memoria interna si externa

8/17/2019 Memoria interna si externa

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COLEGIUL TEHNIC MOTRU

JUDETUL GORJ

PROIECTDE

ABSOLVIRE

CLASA: a XII-a GPROFILUL: ELECTRONICA AUTOMATIZARISPECIALIZARE: TEHNICIAN OPERATOR TEHNICA DE CALCUL

COORDONATOR PROF.GHITEACATALIN

ABSOLVENT, MEZINCA ALIN DORIN

2016

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TEMA:

MEMORIIINTERNE SI

EXTERNE ALECALCULATORUL

UI

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CUPRINS

Argument………………………………………………………….………….…….Pag. 4

I. Memorii interne ……………………………………….……..……. Pag. 5

I.1. Memora RAM …………………………………….…….……..……. Pag. 5

I.2. Memora ROM …………………………………………..……..……. Pag. 15

II. Memorii externe ……………………………....……………………..Pag.25

II.1. Te!"o#og $e %&o'are……………………………………..………. Pag.2(

2.2. )ar$ $%*+,# ……………………………..

………………………..…... Pag. 2-2.. T/,r $e !ar$%*+,r …………….……………….….………..…... Pag. 0

2.4. )ar$ $%*+,r "&er"e !ar$ $%*+,r e&er"e………..... Pag. 1

2.5. D%'!e&a ……………………………..

…………………………..……... Pag.


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2.(. CD3DVD …………………………………………..………..…….……... Pag. 4

Concluzii

…………………………………………………………………….………. Pag.(

Bibliografe ……………………………………………………………..….….…..Pag.

ARGUMENT

P!"# $"%&'& %'(!&a $" #"#)*a*" (a %&&'$ +)&&&!a!"a $" *"/a&*" a ')* &'%)*#a!&& *"+*""'!a!a %)*#a &'a*a (a*" a %)! a'!"*&)* !)(a!". U'

(&*(&! $" #"#)*a*" "!" ' (&*(&! ""(!*)'&( (a*"+"#"'!"aa %'(!&a $" #"#)*a*" . M"'!&)'a# (a+"#"'!a*"a a("!"& %'(!&& " +)a!" *"a&a &' #a&#!" #)$*& ,$"+&'a'$ $" +)*! %&&( %))&!

+"'!* !)(a*"a $a!")* . P!"# a"a +*" ""#+

#"#)*&& #a/'"!&(", #"#)*&& )+!&(", #"#)*&&4


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"#&()'$(!)a*". I' ()'!&'a*" a"# &' "$"*" '#a&(&*(&!" $" #"#)*&" *"a&a!" ( $&+)&!&""#&()'$(!)a*". D&' +'(! $" "$"*" a

#"#)*a*&& ,#"#)*a*"a ')* &'%)*#a!&& %)*#a'#"*&(a #a& +*"(& a ')* '#"*" *"+*""'!a!" %)*#a &'a*a, a("!" '#"*" ' a '&(& ) +)*!a'!a.

CAPITOU I

I. MEMORII INTERNE

I.!. Memora RAM

C&*(&!"" $" !)(a*" $&' #"#)*&a +*&'(&+a3 a (a(a!)*& '!)*/a'&a!" 4' '&!35& $"'#&!" celule a (&'!"7, $"'&'"a a3a '"& ("" %&&'$ $" )+! &5&. D" %a+!,8&* $" &5& $" '/" )+! a$""'&! a!9! $" +)+a* 4'(9! +" $" ) +a*!" a $ a a+a*&5&a !"*#"'&octet, &a* +" $" a!3 a + +"'!* (9'! byte "' $" 8&* $" &5& $"

a("a!3 '/".Ca(a!)a*"" +" !&&a!" 4' (a$* a+a*a!")* (a'&(", (#

"!" (+!)* ( #&(*)'$",a $" )&("& #"#)*&& a" (3*)* $"'&'&'! $" !" $" ("" a (&a* #a& +5&', 4' !+ (" (a(a!)a*""()#+"", !&&a!" +"'!* !)(a*"a 8& +*"(*a*"a a'a#*&)* $" $a!"$" $"'&'& #a*& +)! a"a #"#)*&a +*&'(&+a3 a(3!&!3 $&' #&&a*$"$" ("". D"'&'"a #"#)*&"& "!" #3*a!3 4' #!&+& $" 1.0;6

