mkz sceffs em i aimmkx

i~~xl~xeipk glx ul{x ~xldkop jlifs- kiok Olx~s spigg& Meoixij{im kr~kxps& im` o{xxkmp Wlf{mpkkxs zeff gioefepipk

pbk pxiememj sksselms- Pxiememj ~fioks jxkip ka~bises lm fkixmemj blz pl pximsgkx pbk sceffs ul{ biwk pl

olaa{mepu akahkxs ip ul{x sepk-

Fimj{ijk Pxiememj

Is i ^kiok Olx~s Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ zeff gem` pbip fimj{ijk sceffs ixk cku pl ~kxslmif im` ~xlgksselmif sipesgiopelm

`{xemj ul{x skxweok- Pbksk sceffs ixk oxepeoif pl ul{x dlh ~kxglxaimok& pbku bkf~ ul{ empkjxipk empl ul{x

olaa{mepu& im` pbku oim kisk ul{x ~kxslmif iì~pipelm pl pbk mkz s{xxl{mèmjs- Pbkxkglxk& fimj{ijk pxiememj

es ip pbk bkixp lg pbk pxiememj ~xljxia- Ul{ a{sp s{ookssg{ffu akkp aemea{a fimj{ijk xky{exkakmps pl

ola~fkpk pxiememj im` hkolak i Wlf{mpkkx- Meoixij{im fimj{ijk emspx{oplxs pkiob glxaif fimj{ijk ofissks gewk

ìus i zkkc em saiff jxl{~s lg pbxkk pl gl{x ~kl~fk-

Ul{x fimj{ijk pxiememj zeff emolx~lxipk i olaa{mepu!hisk` i~~xliob- Em i`èpelm pl ofissxlla peak& ul{ zeff

hk jewkm issejmakmps pl zlxc lm l{pse`k lg pbk ofissxlla im` zepb ul{x blsp giaefu- Pbk jlif es pl jkp ul{ pl

i ~lemp lg hiseo sloeif olaa{meoipelm sceffs sl ul{ oim ~xiopeok im` `kwkfl~ fimj{ijk sceffs g{xpbkx lmok ul{

ixk ip ul{x sepk- ^xelx pl hkemj szlxm em is i Wlf{mpkkx& ul{ zeff zlxc lm spxipkjeks pl olmpem{k fimj{ijk

sp{èks {xemj ul{x skxweok-


23/50


Oxlss!O{fp{xif Pxiememj

Is ~ixp lg ul{x ~xk!skxweok pxiememj& ul{ zeff fewk zepb i Meoixij{im blsp giaefu- Pbes kr~kxekmok es `ksejmk`

pl kisk ul{x pximsepelm pl fegk ip ul{x sepk- Giaefeks jl pbxl{jb im lxekmpipelm olm`{opk` hu ^kiok Olx~s spigg pl

kr~fiem pbk ~{x~lsk lg ~xk!skxweok pxiememj im` pl issesp pbka em bkf~emj ul{ iì~p pl fewemj em Meoixij{i-

Aimu Wlf{mpkkxs glxa spxlmj im` fispemj gxekm`sbe~s zepb pbkex blsp giaefeks-

Oxlss!o{fp{xif im` olaa{mepu kwkfl~akmp pxiememj zeff bkf~ ul{ ea~xlwk ul{x olaa{meoipelm sceffs im`

{m`kxspim` ul{x xlfk is i gioefepiplx lg `kwkfl~akmp- Ul{ zeff hk kr~lsk` pl pl~eos s{ob is olaa{mepu

alhefetipelm& olmgfeop xkslf{pelm& jkm`kx im` kwkfl~akmp& mlmglxaif im` i`{fp k`{oipelm spxipkjeks& im`

~lfepeoif spx{op{xks-

Bkifpb Pxiememj

@{xemj ~xk!skxweok pxiememj& ul{ zeff hk jewkm hiseo akèoif pxiememj im` emglxaipelm- Ul{ zeff hk kr~kopk` pl

~xiopeok ~xkwkmpewk bkifpb oixk im` pl pick xks~lmsehefepu glx ul{x lzm bkifpb hu i`bkxemj pl iff akèoif

~lfeoeks- Pxiemkks ixk xky{exk` pl ippkm` iff akèoif sksselms- Pbk pl~eos emof{`k ~xkwkmpewk bkifpb akis{xks

im` aemlx im` aidlx akèoif ess{ks pbip ul{ aejbp kmol{mpkx zbefk em Meoixij{i- M{pxepelm& akmpif bkifpb&

skppemj {~ i sigk fewemj ola~l{m`& im` blz pl iwle` BEW,IE@_ im` lpbkx skr{iffu pximsaeppk` èskisks

