ontogenia y teoría biocultural : bases para el estudio de la persona a partir del desarrollo...

7/30/2019 Ontogenia y teoría biocultural : bases para el estudio de la persona a partir del desarrollo infantil

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Og{ojag`l p {aouãl eònqd{quldEl~a~ ylul ad a~{qkò ka dl yau~ogl

l ylu{ù kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d

Hqlg Nludo~ Xlvldl Odldka

Noy@{#lu]`va~



Noypdaf{ 59<5 you Hqlg Nludo~ Xlvldl Odldka

Yqed`nlko ag 59<5 you Noy@{#lu]`va~

^N999>A^ aeoob @ÊG 0:=#<#0>=<5=#9<#<

Xlvldl Odldka $ Hqlg Nludo~

Og{ojag`l p {aouãl eònqd{quld8 El~a~ ylul ad a~{qkò ka dl yau~ogl

l ylu{ù kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d / you Hqlg N' Xlvldl

^N999>A^

@ÊG 0:=#<#0>=<5=#9<#<@gndqpa uafauagn`l~ eèdòjuìf`nl~ a ãgk`na'

<' Ka~luuoddo' 5' Avodqn`þg' >' Og{ojag`l

[oko~ do~ kauanmo~ ka yuoyàklk `g{adan{qld yau{aganag ld lq{ou |q`àg2 ~`g acelujo$ lq{ou`xl ld dan{ou

ylul noy`lu$ `cyu`c u p k`~{uèqù ~q oeul dèuacag{a$ ag ylu{a~ o nocyda{l nog dl nogk`n`þg ka |qa -`) ad

goceua kad lq{ou p ad {ã{qdo ~alg ua~ya{lko~ p n`{lko~ ~àcyua$ -``) ad {a}{o go ~al cok`f`nlko kag`gjqgl clgaul p -```) ad q~o f`gld ka a~{a {a}{o go {agjl f`ga~ ka dqnuo'

A~{a dèuo ml ~`ko yuokqn`ko adan{uþg`nlcag{a lnouka l qgl f`do~ofãl ka lnna~o dèua ylul yqed`nlnòga~lnlkàc`nl~'

Y`g{qul ka dl you{lkl8 Hqajo ka G`üo~$ Yà{au Euqajad Ad Vàho$ <169'

Noy@{#lu]`va~N`qklk ka Cà}`no ◦ Nqauglvlnl ◦ Clku`k

Nqu`{èl ◦ V`êo~l ◦ Zl~m`gj{og KN ◦ ^maffàdkm{{y8//~n`fqglc'f`~`nl'qglc'c}/cù/noy`{/

Nog ad lyopo ka dl

QG@VAU^@KLK GLN@OGLD LQ[ÞGOCL KA CÀ]@NO

http://scifunam.fisica.unam.mx/mir/copit/

http://scifunam.fisica.unam.mx/mir/copit/



Og{ojag`l p {aouãl eònqd{quldEl~a~ ylul ad a~{qkò ka dl yau~ogll ylu{ù kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d

Hqlg Nludo~ Xlvldl Odldka

@ÊG 0:=#<#0>=<5=#9<#<Noy@{#lu]`va~

59<5



5

Ãgk`na

@g{uokqnn`þg'……………………………………………………………………………>

Nlyã{qdo <

Dl~ fqag{a~ kad lgìd`~`~ p kad yuona~o eònqd{quld………………………………………6

Nlyã{qdo 5

Avodqn`þg p og{ojag`l noco qg`klk a}yd`nl{`vl kad ~au mqclgo eònqd{quld…………<6

Nlyã{qdo >

âdann`þg og{ojàg`nl$ ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld p ~`jg`f`nlko…………………………':5

Nlyã{qdo ;

Nogndq~òga~ p yau~yan{`vl…………………………………………………………''<<1

Eèdòjulfãl……………………………………………………………………………<<:



>

@g{uokqnn`þg

Ad dèuo |qa yua~ag{o {àga dl vag{lhl p dl gana~`klk ka ~au `g{auk`~n`yd`gluò$ you |qa ag

dl ln{qld`klk ylul leouklu do mqclgo go a~ yo~èda ~`g `g{ajulu qgl a}yd`nln`þg ka~ka

dl~ k`vau~l~ k`~n`yd`gl~ |qa do a~{qk`lg' ^`g eàg ~a ml ka~luuoddlko ka~ka dl

lg{uoyodojãl$ ad c`~co {ã{qdo ~qyoga dl `g{ajuln`þg ag{ua dl lg{uoyodojãl kak`nlkl ld

a~{qkò nqd{quld hqg{o nog dl eòdojãl |qa lyou{l dl el~a {aþu`nl |qa do ~q~{ag{l' Lkacì~

yqakag vau~a uadlnòglko~ l~yan{o~ uadavlg{a~ ylul dl yakljojãl$ dl ~onòdojãl p dl

y~`nodojãl ag ad `g{auà~ you ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo'

Dl lg{uoyodojãl ml jagaulko qgl ~auà ka yuoyqa~{l~ {aþu`nl~ ylul ydlg{alu qgl

a}yd`nln`þg ka do mqclgo ag ~q {o{ld`klk' Qgl ka a~l~ vau{àg{a~ {aþu`nl~ a~ ad

avodqnòg`~co kag{uo kad nqld ~a ~`{øl ad yua~ag{a {ulelho ka~ka qgl yau~yan{`vl ln{qld'

Dl nocyuag~`þg p a}yd`nln`þg avodq{`vl kad ~au mqclgo ~a ou`j`gþ l ylu{ù ka {ua~

vau{àg{a~ yluldadl~$ nlkl qgl ka addl~ nog vldò~o~ ua~qd{lko~' Dl yu`caul a~ dl |qa

ylu{`þ kad lgìd`~`~ ka dl avodqn`þg ka dl~ dagjql~ -Odagkau 5991)' Dl ~ajqgkl a~ ad

avodqnòg`~co kan`cogþg`no$ nluln{au`xlko you yuoyogau fl~a~ ka dl avodqn`þg nqd{quld

-Eomlgglg p Jdlxau <00>)' [ld fqa ad nl~o ka dl yuoyqa~{l ka Coujlg ld k`v`kù dl

avodqn`þg ka dl mqclg`klk ag ~ldvlh`~co$ elueluà p n`v`d`xln`þg' Dl {aunaul yau~yan{`vla~ dl kluz`g`lgl l~on`lkl kùan{lcag{a nog Ad Ou`jag ka dl~ A~yanà~ ka Kluz`g$ yauo

ydlg{alkl you àd c`~co ml~{l ~q oeul ka <=:<$ [ma Ka~nag{ of Clg2 lgk âdan{òg `g

Uadl{òg {o â} -Xlvldl 599>)'

Ag ad ~`jdo ]] a~{l~ yo~`nòga~ {aþu`nl~ mlg vag`ko l fq~òglu~a ag cød{`yda~

onl~òga~' Do~ ahacydo~ cì~ ~oeua~ldàg{a~ ~a `gndqpag kag{uo kad avodqnòg`~co ka

Da~dà Zm`{a$ Joukog Nm`dka$ H' ^{azluk$ Clu~mldd ^lmd`g~$ A' âuv`na p Klunp Uèaùo

-Eomlgglg p Jdlxau <00>)' You ød{`co$ nog~`kauo |qa ad cl{au`ld`~co nqd{quld yuoyqa~{oyou Cluv`g Mluu`~ ua{ocþ ka foucl ~au`l p nual{`vl l dl {aouãl avodq{`vl p jagauþ qgl

a}yd`nln`þg eònqd{quld' Ag a~l vau{àg{a qg julg lvlgna l f`glda~ kad ~`jdo ]] ml ~`ko

nog~`kaulu dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo' Addo ml yauc`{`ko xlghlu v`~òga~

ylun`lda~ p fuljcag{lu`l~ kad ~au mqclgo ylul ù ag dl eø~|qakl ka yuoyqa~{l~

a}yd`nl{`vl~ jagaulda~'

Ad ka~luuoddo ka qgl yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl ka dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad ~au

mqclgo yqaka ~au dl yqg{l ka dlgxl ka dl lg{uoyodojãl' [oko addo kayagka ka dlnog~{uqnn`þg ka qgl yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl ~þd`kl ld no`gn`kù nog dl {aouãl avodq{`vl p |qa



;

yqakl a}yd`nlu dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ kad ~au mqclgo' Ad nog~{uqn{o {aþu`no eònqd{quld$

noco ~a yua~ag{l ag ad nlyã{qdo @@@$ a~ qgl lnay{ln`þg ka do~ yu`gn`yò~ ka nþco dl v`kl

mqclgl a~ eònqd{quld' Ml~{l lmoul ag dl lg{uoyodojãl dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka qgl yuoyqa~{l

{aþu`nl ~a ml d`c`{lko l nogvagnau ka dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad fagþcago mqclgo'

L|qã ùà cì~ lddì ylul yuoyogau qgl a}yd`nln`þg kad yuona~o' Noco ln{qldcag{a

v`v`co~ ag qgl a{lyl ag dl nqld nocàgxlg l yuoyogau~a a}yd`nlnòga~ jagaulda~ a~{a

dèuo a~ qg ahacydo ka addo'

Kaea nog~`kaulu~a a~{l lyou{ln`þg {aþu`nl kag{uo ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl p ag a~a

~ag{`ko a~ qgl {aouãl eònqd{quld$ noco qgl {aouãl yqa~{l ld kãl ag ad l~yan{o ka dl

avodqn`þg mqclgl ~onònqd{quld' Ag a~{l yau~yan{`vl dl qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ avodq{`vo a~

ad n`ndo ka v`kl p ~a nog~`kaul l dl yau~ogl noco ad oeha{o ka a~{qkò' You do lg{auòu do~

ko~ yu`gn`ylda~ {acl~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl |qa ~a {ul{lg ~og dl nog~{uqnn`þg#mauagn`l

kad g`nmo p dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~{o~ ko~ yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~ ~og do~ |qa yauc`{ag

a}yd`nlu {ua~ l~yan{o~ ka dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo |qa ~og8 ~q avodqn`þg$

~q ka~luuoddo p ~q v`kl nqd{quld$ ag ylu{`nqdlu ~q flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu<' A~{l nlyln`klk

ka ~`jg`f`nlu a~ fqgklcag{ld ag ad ag{agk`ko ag ad nqld dl nqd{qul a~ dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka

{ulcl~ ka ~`jg`f`nlko~ |qa ~og nocylu{`ko~ you do~ `g{ajulg{a~ ka qg juqyo ~on`ld'

Ylul a}yogau dl yuoyqa~{l ka dl a}yd`nln`þg eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo ma

oujlg`xlko a~{a {a}{o ag nql{uo nlyã{qdo~' Ag ad yu`cauo ~a a~{ledanag dl~ {ua~ dãgal~ ka

lgìd`~`~ ylul nocyuagkau dl a}`~{agn`l eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo' A~ kanù8 dl avodqn`þg

|qa ml manmo yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo$ ad ka~luuoddo |qa mlna ka

qg uan`àg gln`ko eòdþj`no qg ag{a eònqd{quld l do dlujo ka ~q a}`~{agn`l ag ~q juqyo

nqd{quld p dl nqd{qul noco qgl govaklk avodq{`vl |qa ~a `g{ajul nog dl mauagn`l

eòdþj`nl kad ~au mqclgo' Ag ad ~ajqgko nlyã{qdo ~a {ul{lg do~ l~yan{o~ {aþu`no~ cì~

~oeua~ldàg{a~ ka dl yuoyqa~{l' Ag a~{l ~ann`þg ~a a}yoga qgl ln{qld`xln`þg ka dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl |qa a~ gana~lu`l ylul nocyuagkau dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo' A~{lce`àg kogka ~a a}yogag do~ ko~ yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~ yuoyqa~{o~ noco a}yd`nl{`vo~ ka

dl v`kl eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo |qa ~og8 dl nog~{uqnn`þg#mauagn`l kad g`nmo p dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg#mauagn`l kad g`nmo ~a {ul{l ka foucl m`~{þu`nl' Dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ qgl yuoyqa~{l |qa ~a ydlg{al ag a}{ag~o you yu`caul vax ag ad

yua~ag{a {a}{o' Lceo~ yuona~o avodq{`vo~ ~a `g{ajulg kag{uo ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Ag ad

<

^`jg`f`nlu a~ qg yuona~o cag{ld ag ad nqld ~a uadlnògl qg ~`jg`f`nlko o nognay{o nog qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a oa}yua~`þg ~ogoul' You ahacydo$ ld ~`jg`f`nlu ad ~`jgo ìueod$ do |qa ~a mlna a~ a~{ledanau dl uadln`þg ag{ua

qg nognay{o p qgl ac`~`þg do~ nqlda~ no`gn`kag ag l|qaddo |qa nocqg`nlco~ you cakò kad ~`jgo ìueod'



1

{aunau nlyã{qdo ~a {ul{l ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl noco qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ p ~q nluìn{au

lkly{l{`vo' Yuoyogjo |qa dl yau~ogl a~ qg ahacydo ka lkly{ln`þg p ylul addo ~a

nog~{uqpa qg nognay{o ka ~au ly{o lyd`nleda ld ~au mqclgo noco yau~ogl$ nognay{o ø{`d

ylul ad a~{qkò eònqd{quld' Nog addo f`gldcag{a kau`vo ag qgl foucl ka mlnau

lg{uoyodojãl ddlclkl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' Ad ød{`co nlyã{qdo a~ dl

nogndq~`þg kad {ulelho p dl~ yau~yan{`vl~ |qa ~a v`~dqceulg ld lnnakau l dl a}yd`nln`þg

kad ~au mqclgo ka~ka dl yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl eònqd{quld'

Yua~ag{o l~ã do |qa nog~`kauo ~og dl~ el~a~ ka dl {aouãl eònqd{quld l dl |qa `gv`{o

ld dan{ou ylul lgld`xlu$ lyd`nlu p ka~ka dqajo nog~{uqù ag yo~ ka qgl nocyda{l {aouãl

eònqd{quld ylul a}yd`nlu ld ~au mqclgo'



:

nodan{`v`klk kaf`ga dl~ dãgal~ eì~`nl~ ka ~au yau~ogl' Ag nognua{o$ noco ad ~au mqclgo

~þdo ~oeuav`va you qgl v`kl ag qg ag{ougo ~on`ld$ dl v`kl ka dl yau~ogl yua~qyoga qgl

`g{ajuln`þg ka dl uadavlgn`l `gk`v`kqld$ ~on`ld p avodq{`vl ka lnqauko ~q ka~luuoddo

kag{uo ka qgl nqd{qul'

Pl ma cagnòglko$ ~`jqàgko l Jaau{x -<0=:) |qa ad ~au mqclgo v`va ag qgl

nqd{qul noco qgl {ulcl ka ~`jgo~' Ld {ul{lu l dl yau~ogl$ dl c`~cl a~ qgl nog~{uqnn`þg

nqd{quld you cakò ka ~`jgo~' Dl nqd{qul kaf`ga l dl yau~ogl you cakò ka qg nognay{o

|qa a~yan`f`nl ad coko ka ~q ~au ag ad cqgko' A~{l kaf`g`n`þg nouua~yogka l dl dagjql 5

noco qgl ylu{a ka dl nqd{qul$ {lg{o noco ~q uald`xln`þg kayagka kad `gk`v`kqo p ka dl

~onàklk' A}`~{ag ko~ yo~èda~ a}yd`nlnòga~ ylul dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl~ yau~ogl~$ qgl ka

addl~ cì~ yuokqn{`vl ag ad ~ag{`ko a}yd`nl{`vo8 <' Dl yau~ogl a~ qgl nog~{uqnn`þg

~onònqd{quld |qa {àga ~q ou`jag ag dl dagjql p kaea ka~luuoddlu~a ag ad `gk`v`kqo |qàg

ddajl l ~au uanogon`ko noco yau~ogl$ o 5' Dl yau~ogl ~a ka~luuoddl noco qg fagþcago

eònqd{quld ~oeua ad nqld dl dagjql jagaul qgl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' Nog~`kauluaco~ l dl

~ajqgkl noco dl cì~ agu`|qanakoul a}yd`nln`þg kad yuona~o' Dl ~ajqgkl yo~{qul mlna

yo~èda nocyuagkau |qa a}`~{a qg yuona~o eònqd{quld |qa kau`vl ag dl a}`~{agn`l ka

yau~ogl~$ ~þdo yo~{auòucag{a l dl a}`~{agn`l ka a~{l~ noco uafauag{a~> a~ |qa ~a

ka~luuoddl qgl a}yd`nln`þg lnaunl ka dl~ yau~ogl~ p nþco kaeag ~au' A~{l yuoyqa~{l {àga

qgl yu`caul el~a avodq{`vl ag ~q a}yd`nln`þg p qgl yo~{auòu `gnouyouln`þg kad l~yan{o

nqd{quld'

Noco ~a vauì ag a~{a {ulelho a~ ka qgl julg uadavlgn`l |qa dl dagjql ~a lk|qàul

ka {ld clgaul |qa ag do~ lkqd{o~ foucl ylu{a ka ~q gl{quldaxl mqclgl$ you do {lg{o

yokuaco~ lujqcag{lu |qa dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka dl yau~ogl a~ `jqldcag{a yuoy`l ka nlkl

`gk`v`kqo you ad vldou avodq{`vo |qa yo~aa' Ld ydlg{alu ld ka~luuoddo noco a~{uqn{qulkou

ag dl `gva~{`jln`þg ~a leoukl ad ou`jag ka dl ~acò~`~;$ a~ kanù kad ou`jag nojg`{`vo kad

nognay{o ka yau~ogl ag dl v`kl mqclgl' Ad yuona~o `cyd`nl |qa ~a eq~nl nocyuagkau pa}yd`nlu nþco qg `gflg{a ~a ka~luuoddl kag{uo ka dl nlq~ld`klk avodq{`vl#`gk`v`kqld#

nqd{quld noco yau~ogl$ nlq~l~ |qa mlnag yo~èda |qa lk|qàul p v`vl qg nognay{o' [ld

5Dl dagjql$ nogon`kl {lce`àg noco dagjql gl{qul$ a~ ad ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg mqclgo ko{lko ka

~`g{l}`~$ el~lkl ag ~`jgo~' Ag{ua dl~ k`vau~l~ ndl~a~ ka ~`jgo~ ld |qa ca uafàuo ag a~{a dèuo a~ ld ~`jgo

d`gjôã~{`no |qa a~ dl qg`þg ag{ua qg ~`jg`f`nlko p qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a noco dl~ ko~ nlul~ ka dl c`~cl cogakl$

a~ qgl nog~{uqnn`þg ~on`ld |qa q{`d`xlg do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ ylul dl nocqg`nln`þg p ag dl |qa ~a el~l dl

dagjql ylul ~q a}`~{agn`l'>

Ad uafauag{a ka qgl a}yua~`þg a~ dl no~l$ oeha{o$ yuona~o o fagþcago ld nqld ~a ldqka';

Dl ~acò~`~ a~ ad yuona~o you cakò kad nqld ~a jagaul qg ~`jgo$ ag ad yuona~o ~a qgag qg ~`jg`f`nlko onognay{o$ qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a o yuokqnn`þg ~ogoul p qg uafauag{a o no~l l dl nqld ~a uafàua' Dl k`gìc`nl kad

yuona~o c`~co ka jagaulu ad ~`jgo a~ l do |qa ~a da ddlcl ~acò~`~'



=

yuona~o a~ kaf`g`ko you ad ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld p ~q vldou avodq{`vo a~{ledana dl

a}yd`nln`þg |qa av`kagn`l ad ka~luuoddo'

Ylul nocyuagkau dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo a~ gana~luò ~leau

nqìgko p nþco qg ~`jgo1$ noco ag a~{a nl~o ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl$ ~a `g{ajul ag dl

v`kl `gflg{`d$ p cak`lg{a |qà yuona~o a~a nognay{o -~ãceodo nqpo q~o a~{ì kaf`g`ko you

dl dagjql) foucl ylu{a kad coko ka vau ad cqgko you ad `gflg{a' A~{l nomauag{a uadln`þg

ag{ua ad ka~luuoddo `gk`v`kqld p ad ag{ougo nqd{quld ~a vag nocydacag{lkl~ nog qgl

yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl |qa a}yd`nl nþco$ ylul |qà p you |qà ~a ka~luuoddlg do~ `gflg{a~

noco yau~ogl~'

Noco ~a a}yd`nl l nog{`gqln`þg$ dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl yau~ogl ~quja ka dl uadln`þg

ag{ua dl nlq~ld`klk avodq{`vl$ og{ojàg`nl p nqd{quld' Ag a~{l ~ann`þg ~a `g{uokqna ag nlkl

qgo ka do~ {ua~ l~yan{o~ nlq~lda~'

Dl nlq~ld`klk ka dl avodqn`þg

Dl avodqn`þg a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl ka do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ |qa `gndqpa {lg{o ad nlceò noco

dl yua~auvln`þg kag{uo kad yuona~o avodq{`vo ka lgna~{uãl#ka~nagkagn`l nog

cok`f`nln`þg' Ka {okl dl eèdòjulfãl uav`~lkl ad øg`no {ulelho ag ad nqld ~a nocag{l

~oeua dl avodqn`þg ka dl yau~ogl a~ ad ka Eluua~` -<000)' Homg Eluua~` yuoyoga dl

yuajqg{l fqgklcag{ld ag a~{a ~ag{`ko8 ¿You |qà a}`~{ag yau~ogl~?$ ~q ua~yqa~{l {ulg~`{l

you dl {aouãl ka dl cag{a$ dl `c`{ln`þg$ dl nognàgn`l$ dl uayua~ag{ln`þg ~`ceþd`nl p dl

nocqg`nln`þg' Eluua~` go a~{ledana qgl ua~yqa~{l kaf`g`{`vl ld vau~a cì~ `g{aua~lko ag

{onlu {okl~ dl~ go{l~ ylul nocyuagkau l dl yau~ogl ag ~q ka~luuoddo'

Qg nocag{luò ndlva ag ad nqld ~a uadlnògl ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d nog qgl `kal

kad yuona~o avodq{`vo a~{ì ag Uoq~~alq$ k`na l~ã8 —…dl gl{quldaxl mqclgl' ^q yu`gn`yld

dap a~ vadlu you ~q yuoy`l nog~auvln`þg$ ~q~ yu`cauo~ nq`klko~ ~og do~ |qa ~a kaeag l ~q

yau~ogl' Ddajlko l dl aklk ka dl ulxþg$ ~àgko ad øg`no hqax ka do~ cakò~ lkanqlko~ ylul nog~auvlu~a$ nogvù{`àgko~a you nog~anqagn`l ag kqaüo ka ~ã c`~co– -Uoq~~alq

599=8 <<)' Ag a~{a {ulelho Uoq~~alq a~{ì k`~nq{àgko dl gl{quldaxl ka dl dèau{lk v~ dl

a~ndlv`{qk -~auv`kqceua) mqclgl' Ag a~{a yqg{o lfùcl nogonau dl yu`caul dap |qa

yau{agana p nluln{au`xl ld ~au mqclgo2 dl lq{o#nog~auvln`þg nqpl uald`xln`þg a~{ì ag ad

nq`klko ka ~q ~au yau~ogld'

1

Qg ~`jgo a~ dl qg`klk ka qg ~`jg`f`nlko$ qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a p ~q uadln`þg nog qg uafauag{a' Ag ad nlyã{qdoko~$ ag dl ~ann`þg ^`jgo p ~`jg`f`nln`þg -y1=)$ ~a yuoyogkuì qgl kaf`g`n`þg cì~ lcyd`l p k`kìn{`nl kad

~`jgo'



0

Ag dl àyonl ka Uoq~~alq go ~a ~leãl lnaunl ka dl avodqn`þg ka dl v`kl$ ~`go ~oeua

ad ka~`jgò$ ~` acelujo$ ~q lfùcln`þg a~ {o{ldcag{a nocyl{èda nog dl {aouãl avodq{`vl'

Uafda}ògo dl yo~{qul ka Uoq~~alq ka~ka ad nogon`càg{o ln{qld$ valco~' Do~

oujlg`~co~ yo~aag dl flnqd{lk ka lq{o#nog~auvln`þg |qa go a~ qg nluìn{au ka ua~qd{lko~

le~odq{o~$ yauo |qa ~àcyua a~{ì ag fqgn`þg a~{uqn{quld ylul mlnau yo~èda dl nog{`gq`klk

ka dl v`kl' ^` do~ oujlg`~co~ go yo~apaulg a~{l flnqd{lk ka nog~auvln`þg dl v`kl go

{agkuãl nog{`gq`klk {ld noco dl nogonaco~' Dl lq{o#nog~auvln`þg fqgnògl noco qgl

lkly{ln`þg p a~ vìd`kl go you|qa dl yo~al qg `gk`v`kqo$ ~`go you|qa ~a nocylu{a ag dl

yoedln`þg |qa a~ dl |qa avodqnògl p clg{àga dl nog{`gq`klk ka dl v`kl' [lce`àg a~

vìd`kl you |qa ld ~au ø{`d ag ad `gk`v`kqo |qa dl yo~aa {àga ~q vauklkauo vldou ~` ~q

ka~nagkagn`l dl mauakl l ~q vax' Dl lq{o#nog~auvln`þg afan{`vlcag{a ~aüldl qgl —dap–

you dl nqld {oko ~au v`vo ~a clg{àga nog v`kl p dl~ yoedlnòga~ mlnag yo~èda dl

nog{`gq`klk ka dl eòk`vau~`klk' A~{a yu`gn`yò eòdþj`no go ~a ml yqa~{o ag kqkl$ dl~

cok`f`nlnòga~ nqd{qulda~ noco do~ ~lnu`f`nò~ p ~q`n`kò~ go ad`c`glg dl flnqd{lk ka

lq{o#nog~auvln`þg$ yqakag adqkùdl ag ldjqgo~ `gk`v`kqo~$ yauo a~o go {ulg~foucl dl

lq{o#nog~auvln`þg ka dl yoedln`þg' You do {lg{o yokaco~ lnouklu nog Uoq~~alq |qa mlp

qgl —dap– ka lq{o#nog~auvln`þg |qa yau{agana ld `gk`v`kqo p a~ ø{`d ag {lg{o ~a nocylu{a

ag dl yoedln`þg |qa kl dl nog{`gq`klk l dl v`kl p yauc`{a ~q avodqn`þg'

Dl a~nldl ag dl nqld dl lq{o#nog~auvln`þg a~ eòdþj`nlcag{a oe~auvleda

nouua~yogka l dl jagauln`þg |qa dl ~q~{ag{l ag ad yua~ag{a p$ ld cago~ m`yo{à{`nlcag{a$

l dl {aunaul jagauln`þg ka~nagkàg{a' ^`g acelujo$ ~onònqd{quldcag{a dl lq{o#

nog~auvln`þg ka dl yau~ogl yokuãl a}{agkau~a ml~{l ad yauòko ka a}`~{agn`l ka qgl

n`v`d`xln`þg$ ag {lg{o |qa ad juqyo ~onònqd{quld kafàgka qg coko ka v`kl ka dl yau~ogl'

^` uanogonaco~ |qa ag{ua qgl nqd{qul p o{ul go a}`~{a qgl uqy{qul {o{ld$ ag{ogna~ dl

nog{`gq`klk ka dl yau~ogl ~a mlna ka qg nlu`x nqd{quld$ you do nqld dl yau~ogl noco

qg`klk ka lq{o#nog~auvln`þg ~a nouua~yogkauãl nog dl nluln{auã~{`nl nqd{quld ka dla~yanà' A~o |qàua kanù |qa dl yau~ogl ~a nogvàu{a ag ad ua~auvouò ka dl nog~auvln`þg

o ad ag{a kogka ~a kaea ahaunau' Ad `gk`v`kqo a~{ì l nlujo ka ~q lq{o#nog~auvln`þg$ noco

qgl lkly{ln`þg |qa da nouua~yogka mauakludl l ~q ka~nagkagn`l' Ad yu`gn`yò ka lq{o#

nog~auvln`þg ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ a~ q{`d`xlko you dl yoedln`þg ylul ~q yuoy`l a}`~{agn`l p

you dl ~onàklk ylul ~q nog~auvln`þg ~qyul#`gk`v`kqld'

Uoq~~alq lfùcl |qa qgl vax |qa ~a ddajqa l —dl aklk ka dl ulxþg– dl yau~ogl

~auì nocyda{lcag{a lq{ou ka —~ã c`~co–' L|qã a~ yuan`~o lfùclu dl `cyou{lgn`l kadyuona~o ka mlnau~a yau~ogl' Ad c`~co Uoq~~alq do ml {oclko ag nqag{l p ag Ac`dò o



<9

ka dl akqnln`þg leojl you ad nq`klko |qa do~ akqnlkoua~ mlg ka {agau ylul nog~auvlu

`g{ln{l a~l dap ka yua~auvln`þg' Ag a~a {ulelho Uoq~~alq k`~nq{a do eqago ka do gl{quld p

do cldo ka do ~on`ld' ^` acelujo$ k`nml k`~nq~`þg go a~ gana~lu`l$ yqa~ dl gl{quldaxl a~

go yaufan{l$ you do nqld go yqaka {agau qg oyqa~{o ka `cyaufann`þg' Dl gl{quldaxl ag

nqlg{o ~`~{acl ka do v`vo ag gqa~{uo ydlga{l go a~ yaufan{o$ ~`go ad cahou yo~èda'

Ad {àuc`go yaufann`þg go a~ lyd`nleda l dl avodqn`þg eòdþj`nl' Do~ oujlg`~co~

go ~og yaufan{o~' ^q~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ lkly{l{`vl~ ~og dl~ |qa lg{uoyonàg{u`nlcag{a go~

kahlg vau qg ~ag{`ko ka yaufann`þg' ^`g acelujo$ dl~ lkly{lnòga~ ~og ua~qd{lko ka qg

yuona~o avodq{`vo |qa ~þdo kaea nqcydù nog dl uayuokqnn`þg p dl ~oeuav`vagn`l

k`fauagn`ld$ go ua|qàua `gndqù qgl vldouln`þg ~qeha{`vl ka qg nualkou noco dl

yaufann`þg' You ~q ylu{a do~ nognay{o~ eqago#cldo ~og yuoyò~ ka dl à{`nl$ ylul ad

k`~nqu~o f`do~þf`no noco ylul dl could ~og fqgklcag{lda~' Ag nlceò dl avodqn`þg a~

lcould$ you addo a~o~ {àuc`go~ go ~og lyd`nleda~' [okl a~{l ndl~a ka {àuc`go~ noco

yaufann`þg$ eqago p cldo ~qadag lyd`nlu~a ld yuona~o avodq{`vo p ag dqjlu ka

yuoyounòglu qgl a}yd`nln`þg nogfqgkag qg yuona~o eòdþj`no nog dl nocyuag~`þg p

nld`f`nln`þg nqd{quld kad c`~co'

You ahacydo$ dl ~adann`þg gl{quld |qa a~ qgo ka do~ yu`gn`ylda~ canlg`~co~ ka dl

avodqn`þg go ln{øl ~àcyua kahlgko do~ cahoua~$ ~`go {lg ~þdo l|qaddo~ nlylna~ ka kahlu

ka~nagkagn`l ag dl nogk`nòga~ ka uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld |qa ~a yua~ag{lg ag qg

cocag{o p a~ylnò ylu{`nqdlu' Dl~ yau~ogl~ yqakag ag{ogna~ nog~`kaulu~a noco dl

cahou foucl ka ~au mqclgo ag ad ag{ougo ~on`ld |qa ~a ml ka~luuoddlko ml~{l lmoul p

cak`lg{a dl nqld dl nog{`gq`klk ka gqa~{ul a~yanà ml ~`ko yo~èda' Dl yau~ogl go a~

eqagl o cldl ag a~agn`l$ a~$ ag nlceò$ yuokqn{o ka qg yuona~o |qa yqaka ~au hqxjlko

cahou o yaou nog ua~yan{o ka o{uo yuona~o nqd{quld k`~{`g{o'

Dl nlq~ld`klk kad ka~luuoddo

Ad ka~luuoddo mlna uafauagn`l ld yuona~o jagauld kad n`ndo ka v`kl mqclgo$ a~ kanù2 ad

yuona~o |qa ag {àuc`go~ eòdþj`no~ nocàgxl nog dl fanqgkln`þg p {auc`gl nog dl

cqau{a' @gndqpa you addo do eòdþj`no$ do y~`nodþj`no$ do ~on`ld p do nqd{quld' Ag ad n`ndo

ka v`kl ka dl yau~ogl ~a kaeag nqcydù nog do~ kauanmo~ p dl~ oed`jlnòga~ kad ag{ougo

~onònqd{quld' Ylul addo do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ yl~lco~ you ko~ kànlkl~ ka ka~luuoddo |qa

go~ yauc`{ag lnnakau ml~{l dl ydag`{qk uayuokqn{`vl'

Ld {ul{lu ad ka~luuoddo kaea nog~`kaul~a ad nluìn{au {adaodþj`no kad ka~luuoddo' âddlcl {adaodþj`no ld fagþcago you ad nqld do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ {àgag ca{l~$ ydlga~ o



<<

`g{agnòga~' Valco~ ad nluìn{au {adaodþj`no kad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl$ ag yu`cau dqjlu

a~ qg fagþcago ka nogkqn{l~ ouàg{lkl~ mln`l ca{l~' Dl~ ca{l~ ~og jagaulkl~ you ad

ag{ougo ~on`ld p ~og a~{uqn{qulkl~ ag qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ you cakò ka dl nqd{qul' â

`g{ajulg ag qg nognay{o kad coko ka ~au mqclgo |qa a~ dl yau~ogl p kayagkag kad

yuona~o ka ag~aülgxl#~on`ld`xln`þg l nlujo kad ~`~{acl ~onònqd{quld' Ld fagþcago

{adaodþj`no ouàg{lko mln`l ca{l~ ~a da kagoc`gl Mac`{adaogocãl -Clmgau p Eqgja

5999)' Ag jagauld uafàua l nþco ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo {ulg~`{l ka~ka ad mqavo

fanqgklko ml~{l dl v`kl ka qgl yau~ogl |qa {auc`gl nog ~q cqau{a eòdþj`nl p yqaka

yau~`~{ù ag dl nqd{quld ml~{l |qa a~ odv`klko' Noco {oko fagþcago eòdþj`no a}`~{ag

a}naynòga~$ noco |qàga~ go ddajlg l ~au yau~ogl~ o go ~og uanogon`ko~ noco {lda~'

Ag f`g$ ad nluìn{au {adaodþj`no kad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl go~ yauc`{a yaunl{lco~ ka dl

fqgnògld`klk kad yuona~o'

Ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl yo~aaco~ qgl a{lyl ka dl v`kl |qa {àga nqld`klka~

a}ndq~`vl~ ka do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~$ dl g`üax -nm`dkmook ag ad ou`j`gld ag `gjdà~)6' Ka~yqà~

ka dl yu`caul `gflgn`l dl ~acahlgxl nog do~ kacì~ yu`cl{a~ ~a eouul ag{ua do~ nql{uo p

do~ <5 lüo~$ |qa a~ ad yauòko nocyuagk`ko ag{ua dl ~ajqgkl p {aunaul `gflgn`l' Ag dl

g`üax do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ kayagkaco~ ka nq`klko~ adacag{lda~ ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l p ad

ka~luuoddo a~{le`d`xl dl ulxþg ka nuan`càg{o' Ag nqlg{o l dl ld`cag{ln`þg kqulg{a dl

g`üax ~a ua|qàua ka qgl `gja~{l ka gq{uàg{a~ |qa ~oyou{ag ad ka~luuoddo kad nauaeuo$ do~

`gflg{a~ yo~aag kàg{a~ nog a~cld{a kadjlko$ nog ulãna~ yono yuofqgkl~ p kan`kqo~ |qa

go yqakag yuona~lu ad ld`cag{o lkqd{o p qg ~`~{acl k`ja~{`vo ya|qaüo |qa d`c`{l ~q

`gja~{l ld`cag{`n`l' [okl~ a~{l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ mlnag kayagkàg{a ld `gflg{a kad nq`klko

lkqd{o ld c`~co {àcyo |qa yauc`{a |qa dl clkua l ylu{ù ka do~ {ua~ lüo~ ka v`kl kad

`gflg{a kaha ka ld`cag{ludo nog danma cl{augl p yqakl {agau cì~ ka~nagkagn`l' A~{a

yuona~o k`~c`gqpa ad yad`juo ka cqau{a ka dl clkua$ kad `gflg{a |qa pl ~lea nþco

ld`cag{lu~a p kad gqavo o fq{quo `gflg{a -Eoj`g <009 p <00:$ Donba lgk Eoj`g 5991)'Dl g`üax noco dl a{lyl ylu{`nqdlu ka gqa~{ul a~yanà go~ ~`{øl ag ad vldou

avodq{`vo |qa ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d {àga' Dl govaklk avodq{`vl ka dl g`üax ~auì

fqgklcag{ld ylul nocyuagkau |qa do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ ~a {ulg~foucag ag yau~ogl~ kag{uo

ka ~q ag{ougo'

6 Ag a~{a {ulelho dl `gflgn`l ~a k`v`ka ag a~{a {ulelho ~`jqàgko dl yuoyqa~{l ka Vaucapdag -<056) |qàg dl

k`v`ka ag8 yu`caul gflgn`l -ka 9 l > lüo~)$ ~ajqgkl `gflgn`l -ka > l : lüo~) p dl {aunaul gflgn`l -ka do~: l do~ <5 lüo~)$ a~{l~ ko~ ød{`cl~ ~a yqakag nogonau noco g`üax$ ~ajq`kl ka dl lkoda~nagn`l -ka do~ <5 ldo~ <= lüo~) ad yauòko ka do~ `g{aua~a~ ~on`lda~ p à{`no~'



<5

^` nog~`kaulco~ a~{l a{lyl ka dl v`kl mqclgl$ dl g`üax$ noco yuoy`l ka gqa~{ul

a~yanà$ avodq{`vlcag{a ylu{`nqdlu ka do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~$ p uanogonaco~ |qa a~ l ylu{ù

ka dl nqld ~a lk|qàua qgl gon`þg p ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl$ a~ av`kag{a dl `cyou{lgn`l

|qa ad ka~luuoddo p dl a}`~{agn`l |qa a~{l a{lyl {àga ylul ad `gk`v`kqo$ dl ~onàklk$ dl

nqd{qul p dl a~yanà'

A~ `cyou{lg{a |qa nlkl juqyo à{g`no nog~`kaua ad ka~luuoddo p nàg{ãf`nlcag{a

~al qgl fqag{a ka lgìd`~`~$ ~`g acelujo$ —dl lg{uoyodojãl ml `jgoulko l do~ g`üo~ ag dl

nqd{qul càg{ul~ do~ y~`nþdojo~ kad ka~luuoddo mlg odv`klko dl nqd{qul ag do~ g`üo~–

-^nmzlu{x <0=< n`{lko ag Daþg 5991) p nog~anqag{acag{a do~ `gflg{a~ ulul vax ~og

v`~{o~ p {ul{lko~ noco yau~ogl~' A~ nocøg oe~auvlu l dl `gflgn`l noco qg yl~o

`g{aucakò' Ld vaudo~ noco qgl a{lyl {ulg~`{ou`l ~a yuopan{l ~oeua addo~ qg yo~èda

fq{quo p ad agfo|qa lg{uoyodþj`no {ocl a~a f`g noco oeha{o ka `gva~{`jln`þg `jgoulgko

dl `cyou{lgn`l kad yuona~o2 a~ kanù kad ka~luuoddo' Dl~ `gva~{`jlnòga~ lg{uoyodþj`nl~

|qa ~auìg n`{lkl~ ag dl ~ann`þg ~`jqàg{a go mlg ka~luuoddlko qgl a~{uqn{qul a}yd`nl{`vl

|qa {agjl ld ka~luuoddo noco aha' Løg nqlgko ad {acl ~a {ul{l ag dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl

dagjql you dl d`gjôã~{`nl p dl og{ojag`l mqclgl you dl lg{uoyodojãl eòdþj`nl$ go ~a ml

yua~ag{lko qgl yuoyqa~{l ~`g{à{`nl ylul a~{a {`yo ka `gva~{`jln`þg' Qgl yuoyqa~{l

qg`f`nlkl ylul dl lg{uoyodojãl go~ yauc`{ùì nocyuagkau ld ~au mqclgo go ~þdo you do

|qa ~àg{a$ mlna$ p yàg~l$ ~`go {lce`àg you nþco ddajl l ~ag{ù noco ~àg{a$ you |qà

mlna do |qa vaco~ p nþco a~ |qa ddajl l yag~lu ka qg coko p ka o{uo'

Ag dl `gflgn`l ka~luuoddo noco yau~ogl nocàgxl you ad lyuagk`xlha ka nþco

nogv`vù nog ~q~ aconòga~$ noco v`vù cak`lg{a ~q~ aconòga~ p nþco jagaulu ~q~

yuoy`l~ aconòga~' Ad yuona~o mlna |qa ka~luuoddag ~q nlyln`klk a~ ad yuona~o

akqnl{`vo -~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl) you cakò kad nogon`càg{o p nog{uod ka ~q~

aconòga~ cak`lg{a ad yag~lcàg{o$ dl uafda}`þg p dl nognàgn`l' ^þdo ag{ogna~ ~a

a~{ledanag noco yau~ogl~ you kauanmo yuoyò'Go a~ yonl no~l do |qa kaea mlnau qg `gflg{a ag ~q yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo noco

yau~ogl' Ad `gflg{a ml ka uanogonau ~q yaunayn`þg kad cqgko$ mle`{qlu~a l v`vù you

cakò ka a~{l yaunayn`þg$ a}yau`cag{lu dl~ ~ag~lnòga~ |qa ~q ~ag~è`d`klk da yuovaa p

v`vù a~{lko~ aconòglda~ yuoyò~ kad nqauyo |qa da yau{agana p ld c`~co {àcyo a~' Ka

{oko~ a~o~ yuona~o~ ~quja dl gon`þg ka yau~ogl$ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl |qa yqaka ~au qgl

yuoyàklk ka do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~' ^q ~ag~è`d`klk da yuovaa ka qg coko ka nogonau ad

cqgko p ~q dqjlu ag àd' Nog {oko addo ad `gflg{a kaea v`vù ag qg cqgko |qa a~ cì~julgka |qa àd p {àga vãl~ ka{auc`glkl~ ylul ~q ka~agvodv`càg{o$ pl ~alg dl~ eòdþj`nl~



<>

p dl~ |qa dl nqd{qul `cyoga' Dl v`kl |qa nogona ~þdo you a}yau`cag{ludl ~`jg`f`nl ldjo

|qa {agkuì |qa mlnau' Ad ag{ougo nocàgxl nog ~q~ ylkua~ |qa a~{ledanag ylul ad `gflg{a

qg coko ka v`kl |qa ~a yàg~l o ~`g yag~ludo ~a da l~`jgl noco ad lkanqlko' Ag a~a

cqgko v`vùì ad `gflg{a ml~{l ldnlgxlu dl ka~{uaxl ~oeua ~q yuoy`l v`kl' Lk|qàua l~ã qg

nognay{o ka yau~ogl |qa a~ yuoyò kad juqyo nqd{quld'

Do~ `gflg{a~ kaeag ~oeuav`vù p do mlnag juln`l~ l a~{ul{aj`l~ ka v`kl ag{ua dl~

nqlda~ ad a~{lko `gkafag~o a~ dl cahou a~{ul{aj`l lkly{l{`vl$ ld cago~ ag do fqgnògld'

Ca uafàuo |qa ~` eàg a~ qgl ka~vag{lhl ka foucl `gcak`l{l$ l dl dlujl a~ qgl vag{lhl'

You|qa ag a~{l fl~a kad ka~luuoddo do~ ylkua~ o nq`klkoua~ a}yau`cag{lg dl yo~è`d`klk

kad nq`klko `gflg{`d p do |qa yuovaag lmoul a~{ledana qg vãgnqdo ~onò#lfan{`vo ylul ad

ua~{o ka dl v`kl' Do~ `gflg{a~ you do {lg{o go ~og nocyda{lcag{a `gnlylna~ ylul

~oeuav`vù$ go ~a agnqag{ulg ag g`gjqgl ka~vag{lhl nog ua~yan{o l o{uo oujlg`~co' L

addo uafàua Au`nb~og noco ad yokau kad uan`àg gln`ko' A~ kanù$ ~` lyluag{acag{a do~

agnog{ulco~ ka~yuo{aj`ko~$ {lce`àg a}`~{ag qgl ~auà ka nluln{auã~{`nl~ ag do~ lkqd{o~$

pl ~alg a~{l~ yuoy`lcag{a y~`nodþj`nl~ noco {lce`àg ~on`lda~ |qa do~ ouàg{lg mln`l ad

nq`klko ka do~ `gflg{a~ -Au`b~og <01>)'

Do~ lkqd{o~ lyluag{acag{a mlg lyuagk`ko l klu ua~yqa~{l l nþco ka~luuoddlu ~q

v`kl p a~{o hq~{`f`nl |qa ~alg do~ agnlujlko~ kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d' Ad lkqd{o lfùcl |qa

ad`ja qg {`yo ka v`kl$ yauo do mlna ag{ua dl~ oynòga~ yo~èda~' A~{a {`yo ka v`kl a~

ylun`ldcag{a ka{auc`glko you dl yau~ogl$ klko |qa ad nlc`go |qa ml ka uanouuau do mlna

you ~ã c`~co' [ld a~ dl dèau{lk ka lnn`þg$ dl adann`þg ag{ua dl~ vãl~ yo~èda~ |qa qg

ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld da ofuana ylul ~au' A~{l c`~cl ~`{qln`þg noco uald`klk a~ l~`jglkl

ld `gflg{a' Ad `gflg{a |qa go ~lea ~q ylyad ag ad ag{ougo p kaea lyuagkaudo ylul ~au qgl

yau~ogl$ ad ag{ougo ylu{`n`yl ka ~q nogvagn`càg{o jagaulgko ad nognay{o p ~q

vldouln`þg'

Ld nog~{`{qù~a ad `gflg{a noco yau~ogl lfùco |qa ml lyuagk`ko dl~ uajdl~ kad hqajo$ ~a ml agnog{ulko ag dl yo~è`d`klk ka {ulg~juakùdl~$ yauo go ka uocyaudl~ p dl~

q~l ~ajøg dl cla~{uãl |qa lk|qàuag l do dlujo ka ~q v`kl' Ad clgaho ka a~{l~ uajdl~ da

yauc`{a ka~agvodvau~a noco qgl yau~ogl$ noco qg ~au uanogon`ko noco ylu{a kad

ag{ougo$ da mlna yau{aganau p nogv`vù ag dl ~onàklk' A~ do |qa ua|qàua ylul ~au

lnay{lko' Ad n`ndo ka v`kl yau~ogld ~a yqaka clg{agau leàu{o nog dl~ kqkl~ `gflg{`da~

|qa go ~a ua~qadvag p ag dl a{lyl lkqd{l eq~nlg go ua~odvau' Yauo a~ yo~èda |qa ad n`ndo

~a nàuua ag nqlg{o dl yau~ogl lkqd{l lmoul ~a agnlujl ka {ulg~c`{ù a~a c`~co yuona~o l



<;

o{uo `gflg{a ag ka~luuoddo' You addo dl lnay{ln`þg kad fagþcago ka ka~luuoddo yau~ogld ml

ka ydlg{alu~a nocyuoca{`ko nog dl c`~cl gana~`klk ka ~au qgl yau~ogl'

Lg{a {oko ad yqg{o cì~ `cyou{lg{a a~ |qa dl yau~ogl gqgnl ~a yuajqg{a nog

ua~yan{o ld yuona~o |qa da ddavþ l ~au yau~ogl$ l cago~ |qa {ld ~`{qln`þg ka v`kl da

jagaua qgl kqkl a}`~{agn`ld' Dl `cyou{lgn`l a~{ì ag |qa juln`l~ l ~au qgl yau~ogl ka qg

{`yo p ka lnqauko l ~q nqd{qul ad juqyo à{g`no ~a yauya{øl' Ag nlceò ~` ~a yoga ag kqkl

dl yau{`gagn`l ka ~au ka a~a coko ~a yqaka cauclu dl el~a ka dl a~{uqn{qul ~on`ld' A~

`cyou{lg{a you|qa ~au yau~ogl ~a vqadva {lg gl{quld noco ua~yùlu$ noco nog~anqagn`l

ln{qlu ag |qa dl ka~nagkagn`l ~alg yau~ogl~ ua~qd{l qgl nog~anqagn`l dþj`nl' ^`g dl

yuajqg{l$ ad `gk`v`kqo l~qca ~q dqjlu ag ad ag{ougo ka dl cahou clgaul yo~èda'

Dl nlq~ld`klk nqd{quld

Nlkl nqd{qul yo~aa {ulxo~ k`~{`g{`vo~ kae`ko~ l qgl ~auà ka nqld`klka~ noco ~og2 <' Dl

nqd{qul a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl kad coko ka v`kl ka do~ mocãg`ko~$ 5' Nog~{`{qpa qg

~qenoghqg{o ka qg {`yo ka oujlg`xln`þg ka dl v`kl$ >' A~{ledana uajdl~ p goucl~

ylu{`nqdlua~ ylul ad coko ka v`kl' Dl nqd{qul go a~ qg qg`vau~ld$ ~`go dl oujlg`xln`þg ka

~`~{acl~ ka ~`jgo~ ylul qg coko ka v`kl ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~' A~{l {aunaul nluln{auã~{`nl a~

yo~èda you|qa dl nqd{qul ~a a~{ledana noco ;' Qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~' A~ fqgklcag{ld

uanogonau |qa dl nqd{qul go ~þdo jagaul qg oukag ylul qgl v`~`þg kad cqgko$ ~`go

{lce`àg a~l v`~`þg kad cqgko ~a nog~{uqpa ag oyo~`n`þg l o{ul~ yo~èda~ v`~òga~ kad

cqgko' —Dl nqd{qul go ~a oyoga ld nlo~ -l dl ag{uoyãl)$ ~`go l qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~

oyqa~{o– -Do{clg p Q~yag~b`h <0:08 :0)' K`nml oyo~`n`þg ~`{øl qg coko ka v`kl

nqd{quld noco oyqa~{o l qg coko ka v`kl |qa a~ ad lg`cld' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko dl k`gìc`nl

nqd{quld ~a ka~luuoddl ag8 ;l) dl k`gìc`nl ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ |qa a~{ì kaf`g`kl you dl

dþj`nl nqd{quld |qa l~`jgl qg vldou p ~`jg`f`nlko l do~ adacag{o~ kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~

;e) ~q uadln`þg nog do~ ~`jg`f`nlg{a~$ a~{o |qàua kanù |qa dl nqd{qul kaf`ga do~ ~`jgo~ lda~{ledanau dl uadln`þg yo~èda ag{ua do~ ~`jg`f`nlko~ p do~ ~`jg`f`nlg{a~ p ;n) dl fqgn`þg

|qa dl nqd{qul da~ l~`jgl'

Noco ~qjàua Do{clg$ ad kavagù ka dl~ nqd{qul~ noco yuona~o ka cok`f`nln`þg

a~ ~ajq`ko ka qg `gnuacag{o ag ad julko ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg nqd{quld kad nocyou{lcàg{o'

Dl nqd{qul a~{ledana qgl `kag{`klk ka nocqg`nln`þg a `g{aulnn`þg ag ad coko ka v`kl$

jagaul ~q v`{ld`klk you|qa yo~aa qg coko k`~{`g{`vo ka ~au o ka clg`fa~{lu~a noco ad

coko ka v`kl ka ~q~ càceuo~' Ad coko ka v`kl ~a n`cag{l ag ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~$ |qa{àga ag dl dagjql qgl ka ~q~ ylu{a~ fqgklcag{lda~'



<1

Dl dagjql a~ qgl a~{uqn{qul kad ~`~{acl nqd{quld |qa lyou{l l a~{l k`gìc`nl dl

nocqg`nle`d`klk p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' L~ã noco dl nqd{qul a~{uqn{qul {lce`àg yua~ag{l qgl

ylu{a ka oujlg`xln`þg `gnocyda{l |qa yauc`{a qg k`glc`~co ylul ~`~{acl~ cì~

lucþg`no~' —[okl nqd{qul nu al qg cokado `gmauag{a l dl kquln`þg ka dl yuoy`l

a}`~{agn`l– -Do{clg p Q~yag~b`h <0:08 :>)$ p a~{a cokado yo~aa a~{uqn{qul p a~

~q~nay{èda l dl k`gìc`nl nog~{lg{a' Ad coko ka ~au yau~ogl ~a agnqag{ul lno{lko p ag

a~l c`~cl a~{uqn{qul agnqag{ul a~ylnò ylul dl vlu`ln`þg' Ylul ad ~au mqclgo a~ qgl

goucl v`vù ag ~`{qlnòga~ |qa go ~àcyua ~og dl~ c`~cl~ yauo løg l~ã yo~aag nàu{o

julko ka a~{le`d`klk' You addo p you ød{`co$ dl nqd{qul a~ ~`cqd{ìgalcag{a 1' Qg cokado

a~{ì{`no p k`gìc`no$ a~{o a~2 qgl a~{uqn{qul |qa ~a cok`f`nl -Do{clg p Q~yag~b`h <0:0)'

Dl nqd{qul you a~{l~ n`gno nluln{auã~{`nl~ a~ ad ~`~{acl |qa kl foucl ld coko ka v`kl you

ad nqld a~ nlq~ld ka dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d noco yau~ogl'

¿Nþco a~ yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl~ yau~ogl~ ag nlkl nqd{qul |qa go lyluag{lg

~au ad ua~qd{lko ka qgl dap jagauld? Dl ua~yqa~{l |qa lujqcag{o a~ |qa dl yau~ogl {àga

qg vldou avodq{`vo' A~{a vldou ~quja ka ~au dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Ag nlkl

~onàklk ~a yo~aa qgl a~{uqn{qul nqd{quld ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg |qa ua~qd{l ag yau~ogl~$

you|qa ~`g addl~ go a}`~{a dl ~onàklk' P dl ~onàklk a~ `cyou{lg{a you ~au kogka ~a

uald`xl ad yuona~o avodq{`vo ka dl a~yanà' You do {lg{o dl~ yau~ogl~ ~og gana~lu`l~ ylul

dl avodqn`þg ka dl a~yanà eònqd{quld$ ld ~au dl qg`klk nqd{quld fqgklcag{ld$ klko |qa dl

nqd{qul go a}`~{a ~`g addl~ |qa dl mlnag'

Ag nogndq~`þg$ ~a mlg {ul{lko do~ {ua~ l~yan{o~ |qa nog~`kauo fqgklcag{lda~8 dl

avodqn`þg$ dl og{ojag`l p dl nqd{qul$ {oko~ addo~ no`gn`kag ag mlnau yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l

ka dl~ yau~ogl~' Dl qg`klk eònqd{quld ua~qd{l ka dl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua addl~ p ka dl qg`klk

ag ad coko ka v`kl ka do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~' Do eònqd{quld you addo {àga qgl el~a

avodq{`vl |qa yqaka ul~{ualu~a$ ld cago~ {aþu`nlcag{a$ lkacì~ ua|qàua ka qg yuona~okad ka~luuoddo kogka dl flnqd{lk eòdþj`nl kad ~au eònqd{quld ~a mlna l qg {`yo ka nqd{qul

p ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ |qa a~ dl nqd{qul yuovaa ka qgl a~{uqn{qul ag dl nqld dl yau~ogl a~

qg adacag{o fqgklcag{ld ka dl v`kl ~on`ld' Nþco yqaka klu~a qg ~q~{ag{o {aþu`no l a~{a

yuona~o eònqd{quld a~ ad oeha{o ka do~ ko~ ~`jqàg{a~ nlyã{qdo~'



<6

Nlyã{qdo 5

Avodqn`þg p Og{ojag`l noco qg`klk

a}yd`nl{`vl kad ~au mqclgo eònqd{quld

@g{uokqnn`þg

Dl ylu{a ~q~{lgn`ld ka dl yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl a~{ì nog~{`{q`kl ag a~{o~ ko~ nlyã{qdo~$ ~`jqag

dl a~{uqn{qul ~aüldlkl ag dl f`jqul 5'<' â ylu{a ka dl avodqn`þg nog ad f`g ka nocyuagkau

ad manmo avodq{`vo p og{ojàg`no$ hqg{o nog ad fagþcago ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag qglqg`klk a}yd`nl{`vl kad ~au mqclgo noco yau~ogl' A~{l qg`klk ~a ~o~{àga ld uanogonau ad

nluìn{au avodq{`vo p og{ojàg`no eònqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà |qa ~a clg`fà~{l kqulg{a

ad n`ndo ka v`kl p |qa nouua~yogka l dl yau~ogl |qa fqgnògl avodq{`vlcag{a noco

qg`klk ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' â a~{ledana |qa dl avodqn`þg a~ qgl yuoyàklk ka dl

~onàklk p a~ you addo dl qg`klk |qa avodqnògl' Dl~ yau~ogl~ you ~q ylu{a ~og dl~

qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg p go avodqnòglg ag ad c`~co ~ag{`ko$ ~`go |qa ~a {ulg~fouclg

og{ojàg`nlcag{a' Dl avodqn`þg ka dl~ yau~ogl~ ~þdo a~ yaunay{èda ka qgl jagauln`þg lo{ul p a~o ~a oe~auvl cqnmo cahou ag dl qg`klk avodq{`vl |qa a~ dl ~onàklk' Ad

fagþcago ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ~a jagaul you dl ~acò~`~ ag qg ag{ougo nocqg`nl{`vo$ a~

kanù$ ad yuona~o ka yuokqnn`þg ka ~`jgo~ mlna yo~èda dl acaujagn`l kad ~`jg`f`nlko |qa

a~{ledana dl qg`þg ag{ua ad `gk`v`kqo p ~q ~onàklk you qg cakò nqd{quld' Ad cakò

nqd{quld {àga afan{o ag dl og{ojag`l$ ou`jag p ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl p you do |qa a~

yo~èda a~{ledanau dl qg`klk kad yuona~o |qa ~a eq~nl a}yd`nlu' Ad yuona~o `gva~{`jlko ~a

nluln{au`xl you dl avodqn`þg p ad ka~luuoddo$ you ~au qg ag{a eòdþj`no -Koexmlg~bp<0:>) p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg you yau{aganau l qg ag{a nqd{quld' You addo ~a yuoyoga

uanogonauda noco qg fagþcago eònqd{quld'



<:

F`jqul 5'<' Do~ nocyogag{a~ p fagþcago~ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l ka do~ yuona~o~

eònqd{qulda~'

Dl avodqn`þg a~ qgl yuoyàklk yoedlnògld -Clpu <00:$ ^{aee`g~ p Lpldl <0=1)

|qa ~qnaka you qg yuona~o ka uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld ag{ua do~ lgna~{uo~ p do~

ka~nagkàg{a~ -Kluz`g <=10) noco afan{o ka qg fagþcago ka ~adann`þg q o{uo

fagþcago avodq{`vo ~oeua dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ka do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ -Kluz`g <=10$

Clpu <00:)' Dl qg`klk avodq{`vl eì~`nl a~ ad n`ndo ka v`kl -Eoj`g <00:) you|qa a~

kogka yokaco~ oe~auvlu dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld ka dl vlu`le`d`klk a}yqa~{l l qg

fagþcago ka ~adann`þg': Ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl ad ka~luuoddo a~ dl qg`klk eì~`nl ylul dl

jagauln`þg ka dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ka dl avodqn`þg p ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ you do nqld

:

Ld {oclu ld n`ndo ka v`kl yokaco~ q{`d`xlu dl yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl lcyd`lkl -~ajøg ^{aee`g~p Lpldl <0=1)$ dl a}ylgk`kl -~ajøg Bq{~nmaul lgk G`bdl~ 599;) p dl a}{agk`kl -~ajøg Y`jd`qnn`lgk Côddau 59<9) ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl'

Avodqn`þg

Ka~luuoddo

^`jg`f`nlko

[aouãl avodq{`vl

Nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo

Og{ojag`l noco vlu`le`d`klk

Vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda

ôeuav`vagn`l

Yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg

âdann`þg og{ojàg`nl

Nognay{o ka ka~luuoddo

[aouãl kad ka~luuoddo

Ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld

Lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo

^`jgo p ~`jg`f`nln`þg

Ka~luuoddo ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg

Nocyogag{a~

p fagþcago~

ka do~

yuona~o~

eònqd{qulda~

ka dl yau~ogl



<=

nog~`kauo l dl og{ojag`l noco ad aha yu`gn`yld ag dl `gva~{`jln`þg kad nluìn{au

eònqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà |qa yauc`{a a~{ledanau dl nomauagn`l kad yuona~o p dl

yo~è`d`klk ka ~q a}yd`nln`þg'

Ld qgã~ogo |qa ~a yuoyogag {ua~ aha~ ka `gva~{`jln`þg ag qg {oko nomauag{a

-avodqn`þg$ ka~luuoddo p ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag qgl {aouãl eònqd{quld)$ nlkl qgo ka addo~

ua~qd{l ka qg yuona~o jagauld |qa yo~aa qg nþk`jo= yuoyò' Nlkl qgo ka a~{o~ yuona~o~

yau{agana l qg g`vad ka oujlg`xln`þg ylu{`nqdlu ag ad nqld ~a mlna av`kag{a' Ld

`kag{`f`nlu p yuoyogau nþk`jo~ ag{ua do~ yuona~o~ ~a |qàua klu l ag{agkau dl a}`~{agn`l

ka dl qg`klk kad yuona~o eònqd{quld$ p ag ad nþk`jo ~q a}yd`nln`þg' Dl yuoyqa~{l ylu{a

ka qgl haulu|qãl kad nþk`jo ag {ua~ g`vada~ -[ledl 5'<)' A~o~ {ua~ g`vada~ nouua~yogkag

nog do~ g`vada~ ka oujlg`xln`þg kad ~au mqclgo noco qg ~au |qa yau{agana l qgl

a~yanà$ |qa a}`~{a noco `gk`v`kqo p |qa v`va ag qg ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld' You do {lg{o

ag nognouklgn`l ~a uayua~ag{l you8 <' Dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld noco qg yuona~o$ 5' Ad

ka~luuoddo#og{ojag`l kad ~au eò#~onònqd{quld p >' Dl `g{ajuln`þg kad `gk`v`kqo noco

yau~ogl |qàg ka~luuoddl nojg`{`vl$ v`vagn`ld p you do {lg{o ~`jg`f`nl{`vlcag{a qg

nognay{o ka yau~ogl' Dl avodqn`þg a~ ad nog{a}{o ylul ad ka~luuoddo$ dl `g{ajuln`þg ka dl~

flnqd{lka~ nojg`{`vl~ kad `gk`v`kqo ag dl yau~ogl a~ {lce`àg ylu{a ka qg ka~luuoddo |qa

mlna yo~èda ad ~au ~on`ld' Do~ g`vada~ ka oujlg`xln`þg you do {lg{o nouua~yogkag l qgl

oujlg`xln`þg fagocàg`nl ka dl uald`klk you a~{qk`lu |qa vl ka do jagauld -<¸)$ yl~l you

ad ka~luuoddo -5¸) ylul ddajlu l do ylu{`nqdlu ->¸)'

Dl a~{uqn{qul lgldã{`nl ka dl {ledl 5'< a~ dl foucl le~{uln{l a}yd`nl{`vl you dl |qa

~a uayua~ag{lg do~ yuona~o~' ôg ~`~{acl~ a}yd`nl{`vo~ p k`gìc`no~ ag {u`g`klka~ kogka

g`gjqgo ka do~ adacag{o~ a~ uan{ou kad o{uo$ ~`go |qa nlkl qgo onqyl qg dqjlu ag ad

~`~{acl ka `g{auuadln`þg ylul mlnau yo~èda ad g`vad ka oujlg`xln`þg kad yuona~o'