("". N#3* 1.0;6 "!" ) +!"*" a & 2, #a& +*"(& 220 8& $"a(""a "!" #! #a& 'a!*a 3 %&" !&&a! (a '&!a!" $" #3*3 4' (a$*

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(a(a!)a*")* $"(9! 1.000.000, (a*" "!" ) +!"*" a & 107. P"'!* a$""#'a a("a!3 '&!a!" $" #3*3 " %))"8!" !"*#"' mega. A$""a, +"'!* !"*#"' megabyte " %))"8!" a*"&"*"a MB. A!%" ) #"#)*&"$" ; MB ()'5&'" ;.1?2.@0; ("", %&"(a*" $&'!*" "" a9'$ ' )(!"!. A!"'&!35& $" #3*3 a $"'&'&& #"#)*&"& '! &))(!"! &)!"

+*"(*!a! B7, (a*" "!" "/a ( 102; )(!"5& 210 )(!"5&7 8& /&/a)(!"!/&/a!" - +*"(*!a! GB7 (a*" "!" "/a ( 102; MB, *"+"(!& 2@0)(!"5&.

P"'!* &$"'!&%&(a*"a ("")* &'$&&$a" $&' #"#)*&a +*&'(&+a3 a'& (a(a!)*, %&"(a*" a*" a!*&&! ' '#" '&(, $"'#&! adresă.S&!"# "!" a'a)/ ( !"'&(a $" &$"'!&%&(a*" $+3 a$*"3 - a (a")*'& )*a8 8& !&&"a3 a("&a8& !"*#&'))/&". '3, 4' (a ("")* $"#"#)*&", a$*""" !&&a!" '! 4' 4'!*"/" '#"*&(". P"'!* a %& #a& +*"(&8&, (""" " ()'&$"*3 +aa!" !)a!" +" ' &'/* *9'$ 8&'#"*)!a!" 4' )*$&'" +)*'&'$ $" a a)a*"a 0.

C""" $&'!*-' (a(a!)* ( ;MB $" #"#)*&" )* a"a a!%" $"a$*"" (a 0, 1, 2, ... ,;1?2@0@. D" )"*a! (3 ' a!%" $" &!"# $"a$*"" ' '#a& (3 '" )%"*3 ) (a" $" a &$"'!&%&(a '&( %&"(a*" ("3, (&a)(&a3 4' + 8& ) *"a5&" $" )*$)'a*" 4'!*" ("", +"*#&59'$-'" 3%a("# *"%"*&*& $" !&+ ("a +*"("$"'!3 a *#3!)a*"a ("3.

P"'!* a ()#+"!a !*(!*a #"#)*&"& +*&'(&+a" a '& (a(a!)*,(&*(&!"" (a*" !)("a3&5&& '! ()#&'a!" ( (&*(&!"" '"("a*" +"'!* a +"*#&!" a!)* (&*(&!" 3 !)("" 8& 3 *"(+"*"" $a!"" $&'(""" $" #"#)*&". A!%", a!" (&*(&!" +)! +*"a $a!" $&' #"#)*&"

)&(&!9'$ &'%)*#a5&& $"+*" ()'5&'! '"& a'#&!" a$*"" )+"*a5&" ("" '#"8!" (&!&*"7 a +)! 4'*"/&!*a &'%)*#a5&& 4' #"#)*&" )&(&!9'$ (a

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' a'#&! 8&* $" &5& 3 %&" +aa! 4' ("a a%a!3 a ) a'#&!3 a$*"3)+"*a5&" (" +)a*!3 '"" $" (*&"*"7.