"_P@s% ixk ifsl olwkxk`-

_igkpu Pxiememj

@{xemj pbk sigkpu pxiememj sksselms& ul{ zeff fkixm blz pl i`l~p i fegkspufk pbip xk`{oks ul{x xescs ip blak& ip

zlxc& im` `{xemj ul{x pxiwkfs- Ul{ zeff ifsl fkixm i~~xl~xeipk& kggkopewk spxipkjeks glx ol~emj zepb {mzimpk`

ippkmpelm im` ihl{p ul{x emèwe`{if xks~lmsehefepu glx ~xlalpemj sigkpu pbxl{jbl{p ul{x skxweok-

I`èpelmif Pxiememjs @{xemj Wlf{mpkkx _kxweok

Em eps olaaepakmp pl emspep{pelmifetk y{ifepu pxiememj& pbk kiok Olx~s bis ea~fkakmpk` i pxiememj suspka pbip

~xlwe`ks Wlf{mpkkxs zepb olmpem{if l~~lxp{mepeks pl kriaemk pbkex olaaepakmp pl kiok Olx~s skxweok zbefk

emoxkisemj pbkex pkobmeoif im` oxlss!o{fp{xif sceffs- @{xemj skxweok& pbkxk ixk {s{iffu pbxkk pxiememj kwkmps- Pbk

pepfks im` lhdkopewks glx pblsk pxiememjs ixk is glfflzs4

Em!skxweok pxiememj4 xlwe`ks im l~~lxp{mepu glx Wlf{mpkkxs pl {~jxi`k pbkex pkobmeoif& fimj{ijk& im`~xldkop kwkfl~akmp sceffs zbefk sbixemj pbkex kr~kxekmoks im` xkiggexaemj pbkex olaaepakmp igpkx biwemjskxwk` glx pbxkk pl ser almpbs-

Ae`pkxa olmgkxkmok "`lmk em olmd{mopelm zepb pkobmeoif skoplx em!skxweok%4 Issesps Wlf{mpkkxs emxkwekzemj pbkex gexsp ukix& xkisskssemj pbkex ~kxslmif im` ~xldkop lhdkopewks& im` ~fimmemj glx pbkex skolmùkix lg skxweok-

Oflsk!lg!skxweok olmgkxkmok4 xk~ixks Wlf{mpkkxs glx pbk g{p{xk igpkx kiok Olx~s skxweok im` xkwekzspbkex xks~kopewk ~xldkops im` ~kxslmif kr~kxekmoks-

Pbk m{ahkx& fkmjpb& im` `ksejm lg pbksk pxiememjs ixk iì~pk` pl ol{mpxu!s~koegeo mkk`s im` olmèpelms- Pbkcku pl pbk pxiememj suspka es pbip pxiememj kwkmps ixk empkjxipk` im` empkxxkfipk`& gxla pbk ~xk!`k~ixp{xklxekmpipelm pbxl{jb pbk km` lg ul{x skxweok& im` ixk ~fimmk`& ea~fkakmpk`& im` kwif{ipk` oll~kxipewkfu hu pbkpxiememj spigg& kiok Olx~s spigg& ~xljxiaaemj spigg& akèoif spigg& im` Wlf{mpkkxs-


24/50


UL[X BKIFPB OIXK IM@ _IGKPU EM MEOIXIJ[I

Pbk ^kiok Olx~s bejbksp ~xelxepu es aiempiememj pbk jll` bkifpb im` sigkpu lg kwkxu Wlf{mpkkx- ^kiok Olx~s

akèoif ~xljxias ka~bisetk pbk ~xkwkmpewk& xipbkx pbim pbk o{xipewk& i~~xliob pl èskisk- Pbk kiok Olx~s em

Meoixij{i aiempiems i ofemeo zepb gl{x g{ff!peak akèoif loplxs& zbl picks oixk lg Wlf{mpkkxs ~xeaixu bkifpboixk mkk`s- I`èpelmif akèoif skxweoks& s{ob is pkspemj im` hiseo pxkipakmp& ixk ifsl iwiefihfk em Meoixij{iip

floif bls~epifs- Eg ul{ hkolak skxel{sfu eff& ul{ zeff hk pxims~lxpk` kepbkx pl im Iakxeoim!spimìx` akèoif

gioefepu em îmiai lx pl pbk [mepk` _pipks-

Bkifpb Ess{ks em Meoixij{i

Pbk alsp olaalm bkifpb ~xlhfkas ialmj Wlf{mpkkxs im` pbk Meoixij{im ~l~{fipelm