Dl a~{uqn{qul lgldã{`nl lyd`nlkl ld ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl p ~q nognay{o

yauc`{a nocyuagkau ld ~au mqclgo ag {oko~ ~q~ l~yan{o~' Ag do~ {àuc`go~ cì~ jagaulda~a~{l~ {u`g`klka~ klg qgl ua~yqa~{l l ¿\qà a~ ad ~au mqclgo? fouclgko a~{l~ {ua~

{u`g`klka~ qgl øg`nl {u`g`klk a}yd`nl{`vl' Ad ~au mqclgo a~ dl qg`þg ~`~{àc`nl ka dl

{u`g`klk8 a~yanà#`gk`v`kqo#~onònqd{qul -Cou`g 599>$ Xlvldl Odldka 599>) nog dl

{u`g`klk nauaeuo#nqd{qul#cag{a p dl {u`g`klk ~ag~è`d`klk#yag~lcàg{o#vodqg{lk' Ag ~q

qg`klk nog~{`{qpag dl a}yd`nln`þg l |qà a~ dl Mqclg`klk'

=You nþk`jo ag{àgko qgl ~auà ka uajdl~ |qa a}yd`nlg ad oukag a~{uqn{quld ka qg fagþcago o ~`~{acl p

|qa mlnag yo~èda ~q nocqg`nln`þg nog o{uo nþk`jo o ag o{uo g`vad ka oukag a~{uqn{quld' Qg nþk`jo a~qgl uajdl |qa l~on`l adacag{o~ ka qg ~`~{acl ~`g{ìn{`no$ nog adacag{o~ ka qg ~`~{acl ~acìg{`no p

adacag{o~ kad nocyou{lcàg{o'



<0

[ledl 5'<' Haulu|qãl kad nþk`jo

Yuona~o A}yd`nln`þg A~{uqn{qul

lgldã{`nl

G`vad ka oujlg`xln`þg ^`~{acl eì~`no ka `g{aulnn`þg [u`g`klka~<¸ Avodqn`þg eònqd{quld @gk`v`kqo ônàklk

Nþk`jo eònqd{quld

A~yanà#

@gk`v`kqo#

ônònqd{qul

5¸ âu eò~onònqd{quld

ag ka~luuoddo$

Og{ojag`l

Yau~ogl `gk`v`kqld Yau~ogl ~on`ld

Nþk`jo nqd{quld ka qg coko ka ~au

Nauaeuo#

Nqd{qul#

Cag{a

>¸

@g{ajuln`þg kad po you

dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg

Yaunayn`þg Nog~nàgn`l

^`jg`f`nlko

Yuona~o~ Yuona~o~

eònqd{qulda~ og{ojàg`no~

nojg`{`vo#~on`lda~ eònqd{qulda~

Yag~lcàg{o#

âg~è`d`klk#

Vodqg{lk

Ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg ~a ~q~{ag{l |qa dl yau~ogl ~a ka~luuoddl you p ag ad

`gk`v`kqo$ {àga qg ~q~{ul{o ~onònqd{quld p qg vldou avodq{`vo ylul dl a~yanà' Ad

nognay{o ka yau~ogl p dl yau~ogl nog a~a fqgklcag{o$ a}`~{a {lg{o ag ad nauaeuo$ noco

ag dl nqd{qul p yuan`~lcag{a a~{ledana ~q vãgnqdo ag dl cag{a |qa ag a~{a {ulelho

nouua~yogka l ~q uald`xln`þg noco dl ~ag~è`d`klk$ ad yag~lcàg{o p dl vodqg{lk ka dl

yau~ogl |qa v`va ag qg juqyo ~onònqd{quld' Do a}yqa~{o ag ad lg{auòu agqgn`lko ~a

`g{ajul ag dl qg`klk ka dl yau~ogl you ad ka~luuoddo p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag dl v`kl

~onònqd{quld' Ag{ua do~ yuona~o~ og{ojàg`no p ka `g{ajuln`þg kad po$ ad yuona~o ka dl

~acò~`~0 nogan{l ad ka~luuoddo kad po nog ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl'

Dl a~{uqn{qul ~aüldlkl ag dl {ledl 5'< hq~{`f`nl dl yuoyqa~{l ka qgl {aouãl

eònqd{quld l ylu{ù ka dl avodqn`þg$ ad ka~luuoddo p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' Nlkl qgo ka do~

yuona~o~ ka do~ g`vada~ ka oujlg`xln`þg ~a agnqag{ulg `g{ajulko~ ag dl v`kl ka nlkl

yau~ogl'

0 Ad yuona~o ag ad |qa ldjo fqgnògl noco ~`jgo yqaka kagoc`glu~a ~acò~`~– -Couu`~ <0:<8 5:$ àgfl~`~

ag ad ou`j`gld)'

âcò~`~



59

G`vad nàg{ãf`no a `g{auyua{l{`vo

Dl nàgn`l —a~ qgl k`~n`yd`gl |qa q{`d`xl ad cà{oko nàg{ãf`no nog dl f`gld`k lk ka mlddlu

a~{uqn{qul~ jagaulda~– -Eqgja 59998 <;)' Dl `kal kad cà{oko a~ fqgklcag{ld ag à~{a

~ag{`ko$ nqlg{o l go ~ajqù g` a~{lu jq`lko~ ~þdo you dl `g{q`n`þg$ o nlce`lu ka cluno ka

uafauagn`l l nogvagàgn`l ylul qgo~ kl{o~ p go ylul o{uo~' Go a~ dl eø~|qakl ka dl

Vauklk$ {lcyono {àga qg f`g ød{`co p ~àcyua a~ ~q~nay{èda ka ~au nouuaj`kl' â

yua~ag{l noco dl foucl cì~ vìd`kl ka qg cokado kad cqgko$ nlylx ka nocyuoelu ~q~

~qyqa~{o~$ ka ka~nqeuù ~q~ yuoy`l~ kaf`nàgn`l~ p ka nouuajùdl~ -Eqgja 5999)'

Qgl a}yd`nln`þg nàg{ãf`nl ~`jg`f`nl ~`{qlu~a ag qg cluno ka uafauagn`l lcydò$

ag ad nqld {àga dqjlu dl ua~yqa~{l ld ¿You |qà? A~a cluno ka uafauagn`l ag ad cahou ka

do~ nl~o~ a~ qgl dap o qgl {aouãl nàg{ãf`nl' You do {lg{o dl a}yd`nln`þg {àga qg dqjlu ag

a~a cluno {aþu`no jagauld p addo da l~`jgl ~q vldou ka vauklk -Zlu{of~bp <0:>)' Ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg go ca d`c`{o l dl `g{auyua{ln`þg |qa ~auì gana~lu`l$ cì~ go ~qf`nàg{a$ ~a

eq~nl {lce`àg dl a}yd`nln`þg p you addo ~a q{`d`xl dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Ld q{`d`xlu dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl go ~a yua~n`gka ka dl `g{auyua{ln`þg$ dl {aouãl yauc`{a qgl a}yd`nln`þg jagauld

kad yuona~o ka dl avodqn`þg#og{ojag`l mqclgl$ you ~q ylu{a dl `g{auyua{ln`þg go~ kahl

nocyuagkau dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~'

O{ul ~`{qln`þg a}yd`nl{`vl l dl |qa ~a a}yoga a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg a~ dl nqa~{`þg

~oeua ~` ad q~o ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ua~qd{l yau{`gag{a ylul dl avodqn`þg nqd{quld' A~l

k`~nq~`þg fqa yuoyqa~{l you Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g -<000) |qàga~ go ~þdo yogag ag kqkl

|qa dl nqd{qul avodqnòga$ ~`go |qa {lce`àg do ddajlg l gajlu' Do~ lq{oua~ cagnòglko~

a}yd`n`{lg do~ auuoua~ kogka mlg auulko dl~ yuoyqa~{l~ |qa q{`d`xlg `glkanqlklcag{a dl

{aouãl avodq{`vl' Nog ad f`g ka ndlu`f`nlu dl clgaul ag |qa a~{a {ulelho ~a nog~`kaul dl

uadln`þg ag{ua avodqn`þg p nqd{qul uafauùà l do~ k`fauag{a~ l~yan{o~ cagnòglko~ you

a~{o~ lq{oua~'

Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g go n`{lg g` yuoyogag qgl kaf`g`n`þg oyaul{`vl ka nqd{qul$løg nqlgko a~ gana~lu`l ylul {okl ~q lujqcag{ln`þg' Ag nognouklgn`l nog ~q yo~{qul ag

a~{a dèuo go ~a mledl ka avodqn`þg ka dl nqd{qul$ you |qa {lce`àg ~a nog~`kaul |qa dl

nqd{qul go avodqnògl noco qg`klk `gkayagkàg{a$ do |qa avodqnògl a~ dl a~yanà p do~

juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~'<9 Dl nqd{qul ~þdo ~a cok`f`nl$ ~a {ulg~foucl p nlce`l' Ag a~{a

~ag{`ko ydlg{ao qgl a}yd`nln`þg ka dl avodqn`þg mqclgl noco qg yuona~o ka avodqn`þg

<9

Ag{ua dl~ fqag{a~ |qa lyoplg ad ydlg{alcàg{o ka dl avodqn`þg ka do~ juqyo~ ~on`lda~$ l|qã kagoc`glko~ ~onònqd{qulda~ ~a yqakag cagnòglu8 ôuob`g <0;;$ Fàdk`gj <011$ Ylu~og~ <0:; p [ouua~

5990'



5<

eònqd{quld$ go eòdþj`no you qg dlko$ go avodqn`þg nqd{quld you o{uo$ ~`go qg øg`no

yuona~o ka avodqn`þg ka gqa~{uo d`glha mocãg`ko'

Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g nu`{`nlg |qa ad q~o ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ml ~`ko qgl

clgaul ylul ddlclu nàg{ãf`nl l dl nàgn`l ~on`ld' Go a~ a~l dl `g{agn`þg ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg' Dl yo~{qul avodq{`vl l|qã ~q~{ag{lkl ylu{a ka dl a}`~{agn`l ka qgl

a~{uqn{qul a}yd`nl{`vl ylul dl m`~{ou`l ka dl v`kl ag dl [àuul$ qgl {aouãl |qa a~ vìd`kl

ylul nogonau ad ou`jag p ad yuona~o ka dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg ka dl v`kl ag ad ydlga{l' ^`

{agaco~ a~{l {aouãl ylul do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ ¿You |qà ~qyogau |qa go ~ùva ylul do~ ~aua~

mqclgo~ p ~q avodqn`þg? [ld yo~{qul go yluana kafagkèda$ yauo ~quja dl ~`jqàg{a

yuajqg{l8 ¿Nqìda~ ~og do~ ldnlgna~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl$ ~þdo a~{ì ag nocyuagkau dl

avodqn`þg ka dl a~yanà ~`g yokau nogonau cì~ ~oeua ad ~au mqclgo p ~q coko ka v`kl?

Ag dl `gva~{`jln`þg lg{uoyodþj`nl ln{qld ~a ydlg{al dl yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl ylul

nocyuagkau dl avodqn`þg kad dagjqlha p o{uo~ l~yan{o~ nqd{qulda~' ^`g acelujo$ ¿Yokuì

a}yd`nlu~a ad yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg ka~ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl? Dl ua~yqa~{l l a~{l

yuajqg{l a~ yo~`{`vl p do~ ldnlgna~ l do~ |qa ~a yqaka ddajlu ~a yua~ag{lg ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg {aþu`nl'

Ylul Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g a~ ndluo p ~`g dqjlu l kqkl~ |qa dl nqd{qul avodqnògþ

ka qg a~{lko ka lq~agn`l ka nqd{qul noco nog~anqagn`l ka nlceò~ eòdþj`no~' Addo

~qyoga |qa ad ou`jag ka dl nqd{qul ~a kaea l qg yl{uþg ka cok`f`nln`þg ka dl vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda ld cago~ ag do~ yu`cl{a~ p ag ylu{`nqdlu ag gqa~{uo d`glha' ^q lfùcln`þg

lkacì~ l~qca |qa go mlp g`gjøg nlceò ag ad ~`~{acl gauvò~o nag{uld |qa yqakl ~au

nlq~ld ka dl avodqn`þg ka dl nqd{qul' You do nqld ylul addo~ ad nlceò nqd{quld a~ {lg ~þdo

qg yuona~o m`~{þu`no |qa ~a nluln{au`xl you dl~ nogk`nòga~ ylu{`nqdlua~ kad {àcyo

m`~{þu`no ag ad nqld ~qnaka' Dl nqd{qul nlce`l$ yauo go avodqnògl' Noco dl clpouãl ka

dl~ yuoyqa~{l~ lg{uoyodþj`nl~ ka~ka Coujlg ml~{l Zm`{a -vàl~a dl m`~{ou`l ka Mluu`~

<0:0) ~qyogag qgl uadln`þg qgo l qgo ag{ua dl m`~{ou`l ka dl mqclg`klk p ~q avodqn`þg$uadln`þg nomauag{a p a}yd`nl{`vl$ ag{ogna~ nlkl qgl ka a~l~ yuoyqa~{l~ mlna qg q~o

`gnouuan{o ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ld `jqldlu avodqn`þg nog nlceò m`~{þu`no' You c` ylu{a

ylul go nlau ag ad c`~co auuou yuoyogjo uanogonau dl avodqn`þg ka do~ juqyo~

~onònqd{qulda~$ kogka dl qg`klk avodq{`vl ~og do~ juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~ p dl qg`klk ka

~adann`þg ~og dl~ yau~ogl~' Dl qg`klk ~onònqd{quld go a~ qgl nog~{uqnn`þg le~{uln{l$

a}`~{a ag dl cak`kl |qa a}`~{ag |qàga~ da klg foucl$ dl~ yau~ogl~ nog qg coko ka v`kl'

You cakò ka dl ~adann`þg ~oeua dl~ yau~ogl~ p ~q~ coko~ ka v`kl dl qg`klk~onònqd{quld yqaka avodqnòglu'



55

â ydlg{al -Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g) dajã{`clcag{a |qa dl avodqn`þg onquua noco

qg yuona~o ka dl lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg gl{quld ~oeua `gk`v`kqo~$ yauo fld{l kanù |qa

yqakag ~au `gk`v`kqo~ kluz`g`lgo~ o avodq{`vo~$ kogka qgl yoedln`þg ~a yqaka

nocyou{lu noco {ld {`yo ka `gk`v`kqo avodq{`vo -Joqdk 599;$ ^dolg <0=0$ 59<9$ ~a

a}yogkuì yqg{qldcag{a ag ad lylu{lko ka ~adann`þg)' Dl k`fauagn`l a~{ì ag |qa do~

juqyo~ {lce`àg yqakag ~au qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg ylul dl avodqn`þg ka qg`klka~

hauìu|q`nl~ clpoua~' Ylul do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ dl avodqn`þg a~ qg yuona~o ka juqyo$ you

addo a~ qgl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld' Løg nqlgko ~`{qlko you dl ~adann`þg ka

yau~ogl~$ dl yuoyàklk avodq{`vl a~ afan{`vl ag ad juqyo'

Fulnnm`l p Dazog{`g lfùclg {lce`àg |qa qg yuona~o yqaka nog~`kaulu~a noco

avodq{`vo nqlgko nqcyda nog8 dl a}`~{agn`l ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda$ dl cok`f`nln`þg

ka a~l vlu`le`d`klk p dl a~yan`ln`þg' Ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ~og

dl~ yau~ogl~ p ~q yo{agn`ld coko ka v`kl$ |qa ~auì oeha{o ka do~ ~`jqàg{a~ lylu{lko~ ka

a~{a nlyã{qdo' Nþco onquua dl cok`f`nln`þg ka a~l vlu`le`d`klk a~ ag nàu{o coko dl

f`gld`klk ka a~{l yuoyqa~{l lg{uoyodþj`nl' Ua~{l you lujqcag{lu ad yuona~o ka

a~yan`ln`þg you avodqn`þg ka do~ juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~' Ylul addo kaeaco~ uacog{lugo~

ld ou`jag ka gqa~{uo d`glha$ ~`{qìgkoca l ylu{ù ka do~ Moco mle`d`~' Ka~ka k`nmo yqg{o

ka ou`jag kad d`glha Moco mlg onquu`ko vluò~ avag{o~ ka a~yan`ln`þg$ {oko~ p nlkl qgo

ag oujlg`~co~ |qa yo~aag nqd{qul$ ad ød{`co ahacydo ~og2 dl~ a~yanà~ Moco ~lyàg~ p

Moco galgkau{ldag~`~' A~{l~ ko~ a~yanà~ ~àcyua ~a mlg nog~`kaulko noco

~onònqd{quldcag{a k`~{`g{l~ p yqakag lhq~{lu~a ld fagþcago ka a~yan`ln`þg kogka dl

a~{uqn{qul ~onònqd{quld a~ fqgklcag{ld ylul kaf`gùdl~ noco a~yanà~'

F`gldcag{a ag dl uadln`þg avodqn`þg#nqd{qul do |qa ydlg{ao a~ qg yuona~o

qg`f`nlko ka dl avodqn`þg mqclgl$ ag kogka dl nqd{qul a~ qg ua~qd{lko p a~ {lce`àg

nlq~ld' Dl nqd{qul go oyaul `gkayagkàg{acag{a ka do~ ~aua~ nqd{qulda~$ dl nqd{qul p ad

~au nqd{quld ~og ad c`~co yuona~o ka clg`fa~{ln`þg ka dl v`kl' A~{l yo~{qul lkc`{anocyuagkau |qa dl avodqn`þg mqclgl a~ eònqd{quld$ qg manmo |qa ml onquu`ko ag ad

{àcyo p you addo kaea ~au a~{qk`lko ag ad cluno ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl'

Avodqn`þg

Do~ a~{qkò~ lnaunl kad n`ndo ka v`kl p dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql ~a agfonlg ag ad

ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d$ ag addo~ ~qada q{`d`xlu~a ad {àuc`go avodqn`þg noco ~`gþg`co ka

nlceò p ka~luuoddo -Xlvldl 59<9)' Kae`ko l |qa ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg ~a q{`d`xl dl



5>

{aouãl avodq{`vl noco aha$ go ~a kaea ka~nq`klu ad q~o kad {àuc`go' You addo avodqn`þg$

ag a~{a {ulelho ~`jg`f`nl qg manmo ag dl gl{quldaxl |qa ~a nluln{au`xl you ~au ad yuona~o

ka nlceò p nog{`gq`klk$ qg yuona~o ka lgna~{uãl#ka~nagkagn`l nog cok`f`nln`þg p |qa

~a a}yd`nl you yu`caul vax ag dl oeul ou`j`gld ka Kluz`g8 Ad ou`jag ka dl~ a~yanà~' Ag

a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg ~a ~`jqa ad ydlg{alcàg{o {aþu`no kluz`g`lgo v`~{o ka~ka dl ln{qld

yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl'

Dl `gva~{`jln`þg nog ad q~o ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ~a mlna l ylu{ù ka dl avodqn`þg

eònqd{quld p dl ~aüld |qa yua~ag{l ag ad ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no' Ad dqjlu ag dl avodqn`þg

eònqd{quld kad a~{qkò ~a oe~auvl ag dl f`jqul 5'5' Dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld `gndqpa {ua~

g`vada~2 ad f`dojàg`no$ ad og{ojàg`no p ldjqgo~ lg{uoyþdojo~ ~qjàuag ad nqd{quld' Dl

yuoyqa~{l l|qã ka~luuoddlkl ~a ~`{øl ag do~ yuona~o~ og{ojàg`no~ |qa {àgag qgl m`~{ou`l

avodq{`vl p uayaunq~òga~ f`dojagà{`nl~ noco nqd{qulda~' You do nqld a~ ad ka~luuoddo ad

aha a}yd`nl{`vo l ylu{ù ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo |qa ~a yua~ag{luì ag

ad ~`jqàg{a nlyã{qdo$ ka~yqà~ ka a~{qk`lu dl avodqn`þg p dl og{ojag`l'

F`jqul 5'5' Avodqn`þg eònqd{quld

Qgl a}yd`nln`þg ag avodqn`þg go~ yauc`{a klu ko~ {`yo~ ka ua~yqa~{l~ ld yuona~o

avodq{`vo' ôg yo~èda~ you|qa ~a {àgag ko~ agfo|qa~$ qgo uanogona dl nlq~l f`gld p ad

o{uo a~{ledana dl nlq~l af`nàg{a -Dazog{`g <00=)' You dl nlq~l f`gld ~a uanogona dl

`cyou{lgn`l avodq{`vl ka dl ~adann`þg ka yau~ogl~ -~a a}yd`nluì ag dl ~ann`þg ka

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl) p dl avodqn`þg à{g`nl' You dl nlq~l af`nàg{a ~a a~{ledanag do~

canlg`~co~ o ka~nuèag do~ yuona~o~ |qa go~ yauc`{lg ag{agkaudo~' ôg ko~ do~

yuona~o~ |qa ~a yua~ag{lg ag a~{l a}yo~`n`þg nog nluìn{au a}yd`nl{`vo ka dl nlq~l f`gld8

<' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo p 5' Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~{o~ ko~ yuona~o~ a}yd`nlg$

noco nlq~l~ af`nàg{a~$ dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld ka~ka dl ln{qld yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl'

Yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg Qg`klka~ kad yuona~o

<' F`dojagà{`nl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~on`ld

5' Og{ojàg`nl ~adann`þg ka yau~ogl~

>' Nqd{quld ~`jg`f`nln`þg



5;

Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ag dl nqld `gndq`co~ a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg$ dl ~ãg{a~`~ a}{agk`kl$

~a agnqag{ul ag nog~{uqnn`þg -Y`jd`qnn` lgk Côddau 59<9) p yuovàga fqgklcag{ldcag{a

ka dl uavodqn`þg |qa dl eòdojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo ml jagaulko -Nluuodd U' 5999$

Nluuodd ^' 5991$ Nul`j 59<9$ Kua~~`go 59<9$ J`deau{ 599>$ Yàuax a{ ld' 59<9)' Ml~{l

lmoul dl ~ãg{a~`~ a}{agk`kl ~a agnqag{ul ag yuona~o ~`g `gndqù ka clgaul ndlul p

nog{qgkag{a l dl og{ojag`l nqd{quld ag dl {aouãl'

Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl |qa ~a q{`d`xl ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg ylu{a kad ydlg{alcàg{o

a}yqa~{o a~|qacì{`nlcag{a ag dl {ledl 5'5' A~{l yuoyqa~{l nocydacag{l dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl ndì~`nl nog dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl og{ojag`l p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' â

a~{ledana ka a~a coko ad ylyad avodq{`vo kad yuona~o og{ojàg`no$ aha ka a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg$ p nþco ~a uadlnògl nog ad yuona~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Nog~`kauo

|qa dl {aouãl avodq{`vl noco {ld go yua~ag{l g`gjqgl cok`f`nln`þg ~q~{lgn`ld nog

ua~yan{o ka dl vau~`þg Kluz`g`lgl' Ag a~{l vau~`þg -[ledl 5'5)$ ~`g acelujo$ ~a `gndqpag

ldjqgo~ l~yan{o~ |qa Kluz`g go yqako ua~odvau$ a~{o a~ ad nluìn{au ka dl vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda' L~ã c`~co nog~`kauo l|qaddo |qa Kluz`g nocyuagkãl ag `cyou{lgn`l$ yauo

go `gndqpþ ag dl {aouãl cì~ |qa noco qgl ~ann`þg ka ~q dèuo$ dl `cyou{lgn`l kad

ka~luuoddo$ ddlclkl aceuòdojãl ag ad {àcyo ka Kluz`g' Dl yuoyqa~{l kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo {àga noco aha~ ad ka~luuoddo p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo$ lceo~ yuona~o~ ~a

mlnag afan{`vo~ ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl$ you addo do uanogoxno noco dl qg`klk ka dl eòdojãl

p ka dl eòdojãl avodq{`vl' Ad ka~luuoddo yo~aa dl c`~cl `cyou{lgn`l |qa do~ yuona~o~ ka

~adann`þg$ you do nqld ~a lfùcl$ ld nog{uluò ka dl ~ãg{a~`~ avodq{`vl -Mluu`~ <0=1)$ |qa

go ~þdo a~ `cyou{lg{a dl ~adann`þg gl{quld$ ~`go {lce`àg o{uo~ yuona~o avodq{`vo~ |qa dl

mlnag yo~èda$ ag{ua addo~ dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo'



51

[ledl 5'5' Yo~{qdlko~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl you ~adann`þg gl{quld

nog~{lg{a Do~ oujlg`~co~ v`vag qg n`ndo ka

v`kl |qa a~ qg yuona~o nlq~ld#

ka{auc`g`~{l ylul do~ afan{o~ kad

yuona~o ka ~adann`þg$

uayuokqnn`þg p ~oeuav`vagn`l

k`fauagn`ld' Ka{auc`gl dl

vlu`le`d`klk$ ~q a}yua~`þg nog

ua~yan{o ka do~ fln{oua~ ka

~adann`þg p nþco a~ lfan{lkl ag

ad ka~luuoddo'

Og{ojag`l Yu`gn`yò kad

n`ndo ka

v`kl'

N

O

G

^

[

U

Q

N

N

@

Þ

G

kad

G

@

N

M

O

< Do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa fouclg dl~

a~yanà~ ~og vlu`leda~'

Oe~auvln`þg

jagà{`nl

Yu`gn`yò ka

dl vlu`ln`þg

ld lxlu'

5 Ldjqgl~ ka a~{l~ vlu`lnòga~

yl~lg l dl ka~nagkagn`l'

Oe~auvln`þg

jagà{`nl

Yu`gn`yò ka

dl mauagn`l'

> Ag nlkl jagauln`þg ~a yuokqnag

cì~ ka~nagkàg{a~ ka do~ |qa

yqakag ~oeuav`vù'

Oe~auvln`þg

anodþj`nl

; Dl ~qyauv`vagn`l p dl uayuokqnn`þg

ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ go a~ ld lxlu8 do~

`gk`v`kqo~ |qa ~oeuav`vag p ddajlg l

uayuokqnù~a$ o dl clpouãl ka do~

|qa ~a uayuokqnag$ ~og l|qaddo~ |qa

yua~ag{lg dl~ vlu`lnòga~ cì~

flvouleda~$ ~og ~adannòglko~

gl{quldcag{a p ~a uayuokqnag

k`fauagn`ldcag{a ka clgaul cì~

afan{`vl'

<¨ `gfauagn`l2

dl

~oeuav`vagn`l

go a~ ld lxlu'

5¨ `gfauagn`l2

ad ua~qd{lko a~

dl

k`vau~`f`nln`þg

p dl

lkly{ln`þg

Yu`gn`yò ka

dl

uayuokqnn`þg

k`fauagn`ld'

<<

Cok`f`nlko ka Fuaaclg p Mauuog 5995$ el~lko ag Kluz`g <=10$ nog ljuajlko~ a}yd`nl{`vo~ kaôeauþg <000$ Fulnnm`l lgk Dazog{`g <000$ Zlkk`gj{og <069' â ljuajl dl og{ojag`l p dl nog~{uqnn`þgkad g`nmo$ `jgoulko~ ag dl {aouãl ~`g{à{`nl$ uanogon`kl ~q `cyou{lgn`l ml~{l dl~ yuoyqa~{l~ uanàg{a~'



56

Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -[ledl 5'5' p F`jqul 5'>' ag dl `gflgn`l) ag ~q ~agn`ddax

yua~ag{l dl jag`ld`klk ka Kluz`g' A~{o a~8 l|qaddo |qa a~ v`leda you dl og{ojag`l

kayagkag ka dl~ nogf`jqulnòga~ kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo kad oujlg`~co -Nlyog` 599=)'

A~{l~ nogf`jqulnòga~ ylul dl v`kl kad oujlg`~co kaeag agfuag{lu~a l dl uayuokqnn`þg

k`fauagn`ld -Kluz`g <=10)$ p ad ua~qd{lko ag{ua qgl jagauln`þg p dl ~`jqàg{a a~ dl

avodqn`þg'

Do~ yo~{qdlko~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ~og do~ ~`jqàg{a~8

<' Do~ oujlg`~co~ {àgag qg yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo o n`ndo ka v`kl |qa ~qyoga dl~

yo~è`d`klka~ ylul ~q og{ojag`l$ a~{uqn{qul$ fqgnògld`klk$ lnn`þg ag dl~ `g{aulnnòga~

anodþj`nl~ p dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld$

5' Do~ oujlg`~co~ ~og vlu`leda~$

>' Ldjqgl~ ka ~q~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ vlu`leda~ |qa mlnag yo~èda ~q n`ndo ka v`kl ~og

mauakleda~$

;' Go {oko~ do~ oujlg`~co~ ~oeuav`vag nog dl c`~cl fuanqagn`l$ you ~q~ k`vau~l~

nluln{auã~{`nl~ ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl ~a agfuag{lg l dl~ k`vau~l~ nogk`nòga~ lceàg{lda~$ pl

~al nog{`gjag{a~ o nog~{lg{a~$

1' [oko~ do~ fln{oua~ l do dlujo ka dl v`kl ~`jg`f`nlg ylu{a kad yuona~o ka

uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld jagauld$ ad ua~qd{lko av`kag{a a~ dl uayuokqnn`þg p dl

~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld' A~{a yuona~o go a~ ld lxlu$ kayagka ka dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka

do~ oujlg`~co~ ylul agfuag{lu dl~ nogk`nòga~ lceàg{lda~$ klko dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl

vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ad ua~qd{lko a~ dl ly{ln`þg ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg

ka dl~ yoedlnòga~'

Ag ad ~`jqàg{a nlyã{qdo ~a lujqcag{l ad ua~qd{lko lkly{l{`vo |qa ~`jg`f`nl ~au

qgl yau~ogl' Ag nqlg{o l dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg ka dl~ yoedlnòga~ ua~qd{l av`kag{a ylul

nqld|qàu lg{uoyþdojo |qa nlkl juqyo à{g`no yo~aa ylu{`nqdlu`klka~' Dl vlu`le`d`klk ka

do~ juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~ yqaka nog~`kaulu~a noco ahacydo ka dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg ka dl~yoedlnòga~'



5:

F`jqul 5'>' Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl nog{a}{qld`xlkl ag ad ka~luuoddo gflg{`d'

Avodqn`þg noco ad yuona~o ka nlce`o p yua~auvln`þg

Avodqn`þg8 ad juqyo

~on`onqd{quld

Qg`klk ka ~adann`þg8

dl yau~ogl

Fl~a ka lnn`þg8 ad n`ndo

ka v`kl

NþcoYlul |qà

You |qà

Yl{uþg ylul

ad ka~luuoddo

Nog~{uqnn`þg p

mauagn`l kad

g`nmo



5=

Ag ad a~|qacl ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -[ledl 5'5) dl og{ojag`l a~ qgl nog~{lg{a

noco yu`gn`yò kad n`ndo ka v`kl kag{uo kad yuona~o avodq{`vo' Ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo ~a

k`~nq{a ag a}{ag~o cì~ lkadlg{a$ you lmoul a~{ledanauà do~ yqg{o~ cakqdlua~ yau{`gag{a~

ylul nocyuagkau ~q dqjlu ag dl {aouãl p yuona~o avodq{`vo'

Og{ojag`l p avodqn`þg

Dl og{ojag`l a~ ad yuona~o |qa nocyuagka ka~ka dl~ cok`f`nlnòga~ ka dl nàdqdl

fanqgklkl ml~{l ad a~{lko lkqd{o$ `gndqpa8 `) l dl coufojàga~`~2 ad yuona~o |qa ddavl ka

dl nàdqdl fanqgklkl l dl foucl kad oujlg`~co$ ``) l ad nuan`càg{o nadqdlu2 ad lqcag{o ag

ad gøcauo p {lclüo ka dl~ nàdqdl~$ ```) l dl k`fauagn`ln`þg nadqdlu2 ad yuona~o |qa ddavl l

dl nàdqdl l ~q foucl p fqgn`þg noco qg {`yo nadqdlu a~yan`ld`xlko p `v) l dl `g{aulnn`þg

nog ad cakò kogka ~a ka~luuoddl' You cakò kad yuona~o qg oujlg`~co yl~l ka dl a{lyl

kad mqavo fanqgklko ml~{l ad a~{lko lkqd{o' Dl~ cok`f`nlnòga~ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl

a}`~{agn`l kad oujlg`~co noco qg ag{a `gkayagkàg{a nlylx ka ~oeuav`vù p

uayuokqnù~a onquuag kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l' Dl og{ojag`l noco qg yuona~o eòdþj`no

avodqnògþ ylul jagaulu oujlg`~co~ |qa ~al ag ~ã c`~co noco qg ~`~{acl avodq{`vo

nlylx ka uayuokqnù~a k`fauagn`ldcag{a' Ag gqa~{ul a~yanà dl og{ojag`l$ lg{a dl

a}`~{agn`l ka dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà$ nogkqna ld mqavo fanqgklko~lyàg~ ml~{l qgl yau~ogl noco a~{lko lkqd{o ag qg nog{a}{o nqd{quld a~yanãf`no'

Ad nog{a}{o og{ojàg`no ylul dl avodqn`þg

Ad yuona~o og{ojàg`no nog~{`{qpa ad cluno ka v`kl ~oeua ad nqld ln{ølg do~ k`vau~o~

yuona~o~<52 avodq{`vo~$ uayuokqn{`vo~ p v`vagn`lda~$ a~{o~ ød{`co~ ag do~ nqlda~ ~a

`gndqpag do~ ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg' You addo dl og{ojag`l ~a a~{ledana ag dl a~{uqn{qul ka dl

<5 ^` dl og{ojag`l a~ ad nog{a}{o ag ad nqld ~a a~{ledanag dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ylul dl f`dojag`l$ do~

nognay{o~ ndlva ka a~{l uadln`þg ~og8 <' Yo{agn`ld avodq{`vo noco dl nlyln`klk kad ~`~{acl ylul

avodqnòglu$ 5' Ydl~{`n`klk fago{ãy`nl$ dl nlyln`klk kad jago{`yo ylul jagaulu k`fauag{a~

fago{`yo~$ >' Ay`jàga~`~$ ad nlceò mauak`{luò go a}yd`nlko you cok`f`nlnòga~ go jagà{`nl~$ ;'

Cokqdlu`klk $ dl yuoyàklk ka do~ oujlg`~co~ ka oujlg`xlu~a p ka~nocyogau~a ag qg`klka~

nomauag{a~ |qa fouclg ylu{a ka qg`klka~ cì~ julgka~$ kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo do~ cþkqdo~ yqakag

~au nlcyo~ coufojàg`no~$ yl{uoga~ ka ka~luuoddo$ d`glha~ nadqdlua~ -l do dlujo ka dl a}yo~`n`þg ~a

uafàua l addo~ ~qna~`vlcag{a)'



50

{aouãl avodq{`vl noco qgl nog~{lg{a' Ad yuona~o og{ojàg`no yuovaa dl~ yo~è`d`klka~

ylul dl a}yua~`þg ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda$ a~{ledana do~ dãc`{a~ l dl lnn`þg ka do~

fln{oua~ ka ~adann`þg$ flvouana dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ka a}yua~`þg ka dl `gfoucln`þg

mauakleda p ~q cok`f`nln`þg you dl lnn`þg lceàg{ld$ ~onònqd{quld yu`gn`yldcag{a$ |qa

~a `gndqpa noco nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl no`gn`ka ag yu`gn`yò nog

do~ dãc`{a~ ylul dl lnn`þg afan{`vl kad lujqcag{o a}`~{agn`ld`~{l$ ad nqld yua~ag{l l dl

a}`~{agn`l yuav`l l nqld|qàu {`yo ka a~agn`l -^lu{ua <0;6) p kogka dl a~agn`l ~þdo a~{ì

kaf`g`kl you dl uadln`þg ag{ua ad nog{a}{o m`~{þu`no#dl ~adann`þg gl{quld#dl ~adann`þg

`g{augl -el~lko ag Nlyog` 599=) p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo -Okd`gj#^caa 599>)' A~ ad

yu`gn`yò nlq~ld ka dl v`kl kad oujlg`~co p nog addo `gfdqpa ag ~q yuona~o avodq{`vo'

Noco ~a vauì cì~ lkadlg{a ag ad yuona~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~a kacqa~{ul

dl qg`klk ag{ua ad yuona~o og{ojàg`no kad n`ndo ka v`kl p ad avodq{`vo ka dl f`dojag`l

mqclgl' A~ qgl foucl `g{aucak`l ag{ua dl avodqn`þg yqulcag{a uafau`kl noco8 ad

nlceò ag dl~ fuanqagn`l~ jàg`nl~ ka dl~ yoedlnòga~$ p dl avodqn`þg ddlclkl nqd{quld

noco8 ad nlceò l do dlujo kad {àcyo ka adacag{o~ nqd{qulda~ ag qgl ~onàklk' Ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg dl `g{ajuln`þg ~auì uafau`kl noco qg {oko ka dl avodqn`þg eònqd{quld'

Lg{a~ ka yua~ag{lu dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa ~a a}yua~l kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l$

~ajq`kl ka do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg |qa ln{ølg l do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl ka do~

oujlg`~co~$ ~a yua~ag{l dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo l ylu{ù ka ~q ka~luuoddo {aþu`no#

m`~{þu`no' A~{l yqaka nog~`kaulu~a qgl ly{ln`þg$ qg yuona~o nog vldou ylul dl

~oeuav`vagn`l$ |qa lg{anaka m`~{þu`nlcag{a l {oko yuona~o avodq{`vo ag gqa~{ul a~yanà

a `gfdqpa ag do~ yuona~o~ ~adan{`vo~'

Dl lujqcag{ln`þg lnaunl kad g`nmo {àga vld`kax ylul dl lg{uoyodojãl p dl~

nàgn`l~ kak`nlkl~ l nocyuagkau do mqclgo klko |qa dl avodqn`þg ka do~ oujlg`~co~$

noco do~ ~aua~ mqclgo$ a~{ì no#kù`j`kl you dl ~adann`þg p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo

-Bagkld a{ ld' 59<<$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)' Do~ {`yo~#yuona~o~ ka ly{ln`þg -Nly' >$ Ad yuona~o ka ly{ln`þg…) {àgag noco fqag{a ka ~q avodqn`þg p og{ojag`l a~{a yuona~o

kqld ka `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo'

Ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld a~{ì fqgklko ag dl yuac`~l ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo$ a~{o a~$ |qa dl

a~{uqn{qul ~on`ld a~ ld c`~co {àcyo ad nog{a}{o p dl nog~anqagn`l ka dl~ lnnòga~

`gk`v`kqlda~' Ag {àuc`go~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl addo ~`jg`f`nl |qa ad ka~luuoddo ka dl

yau~ogl ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ~onònqd{quld mlna yo~èda dl ~onàklk p dl nqd{qul

kogka dl yau~ogl ~a agnqag{ul nog{a}{qld`xlkl p ~`jg`f`nlkl'



><

dqjlu' Lfùcln`þg |qa lnluualel ad yuoedacl you ka{auc`glu ¿nqìda~ yokãlg ~au

nog~`kaulkl~ dl~ nogk`nòga~ ~`c`dlua~? A~{a yu`gn`yò pl mleãl ~`ko uafau`ko ag

{àuc`go~ jagaulda~ you Kluz`g ag Ad Ou`jag$ mln`l <09; yua~ag{lko you Ju`ggadd p

{lce`àg ydlg{alko you Dlnb ka~ka lg{a~ ka dl kànlkl ka <0>9~ p nogon`ko {lce`àg

noco yu`gn`yò ka Vod{auul#Jlq~a o ka Do{bl#Vod{auul' Ad{og ag ~q dèuo ~oeua anodojãl

lg`cld ka <05:$ ag {ougo ld {acl kad g`nmo k`na2 l|qaddo |qa mlnag do~ oujlg`~co~ do~

mlna yau{aganau ld c`~co g`nmo' A~{l a~ dl ~ajqgkl nog~{uqnn`þg nognay{qld

fqgklcag{ld kad nognay{o$ v`gnqdlko nog dl foucl ka v`kl kad oujlg`~co' Mluk`g do

kagoc`gþ yu`gn`yò ka a}ndq~`þg nocya{`{`vl o ~`cydacag{a yu`gn`yò ka a}ndq~`þg p

lüo~ ka~yqà~ yuoyq~o dl yu`caul kaf`g`n`þg ka g`nmo ag {àuc`go~ ka `gjagàuãl

anodþj`nl -Mluk`g <069)' Ad {aunau lvlgna nognay{qld ~a kaea l Avadpg Mq{nm`g~og

-Vìx|qax 5991)$ |qàg do kaf`g`þ noco qgl nluln{auã~{`nl kad oujlg`~co'

^` uav`~lco~ dl foucld`xln`þg ka Mq{nm`g~og$ ad g`nmo a~ ad a~ylnò ag ad nqld

qgl a~yanà yqaka v`vù$ Avadpg Mq{nm`g~og do kagoc`gl —g`nmo fqgklcag{ld Rad g`nmo

fqgklcag{ld kaf`ga dl~ yuoyàklka~ anodþj`nl~ kad oujlg`~co pS a~ qgl foucld`xln`þg

le~{uln{l kad g`nmo anodþj`no– -Mq{nm`g~og <01:8;<6)' Mq{nm`g~og a~{ledana nql{uo

yu`gn`yò~ ka~nu`y{`vo~ kad g`nmo8 <' Kag{uo kad g`nmo ~a agnqag{ulg dl~ yo~è`d`klka~

ylul ~oeuav`vù p fqaul kad g`nmo go a}`~{a v`le`d`klk ylul dl v`kl' 5' Ad oukag ka

uadlnòga~ ag ad g`nmo go a~ d`gald$ ~a ~q~n`{lg yuona~o~ ka ua{uold`cag{ln`þg$ qg

ka~eldlgna ~a nocydacag{l nog qgl ~oeua#a}yua~`þg o v`navau~l' Go go~ agnog{ulco~

nog qgl ~anqagn`l ka yìj`gl~ noco ag qg dèuo$ ~`go nog qgl ~auà ag yluldado noco ag

dl Zae' >' A~ qg cokado |qa ~a uafàua l qg `g~{lg{a ag ad {àcyo p yqaka nlce`lu l do

dlujo kad kãl' ;' Ylul f`ga~ yuìn{`no~ ~þdo ~a nog~`kaulg ldjqgl~ a~yanà~$ a~{o do mlna

qgl le~{ulnn`þg ka dl~ `g{aulnnòga~ ag dl nocqg`klk'

Ag a~{o~ {àuc`go~$ ylul ad ~au mqclgo$ ~q g`nmo fqgklcag{ld `gndqpa2 ~q ag{ougo

~on`ld$ anogþc`no$ anodþj`no$ nqd{quld$ a~ kanù ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld$ dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ kado~ `gk`v`kqo~ ylul yaunèù$ ~ag{ù$ yag~lu$ uadlnòglu~a$ nocqg`nlu~a$ a{n'$ l~ã$

v`gnqdlko~ ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld p do~ `gk`v`kqo~$ you vãl~ ka uadln`þg |qa nog~{`{qpag qgl

qg`klk ~`~{àc`nl |qa ka{auc`gl qg coko ka ~au ag ad cqgko ylul nlkl juqyo nqd{quld'

A~{l yau~yan{`vl go~ yauc`{a mledlu ag ~q hq~{l k`cag~`þg ka ~`~{acl l do dlujo ka dl

`gva~{`jln`þg' You a~o a~ ag dl qg`klk kad g`nmo mqclgo kogka ~a nluln{au`xl l dl

yau~ogl you ~q coko ka v`kl' Noco ~a `gk`nl `gndqpa ld ag{ougo p ld ~au ag a~a ag{ougo$

go ~a ua~{u`gja ld mle`{lk g` a}ndqpa dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ `gk`v`kqlda~$ you ad nog{uluò ~a`g{ajulg ag ad nognay{o ka g`nmo nqpo coko ka v`kl a~ nocøg l dl yau~ogl'



>5

Dl ~ajqgkl foucl ka oe~auvlu ad g`nmo a~ noco ad g`nmo uald`xlko o a~yanãf`no

kogka ~a `gndqpag dl~ lyou{lnòga~ ka do~ lq{oua~ cagnòglko~ ld yu`gn`yò ka a~{l

~ann`þg$ noco qg coko ka v`kl ka do~ oujlg`~co~ -Mq{nm`g~og <01:)' Qgo~ lüo~

ka~yqà~ Cljqùa yuoyq~o qg nognay{o ka g`nmo nog uadavlgn`l ag ad yl{uþg ka ua~yqa~{l

eòdþj`nl kad `gk`v`kqo$ qgl yoedln`þg o qgl a~yanà l dl~ nogk`nòga~ lceàg{lda~$

nluln{au`xlgko ld g`nmo noco dl nlyln`klk mauakleda kaf`g`kl you ~q m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl

-Cljqùa <0:>)' Hlnb~og p Ovauyanb ljuajlg do~ nognay{o~ ka g`nmo yo{agn`ld p

a~ylnò lceàg{ld uald`xlko' Nog do nqld {agaco~ nql{uo nocyogag{a~ kad g`nmo8

<' Ad a~ylnò lceàg{ld uald`xlko |qa ~og dl noce`gln`þg ka fln{oua~ lceàg{lda~ |qa

a}`~{ag ag qg cocag{o ka{auc`glko$ kqulg{a ad yauòko ka v`kl kad `gk`v`kqo$ dl

yoedln`þg o dl a~yanà' Ylul dl yuoyqa~{l ka a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg a~ dl xogl jaojuìf`nl ag

dl nqld ~oeuav`vag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ ag a~{qkò'

5' Ad g`nmo fqgklcag{ld a~ dl nquvl ka {odaulgn`l o ~oeuav`vagn`l ylul qgl a~yanà

kag{uo kad a~ylnò lceàg{ld$ `gndqpa dl~ nogk`nòga~ e`þ{`nl~ p le`þ{`nl~ kogka qg

`gk`v`kqo$ yoedln`þg o a~yanà yqaka ~oeuav`vù p |qa ~a agnqag{ul mauak`{lu`lcag{a

ka{auc`glko' Ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg a~ ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld$ |qa ~a mauakl noco ~`~{acl p

noco dl nlyln`klk ka nog~{`{qù~a ag qg ag{a ~on`ld'

>' Dl `g{aunayn`þg ag{ua ad a~ylnò fqgklcag{ld uald`xlko p ad g`nmo fqgklcag{ld

kaf`gag ad g`nmo yo{agn`ld$ ag à~{a afan{`vlcag{a oe~auvlco~ ad a~ylnò lceàg{ld

uald`xlko ag ad nqld afan{`vlcag{a ~oeuav`va p ~a uayuokqna dl a~yanà' A~{a g`nmo

yo{agn`ld nouua~yogka ag gqa~{ul a~yanà ld ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~' A~{o a~ dl nqd{qul noco ad

cqgko yo~èda ylul dl v`kl ~ajøg dl~ c`~cl~ uajdl~ ka dl nqd{qul' V`~{o ka~ka dl

yau~yan{`vl ka dl nqd{qul$ a~ yu`couk`ld ad g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no kogka ~a ka~luuoddl ad `gflg{a

ylul mlnau~a qg nocyogag{a kad ~`~{acl ~on`ld noco qgl yau~ogl'

;' Ad g`nmo uald`xlko a~ kogka ag a~a cocag{o v`va dl a~yanà p |qa yo{agn`ldcag{a

nlce`l l do dlujo ka dl og{ojag`l -Hlnb~og lgk Ovauyanb 5999$ Vìx|qax 5991)' A~ dlv`kl ag qg juqyo à{g`no ylu{`nqdlu p |qa nognua{lcag{a ~a uafdahl ag dl noce`gln`þg kad

nognay{o ka yau~ogl p ad A{mo~<; |qa a~ nþco ~a v`va ag ad ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld'

Mluk`g kaf`ga ad g`nmo kag{uo kad yu`gn`yò ka a}ndq~`þg ag {ua~ yqg{o~ kag{uo ka

qg yuona~o8 <' Ko~ yoedlnòga~ |qa go ~og `g{aufanqgkl~ -k`fauag{a~ a~yanà~) p onqylg

ad c`~co g`nmo ag ad ~ag{`ko ka mlnau do c`~co$ 5' Dl~ a~yanà~ ~og ~`cyì{u`nl~$ a~

kanù onqylg ad c`~co {auu`{ouò jaojuìf`no$ >' ^` dl a~yanà L ~a uayuokqna

<;Ad A{mo~ a~ ad coko nluln{auã~{`no ka v`kl ka qg juqyo ~onònqd{quld$ do |qa yuoy`n`l ~q `kag{`klk ka

juqyo$ do k`~{`g{`vo p nomauag{a'



>>

k`fauagn`ldcag{a qg yono cahou |qa dl a~yanà E$ ag{ogna~ dl a~yanà L {auc`gluì you

uaacydlxlu l dl a~yanà E -Mluk`g <069)' ^q {ulelho a~{ì nognae`ko a~{u`n{lcag{a you

~q~ `cyd`nlnòga~ avodq{`vl~ |qa da yauc`{ag n`{lu l Kluz`g p ~q yu`gn`yò ka ~adann`þg

gl{quld ag ~q ~ag{`ko uan{ou ka dl eòk`vau~`klk' Ld c`~co {àcyo ad yu`gn`yò ka

a}ndq~`þg yau{agana ld ~`~{acl kad yag~lcàg{o anodþj`no kogka agnog{uluì do~ kacì~

adacag{o~ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl k`gìc`nl kad ~`~{acl anodþj`no' A~{ledana

nognua{lcag{a |qa —dl nocya{agn`l nocyda{l go a}`~{a– p |qa —dl k`fauagn`ln`þg

anodþj`nl a~ qgl nogk`n`þg gana~lu`l ylul dl noa}`~{agn`l– -Mluk`g <0698 <506)' Do~

juqyo~ nqd{qulda~ cqa~{ulg a~{l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~$ ~` nocy`{ag nocyda{lcag{a ~a a}ndqpag

you dl jqauul$ ~` go nocy`{ag nocyda{lcag{a ~q k`fauagn`ln`þg a~ gana~lu`l ylul ~q

noa}`~{agn`l càg{ul~ ~alg qg`klka~ `gkayagkàg{a~'

Ag a~{a yqg{o ka dl a}yo~`n`þg ~a ml uanogon`ko nognay{qldcag{a ld g`nmo ag do~

~`jqàg{a~ l~yan{o~8 ag qg yu`cau cocag{o noco dl~ nogk`nòga~ ylul dl v`kl ka dl

a~yanà -Ju`ggadd)$ dqajo ad g`nmo noco qgl nluln{auã~{`nl kad oujlg`~co p ad nqld ~a

yqaka k`v`kù nognay{qldcag{a ag k`~{`g{o~ a~ylnò~ ka a}`~{agn`l ka~ka do jagauld kad

lceàg{a ml~{l do ylu{`nqdlu kad coko ka v`kl -Mq{nm`g~og)$ ag {aunau dqjlu ad g`nmo

uadlnòglko nog dl foucl ka v`kl ka do~ oujlg`~co~ -Mluk`g) d`jìgko~a pl nog ad

l~yan{o avodq{`vo' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko avodq{`vo$ ad ka~luuoddo ln{qld kad ~`~{acl nognay{qld

ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ~a el~l ag {ua~ lyou{a~ fqgklcag{lda~$ yuoyounòglko~ you

Zlkk`gj{og -<01>$ <016$ <069)$ Vlg Vldag -<0:>) p Dazog{`g -<0:=$ <0=<)'

Dl lyou{ln`þg ka Zlkk`gj{og a~{ì ag yuoelu dl `cyou{lgn`l avodq{`vl ka do~

yuona~o~ kad ka~luuoddo' Ag ylu{`nqdlu qgl ~auà ka a}yau`cag{o~ p uafda}òga~ {aþu`nl~ da

yauc`{ag ~aüldlu ad ylyad |qa ad lceàg{a hqajl ag ad ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no ag qg

yuona~o ka ua{uold`cag{ln`þg$ kogka do~ oujlg`~co~ ld{aulg ~q lceàg{a p vag ~q

ka~luuoddo lfan{lko you k`nml~ cok`f`nlnòga~ lceàg{lda~ -Zlkk`gj{og <01>$ <016)'

@g{uokqna ad nognay{o ka ~`~{acl~ ka a}ydo{ln`þg -a}ydo`{`va ~p~{ac) |qa ln{qldcag{a ~aml ka~luuoddlko ag dl v`~`þg ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo nog{a}{qld`xlko ag dl

og{ojag`l' Noco ylu{a ka dl dþj`nl a~{uqn{quld kad ~`~{acl avodq{`vo$ ad ~`~{acl ka

a}ydo{ln`þg a~ lg{auòu p nlq~ld ka do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg p kad ka~luuoddo$ nog do~

|qa ~a d`jl you dl lnn`þg ka do~ oujlg`~co~$ |qàga~ cok`f`nlg ~q g`nmo lceàg{ld' A~

yuan`~lcag{a ad g`nmo kogka ~a a~{ledana dl qg`þg ag{ua do~ nocyogag{a~8 ~adann`þg p

og{ojag`l$ kag{uo kad yuona~o avodq{`vo -Zlkk`gj{og <069)'

Ad ~ajqgko fqgklcag{o ylul uanogonau dl `cyou{lgn`l avodq{`vl kad g`nmo fqa dlyuoyqa~{l ka Da`jm Vlg Vldag |qàg do uayua~ag{þ ca{lfþu`nlcag{a noco dl Ua`gl Uohl



>;

nld`f`nìgkodo noco qgl dap ka dl avodqn`þg' Ag <0:> Vlg Vldag a~nuèa |qa a}`~{a qgl

gqavl dap ag eòdojãl avodq{`vl$ a~ dl dap ka dl a}{`gn`þg' âjøg qg lcydò a~{qkò$ ad

cagnòglko lq{ou$ uanogona |qa a}`~{a qg yl{uþg ka a}{`gn`þg ag qgl lcyd`l vluàklk

ka oujlg`~co~ l do dlujo ka dl~ aul~ jaodþj`nl~' A~{a fagþcago nog~{`{qpa ad yuoedacl

|qa Vlg Vldag ~a yuoyoga ua~odvau' Lujqcag{l |qa a~{l gqavl dap a~{ì uadlnòglkl nog

dl mocojaga`klk ag {àuc`go~ anodþj`no~ ld c`~co {àcyo |qa nog dl `gkayagkagn`l ka

dl aklk kad {l}þg<1' Dl dap a}yd`nl ad nluìn{au ka qgl ulxþg nog~{lg{a ka a}{`gn`þg ag dl~

xogl~ lkly{l{`vl~$ kogka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l -nog qg à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo uadl{`vo) a~{ì

naunlgl ld þy{`co p fqaul ka dl xogl a~{ì k`~c`gq`ko'

Dl m`yþ{a~`~ ka dl Ua`gl Uohl ylu{a ka dl ca{ìfoul {oclkl ka Daz`~ Nluuodd ag

[muoqjm {ma Doob`gj Jdl~~$ ka kogka Vlg Vldag n`{l8 —Lmoul l|qã$ {ø do va~$ {àga~ |qa

nouuau {oko do |qa yqakl~$ ylul yauclganau ag ad c`~co dqjlu– -ag Vlg Vldag <0:>8 51$

{ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' Dl ca{ìfoul ~a lyd`nl l dl `g{aufauagn`l you dl nocya{agn`l ka

uanqu~o~' Do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ kaeag a~{lu ag nog~{lg{a {ulg~foucln`þg ylul go a}{`gjqù~a'

Ad yuona~o a~ noco ~`jqa8 <' â agnqag{ulg vlu`l~ a~yanà~ ag qgl xogl lkly{l{`vl

hqg{l~$ ag{ogna~ ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo ka qgl ka addl~$ nlq~l qg afan{o gajl{`vo ag o{ul

a~yanà naunlgl$ ag {lg{o ua|qàulg uanqu~o~ ~`c`dlua~ p nocy`{lg you addo~ lfan{lgko l

dl o{ul a~yanà' Q~qldcag{a ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo a~ cagou ylul ldjqgl ka dl~ ko~

a~yanà~$ you|qa go yo~aag a}ln{lcag{a dl~ c`~cl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ylul a}ydo{lu ad

uanqu~o p nocya{ù you àd$ à~{a a~ qgo ka do~ yu`gn`yò ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl Kluz`g`lgl'

5' Ylul nqld|qàul gøcauo ka dl~ a~yanà~$ ad yuocakò ka à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo k`~c`gqpa$

a~ kanù$ kayagka kad gøcauo ka a~yanà~ |qa `g{auln{ølg ylul ad vldou ka k`~c`gqn`þg

ag ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo' >' Ylul qgl ua~yqa~{l ~`cqd{ìgal ka à}`{o ag qg `g{auvldo ka

{àcyo$ ad yuocakò {o{ld kad kanuacag{o ag ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo you a~yanà$ l~ã ad

kanuacag{o a~ qgl ua~yqa~{l ~`cqd{ìgal ag ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo ka do~ `g{auln{qlg{a~' ;'

Dl~ a~yanà~ ~og nlylna~ ka uanqyaulu~a kad kanuacag{o uayuokqn{`vo$ ag {lda~nùnqg~{lgn`l~ onl~òglg qgl clpou k`~c`gqn`þg kad ka dl~ o{ul~ a~yanà~' 1' A~{a

yuona~o ka kanuacag{o ~qna~`vo p no`gn`kagn`l uanãyuonl ag{ua dl~ a~yanà~ yqaka

nog{`gqlu `gkaf`g`klcag{a' You nog~anqagn`l$ 6' Qgl a~yanà$ ld cago~ donldcag{a$

yqaka uaacydlxlu l l|qaddl~ nqpl ka{auòuln`þg kad lceàg{a da~ ml lfan{lko cì~ ag dl

nocya{agn`l you do~ uanqu~o~' :' Ad ua~qd{lko a~ qg à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo cocag{ìgao |qa

<1A~ ad juqyo ka oujlg`~co~ acyluag{lko~ |qa ag qgl ndl~`f`nln`þg mlg ~`ko ljuqylko~ ag qgl qg`klk'



>1

a~ vlu`leda ag{ua dl~ a~yanà~ ag nqld|qàu cocag{o$ a~{l vlu`ln`þg a~ dl |qa ka{auc`gl

dl ulxþg ka a}{`gn`þg ag dl xogl lkly{l{`vl -Vlg Vldag <0:>)'

Nog dl m`yþ{a~`~ ka dl Ua`gl Uohl Vlg Vldag ua~qadva dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl dap ka

dl a}{`gn`þg ka lnqauko l dl nocya{agn`l you uanqu~o~ ag qgl xogl lkly{l{`vl' ^`

~q~{`{q`co~ a~yanà you juqyo à{g`no$ ad yuona~o a}yd`nlko you Vlg Vldag go~ yauc`{a

ag{agkau l dl avodqn`þg ~onònqd{quld l ylu{ù ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo you ad yuona~o ka {ulg~foucln`þg ka do~ juqyo~ |qa nocy`{ag you

do~ uanqu~o~'

Dl~ `cyd`nlnòga~ ka dl m`yþ{a~`~ ka dl Ua`gl Uohl ~og fqgklcag{lda~ ylul ad

ka~luuoddo$ {lg{o ka dl avodqn`þg noco ka dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo' Ag yu`cau dqjlu go ~a

ua|qàuag nlceò~ lceàg{lda~ ~adan{`vo~$ ~`go uanogonau dl nlyln`klk ka do~

oujlg`~co~ ka ua~yogkau l do~ c`~co~$ ag ad nl~o ka do~ juqyo~ à{g`no~ you ~q ly{ln`þg

nqd{quld p ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Do~ oujlg`~co~ ag dl k`gìc`nl yauya{ql kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo lfan{lg ld lceàg{a p a~{o~ `gfdqpag ag ad yuona~o avodq{`vo' Dl~ a~yanà~

mle`{lg ad yl`~lha lkly{l{`vo<6 eq~nlgko cl}`c`xlu ad q~o ka do~ uanqu~o~ p ag

nog~anqagn`l dl yuoele`d`klk ka ~oeuav`vagn`l ka qg d`glha ~a yuopan{l ag qg k`~{lg{a

fq{quo' You {oko do lg{auòu Vlg Vldag nogndqpa |qa ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo ka dl~

a~yanà~ ~þdo kayagka ka8 <' Nqìd xogl lkly{l{`vl a~{ì onqylkl p 5' \qà yuoele`d`klk

ka k`~{uèqn`þg ka gqavo~ ~qed`glha~ yqakag a}`~{ù you k`vau~`f`nln`þg -Vlg Vldag

<0:>)' Dl a}yo~`n`þg ka Vlg Vldag a~ eì~`nlcag{a dl yuoyqa~{l |qa mop nogonaco~

noco nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Ad lq{ou k`na8 —Yokaco~ oe~auvlu qg a|q`dèuò k`gìc`no

ag qgl a~nldl `gcag~l$ ka{auc`glgko ad nqu~o ka dl avodqn`þg you ~q~ fdqn{qlnòga~

lq{o# yauya{qlg{a~– -Vlg Vldag <0:>8 5<)' A~{l lujqcag{ln`þg go~ nogfùcl |qa dl

lyd`nln`þg ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl a~ a}{ag~`vl$ nog~`~{ag{a p gana~lu`l ylul nocyuagkau

ld ~au mqclgo'

Ad {aunau fqgklcag{o avodq{`vo ag ad ka~luuoddo nognay{qld kad g`nmo ~quja kanqa~{òglu~a ad dqjlu ka dl lkly{ln`þg ag ad nognay{o kad g`nmo' âjøg U`nmluk Dazog{`g

~` do~ oujlg`~co~ ~a agfuag{lg l do~ yuoedacl~ ka ~oeuav`vagn`l ~aüldlko~ you do~

lq{oua~ lg{auòua~$ dl ~odqn`þg ~a nogona noco lkly{ln`þg' ^`g acelujo$ a~ fìn`d nlau ag

dl auuþgal `g{auyua{ln`þg ka dl a}`~{agn`l ka g`nmo~ vlnão~ |qa do~ oujlg`~co~ yqakag

ddajlu l onqylu ylul uakqnù do~ no~{o~ ka dl nocya{agn`l you do~ c`~co~ uanqu~o~' A~{l

<6A~ qgl uayua~ag{ln`þg juìf`nl ag ad a~ylnò ka dl k`vau~`klk jagà{`nl ~qha{l l yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~' Do~

vldda~ ~og dl~ xogl~ nog cagou vldou lkly{l{`vo p dl~ n`cl~ ~og do~ dqjlua~ nog ad cì}`co vldoulkly{l{`vo' Dl ~adann`þg gl{quld ddavl l do~ oujlg`~co~ l do~ y`no~ lkly{l{`vo~$ dl kau`vl jagà{`nl yauc`{a

|qa yl~ag ka qg y`no lkly{l{`vo l o{uo l {ulvà~ ka do~ vldda~'



>6

`kal ka do~ g`nmo~ vlnão~ ag a~yaul ka do~ oujlg`~co~ |qa do~ onqyag a~ eì~`nlcag{a

`g~o~{agèda nognay{qldcag{a p go a~{ì el~lkl ag g`gjqgl av`kagn`l' Dl yuoyqa~{l ka

Dazog{`g a~ |qa ad g`nmo a}`~{a ag dl cak`kl ag dl nqld a}`~{a ad oujlg`~co |qa da

o{oujl dl a}`~{agn`l noco ~q g`nmo -Dazog{`g <0:=$ <0=<$ <006)'

Dl `kal ka |qa go a}`~{ag g`nmo~ vlnò~ a~{ì d`jlkl l |qa ad lceàg{a a~ ad

yuokqn{o kad oujlg`~co' A~ ad adacag{o nognay{qld ~oeua ad nqld ~a ydlg{al dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Ad lceàg{a ag ad |qa v`vag do~ oujlg`~co~ go nouua~yogka nog

l|qad ld nqld kaelg lkly{lu~a$ `gndq~o do~ yuoedacl~ l do~ nqlda~ ~a agfuag{lg do~

oujlg`~co~ a~{ìg kaf`g`ko~ you addo~ c`~co~ p ~q nlyln`klk ylul jagaulu qgl ~odqn`þg'