O ()'"(&'53 +)*!a'!3 a #)$& $" )*/a'&a*" a #"#)*&"& +*&'(&+a" a (a(a!)*& 4' ("" $" $"'&'& #&(& ( a$*"3 "!"a(""a (3 %&"(a*" ("3 +)a!" %& a+"a!3, ("*("!a!3 8& #)$&%&(a!3&'$&&$a. O ("3 $" #"#)*&" ( ) a$*"3 #&(3 "!" a %" $"a(("a&3 (a 'a ( ) a$*"3 #a*". ' ()'"(&'53, $a!"" !)(a!" 4'#"#)*&a +*&'(&+a3 a'& (a(a!)* +)! %& +*"(*a!" 4' )*&(" )*$&'". D"a(""a #"#)*&a +*&'(&+a3 a '& (a(a!)* "!" a$""a $"'#&!3memorie cu acces aleator random acces memory R!M7. A("!a((" a"a!)* a #&(& '&!35& $" $a!" " $")""8!" *a$&(a $" &!"#"" $"!)(a*" $" #a3 4' (a (3*)*a 8&**& '/& $" &5& !*"&" #a'&+a!" (a )(*&.

M"#)*&a RAM Ra#$)# A((" M"#)*7 "!" %))&!a $" (a!*" +*)(")* a!'(& (a'$ %))"!" &'%)*'a!&&.C&*(&!"" %))&!" +"'!* a()'!*& #"#)*&a RAM +)! %& (a&%&(a!" %&" (a $'a#&( RAMDRAM7a !a!&( RAM SRAM7.

Ca(a!)* +)a!" a(("a $a!" +*&' SRAM #a& *a+&$ $"(a!

DRAM,$a* SRAM ()'#a #a& #!" *"*".C&*(&! SRAM "!"#a& #a*" & $" a"#"'"a ' (&*(&! SRAM a*" #a& +!&'& &!& $"(a! 'DRAM ( a("aa& $"'&'&.D&' a("! #)!& SRAM "!" #a& !&&a!(a'$ "!" '"("a*a ) a(("a*" *a+&$a a #"#)*&"& & (a+a(&!a!"a #"#)*&"&& ()'# $" *"*" ' ()'!"aa.

' *"a&!a!", #"#)*&a $" !&+ SRAM "!" %))&! (" #a& a$""a (a

#"#)*&" (a(" +" (9'$ DRAM- "!" a 4' PC-*&" #)$"*'", %&&'$ +*""'! 4' +* *9'$ (a #"#)*&" +*&'(&+a a )*&(*& &!"#. D" a("!$&' *# !&+ '" )# )(+a 4' ()'!&'a*", "'#"*9'$ !&+*&" a" $"DRAM +*""'!" $"-a '/ &!)*&"&, !)a!" ()'("+!" 4' ()+ (*"!"*&& +"*%)*#a'!")* DRAM-& !a'$a*$: FPM DRAM Fa! Pa/" M)$"DRAM7, EDO DRAM E!"'$"$ Da!a O! DRAM7, BEDO RAMB*! EDO DRAM7, RDRAM Ra# DRAM7, 4' +*""'!


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+'9'$-" SDRAM S'(*)') DRAM7, ( a*&a'!"" DDRSDRAM D)" Da!a Ra!" SDRAM7 & DDR2 SDRAM.

D" a"#"'"a, +"'!* +(&" /*a%&(" a %)! ()'("+!" #a& #!"!&+*& $" #"#)*&", +*&'!*" (a*" VRAM V&$") RAM7, RAM

&'$) RAM7, SGRAM S'(*)') G*a+&( RAM7 & GDDR@,"" %&&'$ a*&a'!" $" DRAM +*"" $)7, SDRAM & *"+"(!&DDR2 SDRAM, )+!&a!" +"'!* a %& %))&!" (a #"#)*&" &$").