Do~ oujlg`~co~ nualg p kaf`gag nog~{lg{acag{a ad cakò ag ad |qa mle`{lg' Dl

avodqn`þg kad oujlg`~co nlce`l dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka ~q yuoyò yuona~o you|qa8 <' Do~

oujlg`~co~ a~nojag ~q lceàg{a p ad cocag{o ka q~o$ 5' Do~ oujlg`~co~ cok`f`nlg ~q

lceàg{a you ~q v`kl ag àd$ >' Do~ oujlg`~co~ nlce`lg dl~ nogk`nòga~ |qa ad lceàg{a

da~ yua~ag{l$ p ;' Dl~ ~aülda~ kad lceàg{a ~og `g{auyua{lkl~ you do~ oujlg`~co~ ka

lnqauko l ~q nlyln`klk eòdþj`nl p ~q~ gana~`klka~$ you do nqld ad lceàg{a a~ ylul do~

oujlg`~co~ do |qa addo~ yqakag nogonau p mlnau kad c`~co -Dazog{`g <0:=$ <0=<$

<006)' Do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ go ~a lkly{lg ag qg ~ag{`ko {adaodþj`no ld lceàg{a$ ~`go —do~

oujlg`~co~ a~{ìg ~àcyua nog~{uqpagko p uanog~{uqpagko ~q~ g`nmo~– -Dazog{`g <0:=8

<60$ {ulkqnn`þg ka Lkodfo Odal)' —Do~ oujlg`~co~ a~{ìg {lg eàg lkly{lko~ ld cqgko

you|qa addo~ do mlg nog~{uq`ko– -Dazog{`g <0068 <9$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' A~{l

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo a~ ka~ka dqajo ad g`nmo uald`xlko$ do |qa afan{`vlcag{a mlnag p

v`vag$ do |qa da~ nluln{au`xl p da~ mlna ~au uanogon`ko~ noco ylu{`nqdlua~ -Hlnb~og lgk

Ovauyanb 5999)' A~{a a~ ad |q`g{o g`vad ag ad ka~luuoddo nognay{qld kad g`nmo$

nocyuagkaudo noco qgl nog~{uqnn`þg'

Ad nognay{o ka nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ka Dazog{`g foucl ylu{a ka qgl v`~`þg

lcyd`l ka dl a}yd`nln`þg avodq{`vl' K`nb Dazog{`g uanogona |qa do~ oujlg`~co~ ~ogua~qd{lko ka qgl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl$ mlg {ag`ko dqjlu juln`l~ ld yuona~o m`~{þu`no ka ~q

og{ojag`l$ l~ã$ ag {aunau dqjlu$ ~q avodqn`þg p ka~luuoddo ua~qd{lg ka qg yuona~o ka

`g{aulnn`þg nog~{lg{a ag{ua dl a~{uqn{qul `g{augl kad oujlg`~co p ad cakò ag ad nqld

oyaul -Dazog{`g <006)' A~ you addo av`kag{a |qa ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl ag ~q g`nmo

~a nouua~yogka p ~a `gndqpa ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl$ ag ylu{`nqdlu kùà |qa dl a}yd`nln`þg

lg{uoyodþj`nl ~a ~`{øl ag ad cluno ka uafauagn`l kad g`nmo' Ad q~o ka ~`~{acl nognay{qld

kad g`nmo fqa lyd`nlko you Hlboe vog Qa}bôdd ag dl gon`þg ka Qcvad{ noco ad cqgko kadl yaunayn`þg ka do~ lg`clda~ ag uadln`þg nog ~q cakò nùnqgklg{a$ yauo ~q~ ~ajq`koua~



>:

go a~{qvàuog ag yo~`n`þg mlnau q~o ka dl~ mauulcàg{l~ k`~yogèda~ l yu`gn`yò~ kad

~`jdo ]] -^c`{m lgk Vlu~` <000)' ^q lyd`nln`þg ag dl lu|qaodojãl ylul uanogonau ad

`cyln{o ka dl lju`nqd{qul ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg mqclgl kad g`nmo a~ uanàg{a p ~qyoga qg

yo{agn`ld lvlgna ylul dl lg{uoyodojãl -Dldlgk lgk OiEuàg 59<9)' You do lg{auòu a~

hq~{o kanù |qa yqaka nog~`kaulu~a ad yua~ag{a {ulelho noco qgo ka do~ yu`cauo~ lvlgna~

ylul nocyuagkau l dl yau~ogl noco ylu{a kad yuona~o avodq{`vo ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad

g`nmo'

L ylu{ù ka Dazog{`g ~a uanogona |qa ad nlceò avodq{`vo kad oujlg`~co ag ad

{àcyo kayagka ka do~ a~{lko~ ka do~ oujlg`~co~ p ka do~ a~{lko~ kad lceàg{a' Lkacì~

kaea uanogonau~a |qa do~ nlceò~ lceàg{lda~ kayagkag$ ka `jqld coko$ ka do~ a~{lko~

ka do~ oujlg`~co~ p ka do~ a~{lko~ kad lceàg{a -Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)' Ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg |qàua kanù |qa ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld kayagka ka dl~ yau~ogl~ noco ad

ka~luuoddo ka dl~ yau~ogl~ kayagka kad ~`~{acl ~on`ld'

Dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo$ ad g`nmo uald`xlko$ a~ qg {àuc`go ka dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl |qa `gndqpa do |qa uanogonaco~ ag lg{uoyodojãl noco dl nqd{qul$ ag {àuc`go~

cì~ jagaulda~ dl foucl ka v`kl ka do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~' Ad g`nmo mqclgo a~ ad ~`~{acl ag

ad nqld ~a ka~luuoddl dl v`kl mqclgl nog qg ãgk`na avodq{`vo p ag ad vldou yua~ag{a ka ~q

nog~{`{qn`þg' Ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad coko ka v`kl dl yau~ogl yqaka a~nojau ~q

lceàg{a$ a~ nlylx ka cok`f`nludo you dl lnn`þg ka ~q v`vù p noco nog~anqagn`l ~a

cok`f`nl dl yau~ogl c`~cl$ yaunèa ~q cqgko l ylu{ù ka ~q~ flnqd{lka~ p ka ~q coko ka

v`kl ylu{`nqdlu' Ad g`nmo mqclgo noco nog~{uqnn`þg a~ dl {ulcl ka ~`jgo~ |qa mlnag ad

ag{ougo p dl v`kl mqclgl ylu{`nqdlu' Dl v`kl mqclgl$ |qa a~ qgl v`kl

fqgklcag{ldcag{a nqd{quld you cakò kad q~o ka ~`jgo~ lue`{uluò~ -^lq~~qua <050)' Ad

g`nmo {lce`àg ~a mauakl l dl ~`jqàg{a jagauln`þg' Do cì~ uadavlg{a ka dl mauagn`l kad

g`nmo a~{ì ag ~au qg yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo nog nog~anqagn`l~ avodq{`vl~' Ag dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ka do~ oujlg`~co~ ~on`lda~ qgl fqag{a fqgklcag{ld ka ~qmauagn`l a~ dl nocqg`nln`þg |qa mlna yo~èda ad lyuagk`xlha nqd{quld' Lkacì~$ ag a~{o~

g`nmo~$ do~ eagaf`nò~ ~og uanè`ko~ you do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p do~ no~{o~ ~og ~oyou{lko~ you ad

juqyo p ad g`nmo -Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996$ Okd`gj#^caa 59<9$ Jleuàdl Nouoglko

59<<)' Ag nogndq~`þg dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo mqclgo mlna ka dl v`kl qgl uak ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg$ a~ yuoy`lcag{a do |qa ~a yqaka nogonau noco ad g`nmo mqclgo ag ad

~ag{`ko kad g`nmo uald`xlko' L nog{`gqln`þg ~a yua~ag{lg dl~ lujqcag{lnòga~ |qa

~o~{àgag a~{l~ lfùclnòga~ uadl{`vl~ l dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo'



>=

Dl nqd{qul noco g`nmo uald`xlko

Do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ avodqnòglco~ ag qg cakò vlu`leda kogka ~a ka~luuoddþ qg coko

ka v`kl oyou{qg`~{l#jagauld`~{l' Ag a~{a yuona~o dl nqd{qul$ noco g`nmo$ ml {ag`ko qg

ylyad ly{l{`vo ylul gqa~{ul a~yanà' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo a~ fqgnògld p ly{l{`vlyqa~ dl nqd{qul noco nocyou{lcàg{o yauc`{a qgl ua~yqa~{l uìy`kl ~`g ua|qauù |qa do~

ka~nagkàg{a~ mauakag jagà{`nlcag{a qgl cok`f`nln`þg' Dl nqd{qul jagaul ua~yqa~{l~

nog~`~{ag{a~ lg{a do~ lceàg{a~ nlce`lg{a~ -Eopk lgk U`nmau~og 5990$ Dldlgk lgk

Euozg 5996)' Nqlgko dl ua~yqa~{l ly{l{`vl ka nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo nqd{quld go a~

~qf`nàg{a yqaka `gndqù~a qg yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo -D` 599>$ Okd`gj#^caa 59<9)

afan{qlko you ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ka avodqn`þg kluz`g`lgl -Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996)'

You {lg{o ad yuona~o ka avodqn`þg kad g`nmo nqd{quld go ~a d`c`{l l dl mauagn`l jagà{`nl$

~`go {lce`àg `gndqpa l dl mauagn`l ay`jagà{`nl$ dl nogkqn{qld p dl ~`ceþd`nl$ a~ kanù2 dl

avodqn`þg kad g`nmo onquua ag nql{uo k`cag~òga~ ag ~q nluìn{au mauak`{luò -Hledogbl

lgk Dlce 5991)' Dl avodqn`þg kad coko ka v`kl mlna ka gqa~{ul a~yanà qg ahacydo ka

k`vau~`klk ag dl nog~{`{qn`þg ka {`yo~ ka g`nmo~ nqd{qulda~'

Noco ~a ml cagnòglko dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo a~ ad yuona~o you ad nqld do~

oujlg`~co~ you ~q~ ln{`v`klka~ p ~q~ adannòga~ cok`f`nlg ~q g`nmo p ad ka o{uo~

oujlg`~co~ -Okd`gj#^caa a{ ld' 599>)' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ka~ka do~ lüo~

n`gnqag{l~ ka ~`jdo ]] ~a ml uanogon`ko yuoyò kad ~au mqclgo -Dldlgk lgk ^{auadgp

5996) nluln{au`xlkl you8 <' Yo~aau afan{o~ cocag{qc$ a~ kanù$ qgl vax nocagxlko qg

yuona~o avodq{`vo ag qgl kùann`þg ~a nog{`gøl ag dl c`~cl ~`g gana~`klk ka dl yua~`þg

~adan{`vl |qa do ou`j`gþ$ 5' [àga afan{o~ ka `gaun`l$ {ld a~ ad nl~o ka go ua~yogkau

avodq{`vlcag{a l do~ fln{oua~ ka ~adann`þg ag ad {ulg~nqu~o ka ldjqgl~ jagaulnòga~ p

|qa a~{ì d`jlko ad yqg{o gøcauo qgo$ p >' Yqaka ua~yogkau ka foucl nl{l~{uþf`nl l dl

~adann`þg -Klp a{ ld' 599>$ Dldlgk lgk Eoojau{ 599=)'

A~{l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo nouua~yogkag nog yuan`~`þg nog

dl avodqn`þg mqclgl' Ag ylu{`nqdlu nog do~ yuona~o~ eònqd{qulda~ nqpo ou`jag jagaul dl

nog{`gq`klk p kogka dl nqd{qul ~a mlna jqãl kad yuona~o you ~oeua ad yl{uþg ka avodqn`þg

eòdþj`nl' Dl {angodojãl p dl nqd{qul ~og fln{oua~ nuã{`no~ ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg mqclgl kad

g`nmo p ka ~q mauagn`l -Eog` lgk Fadkclg 5991$ @mlul lgk Fadkclg 599>$ Dldlgk lgk

Euozg 5996$ Dldlgk lgk Eoojau{ 599=)' Dl lk|q`~`n`þg p yuona~o ka lyuagk`xlha

og{ojàg`no —jqãlg dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ag nlc`go~ |qa cok`f`nlg l dl ~adann`þg

gl{quld– -Dldlgk lgk Eoojau{ 599=8;$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg mqclgl kad



>0

g`nmo {àga nog~anqagn`l~ clpoua~ |qa ~a yo{agn`ld`xlg you dl mauagn`l ~onònqd{quld

-Dldlgk lgk Eoojau{ 599=$ Okd`gj#^caa 59<9)' Ad yuona~o `cyd`nl8 <' \qa ~a clg{àga

you vlu`l~ jagaulnòga~ a `gfdqpa ag dl a~yanà p ag o{ul~ a~yanà~$ 5' A~ qg fagþcago

ndlulcag{a oe~auvleda nlylx ka jagaulu gqavl~ {ulpan{ou`l~ avodq{`vl~$ >' A~ qg yuona~o

avodq{`vo nog `cyd`nlnòga~ f`dojagà{`nl~$ ag ylu{`nqdlu ylul gqa~{ul a~yanà$ ;' Nlce`l

gqa~{ul yau~yan{`vl kad yuona~o avodq{`vo noco qg {oko nocydaho ld `g{uokqnù8 ;'l) Qg

fln{ou ka mauagn`l$ ;'e) Cok`f`nlu dl lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg gl{quld$ ;'n) Nog~{`{qù qg

lceàg{a ylul ad ka~luuoddo$ p ag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ ;'k) Nog{a}{qld`xlu ad uod kad

lyuagk`xlha p dl {ulg~c`~`þg nqd{quld$ 1' A~ qg nluìn{au ly{l{`vo ka do~ oujlg`~co~ |qa ~a

mauakl l dl ka~nagkagn`l$ ag{ua do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo lgna~{uld p

ka dl jagauln`þg lg{auòu ka qg ag{ougo nqd{quld ylul ad ka~luuoddo fda}èda p

uaoukaglcàg{o ag do~ ka~nagkàg{a~ -Klp a{ ld' 599>$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 599<$ Dldlgk lgk

^{auadgp 5996)'

Valco~ do~ yqg{o~ |qa cqa~{ulg noco dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo p ~q uadavlgn`l

avodq{`vl a~{ìg ãg{`clcag{a d`jlko$ nomauag{a p nog~`~{ag{acag{a nog ad yuona~o ka

avodqn`þg eònqd{quld'

Ag yu`cau dqjlu klko |qa dl~ ln{`v`klka~ nqd{qulda~ ka gqa~{ul a~yanà mlg

`gfdq`ko ag dl avodqn`þg jagà{`nl you dl cok`f`nln`þg ka do~ afan{o~ |qa dl ~adann`þg

gl{quld ahauna$ a~{l yau~yan{`vl ag ad nog{a}{o ka dl nqd{qul noco qgl nog~{uqnn`þg kad

g`nmo a~ `gk`~yag~leda ylul nocyuagkau dl avodqn`þg mqclgl p l~ã ld ~au mqclgo

-Dldlgk a{ ld' 599<$ Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996$ Dldlgk lgk Eoojau{ 599=$ Dldlgk a{ ld'

5990$ Dldlgk lgk OiEuàg 59<9$ Xlvldl 5990$ 59<9e)'

Ag ~ajqgko dqjlu ~a kaea uanogonau |qa dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo yo{agn`ld`xl

do~ afan{o~ ka dl nqd{qul ag dl avodqn`þg mqclgl' K`nmo ag o{uo~ {àuc`go~$ dl avodqn`þg

eònqd{quld mqclgl ml ~`ko {ld you ~q ylyad ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Ag ad cokado

ka Dldlgk a{ ld' ~a yua~ag{lg av`kagn`l~ nog ua~yan{o l dl c`nuoavodqn`þg |qakacqa~{ulg |qa dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo nqd{quld lfan{l ydlq~èdacag{a dl avodqn`þg

mqclgl ag cød{`yda~ vãl~' You ahacydo ag dl akqnln`þg ~a}qld p ag dl nualn`þg ka

lg{`nognay{`vo~ -Dldlgk a{ ld' 599<)'

Ag {aunau dqjlu klkl dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg nqd{quld kad g`nmo dl

ka~nagkagn`l uanèa qgl `gfdqagn`l cok`f`nlkl ka dl~ yua~òga~ ka ~adann`þg noco qgl

mauagn`l anodþj`nl -Klp a{ ld' 599>$ @mlul lgk Fadkclg 599>$ Bagkld a{ ld' 59<<)' Dl

`gfoucln`þg |qa {ulg~c`{a dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo go {àga qgl el~a jagà{`nl$ ad yuona~o



;9

a~ qgl v`~`þg go dlclunb`lgl$ a~ kanù$ go a}`ja ka do~ ylu{`n`ylg{a~ qgl vodqg{lk ka

nlceò avodq{`vo ylul dl avodqn`þg mqclgl -Dldlgk 599;$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)'

Ag nqlu{o dqjlu ad yuona~o ka avodqn`þg eònqd{quld a~{ì uajqdlko you dl

nogkqn{l ka nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ld nlce`lu dl~ yua~òga~ ka ~adann`þg a `gndqpagko

dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo -Eog` lgk Fadkclg 5991$ Klp a{ ld' 599>$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 599<$

Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996)' Ad yqg{o fonld a~ |qa dl nog~{uqnn`þg p mauagn`l kad g`nmo

ua~qd{l {lg `cyou{lg{a noco ~og do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg -Dldlgk 599;$ Dldlgk a{ ld'

5990)'

Ag |q`g{o dqjlu ~a jagaul qg g`nmo nojg`{`vo ag ad nqld mle`{lg do~ ~aua~

mqclgo~ p ~a ka~luuoddlg noco yau~ogl~' Ad g`nmo nojg`{`vo a~ qg coko ka

~oeuav`vagn`l nluln{au`xlko you dl clg`yqdln`þg kad lceàg{a l {ulvà~ kad ulxoglcàg{o

p dl nooyauln`þg ~on`ld' Dl~ flnqd{lka~ y~`nodþj`nl~ |qa avodqnògluog ag a~{a g`nmo

nojg`{`vo fqauog nooy{lkl~ ylul do~ koc`gò~ le~{uln{o~ -Bauu 599:$ Y`gbau 59<9)' Ad

g`nmo nojg`{`vo {àga noco yu`gn`ylda~ adacag{o~ qg dagjqlha julcl{`nld el~lko ag qg

juqyo a~{uqn{qulko ylul ad q~o p ka~luuoddo kad dagjqlha$ dl kayagkagn`l `gflg{`d$ dl

`gvau~`þg yluag{ld p dl a~yan`ld`xln`þg mocãg`kl ld g`nmo nojg`{`vo' Dl nog~{lg{a

yua~agn`l ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo nojg`{`vo ~a oe~auvl {lg{o ag ad `gflg{a noco ag

do~ lkqd{o~ |qàga~ yo~aag qgl fã~`nl `g{q`{`vl$ qgl eòdojãl `g{q`{`vl p qgl y~`nodojãl

`g{q`{`vl$ {okl~ addl~ |qa nog{ul~{lg nog dl v`~`þg nognay{qld nocyuoelkl ag dl

`gva~{`jln`þg nàg{ãf`nl' Lkacì~ a~ av`kag{a ag dl f`do~ofãl yodã{`nl$ dl anogocãl p dl

could`klk |qa ~og qgl caxndl ka `g{q`n`þg$ yquaxl$ lq{ou`klk$ dald{lk$ nogfouc`klk p

uan`yuon`klk -Y`gbau 59<9)'

Ag ~a}{o dqjlu dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo yqaka yuoy`n`lu |qa ~a k`fqgklg

nluln{auã~{`nl~ |qa `cyd`nlg elhl fau{`d`klk o ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo k`~c`gq`ko ag do~

`gk`v`kqo~ -@mlul lgk Fadkclg 599>)' A~{l nluln{auã~{`nl nouua~yogka nog ad yuona~o ka

~adann`þg nqd{quld |qa noco lyqg{l Mluu`~ go a~{ì kaf`g`ko you ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo-Mluu`~ <001)' Ag ylu{`nqdlu do~ cokado~ c`nuoavodq{`vo~ ~aüldlg dl f`hln`þg ka

nluln{aua~ nqlgko dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo {àga |qa vau nog dl akqnln`þg p do~

yuona~o~ ka ag~aülgxl -Eouag~{a`g ad ld' 5996$ @mlul lgk Fadkclg 599>$ Bagkld a{ ld'

5991)'

Ag ~ày{`co dqjlu dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo yua~ag{l qg yuona~o nãnd`no kag{uo ka do~

yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~ -Dldlgk 599;$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)' You ad n`ndo do~ nog~{uqn{oua~ kad

g`nmo go yua~n`gkag kad c`~co l~ã noco à~{a go a}`~{a ~`g l|qaddo~$ you do nqld ~a ua#



;<

nognay{qld`xlg do~ yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~ ag ad yuona~o ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo

-Dazog{`g <0:=$ <0=<$ Dldlgk 599;$ Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)'

Ag on{lvo dqjlu dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ka qgl jagauln`þg l dl ~`jqàg{a ag do~

~aua~ mqclgo~ a~{ì jq`lkl you `gfoucln`þg ~acìg{`nl -Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990)' Dl

{ulg~foucln`þg |qa mlnag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ ka ~q ag{ougo p ag ad yuona~o kogka addo~

c`~co~ ~a {ulg~fouclg a~{ì ãg{`clcag{a d`jlkl l dl v`kl mqclgl ag {ulcl~ ka ~`jgo~'

Ad g`nmo mqclgo a~ {lce`àg ka qg {`yo a~yan`ld ld ~au qg g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no$ ad ~`~{acl ka

dl dagjql mlna yo~èda ylu{a ka dl {ulg~foucln`þg kad g`nmo p d`c`{l yo~è`d`klka~ ka

{ulg~foucln`þg' [oko addo a~{ì d`jlko ld vldou ~acìg{`no ag ad ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg

|qa ka jagauln`þg ag jagauln`þg a~ ~q~nay{èda ka nlceò~'

Ag govago dqjlu $ no`gn`kàgko nog ad cluno {aþu`no p yau~yan{`vl kad ka~luuoddo$

dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo a~ qg yuona~o |qa ~a `gndqpa ag do~ yuona~o~ kad ka~luuoddo' Ag

ad ka~luuoddo do~ oujlg`~co~ `g{auln{ølg nog ~q lceàg{a {ulg~foucìgkodo p

{ulg~foucìgko~a ag nog~anqagn`l' Dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ua|qàua kad ka~luuoddo ka

do~ oujlg`~co~$ à~{a ka~luuoddo a~ qgl uajqdln`þg kad g`nmo mauaklko$ dl nog~{uqnn`þg l

~q vax a~{ledana ad `g{auvldo ylul dl nog{`gq`klk kad ka~luuoddo' Ad ka~luuoddo ag dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ~àcyua ~a agnqag{ul nog{a}{qld`xlko you do ylkua~ p dl nqd{qul

ag jagauld -Bagkld a{ ld' 59<<$ Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990$ Okd`gj#^caa 59<9)'

You ød{`co dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo yua~ag{l dl gana~`klk ~`~{acì{`nl ka dl

ylu{`n`yln`þg ka do~ k`vau~o~ yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~ p kad ka~luuoddo -Zadd~ 599:)' A~{l

nluln{auã~{`nl mlna ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo qgl yuoyqa~{l `g{ajulkoul {agkàg{a l

qgl cì~ a~{uqn{qulkl {aouãl avodq{`vl -Dldlgk a{ ld' 5990$ Bagkld l{ ad' 59<<$ Y`jd`qnn`

lgk Côddau 59<9)' ^` eàg ~a yuoyoga ld oujlg`~co noco qg`klk kad g`nmo$ ag ad

ag{agk`ko ka ~au qg`klk ka lnn`þg nogkqn{qld |qa {ocl kan`~òga~ noco qg {oko

-Dldlgk 599;)$ nog~`kauo cì~ lyuoy`lko {oclu ld n`ndo ka v`kl noco qg`klk kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo ag jagauld p ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ag ylu{`nqdlu$ nog do nqld ~a no`gn`kanog do~ yqg{o~ lfùclko~ ag a~{a dèuo' Uanoukaco~$ ad n`ndo ka v`kl a~ qg yuona~o$ a~ dl

qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg p ~a a~yan`f`nl ag ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl'

Noco nogndq~`þg ka a~{l ~ann`þg a~ `cyou{lg{a agfl{`xlu |qa —dl {aouãl ka dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo yqaka ~au ylu{`nqdlucag{a uadavlg{a ylul dl k`gìc`nl ka do~

nluln{aua~ nqd{qulda~ you|qa `gnouyoul do~ afan{o~ kad eljlha nqd{quld o lceàg{ld$ noco

nocyogag{a~ ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka g`nmo~$ lfan{lgko dl ~adann`þg ag{ua vlu`lg{a~

nqd{qulda~– -Bagkld a{ ld' 59<<8 :=0$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' Dl v`kl ~on`ld p nqd{quld kado~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ a~ dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo kogka dl~ yau~ogl~ ~og ylu{a p foucl kad



;5

g`nmo' Ad ka~luuoddo ka do~ `gflg{a~ noco yau~ogl~ mlna yo~èda nocyuagkau dl v`kl

mqclgl kag{uo ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl$ ~`g odv`klu do~ ylu{`nqdlua~ p ~`g ka~nq`klu ~q

a}yd`nln`þg nàg{ãf`nl'

Dl og{ojag`l noco vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda

Ylul ~ajqù ad ydlg{alcàg{o ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -Kluz`g <=10$ Fuaaclg p Mauuog

5995) p ka lnqauko l dl oujlg`xln`þg kad lujqcag{o ydlg{alko ag dl F`jqul 5'5 l

nog{`gqln`þg ~a a}yoga ad lujqcag{o uafau`ko l dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda' Dl

vlu`le`d`klk a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl ka do~ ~aua~ v`vo~$ yokaco~ kanù |qa a~ qgl dap$ yqa~

go mlp ~au v`vo |qa ~al a}ln{lcag{a `jqld |qa o{uo' @gndq~o do~ ndoga~ |qa ~og do~ cì~

naunlgo~ a~{ìg a}yqa~{o~ l k`fauagn`l~ lceàg{lda~ |qa do~ `gfdqpag p yo{agn`ldcag{a

cok`f`nlg' Do vlu`leda a~ you {lg{o qgl yuoyàklk ka do~ ~aua~ v`vo~' Dl mauagn`l a~

qgl nluln{auã~{`nl |qa {ocl ~q goceua kad ln{o ka mauaklu$ |qa ~qyoga kahlu l o{uo ldjo

noco dajlko' Dl eòdojãl a}ydouþ ad vldou mauak`{luò ag ~q ~`jg`f`nlko nàg{ãf`no$

nocagxlgko nog dl~ dapa~ ka Cagkad$ yl~lgko you ad ka~nqeu`càg{o kad cl{au`ld

jagà{`no$ ml~{l dl ln{qld ay`jagà{`nl' Juln`l~ l a~{l~ `gva~{`jlnòga~ yokaco~ mledlu ka

dl mauagn`l eòdþj`nl noco qgl yuoyàklk ka do~ ~aua~ v`vo~' Nlkl qgo ka a~{o~

yu`gn`yò~ -vlu`le`d`klk p mauagn`l) ~a yqaka vau`f`nlu `gkayagkàg{acag{a p fouclg

ylu{a ka do~ ko~ {`yo~ ka oe~auvlnòga~ |qa nog~{`{qpag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Ylul mlnau

cì~ nognua{l dl a}yd`nln`þg ka a~{a nlyã{qdo ca uafauùà l addo~ noco dl vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda'

Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ~a agnqag{ul ag8 <' Ad cl{au`ld jagà{`no$ 5' Ag dl

mauagn`l ay`jagà{`nl$ >' Ag dl nogkqn{l$ ylu{a ka dl `gfoucln`þg a~{l jagà{`nlcag{a

ka{auc`glkl$ you ahacydo ad nq`klko ka dl~ nuãl~ o dl ~on`le`d`klk' O{ul ylu{a$

yo~èdacag{a dl cì~ `cyou{lg{a$ ~qyoga ad lyuagk`xlha l do dlujo ka dl v`kl nqpl

mauagn`l ~qnaka go jagà{`nlcag{a ~`go ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl$ you do |qa `gndqpa l dl

nqd{qul p ;' Dl mauagn`l ka dl k`gìc`nl ag dl flnqd{lk ~`ceþd`nl -Hledogbl lgk Dlce

5991) |qa ~a {ulg~c`{a you cakò ka dl akqnln`þg ag nlkl jagauln`þg p nqd{qul ka coko

ylu{`nqdlu p afan{`vo'

Noco a~ go{ouò ad ka~luuoddo yua~ag{l qgl gqavl foucl ka nocyuagkau ad

lelg`no ka yo~è`d`klka~ ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda nog vldou avodq{`vo' Go ca

ka{agkuà ag dl mauagn`l kad cl{au`ld jagà{`no nog uayaunq~òga~ avodq{`vl~$ yqa~ ~a

kaf`g`þ m`~{þu`nlcag{a nog lg{auòu`klk ua~yan{o l dl {aouãl ~`g{à{`nl ka dl avodqn`þg p



;>

a}`~{ag dl~ yuqael~ gana~lu`l~ p ~qf`nàg{a~ ylul nogfùclu ~q vld`kax nàg{ãf`nl

-^{aee`g~ p Lpldl <0=1)' Dl uadln`þg ag{ua a~{a {`yo ka mauagn`l p dl avodqn`þg

eònqd{quld ml ~`ko lcyd`l p yuofqgklcag{a a~{qk`lkl -Kqumlc <00<)$ `gndq~o ~a mlg

`kag{`f`nlko jaga~ uadlnòglko~ nog fqgnòga~ nqd{qulda~ noco ad dagjqlha$ dl `gja~{l ka

dln{o~l p ad ldc`kþg ag{ua o{uo~ l~yan{o~ ld`cag{`nò~ -Yoddluk 5990)$ |qa nocydacag{l

dl a}yd`nln`þg ka dl avodqn`þg mqclgl' A~{o ml klko dqjlu l dl gaquonàgn`l ka dl

nqd{qul$ qg ìual |qa `gva~{`jl dl vlu`ln`þg nqd{quld ag do~ yuona~o~ y~`nodþj`no~$

gaquoglda~ p jagþc`no~ -Nm`lo 5990)'

Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda kad nocyou{lcàg{o |qa ca `g{aua~l ua~ld{lu a~ l|qaddl

uadl{`vl ld lyuagk`xlha' Ad lyuagk`xlha a~ qg nluìn{au ly{l{`vo$ a~ kanù |qa yuovaa ka qg

vldou ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld$ ~`jg`f`nl qg nlceò ag dl nogkqn{l |qa a~ ad

ua~qd{lko ka dl a}yauàgn`l' Ad lyuagk`xlha ~on`ld o lyuagk`xlha cak`lko you dl

`g{aulnn`þg ~on`ld a~ qg nlceò ag dl nogkqn{l ua~qd{lko ka dl `g{aulnn`þg ~on`ld nog

o{uo~ `gk`v`kqo~$ you do uajqdlu ka dl c`~cl a~yanà -Hledogbl lgk Dlce 59918 <6<)' â

yqakag ka~nuèù {ua~ {`yo~ ka mauagn`l ka dl nogkqn{l8 <' You dl {ulg~fauagn`l ka

~q~{lgn`l~ |qa `gfdqpag ag dl nogkqn{l ld`cag{`n`l$ 5' You dl oe~auvln`þg ka dl nogkqn{l$

ad nogon`càg{o ka dl~ nog~anqagn`l~ p ad q~o ka a~{a lcydò nogon`càg{o ylul

ka~luuoddlu qgl nogkqn{l ~`c`dlu$ p >' You dl `c`{ln`þg -Hledogbl lgk Dlce 5991)'

Ag dl nogkqn{l ld`cag{`n`l do~ `gflg{a~ lk|qàuag p ka~luuoddlg yl{uoga~ ka

ld`cag{ln`þg nluln{auã~{`no~' A~ {lg av`kag{a dl yuafauagn`l ld`cag{`n`l |qa ylul g`gjqgl

yau~ogl ua~qd{l a}{ulüo noco qgl uald`klk yau~ogld' A~{o go ~þdo a~ ndlulcag{a

`kag{`f`nlko$ ~`go {lce`àg {àga uayaunq~òga~ nqd{qulda~ noco nld`f`nlu l qg {`yo o

juqyo à{g`no ka lnqauko ld {`yo ka ld`cag{ln`þg' You ahacydo$ ag{ua do~ clpl~ dl~

clkua~ ~qyogag |qa ld ld`cag{lu l ~q~ m`ho~ nog dl noc`kl yuoy`l ka dl nocqg`klk

mlnag ka addo~ yau~ogl~ clpl~' Addo cqa~{ul |qa mlp qgl el~a vlu`leda ka yuafauagn`l~

`gflg{`da~ |qa ~a codkalg ka lnqauko ld vldou ka qgl gon`þg ka do~ `gflg{a~$ ka do |qakaeag ~au p ad {`yo ka v`kl |qa yqakag {agau' Ad u`{qld kad ma{xcab cqa~{ul dl

`cyou{lgn`l ka dl ld`cag{ln`þg ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl -Xlvldl 59<<e)' A~{o a~

qg yuona~o ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ka nluìn{au nogkqn{qld elho qg yuona~o ka

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ag dl nqd{qul clpl' Dl~ yuafauagn`l~ ld`cag{lu`l~ ka dl clkua

{àgag qgl uayaunq~`þg ag dl~ ka do~ `gflg{a~ ka~ka dl dln{lgn`l' Ag o{uo nog{a}{o nqd{quld

~a ml ka~nu`{o nþco do~ `gflg{a~ l do~ ~a`~ ca~a~ ka aklk$ m`ho ka clkua~ |qa kqulg{a dl

dln{lgn`l ~a ld`cag{lelg ka vaukqul~$ yo~aag qgl clpou yuafauagn`l you ld`cag{o~ |qadl~ nog{àgag -Hledogbl lgk Dlce 5991)' ^` go~ yaunl{lco~ ka dl a{lyl ag dl nqld ~a



;;

`gfdqpa ag dl~ yuafauagn`l~ ld`cag{`n`l~$ nqlgko do~ `gflg{a~ a}ydoulg ad cqgko l ylu{ù

ka ~q v`kl ~ag~èda$ a~ dþj`no yag~lu ag dl `gfdqagn`l p julg uayaunq~`þg |qa {àga ag ad

nocyou{lcàg{o you nàu{l~ yuafauagn`l~'

Dl mauagn`l kad nocyou{lcàg{o ag dl `g{aulnn`þg ~on`ld you cakò kad

lyuagk`xlha ~qyoga qg `g{auvldo ka {àcyo noco ad þy{`co ylul |qa ~a ka~luuodda' Ad

dagjqlha a~ ad cahou ahacydo ka addo' Do~ `gflg{a~ ka~luuoddlg ~q dagjql cl{augl kqulg{a

dl `gflgn`l$ dl~ nlyln`klka~ kad dagjqlha ~a ka~luuoddlg ag dl cag{a' Ag dl `gflgn`l ~a

yo~aa dl nlyln`klk ylul ka~luuoddlu do~ canlg`~co~ lkanqlko~ ylul lyuagkau do~ {`yo~

ka a~{uqn{qul~ kad ~`~{acl d`gjôã~{`no -Hagb`g~ 5995)' Dl a{lyl ka dl v`kl ag dl nqld do~

`gflg{a~ lk|qàuag ~q dagjql no`gn`ka nog dl a{lyl kad ka~luuoddo$ dl g`üax$ |qa a~

ylu{`nqdlu l do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~' A~{l lyluag{a no`gn`kagn`l cqa~{ul |qa gqa~{ul a~yanà

yua~ag{l qgl vlu`le`d`klk ylul ad ka~luuoddo kad nocyou{lcàg{o noco ua~qd{lko kad

yuona~o avodq{`vo'

Ad lyuagk`xlha you `c`{ln`þg ~aüldl qg fagþcago lgna~{uld ahacyd`f`nlko ag ad

{ogo k`ldan{ld ag do~ clcãfauo~$ ad nqld a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl |qa ~a ml oe~auvlko ag do~

clcãfauo~ clu`go~ p |qa ag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~' Dl~ cok`f`nlnòga~ you cakò ka dl

`c`{ln`þg yqakag {ulg~c`{ù~a ka jagauln`þg ag jagauln`þg' [lce`àg yqakag klu dqjlu l

qgl a~{uqn{qul cokqdlu$ a~ kanù$ l dl foucl a~{uqn{qulkl ag cþkqdo~' Ag a~{a nl~o kaea

ua~ld{lu~a |qa dl {ulg~c`~`þg you cakò ka dl `c`{ln`þg kayagka ka dl q{`d`klk p ~q

~`jg`f`nlko ag qg nog{a}{o jagauld ylul ad oujlg`~co' Dl `c`{ln`þg yqaka cok`f`nlu~a

yono l yono p a~{l~ ya|qaül~ cok`f`nlnòga~ ~og ~q~nay{èda~ ka nog~{`{qù qgl

{ulk`n`þg nocydahl you afan{o ka qg {`yo ka ~adann`þg -Hledogbl lgk Dlce 5991)' Dl

`c`{ln`þg yo~aa qgl julg uadavlgn`l ag ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d' Do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~

-Xlvldl 59<<e)$ you ahacydo$ a}ydoulg dl~ ln{`{qka~ ka ~q~ nocylüauo~ ylul uald`xlu dl~

yuoy`l~$ ag qg yuona~o ka `c`{ln`þg p lq{o#oe~auvln`þg ka~luuoddlg julg ylu{a ka ~q~

ln{`v`klka~' Do~ `gflg{a~ ag akqnln`þg `g`n`ld -ag{ua do~ > p do~ ; lüo~ ka aklk) go`c`{lg dl~ ln{`v`klka~ ka ~q~ nocylüauo~$ `c`{lg ag nàu{l cak`kl dl ln{`{qk ka dl clkua

l |qàg {oko ad {àcyo yua~{lg l{agn`þg' Ag nlceò ad vldou ka dl `c`{ln`þg ~a mlna

yldyleda ag dl foucln`þg Yuaa~nodlu ag{ua do~ ; p do~ 6 lüo~' A}`~{a qgl `g`n`l{`vl

`gflg{`d -pl cagnòglkl you Jl~b`g 5999) l dl nqld ~`jqag cocag{o~ ka `c`{ln`þg p

lq{o#oe~auvln`þg' [oko addo vl nog~{`{qpagko ld `gflg{a noco yau~ogl clpl' Dl

`cyou{lgn`l ka dl `c`{ln`þg ~a mlna av`kag{a you ~q vldou ag ad ag{ougo nocqg`nl{`vo$ dl

lnay{ln`þg ka `gndq~`þg ag ad juqyo fqgnògl noco ka{oglkou ylul nocyuagkau dl`c`{ln`þg noco lkanqlkl o go ka lnqauko l qg ka{auc`glko nog{a}{o'



;1

Ad lyuagk`xlha ag do~ yu`cauo~ a~{lkò~ kad ka~luuoddo {àga yo{ag{a~ afan{o~ l

dlujo ydlxo' Dl yau~`~{agn`l kayagka ka nþco ~a mlg lyuagk`ko p {ulg~c`{`ko$ ~q

`cyou{lgn`l avodq{`vl kayagka ka nþco ~a mlg `g{ajulko ag{ua do~ mìe`{o~ ka dl

yoedln`þg -Hledogbl lgk Dlce 5991) ~`{qlgko dl `cyou{lgn`l kad mìe`{o ag ad ka~luuoddo

mqclgo' Ag dl nlyln`klk ylul k`~nu`c`glu do~ ~og`ko~ kad dagjqlha mqclgo do~ `gflg{a~

cqa~{ulg ad a~yan{uo ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa yo~aag$ you do |qa à~{l nlyln`klk

nog~{`{qpa qg a~{lkò ly{l{`vo ylul ad lyuagk`xlha' Ad dlujo yauòko kad ka~luuoddo

`gflg{`d `cyd`nl a}yogau dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka qgl dagjql lg{a

ad ag{ougo nqd{quld |qa fqgnògl noco fln{ou ka ~adann`þg' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko dl `gflgn`l p

dl g`üax a~ qgl fl~a ka dl v`kl ag dl nqld dl nlyln`klk `gflg{`d ~a k`~yoga ld lyuagk`xlha

-Zaubau <001$ Joyg`b 59<9)' Vlu`l~ ~og dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ |qa yo~aag do~ `gflg{a~

ylul addo$ ag yu`cau dqjlu ~a agnqag{ul dl nog~{`{qn`þg a~{uqn{quld kad nauaeuo |qa yo~aa

qg clpou a~ylnò `g{augaquogld ag nocyluln`þg nog do~ `gflg{a~ nm`cylgnà~$ yo~aa

adavlkl~ nlg{`klka~ ka ~q~{lgn`l~ agnlujlkl~ ka fln`d`{lu dl~ noga}òga~ gaquoglda~$ dl

nou{axl yuafuog{ld go ~a agnqag{ul nocyda{lcag{a ka~luuoddlkl do |qa yauc`{a

nual{`v`klk p fda}è`d`klk ag ad lyuagk`xlha$ a~{o mlna ka do~ `gflg{a~ ~aua~ ly{o~ ylul

a}ydoulu$ lyuagkau$ nlce`lu p nualu -Joyg`b 59<9$ C`ddau 59<9)' Ag {àuc`go~ ka dl

dagjql ~a ka~luuoddl dl nlyln`klk ka k`~{`gjqù do~ ~og`ko~ ~`jg`f`nl{`vo~ ka dl dagjql

-Zaubau <001)' A~{o~ lg{anakag{a~ |qa pl ~og ylu{a kad ka~luuoddo {lce`àg fouclg ylu{a

ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ylul ~qe~anqag{a~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl'

Ad nqlu{o {`yo ka mauagn`l a~ ad kad ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no p ~q nog~{`{qn`þg' Do~

`gflg{a~ ~og nlylna~ ka `kag{`f`nlu do~ yl{uoga~ uanquuag{a~ |qa nog~{`{qpag dl~ yldleul~$

noco ylul ~ajcag{lu ad nog{`gqo kad mledl p ag jagauld yo~aag qgl ~auà ka yuoyàklka~

`ggl{l~ |qa ka~acyaülg qg ylyad ag dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql' A~{o ~þdo a~ afan{`vo ag

qgl a{lyl kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d ag dl nqld ad `gflg{a kaea v`vù ag qg lceàg{a

d`gjôã~{`no -Hagb`g~ 5995)' Ag{ua dl~ 1 p dl~ <: ~aclgl~ ~og mìe`da~ ag dl k`~nu`c`gln`þgp nl{ajou`xln`þg ka qg`klka~ fogà{`nl~<:' Dl mle`d`klk ylul k`~nu`c`glu k`fauagn`l~

fogà{`nl~ ka ~q yuoy`l dagjql a~{ì uadlnòglkl nog dl cagou ~ag~è`d`klk |qa ~a

ka~luuoddl ylul mlnau {lda~ k`~nu`c`glnòga~ ag o{ul~ dagjql~ -Ma`cl~ <0:<$ [uamqe

<0:6$ Zaubau <001)' Mln`l do~ ~a`~ ca~a~ ka aklk nocàgxlg l k`~nu`c`glu do~ ~og`ko~

ka dl dagjql |qa ~a mledl ag ~q ag{ougo$ addo mlna |qa dl uayua~ag{ln`þg fogà{`nl

<:

Dl~ qg`klka~ fogà{`nl~ nouua~yogkag l ~og`ko~ ka dl dagjql |qa yo~aag qg vldou ka ~`jg`f`nlko o~ag{`ko' You dl~ k`fauagn`l~ fogà{`nl~ dl~ yldleul~ o qg`klka~ d`gjôã~{`nl~ yqakag nocyuagkau~a ag

oyo~`n`þg l o{ul~ p l~ã nog~{`{qù ad {oko ka dl dagjql'



;6

a~yanãf`nl ka ~q dagjql ~a a~{ledaxnl ag dl `gflgn`l p ~a clg{agjl l do dlujo ka dl v`kl

-Gëë{ëgag a{ ld' <00:)' Ag {àuc`go~ jagaulda~ dl~ uayua~ag{lnòga~ a~yanãf`nl~ kad

dagjqlha acaujag lg{a~ ka do~ <5 ca~a~ ka aklk -Nmaoqu a{ ld' <00=)' A~{o~ ~og ldjqgo~

ahacydo~ ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ag qgl a{lyl kad n`ndo ka v`kl$ càg{ul~ ~a

ka~luuoddl qgl flnqd{lk ylul a~{ledanau dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ dl uadln`þg ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p

~`jg`f`nlg{a nog~{`{qpag qg nluìn{au ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda' A~{o kl dqjlu l qgl

a~{uqn{qul cokqdlu ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg'

You ød{`co p d`jlko nog ad lg{auòu o{uo l~yan{o ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ~a

agnqag{ul ag dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo -Dldlgk lgk Euozg 5996$ Okd`gj#^caa 59<9)' Ad

g`nmo {lce`àg ~a mauakl$ a~o ~`jg`f`nl |qa ag ad A{mo~$ ad noghqg{o ka ul~jo~ p

nocyou{lcàg{o~ |qa klg foucl l dl `kag{`klk ka dl yau~ogl$ p dl nog~{uqnn`þg m`~{þu`nl

~a uald`xl ag p nog nlkl qgo ka do~ `gflg{a~' Ld mle`{lu do~ `gflg{a~ ~q ag{ougo mauaklg ad

g`nmo |qa ~q~ ylkua~ p kacì~ lkqd{o~ mlg nog~{uq`ko l {ulvà~ ka jagaulnòga~' Ad mojlu$

ad ag{ougo ~on`ld$ dl~ fà~{l~ p dl~ {ulk`nòga~ cì~ `cyou{lg{a~$ nþco$ nqìgko kaeag

uald`xlu~a p qg you |qà$ dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl oeakàgn`l$ dl k`fauagn`l ag{ua ad eàg p ad

cld$ dl `cyou{lgn`l p dqjlu kad jàgauo$ dl akqnln`þg foucld p ~q vldou ylul dl v`kl

lkqd{l' Do~ `gflg{a~ mauaklg noco g`nmo qg qg`vau~o ka ~`jgo~ v`vo ag ad nqld dl

yau~ogl ~a ~`{øl nog~{`{qpagko ~q ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no ylu{`nqdlu' Nlkl l~yan{o ka a~{l

vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda kad ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no mlna yo~èda |qa nlkl nocqg`klk yo~al dl~

ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ |qa do~ c`~co~ mle`{lg{a~ ~leag uanogonau'

Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ndì~`nl a~ `gk`~yag~leda ylul ad

yuona~o avodq{`vo nog qg vldou nlq~ld kad c`~co' Ml~{l l|qã ca d`c`{à l uanogonau

kþgka yqaka ln{qlu qg yuona~o ka cok`f`nln`þg ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ~q~nay{èda

ka ddavlu l do~ `gflg{a~ l ~au yau~ogl~' Ylul {ul{lu ad {acl ka do~ yuona~o~ ~adan{`vo~ |qa

do mlnag yo~èda kaea ydlg{alu~a lg{a~ dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg'

Qg`klk ka ~adann`þg

Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ~qada nog~`kaulu ag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ l do~ lu{afln{o~ o

cl{au`lda~ nqd{qulda~' Ylul a~{qk`lu~a ka~ka qgl yau~yan{`vl avodq{`vl ua|qàuag |qa

l|qaddo |qa avodqnògl ~al kaf`g`ko noco qg`klk avodq{`vl -O»Euàg a{ ld' 59<9) nqpl

`cyou{lgn`l ylul dl ~adann`þg nqd{quld a~ fqgklcag{ld' Noco qg`klk ka ~adann`þg

ua|qàua8 <' Dl a}`~{agn`l ka qgl yoedln`þg ka ag{`klka~ ~acahlg{a~$ 5' Ad lhq~{a

k`fauagn`ld ka dl~ ag{`klka~$ >' Dl nlyln`klk ylul uayuokqnù~a$ p ;' Qgl ly{`{qkk`fauagn`ld -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998 5:5)' Do~ oeha{o~ p lu{afln{o~ cl{au`lda~ ~þdo ka



;:

coko lgìdojo nqcydag nog {lda~ nogk`nòga~$ cqnmo cago~ do~ ~`jgo~ nqd{qulda~

yqakag ~au nog~`kaulko~ qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg avodq{`vl' Qgl ka~vag{lhl ka nog~`kaulu

qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg noco O»Euàg a{ ld<= '$ a~ nlau ag dl nu`{`nlkl fuljcag{ln`þg ka qg

~au v`vo -Joqdk p Dazog{`g <0:0)' A~{l~ qg`klka~ nqd{qulda~ ~og adacag{o~ |qa go

a~{ìg v`vo~ g` ~a uayuokqnag k`fauagn`ldcag{a' Ag nlceò$ dl~ yau~ogl~ ~og `gk`v`kqo~

avodq{`vo~2 yo~aag vlu`ln`þg$ mauaklg -~q~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ jagà{`nl~$ ay`jagà{`nl~$

nogkqn{qlda~$ ~`ceþd`nl~ p kad g`nmo)$ `g{aulnnòglg p ~a uayuokqnag -Joqdk 599;)' You

do {lg{o yokaco~ lfùclu |qa dl cahou qg`klk ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ylul qg yuona~o

ka ~adann`þg ag gqa~{ul a~yanà a~ dl yau~ogl' Dl~ yau~ogl~ noco qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg

a}`~{ag ag juqyo~ à{g`no~$ k`fauagn`ldcag{a ~a lkly{lg l ~q g`nmo$ ~a uayuokqnag p

yo~aag qgl ly{`{qk k`fauagn`ld'

Dl yau~ogl a~ qg nog~{uqn{o nqd{quld$ yauo ~oeua {oko a~ ad ua~qd{lko kad n`ndo ka

v`kl' ^` uanogonaco~ |qa dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg fqgklcag{ld a~ ad n`ndo ka v`kl

-Eoggau <061$ Eoggau <0=:$ Juo~eauj lgk Dav`{lg <005)$ dl yau~ogl yqaka

nog~`kaulu~a ylul do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ noco dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg adacag{ld' ^`

~qyogaco~ |qa ad yuona~o ~adan{`vo a~ og{ojàg`no$ dl nouua~yogkagn`l ~a mlna løg cì~

av`kag{a' You|qa dl~ yau~ogl~ ~a ka~luuoddlg ag ad ag{ougo' Nog a~{l yuoyqa~{l ~a

a~{ledana noco dl qg`klk eòdþj`nl p nqd{quld l dl yau~ogl$ qg`klk avodq{`vl yuokqn{o ka

dl og{ojag`l p dl ~adann`þg'

Dl~ uayaunq~òga~ ka dl yuoyqa~{l ~og nog~`kauleda~' Do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg

p ag ylu{`nqdlu ad |qa ~a ~qnaka ag dl og{ojag`l nouua~yogkag kùan{lcag{a nog dl lnn`þg

|qa nlkl juqyo ~onònqd{quld afan{`vlcag{a lyd`nl l ~q~ nog~{`{qpag{a~' A~o |qàua kanù

|qa go `gvag{lco~ qg fagþcago ylul |qa ~al vìd`kl dl yuoyqa~{l$ ~`go |qa ~a

nog{a}{qld`xl ad vldou avodq{`vo ka qg manmo jagauld ka do~ juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~$ ad

ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl kag{uo kad yuona~o avodq{`vo' Ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl o ld

cago~ dl gon`þg ka yau~ogl a~ qg`vau~ld ag ad ~ag{`ko ka yau{aganau l {okl~ dl~ nqd{qul~-Clq~~ <0>=)$ ld ~`{qludl kag{uo ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ~a nocyuagka dl gl{quldaxl ka

a~{l qg`vau~ld`klk' Dl~ yau~ogl~ a}`~{ag you|qa ~og dl~ qg`klka~ ka ~adann`þg p |qàga~

mlnag you addo yo~èda ad yuona~o avodq{`vo ag gqa~{ul a~yanà'

<= Ylul a~{o~ lq{oua~ dl~ `kal~$ do~ lu{afln{o~ p kacì~ qg`klka~ nqd{qulda~ ~og nog~`kaulko~ noco

qg`klka~ avodq{`vl~ {ld noco qgl uana{l |qa a~{ledana nþco foucludl~ ag nlkl juqyo nqd{quld'



;=

Dl ~oeuav`vagn`l

Dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ~`jg`f`nl ylul dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ad yuona~o |qa `gndqpa dl nlyln`klk

uayuokqn{`vl ka do~ oujlg`~co~ you ad nqld kahlg ka~nagkagn`l l ~q vax ly{l' A~{o |qàua

kanù |qa ~oeuav`vù go ~a d`c`{l ld yauòko ka v`kl kad oujlg`~co$ ~`go ld yuona~o |qa`gndqpa kahlu ka~nagkagn`l nlylx ka uayuokqnù~a l ~q vax' Dl uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld

a~ ad manmo avodq{`vo |qa mlna yl{ag{a dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l noco yo{agn`ld

avodq{`vo ka do~ oujlg`~co~' Ylul ad nl~o ka dl avodqn`þg mqclgl ka {`yo eònqd{quld dl

~oeuav`vagn`l go nouua~yogka a}ndq~`vlcag{a l kahlu afan{`vlcag{a ka~nagkagn`l$

~qjàuo m`yo{à{`nlcag{a |qa {àga noco uafauag{a qgl nognàgn`l ka v`kl ka dl yau~ogl'

Ldjøg {`yo ka nognàgn`l ka dl v`kl |qa ~qyoga ~q nog{`gq`klk ag ldjøg dajlko2 noco dl

ka~nagkagn`l$ dl foucln`þg#akqnln`þg ka dl ka~nagkagn`l$ ad d`glha$ qgl oeul cl{au`ld$

a{n' ldjqgo ka a~{o~ l~yan{o~ o k`vau~l~ noce`glnòga~ ka do~ c`~co~' Ad nognay{o

nocøg ~a d`c`{l l qgl {ul~nagkagn`l |qa you ~au ylu{a kad cqgko ~`ceþd`no ~a

nluln{au`xl nog dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ yuoy`l~ ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg nqd{quld l dl |qa ~a

yau{agana'

Do~ dãc`{a~ ylul nluln{au`xlu l dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka dl~ yau~ogl~ ua~`kag ag dl

yuajqg{l |qa nlkl qgo kaea ua~yogkau8 ¿You |qà |qàua~$ yàg~l~ o nogona~ |qa

~oeuav`vùì~? O ¿|qà ~oeuav`va |qa a~ ylu{a ka {`? A~{l~ yuajqg{l~ go {àgag qgl

ua~yqa~{l jagauld$ {lcyono ~qyoga qgl c`~cl ua~yqa~{l l do dlujo ka {oko ad n`ndo ka

v`kl' Dl v`vagn`l a~ ~qeha{`vl p a~{ì `gfdq`kl you dl nqd{qul$ a~ dl ~`{qln`þg |qa d`c`{l

yuoyogau qgl `kal jagauld lnaunl ka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l eònqd{quld' Dl c`~cl ~`{qln`þg a~

kogka ~a nluln{au`xl l dl ~oeuav`vagn`l$ ag ~q nqld`klk k`vau~l$ cq{leda$ a~{leda$

~qyqa~{l$ a{n' a~ noco yokaco~ yag~lu ag dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka dl~ yau~ogl~ kag{uo kad

yuona~o avodq{`vo' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ~a mlna afan{`vl you dl avodqn`þg kad

juqyo ~onònqd{quld ld |qa ~a yau{agana'

Yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg

Dl ~adann`þg gl{quld dl yua~ag{l Kluz`g -<=10) noco qg yuona~o o qgl fqauxl |qa ln{øl

~oeua do~ ~aua~ v`vo~$ a~yanãf`nlcag{a ~oeua dl vlu`le`d`klk kag{uo ka dl yoedln`þg' Dl

~adann`þg gl{quld ~a yqaka oe~auvlu noco qg yuona~o you ad nqld do~ oujlg`~co~ nog dl

nlyln`klk ka agfuag{lu~a l dl~ nogk`nòga~ lceàg{lda~ kahlg clpou ka~nagkagn`l |qa

o{uo~ nqpo lhq~{a ld cakò a~ cagou -^maucau 5990)' Ag a~{a yqg{o ~a l~`jgl qg vldou

v`{ld l dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda' A~{l vlu`le`d`klk yqaka ~au ø{`d ylul qg oujlg`~co p ~q



;0

~oeuav`vagn`l o yqaka go ~audo ld yo~aau qg vldou gajl{`vo ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l' Dl

yua~auvln`þg ka dl vlu`le`d`klk flvouleda p dl ad`c`gln`þg ka dl ka~flvouleda a~ ad

yuona~o |qa ~a ddlcl âdann`þg Gl{quld' Dl vlu`ln`þg |qa go a~ g` yo~`{`vl g` gajl{`vl$

a~ kanù do |qa mop nogonaco~ noco gaq{uld$ go ~a a}yoga l dl ~adann`þg gl{quld p

yqaka a~{lu o go yua~ag{a$ a~ ag nàu{o ~ag{`ko {lg ~þdo vlu`le`d`klk ~`g ~`jg`f`nlko

avodq{`vo' Qgl eqagl ylu{a ka dl nqd{qul yo~aa qg vldou gaq{uld ylul dl ~adann`þg p ~a

yl~l ka jagauln`þg ag jagauln`þg ld go {agau afan{o ag ad à}`{o uayuokqn{`vo$ you do

{lg{o ~a yua~auvl ~`g |qa dl ~adann`þg gl{quld yqakl mlnau glkl' Dl vlu`le`d`klk a~ dl

fqag{a ~oeua dl nqld yqaka ln{qlu dl ~adann`þg gl{quld$ ~` go mlp vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda

go mlp dqjlu ylul dl ~adann`þg' Dl vlu`le`d`klk ~adannòglkl go a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl$ qg

jag o qgl ~anqagn`l coufojàg`nl$ a~ qg ~au v`vo noco qg {oko$ nog nluln{auã~{`nl~ ylul

kahlu ka~nagkagn`l ag dl~ nogk`nòga~ kogka ln{øl dl ~adann`þg gl{quld' [lce`àg a~ qg

juqyo ka ~aua~ v`vo~ kogka mlp vlu`le`d`klk ag{ua addo~' Dl ~adann`þg gl{quld ag Kluz`g

a~ qg yuona~o |qa ln{øl ~adannòglgko `gk`v`kqo~ kag{uo ka qgl yoedln`þg kogka ~og

ahacydo ka vlu`le`d`klk ylul ~oeuav`vù p kahlu ka~nagkagn`l'

Kluz`g ydlg{al |qa dl ~adann`þg gl{quld yqaka lnqcqdlu dl~ cok`f`nlnòga~ |qa

ua~qd{lg vag{lho~l~ ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka do~ oujlg`~co~' A~{a yuona~o ka

lnqcqdln`þg a~ fqgklcag{ld$ ag yu`cau dqjlu you|qa ~qyoga qgl yau~`~{agn`l afan{`vl

ka a~l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ag ad oujlg`~co' Ag ad cahou ka do~ nl~o~ a~ dl vlu`le`d`klk |qa

~a ml ko{lko ka qg vldou avodq{`vo p yauclgana ag do~ oujlg`~co~ noco qgl

yo~è`d`klk ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l' Ag k`nml~ nùnqg~{lgn`l~ pl cqa~{ul ~q m`~{ou`l

avodq{`vl$ pl a~ ø{`d p ~qyoga |qa ml ln{qlko dl ~adann`þg gl{quld$ a~ you do {lg{o qgl

nluln{auã~{`nl avodq{`vl `cyou{lg{a' Ad ydlg ka ka~luuoddo ka nqld|qàu oujlg`~co ml ~`ko

oeha{o ka dl ~adann`þg p a~ l ~q vax nlq~ld ag dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ka do~ nlceò~

yo~{auòua~' Dl avodqn`þg a~ you addo qg ~`~{acl ka ua{uold`cag{ln`þg$ ~qyoga qgl julg

nlg{`klk ka yuona~o~ -Agkdau lgk CnDaddlg <0==) p {oko~ ln{ølg noco qg ~`~{acl |qayuovaa ka ~`jg`f`nlko avodq{`vo l do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ ag dl~ yoedlnòga~'

Dl ~adann`þg gl{quld ln{øl ag nqld|qàu cocag{o kad n`ndo ka v`kl ka do~

oujlg`~co~' Yqaka ag {aouãl lnqcqdlu vlu`le`d`klk ø{`d ag ad oujlg`~co |qa ~a mlna

afan{`vl ag dl ka~nagkagn`l' Ag ad nl~o ka do~ oujlg`~co~ ~on`lda~ ~a yqakag yuocovau

nluln{auã~{`nl~ ag do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa ~og vldò~l~ ylul ad juqyo' Kluz`g {lce`àg

nluln{au`xl l dl ~adann`þg you ~au flvouleda ag jagauld ylul nlkl a~yanà ~oeua dl |qa

ln{øl$ go ln{øl ag ka~vag{lhl ka qgl ylul flvouanau l dl o{ul$ ~`go |qa ag nlkl qgl ln{ølp ad ua~qd{lko a~ dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka oujlg`~co~ ly{o~ ylul ~oeuav`vù p ylul kahlu



19

ka~nagkagn`l' A~ l~ã noco yokaco~ nocyuagkau dl avodqn`þg ~onònqd{quld$ go you qg

eagaf`nò ka qg juqyo ~oeua o{uo$ ~`go you dl ~adann`þg ka yau~ogl~ |qa nog~{`{qpag p

mlnag ld juqyo ~onònqd{quld' Nqlgko Kluz`g yua~ag{l l dl ddlclkl ~adann`þg ~a}qld$ ag

dl nqld qg ~a}o ~a cok`f`nl ag fqgn`þg kad o{uo ~a}o |qa fqgnògl noco fln{ou ka

~adann`þg$ qg yuona~o |qa go ~qyoga dl cqau{a ka do~ cago~ a}`{o~o~$ yauo ~` |qa kahlg

yonl o g`gjqgl ka~nagkagn`l$ a~ cì~ a}yd`nl{`vl' A~{a ahacydo ka qg {`yo ka ~adann`þg$

dl ~a}qld$ go~ yauc`{a nocyuagkau dl ~adann`þg ka yau~ogl~ go you ~q v`kl v~ ~q cqau{a$

~`go you dl lnn`þg |qa yqakag {agau ag ad ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld p ag dl avodqn`þg kad

c`~co' ^`{`ìgkogo~ you addo ag ad vldou ka ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld ka dl yau~ogl'

Ld mledlu ka ~adann`þg noco qg yuona~o go go~ d`c`{lco~ l dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad

cì~ ly{o$ ~`go l dl uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld' Ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg dl uayuokqnn`þg

k`fauagn`ld nouua~yogka l do~ coko~ ka v`kl' Go ca ~ayluo ka dl yuoyqa~{l Kluz`g`lgl

ka ~adann`þg$ ag vax ka lfùclu dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka do~ cì~ ly{o~$ ~leaco~ |qa

afan{`vlcag{a mlp qgo~ |qa ~a mlg uayuokqn`ko p kahlko clpou ka~nagkagn`l |qa o{uo~$

noco go onquua ld lxlu ~a `gfàua p yuoyoga |qa dl nlq~l a~ dl ~adann`þg'

Ka~ka ad ydlg{alcàg{o ou`j`gld ka Kluz`g ~a uanogona |qa dl ~adann`þg {lce`àg

yqaka ln{qlu ag do~ juqyo~' Mledlco~ ka ~adann`þg ~oeua `gk`v`kqo~ kag{uo ka qg

noghqg{o$ do |qa mlna fld{l a~ nog~`kaulu ml~{l kþgka lelunl ad ~`jg`f`nlko ka `gk`v`kqo

avodq{`vo' Ag do~ `gk`v`kqo~ avodq{`vo~ ~q~ nluln{aua~ ~a ~adannòglg ylul ad eagaf`nò

kad juqyo$ go yuovaag gana~lu`lcag{a ka qg eagaf`nò l do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa do~ yo~aag'