D+ +"*&)a$a $" 4'("+!, (9'$ (&+-*&" $" #"#)*&" " 4'%&/"a +* & + 4' +a(a $" a, +* #)$" a a %)! SIMM- +"@0 $" +&'&, *#a! $" (" +" >2 $" +&'&. SIMM S&'/" I'&'" M"#)*M)$"7, #)$ +*""'!9'$ ) !" $" a'$ $" < &!& +"'!* +*a"*&'" & $" @2 +"'!* ("a $"-a $)aJ $"'&'"a %&&( a SIMM-& +" @0 $" +&'& "!" $" $) )*& #a& #&( $"(9! 4' (a (""&a!" a*&a'!".

D&%"*"'!"" $" &!" $&'!*" "" ()*"+'$ +"*%"(! +"*&)a$"& $"/)*&": $a( +*a "*&'" "*a a +" !+ &!"#")* 22 $" +&'&, a9'$ a a ' %" $"$a-(a''" &'!"*', $a( '& " +"*#&!" ()#+a*a!&a.

N#* $" +&'& a %)! $" 16< a $" 1


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$"!&'a!" (a(a!)a*")* +)*!a&", (a*" $"!&' ' '#* $&%"*&! $" +&'&:1


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- P!"*"a ()'#a!a &' *"+a "!" #! #a& #&(a J

- N#a* $" !*a'&!)a*" +" ("a $" #"#)*&" "!" #! #a&#&(.S" *)! *"a"a #"#)*&& $" (a+a(&!a!" #a& #a*" +" (&+,a ' +*! $"()! #a& #&(.

M"#)*&&" RAM &' !"'))/&a MOS a (a+a!a! ) #a*"*a+a'$&*" $a!)*&!a %a+!& (a '! #a& &"%!&'", !"'))/&( '! #a&)a*" $" *"a&a!,)(+a ' )# $" =-6 )*& #a& #&( $"(a! a#"#)*&&)* ( !*a'&!)*& &+)a*&.V&!"a )* $" (* & !+ $" a(("'! &'!*(a!a &'%"*&)a*" #"#)*&&)* ( !*a'&!)a*" &+)a*",&' (()'# )* "!" #! #a& #&(.M"#)*&&" RAM &' !"'))/&"a TTL!&&"aa $" *"/a !*a'&!)a*" #!&"#&!a!)*.

Memoria R!M " (a&%&(a &' SRAM S!a!&(7 & DRAM D'a#&(7.

• "R!M, a("! !&+ $" #"#)*&" !&&"aa &' !*(!*a (""& $"

#"#)*&" ;

!*a'&!)*& & 2 *"&!"'!". S(a*"a !a*&& &'!*" 0 & 1 " *"a&"aa +*&'()#!a*"a !a*&& !*a'&!)*&)*. La (&!&*"a '"& ("" $" #"#)*&"&'%)*#a!&a ' " +&"*$". Da!)*&!a !&&a*& #a!*&("& $" !*a'&!)*&,()#!a*"a &'!*" ("" $)a !a*& "!" %)a*!" *a+&$a.

• DR!M a*" (a +*&'(&+& ()'!*(!& ("a $" #"#)*&" %)*#a!a

$&'!*-' !*a'&!)*

& ' ()'$"'a!)* $" (a+a(&!a!" #&(a. S(a*"a !a*&& " %a(" +*&'&'(a*(a*"a$"(a*(a*"a ()'$"'a!)*&. La %&"(a*" (&!&*" a (""&,()'$"'a!)* " $"(a*(a. A("a!a #"!)$a $" (&!&*" a #"#)*&"& "!"$"'#&!a (&!&*" $&!*(!&a. D&' a("a!a (aa ("a $" #"#)*&"!*"&" a %&" *"&'(a*(a!a $+a %&"(a*" (&!&*". O a!a +*)"#a, (a*"#&()*"aa +"*%)*#a'!"" &' a'a#, "!" !+ $" *"+*)+a!a*" a

#"#)*&"&, (a*" "!" ) +*)("$*a )&/a!)*&" & a*" )( a %&"(a*" 6; #.R"+*)+a!a*"a #"#)*&"& "!" ) ()'"(&'!a a +*&'(&+&& $"

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%'(!&)'a*" a ()'$"'a!)*&&)*. A("!&a ()"(!"aa ""(!*)'& (a*" " a%a&' #&(a*" a a+&(a*"a '"& !"'&'& ""(!*&(", &'a $+a ) a'#&!a +"*&)a$a $" !+ "'"*/&a &'#a/a&'a!a (a$" &' &'!"'&!a!" $a!)*&!a +&"*$"*&)* $&' $&""(!*&(. A("!" +*)"#" $" )*$&' !"'&( ()'$( a(*"!"*"a !+ $" a!"+!a*" a!"'(7 +"'!* %))&*"a #"#)*&"&.