Yokaco~ kanù |qa do~ nluln{aua~ mqclgo~ |qa klg dqjlu l dl could`klk {àgag a~{l

nqld`klk ka ~au eqago~ ylul ad juqyo' A~{o ~`jg`f`nl |qa dl ~adann`þg oyaul ag cì~ ka

qg g`vad' Dl lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg ~qnaka ag g`vada~ hauìu|q`no~ ~oeua nodan{`v`klka~

|qa fqgnòglg noco qg`klka~ nomauag{a~ ylul dl ~adann`þg' L|qaddo~ juqyo~ |qa noco

qg`klka~ fqgnòglg cahou yqakag nog{uèqù k`fauagn`ldcag{a cahou l dl ~`jqàg{a

jagauln`þg -^dolg <0=0$ 59<9)' Dl ~adann`þg nlgld`xl p a~{ledana dãc`{a~ ld ka~luuoddonoco yau~ogl p ka nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo |qa cok`f`nl dl lnn`þg ka do~ yuona~o~

~adan{`vo~ p yuovaa ka qgl mauagn`l kad g`nmo' Ad yuona~o nogkqna l qg coko ka v`kl

|qa a~ dl yau~ogl$ |qàga~ yo~aag nluln{auã~{`nl~ ylul ad eagaf`nò ka dl nodan{`v`klk'

Dl ~adann`þg ka juqyo noco dl ydlg{aþ Clpgluk ^c`{m ml uanè`ko nog~`kauleda

l{agn`þg -Clpgluk ^c`{m 5999)' Ydlg{alu l qgl ~adann`þg cqd{`g`vad ylu{a ka dl

yuoyqa~{l ka Clpgluk ylul ù cì~ lddì ka ~q yu`caul lujqcag{ln`þg' Dl ~adann`þg

cqd{`g`vad ~a ~`{øl ag dl~ ddlclkl~ clpoua~ {ulg~`nòga~ avodq{`vl~ yuoyqa~{l~ you adc`~co Clpgluk ^c`{m p Aöu ^xl{mclup -<000)' A~{l~ {ulg~`nòga~ avodq{`vl~ ~`jg`f`nlg



1<

qgo ka do~ clpoua~ ka~luuoddo~ {aþu`no~ ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -^dolg 59<9)' â

nog~`kaul yuoyò ka a~{l~ julgka~ {ulg~`nòga~ avodq{`vl~8

<' âu avag{o~ uluo~ |qa onquuag l g`vad ka juqyo~ noco qg`klk ka ~adann`þg'

5' [àgag nog~anqagn`l~ cocag{ìgal~$ a~ kanù kayagka kad a~{lko `g`n`ld kad

~`~{acl'

>' Dl {ulg~`n`þg gqgnl a~ nocyda{l p go ~a ad`c`gl dl ~adann`þg l o{uo~ g`vada~'

Dl avodqn`þg mqclgl noco qg yuona~o ag ad nqld oe~auvlco~ ad yag~lcàg{o l

ylu{ù ka ~`jgo~ p dl {ulg~c`~`þg ~on`ld ka `gfoucln`þg a~ qg ahacydo ka qgl julg

{ulg~`n`þg avodq{`vl' Ml ~`ko qg avag{o uluo$ onquu`þ qgl vax ag{ua do~ yu`cl{a~$

yauc`{`þ dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg kad juqyo$ ag ylu{`nqdlu ka gqa~{uo d`glha$ p l~ã noco ~a

a}yoga l dl ~adann`þg ka `gk`v`kqo~ a~ {lce`àg `cyou{lg{a dl ~adann`þg kad juqyo -^dolg59<9)' —Ag u`jou$ go mlp qgl fqauxl øg`nl |qa ~a ddlca ~adann`þg gl{quld8 mlp qg

noghqg{o R…S ka yua~òga~ ~adan{`vl~– -Nlyog` 599=8 59=)' Kaea nocyuagkau~a |qa —dl

~adann`þg gl{quld a~ qg goceua |qa ~ùva ylul ka~`jglu vluò~ yuona~o~ lf`ga~ yauo

k`~{`g{o~$ a~ ldjo |qa ml vag`ko l ~leau~a ~þdo ag lüo~ uanàg{a~– -Koexmlg~bp <0:18

00)' Ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg yuoyogjo uanogonau l dl ~adann`þg l k`~{`g{o~ g`vada~

hauìu|q`no~ nog el~a ag {ua~ canlg`~co~ kag{uo kad yuona~o ka avodqn`þg eònqd{quld8

<'

âdann`þg ~oeua ad `gk`v`kqo ag {lg{o |qa yau~ogl |qàga~ jagaulg dluayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld' A~ ad {`yo ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl kogka dl~ qg`klka~

avodq{`vl~ ~og `gk`v`kqo~ kluz`g`lgo~ -Joqdk 599;)' A~{l yuoyqa~{l av`{l ydlg{alu

qg`klka~ ka avodqn`þg nqd{quld noco dl~ `kal~ o do~ caca~'

5' âdann`þg ~oeua ad juqyo |qa jagaul dl avodqn`þg' A~ dl ~adann`þg f`dojàg`nl |qa

~a `gndqpa ag ad yag~lcàg{o yoedlnògld p lfùcl dl avodqn`þg ka do~ juqyo~

~onònqd{qulda~'

>' âdann`þg a~{le`d`xlkoul you cakò ka dl nqd{qul dl nqld ua~qadva dl oyo~`n`þg

ag{ua dl~ gana~`klka~ `gk`v`kqlda~ p dl~ ~on`lda~' Dl ~adann`þg nqd{quld |qa ln{øl

nog~`~{ag{acag{a juln`l~ l dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ylul

{agau uayaunq~òga~ avodq{`vl~'

Dl ~adann`þg ka juqyo ml jagaulko qgl lcyd`l p dlujl yodàc`nl |qa ~a uacog{l

ml~{l dl kànlkl ka do~ <069~' Dl lcyd`l p nognàgxqkl uav`~`þg ~oeua dl~ qg`klka~ p

g`vada~ ka ~adann`þg$ uald`xlko ag dl yìj`gl ka dl ^{lgfouk Agnpndoyak`l of Ym`do~oymp l

nlujo ka Ad`~lea{m Ddopk -Ddopk 59<5) ca yauc`{a mlnau qgl~ yuan`~òga~ gana~lu`l~ p

ø{`da~'



15

^` ad eagaf`nò kad juqyo go a~ ~qf`nàg{a ylul dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl ~adann`þg ka

juqyo$ you a~l ulxþg a~ dl yau~ogl ad nocydacag{o qg`ko ld juqyo kad |qa kayagka ad

yuona~o ~adan{`vo-Ddopk 59<5)' â yqakag ydlg{alu n`gno yqg{o~ |qa do lfùclg8

<' Ad `gk`v`kqo ylu{`n`yl noco qg`klk ka ~adann`þg kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo$ ~a mlna qgl

yau~ogl |qa clg{àga dl a}`~{agn`l kad juqyo |qa da ml klko nog~`~{agn`l ~onònqd{quld'

5' A}`~{a qg lg{anakag{a m`~{þu`no p avodq{`vo |qa clg{àga dl a}`~{agn`l kad yuona~o

~adan{`vo ag nlkl qgo ka do~ g`vada~'

>' Do~ juqyo~ à{g`no~ fqgnòglg noco `g{auln{oua~ avodq{`vo~$ ylul a~a f`g ml ~`ko

~qclcag{a ø{`d dl `kag{`klk ka juqyo |qa yauc`{a oyogau~a noco clpou ndlu`klk nog

do~ juqyo~ |qa ~og cì~ ~`c`dlua~'

;' Dl lkly{ln`þg a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl ka dl~ yau~ogl~' Dl yau~ogl ~þdo {àga a}`~{agn`l

ag ad `gk`v`kqo$ yauo ~a nocyuagka ag ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld' Dl yau~ogl a~ ld c`~co {àcyo

ajoã~{l p ld{uq`~{l$ do nqld ~o~{àga ad yuona~o ~adan{`vo ld g`vad `gk`v`kqld p ka juqyo'

1' A}`~{a qgl kayagkagn`l cq{ql p ag ua{uold`cag{ln`þg ag{ua ad `gk`v`kqo p dl ~onàklk

you ad fagþcago nqd{quld |qa do~ nogan{l'

Nmluda~ Nl{`gl yuoyoga {ua~ {`yo~ ka ~adann`þg |qa ~a lhq~{lg nog dl yuoyqa~{l ka

a~{a cluno {aþu`no' Do~ {`yo~ ka ~adann`þg ~og8 dl gl{quld$ dl og{ojàg`nl p dl nqd{quld' Dl

~adann`þg gl{quld o f`dojagà{`nl {àga uayaunq~`þg ag dl f`dojag`l ka do~ yu`cl{a~ ml~{lgqa~{ul a~yanà Moco ~lyàg~' A~a {`yo ka ~adann`þg ml kau`vlko ag dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~

f`~òdþj`nl~ p lgl{þc`nl~ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl yuokqnn`þg p nocyuag~`þg gaquogld ka

do~ ~og`ko~ p ~`jg`f`nlko~ ka dl dagjql' Ad ~ajqgko {`yo a~ dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl you

dl nqld ad `gflg{a mqclgo ka~luuoddl ~q~ nlyln`klka~ ka nocqg`nln`þg ag{ua o{ul~ kad

lyuagk`xlha' @gndqpa ad nluìn{au `gclkquo ka do~ `gflg{a~ |qa yo~aa qg vldou ly{l{`vo

ylul ~q ka~luuoddo yau~ogld' You ahacydo2 <' â ka~luuoddlg nluln{auã~{`nl~ noco ad

uafdaho ka ~qnn`þg$ dl `c`{ln`þg p dl `g{aulnn`þg nog dl clkua -Ehoubdqgk lgk Yaddaju`g`

5999$ Eauja~og lgk [uamqe 5996)$ 5' Dl lylu`n`þg p yuìn{`nl kad hqajo yauc`{a ad

ka~agvodv`càg{o yuìn{`no kad `gflg{a ag ad cqgko -Ehoubdqgk lgk Yaddaju`g` 5999)$ >'

Dl `gclkquax `gflg{`d a~{ì ly{l ylul ka~luuoddlu~a ag ad nog{a}{o nqd{quld -Ehoubdqgk lgk

Yaddaju`g` 5999$ Joyg`b 59<9$ Zaubau <001)' ^þdo nqlgko ~a mlg ka~luuoddlko nog qg

julko ka `gkayagkagn`l$ ad `gflg{a yl~l l qgl gqavl a{lyl ka clkquln`þg |qa do ddavl l

~au lkqd{o p nlylx ka uayuokqnù~a p uayuokqnù ad coko ka v`kl nqd{quld' Ad {aunau {`yo

a~ dl ~adann`þg nqd{quld$ a~{l cqa~{ul ad canlg`~co you ad nqld dl nqd{qul `cyu`ca ag dl~

nluln{auã~{`nl~ eòdþj`nl~ qg ~`~{acl oujlg`xlko ka nogkqn{l p yag~lcàg{o' Do nqld



1>

yuovonl —qg nog{`gqo ka vlu`ln`þg ag ad coko ka yag~lu p nogkqnù~a ka dl~ yau~ogl~–

-Mluu`~ <0018 <<0)$ ka lnqauko ld ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no ka dl nqd{qul'

[oko~ do~ {`yo~ ka ~adann`þg8 ~adann`þg f`dojagà{`nl$ ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p

~adann`þg nqd{quld$ mlnag yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l ka gqa~{ul a~yanà noco ua~qd{lko ka dl

avodqn`þg eònqd{quld' A~{o~ yuona~o~ ~adan{`vo~ uayua~ag{lg ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl dl~

{u`g`klka~ a}yd`nl{`vl~ ka do mqclgo ag {àuc`go~ ka qg nþk`jo a}yd`nl{`vo -[ledl 5'<)'

<' You ~q mauagn`l f`dojagà{`nl qg `gflg{a a~{ì nlyln`{lko ylul nog{`gqlu ~q yuona~o ka

ka~luuoddo nog dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka qg ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg el~lko ag ~`jgo~' A~ qg

yuona~o avodq{`vo l g`vad ka dl f`dojag`l kogka ad `gk`v`kqo p dl ~onàklk ag dl |qa

a}`~{a ~a v`gnqdlg you qg nþk`jo eònqd{quld |qa mlna no`gn`kù dl~ gana~`klka~ ka

~oeuav`vagn`l ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl ~onàklk' 5' You ~q ka~luuoddo

eònqd{quld$ |qa a~ qg nluìn{au ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda$ ad `gflg{a lk|qàua p ka~luuoddl

ad yl{uþg ka v`kl yau~ogld kad juqyo nqd{quld' You ~q v`kl ag qg lceàg{a nqd{quld a~{ì

a}yqa~{o l qgl dagjql |qa ~auì$ ag {àuc`go~ jagaulda~$ dl |qa ~al ~q dagjql cl{augl a

`gfdqùì ag ~q coko ka nocyuagkau~a àd p ~q cqgko' Ylul |qa ~al yo~èda ~a ua|qàua ka

qg nþk`jo nqd{quld ka qg coko ka ~au$ a~ ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl |qa nuana noco dl

og{ojag`l ka dl yau~ogl ag ~ã c`~cl' >' Ad ka~luuoddo kad `gk`v`kqo noco qg {oko

nog~`~{ag{a |qa a~ dl yau~ogl acauja ka dl uadln`þg ag{ua ad yag~lcàg{o p dl

~ag~è`d`klk'

Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl

Nocagnaco~ you lfùclu |qa dl og{ojag`l go uanly`{qdl l dl f`dojag`l noco ~qyq~o

Mlanbad' A~o go ~`jg`f`nl |qa go a}`~{l uadln`þg ag{ua dl f`dojag`l p dl og{ojag`l' Cì~

løg$ do~ nlceò~ avodq{`vo~ ua|qàuag ka cok`f`nlnòga~ ag ad ka~luuoddo -J`deau{ 5996)'

A~ {lg `cyou{lg{a ad ka~luuoddo ag ad yuona~o avodq{`vo |qa Jlu{lgj ag <050 uaadleouþ dl

yuoyqa~{l ka Mlanbad ylul kanù8 dl og{ojag`l go uanly`{qdl dl f`dojag`l$ l|qaddl dl nual

-Mldd 5999l)' Nognua{lcag{a dl og{ojag`l nual l dl f`dojag`l$ ad yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo a~

kogka ~a a~{ledana dl yo~è`d`klk ka dl avodqn`þg f`dojagà{`nl' L~ã noco {lce`àg

kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l ~a lk|qàuag nluln{auã~{`nl~ ly{l{`vl~ ¿Nþco a~ yo~èda? âüldo

ylul a}yd`nludo yuoyàklka~ avodq{`vl~ ka dl og{ojag`l8

<' Ln{øl ~oeua qg clyl kad ka~luuoddo |qa a~ nlq~ld$ ld {àcyo |qa qg ua~qd{lko

m`~{þu`no#avodq{`vo kad yuona~o eònqd{quld'



1;

5' Do~ nlceò~ avodq{`vo~ {àgag uafauagn`l ag ad ka~luuoddo ka do~ oujlg`~co~

ld ~au do |qa ddavl l nlkl ~au v`vo l ~q uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld'

>' Kqulg{a ad n`ndo ka v`kl a~ kogka ln{øl ad yuona~o ka ~adann`þg$ you do {lg{o

ad ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no ~`{øl l do~ oujlg`~co~ ylul ~q ly{`{qk -vldou

avodq{`vo ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l) p you nog~anqagn`l ag dl uayuokqnn`þg

k`fauagn`ld'

;' Dl og{ojag`l a~ ad yuona~o |qa mlna yo~èda ad lnna~o ka do~ oujlg`~co~ l dl

uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld'

1' You do {lg{o ~a mlna oyauleda$ l do dlujo ka ~qna~`þg ka dl~ jagaulnòga~$ ad

yuona~o k`vaujag{a |qa nluln{au`xl l dl f`dojag`l l {ulvà~ kad yuona~o d`gald

yuoyò ka dl og{ojag`l'

Dl yuoyqa~{l ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl l|qã yua~ag{lkl kau`vl ka dl ~aüldlkl you

Nl{`gl -599<)$ ~a lcydãl ylul ~q lyd`nln`þg nognua{l ld ka~luuoddo p a}`~{agn`l ka dl

yau~ogl' Dl yu`caul yuoyqa~{l ka qgl ~adann`þg kad ka~luuoddo fqa lujqcag{lkl you

Dlgnado{ Dlz Zmp{a ag <061$ ~`g acelujo Zmp{a oy{þ you ad {àuc`go ~adann`þg `g{augl

-Nlyog` 599=)' O{ul~ yuoyqa~{l~ uadlnòglkl~ ka ~adann`þg ~og dl ka Dozà |qàg mledl

ka ~adann`þg ~on`ld ka yau~ogld`klka~ -Dozà <0;6) p dl ka Eqgja |qàg mledl ka

~adann`þg eò~on`ld -Eqgja <000)' Dl øg`nl a}yqa~{l you ~q lq{ou$ Zmp{a$ a~ dl~adann`þg `g{augl |qa yua~ag{l qgl ~auà ka nluln{auã~{`nl~ |qa fouclg ylu{a ka do |qa

l|qã ddlco ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~{l foucl ka ~adann`þg$ lkacì~ ka dl oujlg`xln`þg

a~{uqn{quld#fqgnògld you ad ~`~{acl kad ka~luuoddo$ ~qyoga dl `cyou{lgn`l |qa {àga dl

lnn`þg ~onònqd{quld noco nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo ag ~q nog~{`{qn`þg f`gld`~{l kad

`gk`v`kqo noco yau~ogl'

Ca uac`{o yu`cauo l dl ~adann`þg `g{augl ylul yua~ag{lu ldjqgl~ ka dl~

nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Dl ~adann`þg `g{augl ln{øl ag dl og{ojag`l kad

oujlg`~co you dl nlyln`klk ~`~{àc`nl kad oujlg`~co$ noco qg`klk noouk`glkl$ ka dl~

ylu{a~ p ka dl~ a{lyl~ ka dl og{ojag`l' â fqgklcag{l you addo ag nogk`nòga~

noouk`gl{`vl~$ |qa ~og ad coufoa~ylnò<0 p dl ~anqagn`l ag dl nqld a~a coufoa~ylnò

yqaka ~au onqylko you ad oujlg`~co$ a~{ledanag dl nlyln`klk ka ~oeuav`vù ml~{l dl

lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg gl{quld o a}{augl -Nlyog` 599:$ 599=)' —Dl ~adann`þg `g{augl a~

qg yuona~o `g{uãg~ano$ q~qldcag{a ka {oko o glkl$ oyaulgko kag{uo ka `gk`v`kqo~

<0

â uafàua ld `g{auvldo ka coufodojãl~ yo~èda~ kag{uo kad qg`vau~o ka foucl~' Qgl vax |qa {okl~ dl~yo~èda~ go a}`~{ag$ ~`go ~þdo ldjqgl~ foucl~ afan{`vlcag{a ~a ka~luuoddlg p ~og avodq{`vlcag{a

yo~èda~'



11

l`~dlko~– -Zmp{a <061 n`{lko ag Nlyog` 599=)' —Nqlgko dl ~adann`þg `g{augl lnay{l qgl

uayuojulcln`þg og{ojàg`nl ag vù{qk ka ~q nocyl{è`d`klk nog dl~ nogk`nòga~

noouk`gl{`vl~$ a~l nùnqg~{lgn`l ld{aul p nogk`nògl ~q~ fq{quo~ vauak`n{o~ ~oeua o{ul~

uayuojulclnòga~– -Nlyog` 599=8 590)' You ~q ylu{a dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~qyoga a

`g{ajul l dl ~adann`þg `g{augl$ lkacì~ a~ qgl foucl ag dl nqld ad lceàg{a ln{øl ylul

mlnau yo~èda ad nlc`go you ad nqld {ulg~`{l ad oujlg`~co mqclgo ylul ~q ka~luuoddo p

yua~ag{ln`þg nog~`~{ag{a noco yau~ogl'

Ad ka~luuoddo kad nauaeuo ag dl `gflgn`l ~a nouua~yogka nog yuan`~`þg nog do~

afan{o~ |qa {àga ad lceàg{a nqd{quld p a~ ad nocyogag{a ka ~adann`þg `g{augl `gndq`kl

ag ad yuona~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Ag{ua do~ avag{o~ nuã{`no~ |qa ka{auc`glg dl

coufodojãl nauaeuld kad `gflg{a a~{ìg8 <' Ag{ua dl ~ajqgkl p {aunaul ~aclgl ka~yqà~ ka

dl ja~{ln`þg dl gaquqdln`þg$ you dl nqld ~a jagaul dl xogl kad ~`~{acl gauvò~o nag{uld$ 5'

L ylu{ù ka dl nqlu{l p |q`g{l ~aclgl ka ja~{ln`þg nocàgxl dl gaquojàga~`~$ a~ dl

yuokqnn`þg ka dl~ nàdqdl~ kad ~`~{acl gauvò~o nag{uld$ {lg{o gaquogl~ noco jdãl' A~{a

yuona~o onquua yu`gn`yldcag{a kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo aceuògluò p fa{ld$ yauo {lce`àg

ag ad a~{lko `gflg{`d p lkqd{o' >' Mln`l dl govagl ~aclgl onquua dl c`juln`þg ka dl xogl

vag{u`nqdlu' ;' Lyuo}`clklcag{a l dl~ <5 ~aclgl~ onquua dl cqau{a nadqdlu yuojulclkl

`gk`~yag~leda ylul ad ka~luuoddo goucld kad nauaeuo p dl càd`g`xln`þg |qa a~ dl

yuokqnn`þg ka càd`gl ag do~ l}oga~ gaquoglda~ ylul lpqklu ag dl {ulg~c`~`þg ka do~

`cyqd~o~ adàn{u`no~' 1' L dl~ 59 ~aclgl~ ka dl nognayn`þg nocàgxl ad yuona~o ndlva kad

ka~luuoddo ka dl nlyln`klk nojg`{`vl |qa a~ dl lueou`xln`þg kagkuã{`nl p l}ogld' A~{a

yuona~o mlna yo~èda ad yu`gn`yò ka dl ~`gly{ojàga~`~$ ad ou`jag ka dl~ ~`gly~`~$ {lg{o

fa{ld noco ka~yqà~ kad gln`càg{o' L do dlujo ka dl v`kl a}`~{a qgl ad`c`gln`þg

nocya{`{`vl ka dl ~`gly{ojàga~`~ -Nmlgjaq} 5991$ Daguoo{ lgk Jàkk 5996)' A~{a

yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo ~a ~adannògþ you dl vag{lhl ka dl flnqd{lk ka ~`jg`f`nlu p ag ad

vldou ka ~`jg`f`nlu~a noco yau~ogl'Dl g`üax a~ dl a{lyl kad ka~luuoddo ag dl nqld dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl {àga clpou

`gfdqagn`l kae`ko l |qa a~ nqlgko ~a nocyda{l ad yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo goucld ag

gqa~{ul a~yanà' Do |qa ag o{ul~ a~yanà~ kaeà~a onquuù ag ad vàg{ua cl{augo ag dl

gqa~{ul a~ —f`gld`xlko– ag do~ yu`cauo~ lüo~ ka dl v`kl a}{ulq{au`gl' F`gld`xln`þg |qa ag

uald`klk a~ qgl yuayluln`þg ylul dl v`kl yuoy`l kad ~au mqclgo' Ag a~a nog{a}{o dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl {àga ~ag{`ko avodq{`vo' ^q yau~`~{agn`l ag gqa~{ul a~yanà a~ ylu{a

ka dl cl{u`x cl{augl |qa ~a mlna qgl cl{u`x og{ojàg`nl#nqd{quld p mlna ld `gflg{a



16

nocya{ag{a d`gjôã~{`nl59 p nocqg`nl{`vlcag{a5<' A~o |qàua kanù |qa ag a~{l a{lyl

a}{ulq{au`gl {auc`gl ad ka~luuoddo eì~`no kad ~au mqclgo nog ad nqld pl yo~aa qg

nogon`càg{o `g{q`{`vo ka dl~ uajdl~ ka ~q dagjql p a~ nlylx ka nocyuagkau ~q q~o ag

nog{a}{o~ ~on`lda~$ nqd{qulda~ p ~q~ uayaunq~òga~ y~`nodþj`nl~' A~{l flnqd{lk ylul dl

~`jg`f`nln`þg nog~{`{qpa dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda kad ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no -p ka ~`jgo~ ag

jagauld) |qa mlna l qg `gflg{a ~au qgl yau~ogl' â clg{àga ag gqa~{ul a~yanà you ~au

avodq{`vlcag{a ø{`d p yokaco~ nld`f`nlu ld ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no ag ad |qa ylu{`n`ylg do~

`gk`v`kqo~ ~oeua ad `gflg{a noco ka lkly{l{`vl'

Dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~a yua~ag{lg l nog{`gqln`þg8

<' Oyaul kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo ag ad nqld ~a a~{ledana qg clyl ka vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda ~qha{l l qg yuona~o ka cok`f`nln`þg'

5' A~ {adaodþj`nl$ yqa~ {àga qgl kùannògld`klk |qa a~ ad ka~luuoddo ka dl

yau~ogl ag qg nog{a}{o eònqd{quld'

>' â ka~luuoddl ag eagaf`nò kad juqyo$ go gana~lu`lcag{a kad `gk`v`kqo'

Yo~{auòucag{a do~ `gk`v`kqo~ dl q{`d`xlg o ua#fqgnògld`xlg ylul ~q yuoyò

eagaf`nò ag ad ag{ougo ~on`ld'

;' â nag{ul ag ad yu`gn`yò ka dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo |qa kaf`ga ag |qà julko dl

vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda a~{l ~qha{l l qg yuona~o ka ~adann`þg'

1' Nogkqna l dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg p kau`vl ag qgl a~{uqn{qul nojg`{`vl ka dl

~`jg`f`nln`þg'

6' Ad f`g ød{`co a~ yuoy`n`lu qg coko ka v`kl'

Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ ylu{a kad yuona~o avodq{`vo jagauld$ yauo onquua nog

clpou `cyou{lgn`l ag do~ yu`cauo lüo~ ka dl v`kl ka qg ~au mqclgo p ~a a}{àgka l do

dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl' Ad yuona~o mlna nlylx ld `gflg{a ka nocqg`nlu~a p ag

nog~anqagn`l ka ~au lnay{lko noco qg ~au mqclgo ydago' Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~a

l~àg{l ~oeua dl mauagn`l ka dl ~adann`þg f`dojagà{`nl p ~a mlna yauclgag{a ag dl v`kl

`gk`v`kqld you dl ~adann`þg nqd{quld' Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ ad yuona~o |qa nogan{l

do eòdþj`no#avodq{`vo kad ~au mqclgo nog do nqd{quld#lk|qù`ko ka dl~ yau~ogl~'

59Nocya{agn`l d`gjôã~{`nl a~ ad nogon`càg{o$ nog~nàg{a o go$ ka dl~ uajdl~ julcl{`nlda~ ka dl dagjql'

You cakò ka a~l nocya{agn`l ad g`üo uanogona p yuokqna oulnòga~ l dl~ |qa go gana~lu`lcag{a ml

a~{lko a}yqa~{o lg{a~'5<

Dl nocya{agn`l nocqg`nl{`vl a~ ad nogon`càg{o ~oeua dl a~{uqn{qul ka dl dagjql$ dl~ uajdl~ ~on`lda~$

nqd{qulda~ p y~`nodþj`nl~ |qa uajqdlg ad q~o lyuoy`lko ka dl dagjql ag do~ k`vau~o~ nog{a}{o~ ka dl`g{aulnn`þg nocqg`nl{`vl' Ad g`üo lyuagka |qà kanù$ nqìgko p ka |qà clgaul ylul mlnau ~`jg`f`nl{`vl dl

nocqg`nln`þg'



1:

Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ua~qd{l ka dl lnn`þg ka dl nqd{qul ~oeua ad ~q~{ul{o

avodq{`vo#og{ojàg`no |qa mlna |qa qg ~au mqclgo lk|qàul p ka~luuodda qg coko ka

v`kl yuoyò ka ~q juqyo à{g`no' Dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql p hqg{o nog addl kad ~`~{acl

ka ~`jgo~ ka dl nqd{qul a~ ad yuona~o |qa nog~`kauo fqgklcag{ld' Do~ `gflg{a~ kaeag ~au

nlylna~ ka ka~luuoddlu ~q nlyln`klk ka nocqg`nln`þg nog ~`jgo~ ~oeua ad ~q~{ul{o

avodq{`vo ag ad g`nmo ~onònqd{quld kad |qa fouclg ylu{a$ p a~o nog~{`{qpa dl ndlva ka dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Ad ua~qd{lko kad yuona~o a~ qg ~au mqclgo ag ad nqld do eòdþj`no

p do nqd{quld ~a mlddlg ndlulcag{a `g{ajulko~$ ylun`ldcag{a ~qyauyqa~{o~$ k`fauagn`leda~$

yauo go ~aylulko~ ag ad yuona~o ka ~q ka~luuoddo'

Dl yuoyqa~{l ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl |qa `g{ajul ad ka~luuoddo eòdþj`no nog

dl lk|q`~`n`þg nqd{quld ua|qàua ahacyd`f`nln`þg' Noco ~`~{acl nognay{qld kag{uo ka dl

{aouãl avodq{`vl yauc`{a nocyuagkau ldjqgl~ yuoyqa~{l~ ka dl ~onòdojãl$ dl y~`nodojãl

avodq{`vl |qa n`{o l nog{`gqln`þg'

Qg {ulelho a}yau`cag{ld |qa nocyuoeþ do |qa ddlco ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ag

yu`cl{a~ a~ ad ka Mludoz p Mludoz ka <01=' Addo~ oe~auvluog |qa do~ cogo~ {àgag qg

ka~luuoddo lfan{`vo goucld nqlgko ~a a~{ledanag dl~ a{lyl~ kad ~`~{acl m`ho#clkua$ dl

ld{auln`þg a}yau`cag{ld co~{uþ a~{lko~ yl{odþj`no~'

Ad ~`~{acl nognay{qld ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl mlna nocyuag~èda ad fagþcago

ddlclko you Cl} Zaeau -<09;)8 —ad a~yãu`{q kad nly`{ld`~co „ ag ad ~ag{`ko ka qg gqavo

a~{`do ka v`kl ~qha{o l nàu{l~ goucl~$ ~oca{`ko l qgl à{`nl ka{auc`glkl# l|qaddl a~yanà

ka cag{ld`klk p ka nogkqn{l– -Zaeau <09;8 66)' Dl {ulg~foucln`þg lgld`xlkl you

Zaeau a~ nog~`~{ag{a nqlgko nocyuagkaco~ |qa do~ yuo{a~{lg{a~ ahaunag p v`vag ag ~q~

`gflg{a~ qg yuona~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl |qa mlna ka addo~ do~ nly`{ld`~{l~ a}`{o~o~'

Ag ad c`~co Zaeau oe~auvlco~ qg l{`~eo ka a~{l yuoyqa~{l nqlgko k`na8 —Ad

nly`{ld`~co ln{qld$ ~aüou le~odq{o ag dl v`kl ka dl anogocãl$ akqnl p nual you dl vãl ka

dl ~adann`þg anogþc`nl do~ ~qha{o~ -acyua~luò~ p {ulelhlkoua~) |qa gana~`{l– -Zaeau

<09;8 69)' Zaeau a~{ì ~aüldlgko you dl ~adann`þg anogþc`nl ad yuona~o cì~ jagauld ka

dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl'

O{uo ahacydo do yua~ag{l Goueau{ Ad`l~ -<0=0) l do dlujo ka ~q oeul Ad yuona~o

ka dl n`v`d`xln`þg' @gva~{`jlnòga~ ~onòjagà{`nl~ p y~`nojagà{`nl~' ^q lgìd`~`~ kad

yuona~o n`v`d`xl{ouò cqa~{ul |qa8 —Dl n`v`d`xln`þg$ l dl |qa ~odaco~ nog~`kaulu nocoqgl yo~a~`þg$ |qa ~a go~ ofuana pl d`~{l$ noco ~a go~ lyluana ag yu`gn`yò$ ~`g |qa



1=

{agjlco~ |qa yuajqg{lugo~ nþco maco~ ddajlko ml~{l addl ag uald`klk$ a~ qg yuona~o$ o

ylu{a ka qg yuona~o ag ad |qa go~ mlddlco~ `gcau~o~ go~o{uo~ c`~co~– -Ad`l~ <0=08

<91)' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko do~ —~aua~ n`v`d`xlko~– do ~og you dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl |qa da~

mlna ~au$ ka nàu{o coko$ ag nàu{l nqd{qul' L a~{o do kagoc`gl Ad`l~ noco yuona~o

n`v`d`xl{ouò' Ad lq{ou yodlno ldnlgxl l nocyuagkau ad yuona~o ld kanù 8 —^` oe~auvlco~

ad cov`càg{o l do dlujo ka yauãoko~ cì~ lcydò~$ yokaco~ vau nog ~qf`nàg{a ndlu`klk$

nþco dl~ nolnnòga~ R…S nogkqnag l qgl uajqdln`þg o lkc`g`~{uln`þg ka dl v`kl

lfan{`vl elho dl foucl ka lq{oakqnln`þg$ kad ~adf nog{uod$ ag qgl yldleul$ elho dl foucl

ka lq{o#nolnn`þg– -Ad`l~ <0=08 551)' Ad`l~ `kag{`f`nl ad fagþcago ka dl ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl noco yuona~o n`v`d`xl{ouò ld a}yogau8 —~og {a~{`cogò~ ka qgl nàu{l

a~{uqn{qul ka dl~ uadlnòga~ mqclgl~$ ka dl ~onàklk p ka qg nàu{o coko ka oujlg`xlu

do~ nocyou{lcàg{o~ mqclgo~– -Ad`l~ <0=08 <91)'

You ød{`co Cluv`g Mluu`~ -<001) a}yoga qg julg gøcauo ka ahacydo~ ag do~

nqlda~ oe~auvlco~ nþco nlkl nqd{qul {àga yuafauagn`l~ p lnnòga~ v`gnqdlkl~ nog dl

~adann`þg uald p afan{`vl ka `gk`v`kqo~ ag dl g`üax' Do~ `gflg{a~ ~og nogkqn`ko~ l ~au

{`yo~ ka yau~ogl~' Ag{ua do~ ahacydo~ ka~nu`{o~ you Mluu`~ a~{ì dl uajqdln`þg ag ad

gøcauo ka m`ho~$ ag ad jàgauo p ag ad ~a}o kad yu`cojàg`{o -Mluu`~ <001)'

Ag l{agn`þg l dl nocyuag~`þg `g{ajuld ka do a}yqa~{o ml~{l lmoul$ dl f`jqul 5'; ~a

~`g{a{`xl juìf`nlcag{a' [agaco~ ag qg dqjlu fqgklcag{ld l dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda

|qa a~ `gk`~yag~leda ka {oko yuona~o avodq{`vo' A~{l a~ nlq~ld ld c`~co {àcyo |qa a~

cok`f`nleda {lg{o you dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo noco you dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl go~ yauc`{a ua~yogkau l gqa~{ul nqa~{`þg ndlva |qa a~ ad ka~luuoddo

ka dl yau~ogl' Noco qg yuona~o eònqd{quld dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda$ dl nog~{uqnn`þg

kad g`nmo p dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl mlnag yo~èda dl og{ojag`l kad `gk`v`kqo noco

yau~ogl ag ~q ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld' Dl~ yuajqg{l~ ~aüldlkl~ nog uadln`þg l dl ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl ~auìg ua~yogk`kl~ ag ad ~`jqàg{a nlyã{qdo'



10

F`jqul 5';' Yuona~o~ |qa mlnag ld ~au eònqd{quld'

`jgo p ~`jg`f`nln`þg

Klko |qa —dl~ ~onàklka~ gana~`{lg ylul clg{agau~a p ka~luuoddlu~a qg ~qe~`~{acl

nog~{uq`ko you ad noghqg{o ka `gfouclnòga~ oujlg`xl{`vl~ -nogon`càg{o$ ~leau nþco p

~leau |qà ~on`lda~) p ka uajdl~ jagaul{`vl~ -oujlg`xln`þg ka cokado~ ka nogkqn{l) |qa

ag noghqg{o nog~{`{qpag p kaf`gag dl nqd{qul– -Blydlg <0=>8 01)$ a~ you addo |qa dl

nqd{qul {àga |qa ka~luuoddlu~a ag do~ nog~{`{qpag{a~ ka dl ~onàklk$ dl~ yau~ogl~' Lmoul

yqako lfùclu |qa ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl a~ ad yuona~o kad nuan`càg{o ka dl

nlyln`klk ylul dl `g{aulnn`þg$ dl uayuokqnn`þg$ dl nocqg`nln`þg p dl flnqd{lk ylul

~`jg`f`nlu' Kqulg{a dl `gflgn`l a~{a yuona~o ~a oe~auvl nog clpou ndlu`klk$ ld {agau ~q

yu`gn`yò p do~ yu`cauo~ yl~o~ ka ~q ka~luuoddo' Dl d`gjôã~{`nl ka~ka ~q ou`jag ml

uanogon`ko k`nml `cyou{lgn`l p do~ a~{qkò~ ~oeua lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql {àgag noco

ca{l ou`j`glu`l ka~nuèù p a}yd`nlu {ld yuona~o'

Ylul nocyuagkau dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ gana~luò ydlg{alu ka~ka

kþgka yuonaka {ld yuona~o' Noco dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg {àga |qa vau nog dl a}`~{agn`l kad

~`jgo nocàgxo you ydlg{alu |qà nog~{`{qpa ld ~`jgo p nqìd a~ ~q `cyou{lgn`l ylul

nocyuagkau ld ~au mqclgo' [oko addo ag ad ag{agk`ko ka |qa ad ~au mqclgo a~ qg

nog~{uqn{ou ka {ulcl~ ka ~`jgo~ l do dlujo ka ~q n`ndo ka v`kl |qa do mlna ~au eònqd{quld'

âdann`þg

og{ojàg`nl

¿Nþco oyaul? Dl foucl

ag dl nqld ~a mlna dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl'

¿Ylul |qà oyaul? Nqld

a~ dl fqgn`þg nog vldou

ly{l{`vo ka dl ~adann`þg

¿You |qà oyaul? Do |qa

mlna yo~èda dl

nog{`gq`klk ka dl

Vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda

Nog~{uqnn`þg

kad g`nmo

Og{ojag`l kad

`gk`v`kqo noco

yau~ogl 3 ly{ln`þg



69

A}`~{ag ko~ yuoyqa~{l~ koc`glg{a~ ~oeua do |qa a~ qg ~`jgo' Dl yu`caul

yuoyqa~{l$ klkl you ^lq~~qua$ k`na |qa ad ~`jgo a~ dl qg`þg `gk`~on`leda ag{ua qg

~`jg`f`nlko o nognay{o p qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a o yuokqnn`þg ~ogoul$ a~l qg`þg a~ {ld |qa ~og

noco dl~ ko~ nlul~ ka qgl c`~cl cogakl' Dl o{ul yuoyqa~{l ~oeua ad ~`jgo fqa

ka~luuoddlkl you Yàuna ylul |qàg qg ~`jgo a~ ad ua~qd{lko kad yuona~o ka ~acò~`~ ag{ua

{ua~ adacag{o~$ qg uayua~ag{lcag noco dl foucl |qa ad ~`jgo {ocl$ qg `g{auyua{lg{ |qa

go a~ ad `g{àuyua{a ~`go ad ~ag{`ko |qa ad ~`jgo jagaul p qg oeha{o |qa a~ l|qaddo$ cì~

lddì kad ~`jgo$ ld nqld ~a uafàua'

You qgl ylu{a ^lq~~qua yua~ag{l ld ~`jgo noco ldjo |qa ~qnaka ag dl cag{a ka

dl~ yau~ogl~ p |qa {àga qgl fqgn`þg ~on`ld ka nocqg`nln`þg' You ~q ylu{a Yàuna ~a

nag{ul ag |qa ad ~`jgo ~ùva l dl cag{a mqclgl ylul nogonau ad cqgko' Ad ~`jgo a~

~àcyua qgl lyuo}`cln`þg nog~{lg{a mln`l dl no~l uald$ ~àcyua a~{ì ka nlc`go ag

nogon`càg{o ka do |qa a~ l ylu{ù ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka ~`jgo~ |qa ad mqclgo mlna'

Ag lcel~ yuoyqa~{l~ lnaunl kad ~`jgo go~ agnog{ulco~ nog qgl qg`klk you dl

nqld nogonaco~ ad cqgko p go~ nocqg`nlco~ lnaunl kad c`~co' Ua~ld{l ad nluìn{au ka

qg`klk$ pl ~al k`no{þc`no ag ^lq~~qua o {uãlk`no ag Yàuna' Ad ~`jgo noco qg {oko ~a kl

ag{ua qg nog{ag`ko$ qg adacag{o |qa a~ ad ~`jgo nog ad nqld nogonaco~ p qgl foucl

cl{au`ld kad c`~co you dl |qa go~ nocqg`nlco~' Do~ ~`jgo~ {àgag a}`~{agn`l ag dl

cag{a ka dl~ yau~ogl~$ a}`~{agn`l |qa ~þdo a~ nocyda{l nqlgko ~og q{`d`xlko~ ag qg

yuona~o nocqg`nl{`vo kag{uo ka qg nog{a}{o nqd{quld' ^` eàg do~ lq{oua~ cagnòglko~

yuoyq~àuog cokado~ cqp vldò~o~ nog~`kauo |qa a~ cqp nocyuag~èda p k`kìn{`no

nogonau ad ~`jgo l ylu{ù ka dl f`jqul 5'1'

F`jqul 5'1' Ad ~`jgo p ~q uadln`þg nog ad uafauag{a'



6<

Ag dl f`jqul 5'1 ad ~`jgo a~ {oko do nog{ag`ko kag{uo kad nãunqdo p eq~nl dl f`jqul

kad nãunqdo$ noco qg {oko$ uafauù l dl qg`klk kad ~`jgo' Ag ~q `g{auòu agnog{ulco~ dl

qg`klk ka {ua~ adacag{o~ p you addo ad {u`ìgjqdo |qa do~ uayua~ag{l juìf`nlcag{a' Dl

qg`klk ka a~o~ adacag{o~ ~a kl you ad yuona~o ka ~acò~`~$ qg yuona~o cag{ld |qa

kayagka ka dl flnqd{lk ka jagaulu ~`jgo~ yuoy`l ka gqa~{ul a~yanà' Nlyln`klk you dl

nqld Nmlgkdau -599:) go~ ddlcl Moco ~`jg`f`nlg~$ a~ kanù$ nog~{uqn{oua~ ka

~`jg`f`nlko' Dl ~acò~`~ ag{ogna~ yauc`{a |qa qg ~`jg`f`nlko$ qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a p ad

yag~lcàg{o ag dl cag{a ~a qg`f`|qag ag qg øg`no {oko' Ylul |qa a~{o ~al yo~èda kaea

klu~a {lce`àg qg yuona~o ka uadln`þg ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlko o nog{ag`ko nognay{qld nog ad

~`jg`f`nlg{a$ l a~{l uadln`þg ~a da ddlcl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' Dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ ka~ka dqajo

fqgklcag{ld you|qa yuovaa ka qg ~`jg`f`nlko$ qg vldou ka vauklk p qgl uadln`þg kad

~`jgo nog qg uafauag{a'

Ag a~{a cocag{o ma yua~ag{lko ko~ nognay{o~ fqgklcag{lda~$ ~acò~`~ p

~`jg`f`nln`þg' Ad yu`cauo$ ~acò~`~$ yuonaka ka Yàuna p ad ~ajqgko ka ^lq~~qua' Dl

~acò~`~ `gndqpa l dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg p a~{ledana |qa a~ qg yuona~o cag{ld you cakò kad

nqld ad ~`jgo lk|qàua qg ~`jg`f`nlko nocqg`nleda' Dl ~acò~`~ p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg

nog~{`{qpag qg yuona~o ka qg`klk ylul ~q a}`~{agn`l kad ~ag{`ko$ do |qa |qàua kanù qg

~`jgo' Dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ you addo qgl acaujagn`l ka dl a}`~{agn`l kad ~`jgo |qa do mlna

ydago ka ~`jg`f`nlko ag qg ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg'

Valco~ lmoul nqìd yqaka ~au ad yuona~o you ad |qa acauja dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg noco

ndlva ka dl nog~{`{qn`þg eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo'

Dl coufojàga~`~ ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu

Nocàgxo nog qg uanqag{o m`~{þu`no |qa go~ nogkqxnl l nocyuagkau dl uadln`þg ag{ua

eòdojãl#avodqn`þg#og{ojag`l p d`gjôã~{`nl#~`jgo#~`jg`f`nln`þg$ ~q lyou{a p cq{ql~

`gfdqagn`l~ ylul nocyuagkau ad dagjqlha$ dl dagjql p ld ~au mqclgo ag ~q og{ojag`lnoco qg Moco ~`jg`f`nlg{~$ a~ kanù qg nualkou ka ~`jg`f`nlko -Nmlgkdau 599:)'

Lg{a~ ka ag{ulu ag dl m`~{ou`l ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl |qa yauc`{a nocyuagkau dl

uadln`þg cagnòglkl$ kaeag uanouklu~a |qa qg ylu ka lyou{a~ ka dl cak`n`gl p

gaquodojãl kad ~`jdo ]@]$ ~og dl~ yu`caul~ nog{uèqnòga~ |qa a~{ledanag |qa a}`~{a qgl

uadln`þg ag{ua nàu{l~ ìual~ kad nauaeuo p dl nlyln`klk d`gjôã~{`nl' Ca uafàuo ld {ulelho

ka Ylqd Euonl |qàg ag <=6< uayou{l ad yuoedacl ag dl nocyuag~`þg kad dagjqlha you ad

klüo ag dl lmoul nogon`kl ìual ka Euonl$ p ad {ulelho ka Nlud Zaug`nba |qàg uayou{luìl ~q vax ag <=:; dl yàuk`kl ka dl mle`d`klk ylul mledlu you qg klüo ag ad ìual nauaeuld$



65

ln{qldcag{a nogon`kl noco ìual ka Zaug`nba -Nlydlg <005)' Ua{ocluà a~{a {acl cì~

lkadlg{a' L nog{`gqln`þg uafauùà l dl d`gjôã~{`nl kad ~`jdo ]] ag ~q a}ydouln`þg ka dl

flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha'

Dl d`gjôã~{`nl ag ad ~`jdo ]] nocàgxl you kaf`gù ~q oeha{o ka a~{qkò ylul ~au

uanogon`kl noco qgl k`~n`yd`gl cokaugl' Ag jagauld ~a uanogona l Fauk`glgk ka

^lq~~qua noco ad uagovlkou ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl cokaugl' ^lq~~qua m`xo a}ydãn`{l dl~ ko~

k`cag~òga~ kad a~{qkò d`gjôã~{`no8 ad a~{qkò ~`gnuþg`no |qa {ul{l l dl dagjql noco qg

~`~{acl lq{o#nog{ag`ko ka nocqg`nln`þg p ad a~{qkò k`lnuþg`no |qa a~{qk`l dl

{ulg~foucln`þg ka dl dagjql ag ad {àcyo' Dl dagjql a~ —qg {oko ag ~ã p qg yu`gn`yò ka

ndl~`f`nln`þg R…S lk|qù`kl p nogvagnògld– -^lq~~qua <0508 >1)$ —qg ~`~{acl ka

~`jgo~– - @e`kac8 >6) |qa —a~ dl ylu{a ~on`ld kad dagjqlha– -^lq~~qua <0508;<)$ da

yauc`{`þ nocyuagkau l dl dagjql noco qg ~`~{acl ka adacag{o~ `g{auuadlnòglko~

-Uoe`g~ <06=)' You ~q ylu{a ad mledl a~ —qg ln{o `gk`v`kqld ka vodqg{lk p ka `g{ad`jagn`l

R|qa go~ k`na nþcoS ad ~qha{o q{`d`xl ad nþk`jo ka dl dagjql RpS ad canlg`~co y~`no#

fã~`no– -^lq~~qua <0508 ;9#;<)' Nog a~{a ka~luuoddo nognay{qld ^lq~~qua kl qg

fqgklcag{o kan`~`vo l dl d`gjôã~{`nl kad ~`jdo ]]'

O{ul k`fauagn`l ~`jg`f`nl{`vl |qa ^lq~~qua a~{ledana a~ ag{ua ad dagjqlha p dl

dagjql' ^q uafda}`þg lnaunl kad dagjqlha go~ yua~ag{l ad yu`cau lg{anakag{a ka do |qa

mop ~a k`~nq{a nog ad goceua ka flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha' Ylul ad d`gjô`~{l ~q`xo ad dagjqlha

a~ cqd{`fouca p ma{auojàgao$ yau{agana ld ìce`{o ~on`ld p ld `gk`v`kqld' —Ad dagjqlha

ka~nlg~l ag qgl flnqd{lk |qa {agaco~ ka dl gl{quldaxl$ càg{ul~ |qa dl dagjql a~ qgl

no~l lk|qù`kl– -^lq~~qua <0508 >1)' Klkl ~q `cyou{lgn`l ylul c` lujqcag{o ua~ld{luà

dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu |qa qe`no ag{ua do |qa ^lq~~qua ddlcl

dagjqlha |qa yo~aa qgl el~a eòdþj`nl$ càg{ul~ dl dagjql noco ldjo lk|qù`ko ag dl

`gflgn`l' A~ kanù$ dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu yau{agana l dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha p ~a

ka~luuoddl kqulg{a dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql'Ag ad ka~luuoddo ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl aquoyal ~og {lce`àg `cyou{lg{a~ do~ lyou{a~ ka

dl a~nqadl ka Yuljl p yu`gn`yldcag{a [uqea{xbop |qa yauc`{àuog uanogonau ag do~

fogacl~ qg`klka~ k`~{`g{`vl~ |qa {àgag qg vldou ~acìg{`no ka lnqauko l ~q yo~`n`þg ag

ad ~`~{acl ka dl dagjql noco qg`klk -Uoe`g~ <06=$ ^laak 599>)'

Ag A~{lko~ Qg`ko~ dl d`gjôã~{`nl ~a ka~luuoddþ l ylu{ù ka Fulgx Eol~$ Akzluk

^lyù p Daogluk Edoocfàdk' ^lyù jagauþ qgl v`~`þg y~`nodþj`nl kad fogacl ylul

a~{ledanau qgl a~{uanml uadln`þg ag{ua dl le~{ulnn`þg d`gjôã~{`nl$ dl~ ualnnòga~ ka do~mledlg{a~ gl{`vo~ p ~q~ `g{q`nòga~ ~oeua ad dagjqlha -Uoe`g~ <06=)' Nog ^lyù -<01;)



6;

nocyuagkau nþco ~a uadlnòglg do~ adacag{o~ ka dl dagjql -Gav`g 5995$ Uoe`g~ <06=)'

[lce`àg ~q yau~yan{`vl ~`{øl dl ca{l ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl ag nogonau nþco do~ dagjqlha~

gl{qulda~ a~{ledanag dl uadln`þg nog ad ~`jg`f`nlko -Gav`g 5995)' Ylul Mluu`~ dl

a~{uqn{qul ka dl dagjql ~a yqaka agnog{ulu ag dl go yuoele`d`klk ka~`jqld ka

noce`gln`þg ka ~q~ ylu{a~ -Gav`g 5995$ Uoe`g~ <06=)' Qgl ldqcgl ka Mluu`~$ D`dl

Jda`{clg ddavluì dl fqag{a {aþu`nl ka ~q cag{ou mln`l ad a~{qkò ka dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl

dagjql -Gav`g 5995)'

O{uo cì~ ka do~ uagoceulko~ uayua~ag{lg{a~ ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl ka dl àyonl fqa

Nmluda~ Monba{{ -<01=)' Ag ~q Nqu~o ka d`gjôã~{`nl cokaugl Monba{{ go ka~nq`kl

g`gjqgo ka do~ l~yan{o~ |qa a~{qk`l dl d`gjôã~{`nl' Ag ad nlyã{qdo ;< Dl og{ojag`l

d`gjôã~{`nl$ fùcl8 —Ad yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo ka do~ mìe`{o~ d`gjôã~{`no~ ka qgl yau~ogl$

ka~ka |qa glna ml~{l |qa cqaua$ nog~{`{qpa dl og{ojag`l d`gjôã~{`nl– -Monba{{ <01=8

>;<)' Ad a~{qkò ka dl og{ojag`l {àga ylul Monba{{ qgl m`~{ou`l ka dlujl kl{l uanogon`kl

kag{uo ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl' ^q yuoyqa~{l `kag{`f`nl ko~ coko~ ka mlnau a~{a {`yo ka a~{qkò~

nog do~ `gflg{a~2 ad yu`cauo a~ a~{qk`lu do~ afan{o~ |qa {àga ag ad `gflg{a dl lk|q`~`n`þg

ka dl dagjql$ ad ~ajqgko {`yo ka a~{qkò ~a nag{ul ag ad ~`~{acl ka dl dagjql p nþco

`gfdqpa ad `gflg{a ld lk|qùùdl' A~ kanù$ dl uadavlgn`l ka dl yau~yan{`vl kad ka~luuoddo

d`gjôã~{`no$ dl uadln`þg ag{ua dl nqd{qul p ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d' Do |qa go~ yauc`{a

nocyuagkau Monba{{ a~ dl `cyou{lgn`l |qa lcel~ yau~yan{`vl~ yo~aag'

Ld mledlu kad ka~luuoddo yuad`gjôã~{`no Monba{{ lfùcl8 —Ad uan`àg gln`ko {ula qg

uayau{ouò a~yanãf`nlcag{a mqclgo ka ly{`{qka~ {ulg~c`{`kl~ jagà{`nlcag{a' R…S Dl~

yu`caul~ nogvagnòga~ ka nocqg`nln`þg ag dl~ |qa ylu{`n`yl go ~og d`gjôã~{`nl~8 ~og dl~

|qa ddajlg l a~{ledanau~a$ `gav`{ledacag{a$ ag{ua ad g`üo p ~q clkua' R…S Ylu{àgko ka

a~{l el~a R…S dl yo~a~`þg nocylu{`kl ka ~`~{acl~ ka nocqg`nln`þg ddajl l mlnau~a

yo~èda– -Monba{{ <01=8 >;<$ >;5 p >;>)' O{uo l~yan{o l ua~ld{lu a~ nqlgko mledl ka do~

l~yan{o~ ~acìg{`no~8 —Do~ nog{a}{o~ aconòglda~ ka dl cì~ {acyulgl ylu{`n`yln`þg kad

g`üo ag dl nocqg`nln`þg „ cqnmo lg{a~ ka |qa acyàna l mledlu „ a~{ledanag qgl ylq{l

ka noggo{lnòga~5> |qa ~og jauc`glda~ ylul dl yau~ogld`klk kad fq{quo lkqd{o– -Monba{{

<01=8 >;:)' Monba{{ uanogona dl a}`~{agn`l ka `g{aulnnòga~ nocqg`nl{`vl~

nocyuagkau ad ydlgo ka ~adann`þg ka do~ adacag{o~2 à~{a o à~{a o à~{a$ a{n' Dl noce`gln`þg p dl ~adann`þg~og dl~ fqgnòga~ nog{ul~{lg{a~ ag dl a~{uqn{qul kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~' 5>

Qgl kago{ln`þg a~ ad ~`jg`f`nlko nognay{qld o nojg`{`vo$ a~ dl uadln`þg ag{ua dl a}yua~`þg p dl no~l o

uafauag{a' [lce`àg ~a nogona noco kago{ln`þg ld ~`jg`f`nlko d`{auld uayua~ag{lko ag qg k`nnògluò' You

~q ylu{a dl noggo{ln`þg ~og l~on`lnòga~ ~acìg{`nl~ ka qgl a}yua~`þg pl ~alg ka dl ln{`{qk o nog{a}{o~on`ld kogka dl~ q{`d`xl dl yau~ogl' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko noggo{l{`vo a~ ad vldou nocqg`nl{`vo |qa {àga qgl

a}yua~`þg kahlgko ka dlko ~q nog{ag`ko yqulcag{a nognay{qld'



61

yuad`gjôã~{`nl~ p dl `cyou{lgn`l ag a~{l c`~cl a{lyl ka do~ yuona~o~ aconòglda~ ag dl

nocqg`nln`þg' ^` eàg Monba{{ go yuoyoga qgl flnqd{lk nocqg`nl{`vl |qa ~a mauaka ag

gqa~{ul a~yanà$ nog~`kauo |qa a~{ì naunl ka nocyuagkau do ø{`d |qa {ld flnqd{lk {agkuãl

ag gqa~{uo ka~luuoddo {aþu`no ~oeua ad dagjqlha'

^`g ka~nlu{lu dl `cyou{lgn`l ka lq{oua~ noco Fù{m p ~q {ulelho ~oeua ~acìg{`nl

uafauagn`ld$ Y`ba p Jdal~og ag{ua cqnmo~ o{uo~ {àgag ag dl d`gjôã~{`nl ca nag{uluà ag dl

gqavl a{lyl |qa nocàgxl ag do~ lüo~ <019~ nog ad {ulelho ka Nmoc~bp p ~q v`~`þg ka

dl a~{uqn{qul dþj`nl ka dl {aouãl d`gjôã~{`nl$ nog~`kaulgko ~q uadavlgn`l ylul c`

lujqcag{o'

Ylul Nmoc~bp ad dagjqlha a~ —dl a~{uqn{qul nocøg l {okl~ dl~ dagjql~ mqclgl~

-gl{qulda~$ acyãu`nl~$ ualda~$ o noco ~a da~ |qàul ddlclu)' Ag {àuc`go~ eòdþj`no~$ ad

dagjqlha a~ qgl foucl ka nogkqn{l a~yanãf`nl#ka#qgl#a~yanà– -Nmoc~bp <0618 55:)'

A~{l yau~yan{`vl yauc`{a ~`{qlu ld a~{qkò kad dagjqlha ag ad nlcyo eò#avodq{`vo p

og{ojàg`no' Ag a~{l lfùcln`þg Nmoc~bp nognay{qld`xl dl dagjql noco —ad ~`~{acl

jagaul{`vo ka oeha{o~ le~{uln{o~ `kalda~ |qa dl nocya{agn`l ka qg mledlg{a gl{`vo

yua~qyoga– - @eãkac)' ^` eàg c` yuoyqa~{l go a~ ka nluìn{au nmoc~b`lgo$ ~q~ ~qyqa~{o~

{aþu`no~ uadl{`vo~ l dl uadln`þg ag{ua eòdojãl p d`gjôã~{`nl ~ã ~og {oclko~ ag nqag{l'

Dl lyou{ln`þg cì~ uadavlg{a ag gqa~{uo nl~o a~{ì ag |qa Nmoc~bp ~aüldl dl

a}`~{agn`l ka qg þujlgo kad dagjqlha `ggl{o' Dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha dl nog~`kaul noco

qgl ka dl~ flnqd{lka~ ka dl cag{a -Nmoc~bp <061)' Nmoc~bp uanogona |qa —qg dagjqlha

l~on`l ~og`ko~ p ~`jg`f`nlko~ ag qgl nàu{l clgaul– -Nmoc~bp <0:=l8 >0$ kad ou`j`gld

ka <06:)' Ylul Nmoc~bp ad koc`gò ka qgl dagjql a~ cì~ |qa a~l l~on`ln`þg ag{ua

~og`ko~ p ~`jg`f`nlko~' Yuoyoga |qa ad koc`gò ka qgl dagjql onquua nqlgko ~a ml

l~`c`dlko ad ~`~{acl ka uajdl~$ {ld koc`gò ~qnaka juln`l~ ld ka~luuoddo ka —dl flnqd{lk

|qa ddlclco~ nocya{agn`l d`gjôã~{`nl a~yanãf`nl– - @eãkac8 ;9$ ~qeulplko ag ad

ou`j`gld)' —Ad dagjqlha mqclgo {àga ~q~ el~a~ ag qgl yuoyàklk |qa yluana a~{lu

eòdþj`nlcag{a l`~dlkl R…S nlkl dagjql a~ ad ua~qd{lko ka dl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua ko~

fln{oua~8 ad a~{lko `g`n`ld p ad nqu~o ka dl a}yauàgn`l– -Nmoc~bp <00=8<p 5)' Pl ag

<0:5 mledl ka dl nqld`klk kad dagjqlha mqclgo |qa a~ ad l~yan{o nualkou kad q~o kad

dagjqlha -Nmoc~bp <0:=e)' Nmoc~bp q{`d`xl dl m`yþ{a~`~ ka qg cþkqdo ylul dl

lk|q`~`n`þg kad dagjqlha |qa da yauc`{a ag{ulu ag ad a~{qkò ka dl julcì{`nl noco qg

qg`vau~ld ka dl a~yanà -Nmoc~bp <0:1)' —Qgl {aouãl |qa l{uèqpa dl yo~a~`þg ka nàu{o~

qg`vau~lda~ d`gjôã~{`no~ l qg ~`~{acl ka lk|q`~`n`þg kad dagjqlha$ noco yuoyàklkuald`xleda elho nàu{l~ nogk`nòga~ a}{augl~ lyuoy`lkl~– -Nmoc~bp <0618 1>)'



66

Ylul Nmoc~bp —yluana av`kag{a |qa dl lk|q`~`n`þg kad dagjqlha ~a el~l ag |qa ad

g`üo ka~nqeua do |qa a~ qgl {aouãl yuofqgkl p le~{uln{l „ qgl julcì{`nl jagaul{`vl ka ~q

dagjql…– -Nmoc~bp <0618 11)' Ad yuona~o ka lk|q`~`n`þg ~a cqa~{ul ~ouyuagkag{a ag

nqlg{o l dl nlg{`klk ka a~{ãcqdo~ |qa do~ `gflg{a~ uanèag p dl mocojaga`klk ka dl~

julcì{`nl~ |qa ka~luuoddlg' You do nqld —ad yuoedacl uald a~ ad ka ka~luuoddlu qgl

m`yþ{a~`~ lnaunl ka dl a~{uqn{qul `g`n`ld |qa ~al do ~qf`nàg{acag{a u`nl ylul klu nqag{l

ka dl lk|q`~`n`þg kad dagjqlha$ yauo go {lg u`nl |qa ~al `gnog~`~{ag{a nog dl nogon`kl

k`vau~`klk kad dagjqlha– - @eãkac8 16)' Dl f`jqul 5'6 lvlgxl ag ad ~ag{`ko kad yuona~o$

~`g {agau noco oeha{`vo ~odqnòglu dl yuajqg{l ka Nmoc~bp |qàg ~a nqa~{ògl you ad

a~{lko `g`n`ld ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka dl julcì{`nl'

Ma kak`nlko qgl ~auà ka uafauagn`l~ ld {ulelho ka Nmoc~bp you no`gn`kù nog àd

ag dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl eòdojãl ylul nocyuagkau dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha' Uanogoxno dl

gana~`klk ka nocydacag{lu dl yau~yan{`vl ka Nmoc~bp ylul dl d`gjôã~{`nl nog dl

uafauagn`l ld {ulelho ka C`nmlad Mldd`klp -<0:1)$ ldqcgo ka Fù{m p |qàg `g{ajul ad

l~yan{o ~onònqd{quld ag ~q yuoyqa~{l' Dl lyou{ln`þg cì~ ~`jg`f`nl{`vl ka ~q {ulelho

uafàua l dl~ fqgnòga~ kad dagjqlha$ l ~leau8 <' Ad dagjqlha ~ùva ylul a}yua~lu ad

nog{ag`ko o a}yauàgn`l kad mledlg{a ag ad cqgko uald$ |qa yuovaa ld dagjqlha ka ~q

fqgn`þg `kal{`vl$ 5' Ad dagjqlha ~ùva ylul a~{ledanau p clg{agau dl~ uadlnòga~ ~on`lda~$

ko{lgko ld dagjqlha ka ~q fqgn`þg `g{auyau~ogld$ p >' Ad dagjqlha a~{ledana do~ cakò~

you do~ nqlda~ ~a uadlnògl ad dagjqlha nog~`jo c`~co noco qg ~`~{acl$ a~{l a~ dl

fqgn`þg {a}{qld -Mldd`klp <0:1)'

Noco nocydacag{o ka dl~ {aouãl~ d`gjôã~{`nl~ yl~luà l k`~nq{ù dl `cyou{lgn`l ka

do~ a~{qkò~ gaquod`gjôã~{`no~ |qa a}ydoulg dl uadln`þg ag{ua ad dagjqlha p ad nauaeuo'

A~{l~ `gva~{`jlnòga~ mlg lyou{lko qgl v`~`þg ~ajøg dl nqld k`vau~l~ ìual~ nauaeulda~ ~a

agnlujlg kad yuona~lcàg{o ~acìg{`no$ a~{uqn{quld ka dl dagjql p ~q yuokqnn`þg' Qg

ìual nauaeuld a~{ì agnlujlkl kad yuona~lcàg{o coufo~`g{ìn{`no l~ã noco ka dl`g{ajuln`þg ka dl `gfoucln`þg ~`g{ìn{`nl p ~acìg{`nl$ o{ul~ ko~ ìual~ ~a agnlujlg kad

yuona~lcàg{o ~`g{ìn{`no p ka dl cacou`l ka {ulelho$ qg ìual cì~ kad yuona~lcàg{o

~acìg{`no dà}`no$ ag{ua o{ul~ xogl~ kad ~`~{acl gauvò~o nag{uld |qa ylu{`n`ylg ka dl

jagauln`þg kad dagjqlha -Nlydlg <005$ Fuàkau`n` 5995$ Bllg lgk ^zlle 5995)' A~{l~

`gva~{`jlnòga~ go~ yauc`{ag lfùclu |qa go a}`~{a qg þujlgo kad dagjqlha$ ~ã ag

nlceò$ qg ~`~{acl ylul ~q jagauln`þg' A~{a ~`~{acl ylul dl lk|q`~`n`þg$ jagauln`þg p

nual{`v`klk kad dagjqlha ~a yqaka nog~`kaulu noco dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa aggqa~{ul a~yanà lyagl~ nocàgxl l nogonau~a -Eagã{ax 5990)'



6:

C` `g{agn`þg a~ a~{ledanau dl uadln`þg ag{ua dl~ `kal~ vau{`kl~ ag dl m`~{ou`l ka dl

d`gjôã~{`nl p dl~ lyou{lnòga~ ka dl gaquod`gjôã~{`nl' Dl yuoyqa~{l ka qgl flnqd{lk kad

dagjqlha ~a ~aüldl noco qgl m`yþ{a~`~ |qa yqaka ~au nog{ul~{lkl p yuokqn{`vl ag dl

jagauln`þg ka cì~ m`yþ{a~`~ a~yanãf`nl~ lnaunl ka a~{l flnqd{lk' Qgl foucl ka leouklu ad

yuoedacl a~ eq~nlgko nogonau |qà a~{uqn{qul yo~aa {ld flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha |qa go~

yauc`{a ld c`~co {àcyo nocyuagkaudl kag{uo kad ~`~{acl nauaeuld$ noco lpqklugo~ l

nogonau ad dagjqlha$ dl dagjql p ~q q~o you do~ mledlg{a~'

Cqnml~ ~og dl~ yuoyqa~{l~ |qa ~aüldlg do~ nocyogag{a~ p yo~èda a~{uqn{qul ka

dl flnqd{lk ka dagjqlha' Ca nag{uluà ag ldjqgo~ ka addo~$ you nog~`kauludo~ do~ cì~

k`kìn{`no~ p a}yd`nl{`vo~ kad fagþcago' Ylubau p C`delu{m nog~`kaulg ld dagjqlha noco

qg ~`~{acl ~`ceþd`no ka cød{`yda~ g`vada~ |qa nocyuagka {ua~ ~qe~`~{acl~ `g{au#

uadlnòglko~8 ad ~`~{acl ka ~og`ko~$ ad ~`~{acl kad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad ~`~{acl julcl{`nld'

[oko~ addo~ oyaulg kag{uo ka qgl yuljcì{`nl ~on`ld p qg lceàg{a fã~`no -Ylubau lgk

C`delu{m <00>)'

Qgl yuoyqa~{l ka a~{uqn{qul juìf`nl |qa ~aüldl qgl `kal lnaunl ka dl flnqd{lk kad

dagjqlha ~a agnqag{ul ag Y`gbau -<000)' ^{avag Y`bau a~{ledana qg ~`~{acl ka n`gno

nocyogag{a~' Do~ n`gno nocyogag{a~ kad ~`~{acl ~og8 <' Ad ~acìg{`no |qa ~og do~

~`jg`f`nlko~ a}yua~lko~ l {ulvà~ ka dl dagjql$ 5' Ad da}`nþg |qa a~ kogka ~a jqluklg dl~

ag{ulkl~ ylul dl~ yldleul~$ >' Dl coufodojãl |qa yo~aa dl uajdl~ ylul dl foucln`þg ka

yldleul~$ ;' Dl ~`g{l}`~ |qa ~og dl~ uajdl~ ylul dl foucln`þg ka ful~a~ p oulnòga~$ p 1'

Dl fogodojãl |qa yo~aa dl~ uajdl~ |qa kaf`gag ad yl{uþg ka dl yuokqnn`þg ka do~ ~og`ko~

ka dl dagjql -Y`gbau <000)' Ag ~q el~a ~a uadlnòglg ad nocyogag{a ~acìg{`no

-nocyogag{a <) nog do~ ka~ao~ p dl~ nuaagn`l~ p$ you dl ylu{a ~qyauòu$ ~a uadlnògl dl

fogodojãl -nocyogag{a 1) nog dl eonl p do~ oãko~'

Noco qgl yuoyqa~{l you nluln{au`xlu l dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ~a agnqag{ul dl ka

Hlnbagkoff' Ulp Hlnbagkoff yuoyoga nql{uo av`kagn`l~ ylul dl a}`~{agn`l kad k`~yo~`{`voylul dl lk|q`~`n`þg kad dagjqlha' Dl~ av`kagn`l~ ~og8 <' Ad dagjqlha a~ yuoyò ka dl

a~yanà mqclgl$ 5' A}`~{a qg `g{auvldo nluln{auã~{`no ylul dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql$ >'

A}`~{a qgl k`~on`ln`þg ag{ua dl nlyln`klk julcl{`nld p dl cokld`klk ka a}yua~`þg$ l~ã

noco ag{ua do~ l~yan{o~ kad dagjqlha p dl `g{ad`jagn`l ag jagauld' A~{l av`kagn`l ~qyoga

ad yuona~o ka a~yan`ld`xln`þg nojg`{`vl ylul dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql' ;' Ad julko ka

a~yan`ld`xln`þg eòdþj`nl ylul ad lyuagk`xlha ka qgl dagjql ~qyoga qgl nluln{auã~{`nl

ylul dl nualn`þg ka dl dagjql ag do~ mledlg{a~ -Hlnbagkoff 5995)'



6=

Nog~`kauo |qa dl yuoyqa~{l cì~ nog~`~{ag{a ylul ad lujqcag{o |qa l|qã

ka~luuoddo fqa klkl l nogonau you Mlq~au$ Nmoc~bp p F`{nm ag ad lüo 5995 ag qg

lu{ãnqdo yqed`nlko ag dl uav`~{l ^nàgna |qa {àga you {ã{qdo8 [ma Flnqd{p of Dlgjqlja'

Ag ad lu{ãnqdo do~ lq{oua~ yuoyogag |qa dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ~a oujlg`xl

hauìu|q`nlcag{a$ a~ jagaul{`vl$ uanqu~`vl p vù{qldcag{a ~`g dãc`{a~' Lujqcag{lg |qa dl~

k`~nq~òga~ lnaunl ka dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha yqakag ka~luuoddlu~a you dl cahou

vau{àg{a nual{`vl ka dl nàgn`l ~` ~a k`~{`gjqag ko~ adacag{o~ |qa da klg foucl8 Ad

dagjqlha noco ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg go a~ do c`~co |qa$ ad ~`~{acl ka nþcyq{o

`d`c`{lko |qa mlna yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l kad dagjqlha' L ylu{ù ka a~{a yu`gn`yò ~a lfùcl

|qa dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha yo~aa qgl a~{uqn{qul |qa {àga ~q uayua~ag{ln`þg jagauld ag

dl Flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ag ~q ~ag{`ko lcydò -FDL)' À~{l `gndqpa {ua~ nocyogag{a~2 <'

Dl Flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ag ~q ~ag{`ko a~{u`n{o -FDA) |qa a~{ì uayua~ag{lko you ad

~`~{acl nocyq{lnògld `g{augo$ ad ~`~{acl |qa yuovaa ka dl nluln{auã~{`nl ka nualu qg

gøcauo `gf`g`{o ka oulnòga~ nog qg gøcauo f`g`{o ka adacag{o~$ p |qa a~ do

yuoy`lcag{a mqclgo$ 5' Ad ~`~{acl ~ag~oco{ou |qa a~ ad ~`~{acl fogodþj`no kad |qa

mledlg do~ d`gjô`~{l~ kad ~`jdo ]]$ luuèl n`{lko~ p >' Ad ~`~{acl nognay{qld#`g{agnògld

|qa ~a uafàua ld ~`~{acl ~acìg{`no'

Do~ lq{oua~ kahlg leàu{l dl yo~è`d`klk ka `gndqù o{uo nocyogag{a |qa ~a nag{ul

ag nld`f`nlu ka a~yanà a~yanãf`nl l dl FDA p ka qgl a}ly{ln`þg$ nluìn{au o fagþcago |qa

go a~ ad ua~qd{lko ka dl âdann`þg Gl{quld ~`go |qa ~a mauakl noco yuokqn{o~ ~anqgkluò

gana~luò noco uadavlg{a ag dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld -Joqdk lgk Dazog{`g <0:0)$ l

dl FDL ag nqlg{o l ~q fqgn`þg noco ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg' Dl FDA a~{ì cqp

yuþ}`cl l dl ~`g{l}`~ p jagaul dl~ uayua~ag{lnòga~ p clyl~ ylul do~ kacì~

nocyogag{a~ ka dl FDL' Ag ad lüo 5991 Y`gbau p Hlnbagkoff nu`{`nluog dl yuoyqa~{l$ ag

ylu{`nqdlu |qa ~þdo ad nocyogag{a nocyq{lnògld ~al a~yanãf`no p |qa ad dagjqlha go ~al

qgl lkly{ln`þg -Y`gbau lgk Hlnbagkoff 5991)'Ka dl k`~nq~`þg ka dl yuoyqa~{l ka Nmoc~bp p ~q~ nuã{`no~ a~ yo~èda lfùclu |qa

go a~{ì ag kqkl dl a}`~{agn`l ka qgl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha nog qgl el~a ka mauagn`l

eònqd{quld' Do |qa a~{ì ag nqa~{`þg a~ nþco a~ {ld flnqd{lk$ p |qà yuona~o og{ojàg`no

ka {ld flnqd{lk mlna yo~èda ad yuona~o ka lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql$ dl nocya{agn`l

d`gjôã~{`nl p nocqg`nl{`vl' L|qã leouko ad {acl ka~ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ yuona~o nag{uld

kad a~{qkò d`gjôã~{`no noco v`co~ l ylu{ù ka ^lq~~qua' Ydlg{ao dl m`yþ{a~`~ gana~lu`l

ka qgl flnqd{lk ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg `g{ajulkl ag dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ag ~q nocyogag{a~acìg{`no dà}`no p ka yuona~lcàg{o' ^qjàuo |qa dl mauagn`l {àga |qa vau nog ad g`nmo



60

p dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl |qa you addo lg{anakag l dl yua~ag{a a}yo~`n`þg noco ~a

yua~ag{lg ag dl f`jqul 5'6' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko agfl{`xo dl uadavlgn`l kad ka~luuoddo noco ad

aha a~{uqn{quld' Dl yu`caul ndlva ml ~`ko ad n`ndo ka v`kl |qa {àga noco f`g ad ka~luuoddo

ka dl yau~ogl |qa onquua ag ad g`nmo nog~{uq`ko$ ca{lfþu`nlcag{a ag ad vàg{ua

~onònqd{quld'

ôg ko~ do~ yuona~o~ coufojàg`no~ |qa mlnag yo~èda ad ka~luuoddo ka dl

nlyln`klk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu p l~ã kad ~`jg`f`nlko noco fagþcago oe~auvleda8 dl

coufoa~{l~`~ p dl coufok`gìc`nl' A~{o~ yuona~o~ coufojàg`no~ yuokqnag

cok`f`nlnòga~ ag dl flnqd{lk kad dagjqlha ~`g ua|qauù nlceò~ jagà{`no~$ p ~ã ag

ua~yqa~{l l dl og{ojag`l kag{uo ka qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko~' Do~ yuona~o~

coufojàg`no~ ~og yo{agn`ldcag{a ly{l{`vo~ kag{uo kad n`ndo ka v`kl$ do |qa ~a a}yd`nl ag

ad ~`jqàg{a nlyã{qdo' [lg{o dl coufoa~{l~`~ noco dl coufok`gìc`nl `gndqpag `gnuacag{o

ag dl nocydah`klk a~{uqn{quld p nomauagn`l fqgnògld -^ldlxlu N`qklk a{ ld' 599>)' Ad

g`nmo ~onònqd{quld$ ag a~yanãf`no ad g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no noco qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko~

uadlnòglko~ ag {lg{o qgl dagjql$ mlna yo~èda dl a~{uqn{quln`þg coufojàg`nl fqgnògld

ka dl cag{a `gflg{`d you fln{oua~ ay`jagà{`no~ |qa uayaunq{ag ag ~q nog~{uqnn`þg

nogkqn{qld p ~`ceþd`nl'



:9

F`jqul 5'6' Yuona~o a~|qacì{`no ka~ka do~ yuona~o~ avodq{`vo#og{ojàg`no~ ml~{l ad

~`jg`f`nlko'

Ag ~q cocag{o Ja~~add p Lcl{uqkl ~aüldluog l dl coufojàga~`~ noco qg clyl

nuogodþj`no kag{uo ka qg ~`~{acl ag nuan`càg{o |qa {àgka l dl oujlg`xln`þg ka dl

âdann`þg og{ojàg`nl

[aouãl kad

ka~luuoddo$

coufojàga~`~

ôn`ld`xln`þg Mìe`{o

Coufoa~{ì{`nl

ka dl flnqd{lk

ylul ~`jg`f`nlu

Flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu\qà$ You |qà$

Nþco2

~`jg`f`nlu

^`jg`f`nlu

noco

lnn`þg

Coufok`gìc`nl kad ~`jg`f`nlko Coufoa~{ì{`nl kad ~`jg`f`nlko

Nog~{uqnn`þg kad

g`nmo

^`jg`f`nlko

a~{leda

coufojàga~`~

Coufok`gìc`nl

ka dl flnqd{lk

ylul ~`jg`f`nlu



:<

nogkqn{l' Ag qg k`ljulcl uayua~ag{lg l do~ yuona~o~ coufojàg`no~ noco ua~qd{lko ka

ul~jo~ |qa ~a a~{uqn{qulg ag nocydaho~$ a~{o~ nocydaho~ yqakag ~au ul~jo~ |qa ag o{uo

g`vad fouclg l ~q vax nocydaho~' L~ã c`~co yqakag yauclganau dl{ag{a~ ml~{l |qa ~a

jagaua ad nocydaho kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l -Ja~~add p Lcl{uqkl <0:5)' A~{a manmo `cyd`nl

|qa ad nogon`càg{o lnqcqdlko p a}yau`cag{lko you ad `gk`v`kqo nogk`nògl ka foucl

`gav`{leda$ noco qg ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo$ do~ yuona~o~ gaquoglda~ uandq{lko~ ylul dl

`g{auyua{ln`þg ka dl~ ag{ulkl~ nog nluìn{au d`gjôã~{`no càg{ul~ ad `gflg{a ~a mlna qg

nualkou ka ~`jg`f`nlko -Eagã{ax 5990$ Nmlgkdau 599:)'

Dl coufojàga~`~ noco ly{ln`þg ~a ~q~{ag{l ag dl cokqdlu`klk ka dl nojg`n`þg'

A~ kanù$ ag ad nauaeuo ~a oujlg`xlg dl~ flnqd{lka~ ag xogl~ a~yanãf`nl~ p dl oujlg`xln`þg

nauaeuld ag cþkqdo~ yauc`{a ad afan{`vo fqgnòglcàg{o ka dl~ flnqd{lka~' Noco ~a ~lea

dl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua ~`~{acl~ a~ dl goucl ag ad ka~luuoddo' Ka~yqà~ kad a}{ag~o yauòko

ka ka~luuoddo mqclgo dl cokqdlu`klk ka do~ ~`~{acl~ acauja$ {ld a~ ad nl~o kad dagjqlha

p ka dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql' ôg ko~ do~ cþkqdo~ |qa `g{auvàgag ag ad yuona~o8 <'

Do~ cþkqdo~ ka nogon`càg{o |qa ~og ad nqauyo ka nogon`càg{o |qa a~ lq{þgoco a

`gkayagkàg{a ka o{uo~ nqauyo~ ka nogon`càg{o noco do a~ dl ~`g{l}`~$ 5' Do~ cþkqdo~

ka yuona~o |qa a~ qg ~`~{acl ka yuona~lcàg{o ka `gfoucln`þg$ noco$ you ahacydo$ ad

yuona~lcàg{o ~`g{ìn{`no -Nod{malu{ <000)' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko ~a ka~luuoddl ag ad ~au mqclgo

noco qgo ka ~q~ ~qe~`~{acl~ l do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl' A~{l nluln{auã~{`nl nqld`{l{`vl

go~ nluln{au`xl noco qg ~au eònqd{quld ag ad ka~luuoddo ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu$ ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg ka ~ã c`~co p ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg kad cqgko ag ad |qa v`va'

Dl uayua~ag{ln`þg juìf`nl kad dl f`jqul 5'6 go~ k`na |qa noco Moco ~`jg`f`nlg~

mauaklco~ eònqd{quldcag{a dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu p a~{l flnqd{lk ~a ~adannògl

kìgkoda foucl og{ojàg`nlcag{a' A~{a yuona~o ka ~adann`þg a~{ì `g{ajulko ag qg g`nmo

nog~{uq`ko ka ~`jgo~ kogka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg mlna yo~èda dl og{ojag`l `gflg{`d ka

uadlnòglu ~`jgo~ nog ~`jgo~ ag qg ~`~{acl |qa a~ dl dagjql lk|qù`kl' A~{a yuona~o a~yo~èda you dl coufojàga~`~$ yauo a~{l kaea yuovaau dl yo~è`d`klk ylul dl a}`~{agn`l ka

dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg |qa jagaul ~`jgo~ yauclgag{a~ ag dl v`kl you ad yuona~o ka coufoa~{l~`~

p {lce`àg dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg |qa yauc`{a vlu`lu do~ ~`jgo~ l do dlujo ka dl v`kl you ad

yuona~o ka coufok`gìc`nl' Dl coufojàga~`~ ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu nog~{luì ka

do~ ~`jg`f`nlko~ a~{leda~ p dl nlyln`klk ylul mlnau gqavo~ yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg l do

dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl'



:5

Ag a~{a nlyã{qdo yua~ag{a dl yuoyqa~{l eònqd{quld l ylu{ù ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl'

Ylul ~au nog~`~{ag{a nog ad fagþcago mqclgo ~a ua~ld{þ dl mauagn`l kad g`nmo l~ã noco

ad ylyad ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Lceo~ yuona~o~ av`kagn`lg dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl

og{ojag`l ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl p ag dl a}yd`nln`þg kad ka~luuoddo yau~ogld' Fqa

gana~luò a~{ledanau dl `cyou{lgn`l |qa ag ad ka~luuoddo yau~ogld {àga dl flnqd{lk ylul

q{`d`xlu ~`jgo~ p ag ylu{`nqdlu ylul ~`jg`f`nlu' A~{l flnqd{lk mqclgl ~a vò `g{ajulkl ag

dl yuoyqa~{l og{ojàg`nl p nog addo ma eq~nlko ~q nocyuag~`þg kag{uo ka dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl' Nog~`kauo l~ã |qa ~a mlg `g{ajulko do~ {ua~ l~yan{o~ ~aüldlko~ ylul ad

nlyã{qdo8 dl avodqn`þg$ dl og{ojag`l p dl nog~{`{qn`þg eònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo'

Ag ad ~`jqàg{a nlyã{qdo nog{`gøo nog dl a}yd`nln`þg kad yuona~o eònqd{quld |qa

ddavl l dl nog~{`{qn`þg ka dl yau~ogl' Noco ~a vauì ~a {ul{lg l~yan{o~ nog

ahacyd`f`nlnòga~ {lg{o konqcag{lda~ noco el~lkl~ ag c` yuoyò {ulelho a{gojuìf`no

nog `gkãjagl~ clpl~ kad cqg`n`yò ka Vlddlkod`k ag Pqnl{ìg' Ad nlyã{qdo a~{ì d`jlko a

`g{ajulko nog ad |qa lmoul {auc`go ag ad ~ag{`ko ka {ul{lu do~ aha~ avodq{`vo$ og{ojàg`no

p ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg'



:>

Nlyã{qdo >

âdann`þg og{ojàg`nl$ ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld

p ~`jg`f`nlko

@g{uokqnn`þg

Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -[ledl 5'5) {àga noco adacag{o ka{auc`glg{a kad yuona~o avodq{`vo

l dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~{a yuona~o avodq{`vo a~ ad |qa f`dojagà{`nlcag{a ca

yauc`{a mlnau uafauagn`l ld ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà' You do nqld ad

yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg yqaka `g{ajulu~a noco qg adacag{o yuoyò kad ka~luuoddo

og{ojàg`no ag qg g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no' [ul{luà nlkl qgl ka a~{l~ {acì{`nl~ ag a~{a nlyã{qdo'Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ qg yuona~o ~adan{`vo eònqd{quld$ noce`gl dl

~adann`þg nqd{quld noco fagþcago yuoyò ka nlkl juqyo nqd{quld p ~a agfonl ag ad

ka~luuoddo ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~' Yo{agn`ldcag{a ~a yqaka nog~`kaulu noco qgl ~adann`þg

nqd{quld |qa {àga dl yanqd`lu`klk ka agfonlu~a ag ad yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo nog

`gfdqagn`l ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad ~au eònqd{quld' [àga you addo qg nocyogag{a

avodq{`vo$ qgo og{ojàg`no p o{uo nqd{quld' ^þdo ag dl cak`kl ag dl nqld ~a a~{ledana dl

uadln`þg a `g{ajuln`þg nomauag{a$ fqgnògld p a~{uqn{quld ka a~{o~ adacag{o~ acauja ad~au eònqd{quld ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl'

A~{a {`yo ka ~adann`þg a~ yuoy`l kad juqyo nqd{quld p ~a clg`fà~{l ag do |qa ~a

nogona noco akqnln`þg o no~{qceua' A~ l|qã kogka ~a a~{ledana nþco ~a yau{agana ld

juqyo à{g`no' You a~{l ulxþg a~ `cyou{lg{a ag ~q yua~ag{ln`þg ag a~{l ~ann`þg uafauù ld

{ulelho nog qg juqyo à{g`no ylu{`nqdlu' C` a}yauàgn`l ka {ulelho a{gojuìf`no ca yauc`{a

mlnau uafauagn`l l do~ clpl~ kad Cqg`n`yò ka Vlddlkod`k ag Pqnl{ìg'

Do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~ ag ~q yu`caul `gflgn`l -ka~ka ad gln`càg{o ml~{l do~ {ua~

lüo~) ~og nq`klko~ p {ul{lko~ nog dl clpou l{agn`þg' Nqlgko do~ `gflg{a~ ddajlg l do~

nql{uo p ml~{l do~ ~a`~ o ~à{a lüo~ ~a a~yaul ka addo~ l{agn`þg$ ua~ya{o$ oeakàgn`l p |qa

nocàgnag l nocyou{lu~a noco clpl~' Do nqld |qàua kanù |qa do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~ mlg

lk|qù`ko ad {`yo ka ld`cag{ln`þg$ dl `g{aulnn`þg ~on`ld lyuoy`lkl$ yu`gn`yldcag{a ad q~o

ka dl dagjql clpl ag nl~l p you gana~`klk lyuagkau ad a~ylüod ag dl a~nqadl' Mln`l do~

onmo lüo~ dl~ clkua~ nogkqnag l do~ `gflg{a~ ag dl~ {lual~ yuoy`l~ ka ~q jàgauo ag{ua do~

clpl~' Dl nogkqnn`þg ka dl lnn`þg clpl a~ you cakò kad ahacydo p ~a a~yaul |qa dl~

ka~luuoddag l ylu{ù ka dl `c`{ln`þg' Qg nognay{o fqgklcag{ld a~8 ad eàg o do eqago'



:;

Nog a~{a nognay{o ~a ~`jg`f`nl do |qa a~ kaeau p ua~yog~le`d`klk noco oyo~`n`þg l do

cldo p |qa you addo ua~qd{l ka~yuan`leda' Do eqago nogkqna l qg ~`jg`f`nlko lgìdojo o

a|q`yluleda l do k`jgo kad ~au clpl' Nqlgko do~ `gflg{a~ ddajlg mln`l do~ <9 o <5 lüo~

kaeag nocyou{lu~a noco yau~ogl~ ua~yog~leda~' Yauo løg go ~a uanogonag noco

lkqd{o~$ yqa~ go a~{ìg nl~lko~' Addo yauc`{a |qa ~`jlg ~qha{o~ l dl~ þukaga~ ka ~q~

ylkua~'

Ylul addo~ dl foucln`þg ka do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~ noco yau~ogl~ a~ ua~qd{lko ka dl

no~{qceua' Go a~ qg yuona~o nocyda{lcag{a nog~nàg{a$ ~a yqaka yua~ag{lu noco dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad ~`jg`f`nlko ka ~au yau~ogl$ yauo a~ qg yuona~o ka u`{qld`klk no{`k`lgl

kogka ad mìe`{o$ dl {ulk`n`þg p dl cacou`l lgna~{uld {oclg dl foucl kad coko yua~ag{a

ka ~au'

Dl~ nog~{uqnnòga~ ka ~`jg`f`nlnòga~ ka{auc`glg qg yuona~o ka ~adann`þg ag ad

ka~luuoddo yo~èda ylul do~ `gflg{a~' â jagaul ad cqgko ka ~`jgo~ ag ad nqld onquua dl

og{ojag`l ka do~ `gflg{a~ noco yau~ogl~' Ag ad yuona~o ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl oyaul

dl a~{uqn{quln`þg nojg`{`vl ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ka ~au yau~ogl clpl'

Fqgn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl eònqd{quld

Ag ad ag{agk`ko ka |qa ~og dl~ yau~ogl~ dl~ |qa ~a ~adannòglg p dl~ |qa mlnag ld juqyo

~onònqd{quld$ ~qclko l |qa a~ ad juqyo ad |qa yqaka avodqnòglu$ ad ylul |qà ka

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~oeua dl~ yau~ogl~ a~{ì ag dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka dl a~yanà' Dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ka dl~ yau~ogl~ {àga noco f`gld`klk dl yau~`~{agn`l avodq{`vl kad

juqyo' A~{l ~odqn`þg go {àga |qa ~au yua~ag{lkl you ad juqyo nqd{quld l dl~ yau~ogl~$

kaea ~au ahaun`kl ag do~ manmo~ ylul |qa ~`jl a}`~{àgko' Afan{`vlcag{a a~{o ml onquu`ko

ag gqa~{ul a~yanà$ yqa~ ~a clg{àga noco mocãg`ko~ nog ~`c`dlua~ nluln{auã~{`nl~

~onònqd{qulda~$ ag jagauld$ ka~ka ld cago~ mlna <19 999 lüo~'

Ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl fqgnògl noco ad g`vad le~{uln{o |qa yua~ag{l qgla~{uqn{qul kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~5; ka ~au mqclgo' A~{a nognay{o$ you ahacydo$ ylul do~

5; Ag ad nlyã{qdo lg{auòu ~a a}yd`nþ do |qa ~a ag{àgka you ~`jgo$ nþco a~ l ylu{ù ka ~`jgo~ |qa

~a nog~{`{qpa l dl nqd{qul p ld ~au eònqd{quld' Ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ ~a nouua~yogka you addo nog ad~`~{acl ~onònqd{quld p dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka dl yau~ogl ag ad c`~co' Dl ~onàklk a~ qg ~`~{acl ka~`jgo~ nqpl a}`~{agn`l p fqgn`þg a~ dl nocqg`nln`þg' Dl nqd{qul {lce`àg a~ qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~|qa ylu{`nqdlu`xl ld juqyo ~on`ld' A}`~{ag cqnml~ ndl~`f`nlnòga~ ka ~`jgo~$ ylul ahacyd`f`nlun`{luà dl ka [mocl~ âeaob -<006) |qa no`gn`ka nog do a}yqa~{o ag a~{a {ulelho' Do~ {`yo~ ka~`jgo~ ~og8 <' ÂÜLD2 A~ qg ~`jgo |qa canìg`nlcag{a -gl{quldcag{a) o nogvagnògldcag{a

-lu{`f`n`ldcag{a) yuovonl qgl ualnn`þg ag ad uanay{ou' 5' ^ÃG[OCL2 A~ qg ~`jgo nocyqd~`vo$ lq{ocì{`no$go lue`{uluò$ noco ad kad ~`jg`f`nlg{a qg`ko ld ~`jg`f`nlko l dl clgaul ka qg agdlna gl{quld' >' ÃNOGO2â k`na |qa qg ~`jgo a~ `nþg`no nqlgko mlp qgl ~`c`d`{qk {oyodþj`nl ag{ua qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a p ~q kago{lko'



:1

clpl~ a~ dl foucl ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl f`do~þf`nl clpl |qa ua~yogka l ¿\qà a~ ~au

clpl?$ ¿\q`àg a~ clpl?$ ¿Nþco ~a a~ clpl?$ ¿Ylul |qà ~a a~ clpl? Afan{`vlcag{a

ua~yogka l dl yuajqg{l ¿\q`àg ~op po? You do {lg{o a~ qgl nognayn`þg ka ~au clpl ag ad

cqgko' A~{l a~{uqn{qul kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ a~ qgl v`vagn`l kad `gk`v`kqo ~þdo

càg{ul~ {àga a}`~{agn`l ag ~onàklk' Noco dl ~adann`þg onquua ~oeua dl~ yau~ogl~ ylul

dl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld$ a~{a nognay{o fqgnògl noco dl hq~{`f`nln`þg ylul

dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo noco qgl yuoyàklk kad c`~co' Ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl

noco ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ yau{agana ld juqyo ~onònqd{quld p ~a ka~luuoddl ag ad `gk`v`kqo

ka~ka ~q `gflgn`l' Dl yau{agagn`l ld juqyo ~qyoga dl lyd`nln`þg kad nognay{o ag ad

ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d clpl ylul dl nog{`gq`klk ka dl qg`klk ~onònqd{quld'

Ylul hq~{`f`nlu c` yuoyqa~{l ka |qa dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl {àga uayaunq~òga~

avodq{`vl~ p a~{ì uadlnòglko nog ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl ~aüldo dl~ ~`jqàg{a~

nluln{auã~{`nl~8

<' Dl og{ojag`l {àga vldou ~oeua dl f`dojag`l$ a~ kanù$ dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl mlna

yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld p dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ka dl avodqn`þg ka do~

juqyo~ à{g`no~$

5' Ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl |qa a}`~{a ag nlkl juqyo nqd{quld {àga uayaunq~òga~ ag dl

og{ojag`l p l~ã ~q vldou ~ajøg ad yqg{o qgo$

>' Dl dagjql noco ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg p ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg yo~aa qg vldou a~agn`ld

ylul dl og{ojag`l ka dl~ yau~ogl~ p dl a}`~{agn`l ka do~ juqyo~ ~onònqd{qulda~$ mlna

yo~èda ad lujqcag{o kad yqg{o ko~ p ~q~ nog~anqagn`l~ ~ajøg ad yqg{o qgo'

Dl uadln`þg ag{ua avodqn`þg$ og{ojag`l p ~`jg`f`nln`þg you ad yuona~o ka

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl go~ yauc`{a kanù |qa dl yau~ogl yo~aa qg vldou ly{l{`vo' Ad vldou

ly{l{`vo ka dl yau~ogl noco qg`klk avodq{`vl yuovaa ka qgl ~oeuav`vagn`l ld juqyo nog

ua~yan{o ka o{uo~ juqyo~' Yo~aau qgl `g{aju`klk noco juqyo ~onònqd{quld yauc`{a dl

nog{`gq`klk' Ad nognay{o o you do cago~ dl gon`þg ka ~au qg coko ka ag{a -~au qglyau~ogl ~ajøg ad juqyo nqd{quld) ka lnqauko l dl nocqg`þg kag{uo kad juqyo yauc`{a qgl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl yo~`{`vl ylul ad `gk`v`kqo$ ~a yuoy`n`l ~q a}`~{agn`l p qg eagaf`nò

avodq{`vo ylul dl nog{`gq`klk$ mlnàgko yo~èda dl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld' Dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl afan{`vlcag{a nog{`gøl noco qg fagþcago yuoyò ka nlkl juqyo'

Dl fqgnògld`klk a~{uqn{quld ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl$ noco qgl ~odqn`þg

;' ÃGK@NA2 â k`na |qa qg ~`jgo a~ `gka}`nld nqlgko ~q ~`jg`f`nlg{a a~ nog{`jqo l ~q ~`jg`f`nlko$ o a~

cqa~{ul ka àd' 1' ^ÃCEODO2 â ddlcl ~ãceodo l qg ~`jgo ~`g ~acahlgxl g` nog{`jô`klk$ ~`go ~odlcag{anog qg vãgnqdo nogvagnògld ag{ua ~q ~`jg`f`nlg{a p ~q kago{lko' 6' GOCEUA2 â ddlcl goceua l qg~`jgo |qa {àga qgl ndl~a a}{ag~ògld ylul ~au ka~`jglko o lyd`nlko -âeaob <006)'



:6

nocyuag~`vl ka dl a}`~{agn`l kad yuona~o$ mlna yo~èda ~q yau~`~{agn`l ag dl cak`kl ag

dl nqld yuovaa ka nog{`gq`klk ld juqyo ~onònqd{quld' Ag nogndq~`þg dl ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl a}`~{a you|qa juln`l~ l addl ~a ~adannòglg `gk`v`kqo~ ylul ~au dl~ yau~ogl~

|qa mlnag yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l kad juqyo à{g`no p ~q avodqn`þg'

Nlkl qgo ka do~ juqyo~ nqd{qulda~ yo~aa k`fauagn`l~ m`~{þu`nl~ |qa ~a clg`fà~{lg

ag dl ln{qld`klk nog ua~yan{o l qgl ~auà ka vlu`leda~ ag dl a~{uqn{quln`þg ka ~q ~`~{acl

ka ~`jgo~ ka dl yau~ogl' Ag{ua dl~ a~{ul{aj`l~ ka qg`klk noco juqyo dl~ k`~{`g{l~

nocqg`klka~ no`gn`kag ag nàu{o~ adacag{o~ ylul uanogonau$ {oko~ addo~ ag jagauld$ qgl

a~{uqn{qul kogka dl ~on`le`d`klk p dl dagjql ~og dl~ nodqcgl~ ka ~q ak`f`nò nognay{qld'

âdann`þg og{ojàg`nl8 ~on`ld`xln`þg$ lnqd{quln`þg$ agkonqd{quln`þg p

akqnln`þg

Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ ad nognay{o |qa ~a `gndqpa ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl p vàga l

~q~{`{qù p oujlg`xlu dl k`vau~`klk ka agfo|qa~ |qa ~a oe~auvlg ag nognay{o~ noco

~on`ld`xln`þg$ lnqd{quln`þg$ agkonqd{quln`þg$ akqnln`þg$ lkon{u`glcàg{o$ a{n'

Ad yuona~o ka ~on`ld`xln`þg `gndqpa l do |qa ~a nogona noco agnqd{quln`þg$ dl

lk|q`~`n`þg ka nog{uod p dl akqnln`þg o ag{uaglcàg{o ylul dl ylu{`n`yln`þg ~on`ld' Ag

a~yanãf`no dl agnqd{quln`þg nouua~yogka l dl {ulg~c`~`þg nqd{quld |qa mlna yo~èda dl

nog{`gq`klk kad juqyo à{g`no you cakò ka dl lk|q`~`n`þg$ dl `gnouyouln`þg a

`g{augld`xln`þg ka dl nqd{qul -ag dl agnqd{quln`þg ad `gflg{a a~ qg ag{a yl~`vo)' Ag dl

lk|q`~`n`þg ka nog{uod dl f`gld`klk a~ lk|qùù qg nog{uod kad `cyqd~o eòdþj`no ø{`d ylul

ad oukag ~on`ld' Dl ylu{`n`yln`þg kad `gk`v`kqo a~ {ld |qa go ~a ddajl l qg f`g ød{`co kad

nog{uod' You ød{`co$ dl akqnln`þg o ag{uaglcàg{o ~a ka~luuoddl you dl goucl ~on`ld p dl

ag~aülgxl ylul dl ylu{`n`yln`þg ~on`ld' â lyd`nl you dl flc`d`l p ad ag{ougo ~lgnòglgko

p a~{ledanàgko vldoua~ -Da V`ga <060$ Da V`ga <0::)'[oko~ a~{o~ yuona~o~ ~og

ahacydo~ ylu{`nqdlua~ p yau~yan{`vl~ kad yuona~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Ydlg{aluà ka

|qà clgaul a~{o~ nognay{o~ ~og uaacydlxleda~ you ad ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl o

`gndq`ko~ ag k`nmo nog~{uqn{o {aþu`no |qa go~ lpqklg l nocyuagkau p hq~{`f`nlu ~q

q{`d`xln`þg ag ad dagjqlha avodq{`vo'

—Dl ~on`ld`xln`þg a~ ad yuona~o jagauld you ad nqld ad `gk`v`kqo ~a nogvàu{a ag

càceuo ka qg juqyo ~on`ld8 qgl flc`d`l$ qgl nocqg`klk$ qgl {uèq' Lelunl ad

lyuagk`xlha ka ln{`{qka~ p nuaagn`l~$ no~{qceua~ p vldoua~$ a}yan{l{`vl~ p uoda~ kad

juqyo ~on`ld' A~ qg yuona~o yauclgag{a |qa go~ lpqkl l v`vù ka clgaul nþcokl…–



::

-Nul`j 599<8 <90$ {lce`àg Jo~d`g <060)' Ad yuona~o ka ~on`ld`xln`þg ln{øl l do dlujo ka

dl v`kl you dl a}yauàgn`l ~on`ld —you dl nqld do~ `gk`v`kqo~ ka~luuoddlg ~q yo{agn`ld

mqclgo p lyuagkag do~ yl{uoga~ ka ~q nqd{qul– -Clnòg`~ <0018<56$ {ulkqnn`þg kad

lq{ou)' Dl ~on`ld`xln`þg a~$ you do {lg{o$ ad yuona~o you ad nqld do~ `gk`v`kqo~ ~a

nogvàu{ag ag ln{oua~ ylu{`n`ylg{a~ ka ~q ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld' Dl vag{lhl kad nognay{o

~on`ld`xln`þg a~{ì ag yua~ag{lu dl `cyou{lgn`l ka dl ~onàklk ag ad ka~luuoddo `gk`v`kqld

p ad ylyad ka dl nqd{qul ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl' Ag dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ~a yua~ag{l dl

qg`klk ka dl lujqcag{ln`þg nog{ag`kl ag ad yuona~o p nognay{o ka ~on`ld`xln`þg$

lkacì~ `gndqpa do~ yuona~o~ og{ojàg`no#avodq{`vo~ |qa mlnag yo~èda ad yuona~o

{oclgko ag nqag{l {oko~ ~q~ nocyogag{a~'

Ad nognay{o lnqd{quln`þg Nul`j -599<) do q{`d`xl noco ~`gþg`co ka

~on`ld`xln`þg$ ~`g acelujo$ `cyd`nl qg g`vad k`~{`g{o a `g{aunqd{quld |qa ~` eàg$

~on`ld`xln`þg yo~èdacag{a `gndqpl l dl lnqd{quln`þg$ go ~og do c`~co -Jleuàdl

Nouoglko 59<<)' â uafàua ld ua~qd{lko ka qg yuona~o ag ad nqld qgl yau~ogl o qg juqyo

ka addl~ lk|qàuag qgl gqavl nqd{qul ld a~{lu do~ juqyo~ nqd{qulda~ ag nog{ln{o kùan{o

nog{`gqlko$ jagauldcag{a l a}yag~l~ ka dl nqd{qul yuoy`l p ka foucl `gvodqg{lu`l

-Bo{{lb <000)' Noco {ulg~c`~`þg nqd{quld ~a uanogona —ad yuona~o you ad nqld qgl

jagauln`þg yl~l ~q nqd{qul l dl ~`jqàg{a jagauln`þg– -Clnòg`~ <0018 60$ {ulkqnn`þg

kad lq{ou)' A~ qg nognay{o |qa ml ~`ko lcyd`lcag{a q{`d`xlko ag ad a~{qkò ka juqyo~

à{g`no~ kogka ad yuona~o ~a ka~luuoddl you dl {ulg~c`~`þg ould kad ~`~{acl ~a ~`jgo~' Ag

{lda~ juqyo~ do~ canlg`~co~ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl ~q~{`{qn`þg ka qgl nqd{qul you o{ul ~a

vag uafdahlko~ ag ad nognay{o lnqd{quln`þg a `gndqpag l {ulg~nqd{quln`þg' Ad nognay{o

ka lnqd{quln`þg yqaka `gndqù~a p ~q~{`{qù~a you ad ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ag ad cluno

ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Yqa~ ~a uafàua l do~ yuona~o~ ~on`lda~ ka nog~{uqnn`þg ka qg ~au

eònqd{quld l do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl'

Agkonqd{quln`þg o agnqd{quln`þg a~ ad yuona~o you ad nqld dl jagauln`þg cì~lg{`jql {ulg~c`{a ~q~ foucl~ ka yag~lu$ nogon`càg{o~$ no~{qceua~ p uajdl~ l dl

jagauln`þg cì~ hovag$ {oko~ lk|qù`co~ dl nqd{qul you a~{a yuona~o -Bo{{lb <000)' Do~

nognay{o~ a~{ìg l~on`lko~ nog ad nognay{o ka ~on`ld`xln`þg$ ~a nag{ulg ag ka~nuèù

nþco dl jagauln`þg ka cì~ aklk l~qca qg nog{uod ka yuacò p nl~{`jo ~oeua dl

nogkqn{l ka dl jagauln`þg cì~ hovag' A~ you do {lg{o qg coko ka ~on`ld`xln`þg

nluln{au`xlko you ad ahaun`nò kad yokau ka qgl jagauln`þg l dl ~`jqàg{a' Noco ylu{a kad

yuona~o ka ~on`ld`xln`þg pl ~a ml nocag{lko |qa a~ uaacydlxleda you ~adann`þgog{ojàg`nl'



:=

Akqnln`þg a~ ad fagþcago ag ad nqld —dl `g~{`{qn`þg ~on`ld jqãl dl {ulg~c`~`þg kad

nogon`càg{o „ gndq`ko~ manmo~ eì~`no~$ mle`d`klka~ ka {ulelho l~ã noco goucl~ p

vldoua~ coulda~# l ~q~ càceuo~– -Clnòg`~ <0018 1<;$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' Dl

akqnln`þg l~ã yua~ag{lkl a~ qgl ~qea~{uqn{qul ~on`ld |qa yauc`{a |qa ad juqyo {ulg~c`{l

l ~q~ `g{ajulg{a~ ad nogon`càg{o |qa nog~`kaul yau{`gag{a ylul dl v`kl ag ~onàklk' Dl

akqnln`þg a~ you do {lg{o ad fagþcago a}{augo ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Ylu{`n`yl ka

a~{l you ~au yuan`~lcag{a ad fln{ou ka ~adann`þg |qa jqãl dl og{ojag`l `gflg{`d ag dl

nog~{uqnn`þg ka ~q nogon`càg{o you dl~ uajdl~ ~on`lda~'

^` pl ma manmo ua~ld{lu do~ l~yan{o~ `g{augo~ ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl$ dl

akqnln`þg go~ yauc`{a nocyuagkau ad l~yan{o a}{augo ka dl c`~cl' Dl ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl av`kag{acag{a `gndqpa l do~ fln{oua~ ka ~adann`þg p go ~þdo do ~adannòglko'

Dl akqnln`þg a~ ad cahou ahacydo ka qg fln{ou ka ~adann`þg |qa ~a `cyu`ca

nog~`~{ag{acag{a noco ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' You ~au qg fagþcago ~on`ld$ ad nognay{o

ka akqnln`þg do ~q~{`{qpo you ad nognay{o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl kag{uo ka dl

yuoyqa~{l ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Lkacì~ ca yauc`{a `gndqù ad lyou{a kad nluìn{au

ka~nu`y{`vo ka do~ fln{oua~ |qa mlnag yo~èda l dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' Dl akqnln`þg a~

~þdo qgo ka do~ fagþcago~ `g{ajulko~ ag dl ~adann`þg ~oeua ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl'

F`gldcag{a ad lkon{u`glcàg{o —a~ qg noghqg{o ka cak`kl~ p yuln{`nl~

akqnl{`vl~ p ka yuoyljlgkl q~lkl~ you dl~ àd`{a~ ~on`lda~ koc`glg{a~ noco cakò ka

nog{uod ~on`ld– -Z`b`yak`l$ lkon{u`glcàg{o)' A~{a fagþcago a~ qgl foucl ylu{`nqdlu ka

akqnln`þg p you addo ~a `gndqpa ag dl lujqcag{ln`þg yuanakag{a'

You dl a}yo~`n`þg ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p do~ nognay{o~ |qa `gndqpa p ag ad

nl~o ka dl akqnln`þg |qa dl nog{a}{qld`xl$ ~qjàuo dl q{`d`xln`þg kad nog~{uqn{o {aþu`no

ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ylul ka~nuèù p nocyuagkau ad yuona~o |qa ddavl l qg `gflg{a

l nog~{`{qù~a noco qgl yau~ogl ka qg juqyo à{g`no'

Qgl vax yuoyqa~{o ad q~o ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl a~ yau{`gag{a nog~`kaulu adua~qd{lko ka dl c`~cl |qa a~ dl yau~ogl noco qgl ly{ln`þg'

Ad yuona~o ka ly{ln`þg p dl yau~ogl noco lkly{ln`þg

Dl lkly{ln`þg a~ qg yuona~o avodq{`vo |qa fqa yuoyqa~{o you Kluz`g' Ylul ~au cì~

yuan`~o~ ag ad nog~{uqn{o {aþu`no kad nognay{o lkly{ln`þg ~a ml k`v`k`ko ag vluò~

nognay{o~ |qa yuan`~lg dl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl |qa do~ mlna yo~èda~' Nog~`kauo

`cyua~n`gkèda ad q~o kad {àuc`go jagauld ly{ln`þg ylul uafauù l dl nlyln`klk ka do~



:0

oujlg`~co~ ka ua~yogkau ld lceàg{a ag ad nqld v`vag ka clgaul |qa yqaklg ~oeuav`vù

p kahlu ka~nagkagn`l k`fauagn`ld' Dl ly{ln`þg `gndqpa nql{uo {`yo~ ka ly{lnòga~

yo~èda~8 lkly{ln`þg$ a}ly{ln`þg$ fda}è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo p uaoukaglcàg{o -Joqdk &

Vuel <0=5$ Clpgluk ^c`{m <0:9$ F`jqul >'<)51'

Dl ly{ln`þg {àga {ua~ nocyogag{a~ nognay{qlda~ |qa ka~nuèag ad nog{ag`ko kad

yuona~o ly{l{`vo' ^` vaco~ dl F`jqul >'<$ ag do~ {ua~ nqlkuo~ l dl `x|qàukl dl~ fdanml~

~aüldlg dl ka{auc`gln`þg nlq~ld ka {okl ly{ln`þg' Ag{ua do~ {ua~ nocyogag{a~ nlq~lda~$

yu`cauo a~{ì dl fqgn`þg nog ~q uadln`þg l dl foucl p ld q~o$ ag ~ajqgko dqjlu a~{ì dl

m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl kad nluìn{au |qa `gndqpa l dl mauagn`l ~adannòglkl noco l dl mauagn`l

kad g`nmo p ag {aunau dqjlu {agaco~ l dl og{ojag`l ka dl nluln{auã~{`nl ly{l{`vl p ~q

oujlg`xln`þg noco ylu{a kad ~`~{acl v`vo -el~lko ag Klp a{ ld' 599>$ Joqdk lgk

Dazog{`g <0:0$ D`gka#Cak`gl 59<<$ ^lel{au Y` 5995$ Z`dd`lc~ <066)' A~{o mlna

yo~èda ~qjauù {`yo~ ylu{`nqdlua~ ka ly{ln`þg p ~q~ lyd`nlnòga~ l dl yau~ogl'

F`jqul >'<' Ly{ln`þg

Ma k`v`k`ko do~ yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~ ag ko~ julgka~ juqyo~' Ad yu`cauo ka addo~

`gndqpa l do~ yuona~o l dlujo ydlxo$ ag qgl a~nldl jaodþj`nl o f`dojag`l ka dl a~yanà' Ad~ajqgko juqyo ~og do~ |qa ~qnakag l qgl a~nldl {acyould kad n`ndo ka v`kl' Do~ yuoyò~

ka dl a~nldl jaodþj`nl ~og8 dl lkly{ln`þg |qa a~ qg nluìn{au o fagþcago yuokqn{o ka dl

âdann`þg Gl{quld p nqpl nluagn`l caucl dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka do~ oujlg`~co~ p dl

a}ly{ln`þg |qa a~ ad nluìn{au o fagþcago |qa go a~ ad ua~qd{lko ka dl âdann`þg

Gl{quld$ a~ qgl yuokqn{o ~anqgkluò ka dl ~adann`þg yo~`{`vl ~oeua ldjøg o{uo nluìn{au p

51

Go yuoyogkuà gqavo~ {àuc`go~ |qa do |qa ~qadag yuovonlu ag clpou nogfq~`þg |qa ndlu`klk$ q{`d`xo do~ka q~o fuanqag{a nog{a}{qld`xìgkodo~ ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' ^qco do~ yuoyqa~{o~ nog dl f`gld`klk ka`g{ajulu dl ka~nu`yn`þg cì~ nocyda{l yo~èda ka do~ c`~co~'

Ly{ln`þg

<' Lkly{ln`þg

5' A}ly{ln`þg

>' Fda}è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo#

lnd`cl{ln`þg#nog~{`{qn`þg

;' Uaoukaglcàg{o# vau~l{`d`klk

f`~òdþj`nl# {odaulgn`l

Fqgn`þg8 foucl p q~o

M`~{ou`l avodq{`vl8

yuona~o~ ~adan{`vo~ p

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo

Og{ojag`l ka ~q

oujlg`xln`þg



=9

~a mauakl noco qg ep#yuokqn{ $ yuokqn{o ~anqgkluò gana~luò$ yauo {àga qgl fqgn`þg

uadavlg{a ag dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld -Joqdk lgk Dazog{`g <0:0)' Qgl ly{ln`þg a~

vldò~l avodq{`vlcag{a ag dl cak`kl ag dl nqld ~`jg`f`nl dl yo{agn`ld ly{ln`þg ka dl

ka~nagkagn`l' Dl lkly{ln`þg `cyou{l ag do~ oujlg`~co~ ln{qlda~ you|qa ~q vldou ag dl

~oeuav`vagn`l ~`jg`f`nl dl nlyln`klk ag ~q ka~nagkagn`l ylul ~oeuav`vù'

Ag {àuc`go~ kad yuona~o avodq{`vo ^{aymag Joqdk p Ad`xlea{m Vuel nog~`kaulg

nocyda{lcag{a ka~nu`{l l dl ly{ln`þg nog dl lkly{ln`þg p dl a}ly{ln`þg' L nog{`gqln`þg

lcydão ad nognay{o ka ly{ln`þg ld co~{ulu do~ yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~ kad n`ndo ka v`kl'

[lg{o dl lkly{ln`þg noco dl a}ly{ln`þg ~og yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~ jagà{`nlcag{a

ka{auc`glko~ p a~{uqn{qulko~' Do~ ko~ ua~{lg{a~ ~a nog~`kaulg you ~q~ afan{o~ ly{l{`vo~

uadl{`vo~ l do~ afan{o~ ~adan{`vo~ ~oeua dl ay`jàga~`~$ dl fda}è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo$ dl

ydl~{`n`klk mqclgl$ dl nogkqn{l p ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~' You addo ~a yqakag l~on`lu nog ad

lyuagk`xlha$ dl cacou`l$ dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka mle`d`klka~$ ag{ua dl~ cì~ uadavlg{a~ ylul

gqa~{uo~ f`ga~ a}yd`nl{`vo~ -Jo{{a~clg lgk Mlg~og 5991)' You addo ~a yua~ag{lg noco

qgl yuoyqa~{l nognay{qld fqgklcag{ld ylul dl lg{uoyodojãl'

Ly{lnòga~ kad n`ndo ka v`kl @8 Fda}è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo#lnd`cl{ln`þg#nog~{`{qn`þg

You ad ka~luuoddo {aþu`no yuanakag{a do~ yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~ cì~ `cyou{lg{a~ ylul c`

lujqcag{ln`þg ~og l|qaddo~ nluln{auã~{`no~ kad ka~luuoddo' Ddlclko~ you Clpgluk ^c`{m

-<0:9) ka~luuoddl{`vlcag{a fda}èda~$ ~a l~on`lg lkacì~ nog do~ nognay{o~ ka

lnd`cl{ln`þg p nog~{`{qn`þg' Dl nog~{`{qn`þg a~ a}yd`nl{`vl kad {`yo ka ly{ln`þg$ {àga ad

f`g ka a~|qacl{`xlu qgl a~{uqn{qul ka dl yau~ogld`klk |qa ~a ka~luuoddl nog qgl el~a

mauak`{lu`l$ |qa {àga qgl yuak`~yo~`n`þg l~ã noco ul~jo~ gaq{uo~' Ka~yqà~ kad

gln`càg{o p ~oeua qg fogko nog~{`{q{`vo ka dl yau~ogld`klk ~a nog~{uqpag dl~

a}yauàgn`l~$ yo~`{`vl~ o gajl{`vl~$ |qa lpqklg ag dl a~{uqn{quln`þg ka dl~ yau~ogl~' Dl

nog~{`{qn`þg a~ dl lnn`þg noghqg{l ka dl~ a}yauàgn`l~ lnqcqdlkl~ p dl~ ln{`{qka~yau~oglda~ -Dacblq <01>)' Do fqgklcag{ld kad yuona~o a~ ad nlceò a~{uqn{quld l do

dlujo ka dl v`kl' A~ l~ã noco a}yoga ad yuona~o ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg `gflg{`d ~oeua ~q

~q~{ul{o ay`jagà{`no$ nogkqn{qld p ka ~`jgo~ |qa yauc`{ag ~au qgl yau~ogl' Dl nlyln`klk

ka mauaklu a~{l vlu`le`d`klk ~a kaea l dl lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p l dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo'

Ad {àuc`go lnd`cl{ln`þg ag anodojãl yauc`{a nocyuagkau you|qà ag lceàg{a~

k`~{`g{o~ qgl c`~cl a~yanà ka~luuoddl k`~{`g{l~ foucl~' Ad {àuc`go fqa q{`d`xlko youKluz`g -<=10) ag a~a ~ag{`ko' A~{ì kùan{lcag{a uadlnòglko nog dl og{ojag`l p do~



=<

nognay{o~ uadl{`vo~ ld ka~luuoddo' Pl |qa dl lnd`cl{ln`þg ~a uafàua l qg a~{lko

yauclgag{a ag dl nog~{`{qn`þg kad `gk`v`kqo$ ad {àuc`go a~ ~qclcag{a ø{`d ylul mledlu

ka dl~ {ulg~fouclnòga~ kau`vlkl~ ka dl nqd{qul ag dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql p kad

ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d noco qgl nog~{uqnn`þg' Ag ad nog{a}{o ka dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql$

dl lnd`cl{ln`þg a~ qgl clgaul ka uafauù l dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ ka lk|qùù qgl dagjql' â

yqaka nog~`kaulu noco dl cahou clgaul ka uafauù l dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql ag ad

cluno ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl kogka lnd`cl{ln`þg mlna uafauagn`l l qg nluìn{au ly{l{`vo'

L~ã c`~co `gndqpa do~ nlceò~ ag dl a~{uqn{qul you ad ka~luuoddo ag qg g`nmo nog~{uq`ko$

kogka do~ nlceò~ a~{uqn{qulda~ ~qujag noco ua~yqa~{l ld g`nmo nqd{quld a~{ledan`ko you

do~ yuakana~oua~'

Ly{lnòga~ kad n`ndo ka v`kl @@8 Uaoukaglcàg{o#vau~l{`d`klk f`~òdþj`nl#{odaulgn`l

You uaoukaglcàg{o56# p ddlclko you Clpgluk ^c`{m f`~òdþj`nlcag{a vau~ì{`da~

-Clpgluk <0:9) yokaco~ nocyuagkau dl nlyln`klk ka ~oyou{lu$ you yauòko~ ka {àcyo

|qa vlg ka~ka `g~{lg{a~ ml~{l lüo~$ fagþcago~ ka dl v`kl mqclgl no{`k`lgl p you addo

fqgklcag{lda~ ka dl v`kl yau~ogld' [lce`àg ~a `gndqpa dl {odaulgn`l l vlu`lnòga~ ag ad

ka~luuoddo you dl~ nqlda~ ~a yqaka ua~yogkau ag cocag{o~ ka {ulg~foucln`þg l do dlujo

ka dl v`kl' A~l {odaulgn`l jagaul nlceò~ nog yau~`~{agn`l vlu`leda |qa ~og yaunay{èda~

ag dl nogkqn{l ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~' Kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo ka dl dagjql mlp avag{o~ ka

lyuagk`xlha jq`lko |qa do~ `gflg{a~ uanèag$ à~{o~ yqakag yua~ag{lu~a ka foucl {acyould

o ka clgaul yauclgag{a' Dl dagjql a~nu`{l a~ qg ahacydo ka do~ yuona~o~ ly{l{`vo~

yauclgag{a~'

Ad ka~luuoddo nojg`{`vo p ag ylu{`nqdlu ad d`gjôã~{`no ~a ~`{ølg ag{ua dl~ ly{lnòga~

kad n`ndo ka v`kl k`v`k`kl~ ag{ua l|qaddl~ |qa ~aüldlg nþco ~a a~{uqn{qul dl cag{a

`gflg{`d$ ag ylu{`nqdlu nog uadln`þg l ~q dagjql p lk|q`~`n`þg' A~{ì yua~ag{a ag dl

nlyln`klk |qa cqa~{ul ad yo{agn`ld ylul ka~luuoddlu~a noco yau~ogl ka lnqauko l dllcyd`l vluàklk ka g`nmo~ à{g`no~' Ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo ka~ka dl yau~yan{`vl ka dl

ly{le`d`klk a~ nog~`~{ag{a you|qa —go~o{uo~ nog{`gqlco~ lyu agkàgko$

{ulg~foucìgkogo~ p lkly{ìgkogo~ l do dlujo ka gqa~{uo yauòko ka v`kl– -Jo{{a~clg

lgk Mlg~og 59918 <9'>)' Go el~{lg dl~ lkly{lnòga~ p a}ly{lnòga~ ylul gqa~{ul

~oeuav`vagn`l p kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo ~a lk|qàuag nluln{auã~{`nl~ ly{l{`vl~ lkanqlkl~ ld

g`nmo ag ad nqld ~a v`va' Dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ly{l{`vl~ kad n`ndo ka v`kl ~o~{àgag ad vldou

56A~{a nognay{o nouua~yogkag l do |qa Y`lja{ uafàua noco l~`c`dln`þg$ lnocokln`þg$ lkly{ln`þg p

a|q`dèuò -Dàx`ga <0=6)'



=>

a~{ì uadlnòglko nog dl nlyln`klk ka lk|qùù qg dà}`no p ~q ~`jg`f`nln`þg ylul {okl dl

v`kl'

âu qgl yau~ogl a~ qgl ly{ln`þg$ yo~aa qg nluìn{au lkly{l{`vo noco ~a kaf`g`þ

ag ad yìuulfo lg{auòu$ {lce`àg a~ ua~qd{lko ka a}ly{lnòga~ l do dlujo kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo' Ua~ld{lg ag nqlg{o l dl yau~ogl noco ~au eònqd{quld do~ l~yan{o~ ly{l{`vo~

ka dl fda}è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo$ a{ ld' l~ã noco dl vau~l{`d`klk f`~òdþj`nl a{ ld' you|qa

~aüldlg dl nlyln`klk mqclgl ka glnau noco qg ~au eòdþj`no k`~yqa~{o l qg ka~luuoddo

eònqd{quld ag qg g`nmo ~onònqd{quld'

Ad nognay{o ka ka~luuoddo p ad nl~o `gflg{`d

L do dlujo ka a~{a {ulelho ~a ml co~{ulko |qa ad yuona~o og{ojàg`no a~ fqgklcag{ld ag

dl nog~{`{qn`þg ka dl yau~ogl$ ka ~q nognay{o p you addo l ylu{ù ka kogka ~a yqaka

nocyuagkau ad yuona~o' Nog dl f`gld`klk ka yuoyogau qgl v`~`þg `g{ajuld ag do |qa ~a

ddlcl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo uav`~o ad nognay{o ka ka~luuoddo ka clgaul

|qa ~a yqakl a~{uqn{qulu ylul nocyuagkaudo ag dl og{ojag`l ka dl yau~ogl' Mledluà

lmoul ka dl og{ojag`l nocagxlgko you ndlu`f`nlu noco ~a q{`d`xlg do~ {àuc`go~ |qa ma

cagnòglko ag ad nlyã{qdo 5$ ~q uadln`þg nog dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo p ~q q~o ag qgl

{aouãl eònqd{quld'

Og{ojag`l$ n`ndo ka v`kl p ka~luuoddo ~a q{`d`xlg l do dlujo kad {ulelho nog dl~

ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ nognay{qlda~ |qa ag ua~qcag ~og2 dl og{ojag`l nouua~yogka ld

ka~luuoddo ka~ka dl fanqgkln`þg ml~{l ad a~{lko lkqd{o ka qg oujlg`~co$ ad n`ndo ka v`kl

{àga ad c`~co yqg{o `g`n`ld$ yauo ~a a}{àgka ml~{l dl cqau{a kad oujlg`~co$ ad

ka~luuoddo you ~q ylu{a nognàuga ld yuona~o$ l dl ~qna~`þg o yuojua~`þg ka do~ a~{lkò~

ka~ka dl fanqgkln`þg ml~{l dl cqau{a' @gndqpa you do {lg{o {oko l|qaddo |qa ~qnaka ylul

|qa qg oujlg`~co v`vl$ dl `cyou{lgn`l kad ag{ougo p dl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl'

Ag {àuc`go~ ka dl y~`nodojãl kad ka~luuoddo$ ad ka~luuoddo a~ kqulkauo$

cqd{`k`cag~ògld$ ~q~ k`cag~òga~ ~og do eòdþj`no$ do nojg`{`vo$ do ~onòaconògld$ do

m`~{þu`no p do avodq{`vo' Ad ka~luuoddo a~ cqd{`kùannògld$ ydì~{`no$ nog{a}{qld$ `gndqpa

ad nuan`càg{o$ ad clg{ag`càg{o p ~q uajqdln`þg' Ad ka~luuoddo ~a nog~{`{qpa noco ad

ua~qd{lko ka dl `g{aulnn`þg k`gìc`nl p yauclgag{a ag{ua dl eòdojãl p dl a}yauàgn`l ka

do~ `gk`v`kqo~ -Nul`j 599<$ Jo{{a~clg lgk Mlg~og 5991$ ^lg{uonb 5996)' â lnay{l

noco qg nlcyo ka a~{qkò kogka ylu{`n`ylg dl y~`nodojãl$ dl lg{uoyodojãl$ dl ~onòdojãl$

dl~ gaquonàgn`l~ p dl `gva~{`jln`þg càk`nl' ^` eàg a~{ì ndlulcag{a ouàg{lko mln`l ad



=;

`gk`v`kqo you c` ylu{a a~{ledaxno dl `cyou{lgn`l |qa {àga ad ag{ougo ag ad ka~luuoddo'

Nog~`kauo |qa ad cahou coko ka mledlu ka à~{a a~ mlnaudo ag nqlg{o ld ka~luuoddo ka dl

yau~ogl' Lnay{lu ld n`ndo ka v`kl noco ad nlcyo ka a~{qkò ka dl yau~ogl yauc`{a

`gndqù ad cluno nognay{qld kad ka~luuoddo `gk`v`kqld ag ad ka dl v`kl ~on`ld$ klko |qa dl

yau~ogl nouua~yogka l qg `gk`v`kqo$ l~ã noco {lce`àg l do~ l~yan{o~ |qa noco

`gfdqagn`l kad nog{a}{o ~onònqd{quld ~a oe~auvlg `g{ajulko~ ag ~q ka~luuoddo'

Nocyuagkau ad yuona~o yauc`{ùì ag{agkau l dl og{ojag`l p ld n`ndo ka v`kl'

Nocagxluà nog qgl yu`caul kad`c`{ln`þg ylul ad nognay{o ka ka~luuoddo' —Ad ka~luuoddo

a~ ad yl{uþg ka avodqn`þg o nlceò |qa nocàgxl ag dl nognayn`þg p nog{`gøl l {ulvà~

ka {oko ad nqu~o ka dl v`kl– -^lg{uonb 59968 1$ ~qeulplko kad lq{ou)' Do~ nognay{o~

~qeulplko~ ag nqu~`vl~ klg yà l dl nogfq~`þg' Ad nognay{o avodqn`þg nog~{`{qpa ylu{a ka

dl {aouãl eòdþj`nl ka lgna~{uãl#ka~nagkagn`l nog cok`f`nln`þg p ~q lyd`nln`þg go

nouua~yogka nog dl kaf`g`n`þg ka ka~luuoddo l|qã q{`d`xlkl -Xlvldl 59<9)' Yo~èdacag{a

kau`vl ka dl gon`þg ag dl nqld ad ka~luuoddo `gndqpa qgl yu`caul el~a eòdþj`nl p ~qada

nogfqgkù~a nog ad {àuc`go avodqn`þg qgl vax |qa ad ~`jg`f`nlko a{`codþj`no do~ qga ag

qg ~ag{`ko nocøg ka dl {ulg~`n`þg ka qg a~{lko l o{uo -A~noelu 599>)' Ad nognay{o

nlceò {lce`àg ~qjàua yuoedacl~ ka nocyuag~`þg kad yuona~o$ yauo ~a ad`c`glg do~

yuoedacl~ ld a~{lu ua~{u`gj`ko kag{uo ka do~ dãc`{a~ kad ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo' Ad nlceò

~`jg`f`nl qgl {ulg~foucln`þg kad ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo nog dl f`gld`klk ka ddajlu ld

a~{lko uayuokqn{`vo kad c`~co' Ad nognay{o ka nlceò go~ mlna yag~lu ag dl avodqn`þg$

yauo ~a k`~{`gjqa kad nlceò avodq{`vo ld ~au à~{a ød{`co oe~auvleda ag dl yoedln`þg

càg{ul~ |qa ad nlceò ag ad ka~luuoddo a~ oe~auvleda ~þdo ag dl og{ojag`l kad

`gk`v`kqo'

Ag dl kaf`g`n`þg ka Clmgau p Eqgja -5999)50 ad ka~luuoddo ~a `kag{`f`nl you ~au

qg yuona~o `g{augo |qa ~`jg`f`nl cok`f`nlnòga~ o nlceò~ nqld`{l{`vo~$ ~` go do~ `gndqpa

a~ ~þdo qgl a{lyl ka v`kl' ^` eàg ad lceàg{a yqaka ka{auc`glu nàu{l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~$

50 —Uayua~ag{a Y-e${ ) ad noghqg{o ka yuoyàklka~ jagàu`nl~ ka qg eò~`~{acl e ag ldjøg {àcyo { '

Lkacì~$ ddlcaco~ ~ ld a~{lko ka e ag ad {àcyo { p i~ l ~q a~{lko ag qg {àcyo { i$ kogka { i7{ 'Ag{ogna~ ad avag{o -o yuona~o) a~ qg avag{o -o yuona~o) -~$ ~i)ka ka~luuoddo ka e$ ~` p ~þdo ~ã

`) -~$ ~i) go a~ -kùan{lcag{a) jagaulko you ldjøg ljag{a o ljag{a~ lceàg{lda~ p``) Y-e$ { i) go a~ `jqld Y -e$ { )'– -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998 >9:)'

—Ad ka~luuoddo ka qg eò~`~{acl e a~ dl ~anqagn`l ka {oko~ do~ avag{o~ p yuona~o~ ka ka~luuoddoka e– -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998 >9=)' —Qg yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo ka qg eò~`~{acl e a~ qg yuona~o ka coufojàga~`~ ~` p ~þdo ~ã e

lk|qàua qgl gqavl foucl -a}{augl) o qgl gqavl a~{uqn{qul -`g{augl) l {ulvà~ ka dl foucln`þg kald cago~ qg gqavo ~qe~`~{acl$ qgo |qa go a}`~{ãl lg{a~ kad `g`nò kad yuona~o „ o l {ulvà~ ka dl yàuk`kl ka qgo a}`~{ag{a– -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998 >90)'



=1

go a~ qg fagþcago yuokqn`ko ag ~q {o{ld`klk you ad a}{auòu' Ad ka~luuoddo ~qnaka

càg{ul~ ad oujlg`~co yua~ag{a cok`f`nlnòga~ o yuona~o~ ag ldjqgo o ldjqgo~ ka ~q~

~qe~`~{acl~' Ad ka~luuoddo kayagka {lg{o ka fln{oua~ lceàg{lda~ noco ka dl

nocyo~`n`þg p a~{uqn{qul kad eò~`~{acl8 —[oko~ do~ yuona~o~ ka ka~luuoddo ~og

nog{uodlko~ o uajqdlko~ l {ulvà~ ka dl `g{aulnn`þg ~`~{àc`nl p dajld ka -do~ càceuo~ ka)

~q jagocl$ ~q nocyo~`n`þg a}{uljagþc`nl p ~q lceàg{a– -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998

>55)' You ~q ylu{a ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo a~ qg yuona~o |qa ~a yqaka nouua~yogkau nog ad

n`ndo ka v`kl$ ag {lg{o |qa l do dlujo ka {okl dl v`kl ~a yua~ag{lg cok`f`nlnòga~

nqld`{l{`vl~$ noco ad lyuagk`xlha ka dà}`no p dl~ a}yauàgn`l~' You do lyqg{lko$ ad

ka~luuoddo a~ qg yuona~o |qa ~a nluln{au`xl you onquuù ag qg `g{auvldo ka {àcyo ag dl

v`kl kad ~`~{acl eòdþj`no$ ~qyoga ad nlceò nqld`{l{`vo kad `gk`v`kqo nog qgl el~a

`g{augl kad ~`~{acl ag uadln`þg nog ad lceàg{a kogka ~a ka~luuoddl$ ag {aunau dqjlu {àga

qg oukag kaf`g`ko |qa ~a uanogona ag ad yl{uþg ka nlceò'

Ad ka~luuoddo ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl ka qgl yau~ogl a~ qg yuona~o k`gìc`no$ ~a

clg{àga qgl a~{uqn{qul ag {ulg~foucln`þg p ld c`~co {àcyo ~a yo~aa qgl vlu`le`d`klk

`g{uãg~anl$ qgl a~{uqn{qul a~{uqn{qulg{a noco ~`~{acl og{ojàg`no ly{l{`vo' Dl

`cyou{lgn`l a~{ì ag dl nog~{`{qn`þg yuoy`l p ag dl `gfdqagn`l nogvaujag{a ag ad ka~luuoddo

l do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl ka qgl yau~ogl' Dl nogfdqagn`l ka ~q `g{auòu$ ~q a}{auòu p

~q ka~luuoddo' ôdaco~ agfonlugo~ ag qg l~yan{o ka dl uald`klk ~ajcag{ìgkodl$ yauo

a~{l$ noco qg yuona~o go {àga nou{a~ p a~ qg nog{`gqo ka {ulg~foucln`þg' Nlkl ylu{a

ddavl ag ~ã c`~cl ad ua~{o p noco cagnògþ Lu`~{þ{ada~2 ad {oko a~ cì~ |qa dl ~qcl ka

dl ylu{a~'

Lmoul yua~ag{o do~ lujqcag{o~ |qa ~oeua ad ka~luuoddo ~a mlg ydlg{alko ag

nqlg{o l8 <' âu qg {oko ly{l{`vo -Zlddog) ag qg `g{auvldo ka {àcyo -Kadvld)$ 5' âu qgl

yuoyàklk `g{augl p ka clkquln`þg -Ja~add) ag dl nqld ~a uanogona ~q uadln`þg nog ad

g`nmo p dl~ cød{`yda~ vãl~ |qa {àgag -Jo{{dàe)$ p >' [agau qg yl{uþg'Nog ua~yan{o l dl a}`~{agn`l ag ad {àcyo kad ka~luuoddo Zlddog k`na8 —Ag ad

ka~luuoddo kad `gk`v`kqo dl fqgn`þg ~a uavadl nog ad nuan`càg{o kad þujlgo$ p ad þujlgo$

cqnml~ vana~$ yuanaka ag cqnmo l dl fqgn`þg– -Zlddog <0::8 >;)' Ag a~{l n`{l Zlddog

~a uafàua ld nocyou{lcàg{o noco qg þujlgo$ qgl vax |qa do~ nocyou{lcàg{o~ nog

vldou ly{l{`vo ~a nog~`kaul noco qgl a}{ag~`þg ka do~ þujlgo~ kad `gk`v`kqo -Douagx

<0:6$ [`geaujag <0:0)' Ad ka~luuoddo {àga ag do~ þujlgo~ coufodþj`no~$ f`~òdþj`no~ p

nogkqn{qlda~ dl ~aüld ka dl a}`~{agn`l ag ad {àcyo |qa ad yuona~o {àga p yqaka {agau'A~{l {acyould`klk `gndqpa qgl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl p qgl og{ojag`l ylul |qa dl fqgn`þg



=6

lyluaxnl' You addo ad ka~luuoddo a~{ì d`jlko nog dl avodqn`þg a `gfdqpa ag ad yuona~o

avodq{`vo'

Ad nognay{o ka ka~luuoddo ~a ml ydlg{alko ~au8 —ad yuona~o |qa a}yau`cag{l qg

oujlg`~co |qa nlce`l ag ad {àcyo ml~{l ldnlgxlu qg a~{lko ka a|q`dèuò– -Kadvld

59968 5<)' Ag a~{l lyuo}`cln`þg ld ka~luuoddo mqclgo$ ad yuona~o |qa a}yau`cag{l a~{ì

d`jlko l dl yau~ogl |qa nlce`l ml~{l ldnlgxlu qg a|q`dèuò' Ad yuona~o ka

{ulg~foucln`þg ~a ~qnaka ag dl yau~ogl$ yauo go ka clgaul `gkayagkàg{a l addl c`~cl$

~`go yuan`~lcag{a noco afan{o ka dl ln{`v`klk |qa dl yau~ogl {àga ag ~q yuoyò

ka~luuoddo' Dl f`gld`klk a~ ddajlu l qg a~{lko ka a|q`dèuò$ mlnau~a mqclgo -Jogxìdax

5999$ D`xìuuljl 599<$ Yàuax [lpdou 599<) mlnau~a ld coko ka dl nqd{qul ag dl |qa v`va'

Ld glnau ~og cqnmo~ do~ nlc`go~ -gqgnl `gf`g`{o~) you do~ |qa yqaka {ulg~`{lu ad

ka~luuoddo$ p a~ nlkl ~au mqclgo |qàg {àga |qa mlnau ad o do~ uanouu`ko~' Ad yuoyò

nlc`go ag ad ~ag{`ko yoà{`no ka Lg{ogò Clnmlko p vox ka Holg Clgqad âuul{ —~a mlna

nlc`go ld lgklu–' Ag {àuc`go~ eòdþj`no~ ~a nlgld`xl ~q ka~luuoddo -Zlkk`gj{og <069)

you qgl vãl |qa {àga qgl clunl eòdþj`nl p ag ad {ulg~nqu~o ~a mlna qg yuona~o ka

ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld'

Valco~ lmoul ad ka~luuoddo nluln{au`xlko you ~au qg yuona~o kag{uo kad

`gk`v`kqo$ ag ad |qa dqajo ~a uanogona dl `gfdqagn`l kad a}{auòu p |qa yo~aa cød{`yda~

vãl~ ka uald`xln`þg'

Dl mledlu kad ka~luuoddo Ja~add a{ ld' -<01=) do nocylulg ca{lfþu`nlcag{a nog

qgl ydlg{l cì~ |qa nog dl lun`ddl' Dl lun`ddl ~a yqaka codkalu ka~ka lfqaul$ ag nlceò

—qgl ydlg{l ~a codkal ka~ka kag{uo$ cak`lg{a dl~ fqauxl~ kad nuan`càg{o– -Ja~add a{ ld'

<01=8 >1)' Ka~ka ~q yau~yan{`vl8 —Ad `gflg{a a~ qg ~`~{acl ka lnn`þg ag nuan`càg{o–

-Ja~add <06;8 >:6)$ yauo ~`g d`c`{lugo~ l dl `gflgn`l$ ad nlceò {ulxlgko l ylu{ù ka a~{l

a{lyl ka dl v`kl go~ yauc`{a lnnakau l dl nocyuag~`þg kad ka~luuoddo' Ad nuan`càg{o ka

dl cag{a$ noco lqcag{o ag ad gøcauo ka adacag{o~ p yo{agn`ldcag{a ag ad {lclüo$ ~aa~{uqn{qul kqulg{a dl `gflgn`l d`jlkl l dl fqgnògld`klk nog do~ coko~ ka ~au' A~{o~

coko~ ka ~au a~{ìg a~{uqn{qulko~ p uadlnòglko~ you dapa~ -Ja~add a{ ld' <01=) |qa ~og

dl~ |qa clg{agkuìg dl k`gìc`nl kad ka~luuoddo ml~{l dl cqau{a' Dl~ dapa~ ag ad ~ag{`ko

eòdþj`no ~a fqgklcag{lg ag dl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl$ ua~qd{lg ka dl a}yua~`þg ka yuojulcl~

ay`jagà{`no~$ nogkqn{qlda~ p ~`ceþd`no~ ag `g{aulnn`þg nog dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ fã~`nl~ kad

`gk`v`kqo p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo |qa ~a ~qnakag ag ad nqu~o ka dl og{ojag`l

-Ehoubdqg lgk Yaddaju`g` 5999$ Nmlgjqa} 5991)'



=:

Ad ka~luuoddo {àga ag dl `gfoucln`þg jagà{`nl dl nlq~ld`klk kad ka~luuoddo$ ld

c`~co {àcyo ad ka~luuoddo {àga ag dl ay`jàga~`~ qg dqjlu cì~ ylul klu a~{uqn{qul l dl~

dapa~ kad ka~luuoddo' Dl ay`jàga~`~ ~a ag{àgka noco dl acaujagn`l ka gqavl~

a~{uqn{qul~ p fqgnòga~ kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo |qa nog~{`{qpa ad nog{uod ka dl a}yua~`þg

jàg`nl you ad cakò lceàg{a p do~ c`nuolceàg{a~ nog~{`{q`ko~ you ad aceu`þg

-Jo{{dàe n`{lko ag Ehoubdqg lgk Yaddaju`g` 5999$ Mldd n`{lko ag Jo{{dàe 599:)' Ad

ua~qd{lko kad ka~luuoddo ag qg g`nmo nog~{uq`ko you dl ay`jàga~`~ kau`vl ag qg ~au ly{o

ylul dl `g{aulnn`þg' Dl ay`jàga~`~ `gndqpa l {okl~ dl~ fqauxl |qa kù`jag dl a}yua~`þg

fago{ãy`nl -Jo{{a~clg lgk Mlg~og 5991)' Dl ay`jàga~`~ ~qyaul dl ca{ìfoul ka Ja~add

ylul nocyuagkau |qa do~ g`vada~ kad ka~luuoddo ~a mlddlg ãg{`clcag{a v`gnqdlko~ p ag

ua{uold`cag{ln`þg' Go ~þdo a~ qgl fqauxl ka nuan`càg{o `g{augl$ g` qg cokadlko you ad

lceàg{a$ ~`go |qa ~qyoga qgl nomauagn`l cq{ql ag{ua dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl$ dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo p dl~ ly{lnòga~ avodq{`vl~ |qa ad `gflg{a yo~aa ylul

ka~luuoddlu~a noco qgl yau~ogl' L~ã yokaco~ agnog{ulugo~ nog ad g`vad eì~`no ka dl

`gfoucln`þg p ln{`v`klk jagà{`nl$ v`gnqdlko nog dl ln{`v`klk gaquogld$ ka~ka a~{l nog dl

nogkqn{l p dl nogkqn{l nog ad lceàg{a fã~`no$ ~on`ld p nqd{quld' Yauo ld c`co {àcyo qg

vãgnqdo ag dl kùann`þg nog{ulu`l |qa clg{àga qgl `gfdqagn`l d`jlkl ld lceàg{a nog dl

nogkqn{l$ ka à~{l nog dl ln{`v`klk gaquogld p nog dl ln{`v`klk jagà{`nl'

A~{a fagþcago ~a ddlcl ay`jàga~`~ yuoele`dã~{`nl$ p go~ yauc`{a kahlu l qg dlko

dl gon`þg ~`cyda ka qgl v`~`þg d`gald kad yuona~o |qa vl ka dl ln{`v`klk jàg`nl l dl

a~{uqn{qul p l dl fqgn`þg$ ylul nocyuagkau dl e`kùannògld`klk kad yuona~o -Jo{{dàe

5995$ Jo{{dàe 599:)' Dl fqgn`þg {àga qgl uayaunq~`þg ag dl a~{uqn{qul$ a~{l ag dl

`gfoucln`þg mauakleda p you addo nog vldou avodq{`vo' A~ l~ã noco ag ad ka~luuoddo ka dl

yau~ogl onquua dl ua{uold`cag{ln`þg ag{ua do |qa uanèa ka~ka ~q lceàg{a p ~q yo{agn`ld

ylul ~au yau~ogl' A~{l yau~yan{`vl kad ka~luuoddo$ ~ajøg dl ay`jàga~`~ yuoele`dã~{`nl$ go~

yauc`{a oe~auvlu ad fagþcago noco dl uadln`þg `g{ajulkl kad `g{auòu p dl a}yauàgn`l'Ag ~q~ a~{qkò~ ~oeua ad ka~luuoddo ag <0:< Jo{{dàe yuoyq~o nld`f`nlu noco

kavadoycag{ clg`fodk -cqd{`yd`n`klk o cød{`yda~ vãl~ kad ka~luuoddo) l dl clgaul ag dl

nqld$ noco qg ka~luuoddo vlu`lko$ ~a `gndqpag {lg{o do eòdþj`no noco do nqd{quld' Ad

yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo go ~auãl ~þdo qgl vãl |qa avodq{`vlcag{a ~a clg{qvo noco dl

yo~èda$ ~`go ag uald`klk ad canlg`~co avodq{`vo {agkuãl afan{o ag dl og{ojag`l |qa a~

kogka ~a agnqag{ul `gndq`ko qg ka~luuoddo vlu`lko o k`vau~o noco yo~è`d`klk' â

nluln{au`xl ld ka~luuoddo noco dl nlyln`klk |qa yauc`{a a~{ledanau ad vãgnqdo pua~yogkau ld ag{ougo kogka ~a ka~luuoddl ad oujlg`~co -Jo{{dàe 5995)' You addo ma



==

a~{ledan`ko ko~ {`yo~ ka ly{ln`þg kqulg{a ad n`ndo ka v`kl -F`jqul >'<) |qa ~og

nog~`~{ag{a~ nog a~{a ydlg{alcàg{o'

Ad ka~luuoddo a~ you do {lg{o qg yuona~o cldaleda$ go a~ dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka qgl

a~{uqn{qul ~`g yo~è`d`klka~ ka ld{aulu~a$ a~ qgl a~{uqn{qul |qa clg{àga ~q

~`~{acl{`n`klk ag dl c`~cl yo~è`d`klk ka ld{aulnòga~ nog ad yo{agn`ld ylul `gndqù dl

a}yauàgn`l ka dl v`kl kad oujlg`~co' Dl yo~è`d`klk kad lyuagk`xlha ~on`ld yuonaka ka

a~{l cldale`d`klk yuoy`l kad ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no' Ad c`~co —~`~{acl gauvò~o nag{uld

go ~a ka~luuoddl nocyda{l p goucldcag{a ~`g dl goucld q{`d`klk ka dl a}yauàgn`l' L~ã dl

a}yauàgn`l ag a~a nl~o hqajl qg ylyad nog~{uqn{`vo ag ad ka~luuoddo kad ~`~{acl

gauvò~o p dl nogkqn{l a~yanà#a~yanãf`nl– -Jo{{dàe 59958 <50:$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)'

Dl clkquln`þg go ~a ~qnaka you qg ua|q`~`{o yuafouclko$ ag nlceò onquua you dl

`g{aulnn`þg ka do~ yuojulcl~ kad ka~luuoddo$ fqgnògld`xlko~ ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl p you dl

nog{`gq`klk kad yuona~o'

You ød{`co valco~ dl nluln{auã~{`nl kad ka~luuoddo noco qg yl{uþg' Ad yuona~o

kad ka~luuoddo go a~ ldal{ouò$ ld ~au qg yuona~o og{ojàg`no dl yo{agn`ld`klk kad yu`gn`yò

ddavl l dl a~{uqn{quln`þg ~`~{acì{`nl nog dl f`gld`klk ka ~oeuav`vù' Dl nog~`~{agn`l

a~{uqn{quld a~ avodq{`vlcag{a `cyou{lg{a you dl nlyln`klk ylul kahlu ka~nagkagn`l ly{l'

You addo kaea nog~`kaulu~a |qa yo~aa qg yl{uþg |qa mlna l nlkl ~au mqclgo

ka~luuoddlu~a noco ad ua~{o ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~$ a~a c`~co yl{uþg a~{ì leàu{o l |qa go~

ka~luuoddlco~ noco ldjqgo~ `gk`v`kqo~ p {lce`àg noco g`gjøg o{uo' You|qa {oko ~au

mqclgo ~a ka~luuoddl ka clgaul øg`nl ag ~q nog{a}{o nqd{quld -Nul`j 599<$ ^lg{uonb

5996)' Ad yl{uþg kad ka~luuoddo go~ ~`{øl ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl$ nog qg yu`gn`yò$ qgl ~auà

ka fl~a~ o a{lyl~ p qg f`g' L do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl do nluln{auã~{`no a~ dl

{ulg~foucln`þg$ dl cok`f`nln`þg$ dl {ulg~cq{ln`þg p dl k`gìc`nl `g{augl l dl ylu nog dl

a~{le`d`klk$ dl a~{uqn{qul$ dl d`gald`klk uadl{`vl p dl nog{`gq`klk' ^` eàg ad ka~luuoddo

nouua~yogka l a~{l k`gìc`nl `g{augl kad `gk`v`kqo$ ~q ka~agvodv`càg{o ~àcyua ~aagnqag{ul nog{a}{qld`xlko$ ~àcyua mlp qg a~nagluò ag ad nqld ~a kl ad nqu~o ka dl v`kl

|qa a~ ad |qa yo{agn`ld`xl$ uayu`ca$ uajqdl p ~o~{àga dl {ulg~foucln`þg kad `gk`v`kqo l

{ulvà~ ka ~q v`kl p ml~{l ~q cqau{a'

Ag ad ka~luuoddo a}`~{ag dãc`{a~$ do~ dãc`{a~ {ulxlg qg ~ag{`ko fqgklcag{ld kad

ka~luuoddo$ nogndqù ag qgl a~{uqn{qul fqgnògld$ qg ~au v`vo nlylx ka kahlu ka~nagkagn`l

~`c`dlu l àd -Joqdk 599;$ Clpgluk ^c`{m 5999)' Lg{a dl~ cqnml~ `gfdqagn`l~ go {okl~

{àgag ad c`~co afan{o ag ad ka~luuoddo p l do dlujo ka dl v`kl ~a ad`ja p ~a nog~{uqpa$nog~nàg{a o `gnog~nàg{acag{a$ dèua o d`c`{lko$ ad nlc`go kad n`ndo ka v`kl' Ad



=0

ka~luuoddo nouua~yogka l dl k`gìc`nl yauclgag{a ag{ua8 <' Dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld -D`

599>$ Xlvldl 5990)$ 5' Dl~ a}yauàgn`l~ mqclgl~ noco do~ yuona~o~ uadlnòglda~ |qa

nly{qulg ad `g{aunlceò ag{ua ad oujlg`~co p ad lceàg{a -Lgkau~og a{ ld' 5999) p >' Dl

vodqg{lk o ad a~fqauxo ka nuanau -Kadvld 5996) |qa a~ yo{agn`ldcag{a afan{`vo kqulg{a ad

ka~luuoddo' L do dlujo ka dl v`kl ad ka~luuoddo go yl~l you dl yau~ogl$ ~`go |qa ad

ka~luuoddo a~ ag dl yau~ogl p you addl c`~cl$ do |qa mlna f`gldcag{a |qa ~al uanogonèda

noco {ld you ~ã c`~co p you ~q ag{ougo'

Ylul a}yd`nlu ad {oko kad yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl a~ fln{èda mlnaudo

nog qgl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo o qgl yau~yan{`vl {aþu`nl |qa go~ yauc`{l `g{ajulu dl~

k`vau~l~ v`~òga~ kad ka~luuoddo -Nul`g 5999) ag qgl øg`nl p nomauag{a a}yd`nln`þg kad

yuona~o' L~ã$ nqlgko mledlco~ ka qgl ylu{a ag qg ~`~{acl {àga uafauagn`l ld ua~{o p l

~q `g{aulnn`þg |qa mlna yo~èda dl k`gìc`nl kad ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo'

Dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo lyd`nlkl l dl `gflgn`l

Do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ |qa noco go~o{uo~ a~{lco~ nog~{`{q`ko~ ka qg julg gøcauo ka nàdqdl~

~oco~ ad ua~qd{lko ka qgl nluln{auã~{`nl |qa a~ ad ka~luuoddo -Nluuodd 5991$ Zodyau{

5995)' Dl nomauag{a uadln`þg ag{ua ad ka~luuoddo p dl avodqn`þg ~a ddlcl avo#kavo -you ad

`gjdà~ Avodq{òglup kavadoycag{ld eòdojp$ Mldd 5999e$ Nluuodd 5991) p ag a~l

`gva~{`jln`þg ~a goceul noco lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' —Ad nluìn{au øg`no

ka nlkl yau~ogl ~a nog~{uqpa cak`lg{a qgl ~ãg{a~`~ ~`gjqdlu ka ~q mauagn`l jagà{`nl$ dl~

nogk`nòga~ ka ~q ka~luuoddo p ~q a}yauàgn`l yau~ogld ag ad cakò lceàg{a ~on`ld p

nqd{quld |qa da a~ yuoyò– -Nmlgjaq} 59918 5<0)' You do {lg{o ad ka~luuoddo ~qyoga

jagaulu vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa yqaka ~au ~qha{l ka ldjøg yuona~o ka ~adann`þg'

Lg{a~ ka yua~ag{lu dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo ~a kaea nocyuagkau ad yuona~o' Ad

yuona~o ag jagauld ~qyoga dl a}`~{agn`l ka `gfoucln`þg nog ~`jg`f`nlko ag ~q ylyad ka

`g~{uqnnòga~ ~anqagn`lda~ ylul ad ka~luuoddo' Ylul |qa yqakl ddajlu l ~q f`g ag ad

oujlg`~co$ dl~ `g{aulnnòga~ kad ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo vlg l nog~{`{qù cakò~ ka

~`jg`f`nlu p klu nog{`gq`klk ld yuona~o' L|qã ca uafàuo l dl cl{u`x facag`gl p ld

ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld |qa fouclg ylu{a kad ka~luuoddo -J`deau{ 5996$ Clpgluk ^c`{m lgk

^xl{mcìup <00:$ Zodyau{ 5995)' [oko addo a~ nomauag{acag{a a~{uqn{qulko ag ad

oujlg`~co ~` {oclco~ noco qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ l dl yau~ogl' Ad ka~luuoddo ka qg `gflg{a

noco yau~ogl go {àga ~þdo qg ou`jag nlq~ld ag ~q mauagn`l eòdþj`nl -jagà{`nl)$

{lce`àg ~a agnqag{ul p yu`gn`yldcag{a ag dl ay`jagà{`nl -Jo{{a~clg lgk Mlg~og 5991)$



09

|qa ua~qd{l ag dl ydl~{`n`klk kad fago{`yo a `gfdqpa ag ad c`~co yuona~o a~{uqn{quld kad

ka~luuoddo noco nlq~l' Dl yau~ogl noco {ld go a~ ~`go ad ua~qd{lko ka vluò~ ~`~{acl~

ka `g{aulnnòga~ |qa ~a `g{ajulg nomauag{acag{a'

Ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo ~a ka~nuèa you n`gno nluln{auã~{`nl~ eì~`nl~ |qa a~{ledanag

qgl uak ka uadlnòga~ a~{uqn{qulkl~ -el~lkl ag Maugìgkax p Nodcaglua~ 5995$

nogfùclkl ag Ulff <006) nqpl uald`xln`þg yuoyogjo ylul dl yau~ogl' [àgag noco

nlq~l yu`clu`l {ua~ adacag{o~ |qa fouclg qgl uak ka `g{aulnnòga~ |qa ua~qd{lg ag ad

yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo8 dl a~{`cqdln`þg ~ag~ou`ld$ dl ln{`v`klk mauak`{lu`l p dl~ `gfdqagn`l~

fã~`nl~ p lceàg{lda~' [oko addo onquua ag qg ~`~{acl {u`k`cag~ògld |qa ~a ~qnaka ag ad

{àcyo -Homg~{og lgk Akzluk~ 5995)' Dl~ agqcauo l nog{`gqln`þg ~`g yua~ag{lu nog

addo qg nluìn{au hauìu|q`no8

<' A|q`f`gld`klk p cqd{`f`gld`klk8 A}`~{a qg f`g ylul ad ka~luuoddo$ dl yau~ogl ag do~

~aua~ mqclgo~' Yqakag q{`d`xlu~a k`vau~o~ nlc`go~ ylul ad c`~co f`g p løg ag

nogk`nòga~ ~`c`dlua~ do~ ua~qd{lko~ f`glda~ go ~og `kàg{`no~' L~ã ad ka~luuoddo ka

do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~ ~qyoga qg f`g ~ajøg ~q nognay{o ka yau~ogl$ yauo do~ nlc`go~

go ~og do~ c`~co~$ kayagkag kad ag{ougo$ ka dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ kad `gflg{a p ~q

afan{`vl uald`xln`þg noco A{mo~ clpl' L~ã c`~co dl~ yau~ogl~ |qa ua~qd{lg go

`jqlda~ you no`gn`kù ag ~q nognay{o ka ~au yau~ogl~'

5' Lq{ouuajqdln`þg kad ka~luuoddo8 Ad ka~luuoddo `cyd`nl qg clyl nog uajdl~ ylul ad

c`~co p ylul ad f`g ka qgl fl~a' Dl uaoujlg`xln`þg a~ qg ua~qd{lko yo~èda nog

nog~anqagn`l~ ulk`nlda~$ a~ kanù ad nlceò a~ yo~èda' Dl lq{ouuajqdln`þg ua~qd{l

dþj`nl ag ad ~ag{`ko ka yo~aau qg nognay{o ka yau~ogl nqpl vld`kax nqd{quld {lce`àg

do a~ ylul ad ka~luuoddo ag ~ã c`~co' Dl~ nog~anqagn`l~ kad yuona~o ~og2 nog~{`{qù

yau~ogl~ {`yo ka dl nqd{qul clpl$ ad ka~luuoddo ka qgl yau~ogl clpl ~a lq{o#uajqdl l

do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl you do~ k`vau~o~ yuona~o~ nojg`{`vo~ p fln{oua~

~onònqd{qulda~'>' Nog{`gq`klk p a~{le`d`klk8 Ad ka~luuoddo `gndqpa dl nog{`gq`klk nog cok`f`nlnòga~

p dl a~{le`d`klk ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l$ a~ qg yuona~o øg`no ka nog{`gq`klk p nlceò

|qa nog{uèqpa ld ka~luuoddo ag `g{aulnn`þg' Ld ka~luuoddlu~a do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~

oe~auvlco~ dl a~{le`d`klk ka dl yau~ogld`klk `gflg{`d ag ad nog{a}{o kad ~`jg`f`nlko

ka dl yau~ogl clpl' Ld c`~co {àcyo dl~ cok`f`nlnòga~ ~a ~qnakag ag ~q clkquax

eònqd{quld noco yau~ogl'

;' Ydl~{`n`klk nocyou{lcag{ld8 ôeua qgl el~a og{ojàg`nl ~a ljuajlg nogkqn{l~ |qa~og yuokqn{o ka dl a}yauàgn`l$ a~{l~ gqavl~ nogkqn{l~ {lce`àg ~og ydì~{`nl~ p



0<

cok`f`nleda~' [lce`àg yauc`{a ad ka~luuoddo ka nogkqn{l~ |qa go ~a ka~luuoddluãlg

ag nogk`nòga~ gouclda~$ a~ you do {lg{o dl clg`fa~{ln`þg ka qg jago{`yo p

ay`jago{`yo ag dl~ nùnqg~{lgn`l~ ka dl yuoy`l v`kl |qa acauja noco fago{`yo

nocyou{lcag{ld' Dl qg`klk kad nocyou{lcàg{o noco ly{ln`þg d`jlkl ld nqauyo

-Douagx <0:6$ [`geaujag <0:0)' A~{l nluln{auã~{`nl nqld`f`nl dl~ ylu{`nqdlu`klka~ ka

nlkl juqyo nqd{quld noco yau~ogl' Lkacì~ ~qyoga ad yuona~o ag nog~{`{qn`þg ka

nlkl cocag{o ag ad ka~luuoddo'

1' Yauòko nuã{`no p ~ag~èda8 A}`~{a qg `g{auvldo ka {àcyo ag ad nqld ~a a~ cì~

~ag~èda ld afan{o ka dl~ a}yauàgn`l~$ a~{a `g{auvldo uafàua l qgl fl~a kad ka~luuoddo

nog qgl fqgnògld`klk yo~èdacag{a uadlnòglkl nog a{lyl~ ka cì}`cl

uaoujlg`xln`þg' Dl dagjql yo~aa {ld yauòko ka ~ag~è`d`klk' Ad ag{ougo nqd{quld

ka{auc`gl qg cocag{o ylul dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ka dl yau~ogl |qa oe~auvlco~ ag do~

u`{qlda~ noco ad ma{xcab -u`{qld clpl ka uanogon`càg{o ka do~ g`üo~ p g`ül~ noco

fq{quo~ cqhaua~ p moceua~ ka dl nocqg`klk)$ do~ |q`gna lüo~ p dl~ `g`n`lnòga~

facag`gl~ p cl~nqd`gl~ kad cl{u`cogò'

Dl k`gìc`nl d`gald ka a~{a yuona~o$ ag ad ~ag{`ko ka ù ka~ka qg yqg{o `g`n`ld l qgo f`gld$

~qnaka you dl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua ad jago{`yo$ dl og{ojàga~`~ fqgklkl ag qg yl`~lha

ay`jagà{`no nlgld`xlko ka dl a~yanà -Nmlgjaq} 5991$ Hledogbl lgk Dlce <00=$ 5991$Zlkk`gj{og <069)' Do~ `gk`v`kqo~ ld ka~luuoddlu~a ~og ljag{a~ ka ~q ka~luuoddo$ dl

~adann`þg ka qg nlc`go mlna |qa ad c`~co ~a fqgnògld`na p vld`ka ka lnqauko l dl~

nùnqg~{lgn`l~ ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Addo ~qyoga qgl lyau{qul nocyou{lcag{ld

|qa avldøl ad nocyou{lcàg{o l do dlujo kad ka~luuoddo -Maugìgkax p Nodcaglua~ 5995)'

Ad yuona~o ag do~ `gflg{a~ clpl~ yua~ag{l nql{uo fl~a~ nqld`{l{`vlcag{a k`~{`g{`vl~ |qa

~qjàuag ad nlceò og{ojàg`no8

<' Yu`cau a~{lkò o a~{lko `g`n`ld' A~ dl a{lyl kad uan`àg gln`ko uanogon`ko noco

yau~ogl$ fqgnògldcag{a a~ qgl yau~ogl ag dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ~on`ld$ yauo nog qg

g`vad ka `g{aulnn`þg ua~{u`gj`ko ld nog{ln{o nog dl clkua p do~ yluàg{a~

naunlgo~' Ad `gflg{a yo~aa qgl gon`þg ka yau~ogl noco ua~qd{lko ka ~q mauagn`l

avodq{`vl ka uanogon`càg{o ka juqyo>9'

5' âjqgko a~{lkò' â oe~auvl ag ad q~o ka dl k`no{ocãl ylul nogonau~a noco

yau~ogl ag oyo~`n`þg l dl go yau~ogl |qa a~ ad lg`cld' Dl gon`þg yu`clu`l

>9Qg a~{qkò uanàg{a lyopl a~{l m`yþ{a~`~$ Mauog#Kadlgap a{ ld ' 59<<$ do~ `gflg{a~ yo~aag dl nlyln`klk

ka uanogonau~a yuafauag{acag{a p uanogonau l ~aua~ mqclgo~ v~ o{uo~ ~aua~ v`vo~'



05

lk|qàua qg ~`jg`f`nlko nqd{quld eì~`no |qa a}`~{a ag dl dagjql clpl p

ka{auc`glg{a ka dl~ yo~{auòua~ cok`f`nlnòga~'

>' [aunau a~{lkò' A~ oe~auvleda you ad ka~luuoddo kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad ~`jg`f`nlko ka dl yau~ogl ka lnqauko ld ag{ougo nqd{quld p l ~q

dqjlu ag ad c`~co noco ag{a ~on`ld' A}`~{a ad q~o ka dl k`no{ocãl noco aha

lu{`nqdlu kad ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko p ~a nocydah`xl you dl `g{ajuln`þg ka cì~

nognay{o~ |qa da yauc`{ag a~{uqn{qulu qg nognay{o ka yau~ogl p ~`jg`f`nlu~a l ~q

vax ag k`nmo nognay{o noco clpl'

;' Nqlu{o a~{lkò' â oe~auvl ag ad q~o ka adacag{o~ -qgo o ko~) ylul lu{`nqdlu qg

nognay{o ka yau~ogl' A~ dl fl~a nluln{auã~{`nl ka do~ lkqd{o~ ag nqpo k`~nqu~o vlg

lu{`nqdlgko qg nognay{o ka yau~ogl clpl l ylu{ù ka adacag{o~ |qa nog~`kaulg

a~agn`lda~ ag dl a~{uqn{qul kad ~`jg`f`nlko ka yau~ogl clpl'

A~ cocag{o ka yua~ag{lu dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo kogka ~a `g{ajul ad yuona~o

eònqd{quld ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag dl og{ojag`l nog uayaunq~òga~ avodq{`vl~' Dl {aouãl

kad ka~luuoddo |qa vop l yua~ag{lu a}yd`nl qg yuona~o a~{uqn{qulko p a~{uqn{qulg{a$ you

do nqld a~ vìd`ko q{`d`xlu dl ca{ìfoul ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg -Jl~b`g~ 5999$ Ju`ff`{m~ 599<$

Clgkdau <005$ Cqüox#Pqg{l p Yldlq#Elkqadd 599;)' Ag foucl a~yanãf`nl ~a lyd`nl ld

~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ yqa~ nocyuagka ad ka~luuoddo noco dl a~{uqn{qul a~{uqn{qulg{a kadyokau ~`ceþd`no -Eoqukàq 5999)' A~ qg yuona~o nog qg nluìn{au jagaul{`vo -Nmoc~bp

<0:1)' Ad ou`jag kad yuona~o p ~q a~{uqn{qul ag dl yau~ogl go a~ ua~qd{lko kad lxlu$ ~`go

kad yuona~o og{ojàg`no#avodq{`vo' â yqaka ka~nuèù noco qg yuona~o `g~{uqn{`vo l dl

vax |qa ~adan{`vo -Hledogbl lgk Dlce <00=$ ^no{{ Uoeau{ a{ ld' 599<)' Ad ua~qd{lko ka

dl~ `g{aulnnòga~ nog ad lceàg{a yua~ag{l ag dl a~{uqn{qul qgl m`~{ou`l kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo |qa da ml klko foucl$ do nqld d`jl ld oujlg`~co nog qgl a}yd`nln`þg

f`dojagà{`nl ka ~q a}`~{agn`l -J`deau{ 5996$ Ju`ff`{m~ 599<$ Hledogbl lgk Dlce <00=$

Donba 5996$ Clpgluk ^c`{m lgk ^xl{mcìup <00:$ [lqeau 59<9$ Zodyau{ 5995)' Ag

foucl a~yan`ld dl g`üax ~qyoga qgl gqavl a{lyl kad ka~luuoddo |qa avodq{`vlcag{a ~a ml

uafqgnògld`xlko ylul mlnau kad `gflg{a qg lyuagk`x kad g`nmo nqd{quld -Eoj`g <009$

Joyg`b 59<9)' A~ qg yuona~o nãnd`no$ yauo d`gald ag ad nqld ~a kaea ua~ld{lu |qa yo~aa qg

yu`gn`yò adacag{ld2 dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad oujlg`~co nog ad vldou avodq{`vo kad juqyo

~onònqd{quld'

Dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo |qa yua~ag{l ~a ddlclkl2 {aouãl ka do~ ~`~{acl~ ag

ka~luuoddo -Oplcl 5999$ Ju`ff`{m~ 599<$ Ju`ff`{m~ lgk Julp 5991$ C`kjdap lgk Couu`~



0>

<005$ ^no{{ Uoeau{ a{ ld' 599<)$ {lce`àg uanogon`kl noco nog~{uqnnòg`~co kad

ka~luuoddo' A~ à~{l dl cì~ lvlgxlkl yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl ylul nocyuagkau p a}yd`nlu ad

ka~luuoddo -Clmgau p Eqgja 5999)$ ag ad ~ag{`ko ka |qa a~ nog~`kaulkl qgl {aouãl |qa

yqaka yuakanù p ~au yuoelkl nog ua~yan{o ka o{ul~ {aouãl~ kad ka~luuoddo' Ylul ldjqgo~

~þdo a~ qgl yau~yan{`vl {aþu`nl jagauld ~oeua ad ka~luuoddo$ dl mauagn`l p dl avodqn`þg'

Løg nqlgko go ~a {agjl qgl {aouãl f`gld a~ fqgnògldcag{a ø{`d ylul nogkqnù dl

`gva~{`jln`þg nàg{ãf`nl' Nog~`kauo |qa a~ dl cahou lyuo}`cln`þg {aþu`nl ylul

nocyuagkau ad ka~luuoddo -Fo} Baddau 5991$ Clmgau p Eqgja 5999)'

Dl {aouãl ka do~ ~`~{acl~ ag ka~luuoddo ~quja ag dl y~`nodojãl kad ka~luuoddo nog

qgl el~a ~`~{àc`nl -Eqgja <001)' ^qyoga |qa do~ fago{`yo~ >< ~a nog~{uqpag ag nlkl

jagauln`þg you dl `g{aulnn`þg kad oujlg`~co nog ad lceàg{a' Ad nog{uod kad ka~luuoddo a~

ag cød{`yda~ g`vada~' â yuoyoga mledlu ka oujlg`~co ag ka~luuoddo$ |qa —nocyuagka go

~þdo jagocl~ nog a~{uqn{qul p yuona~o~ nadqdlua~$ ~`go {lce`àg uadlnòga~ `g{ul a `g{au#

oujlgã~c`nl~$ `gndqpagko uadlnòga~ nog càceuo~ ka o{ul~ a~yanà$ l~ã noco

`g{aulnnòga~ nog ad ag{ougo `glg`clko -Oplcl$ <0=18 <5>)– -Clmgau p Eqgja 59998

>>:)' Ag gqa~{uo nl~o dl yau~ogl$ noco ag{`klk kad yuona~o -Clmgau p Eqgja 5999)' Dl

el~a og{odþj`nl ka dl {aouãl ~a yqaka foucqdlu nog fqgklcag{o ag dl nuã{`nl ka Clmgau p

Eqgja - @eãkac8 >>0)' Dl ag{`klk nag{uld a~ ad n`ndo ka v`kl$ noco ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl'

Ad n`ndo ka v`kl ka dl yau~ogl nocyuagka do~ avag{o~ kad ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld

nluln{auã~{`no~ ka dl qg`klk kad d`glha Moco$ kad nqld acaujag ul~jo~ nqld`{l{`vlcag{a

gqavo~ p yuoyò~ ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ noco yau~ogl~'

Dl yuoyqa~{l ka Oplcl ag dl `g{auyua{ln`þg ka Ju`ff`{m~ p Julp kahl ka dlko dl

gon`þg ka ly{`{qk p ~qyoga |qa dl qg`klk avodq{`vl a~ dl uayd`nln`þg ka yuona~o~ kad

ka~luuoddo -Clmgau p Eqgja 5999)' Nog~`kauo |qa dl {aouãl a~ nocyda{lcag{a

nog~`~{ag{a ~`g l~qcù a~{l~ ko~ ylu{`nqdlua~ `g{auyua{lnòga~' â nog~`kaul$ noco ~a ml

><Ad fagocl {o{ld ka qg oujlg`~co yqaka kaf`gù~a noco ad noghqg{o ka {oko~ ~q~ ul~jo~ -`gk`v`kqlda~)$ pl~al l g`vad oujìg`no o codanqdlu R…S$ ad fago{`yo ka qg oujlg`~co a~ dl nodann`þg ka {okl~ dl~ ndl~a~ kaul~jo~ -o {`yo~)$ go `cyou{l noco ~a nog~{uqplg$ `gndqpagko {lce`àg yuoyàklka~ a~{uqn{qulda~ {lda~noco dl yo~`n`þg uadl{`vl ka ~q~ vluò~ ~qe~`~{acl~' Ld uafauù~a l {`yo~ ka ul~jo~$ k`~{`gjq`co~ a~{anognay{o eì~`no ka fago{`yo cak`lg{a ad ~qeãgk`na [$ p do kagoc`glco~ fago{`yo[– -Clmgau p Eqgja

59998 >5=)'—Càg{ul~ ad fago{`yo[ a~ qgl nodann`þg$ R…S nqld|qàu uafauag{a ka fago{`yoO a~ qg oeha{o nognua{o pcl{au`ld R…S a~ qg oujlg`~co nluln{au`xlko you ldjøg fago{`yo[ o you ldjqgl yuoyàklk fago{`y`nl[ 'Nqlgko ldjqgo~ e`þdojo~ k`nag$ you ahacydo$ |qa —dl ~adann`þg ln{øl ~oeua ad fago{`yo–$ ~þdo yqakag a~{lu

uafù`àgko~a ld fago{`yoO$ pl |qa ~þdo do~ oeha{o~ cl{au`lda~ yqakag `g{auln{qlu– -C lmgau p Eqgja 59998>50)'



0;

k`nmo$ ld n`ndo ka v`kl noco qg`klk avodq{`vl p l dl yau~ogl noco dl qg`klk ka

~adann`þg$ ~àgko ag dl~ yau~ogl~ kogka ~qnakag do~ fagþcago~ kad ka~luuoddo'

Dl yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl ka do~ ~`~{acl~ ag ka~luuoddo ~a a}yoga nog el~a ag qgl

~auà ka nluln{auã~{`nl~ a}yd`nl{`vl~ kad yuona~o og{ojàg`no8

<' Nog{a}{qld`~co' Ua~qd{l ka dl qg`þg ka{auc`glg{a ka cød{`yda~ nlq~l~'

5' Lg{`#yuafouclnòg`~co' A}`~{a qg ydlg ka ka~luuoddo$ yauo oyaul ag dl

`g{aulnn`þg kqulg{a ad yuona~o'

>' Nog{`gjagn`l p nog{a}{qld`xln`þg ka do~ n`ndo~ v`{lda~' A~ ~ag~èda ld

nog{a}{o p l dl~ nog{`gjagn`l~'

;' Nlq~l~ nocydahl~ ylul dl og{ojag`l' Ad a~{lko `g`n`ld a~ nlq~ld$ mlp qg f`g

ød{`co p go ~a nogonag {oko~ do~ fln{oua~ |qa yqaklg a~{lu `cyd`nlko~'

1' Vluàklk nlq~ld ka~ka ad g`vad hauìu|q`no ka do~ jaga~ ml~{l ad ka dl

~onàklk'

6' Mauagn`l a}{agk`kl' Mauagn`l noco uayuokqnn`þg ka do~ uanqu~o~ kad

ka~luuoddo$ |qa `gndqpa mauagn`l ay`jagà{`nl p nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Do~

adacag{o~ kad jagocl$ noco ~`~{acl ka `g~{uqnnòga~$ ~og ylu{a kad ~`~{acl

ka ka~luuoddo'

:' Ad ka~luuoddo noco qgl nog~{uqnn`þg$ do~ nluln{aua~ ~og manmo~ p

uanog~{uq`ko~ kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo' Qg ~`~{acl ka ka~luuoddo a~ qgl

a~{uqn{qul cok`f`nleda ka `gfdqagn`l~ `g{auln{qlg{a~ p ag{`klka~ jagaul{`vl~'

=' Ad nog{uod kad ka~luuoddo ~a k`~{uèqpa ag{ua do~ k`fauag{a~ p k`vau~o~

adacag{o~ `g{auln{qlg{a~'

0' Avodqn`þg noco nlceò ag dl nocyo~`n`þg ka do~ ~`~{acl~ ka ka~luuoddo p

noco nog~{uqnn`þg' Dl qg`klk avodq{`vl a~ ad ~`~{acl ka ka~luuoddo p l|qã a~

dl yau~ogl ag dl ~onàklk' Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ylul ad yuona~o

avodq{`vo ~a {ulkqna ag uanqu~o~ o `g{aulnnòga~ ylul ad ka~luuoddo kad~`~{acl' Dl ~adann`þg a~ oe~auvleda noco dl uayuokqnn`þg k`fauagn`ld$ ~a kl

nqag{l ka ~q a}`~{agn`l nqlgko ~a oe~auvlg ko~ jagaulnòga~ p dl~

k`fauagn`l~ ag uayuokqnn`þg ag{ua qgl jagauln`þg p dl ~`jqàg{a'

<9' â yqakag jagaulu ma{auonuogãl~$ a~ kanù$ cok`f`nlnòga~ ag ad {àcyo ka

ka~luuoddo ka a~{uqn{qul~ o yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo |qa yqaklg

uafqgnògld`xluna' A~ ad yuona~o ka no#oyn`þg ylul gqavl~ fqgnòga~ kqulg{a

ad ka~luuoddo o a}ly{lnòga~ ylul dl k`vau~`f`nln`þg p a~yan`ld`xln`þg ka dl~a~{uqn{qul~ lkqd{l~ -Eoj`g <009$ Joqdk lgk Dazog{`g <0:0$ Mldd 5999e)'



01

Lg{a~ ka klu you {auc`glkl dl yua~ag{ln`þg a}yd`nl{`vl ka dl {aouãl kad ka~luuoddo

~a kaea lyqg{lu qg adacag{o fqgklcag{ld$ uanogonau |qa ad ka~luuoddo kad ~au mqclgo$

ag ylu{`nqdlu ka dl yau~ogl p do oe~auvlko l|qã ag do~ `gflg{a~ a~ qg yuona~o eònqd{quld'

Ad ka~luuoddo noco qg yuona~o eònqd{quld

Ag {oko ad dèuo kafàgko |qa ad n`ndo ka v`kl ag do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~ a~ qg ka~luuoddo

eònqd{quld' Dl `kal ka do eònqd{quld go a~ qgl yuoyqa~{l uanàg{a$ dl n`{l cì~ lg{`jql ~a

uacog{l <::: nqlgko [a{ag~ lfùclel |qa dl ydl~{`n`klk mqclgl aul ad ua~qd{lko ka

nþco ag dl og{ojag`l ~a uajqdl ad ka~luuoddo `gk`v`kqld you dl nqd{qul p ad lceàg{a'

Mln`l <=:< Jaouja H' C`vlu{ yua~ag{þ qgl lujqcag{ln`þg you dl nqld dl ~adann`þg

gl{quld ~a a~{ledana noco nlq~ld ka do~ nlceò~ lkly{l{`vo~ kad nocyou{lcàg{omqclgo -D` 599>)' A~ dl ~ayluln`þg ag{ua gl{quld p lyuagk`ko do |qa a~ nog~{uq`ko

m`~{þu`nlcag{a' Ad lq{ou ka a~{l ~ayluln`þg fqa ^ù Fulgn`~ Jld{og |qàg do yuoyq~o ag

<=:;' Ad vldou ka dl yuoyqa~{l ka Jld{og fqa yono l yono a~{ledan`àgko~a ml~{l

uanogonau~a noco vld`kl mln`l <059 you ylu{a ka ko~ hþvaga~ k`~n`yd`gl~ ag do~ A~{lko~

Qg`ko~ ka Lcàu`nl2 dl y~`nodojãl p dl eòdojãl -Dojlg lgk Homg~{og 599:$ C`kjdap lgk

Couu`~ <005)'

Pl ag <=0; Eldkz`g mleãl nocagxlko qg dlujo uanouu`ko ka yuoyqa~{l~ |qa

eq~nluog v`gnqdlu dl nojg`n`þg$ ad ka~luuoddo p dl avodqn`þg' Yuoyq~o nognay{o~ noco

~adann`þg oujìg`nl -|qa ka~yqà~ ~a ml nogon`ko noco Afan{o Eldkz`g p yqaka

nouua~yogkau~a nog dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl l|qã q{`d`xlkl)$ lkly{ln`þg og{ojàg`nl$ a{n'

-Dojlg lgk Homg~{og 599:)' Nog do nqld ~a mlna yl{ag{a |qa dl k`~{`gn`þg ag{ua

gl{quldaxl v~ nqd{qul a~ qgl nog~{uqnn`þg —lu{`f`n`ld– ~ajøg yldleul~ ka Eldkz`g -Dojlg

lgk Homg~{og 599:8 :65)' Yokaco~ l~ajqulu |qa dl k`~{`gn`þg a~ ka q{`d`klk k`kìn{`nl$ a~

yuljcì{`nl ylul dl `gva~{`jln`þg nàg{ãf`nl$ yauo a~ `ggana~lu`l ylul nocyuagkau do~

yuona~o~ ka~ka qgl yau~yan{`vl `g{ajuld' Ag ad yuþdojo l ad dèuo Ad ylulk`jcl

yauk`ko… Cou`g nocag{l |qa ag{ua <0;= p <019 mleãl ydlg{alko dl gana~`klk kad

vãgnqdo ag{ua do eòdþj`no p do nqd{quld' Ad {ulelho kae`þ a~yaulu qgl clpou clkquax

ml~{l <0:; ag |qa ad dèuo n`{lko fqa yqed`nlko' Qgl eqagl ylu{a ka dl~ uafauagn`l~ ag

lg{uoyodojãl ~a uac`{ag ld {ulelho ka Cou`g -<0:;) noco ~ac`gld ka dl qg`klk

eònqd{quld' Noco v`co~ dl `kal a~ cqnmo lg{auòu'

Mln`l cak`lko~ kad ~`jdo ]]$ nog ad a~{ledan`càg{o ka dl {aouãl ~`g{à{`nl ka dl

avodqn`þg ~a yuocov`þ dl ~ayluln`þg ag{ua gl{quldaxl p nqd{qul l~ã noco ~a `jgouþ dl



06

uadln`þg ag{ua dl og{ojag`l p dl f`dojag`l -Dojlg lgk Homg~{og 599:)' Ag nlceò ag dl

`gva~{`jln`þg ~oeua ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d ~a uanogon`þ do yuòu`{luò ka dl `g{aulnn`þg

eòdojãl#nqd{qul ylul kaf`gù ad ka~luuoddo' You ahacydo l cak`lko~ kad ~`jdo ]]

Nluc`nmlad do kafagk`þ noco nog{`gq`klk kad {ulelho ka~luuoddlko you ~q cla~{uo Bqo

ka~ka do~ <059~ -Nluc`nmlad <01:$ Dojlg lgk Homg~{og 599:)' Ag <060 Lda}lgkau

yqed`nþ2 Nm`dkuag lgk lkoda~nag{8 L eònqd{quld lyyuolnm {o y~pnmodoj`nld

kavadoycag{ kogka dl qg`klk eòdojãl#nqd{qul a~{ì kaf`g`kl a}ydãn`{lcag{a -D` 599>)'

Qgl julg ~`c`d`{qk nog Couãg lyluana ag ad {ulelho ka Uèaùo ag <0:< kogka ~a

yua~ag{l dl qg`klk oujlg`xlkl ka {ua~ ~`~{acl~2 ad lkly{l{`vo$ ad l~on`l{`vo p ad

`kaodþj`no' L a~{o~ {ulelho~ kaeag ljuajlu~a dl~ nog{uèqnòga~ ka Jo{{dàe ka~ka

<0:9~$ |qàg ml `g{ajulko l ylu{ù ka do~ <009~ do~ lgìd`~`~ acyãu`no~ p do~ afan{o~ ag ad

ka~luuoddo ag dl ay`jagà{`nl yuoele`dã~{`nl pl cagnòglkl' Hqg{o nog Jo{{dàe ~a

agnqag{ulg Damuclg p ^nmgaùdl$ |qàga~ a~{ledanag do~ fqgklcag{o~ ylul dl [aouãl ka

do~ ^`~{acl~ kad Ka~luuoddo yuoyqa~{l ag <0=1 you Oplcl p yua~ag{lkl ag ad lylu{lko

lg{auòu -Dojlg lgk Homg~{og 599:)'

[lce`àg ag do~ <009~ ~a nogona ad {ulelho ka Hlnb Bad~o -Bad~o <00;) |qàg

kafàgka qgl lg{uoyodojãl eònqd{quld ylul uanogonau nþco dl nqd{qul lfan{l gqa~{ul~

nlyln`klka~ eòdþj`nl~' Yuoyoga qg nognay{o ka nqd{qul ylul uanogonau |qa yo~aa qg

nocyogag{a `g{augo p qgo a}{augo' Ylul Bad~o dl nualn`þg ka ~`jg`f`nlko a~ yo~èda you

dl nualn`þg kad a~ylnò nqd{quld' Dl nqd{qul noco qgl lkly{ln`þg avodqnògl ag qg`klk

nog do eòdþj`no -Bad~o <00;$ ~`g fanml)' Dl d`~{l ka lq{oua~ ~a `gnuacag{l

a}yogagn`ldcag{a l~ã noco do~ {ulelho~ |qa ka~ka k`~{`g{l~ ìual~ ka dl nàgn`l lyoplg

a~{l qg`klk kad nogon`càg{o ag dl a}yd`nln`þg kad ~au mqclgo noco qg ~au eònqd{quld

-Dl uav`~`þg cì~ lcyd`l a~ yua~ag{lkl you D` 599>$ vàl~a {lce`àg Nlvldd` 599:$ Nm`lo

5990$ Nuo~~ 599>$ Jaujadp 599:$ Ma`g{x 599:#=$ 59<9$ @ENÛ 5990$ Ca~oqk` 599:$

Zlddlna lgk Zlddlna <000$ Z`dd`lc~ <0=5)' Dl yua~ag{ln`þg ka yuqael~ |qa lyoplg ad~au eònqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà {lce`àg a~{ì ~q~{ag{lko you dl av`kagn`l kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo ka gqa~{uo d`glha Moco -Eopk lgk U`nmau~og 5990$ Xlvldl 5990)'

Dl yuoyqa~{l kad ~au mqclgo noco ag{a eònqd{quld ml yauc`{`ko ka~luuoddlu

vluò~ cokado~' Nog~`kauo |qa ad cahou ka addo~ a~ ad ka D`' Ad cokado eònqd{quld |qa

~qjàua dl lq{oul D` -599>) {àga vlu`l~ vag{lhl~' Ag yu`cau dqjlu `kag{`f`nl p cqa~{ul

av`kagn`l~ kad yuona~o eònqd{quld$ ka~luuoddl qg cokado kad yuona~o p k`nmo cokado

`gndqpa {lg{o ad ka~luuoddo ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl$ noco dl f`dojag`l p do |qa ddlclc`nuojàga~`~ -do~ afan{o~ |qa ~qfuag do~ `gk`v`kqo~ cocag{o l cocag{o)' Ag qgl



0:

yu`caul f`jqul D` yua~ag{l qg n`ndo ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda nog~{`{q`kl ka8 <' Dl

avodqn`þg |qa da ddlcl noavodqn`þg a `gndqpa l dl~ gana~`klka~ nqd{qulda~ p l dl

ydl~{`n`klk avodq{`vl jag#nqd{qul$ 5' Dl jagà{`nl p ay`jagà{`nl gaquogld |qa `gndqpa dl~

gana~`klka~ jagà{`nl~ p dl ydl~{`n`klk gaquogld p >' Ad nog{a}{o ~`{qlnògld ~on`ld$ dl

nojg`n`þg p nqd{qul kad `gk`v`kqo |qa `gndqpa dl~ gana~`klka~ nogkqn{qlda~ p dl

ydl~{`n`klk nojg`{`vl' A~{l vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda$ ka dl nqld cqa~{ul av`kagn`l~ ag ad

lga}o < ka ~q {ulelho$ ~a a}yoga l dl ~adann`þg ag k`fauag{a~ a~nldl~ ka {àcyo p g`vada~

ka `g{aulnn`þg ka do~ yuona~o~' Nlkl a~nldl nouua~yogka l qg g`vad ka `g{aulnn`þg$ l~ã8 <'

Dl f`dojag`l mqclgl ~qyoga qgl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua do~ jaga~ p dl nqd{qul$ nog afan{o~ ag

dl~ yua~òga~ ka ~adann`þg$ do |qa ag a~{l `gva~{`jln`þg ~a uafàua noco dl avodqn`þg kad

juqyo ~onònqd{quld$ 5' Dl og{ojag`l kad n`ndo ka v`kl nouua~yogka l qg yuona~o

`g{auln{`vo ag{ua dl nqd{qul p ad nog{a}{o ~`{qlnògld ~on`ld$ nog afan{o~ ag ad ka~luuoddo

nojg`{`vo you dl `g{aulnn`þg `g{auyau~ogld a `g{aujagaulnògld$ do |qa ag a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg nouua~yogka ld ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl you dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo$ p >' Dl c`nuojàga~`~ |qa a~ ad ua~qd{lko ka do~ yuona~o~ ka

`g{aulnn`þg ag{ua dl nqd{qul p ad `gk`v`kqo nog afan{o~ `gcak`l{o~ ag ~q~ ln{`v`klka~$ ~q~

jaga~$ gaquogl~$ nojg`n`þg p nogkqn{l$ a~ kanù ad yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg'

Ad cokado yauc`{a nocyuagkau ad yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl kag{uo kad

yuona~o jagauld ka dl avodqn`þg mqclgl p kad ylu{`nqdlu ka dl~ v`vagn`l~ `gk`v`kqlda~'

Ld a~{lu `g{ajulko noco qg`klk kad yuona~o p ag ad cluno ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl `gndqpa

dl cokqdlu`klk kad n`ndo ka v`kl mqclgl' Addo yauc`{a yua~ag{ludo noco qg cluno

{aþu`no ylul nocyuagkau ld ka~luuoddo' A~ kanù$ yokuaco~ a}yd`nlu ad yuona~o ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg nqlgko do vaco~ kag{uo kad yuona~o qg`f`nlko ka dl og{ojag`l mqclgl

eònqd{quld' You addo$ ld cagnòglu ad cokado ~a mlna uafauagn`l l do~ fagþcago~ l|qã

yua~ag{lko~$ dl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld$ dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl |qa

a~ dl yau~ogl p dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg noco dl c`nuojàga~`~'

Dl Lg{uoyodojãl Avodq{`vl kad Ka~luuoddo

L do dlujo kad dèuo ~a ml co~{ulko nþco dl {aouãl avodq{`vl lpqkl l nocyuagkau ad

ka~luuoddo kad ~au mqclgo noco qg ~au eònqd{quld' A~{l yau~yan{`vl ~aüldl dl

`cyou{lgn`l kad yuona~o avodq{`vo p kad n`ndo ka v`kl' ^` eàg a}`~{ag o{ul~ foucl~ ka

a~{qkò$ dl {aouãl a}yqa~{l cqa~{ul ~q~ vag{lhl~ ag ~qyogau qgl a}yd`nln`þg kad yuona~o

p fagþcago ka ~au yau~ogl' \qa `gndqpa dl noce`gln`þg ka dl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl nog dl



0=

m`~{ou`l ka v`kl ylul nocyuagkau dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl yau~ogl' Ylul uald`xlu a~{l

`gva~{`jln`þg p ydlg{alu qgl a}yd`nln`þg ~a yuoyoga qgl yau~yan{`vl ka~ka dl

lg{uoyodojãl |qa {ocl ld n`ndo ka v`kl noco qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ p ~a nog{a}{qld`xl ag dl

{aouãl avodq{`vl ylul nog{ul~{lu dl vauln`klk ka ~q~ ~qyqa~{o~'

Ydlg{ao l|qã qgl cùlkl ~oeua dl el~a ka dl yau~yan{`vl ~àcyua yua~ag{a ka dl

lg{uoyodojãl l dl |qa ma ddlclko lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' A~ qgl yuoyqa~{l

|qa kau`vo ka dl a}`~{agn`l ka qgl eòdojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo ag ad ìual ka dl

eòdojãl avodq{`vl$ p qgl y~`nodojãl avodqnòg`~{l ag y~`nodojãl |qa {lce`àg ml

nocagxlko l ddlclu~a y~`nodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' Dl yuoyqa~{l fqa ~aüldlkl ag

Xlvldl -59<<)$ lmoul ad ydlg{alcàg{o ~a mlna cì~ nog~`~{ag{a ag nqlg{o ld oeha{o ka

a~{qkò p dl a~{uqn{qul a}yd`nl{`vl ylul `gndqù~a ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' A~ you do {lg{o

qgl gqavl vau~`þg ln{qld`xlkl p nog{a}{qld`xlkl'

^` eàg ag lg{uoyodojãl {lg{o do~ a~{qkò~ ka og{ojag`l -ag lg{uoyodojãl

eòdþj`nl) noco dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql -ag d`gjôã~{`nl) {àgag dl f`gld`klk ka

nocyuagkau ad ka~luuoddo$ k`nmo~ a~{qkò~ ua|qàuag ka qgl yau~yan{`vl {aþu`nl nocøg

|qa da~ mljl no`gn`kù ag ~q~ a}yd`nlnòga~' ^` `gndq`co~ lcel~ yau~yan{`vl~ ag qgl

lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo dl~ lyou{lnòga~ ka qgl p o{ul kau`vlg ag qgl

a}yd`nln`þg `g{ajuld' A~{l yuoyqa~{l ~a ml nog~{uq`ko ag a~a ~ag{`ko$ ad yu`cau agfo|qa

a~ ad ka~luuoddo d`gjôã~{`no ka~ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl d`gjôã~{`nl$ ~a lyopl ag qg ka~luuoddo

mqclgo p do~ noce`gl nog ad ka~luuoddo ka dl yau~ogl l do dlujo ka dl `gflgn`l'

Ad oeha{o ka a~{qkò ylul a~{l lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo a~8 Nogonau

do~ adacag{o~ avodq{`vo~ ka dl a~yanà$ ad ~q~{ul{o eò#~on`ld mauakleda$ |qa ag ~q

yuona~o kag{uo kad n`ndo ka v`kl ~q~{ag{lg dl yo~è`d`klk kad ka~luuoddo ka dl k`vau~`klk

nqd{quld' Ka coko |qa ~al yo~èda nocyuagkau ad nluìn{au nqd{quld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà

noco ua~qd{lko ka qg yuona~o eònqd{quld kogka ~a ml klko n`{l qgl mauagn`l eò#~on`ld$

qg oukag ~on`ld p qg ìce`{o nqd{quld |qa ylu{`nqdlu`xl dl v`kl mqclgl p ~q m`~{ou`l'@cyd`nl dl eø~|qakl ka adacag{o~ nocylu{`ko~ ag{ua {oko~ do~ juqyo~ nqd{qulda~ |qa

mlnag yo~èda dl k`vau~`klk nqd{quld' A~o ~`jg`f`nl |qa agnog{ulco~ {lg{o do nocøg$

noco do k`vau~o klgko ad ya~o hq~{o l qgo p l o{uo ag dl m`~{ou`l mqclgl' [lce`àg

|qàua kanù |qa a~{ì ag do nocøg dl yo~è`d`klk ka do k`vau~o' You ahacydo$ Mluu`~

-<001) ~qjàua |qa mauaklco~ dl nlyln`klk ka dl vlu`le`d`klk nqd{quld$ do nqld |qauuì

kanù |qa ~a mauakl qgl nluln{auã~{`nl nocøg ylul dl k`vau~`klk' Ld klu nqag{l ka qgo$ ad

nl~o ka qgl nqd{qul$ ~a mlna cagn`þg kad o{uo$ dl jagauld`klk ag dl a~yanà eònqd{quld'



00

[agjo nq`klko ka go ~au uakqnnòg`~{l$ klko |qa ad oeha{`vo ka a~{l lg{uoyodojãl a~

nogonau {lg{o dl el~a a~yanãf`nl noco dl k`vau~`klk nqd{quld ag dl nqld ml ua~qd{lko'

Dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo a~{ì kak`nlkl l qg nlcyo yono l{agk`ko

ka dl lg{uoyodojãl |qa a~ dl lg{uoyodojãl ka dl `gflgn`l' Ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d ml ~`ko

yono l{agk`ko you dl lg{uoyodojãl' Do~ `gflg{a~ yluanag ~au v`~{o~ ~þdo noco qg yl~o$

qg fagþcago løg go {auc`glko$ qg a~{lko nog mqano~ you uaddaglu$ l~ã |qa do~

lg{uoyþdojo~ mlg agfonlko ~q~ a~fqauxo~ you nogonau ld ~au mqclgo ag ~q k`vau~`klk l

ylu{ù ka do~ lkqd{o~' Dl yonl l{agn`þg ld ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d ag nlkl nqd{qul yqaka el~{lu

ylul hq~{`f`nlu dl a}`~{agn`l ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' Ag Cà}`no dl

lg{uoyodojãl ka dl `gflgn`l ml ~`ko adleoulkl l do dlujo ka dl ød{`cl kànlkl you Cluãl

Kodoua~ Nauvaul Cog{ahlgo -599:#599=)$ Doquka~ ka Daþg Yl~|qad -5991) p Uo~~lgl

Yoka~{ì ^ù` -599:)' Ag qgl yau~yan{`vl kogka do~ `gflg{a~ ~og do~ ln{oua~ p lq{oua~ ~þdo

~a yua~ag{l ag ad {ulelho ka G`ül~ p g`üo~ kad nlcyo$ ka dl n`qklk p Uo~~lgl Yoka~{ì

^ù` -599:)' Dl lg{uoyodojãl `gflg{`d ag A'Q' p Aquoyl go k`~{l cqnmo kad nl~o

ca}`nlgo ag a~{lu yono uayua~ag{lkl -Jo{{dàe 5995)' ^` eàg ag {oko {ulelho

a{gojuìf`no ld mlnau cagn`þg ka dl m`~{ou`l ka v`kl ~a mlna qgl uafauagn`l ld ka~luuoddo

`gflg{`d$ k`nml cagn`þg ua~qd{l ~qclcag{a {lgjagn`ld p ~anqgklu`l'

Ag a~{l yuoyqa~{l ~a l{àgka ld ka~luuoddo kad ~au eònqd{quld you ad a~{qkò ka dl

og{ojag`l p ad ua~qd{lko a~ nog~`~{ag{a nog dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' A~{o ~a kaea l |qa ad

ka~luuoddo ka qg oujlg`~co a~{ledana qg clyl ka ~q nog~{`{qn`þg$ ag{ua qgl nlq~ld`klk

vlu`leda ka dl `gfoucln`þg mauaklkl p ad vldou nog{`gjag{a kad lceàg{a' ^` yokaco~

nogonau ad ka~luuoddo a~ yo~èda nogonau nþco ml vlu`lko ad ag{ulclko ka nlq~ld`klk ag

ad ka~luuoddo ka qg ~au mqclgo' K`nmo ag {àuc`go~ ~`cyda~$ dl nqd{qul |qa vaco~ ag qg

ka{auc`glko juqyo kau`vl kad yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d$ nþco ~a `gnqdnl p ~a

lk|qàua ag dl `gflgn`l p nþco ~a a~{ledanag dl~ yo~è`d`klka~ ylul ~q nlq~ld`klk l do

dlujo ka dl v`kl ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa nog~{`{qpag ad juqyo à{g`no' Do |qa go~ cqa~{ulqgl a{gojulfãl ka qg juqyo a~ ad ua~qd{lko kad yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo'

Qgl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo eq~nl mlnau yl{ag{a nþco ~a ml

ddavlko l nleo k`nmo fagþcago kqulg{a ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d$ yqa~ ad ~q~{ul{o |qa

~q~{ag{l dl v`kl nqd{quld a~{ì ag dl `gflgn`l |qa ld ka~luuoddlu~a$ qgl vax lkqd{o v`va ~q

nqd{qul noco qgl foucl gl{quld kad ~au mqclgo' Ad lkqd{o a~ ad ~au eònqd{quld nqpl

mauagn`l avodq{`vl `gndqpa flnqd{lka~ ylul ad ka~luuoddo noco qg ~au nqd{quld' Dl

nog{`gq`klk ka qg juqyo ~onònqd{quld a~{ì ag dl afan{`v`klk p canlg`~co~ |qa mlnagyo~èda ad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d noco qg ~au nqd{quld ag nlkl juqyo à{g`no' Ad ka~luuoddo



<99

ag{ogna~ a~ qgl a}yd`nln`þg go ~þdo kad fagþcago |qa oe~auvlco~$ ~`go {lce`àg kad

yuona~o |qa do ml manmo yo~èda' Avodqn`þg p og{ojag`l a~{ìg uadlnòglkl~ ag do~

manmo~ p pl ~a ml ydlg{alko noco do a~{ìg ag dl {aouãl avodq{`vl -[ledl 5'5)' A~{l

yau~yan{`vl yqaka ua~yogkau ld ¿You |qà? you ~q v`~`þg avodq{`vl p ld ¿Nþco? you ~q

agfo|qa ag ad ka~luuoddo'

Dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo {àga noco qg`klk ka a~{qkò ld n`ndo ka

v`kl$ you do {lg{o a~ dl yau~ogl dl qg`klk ka oe~auvln`þg ag do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg

-gl{quld$ og{ojàg`nl p nqd{quld)' Dl yau~ogl a~ qgl foucl av`kag{a ka ~au$ d`jlkl ag

nàu{l cak`kl ld nqauyo o l qg {`yo ka nqauyo$ addo a~ uanogonèda a `gk`~yag~leda ylul

nld`f`nlu~a noco yau~ogl' Dl yau~ogl yo~aa ldjo `gmauag{a o qgl flnqd{lk yuoy`l

ydaglcag{a ka~luuoddlkl |qa kl nog{ag`ko l ~q fqgklcag{o noco yau~ogl' A~o da mlna

~au qg ~au mqclgo ydago ag ~q juqyo ~onònqd{quld p ~au lnay{lko noco yau~ogl `g{ajul

kag{uo ka ~q ag{ougo'

[oko do |qa mlna yo~èda |qa ~a ka~luuodda dl yau~ogl nog~{`{qpa ad nlcyo ka

a~{qkò ka dl lg{uoyodojãl$ yauo ~þdo yokaco~ nocyuagkaudo you nocyda{o nqlgko

~leaco~ nþco ~a ddajl l ~au yau~ogl' Dl yuoyqa~{l a~ |qa ~a ddajl ld nogon`càg{o ka do

jagauld l ylu{ù ka dl `gva~{`jln`þg kad yuona~o ka ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d$ ag a~{a nl~o$ ~q

ka~luuoddo noco yau~ogl' A~ qgl `gva~{`jln`þg el~lkl ag dl og{ojag`l |qa ld ~`{qlu~a

{aþu`nlcag{a ag dl v`~`þg avodq{`vl ~a mlna qg a~{qkò ln{qld kad yuona~o avodq{`vo'

Ylul dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo ~a yuoyoga qg gqavo ~q~{ul{o

avodq{`vo l ylu{ù kad lgìd`~`~ avodq{`vo p og{ojàg`no' A~a ~q~{ul{o ka vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda a~ dl mauagn`l eò#~on`ld ka gqa~{ul a~yanà' Hq~{`f`no dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl

mauagn`l |qa ddlco eò#~on`ld you|qa dl ~on`le`d`klk a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl ly{l{`vl

lgna~{uld yuoy`l ka do~ yu`cl{a~ p |qa yqaka `gndqù l dl flnqd{lk d`gjôã~{`nl$ dl l{agn`þg$

ad lyuagk`xlha `c`{l{`vo$ ad nq`klko yluag{ld$ a{n' -A~{ulkl <0=0$ Mùl{l 5990$ Mougau

lgk Zm`{ag 5991$ O{ld` lgk J`dnmu`~{ 5996$ Yog{xau lgk Zulgjmlc 5996$ ^lel{au Y`<0=;$ [ocl~addo <000$ Za`~~ a{ ld' 5999)' [lg{o do eòdþj`no noco qgl el~a mauakleda

ka `g~{`g{o ~on`ld#juajluò$ ~ùvag ka vãgnqdo mauak`{luò ~oeua ad nqld ln{øl dl

avodqn`þg' Dl mauagn`l eò#~on`ld ~a uafàua l |qa yo~aaco~ lgna~{uldcag{a dl nlyln`klk

ka mauaklu dl flnqd{lk ylul v`vù p ka~luuoddlugo~ ag juqyo~ ~on`lda~' ^` eàg ln{qldcag{a

a~ juln`l~ l dl nqd{qul p ~`g do nqld go ~oeuav`v`co~ noco yau~ogl~$ a~ qgl mauagn`l kad

yuona~o avodq{`vo kad nqld ~oco~ ua~qd{lko -Xlvldl 5990$ 59<9e)' Dl mauagn`l eò#

~on`ld mlna ka gqa~{ul a~yanà qgl {ld |qa ua|qàua mauaklu ad nluìn{au ka v`kl ~on`ldylul ~oeuav`vù k`fauagn`ldcag{a cahou |qa ~`g a~l lkly{ln`þg' Ag{ogna~ dl mauagn`l eò#



<9<

~on`ld a~ kogka ln{øl ad yuona~o avodq{`vo ag gqa~{ul a~yanà p kad nqld kau`vlg dl

k`vau~`klk ka ~q~ foucl~ nqd{qulda~ yuoy`l~' @gndq~o yokaco~ jagauld`xlu p kanù |qa

noco yuokqn{o ka gqa~{ul mauagn`l avodq{`vl mle`{lco~ ad cqgko {ld noco do mlnaco~

ka~ka |qa mlp uaj`~{uo m`~{þu`no o nqd{quld'

Ad fln{ou eò~on`ld ~a yqaka nluln{au`xlu you8

<' [agau qgl el~a mauak`{lu`l$ ag do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p ag dl mauagn`l kad juqyo'

5' Ua|qauù kad ka~luuoddo ylul ~q nog~{`{qn`þg'

>' A}`jù qg nog{a}{o ~onònqd{quld ylul ad ka~luuoddo'

;' A~{uqn{qulu~a noco qg ~`~{acl ka uadln`þg ylu{`nqdlu ka dl a~yanà'

1' âu vlu`leda p you addo ~qha{o ka dl ~adann`þg'

A~{l~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka{auc`glg ad yu`gn`yò ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda kadka~luuoddo eò#~on`ld ylul afan{o ka dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~ ad ~q~{ul{o |qa ylul dl

~oeuav`vagn`l ~a ~qha{l l do~ yuona~o~ ka ~adann`þg' [lce`àg uayua~ag{l dl yo~è`d`klk

ka nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo p ~q mauagn`l'

A~{l yuoyqa~{l a}`ja {ld qg`klk ka vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda p ka qg canlg`~co ka

dl mauagn`l eònqd{quld |qa mlna yo~èda dl avodqn`þg ka gqa~{ul a~yanà noco qg ~au |qa

qg`f`nl ~q nluìn{au ka `gk`v`kqo ka dl a~yanà$ ka ~au ~on`ld p nqd{quld' Ad ua~qd{lko ka

a~{a ~`~{acl yuona~qld ~a ddlcl ad ~au eònqd{quld' Ylul a~{ledanau a~a canlg`~co$ adfln{ou eò#~on`ld fqgnògl noco ad adacag{o fagocàg`no ka dl v`kl nlylx ka qgl

mauagn`l eòdþj`nl$ |qa yqaka ~au ad m`do nogkqn{ou ka dl avodqn`þg' A~ dl fqag{a kogka

~a jagaul dl og{ojag`l ka dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa ~a a}yoga l qgl uayuokqnn`þg

k`fauagn`ld$ {lg{o ag do~ {àuc`go~ yuoyò~ ka dl ~adann`þg gl{quld noco og{ojàg`nl p

nqd{quld' Lkacì~ ka ~au ad fqgklcag{o jagà{`no `gk`~yag~leda a~ qg fagþcago mqclgo

|qa yauc`{a qgù do~ l~yan{o~ eòdþj`no~ nog do~ nqd{qulda~$ pl |qa lceo~ yo~aag

nluln{auã~{`nl~ acaujag{a~ yuoy`l~ |qa ag gqa~{ul a~yanà ~a `g{ajulg kqulg{a dl

og{ojag`l you dl ~adann`þg'

Noco ~a ml lujqcag{lko ad fagþcago mqclgo |qa yo~aa dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka

vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda p |qa kaea a~{lu d`jlko nog qg canlg`~co ka mauagn`l a~ ad

~on`ld' Dl yuoyqa~{l kad canlg`~co a~ dl ~`jqàg{a' Ag dl avodqn`þg mqclgl ~a klg n`{l

ko~ fagþcago~ lg{ljþg`no~ yuonakag{a~$ ag ~q ou`jag$ ka dl mauagn`l eòdþj`nl ka

gqa~{uo d`glha mocãg`ko' You qgl ylu{a do~ oujlg`~co~ {àgag |qa l~ajqulu ~q yuoy`l

~oeuav`vagn`l$ you dl o{ul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo ~`jg`f`nl go ~þdo dl ~oeuav`vagn`l

ag le~{uln{o ka dl a~yanà -do |qa do~ oujlg`~co~ go a~{ìg nog~nàg{acag{a ln{qlgko ag



<95

~q yua~auvln`þg)$ ~`go dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ juln`l~ l dl a}`~{agn`l p

~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo' Ou`j`gldcag{a do~ oujlg`~co~ {àgag |qa ~oeuav`vù ylul ~ã

c`~co~ p do mlnag l {ulvà~ ka ~q ka~nagkagn`l' Lkacì~ ag dl~ a~yanà~ nog a~{uqn{qul

~on`ld dl ~oeuav`vagn`l ag ad juqyo mlna |qa dl~ uadlnòga~ ag{ua `gk`v`kqo~ ~alg

vldò~l~ ag qg ~ag{`ko ly{l{`vo noco juqyo' Noco ua~qd{lko do~ oujlg`~co~ a~{ìg

flnqd{lko~ ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l `gk`v`kqld$ l~ã noco {lce`àg$ ag do~ juqyo~ ~on`lda~$

ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo' Do~ oujlg`~co~ l~ã nld`f`nlko~ kaeag adajù ag{ua ~q

yuoy`l ~oeuav`vagn`l2 ajoã~co p dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo2 ld{uq`~co' Do cì~

`cyou{lg{a lmoul a~ |qa lcel~ ~og avodq{`vlcag{a yo~èda~ p mauak`{lu`lcag{a yqakag

~au ylu{a kad yuona~o avodq{`vo' Dl yuoyqa~{l kad canlg`~co ~a nocyda{l l~ajqulgko

|qa dl nogn`d`ln`þg ag{ua ad lg{ljog`~co ka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l `gk`v`kqld p dl kad juqyo

|qa a~{ì kaf`g`kl you dl nqd{qul'

Ag {lg{o |qa ad ka~luuoddo nqd{quld kad `gflg{a a~ qg fagþcago ka ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl p nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo oyaulg ~oeua dl og{ojag`l noco vlu`le`d`klk

mauakleda$ ld ~adannòglu p mauaklu dl nlyln`klk ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka ~au nqd{quld' Ag do~

`gflg{a~ a~{ì yua~ag{a dl vlu`le`d`klk ka yo{agn`ld nqd{quld$ ~a ~adannògl p ~a nog~{uqpa

ag ~q n`ndo ka v`kl' L do dlujo ka dl~ jagaulnòga~ ad yuona~o mlna yo~èda dl

~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ nqpo ka~luuoddo nqd{quld da~ yauc`{a nogn`d`lu

ad ajoã~co p ad ld{uq`~co' Dl qg`klk ag{ua do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p ad juqyo ~onònqd{quld ~a kl

juln`l~ l do~ ~`jgo~ |qa ag ad `gk`v`kqo p ag ad g`nmo nualg qg cqgko ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg

|qa kl nomauagn`l ld ajoã~co p ld{uq`~co'

Dl yau~ogl a~ dl ~odqn`þg ld k`dacl kad ~au ajoã~{l p ylul ~ã |qa ld c`~co {àcyo

~a ag{uajl p a~ ylul do~ o{uo~ -Xqeù` <0=6)' You ~au dl yau~ogl qg nog~{uqn{o nqd{quld

fqgklcag{lko ag dl dagjql -Clq~~ <0>=$ Kqulg{` 5999)$ nqlgko ~a va l dl yau~ogl

noco dl qg`klk avodq{`vl kad n`ndo ka v`kl go~ yauc`{a nogndqù |qa a~ dl nog~{uqnn`þg

nqd{quld |qa lpqkl l nogn`d`lu ad ajoã~co `gmauag{a#avodq{`vo ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kado~ `gk`v`kqo~ nog ad ld{uq`~co nog~{uq`ko#avodq{`vo gana~luò ylul dl avodqn`þg kad

juqyo ~onònqd{quld'

Dl nqd{qul noco qg a~{lko acaujag{a ~a nogvàu{a ag dl vãl ka nogn`d`ln`þg ag{ua

ad `gk`v`kqld`~co you dl ~oeuav`vagn`l p dl nog{`gq`klk kad juqyo' Dl nqd{qul a~ ad

fagþcago ag{ua do yqulcag{a eòdþj`no ka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l `gk`v`kqld p do ylu{`nqdlu

noco k`~{`g{`vo ka dl ~oeuav`vagn`l kad juqyo cì~ lddì ka do `gk`v`kqld$ ~àgko dl

nqd{qul dl cak`ln`þg ag{ua do~ ko~' Lceo~ fagþcago~ -`gk`v`kqld p ~on`ld) mlg ~`koavodq{`vlcag{a `cyou{lg{a~$ yauo ag ~q k`gìc`nl ka nog{`gq`klk go ml a~{lko l nlujo ka



<9>

nlkl qgo ka addo~$ ~`go ka dl uadln`þg eònqd{quld |qa ~a a~{ledan`þ' Ag {àuc`go~ ka

Z`dd`lc~$ do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa cl}`c`xlg ~q ful{aug`klk p c`g`c`xlg ~q ajoã~co ~og

|qàga~ {àgag qgl vag{lhl ly{l{`vl$ p ag k`nml~ nogk`nòga~ dl ~adann`þg gl{quld

flvouana do~ nluln{aua~ |qa yuocqavag dl oy{`c`xln`þg ka dl~ uadlnòga~ yau~oglda~

-Z`dd`lc~ <066)' A~ yo~èda kanù |qa dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~8 ka dl a~yanà$ kad `gk`v`kqo p

do ~on`ld ~a mlnag nomauag{a~ ag dl {u`g`klk a~yanà#`gk`v`kqo#~onàklk nqlgko acauja

dl nqd{qul |qa nogn`d`l dl qg`klk kad yuona~o avodq{`vo' Yuoyogjo |qa a~{l m`yþ{a~`~ a~

nog~`~{ag{a nog dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl yau~ogl noco ~odqn`þg nqd{quld p coko ka v`kl

yuoyò kad ~au mqclgo ag {okl~ dl~ nqd{qul~ -Clq~~ <0>=)' Dl nogfùcln`þg ka dl

m`yþ{a~`~ ~auãl yo~èda ~` ~a nocyuoelul |qa do~ Moco mle`d`~ fqauog nog~`kaulko~ ag ~q

ag{ougo ~onònqd{quld noco yau~ogl~$ ldjo |qa ldjqgo~ yldaolg{uoyþdojo~ ~qjàuag

-vàl~a ylul qgl uav`~`þg Xlvldl 599>)'

Dl yuoyqa~{l ~qyoga qg yuona~o avodq{`vo eònqd{quld ag gqa~{ul a~yanà juln`l~

l |qa dl nqd{qul `g{ajulkl nog do~ l~yan{o~ eòdþj`no~ ml ~auv`ko ylul nogn`d`lu ko~

adacag{o~ lg{ljþg`no~' Dl nqd{qul yauc`{a |qa ~a nogn`dàg oyqa~{o~ ag ad yuona~o

eònqd{quld nqpl uald`xln`þg ~a kl ag dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ag qg g`nmo nog~{uq`ko' You

addo ag dl yuoyqa~{l pl yua~ag{lkl ylul ad ka~luuoddo kad ~au eònqd{quld ~a `gndqpa ad

yuona~o ka ag~aülgxl#lyuagk`xlha kogka dl nqd{qul ~a lu{`nqdl nog do eòdþj`no ylul

clg{agau~a ag dl avodqn`þg ka dl a~yanà'

Ag nogndq~`þg$ q{`d`xlu dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo go~ yauc`{a

nog~`kaulu |qa8 <' Dl yau~ogl a}`~{a ag {oko juqyo nqd{qul ld ~au dl qg`klk ka ~adann`þg

ylul dl avodqn`þg kad juqyo ~onònqd{quld$ 5' Kau`vl ka qg yuona~o avodq{`vo ag ad nqld

ad `gk`v`kqo ~oeuav`va ylul ~ã c`~co p ad juqyo ~on`ld mlna do yuoyò ag ~q yuona~o ka

avodqn`þg klkl ~q `gfdqagn`l$ >' Dl nqd{qul ~o~{àga noco goucld do |qa ag uald`klk a~

k`~pqg{`vo ka {lda~ foucl~ ka ~oeuav`vagn`l$ ;' Dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda |qa `gndqpa ad

ka~luuoddo kad `gk`v`kqo p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo mlna kad yuona~o og{ojàg`no dlqg`klk ka ~adann`þg$ 1' Ad yuona~o |qa do mlna yo~èda a~ dl lnn`þg ka dl ~adann`þg

og{ojàg`nl ~oeua ad ~q~{ul{o eò#~on`ld ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ |qa do~ nog~{`{qpa ag yau~ogl~

l do dlujo ka ~q n`ndo ka v`kl p ag ~aua~ eònqd{qulda~$ 6' Ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl fqgja

noco ad vãgnqdo ag ad ka~luuoddo nojg`{`vo#l ylu{ù ka ~`jgo~ `gflg{`d |qa ag nlkl nqd{qul

mlna yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l ka yau~ogl~ |qa yo~aag qg ~q~{ul{o avodq{`vo$ :' Dl

vlu`le`d`klk nqd{quld ld a~{ledanau ad coko yuoyò ka dl yau~ogl mlna yo~èda dl

k`vau~`klk ka v`~òga~ nqd{qulda~ kad cqgko'



<9;

Noco a~ av`kag{a dl yuoyqa~{l ka dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo a~ dl

v`~`þg lyd`nlkl ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ld a~{qkò kad ~au mqclgo ag ~q og{ojag`l'

Yuoyoga ddavlu dl {aouãl avodq{`vl ld a~{qkò kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d nog ad f`g ka co~{ulu

do nocøg l dl a~yanà p do ylu{`nqdlu kad juqyo nqd{quld' Lmoul valco~ nþco d`jlco~

a~{l yau~yan{`vl {aþu`no#og{ojàg`no#avodq{`vl nog ad ka~luuoddo kad ~`jg`f`nlko ag do~

`gflg{a~' Ylu{ùà kad l~yan{o ~acìg{`no ka dl dagjql ylul leouklu ad yuona~o {lg{o ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg$ noco ka dl ~acò~`~ p ka nocqg`nln`þg'

âcò~`~ p dl og{ojag`l kad ~`jg`f`nlko

Ag ad ag{agk`ko ka |qa —dl ~acìg{`nl a~ ad a~{qkò kad ~`jg`f`nlko nocqg`nlko l {ulvà~

kad dagjqlha– -^laak 599>8 > {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou) p dl ~acìg{`nl a~{qk`l dl uadln`þg ka

do~ ~`jgo~ nog do~ oeha{o~ l do~ nqlda~ do~ ~`jgo~ ~a lyd`nlg -Couu`~ <0=1$ ^laak 599>)'

â a~{qk`l ad dagjqlha l ylu{ù ka dl nlyln`klk ylul dl nocqg`nln`þg$ ag ylu{`nqdlu dl

`gfdqagn`l kad g`nmo nog~{uq`ko |qa a~ dl dagjql ka dl~ yau~ogl~ ag ka~luuoddo' Ad

fqgklcag{o d`gjôã~{`no kad a~{qkò a~{ì ag uanogonau |qa —ad ~`jg`f`nlko d`gjôã~{`no a~

qg {`yo a~yan`ld ka dl mle`d`klk cì~ jagauld ylul ad q~o ka ~`jgo~– -^laak 599>8 1

{ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou)' Nqlgko go~ agfonlco~ ag ~q og{ojag`l ka~nqeu`co~ nþco do~

`gflg{a~ ka~luuoddlg ~q nlyln`klk ka ~`jg`f`nlu kag{uo kad g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no'

Ag ad cluno ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo$ |qa uanogona |qa ~a

yo~aa qg ~q~{ul{o eò#~on`ld$ nog~`kauluà |qa dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ qgl ylu{a adacag{ld ka

a~{a fqgklcag{o ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld' Ag ad n`ndo ka v`kl noco qg`klk

avodq{`vl$ dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ qgl nluln{auã~{`nl yuoy`l ka {oko~ do~ juqyo~ à{g`no~ p

{lce`àg a~ dl |qa mlna yo~èda dl k`vau~`klk nqd{quld$ klko |qa dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ ad

yuona~o ka nualn`þg a `g{auyua{ln`þg ka do~ ~`jgo~' Ag a~{a ~ag{`ko$ ld a~{qk`lu ad

ka~luuoddo kad nognay{o ka yau~ogl ag ad `gflg{a$ leouklco~ ad ou`jag og{ojàg`no ka qg

~`jgo$ ag ad ag{agk`ko ag ad nqld Couu`~ -<0=1) mledl ka do~ fqgklcag{o~ ka dl {aouãl ka

do~ ~`jgo~'

Ag ~q ~ag{`ko avodq{`vo a~{l yau~yan{`vl lg{uoyodþj`nl ~q~{ag{l |qa dl ~acò~`~

~a yuokqna kag{uo kad nlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg' âjøg do~ fln{oua~ ka dl nocqg`nln`þg kad

~`~{acl ka dl {aouãl ka dl nocqg`nln`þg ka Hlboe~og -Hlboe~og <065$ <0:<) p l~ã kad

~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg |qa a~ ad yuona~o you ad nqld acauja ad ~`jg`f`nlko' Dl

`kag{`f`nln`þg ka dl ~acò~`~ noco qg yuona~o a~{ì ~aüldlkl Yàuna |qàg yuoyoga ad q~o



<91

nognay{qld ka {àuc`go>5 ~acò~`~ noco qg yuona~o ylul ad ou`jag kad ~`jg`f`nlko'

Q{`d`xo do~ {àuc`go~ lyou{lko~ you ^lq~~qua ylul ka~nuèù ad yuona~o ka ~acò~`~ ka

Yàuna you nog~`kaulu |qa lyou{lg clpou ndlu`klk a}yd`nl{`vl' Dl ~acò~`~ ag Yàuna a~

dl `g{aulnn`þg |qa mlna yo~èda ad ~`jgo p |qa nocyuagka dl uadln`þg ag{ua qg

~`jg`f`nlg{a$ ~q oeha{o p ~q ln{qld o yo{agn`ld ~`jg`f`nlko$ a~ ad yuona~o ag ad nqld ldjo

a~ qg ~`jgo ylul ldjqàg -Nmlgkdau 599:$ âeaob 599<)' Ad nognay{o ka ~acò~`~

{lce`àg a~{ì yua~ag{a ag Couu`~ -<0=1)$ yauo |qàg nocyuagka l dl ~acò~`~ lyd`nleda ld

nog{a}{o avodq{`vo p og{ojàg`no a~ Do{clg -<0:0)' Ylul àd dl ~acò~`~ a~ qg yuona~o ka

nok`f`nln`þg kad ~`jgo$ kogka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg lyluana ka dl ~acò~`~ |qa ad `gflg{a

uald`xl p nuana ag àd you ~q ylu{`n`yln`þg ag ad nlgld p ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg

-fln{oua~ ka dl nocqg`nln`þg ka Hlboe~og <0;=$ cokado ka nocqg`nln`þg ag {àuc`go~

ka Dpog~ <0::)' You ød{`co |qàg yuoyoga qg avodqnòg`~co ~ac`þ{`no nag{ulko ag ad

nognay{o ka ~acò~`~ a~ L|q`da~ A~{à -A~{à <00:)'

Yàuna uanogona |qa {oko yag~lcàg{o a~ k`ldþj`no p {okl uafda}`þg a~

fqgklcag{ldcag{a ~on`ld -Nmlgkdau 599:)' L~ã$ ~` eàg ylul Yàuna dl ~acò~`~ onquua ag

ad `gk`v`kqo$ à~{a go v`va fqaul kad nog{a}{o ~onònqd{quld p dl yua~agn`l ka dl ~acò~`~

{àga ad nog{a}{o |qa mlna ka dl ~acò~`~ ylu{ãn`ya kad ~`~{acl ~on`ld'

Valco~ do~ l~yan{o~ ka dl ~acò~`~ lyou{lg qgl yau~yan{`vl ka dl og{ojag`l p dl

avodqn`þg ag do~ yuona~o~ kag{uo ka do~ nqlda~ dl ~acò~`~ foucl ylu{a' Ad ~au mqclgo

ka~luuoddl ~q uadln`þg nog ad cqgko |qa ~`jg`f`nl#nocyuagka l ylu{ù ka dl ~acò~`~' Ad

ka~luuoddo ka dl ~acò~`~ a~ qg yuona~o |qa onquua l do dlujo ka dl v`kl ka do~ ~aua~

mqclgo p you addo a~ qg yuona~o yuoyò ka dl og{ojag`l' Ag {aunau dqjlu l do dlujo ka

a~{l yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl ~a ml lujqcag{lko |qa ad yuona~o og{ojàg`no ka ~`jg`f`nlu {àga

uayaunq~òga~ avodq{`vl~'

Nqlgko go~ nocqg`nlco~$ ag ad n`ndo#~`~{acl ka dl nocqg`nln`þg$ ylulnqld|qàul |qa a~ ac`~ou ad o{uo fqgnògl noco uafauag{a' Dl ~acò~`~ mlna ylu{ãn`ya~ l

do~ `g{audonq{oua~$ ylu{`n`ylg{a~ p {ulg~c`~oua~ ka `gfoucln`þg kag{uo kad ~`~{acl ka

nocqg`nln`þg$ do~ mlna ylu{a ka dl ~acò~`~ ag dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad ~`jg`f`nlko' Ad

~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg ~a yqaka yua~ag{lu noco qg ~`~{acl ka ~acò~`~ kogka

`g{auvàgag ad `gk`v`kqo p ad ag{ougo ka ~`jgo~ ylul klu dqjlu l gqavo~ ~`jgo~ p ag

ylu{`nqdlu l ~q ~`jg`f`nlko' You a~{l uadln`þg ka qg`klk ~ac`þ{`nl ka do~ ylu{`n`ylg{a~$ do~

>5Ad lq{ou ou`j`gld kad {àuc`go a~ Homg Donba ag ~q Ag~lpo ~oeua ad ag{agk`càg{o mqclgo$ yauo ka

|qàg ~a q{`d`xl ln{qldcag{a a~ ka Yàuna'



<96

~`jgo~ ~og nocqg`nlko~ kag{uo ka dl qg`klk nocylu{`kl |qa a~ dl nqd{qul' Dl

`cyou{lgn`l kad ~`jgo p ka dl ~acò~`~ a~ {ld |qa yau{aganag l dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ ka dl

v`kl mqclgl'

Dl ~acò~`~ a~ qgl yuoyàklk ka dl v`kl$ ~a yqaka l~ajqulu |qa dl uadln`þg ag{ua

~ac`þ{`no p go ~ac`þ{`no a~ dl c`~cl |qa dl a}`~{ag{a ag{ua v`vo p go v`vo -Bqdd a{ ld'

5990)$ a~ kanù$ a~ eò~ac`þ{`nl -Jleuàdl Nouoglko 59<<)' Do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ ~a

ka~luuoddlg og{ojàg`nlcag{a ag qg lceàg{a ag ad nqld a}`~{ag ~`jgo~ |qa ua|qàuag ~au

`g{auyua{lko~ ylul mlnau ka a~a lceàg{a ad g`nmo ag ad nqld ~oeuav`vù -Dazog{`g <0:=$

<0=<$ <006$ 5990)' Dl clkquln`þg ka qg ~au mqclgo ag qg g`nmo nouua~yogka nog ~q

gana~`klk fqgklcag{ld ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg kad cqgko' Yuona~o |qa uald`xl you ~q yua~agn`l

kag{uo ka dl ~acò~`~ p ad g`nmo ~onònqd{quld ag ad nqld a}`~{a'

Dl ln{`v`klk ka yuokqnn`þg ka ~`jgo~$ ad nluìn{au uadlnògld ka do~ ~`jgo~ p dl

qg`klk yu`clu`l ka dl eò~ac`þ{`nl ag ad ~`jgo go~ yauc`{a nouuoeoulu do k`nmo' Nlkl

qgl ka a~{l~ nqld`klka~ noco lfùclnòga~ ka do v`vo ~a d`jlg ag ad ka~luuoddo avodq{`vo

ka dl v`kl$ a~{a yuona~o l ~q vax ~qyoga dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl ~acò~`~' Dl ~acò~`~ noco

yuoyàklk ka do v`vo mlna yo~èda dl uadln`þg fqgnògld ka ~q~ nocyogag{a~

a~{uqn{qulda~ ylul dl ~oeuav`vagn`l -Bqdd a{ ld' 5990)' A~ kanù$ dl qg`klk ~`~{àc`nl ka qg

oujlg`~co a~ yo~èda you k`nml ~acò~`~ a~{uqn{quld p fqgnògld ka ~q~ nocyogag{a~

eònqd{qulda~' Dl ~acò~`~ a~ you do {lg{o yuoy`l kad yuona~o og{ojàg`no p kad yuona~o

avodq{`vo' Dl qg`klk ag{ua avodqn`þg p ~acò~`~ a~{ì ydlg{alkl ag dl eòdojãl avodq{`vl

kad ka~luuoddo |qa a~{qk`l qgl yuoyàklk ~ac`þ{`nl kad ~au mqclgo' F`gldcag{a ag do~

juqyo~ ~on`lda~ dl ~acò~`~ mlna yo~èda do~ ~`~{acl~ ~on`lda~ -Bqdd a{ ld' 5990)' You do

lg{auòu yqaka lujqcag{lu~a |qa dl ~acò~`~ a~ qgl yuoyàklk ka dl v`kl$ yl{ag{a ag dl

v`kl mqclgl$ l~ã |qa ad yuona~o ka ~acò~`~ go~ yuovaa ka `gfoucln`þg lnaunl ka do

v`vo$ you addo ka do mqclgo$ ka dl~ yau~ogl~ p ka ~q ka~luuoddo'

Dl ~acò~`~ mlna yo~èda {ua~ l~yan{o~ `gk`~yag~leda~ kad ~`jg`f`nlko8 <' Dluadln`þg ka do~ ~`jgo~ ag ad ~`~{acl ka dl dagjql you do nqld yqakag {agau ~`jg`f`nlko$ 5'

Dl nocqg`nln`þg ka do~ ~`jgo~ ag{ua do~ mledlg{a~ p ka do~ mledlg{a~ kag{uo kad {oko |qa

a~ dl dagjql' >' Ad ka~luuoddo ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu ag dl og{ojag`l ka dl yau~ogl'

Ad da}`nþg o k`nnògluò cag{ld kogka ~a yuoyoga |qa ~a agnqag{ulg do~ ~`jg`f`nlko~

|qa kad cqgko p ka ~q dagjql nogona qg mledlg{a$ ~og ad ua~qd{lko ka dl ~acò~`~ kag{uo

kad n`ndo ka nocqg`nln`þg -^laak 599>)' [ld da}`nþg you ~au ylu{a kad `gflg{a noco qg

~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo kaea ~au qg ~`~{acl ag nog~{uqnn`þg kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l ka dlyau~ogl'



<9:

Do k`nmo ~qyoga qgl yau~yan{`vl nàg{ãf`nl |qa ~a ~aylul ka qgl —{aouãl ka do~

nþk`jo~ |qa go {àga glkl |qa vau nog do |qa onquua ag dl cag{a ka dl~ yau~ogl~– -Ano

<0:68 <>1)' A~{l lg{uoyodojãl ld ~au avodq{`vl ~qyoga |qa dl flnqd{lk ylul ka~luuoddlu

qgl dagjql {àga qgl mauagn`l ka lgna~{uãl#ka~nagkagn`l' Ld mlnau cagn`þg ka

a~{uqn{qul~ p k`~yo~`{`vo~ ylul ~`jg`f`nlu$ l~ã noco ka k`~ylulkoua~ ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ~a

yua~ag{lg noco ag{`klka~ o yuona~o~' A~{l a}yd`nln`þg ~qyoga |qa do~ ~aua~ mqclgo~

yo~aag qgl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu |qa `gndqpa ad ~`~{acl nocyq{lnògld |qa eq~nl

ka~nuèù ad yuojulcl ka `gva~{`jln`þg nmoc~b`lgo p$ ka clpou `cyou{lgn`l ylul

gqa~{uo nl~o$ dl nlyln`klk ylul jagaulu ~`jg`f`nlko~' Yo~èdacag{a ka foucl ~`c`dlu l dl

a}yd`nln`þg cag{ld kad ~`jg`f`nlko yuoyqa~{l you Ulp Hlnbagkoff -Hlnbagkoff 5995)'

Ylul yua~ag{lu dl vld`kax ka c` yuoyqa~{l ~qyogjlco~ noco m`yþ{a~`~ gqdl |qa

ad cqgko go {àga ~`jg`f`nlko ylul qg ~au v`vo$ qg ~au mqclgo' Ag {ld nl~o ¿a}`~{a

yo~è`d`klk ylul dl v`kl? Nog~`kauo |qa dl ua~yqa~{l a~8 Go$ ¿You |qà? Ag ad nl~o n`{lko

ka dl m`yþ{a~`~ gqdl$ ~` ad cqgko go yuovaa ka g`gjøg {`yo ka vldou ylul dl v`kl$ ~` go

a~{ledana g`gjøg {`yo ka uadln`þg nog ad oujlg`~co$ kogka ad cqgko a~ qg nøcqdo ka

no~l~ ~`g noga}`þg g` uadln`þg$ g` ~`jg`f`nlko$ nqlgko eq~nlco~ av`kagn`l~ ka a~a

cqgko$ {ld cqgko go a~ qg cqgko ka ~aua~ v`vo~ noco ad |qa nogonaco~' A~ qg

`cyo~èda ~ajøg dl yuoy`l {aouãl avodq{`vl$ yqa~ ylul {oko ~au v`vo ad cqgko {àga qg

~ag{`ko$ dl~ no~l~ ag ad cqgko yqakag vldoulu~a p oe{agau ~`jg`f`nlko' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko

cì~ eì~`no a~ clg{agau dl yuoy`l v`kl$ lg{a dl yauk`kl ùuacak`leda ka dl~ fqgnòga~

eòdþj`nl~ nog dl aklk$ ad ~`jg`f`nlko ~`jqàg{a ag `cyou{lgn`l a~ dl uayuokqnn`þg

càg{ul~ ~al yo~èda' You dl~ nogk`nòga~ nlce`lg{a~ p nog{`gjag{a~ kad lceàg{a ad

~`jqàg{a ~`jg`f`nlko nog vldou a~ dl yuoyàklk ka avodqnòglu' [ld noco ~a cqa~{ul dl

v`kl ~àcyua a~ uadlnògld p {àga qg ~`jg`f`nlko ylul ~ã c`~cl ag ad lceàg{a' A~{o a~$

dl m`yþ{a~`~ gqdl go ~a nqcyda$ ad cqgko {àga ~`jg`f`nlko ylul do~ ~aua~ v`vo~ p do~

oujlg`~co~ ~og nlylna~ ka uanogonaudo ylul ~q ~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld8 —Dl ~acò~`~

a~{ì ag ad noulxþg ka dl v`kl– -âeaob 599<8 <0$ {ulkqnn`þg kad lq{ou) you|qa you cakò

ka dl `g{aulnn`þg nocqg`nl{`vl kad oujlg`~co~ nog ~q ag{ougo a~ yo~èda dl

~oeuav`vagn`l k`fauagn`ld' A~{o mlna |qa ~a ka~luuoddag do~ ko~ l~yan{o~ kad ~`jg`f`nlko$

you qgl ylu{a ~q uadln`þg nog ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a p you dl o{ul ~q uadln`þg nog do~ kacì~

~`jg`f`nlko~ kad ~`~{acl -Kqnuo{ p [okouov <0:;$ ^laak 599>)'

Ag ~q ~ag{`ko og{ojàg`no a~{l lg{uoyodojãl uanogona ld ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d nþco

ad coko p yuona~o you ad nqld ~a ~`{øl ld ~au mqclgo ag qgl foucl ka ~au ag ad cqgkonqpl nluln{auã~{`nl fqgklcag{ld a~ qgl v`kl el~lkl ag ~`jgo~ -ãnogo~$ ãgk`na~ p



<9=

~ãceodo~$ ka lnqauko l dl {auc`godojãl lnay{lkl ka Yàuna <0<9>>)' A~{o~ ~`jgo~ mlnag

dl v`kl yau~ogld$ ag ylu{`nqdlu$ ag ad yuona~o l|qã a~{qk`lko a~ dl fl~a `g`n`ld p nlq~ld

ylul ad n`ndo ka v`kl' Dl ~acò~`~ a~ ag{agk`kl noco qgl —`g{auflna gl{quld you dl nqld

qg oujlg`~co gajon`l ln{`vlcag{a dl~ kaclgkl~ ka ~q oujlg`xln`þg eòdþj`nl `g{augl

nog dl~ kaclgkl~ ln{qlda~ ka dl~ oujlg`xln`þg ka ~q~ lduakakoua~– -Flvlualq n`{lko ag

Lqjq~{pg 599=$ {ulkqnn`þg ka lq{ou)' A~ dl ~acò~`~ dl foucl ka `g{aulnn`þg |qa you

klu~a ag ad ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg ~a `gndqpa ag dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p ag ad

nog{a}{o ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo' Dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl ln{øl mlnàgko yo~èda dl

a}`~{agn`l p ad ahaun`nò ka dl ~acò~`~ you ad `gk`v`kqo p dl nog~{uqnn`þg kad g`nmo

nouua~yogka ld ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg kogka onquua dl ~acò~`~'

Ad ~`jgo ~auì nog~`kaulko ag ~q ~ag{`ko og{ojàg`no$ noco ad ~`~{acl `gk`~on`leda

ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a p ad ~`jg`f`nlko -^lq~~qua <050) |qa a~ dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg p kogka ad

`g{àuyua{a mqclgo a~{ì ~oeuaag{agk`ko -Kqnuo{ p [okouov <0:;$ ^laak 599>)' Dl

uadln`þg ka qg`klk ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a a~ ka lue`{uluàklk -^lq~~qua

<050)$ ka gana~`klk -Eagvag`~{a <0:<)$ p ka yo{agn`ld`klk og{ojàg`nl' Yuoyogjo a~{a

ød{`co nognay{o |qa ~quja ka c` uafda}`þg ka~ka dl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad

ka~luuoddo ~oeua ad [ul{lko ka ~ac`þ{`nl ka Ano -<0:6)$ nog~`kaulgko |qa ad ~`jg`f`nlko

~a ka~luuoddl nog dl flnqd{lk ka ~`jg`f`nlu ag dl og{ojag`l `gflg{`d p kad nognay{o ka

vldou kad ~`jgo you ad nqld qg ~`jgo lk|qàua vldou ag dl cak`kl ag dl nqld a~{ì

uadlnòglko nog o{uo~ ~`jgo~ ag dl dagjql' Dl yo{agn`ld`klk a~ you addo qg nluìn{au kad

~`jgo |qa a~ yuokqn{o ka dl og{ojag`l ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu' Dl uadln`þg ag{ua dl

lue`{uluàklk$ dl gana~`klk p ad yo{agn`ld og{ojàg`no mlna yo~èda dl a}`~{agn`l kad ~`jgo

p l~ã ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' Mledaco~ ka nlkl qgo ka do~ you |qà $ |qa mlnag yo~èda dl

qg`klk ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a'

Ad nluìn{au lue`{uluò kad ~`jgo mlna yo~èda |qa go ua|qùlco~ nogonau do~

~`jgo~ ka g`gjqgl dagjql mqclgl ld glnau$ ~`go {agau ad yuojulcl og{ojàg`no ylulka~luuoddlu dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu nqlgko ad mqclgo ~a ka~luuoddl ag qg g`nmo

d`gjôã~{`no' Ag ad ~ag{`ko avodq{`vo#og{ojàg`no dl vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda ka dl flnqd{lk

ka ~`jg`f`nlu ua|qàua |qa ad ~`~{acl ~on`ld ~a l~ajqua ka a~{ledanau lue`{ulu`lcag{a

~`jgo~ |qa ~a lk|qàuag kqulg{a dl `gflgn`l' A~{a ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d ka do~ ~`jg`f`nlko~

>> —Kaf`go qg @nogo noco qg ~`jgo ka{auc`glko you ~q oeha{o k`gìc`no ag vù{qk ka ~qgl{quldaxl `g{augl' Kaf`go qg Ãgk`na noco qg ~`jgo ka{auc`glko you ~q oeha{o k`gìc`no ag

vù{qk ka dl uadln`þg uald |qa clg{àga nog àd' Kaf`go qg ^ãceodo noco qg ~`jgo ka{auc`glko you ~q oeha{o k`gìc`no ~odlcag{a ag ad ~ag{`ko ag |qa ~auì `g{auyua{lko– Yàuna -N`{lko agKqnuo{ p [okouov <0:;8<91)



<90

~a nogkqna you dl ~acò~`~ |qa Eagvag`~{a oe~auvl ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p ~`jg`f`nlg{a ld

{ul{lu ad nluìn{au ka gana~`klk ' A~{l gana~`klk a~ dl ~aüld kad ka~luuoddo ka do~ ~`jgo~$

yqa~ ylul |qa a}`~{lg do~ ~`jgo~ kaeag uadlnòglu~a ~`jg`f`nlko p ~`jg`f`nlg{a' A~{o

`cyd`nl dl a}`~{agn`l ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag dl `gflgn`l |qa mlna yo~èda ad ka~luuoddo ka

dl nocya{agn`l d`gjôã~{`nl p nocqg`nl{`vl' Lceo~ {àuc`go~ mlg klko ou`jag l

k`~nq~òga~ |qa mlg ~`ko cqp yuokqn{`vl~ -Nmlgkdau 599:$ ^laak 599>) p l dl~ nqlda~

ljuajlco~ ad nognay{o ka yo{agn`ld`klk og{ojàg`nl'

Dl yo{agn`ld`klk og{ojàg`nl ylul dl a}`~{agn`l kad ~`jgo ~a av`kagn`l ag dl

a}`~{agn`l ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu$ dqajo ag ~q ka~luuoddo p ag {aunau dqjlu ag dl

nlyln`klk ylul mlnau ka a~{o~ ~`jg`f`nlko~ ylu{a ka qg ~`~{acl clpou ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg

|qa a~ dl dagjql noco ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg' ^lq~~qua uanogona |qa do~ ~`jgo~

{àgag qg vldou ~acìg{`no you agnog{ulu~a ag uadln`þg qgo~ nog o{uo~$ a~ kanù$ g`gjøg

~`jgo yo~aa qg vldou ~acìg{`no ag l`~dlcàg{o -^lq~~qua <050$ Nmlgkdau 599:)'

Càg{ul~ |qa dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ qgl yuoyàklk ka dl uadln`þg ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p

~`jg`f`nlg{a$ ad vldou kad ~`jgo a~ qgl yuoyàklk |qa ~a lk|qàua ag ad ~`~{acl ka dl

dagjql -Nmlgkdau 599:)' Dl nluln{auã~{`nl kad vldou ka do~ ~`jgo~ ylul {agau ~ag{`ko

yuonaka ka dl og{ojag`l ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg' Ag dl `gflgn`l p ag dl g`üax ~a lyuagkag |qa

do~ ~`jgo~$ lkacì~ ka uafauù ld cqgko p l dl~ lnnòga~ ag àd$ uafàuag yu`clu`lcag{a

qgo~ l o{uo~ p {àgag ~ag{`ko noco ylu{a kad ~`~{acl le~{uln{o kad g`nmo ~onònqd{quld

-Jleuàdl Nouoglko 59<<)' Ag dl og{ojag`l do~ `gflg{a~ lk|qàuag nqld|qàu ~`jgo ag qg

nog{a}{o ka ~`jgo~ nog do~ |qa ~a uadlnòglg ylul {agau ~ag{`ko' Nog ad nognay{o ka

yo{agn`ld og{ojàg`no ~a agfl{`xl a~{l nluln{auã~{`nl ka do~ ~`jgo~ ka yau{aganau l qg

~`~{acl p$ ka foucl cì~ uadavlg{a$ ka~nuèa ad nluìn{au ka dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu |qa

~a ka~luuoddl kqulg{a dl lk|q`~`n`þg ka dl dagjql'

A~{l nqld`klk og{ojàg`nl kad ~`jgo yauc`{a nocyuagkau dl lue`{uluàklk |qa go

a~ nocyda{l you|qa a~ og{odþj`nl ld {agau qgl el~a og{ojàg`nl$ go a~ qgl lue`{uluàklkm`~{þu`nl g` ~on`ld -Nmlgkdau 599:$ ^laak 599>)' Do~ ~`jgo~ {àgag qg nog{a}{o ka

lnqauko ~on`ld |qa a~ do |qa lk|qàuag do~ `gflg{a~ noco yo{agn`ld og{ojàg`no ag dl

uadln`þg ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p ~`jg`f`nlg{a ag ad g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no'

Ad fagþcago ka~nu`{o ~þdo a~ yo~èda ~` ag ad `gflg{a `gnuacag{l ~q nlyln`klk

ylul uanogonau$ a~{ledanau p q{`d`xlu dl uadln`þg ka lue`{uluàklk$ gana~`klk p

yo{agn`ld`klk og{ojàg`nl ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlko -cqgko p vldou nqd{quld) p ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a

-a~{uqn{qul ka ~og`ko~ yau{`gag{a~ ka dl dagjql)' A~{l a~ dl og{ojag`l kad ~`jgo you dl|qa ad `gflg{a noco mledlg{a uafàua ld cqgko -^laak 599>)' Ld ua~yan{o ^lq~~qua k`na8



<<9

—dl qg`klk d`gjôã~{`nl a~ qgl no~l koeda$ manml kad lnaunlcàg{o ka ko~ {àuc`go~– |qa

~og ad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a -^lq~~qua <0508 <9<)$ ~àcyua p nqlgko ~a ~qyoga dl

a}`~{agn`l ka qg ~au |qa do~ q{`d`xl p nqpl v`kl a~ qg yuona~o og{ojàg`no'

Ag nlkl ln{o ka mledl ~quja a~{l qg`klk$ ad ~`jgo$ ag qg lnaunlcàg{o |qa ~a

mlna dl foucl gl{quld ka nognayn`þg kad cqgko ag do~ lkqd{o~' Dl yau~yan{`vl ka Yàuna

|qa nog~`kaul |qa ad ~`jgo a~ l|qaddo |qa ~a agnqag{ul ag dqjlu ka o{ul no~l$ a~

yau{`gag{a p ø{`d ylul dl yuoyqa~{l |qa ~a ~`jqa ag a~{l yuoyqa~{l$ k`nml no~l |qa a~{ì ag

dqjlu ka o{ul a~ dl qg`klk ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p ~`jg`f`nlg{a noco qg yuona~o kag{uo ka dl

nocqg`nln`þg p dl ~acò~`~' A~{a ~`jgo a~{ì ag ad ~`~{acl ~ac`þ{`no$ qgl vax |qa

—mledlgko nog yuoyàklk$ go a}`~{ag ~`jgo~$ ~`go fqgnòga~ ~ac`þ{`nl~– -Ano <0:68 =;)$

p mlna uafauagn`l l dl~ no~l~ kad cqgko |qa ~ùva ylul ka~luuoddlu dl {aouãl kad

nogon`càg{o kad cqgko' A~{l nouua~yogka l dl gl{quldaxl eònqd{quld kad ~`jgo ag ad

nog{a}{o {aþu`no ka qgl lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo'

Ad yuona~o ag ad nqld ad ~`jgo$ ua~qd{lko ka dl ~acò~`~$ |qa ~qnaka ag ad

`gk`v`kqo p kag{uo kad ~`~{acl ka dl dagjql$ fqgnògl noco vãgnqdo ag{ua do ~on`ld p do

`gk`v`kqld kad ~au mqclgo noco yau~ogl$ ~a ~aüldl ka lnqauko l qgl ~anqagn`l ylul dl

og{ojag`l kad ~`jg`f`nlko nog do~ ~`jqàg{a~ adacag{o~8

<' Ad `gflg{a a~ qg ~au ylu{ãn`ya ka qgl ~acò~`~ nocqg`nl{`vl you v`vù p ka~luuoddlu~a

ag qg cqgko fqgklcag{lko ag dl nocqg`nln`þg$

5' Ad `gflg{a noco uanay{ou a~ qg ~au eònqd{quld flnqd{lko ylul ag{ulu p ka~luuoddlu~a ag

ad ~`~{acl ~ac`þ{`no$ qg ~`~{acl el~lko ag ~`jgo~ ylul dl yuoy`l ~oeuav`vagn`l$

>' Ad `gflg{a ~a ka~luuoddl noco ua~qd{lko ka dl `g{aulnn`þg ag{ua ~q og{ojag`l$ dl

~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl p ad g`nmo d`gjôã~{`no$

;' Ad `gflg{a noco uanay{ou kad ~`jgo uanogona$ ka~luuoddl$ lk|qàua p lyuagka dl

uadln`þg |qa ag{ua ~`jg`f`nlko p ~`jg`f`nlg{a `g{ajul ld ~`jgo uadlnòglko nog o{uo~

~`jgo~ ka dl ~acò~`~ nocqg`nl{`vl$1' L do dlujo kad n`ndo ka v`kl ad `gflg{a {ocl ~q dqjlu ka ac`~ou$ ad yuona~o a~ dl

og{ojag`l kad ~`jgo' Ag dl og{ojag`l kad ~`jgo ~a uanogona l8

6' Ad nognay{o |qa a}`~{a ag ad `gflg{a$ ag ad ag{ougo p ag dl nocqg`nln`þg$

:' Ad uafauag{a$ p

=' Ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a |qa a~ dl yuokqnn`þg ~ogoul ka dl dagjql nqpl {ulg~foucln`þg a~{qk`l

dl d`gjôã~{`nl m`~{þu`nl$ ag nqlg{o l ~q a~{uqn{quln`þg dl lgld`xlg {lg{o dl coufodojãl

noco dl ~`g{l}`~$ p ylul do~ f`ga~ ka a~{l yuoyqa~{l ~a {ocl noco qgl nog~{lg{a$



<<<

0' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko ag{ul ag qg ~`~{acl ua~qd{lg{a kad yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg you|qa

{oko~ do~ nognay{o~ ~a agnqag{ulg ag uaka~ ka qg`þg ~acìg{`nl nog o{uo~ nognay{o~ ag dl

dagjql$

<9' Dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ yuokqn{o kad yuona~o ~ac`þ{`no |qa ua~qd{l kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d

ag qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko~ |qa ~a nocqg`nlg$

<<' Ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko a~ av`kag{a ag ad `gflg{a$ ag ~q ka~luuoddo$ vlu`le`d`klk

`gk`v`kqld p nog~{`{qn`þg ag ad k`~nqu~o' Ad ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko `gndqpa ld ~`~{acl ka

uadlnòga~ |qa ~a yua~ag{lg ag dl ~acò~`~ -ad ~`~{acl ka ka~luuoddo eònqd{quld p ad

g`nmo mqclgo)$ you do {lg{o$

<5' Ad ~`jgo a~ ua~qd{lko kad yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg |qa oyaul kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l ka

dl ~acò~`~ p nog~{`{qpa ad ~`jg`f`nlko |qa noco yuona~o a~ oe~auvleda ag ad `gflg{a'

Do cì~ `cyou{lg{a go a~ dl nlg{`klk ka nogon`càg{o `g{ajulko ag ad nognay{o$

~`go dl `g{ajuln`þg kad nogon`càg{o ag ad nqauyo ka nogon`càg{o a}`~{ag{a p ag

ka~luuoddo' Ad ua~qd{lko ka a~{a yuona~o a~ ad nognay{o ka yau~ogl'

^` eàg a~ yl{ag{a nþco ad ~`jg`f`nlko nuana {ld nqld do mlna ad ~au mqclgo$ ~q

a}yd`nln`þg ~a ~qada ~`{qlu a}ndq~`vlcag{a kag{uo ka qg nog{a}{o d`gjôã~{`no o dþj`no'

Ka~ka c` yau~yan{`vl a~{o go a~ a}ln{o$ ad ~`jg`f`nlko a~ qg yuona~o nog a~{uqn{qul

uadlnògld$ go yau{agana a}ndq~`vlcag{a ld `gk`v`kqo$ go ~a agnqag{ul ~þdo ag dl dagjql$

go a~ `gkayagkàg{a kad ag{ougo o ~þdo ~a d`jl l a~{a you ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a$ g` a~ a}ndq~`vo

ka qg cocag{o p {lcyono yo~aa qgl a~{uqn{qul `gcq{leda' Noco ua~qd{l ka ~au qg

yuona~o$ ad ~`jg`f`nlko noce`gl nlkl qgl ka a~{l~ yuoyàklka~$ dl foucl cì~ ndlul ka

oe~auvludo a~ nqlgko ~a uayua~ag{l ad yuona~o ~ac`þ{`no ag ad nlgld#~`~{acl ka

nocqg`nln`þg -F`jqul >'5) ylul lgld`xludo p a}yd`nludo' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko a~ you do {lg{o qg

yuona~o p ~a ka~luuoddl nog dl yau~ogl' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko yauc`{a8 nogonau do~ adacag{o~avodq{`vo~ ka dl a~yanà |qa ag ~q yuona~o kad n`ndo ka v`kl ~q~{ag{lg dl yo~è`d`klk kad

ka~luuoddo ka dl k`vau~`klk nqd{quld$ {ld noco ~a ml ydlg{alko noco ad oeha{`vo ka dl

lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo'

Yuoyogjo noco m`yþ{a~`~ ka {ulelho |qa ad ~`jg`f`nlko go ~þdo a~{ì ag dl

nog~{uqnn`þg kad ~`jgo |qa ua~qd{l ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg |qa do qga nog ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a$ ~`go

{lce`àg ad ~`jg`f`nlko a~{ì ag ad ~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg p |qa nqlgko ~a oe~auvl adnlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg ~a yqaka av`kagn`lu' Dl f`jqul >'5 cqa~{ul |qa nqlgko go~



<<5

nocqg`nlco~$ ag ad nlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg ad o{uo ylul nqld|qàu ac`~ou fqgnògl noco

uanay{ou' Ka a~{l clgaul ad nlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg ~a nogvàu{a ag qg ~`~{acl ~ac`þ{`no

kad nqld ~quja ad ~`jg`f`nlko kogka ylul f`ga~ yuìn{`no~ nog~`kaulco~ ld ~`jg`f`nlg{a

noco qgl nog~{lg{a' A~{l yo~{qul ylul `kag{`f`nlu ad ~`jg`f`nlko yuovàga ka c`

`g{auyua{ln`þg ka do |qa ^lq~~qua p Yàuna `cyd`nlg nqlgko yuoyogag dl nocyuag~`þg

kad ~`jgo'

F`jqul >'5' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko

Ad ~`jg`f`nlko ua~qd{l kad yuona~o ~ac`þ{`no kag{uo kad nlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg

-F`jqul >'5$ ~aüldlko you {oko do `g{ajulko kag{uo ka dl fdanml koeda) ag ad nqld a~

yo~èda `kag{`f`nlu qg ~`jgo nog ~`jg`f`nlko ag ad ac`~ou$ qg ~`jgo nog ~`jg`f`nlko ag ad

uanay{ou$ qg ~`jgo nog qg ~`jg`f`nlko ag ad ln{o nocqg`nl{`vo$ qg ~`jg`f`nlko kad

~`~{acl ka ~`jgo~ -dl dagjql) p a~{o~ ~`jgo~ nog ~`jg`f`nlko yo~aag qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a |qa

yqaka ~au ad c`~co o k`~{`g{o -do nqld go ~a `gndqpa ag a~{l yuoyqa~{l ylul mlnaudl cì~

k`kìn{`nl) ag nqpl qg`klk$ ~`jg`f`nlko/~`jg`f`nlg{a agnog{ulco~ ld ~`jgo -^lq~~qua

Aha kad {àcyo p

you addo kad

ka~luuoddo

og{ojàg`no'

Aha ka dl nocqg`nln`þg'

Aha ka dl ~acò~`~'



<<>

<050)' A~ you addo |qa ad ~`jg`f`nlko ~a agnqag{ul ag ad mledlg{a$ ag ad ag{ougo$ ag ad

~`~{acl ka nocqg`nln`þg p ag dl k`gìc`nl kad ~`~{acl ~ac`þ{`no' A~{l a~{uqn{qul ln{øl

kqulg{a dl og{ojag`l$ do |qa dl mlna ~au qg ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nlko |qa ~a ka~luuoddl ag ad

n`ndo ka v`kl ka dl~ yau~ogl~' You addo ma ~qjau`ko |qa yo~aa {ua~ aha~$ qg aha yuoyò kad

ka~luuoddo og{ojàg`no a}ydoulko lcyd`lcag{a ag ad yua~ag{a {ulelho$ o{uo aha a~ ad ka dl

~acò~`~ |qa ~a ml ~aüldlko ml~{l lmoul ~q uadavlgn`l p qg {aunau aha |qa nouua~yogka l

dl nocqg`nln`þg av`kag{acag{a ndlva ag dl nog~{`{qn`þg kad ~au mqclgo noco yau~ogl'

Ad yuona~o ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ yo~èda you|qa nlkl qgo ka do~ nocyogag{a~

nlq~lda~ ag{ul ag ad ~`~{acl ~ac`þ{`no kad nlgld ka nocqg`nln`þg$ noco qg`klk |qa

a~{ledana ad ~`~{acl kad ~`jg`f`nlko' Ylu{`n`ylgko ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ~a `kag{`f`nlg n`gno

nocyogag{a~ kag{uo kad yuona~o -vàl~a dl yu`caul nodqcgl ag dl F`jqul >'>$ ac`~ou#

uanay{ou#ln{o nocqg`nl{`vo#dagjql#cag~lha)' A~{o~ nocyogag{a~ ~a agnqag{ulg ag qgl

k`gìc`nl nog{`gql kag{uo kad ka~luuoddo kad n`ndo ka v`kl ka dl~ yau~ogl~$ dl k`gìc`nl

nqd{quld p ad yuona~o avodq{`vo ka dl a~yanà' ^q a}`~{agn`l ~qyoga qgl a~{uqn{qul nlq~ld

kad ~`jg`f`nlko |qa ~a oujlg`xl ag ad ka~luuoddo' Nlkl qgo ka a~{o~ g`vada~ ka nlq~ld`klk

yuovaag ka a~{uqn{qul~ oukagleda~ ag ad ~`~{acl kad ~`jg`f`nlko -vàl~a dl ~ajqgkl p

{aunaul nodqcgl~ ag dl F`jqul >'>)' Dl ylu{`n`yln`þg ka {oko~ do~ adacag{o~ yauc`{a ld

c`~co {àcyo8 qgl a~{uqn{qul ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg nocøg noco yuoy`l kad ~`jg`f`nlko ag dl

nqd{qul p ag a~yanãf`no ag dl dagjql$ p ad ~`jg`f`nlko vlu`leda |qa yo~aag do~ `gk`v`kqo~'

Nlkl qgo ka a~o~ nocyogag{a~ yo~aa nluln{auã~{`nl~ |qa do~ mlnag yo{agn`ldcag{a

ylu{ãn`ya~ ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg -F`jqul >'>$ nodqcgl~ ko~ p {ua~)'

A~{l `kal ka ~au k`~ylulkoua~ kad ~`jg`f`nlko a~{ì pl yua~ag{a ag ^lq~~qua'

Nqlgko ^lq~~qua mledl ka dl uadln`þg ag{ua ad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad ~`jg`f`nlg{a k`na |qa a~{ìg

ãg{`clcag{a d`jlko~$ you qgl l~on`ln`þg kogka nlkl qgo k`~ylul dl a}`~{agn`l kad o{uo

-^lq~~qua <050$ Nmlgkdau 599:)' Noco yo{agn`lda~ k`~ylulkoua~ ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ ag ad

ka~luuoddo p dl `g{aulnn`þg mlnag yo~èda dl ag{ulkl ka do~ nocyogag{a~ ag ad yuona~o kadka~luuoddo kad ~`jgo -F`jqul >'>$ fdanml~ ka kauanml l `x|qàukl)$ a~{ledanàgko dl

~acò~`~ ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg ag{ua do~ n`gno nocyogag{a~ -yu`caul nodqcgl ka dl F`jqul

>'> p dl F`jqul >'5)' A~{o~ k`~ylulkoua~ do ~og you dl yuoyàklk ka do~ ~`jgo~ ka

yau{aganau l qg ~`~{acl ylul {agau ~`jg`f`nlko'



<<;

F`jqul >'>' Yuona~o p nocyogag{a~ kad ~`jg`f`nlko ag ad ka~luuoddo kad ~`jgo

Do~ ~`jgo~ ag dl dagjql {ulg~c`{ag qg nog{ag`ko nqd{quld |qa a~ dl qg`klk

nqd{quld$ —ldjo |qa a~l nqd{qul ml kaf`g`ko noco qg`klk k`~{`g{`vl ka o{ul~– -An o <0:68

<<5)$ you do nqld ~a ko{l ka ~`jg`f`nlko nog ad q~o ka qg ~`jg`f`nlg{a ylul mlnau

uafauagn`l$ ylul mledlu$ ylul nocqg`nlu~a lnaunl ka qg uafauag{a' A}ydãn`{lcag{a ~a

a~{ledana |qa ~og k`~ylulkoua~ kad ~`jg`f`nlko p ad nog{ag`ko kad ~`jg`f`nlko yauclgana

uadl{lko {ld noco ~a a~{ledan`þ nog dl f`jqul >'5' A~{a yuona~o ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ do

oe~auvleda$ lgld`xleda p yo{agn`ldcag{a nogkqna l dl ~ãg{a~`~ a}yd`nl{`vl kad ~`jg`f`nlko

kad nognay{o ka yau~ogl' Do |qa mlna ~`jg`f`nl{`vl dl a}`~{agn`l noco yau~ogl'

<' Ac`~ou

5' Uanay{ou

>' Cag~lha

;' Ag{ougo

Mauagn`l avodq{`vl &

Og{ojag`l

ôn`ld`xln`þg#mìe`{q~#

nqd{qul

A~{uqn{qul ka dl dagjql

G`nmo mqclgo

Nlyln`klk mauak`{lu`l ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg$ k`fauagn`l~

nauaeulda~ moceua#cqhau$ a{n

Ka~luuoddo ka dl nlyln`klk

ylul ~`jg`f`nlu$ ka~luuoddo ka

dl nognàgn`l ka ~ã c`~co p

kad cqgko -a~{le`d`klk kad

a~ylnò$ k`gìc`nl kad {àcyo#

cl{au`l$ k`gìc`nl$ a~{uqn{qul kadcqgko)'

Goucl~ ka ~on`ld`xln`þg

-yau~ogl)$ coko a~{leda ka

~au$ no~cov`~`þg'

[`yo~ ka a~{uqn{qul~ ka dl

dagjql$ yuafauagn`l~

d`gjôã~{`nl~ ka nog~{uqnn`þg

ka dl dagjql'

Ka~luuoddo kad ~`jgo

K`~yo~`{`vo~$ oyaulkoua~ p

a~{uqn{qul~ ylul ~`jg`f`nlu

A~{uqn{qul~ k`~ylulkoul~ ka

~`jg`f`nln`þg -ahacydo~)'

1' ^`jg`f`nlg{a

~`jg`f`nln`þg



<<1

A~{a ~`~{acl ka `g{aulnn`þg a~ ad øg`no ag ad cqgko mqclgo ag ad nqld klco~

nqag{l ka dl a}`~{agn`l ka ~`jg`f`nlko ag qg ~`~{acl nqd{quld |qa ~a {ulg~c`{a you dl

ag~aülgxl' Ad ~`jg`f`nlko a~ oe~auvlko nqlgko lgld`xlco~ ~q nog~{`{qn`þg noco

acaujagn`l ka dl ~acò~`~ ag dl nocqg`nln`þg' K`nmo ka o{ul clgaul$ ~` oe~auvlco~

~`jg`f`nln`þg a~ ag {lg{o |qa a~ yl{ag{a noco qg fagþcago ka ~acò~`~ nocqg`nl{`vl'

A~ dþj`no p gana~luò yag~lu |qa kad fagþcago ~ac`þ{`no acauja ad ~`jg`f`nlko$ go ag

qg nocyogag{a$ ~`go ag ad {oko$ you|qa nlkl qgo {àga qgl lyou{ln`þg ld ~`~{acl' Ylul

qg lgìd`~`~ nocyda{o kad ~`jg`f`nlko ~a uanogona dl qg`klk -F`jqul >'5) p nþco nlkl

qgo ka ~q~ nocyogag{a~ ylu{`n`yl ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg -F`jqul >'>)' A~{a yuona~o ka dl

og{ojag`l eònqd{quld ka dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg yuovaa ka dl qg`klk $ dl gana~`klk p ad yo{agn`ld

og{ojàg`no ylul ad ka~luuoddo ka dl qg`klk ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg dà}`nl' Dl qg`klk dà}`nl ~a

nluln{au`xl you do~ ~`jqàg{a~ nocyogag{a~8 <' Dl yuogqgn`ln`þg kad da}acl$ 5' ^q

a~{l{q~ julcl{`nld noco qg`klk kad ~`~{acl ka dl dagjql$ >' ^q ~`jg`f`nlko$ p ;' Ad

~`jg`f`nlko ka ~q uadln`þg nog o{ul~ qg`klka~ dà}`nl~ -^laak 599>)'

Ag nogndq~`þg$ ~` nocyuagkaco~ ad ~`jg`f`nlko ka~ka {ua~ yau~yan{`vl~2 dl

~acò~`~$ dl nocqg`nln`þg p dl og{ojag`l$ a~ yo~èda `kag{`f`nlu dl~ nluln{auã~{`nl~ kad

~`jgo$ ~q lk|q`~`n`þg p ad fqgklcag{o og{ojàg`no#avodq{`vo ag ad nqld ~a ~q~{ag{l'



<<6

Nlyã{qdo ;

Nogndq~òga~ p yau~yan{`vl

Ad `cyaul{`vo kad ~`jg`f`nlko

[okl dl yuoyqa~{l eònqd{quld {àga ~ag{`ko ~þdo you|qa ad ~au eòdþj`no ~a nog~{uqpa$

no{`k`lglcag{a ag qg ~au |qa yaunèa p nocyuagka ad cqgko noco ~q dqjlu ag àd$ l

ylu{ù ka ~`jgo~ nog ldjøg ~`jg`f`nlko' [ld ~`jg`f`nlko a~ fln{èda ag ~q juqyo ~on`ld p ~a

nog{a}{qld`xl ka l nqauko nog ~q nqd{qul' Dl v`kl ka {oko ~au mqclgo a~{ì d`jlkl l dl

nog~`~{agn`l ka do~ ~`jgo~ nog ~`jg`f`nlko' Ka addo kayagka dl nocqg`nln`þg ~on`ld$ dl

{ulg~c`~`þg p nog{`gq`klk nqd{quld'Do |qa v`co~ a~ |qa ldjo a~agn`ld ylul dl v`kl mqclgl noco dl ~`jg`f`nln`þg$ a~

yau{`gag{a you do~ yuona~o~ og{ojàg`no#avodq{`vo~ a}yd`nlko~ ylul dl nog~{`{qn`þg ka dl

yau~ogl' You addo ad yu`cau yqg{o |qa ua~ld{l a~{l yuoyqa~{l a~ dl q{`d`klk ka dl {aouãl

avodq{`vl ylul jagaulu qgl {aouãl lg{uoyodþj`nl' Ylul addo dl {aouãl avodq{`vl kaea ~au

ydlg{alkl ag do~ {àuc`go~ |qa ad fagþcago eònqd{quld mqclgo do ua|qàua' [ld ~`{qln`þg

a~ yuoy`l ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl$ ka ~q lcyd`ln`þg$ a}{ag~`þg p uafoucqdln`þg' A~{l

a}`jagn`l a~ ua~qd{lko ka dl lcyd`{qk a}yd`nl{`vl ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl$ ag a~{a nl~o youa}{agkau~a l dl a}yd`nln`þg ka do eònqd{quld'

Dl {aouãl avodq{`vl dl ma foucqdlko nog el~a ag dl qg`klk ka lgìd`~`~ |qa a~ ad

n`ndo ka v`kl p ag a~a ~ag{`ko uafau`ko a~yanãf`nlcag{a l dl yau~ogl' Lkacì~ ko~

yuona~o~ ~a mlg ~aüldlko noco do~ fqgklcag{lda~2 dl nog~{uqnn`þg#mauagn`l kad g`nmo p

dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' A~{o~ ko~ yuona~o~ nqeuag do~ l~yan{o~ {aþu`no~ |qa dl

lg{uoyodojãl a}`ja$ noco ~og dl lnn`þg ka do~ `gk`v`kqo~ p dl nqd{qul noco nlq~ld p

afan{o'Ag a~a ~ag{`ko ~a uanogona dl `cyou{lgn`l ndlva p ka{auc`glg{a kad ka~luuoddo ka

dl yau~ogl noco oeha{o ka a~{qkò ka dl lg{uoyodojãl' Nog a~{l yau~yan{`vl fqa yo~èda

a~{ledanau ad vãgnqdo ag{ua ad yuona~o avodq{`vo$ dl f`dojag`l$ p ad yuona~o ka a}`~{agn`l l

do dlujo ka dl v`kl$ dl og{ojag`l' Dl {aouãl eònqd{quld ydlg{al ld ka~luuoddo noco ad

a~dleþg |qa qga l dl m`~{ou`l avodq{`vl nog ad n`ndo ka v`kl ka dl~ yau~ogl~'

You do~ yqg{o~ uafau`ko~ fqa yo~èda ydlg{alu dl `gva~{`jln`þg noco qgl

lg{uoyodojãl avodq{`vl kad ka~luuoddo' A~{l yau~yan{`vl ~a yuoyoga noco qg ìual ka dl

lg{uoyodojãl nlylx ka a~{ledanau a}yd`nlnòga~ jagaulda~ ~oeua ad ~au mqclgo' Ad g`vad



<<:

a}yd`nl{`vo ag a~{a nl~o ml ddajlko ml~{l nocyuagkau dl nlyln`klk ka ~`jg`f`nlu$ ndlva ka

dl v`kl nqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo'

Ad {aunau adacag{o~ |qa noma~ògl l dl avodqn`þg p l dl og{ojag`l ag ad ~au eònqd{quld a~

dl nlyln`klk ylul v`vù ag qg cqgko ka ~`jgo~' Ad ~au mqclgo noco ag{a eònqd{quld

nog~{`{qpa ad fagþcago v`vo ag ad nqld dl flnqd{lk ylul ~`jg`f`nlu ~a ka~luuoddl ag qgl

nqd{qul ylu{`nqdlu ylul mlnau yo~èda ad ka~luuoddo ka qg {`yo ka yau~ogl' L~ã fqa

nog~`kaulkl l dl yau~ogl noco dl fqag{a ka lgìd`~`~ ka dl lg{uoyodojãl ag dl nqld ~a

`g{ajul do y~`nodþj`no$ do eòdþj`no p do ~onònqd{quld kad ~au mqclgo l ylu{ù kad

ka~luuoddo' [lce`àg dl yau~ogl a~ ahacydo ka qg yuona~o kad ka~luuoddo |qa {àga qgl

a}yd`nln`þg avodq{`vl$ a~ nlq~ld p afan{o ag ~q uadln`þg nog dl ~onàklk' Ad ka~luuoddo ka

dl yau~ogl cqa~{ul dl `gfdqagn`l ka dl dagjql noco ~`~{acl ka ~`jg`f`nln`þg p a~ ad

ua~qd{lko kad ka~luuoddo y~`nodþj`no kad `gk`v`kqo' You do nqld dl yau~ogl a~ qgl fqag{a

a}yd`nl{`vl kad ~au mqclgo ag ~q k`vau~`klk p qg`klk eònqd{quld'

Do~ yqg{o~ lg{auòua~ mlnag |qa ~a uanogoxnl ad fagþcago eònqd{quld mqclgo

noco yuoyò ka gqa~{ul a~yanà$ p do cì~ `cyou{lg{a$ |qa {agjl qgl a}yd`nln`þg {aþu`nl

nog~`~{ag{a kag{uo ka dl {aouãl avodq{`vl' Ka coko |qa nocyuagkau ld ~au mqclgo noco

qg ~au eònqd{quld kahl ka ~au qgl yuoyqa~{l ka eqagl~ `g{agnòga~ ylul a}yogau~a noco

qgl a}yd`nln`þg ka do |qa a~$ nþco a~$ you |qà a~ l~ã a `gndq~o ylul |qà ad ~au mqclgo

a~ qg ~au eònqd{quld'

Dl~ el~a~ ka dl {aouãl eònqd{quld nocàgxlg you uanogonau do a~agn`ld kad

ka~luuoddo kad `gflg{a ylul ~au yau~ogl' â a~{ledana noco gøndao ~`~{àc`no dl

`g{aulnn`þg ag{ua avodqn`þg p og{ojag`l kogka ~a ~oyou{l ad ka~luuoddo nqd{quld ka dl

a~yanà' Ag{ua do~ yuona~o~ avodq{`vo~ cì~ uadavlg{a~ ~a ~aüldlg l dl nog~{uqnn`þg#

mauagn`l kad g`nmo p l dl ~adann`þg og{ojàg`nl' You ~q ylu{a dl og{ojag`l a~ eì~`nl noco

vlu`le`d`klk mauakleda p qg ~`~{acl ag ka~luuoddo |qa yauc`{a ad gln`càg{o kad ag{aeòdþj`no k`~yqa~{o ld nuan`càg{o p a~{uqn{quln`þg noco qg ~au eònqd{quld' Ad nluìn{au

nqd{quld uadl{`vo ld q~o p v`vagn`l mqclgl l ylu{ù ka ~`jgo~ ~þdo {àga a}`~{agn`l p

uald`klk ld `g{ajulu~a ag dl og{ojag`l |qa mlna kad Moco ~lyàg~ qg Moco ~`jg`f`nlg~'

A~l nqld`klk dl oe~auvlco~ ag ad c`~co ~`jgo$ nqpl a}`~{agn`l kayagka kad yo{agn`ld

og{ojàg`no ylul fouclu ylu{a kad ~au mqclgo |qa ~a {ulg~foucl ag qg {`yo ka yau~ogl ka

l nqauko l qg nog{a}{o nqd{quld' L~ã nog~`kauo ua~qc`kl dl yuoyqa~{l kad yua~ag{a dèuo

|qa cqa~{ul dl gana~`klk ka a~{uqn{qulu dl {aouãl eònqd{quld a}yd`nl{`vl ka do mqclgo'



<<=

Noco yau~yan{`vl kad {ulelho yua~ag{lko nog~`kauo yau{`gag{a dl qg`klk

nognay{qld ka dl~ `gva~{`jlnòga~ ag dl~ ìual~ kak`nlkl~ l nocyuagkau ld ~au mqclgo'

Dl a}yo~`n`þg {aþu`nl kad yuona~o cqa~{ul |qa yokuaco~ agnog{ulu no`gn`kagn`l~ l do

dlujo ka dl `gva~{`jln`þg `g{auk`~n`yd`glu`l' ^` l do dlujo kad ~`jdo ]] nlkl k`~n`yd`gl ka

`gva~{`jln`þg ka do mqclgo nocagxþ you kaf`gù~a noco k`fauag{a kad ua~{o$ mlnàgko

lgìd`~`~' Ag ad ~`jdo ]]@ |qa nocàgxl a~ yo~èda nocagxlu l jagaulu ~ãg{a~`~

a}yd`nl{`vl~ ka dl yau~ogl noco ~au eònqd{quld'



<<0

EèdòjulfãlLqjq~{pg$ Yu`~nl' 599=' Eò~acò{`n~8 Yuo{o~nàgna$ `g{auk`~n`y`ga$ gaz eòdojp'

Eò~acò{`nl Vod' <:5$ Go' </ ;8 ;:0#;=:'

Eluua~`$ Homg' <000' Og Eanoc`gj l Yau~og' Ym`do~oym`nld Y~pnmodojp$ Vod' <58 :0#0='

Eagã{ax Eluuqno$ Lg{ogò' 5990' Jaga~ p dagjqlha8 L~yan{o~ og{ojagà{`no~$

f`dojagà{`no~ p nojg`{`vo~' Uavau{à$ Elunadogl'

Eagvag`~{a$ Àc`da' <0:<' Yuoedacl~ ka d`gjôã~{`nl jagauld @ ' ^`jdo ]] Ak`{oua~$

Cà}`no'

Eauja~og$ [ogpl lgk ^lgkul [uamqe' 5996' @gflg{~i Yaunay{òg of Ump{mc~ Yl{{aug~'

Cq~`n Yaunay{òg$ Vod' 5>$ Go' ;8 >;1#>69'

Ehoubdqgk$ Klv`k lgk Yaddaju`g` Lg{mogp' 5999' Nm`dk Kavadoycag{ lgk Avodq{òglup

Y~pnmodojp' Nm`dk Kavadoycag{ $ Govaceau:Kanaceau Vod' :<$ Go' 68 <6=:#<:9='

Edoocfàdk$ Daogluk' <0>>' Dagjqlha' Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Clpou ka ^lg Cluno~$

D`cl'

Eoj`g$ Eluup' <009' [ma Avodq{òg of Mqclg Nm`dkmook' Eò^nàgna Vod' ;9 Go' <8 <6#

51

Eoj`g$ Eluup' <00:' Avodq{òglup Mpyo{ma~a~ fou Mqclg Nm`dkmook' Palueoob of

Ymp~`nld Lg{muoyodojp$ Vod' ;986>#=0'Eomlgglg$ Ylqd p Club Jdlxau' <00>' Lg{uoyodojãl$ dan{qul~' CnJulz M`dd$ Clku`k'

Eog`$ Clnàh lgk Clunq~ Fadkclg' 5991' Avodq{òg of lg{èò{`n ua~`~{lgna ep mqclg

lgk eln{au`ld g`nma nog~{uqn{òg' Avodq{òg$ Vod' 10$ Go' >8 ;::#;0<'

Eoogau$ Homg [pdau' <061' ^`xa lgk Npnda' Yu`gna{og Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ Yu`gna{og Gaz

Hau~ap'

Eoogau$ Homg [pdau' <0=:' [ma Ga}{ E`j Yuoedac `g Kavadoycag{ld Eòdojp' Lcau`nlg

Xoodoj`~{ $ Vod' 5:$ Go' 58 :<1#:5>'Eouag~{a`g$ Admlglg$ Hauacp Bagkld lgk Clunq~ Fadkclg' 5996' Nqd{quld g`nma

nog~{uqn{òg `g l ca{lyoyqdl{òg' [maoua{`nld Yoyqdl{òg Eòdojp$ Vod' :98 05#<9;'

Eopk$ Uoeau{ lgk Ya{au U`nmau~og' 5990' Nqd{qua lgk {ma avodq{òg of mqclg

nooyaul{òg' Ym`d' [mulg~' U' ôn' E' Vod' >6;8 >5=<#>5=='

Eqgja$ Cluò' <000' Eq~nlu dl f`do~ofãl ag dl~ nàgn`l~ ~on`lda~' ^`jdo ]]@$ Cà}`no'

Eqgja$ Cluò' 5999' Dl `gva~{`jln`þg nàg{ãf`nl' ^`jdo ]]@$ Cà}`no'

Nlydlg$ Klv`k' <005' @g{uokqnn`þg l dl gaquod`gjôã~{`nl p ld a~{qkò ka do~ {ul~{ougo~kad dagjqlha' Juìf`nl~ Uojlu$ Clku`k'



<59

Nlyog`$ Jq~{lvo' 599:' Ad ua{ougo ka dl og{ojag`l8 qg nogfd`n{o ka `kalda~ ka oukag

gl{quld ag dl eòdojãl avodqnògluãl ln{qld' ^nàg{`l ~{qk`l$ Vod' 1$ Go' <8 0#>;'

Nlyog`$ Jq~{lvo' 599=' Ad nognay{o ka ~adann`þg `g{augl p dl ~qhan`þg ka dl Eòdojãl

Avodqnòglu`l kad Ka~luuoddo ld cokado ka a}yd`nln`þg vlu`lnògld' Eò~`~{acl~$ Vod'

5<$ Go' ;8 <6>#<:='

Nlyog`$ Jq~{lvo' 599= âdann`þg `g{augl8 ad nog{uod ka dl f`dojag`l you dl og{ojag`l ag

qgl yau~yan{`vl vlu`lnògld' [maouãl$ Vod' 658 <01#5<='

Nluc`nmlad$ Daogluk' <01:' Ad nocàgxo p do~ yu`cauo~ a~{lko~ kad nocyou{lcàg{o'

Ag8 Daogluk Nluc`nmlad -Kù') Clgqld ka y~`nodojãl gflg{`d' Ad l{agao$ Elunadogl'

Nluuodd$ Uoeau{' 5999' [ozluk~ l gaz avodq{òglup ~pg{ma~`~' [UAA $ Vod' <1$ Go' <$

Hlgqlup8 5:#>5'

Nluuodd$ âlg' 5991' Agkda~~ Fouc~ Co~{ Eal{`fqd' [ma Gaz ^nàgna of Avo Kavo' ZZ

Gou{og & Nocylgp$ Gaz Poub'

Nl{`gl$ Nmluda~' 599<' [muaa vluà{à~ of ~adan{òg lgk {maù `cyd`nl{òg~ fou dlgjqlja

ou`j`g~' @g8 Jìeou Jpöu` -ak') Dlgjqlja Avodq{òg' Eòdoj`nld$ D`gjq`~{`n lgk

Ym`do~oym`nld Yau~yan{`va~' Ya{au Dlgj$ Eaud`g'

Nl{`gl$ Nmluda~' 599<' [muaa [pya~ of âdan{òg lgk [muaa Nag{quà~' @g{augl{ògld

Hoqugld of Y~pnmodojp lgk Y~pnmodoj`nld [maulyp$ Vod' <$ Go' <8 <#0'

Nlvldd` ^fouxl$ Dq`j` Dqnl' 599:' Dl avodqn`þg ka dl nqd{qul' Yuoyqa~{l~ nognua{l~

ylul fq{quo~ a~{qkò~' Lgljulcl$ Elunadogl'

Nauvaul Cog{ahlgo$ Cluãl Kodoua~' 599:#599=' Ad ma{~cab » noco a}yua~`þg ~`ceþd`nl

ka dl nog~{uqnn`þg ka do~ g`üo~ clpl~ pqnl{ano~ noco yau~ogl~' Uav`~{l Yqaedo~ p

Fuog{aul~ k`j`{ld$ k`nàceua$ Go' ;8 <#<;'

Nmlgkdau$ Klgàd' 599:' âcò{`n~' [ma El~`n~' ânogk ak`{òg' Uoq{dakja$ Dogkog'

Nmlgjaq}$ Halg#Yàuua 5991 Ad moceua ka vauklk ' Fogko ka Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl$

Cà}`no'Nm`lo$ Holg' 5990' Nqd{quld gaquo~nàgna8 l ogna lgk fq{qua k`~n`yd`ga' Yuojua~~ `g

Eul`g Ua~alunm$ Vod' <:=8 5=:#>9;'

Nmoc~bp$ Golc' <061' L~yan{o~ ka dl {aouãl ka dl ~`g{l}`~' Jak`~l$ A~ylül'

Nmoc~bp$ Golc' <0:1' Uafda}òga~ ~oeua ad dagjqlha' ^qklcau`nlgl$ Eqago~ Lùa~'

Nmoc~bp$ Golc' <0:=l ' Dl gl{quldaxl foucld kad dagjqlha' Ag8 ^lul Eodlüo Lg{odojãl

ka {acl~ ka d`gjôã~{`nl' Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$ Cà}`no'

Nmoc~bp$ Golc' <0:=e 'L~yan{o nualkou kad q~o kad dagjqlha' Ag8 ^lul Eodlüo Lg{odojãl ka {acl~ ka d`gjôã~{`nl' Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$ Cà}`no'



<5<

Nmoc~bp$ Golc' <00=' Gqa~{uo nogon`càg{o kad dagjqlha mqclgo8 Yau~yan{`vl~

ln{qlda~' Houglkl~ ka kael{a `g{adan{qld$ Qg`vau~`klk ka Nognayn`þg$ Nm`da'

Nod{malu{$ Cl}' <000' Cokqdlu`{p lgk nojg`{òg' [uagk~ `g Nojg`{`va ^nàgna~$ Vod' >$

Go' >8 <<1#<59'

Nouoglko ^qxìg$ Jleuàdl' 59<<' Nocqg`nln`þg yau~ogl p l~a~ouãl'

Nul`j$ Julna nog dl nodleouln`þg ka Kog Elqnqc' 599<' Ka~luuoddo y~`nodþj`no'

On{lvl ak`n`þg$ Yalu~og Akqnln`þg# Yuag{`na Mldd$ Cà}`no'

Nul`j$ D`gk~lp' 59<9' [ma ô#Nlddak A}{agkak ^pg{ma~`~ lgk Yoyqdl{òg Jaga{`n~'

Eòdoj`nld [maoup8 @g{ajul{`gj Kavadoycag{$ Avodq{òg$ lgk Nojg`{òg$ Vod' 1$ Go' 58

<#<:'

Nul`g$ Z`dd`lc' 5999' [maouà~ of kavadoycag{' Nognay{~ lgk Lyd`nl{òg~' Yuag{`na

Mldd$ Gaz Hau~ap'

Nuo~~$ @lg' 599>' Cq~`n lgk eònqd{quld avodq{òg' @g' Cl{`g Ndlp{og$ [uavou Maueau{

lgk U`nmluk C`kkda{og -Ak~') [ma Nqd{quld ^{qkp of Cq~`n8 L Nu`{`nld @g{uokqn{òg '

Uoq{dakja$ Nlceu`kja'

Kluz`g$ Nmluda~' <=10' Og {ma Ou`j`g of ^yanà~ ep Calg~ of Gl{quld âdan{òg$ ou {ma

Yua~auvl{òg of Flvoquak Ulna~ `g {ma ^{uqjjda fou D`fa' Kozg$ Euocdap$ Bag{$

Dogkog'

Klp$ Ulnmad$ Bav`g Dldlgk lgk Homg Okd`gj#^caa' 599>' Ua{m`gb`gj Lkl{l{òg$ {ma

g`nma#nog~{uqn{òg yau~yan{`va' Yau~yan{`va~ `g Eòdojp lgk Cak`n`ga$ Vod' ;6$ Go' <8

=9#01'

Kadvld$ Hqlg' 5996' Ad ka~luuoddo mqclgo' ^`jdo ]]@$ Cà}`no'

Koexmlg~bp$ [maoko~`q~' <0:>' Go{m`gj `g Eòdojp Clba~ âg~a A}nay{ `g {ma D`jm{ of

Avodq{òg' [ma Lcau`nlg [alnmau $ Clunm8 <# <;'

Koexmlg~bp$ [maoko~`q~' <0:1' Jagà{`nl kad yuona~o avodq{`vo' [a}{o~ a}{acyouìgao~$

Cà}`no'Kua~~`go$ V`nag{a' 59<9' Dl agnuqn`hlkl ka dl {aouãl ~`g{à{`nl8 a}ylg~òg`~co o gqavl

~ãg{a~`~ {aþu`nl' Uav`~{l Lujag{`gl ka Lg{uoyodojãl Eòdþj`nl$ Vod' <5$ Go' <8 <1#51'

Kua~~`go$ V`nag{a$ Jq`ddauco C' Kagaju` p ^q~lgl Ju`~adkl Dlcl~' 599;' Ldnlgna~ p

d`c`{lnòga~ ka dl kaf`g`n`þg ka lkly{ln`þg lyd`nlkl ld fagþcago kad ylul~`{`~co8 qgl

yuoyqa~{l {aþu`nl' Ay`~{aca$ You{o Ldajua$ Go' <08 60#=9'

Kqnuo{$ O~zldk p [xva{lg [okouov' <0:;' K`nnògluò agn`ndoyàk`no ka dl~ nàgn`l~

kad dagjqlha' ^`jdo ]]@$ A~ylül'Kqulg{`$ Lda~~lgkuo' 5999' Lg{uoyodojãl d`gjôã~{`nl O}fouk Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ A~ylül'



<55

Kqumlc$ Z`dd`lc' <00<' Noavodq{òg' Jaga~$ nqd{qul lgk mqclg k`vau~`{p' ^{lgfouk

Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ ^{lgfouk$ Nld`foug`l'

Ano$ Qceau{o' <0:6' [ul{lko ka ~ac`þ{`nl jagauld' Kaeod~`ddo$ Cà}`no'

Ad`l~$ Goueau{' <0=0' Ad yuona~o ka dl n`v`d`xln`þg' @gva~{`jlnòga~ ~onòjagà{`nl~ p

y~`nojagà{`nl~' Fogko ka Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl$ Cà}`no'

Agkdau$ Homg lgk [ulnp CnDaddlg' <0==' [ma Yuona~~a~ of avodq{òg8 [ozluk l gazau

~pg{ma~`~' Lgg' Uav' Anod' ^p~{ ' Vod' <08 >01#;5<'

Au`b~og$ Au`b '<01>' Ad yokau kad uan`àg gln`ko' Ag8 Au`b M' Au`b~og <0=: Qg coko ka

vau dl~ no~l~' A~nu`{o~ ~adan{o~ ka <0>9 l <0=9' Nocy' ^{aymag ^nmda`g' Fogko ka

Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl$ Cà}`no'

A~noelu Cado$ Mqjo' 599>' M`~{ou`l p gl{quldaxl ka dl y~`nodojãl kad ka~luuoddo' Qg`v'

Y~`nmod' Eojo{ì -Nodoce`l) Vod' 5$ Go'<8 :<#=='

A~{à$ L|q`da~' <00:' Nqd{qul uayd`nlg{a' Ad oukag ~acònag{u`~{l' Jak`~l$ A~ylül'

A~{ulkl$ Ldahlgkuo' <0==' Nocyou{lcàg{o lg`cld' Ad nl~o ka do~ yu`cl{a~' Dl nàgn`l

ka~ka Cà}`no# Fogko ka Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl$ Cà}`no'

Fàdk`gj Ojequg$ Z`dd`lc~' <011 -<019)' ôn`ld Nmlgja z`{m Ua~yan{ {o Nqd{qua lgk

Ou`j`gld Gl{qua' O{`~ K`kdap$ Nm`nljo'

F`{nm$ [anqc~am$ Clun Mlq~au lgk Golc Nmoc~bp' 5991' [ma avodq{òg of {ma

dlgjqlja flnqd{p8 Ndlu`f`nl{òg~ lgk `cyd`nl{òg~' Nojg`{òg$ Vod' 0:8 <0:0#5<9'

Fo} Baddau$ Avadpg' 5991' KK^8 Kpglc`n~ of kavadoycag{ld ~p~{ac~' Eòdojp lgk

Ym`do~oymp Vod' 598 ;90#;<6'

Fulnnm`l$ Ho~aym lgk Dazog{`g U`nmluk' <000' Koa~ nqd{qua avodva? M`~{oup lgk {maoup

Vod' >=$ @~~qa ;$ Kanaceau8 15#:='

Fuaqk$ `jcqgk' 5991' Do `gnog~nàg{a' Dèuo~ ag uak$ zzz'dèuo~aguak'noc'

Fuaaclg$ ^no{{ p Mauuog Hog' 5995' Lgìd`~`~ avodq{`vo' Yuag{`na Mldd$ A~ylül'

Fuàkau`n`$ Lgjadl' 5995' [ozluk~ l gaquogld el~`~ of lqk`{oup ~ag{agna yuona~~`gj'[UAGK^ `g Nojg`{`va ^nàgna$ Vod' 6$ Go' <8 :=#=;'

Jl~b`g~$ ^qxlgga' 5999' Nm`dkuag»~ Kl`dp Ln{`v`{à~ `g l Clplg V`ddlja8 L Nqd{qulddp

Juoqgkak Ka~nu`y{òg' Nuo~~#Nqd{quld Ua~alunm$ Vod' >; Go' ;$Govaceau8 >:1#>=0'

Jaau{x$ Nd`ffouk' <0=:' Dl `g{auyua{ln`þg ka dl~ nqd{qul~' Jak`~l$ A~ylül'

Jaujadp$ Jpöujp$ Bl{ld`g Ajpak lgk @dk`bþ Bùìdp' 599:' Og yakljojp' Kavadoycag{ld

^nàgna$ Vod' <9$ Go' <8 <>0#<;6'

Ja~add$ Lugodk' <06;' Og{ojàga~`~ kad nocyou{lcàg{o kad `gflg{a' Ag8 DaoglukNluc`nmlad -kù') Clgqld ka y~`nodojãl `gflg{`d' [oco @' Ad L{agao$ Cà}`no'



<5>

Ja~add$ Lugodk$ @dj Fulgna~ D$ El{a~ Lca~ Doq`~a p Eqdd`~ Jdaggl' <01;' Ad g`üo ka 1 l

<9 lüo~' Yl`kþ~$ Eqago~ Lùa~'

J`deau{$ ^no{{' 599>' [ma couymojaga~`~ of avodq{òglup kavadoycag{ld eòdojp'

@g{augl{ògld Hoqugld of Kavadoycag{ld Eòdojp$ Vod' ;:8 ;6:#;::'

J`deau{$ ^no{{' 5996' Kavadoycag{ld eòdojp' A`jm{ ak`{òg' ^`glqau L~~on`l{a~$

Cl~~lnmq~a{{~'

Jogxìdax$ Hqd`lgl' 5999' Ad yokau ka auo~' Fqgklcag{o~ p vldoua~ ka à{`nl p eòà{`nl'

Yl`kþ~# Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$ Cà}`no'

Joyg`b$ Ld`~og' 59<9' L~ã yàg~lg do~ eaeà~' @gva~{`jln`þg p nàgn`l' ây{àceua8 1=#

6>'

Jo~d`g$ Klv`k -Ak')' <060' Mlgkeoob of ~on`ld`xl{òg {maoup lgk ua~alunm' Ulgk

Cn'Glddp lgk Nocylgp$ Nm`nljo'

Jo{{a~clg$ @uv`gj lgk Klgàd Mlg~og' 5991' Mqclg Kavadoycag{8 Eòdoj`nld lgk

Jaga{`n Yuona~~' Lggq' Uav' Y~pnmod' Vod' 168 <9'<#<9'5;'

Jo{{dàe$ J`deau{' 5995' Og {ma ay`jaga{`n avodq{òg of ~yanà~#~yan`f`n yaunay{òg8 {ma

kavadoycag{ld clg`fodk nognay{' Nojg`{`va Kavadoycag{ $ Vod'<58 <5=:#<>99'

Jo{{dàe$ J`deau{' 599:' Yuoele`d`~{`n ay`jaga~`~' Kavadoycag{ld ^nàgna$ Vod' <9$ Go'

<8<#<<'

Joqdk$ ^{aymag Hlp' 599;' Dl a~{uqn{qul ka dl {aouãl ka dl avodqn`þg' Ca{l{acl~ [q~

\qa{~$ A~ylül'

Joqdk$ ^{aymag Hlp lgk Dazog{`g U`nmluk' <0:0' [ma ^ylgkuad~ of ^lg Cluno~ lgk {ma

Ylgjdo~~`lg ylulk`jc8 l nu`{`|qa of {ma lkly{l{òg`~{ yuojulc' Yuon' Uop' ôn' Dogk' E

Vod' 5918 1=<#10='

Joqdk$ ^{aymag lgk Ad`xlea{m Vuel' <0=5' A}ly{l{òg „ l c`~~`gj {auc `g {ma ~nàgna of

fouc' Yldaoeòdojp Vod' =8 ;#<1'

Ju`ff`{m~$ Ylqd' 599<' Kavadoycag{ld ^p~{ac~ [maoup' Agnpndoyak`l of D`fa ^nàgna$Homg Z`dap & ôg~$ zzz'ad~'ga{8 <#;'

Ju`ff`{m~$ Ylqd lgk Uq~~add Julp' 5991' K`~nq~~òg8 [muaa zlp~ {o c`~qgkau~{lgk

kavadoycag{ld ~p~{ac~ {maoup' Eòdojp lgk Ym`do~oymp$ Vod' 598 ;<:#;51'

Juo~eauj$ U`nmluk lgk Kog Dav`{lg' <005' Fou Lkqd{~ Ogdp? ^qyydp#~`ka Anodojp lgk

{ma M`~{oup of Dluvld Eòdojp' [UAA $ Vod' :$ Go' ;$ Lyu`d'

Mldd$ Eu`lg' 5999l' Eldfoqu$ Jlu~{lgj lgk ka Eaau8 [ma Fù~{ Nag{qup of Avodq{òglup

Aceuòdojp' Lcau' Xood' Vod' ;98 :<=#:5='



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Mldd$ Eu`lg' 5999e' Jqa~{ Ak`{ou`ld8 Avo#kavo ou kavo#avo „ koa~ `{ cl{{au? Avodq{òg &

Kavadoycag{ $ Vod' 5$ Go' ;8 <::#<:='

Mldd`klp$ C`nmlad' <0:1' A~{uqn{qul p fqgn`þg kad dagjqlha' Ag8 Homg Dpog~ Gqavo~

mou`xog{a~ ka dl d`gjôã~{`nl' Ld`lgxl$ Clku`k'

Mluk`g$ Jluua{{' <069' [ma Nocya{`{`va A}ndq~òg Yu`gn`yda' ^nàgna$ Vod' <><$ Go'

>;908 <505#<50:'

Mludoz$ Mluup p Clujlua{ Mludoz' <0:;' Ka~luuoddo kad lcou8 A~{qkò kad ~`~{acl

lfan{`vo ag do~ cogo~' Ag8 F'H' Cn Jq`jlg p Ylqd Zook~ -ak~') A~{qkò~

nog{acyouìgao~ ag y~`nodojãl' [u`ddl~$ Cà}`no'

Mluu`~$ Daþg' <0=1' Avodqn`þg' Jàga~`~ p uavadlnòga~' Mauclg Edqca$ A~ylül'

Mluu`~$ Cluv`g' <0:0' Ad ka~luuoddo ka dl {aouãl lg{uoyodþj`nl' M`~{ou`l ka dl~ {aouãl~

ka dl nqd{qul' ^`jdo ]]@$ Cà}`no'

Mluu`~$ Cluv`g' <001' Gqa~{ul a~yanà' Ld`lgxl$ Cà}`no'

Mlq~au$ Clun$ Golc Nmoc~bp lgk [anqc~am F`{nm' 5995' [ma Flnqd{p of Dlgjqlja8

Zml{ @~ @{$ Zmo Ml~ @{$ lgk Moz K`k @{ Avodva? ^nàgna$ Vod' 50=8 <160#<1:0'

Ma`g{x$ Nmu`~{oyma' 599:' @g~{`{q{òg~ l~ Canmlg`~c~ of Nqd{quld Avodq{òg8 Yuo~yan{~

of {ma Ay`kacòdoj`nld Lyyuolnm' Eòdoj`nld [maoup$ Vod' 5$ Go' >8 5;;#5;0'

Ma`g{x$ Nmu`~{oyma' 59<9' Nojg`{`va M`~{oup lgk Nqd{quld Ay`kacòdojp' @g8 Dq{mau M'

Clu{`g lgk Ha~yau ôuag~ag -Ak~') Yl~{ C`gk~ ^{qkà~ `g Nojg`{`va M`~{ojulymp'

A|q`go} Yua~~$ Dogkog'

Maugìgkax Ddouakl$ Cluãl V`n{ou`l p Fauglgko Nodcaglua~' 5995' Yu`gn`yò~ p uajdl~

kad ka~luuoddo kad nocyou{lcàg{o' akqY~pbmà Vod' <$ Go' <8 <11#<:1'

Mauog#Kadlgap$ C`nmadda$ ^pdv`l Zù{m lgk Od`vàu Yl~nld`~' 59<<' @gflg{~ibgozdakja

of {maù ozg ~yanà~' Ym`d' [ulg~' U' ôn' E' Vod' >668 <:1>#<:6>'

Mùl{l$ ^l{o~m`' 5990' Nm`cylgxaa ~on`ld `g{add`jagna8 ~adf`~mga~~$ ld{uq`~c$ lgk {ma

co{mau#`gflg{ eogk' Yu`cl{a~$ Vod' 198 >#<<'Monba{{$ Nmluda~' <01=' Nqu~o ka d`gjôã~{`nl cokaugl' Ak`{ou`ld Qg`vau~`{lu`l ka

Eqago~ Lùa~$ Lujag{`gl'

Mougau$ V`n{ou`l lgk Lgkuaz Zm`{ag' 5991' Nlq~ld bgozdakja lgk `c`{l{òg/acqdl{òg

~z`{nm`gj `g nm`cylgxaa~ -Ylg {uojdokp{a~) lgk nm`dkuag - Moco ~lyàg~)' Lg`c Nojg

Vod' =8<6;#<=<'

Mq{nm`g~og$ Avadpg' <01:' Nogndqk`gj uaclub~' Nodk ^yu`gj Mlueou ^pcyo~`l og

\qlg{`{l{`va Eòdojp Vod' 55$ Go' 58 ;<1#<5:'



<51

@ENU^' 5990' Ua~alunm Uavàz' L k`ja~{ of gaz ~nàg{`f`n ua~alunm nognaug`gj

uad`jòg$ eul`g lgk eamlvòu' m{{y8//zzz'èn~u'ouj

@mlul$ Pl~moq lgk Clunq~ Fadkclg' 599>' Nqd{quld g`nma nog~{uqn{òg lgk {ma avodq{òg

of ~cldd flc`dp ~`xa' Ylyau gqceau 9901$ Kaylu{cag{ of Eòdoj`nld ^nàgna$ ^{lgfouk

Qg`vau~`{p$ ^{lgfouk$ Nld`foug`l 0;>91'

Hledogbl$ Avl lgk Cluòg Dlce' <00=' Eu`kja~ ea{zaag Kavadoycag{ lgk Avodq{òg'

Eòdojp lgk Ym`do~oymp$ Vod' <>8 <<0#<5;'

Hledogbl$ Avl lgk Cluòg Dlce' 5991' Avodq{òg `g Foqu K`cag~òg~' Jaga{`n$

Ay`jaga{`n$ Eamlvòuld$ lgk ^pceod`n Vlu`l{òg `g {ma M`~{oup of D`fa ' [ma C@[ Yua~~$

Dogkog'

Hlnbagkoff$ Ulp' 5995' Foqgkl{òg~ of Dlgjqlja' Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ O}fouk'

Hlnb~og$ ^{mayag lgk Hogl{mlg Ovauyanb' 5999' Ua~yog~a~ of ydlg{ yoyqdl{òg~ lgk

noccqg`{à~ {o agvùogcag{ld nmlgja~ of {ma dl{a \ql{auglup' Yldaoeòdojp$ Vod' 568

<0;#559'

Hlboe~og$ Uoclg' <065$ <0:<' âdan{ak Zu`{`gj~' @ lgk @@ ' Coq{og$ Ylu`~'

Hagb`g~$ Dpda' 5995' Eòd`gjôã~{`nl' Nlceu`kja Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ A~ylül'

Homg~{og$ [`co{mp lgk Dlqul Akzluk~' 5995' Jaga~$ @g{auln{òg~$ lgk Kavadoycag{ of

Eamlvòu' Y~pnmodoj`nld Uavàz$ Vod' <90$ Go' <8 56#>;'

Bllg$ Ak`{m lgk [lclul ^zlle' 5995' [ma eul`g nùnq`{up of ~pg{ln{`n nocyuamag~òg'

[UAGK^ `g Nojg`{`va ^nàgna$ Vod' 6$ Go' =8 >19#>16'

Blydlg$ Cluno~' <0=>' A~{lko p ônàklk ' Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$

Cà}`no'

Bad~o$ Hlnb' <00;' L~ lg{muoyodojp8 L Eònqd{quld Uafdan{òg'

m{{y8//~yo{'nodoulko'akq/wbad~o/Eòdoj`nld'm{cd$ Lnna~lko ad ; ka hqdò ka 59<<'

Bad~o$ Hlnb' -~`g fanml)' Yu`gn`yda~ of Eònqd{quld Lg{muoyodojp'

m{{y8//~yo{'nodoulko'akq/wbad~o/Eòdoj`nldlg{m'm{cd$ Lnna~lko ad ; ka hqdò ka 59<<'Bagkld$ Hauacp$ Hlc~m`k [amulc` lgk Homg Okd`gj#^caa' 59<<' Mqclg g`nma

nog~{uqn{òg `g `g{auk`~n`yd`glup fonq~' Ym`do~oym`nld {ulg~ln{òg~ of {ma Uopld ônà{p

E$ Vod' >668 :=1#:05'

Bagkld$ Hauacp$ Pl~moq @mlul lgk Clunq~ Fadkclg' 5991' Nqd{quld g`nma nog~{uqn{òg

z`{m lyyd`nl{òg {o fau{`d`{p nog{uod8 L cokad of akqnl{òg lgk ~on`ld {ulg~c`~~òg of

nog{ulnay{`va q~a' Ylyau gqceau 9<95$ Kaylu{cag{ of Eòdoj`nld ^nàgna$ ^{lgfouk

Qg`vau~`{p$ ^{lgfouk$ Nld`foug`l 0;>91'



<56

Bauu$ Elghlc`g' 599:' G`nma Nog~{uqn{òg lgk Nojg`{`va Avodq{òg' Eòdoj`nld [maoup$

Vod' 5$ Go' >8 519#565'

Bo{{lb$ Nogulk Ym`dd`y' <000' Lg{uoyodojãl' Qgl a}ydouln`þg ka dl k`vau~`klk mqclgl

nog {acl~ ka dl nqd{qul m`~yìg`nl' CnJulz M`dd$ Clku`k'

Bqdd$ Bldav`$ [auuagna Kalnog$ Nldq~ Accanma$ Ha~yau Moffcapau lgk Fuakau`b

^{haugfad{' 5990' [ma~a~ og Eò~acò{`n~8 Yuodajocagl {o l [maoua{`nld Eòdojp'

Eòdoj`nld [maoup Vod' ;$ Go' 58<6:#<:>'

Bq{~nmaul$ Qdu`nm lgk Blud G`bdl~' 599;' [ma cokaug {maoup of eòdoj`nld avodq{òg8 lg

a}ylgkak ~pg{ma~`~' Gl{quz`~~ag~nmlfag Vod' 0<8 511#5:6'

Dldlgk$ Bav`g' 599;' A}{agk`gj {ma A}{agkak Ymago{pya' Eòdojp lgk Ym`do~oymp$ Vod'

<08 ><>#>51'

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Lkly{`va#Dlj Mpyo{ma~`~' Avodq{òglup Lg{muoyodojp Vod' <18 01#<9;'

Dldlgk$ Bav`g$ Homg Okd`gj#^caa lgk Clunq~ Fadkclg' 599<' Nqd{quld g`nma

nog~{uqn{òg lgk mqclg avodq{òg' H' Avod' Eòd' Vod' <;8 55#>>'

Dldlgk$ Bav`g$ Homg Okd`gj#^caa$ Clunq~ Fadkclg lgk Hauacp Bagkld' 5990'

Nognay{qld Eluuàu~ {o Yuojua~~ Z`{m`g Avodq{òglup Eòdojp' Foqgk ^n`' Vod' <;$ Go>8

<01#5<6'

Dldlgk$ Bav`g lgk C`nmlad OiEuàg' 59<9' G`nma Nog~{uqn{òg [maoup lgk

Lunmlaodojp' H' Lunmlaod' Ca{mok [maoup$ KO@ <9'<99:/~<9=<6#9<9#0906#68<#55'

Da V`ga$ Uoeau{' <060' Nqd{qua$ Yau~ogld`{p$ lgk ôn`ld`xl{òg8 Lg Avodq{òglup Vàz'

@g8 Klv`k L' Jo~d`g -Ak') Mlgkeoob of ~on`ld`xl{òg {maoup lgk ua~alunm' Ulgk

Cn'Glddp lgk Nocylgp$ Nm`nljo'

Da V`ga$ Uoeau{' <0:>' Nqd{qul$ nogkqn{l p yau~ogld`klk ' Lbld$ Clku`k'

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Uavàz~' Vod' >98 :<=#<5;'

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~on`ld`xln`þg ag{ua do~ clpl~ ka X`glnlg{ìg' @g~{`{q{o Glnògld ka Lg{uoyodojãl a

M`~{ou`l# Nag{uo ka @gva~{`jlnòga~ p A~{qkò~ ^qyauòua~ ag Lg{uoyodojãl ôn`ld$

Cà}`no'

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<5:

Dazog{`g$ U`nmluk' <006' Avodq{òg l~ Agj`gaau`gj' @g8 Noddlko a{' ld' @g{ajul{`va

Lyyuolnma~ {o Codanqdlu Eòdojp' C@[ Yua~~$ Nlceu`kja'

Dazog{`g$ U`nmluk' <00=' Dl~ el~a~ kad nogfd`n{o ag dl a}yd`nln`þg eòdþj`nl' Ag8 âujò

Clu{ãgax p Lgl Elulmogl -Nocy~') M`~{ou`l p a}yd`nln`þg ag eòdojãl' Fogko ka

Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl#Qg`vau~`klk Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$ Cà}`no'

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Avodqn`þg eòdþj`nl' Qgl v`~`þg ln{qld`xlkl ka~ka dl uav`~{l Nàgn`l~' Qg`vau~`klk

Glnògld Lq{þgocl ka Cà}`no$ Cà}`no'

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yu`caul~ a{lyl~ kad ka~luuoddo `gflg{`d' Jak`~l$ Cà}`no'

D`$ ^mq#Nmag' 599>' Eònqd{quld Ounma~{ul{òg of Kavadoycag{ld Ydl~{`n`{p Lnuo~~

Davad~8 [ma @g{auydlp of Eòdojp lgk Nqd{qua `g ^mly`gj {ma C`gk lgk Eamlvòu Lnuo~~

{ma D`fa ^ylg' Y~pnmodoj`nld Eodda{`g Vod <50$ Go' 58 <:<#<0;'

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Eò~n`'$ Vod' >6$ Go' ;8 1:1#1=1'

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mqclg`xln`þg' A~{qkò~ ka lg{uoyodojãl eòdþj`nl Vod' ]86=:#:9;'

Ddopk$ Ad`~lea{m' 59<5' Qg`{~ lgk Davad~ of âdan{òg' ^{lgfouk Agnpndoyak`l of

Ym`do~oymp$ m{{y8//ydl{o'~{lgfouk'akq/ag{uà~/~adan{òg#qg`{~/

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acaujagna of ~yobag dlgjqlja' @g8 Nlgjado~`$ L'$ ^c`{m$ L' K' C'$ & ^c`{m$ B' -Ak~')$

[ma avodq{òg of dlgjqlja8 yuonaak`gj~ of {ma 6{m `g{augl{ògld nogfauagna'

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{ma kavadoycag{ lgk avodq{òg of mqclg dlgjqlja' Eamlvòuld lgk Eul`g ^nàgna~ Vod'508 510# >51'

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of —Gl{qua– lgk —Gqu{qua–' @gn' Kav' Y~pnmoeòd$ Vod' ;08:1=# :60'

Douagx$ Bogulk' <0:6' Nog~`kaulnòga~ ~oeua dl~ nogkqn{l~ lg`cld p mqclgl' Ydlxl p

Hlgà~$ Elunadogl'

Do{clg$ Hqu`{ p Eou`~ Q~yag~b`h' <0:0' ôeua ad canlg`~co ~ac`þ{`no ka dl nqd{qul' Ag8

Hqu`h C`hìdov`nm Do{clg p A~nqadl ka [lu{q âc`þ{`nl ka dl nqd{qul' Nì{akul$ Clku`k'

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/selection-units/






<5=

Do{clg$ Hqu`{' <0:0' Qg cokado k`gìc`no kad cokado ~ac`þ{`no' Ag8 Hqu`h C`hìdov`nm

Do{clg p A~nqadl ka [lu{q âc`þ{`nl ka dl nqd{qul' Nì{akul$ Clku`k'

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Dpog~$ Homg' <0::' âclg{`n~' Vod @' Nlceu`kja Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ Nlceu`kja'

Clnòg`~$ Homg' <001' ônòdojp' F`f{m ak`{òg' Yuag{`na Mldd$ Gaz Hau~ap'

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uadl{òg~m`y {o {ma mle`{l{' Lcau`nlg Gl{quld`~{ Vod' <9<8 >::#>=1'

Clmgau$ Clu{ãg p Cluò Eqgja' 5999' Fqgklcag{o~ ka eòf`do~ofãl' ^`jdo ]]@$

Cà}`no'

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Uavàz$ Vod' 00$ G';8 1=:#69;'

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O}fouk Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ O}fouk'

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Nuã{`nl$ Elunadogl'

Clq~~$ Clunad' <0>=' Qga nl{àjouà ka di a~yù`{ mqcl`g8 dl go{òg ka yau~ogga nadda ka

—co`–' Ag8 Da~ ndl~~`|qa~ ka~ ~nàgna~ ~on`lda~$ ~`{òg zae8

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Eòdoj`nld [maoup$ Vod' 5$ Go' 58 <<0#<5>'

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Govaceau 56$ Vod' >>98 <<6:'Cou`g$ Akjlu' <0:;' Ad ylulk`jcl yauk`ko$ ad ylulã~o odv`klko' Ag~lpo ka

eòlg{uoyodojãl' Blùo~$ Elunadogl'

Cou`g$ Akjlu' 599>' Ad cà{oko' Dl mqclg`klk ka dl mqclg`klk' Dl `kag{`klk mqclgl'

Nì{akul$ Elunadogl'

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Elunadogl'

Cqüox#Pqg{l p Yldlq#Elkqadd' 599;' Og{ojag`l ka dl lq{onognàgn`l' Uav`~{l ka Gaquodojãl$ Vod' >=$ G' <8 >#='



<50

Gëë{ëgag$ U`~{o$ Lgga Dam{obo~b`$ Cà{{l Dagga~$ Cluà Nmaoqu$ C`ggl Mqo{`dl`gag$

Lg{{` @`vogag$ Clu{{` Vl`gò$ Yllvo Ldbq~$ U`~{o @dcogàc`$ Llvo Dqqb$ Hôu` Ldd`b$

Hlgga ^`gbboga & B`cco Ldmo' <00:' Dlgjqlja#~yan`f`n ymogaca uayua~ag{l{òg~

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{ma 5<~{ nag{qup' Vod'<' Ym`do~oymp of ~nàgna$ ~pg{l} lgk ~aclg{`n~' Homg Eaghlc`g$

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Okd`gj#^caa$ Homg' 59<9' G`nma @gmau`{lgna' @g8 Cl~~`co Y`jd`qnn` lgk Jauk Côddau

59<9 Avodq{òg$ [ma a}{agkak ~pg{ma~`~' [ma C@[ Yua~~$ Nlceu`kja'

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Cà}`no'

O{ld`$ Ac`dp lgk Hl~og J`dnmu`~{' 5996' Zmp nm`cylgxaa -Ylg {uojdokp{a~ ~nma`gfqu{m``)

co{mau~ lua da~~ juajluòq~ {mlg gogco{mau~ lgk clda~8 {ma `gflg{ ~lfa{p mpyo{ma~`~'

Eamlv Anod ônòeòd Vod' 108 16<#1:9'

Oplcl$ ^q~lg' 5999' [ma og{ojagp of `gfoucl{òg' Kavadoycag{ld ~p~{ac~ lgk

avodq{òg' Kqba Qg`vau~`{p Yua~~$ Kqumlc Gou{m Nld`foug`l'

Ylubau$ ^qa{ lgk Nog~{lgna C`deul{m' <00>' M`jmau `g{add`jagna$ yuoyo~`{ògld dlgjqlja$

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Cà}`no'

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{maoup' @g{aunàgn`l$ Vod' >1$ Go' <<8 =65#=6='

Yàuax [lpdou$ Ulflad' 599<' Lg{uoyodojãl kad ~qha{o' A~{qkò~ ka lg{uoyodojãleòdþj`nl$ Vod' ]8 611#66='

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Yua~~$ Nlceu`kja'

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lq{oua~' ânua{luãl ka Akqnln`þg Yøed`nl#NJA@E$ Cà}`no'

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Fouc' [ma Qg`vau~`{p of Nm`nljo Yua~~$ Nm`nljo'

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Uoq~alq$ Hqlg' 599=' Ad nog{ul{o ~on`ld' Gqavo {ldag{o$ Cà}`no'

^lel{au Y`$ Houk`' <0=;' Jou`dl~ p nm`cylgnà~ kad Ìfu`nl onn`kag{ld' Fogko ka Nqd{qul

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^lyù$ Akzluk' <01; -<05<)' Ad dagjqlha' Fogko ka Nqd{qul Anogþc`nl$ Cà}`no'

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