Da!)*&!a *a+&'$&*& a!" a #"#)*&"& $" !&+ DRAM, a# a""#+&%&( #)$ $" %'(!&)'a*" a (""& $" #"#)*&" &' aa a("!"&!"'))/&&.

Celula de memorie, "!" ("a #a& #&(a '&!a!" %&&(a a #"#)*&"&.E!" ()#+a $&' ()#+)'"'!" ""(!*)'&(" $&(*"!". P*&'(&+& $"%'(!&)'a*" "!" &' %a+! #)$&%&(a*"a !a*&& )/&(" &'!*" 0 & 1 (a*" a '&"%&&(, &' %'(!&" $" !"'))/&a !&&a!a, ()*"+'$" ( &'#a/a&'a*"a"'"*/&"& ""(!*&(" +*&' &'!"*#"$& '& ()'$"'a!)* +"'!* DRAM7, )*&( *"()'%&/*a*"a #a!*&("& $" !*a'&!)*& &' (a SRAM7. C"a $"#"#)*&" $&' +'(! $" "$"*" )/&( "!" !*a!a! (a %&&'$ ' &!. C"a #a&#&(a '&!a!" )/&(a a$*"a&a a #"#)*&"& "!" %)*#a!a $&' )+! &!& & &a$"'#&*"a !".

A("!a )%"*a +)&&&!a!"a )!&'"*& a 2=6 ()#&'a!&& (a*a(!"*"7.P*&' /*+a*"a a )+! !" " )!&'" ' (&'! )*$7. C)'!*(!&, $&'#)!&" (" !&' $" $"&/', (""" $" #"#)*&" &'! )*/a'&a!" %)*#a')* #a!*&(&.

P"'!* &$"'!&%&(a*"a & a(("a*"a ("")* $" #"#)*&", a("!"a$&+' $" ) a$*"a '&(a +"'!* %&"(a*" ("a &' +a*!". I$"'!&%&(a*"a

(""& $" #"#)*&" " %a(" +*&' !*a'#&!"*"a a$*""& a("!"&a +*&' BUS- $" a$*"" (a!*" $"()$)* $" a$*"" %)*#a! $&' $"()$)a*" +"'!*&'&" & ())a'a7, a("!a &$"'!&%&(a ("a $" #"#)*&" (a*" ()*"+'$"a$*""& +*&!" & !*a'#&!" ()'!&'! a("!"&a (a!*" &'!"*%a!a $" $a!" &a*a("a!a #a& $"+a*!", (a!*" BUS- $" $a!".

Ma#istrala $entru adrese BUS a$*""7 "!" ()'"&'"a &'!*"

(&+"!- +a(&& $" aa & #"#)*&", a("a!a "!" +'!"a $" "/a!*a +*&'(a*" a$*""" '! !*a'#&" (a!*" $"()$)*.

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Decodorul de adrese "!" %)*#a! $&' $"()$)* $" &'&" & (" $"())a'a, a("!a *"("+!&)'"aa a$*"a (""& $" #"#)*&" +" (a*" )+a*!" &' $)a, +*a +a*!" %&&'$ !*a'#&a (a!*" $"()$)* $" &'&" &a*a $)a (a!*" (" $" ())a'a, a!%" " &$"'!&%&(a ("a $" #"#)*&"()*"+'a!)a*".

Matricea de memorie "!" !*(!*a +*&' (a*" (""" $"#"#)*&" '! )*$)'a!" +" &'&& & ())a'".

Inter%ata $entru date ()'!&'" ' a#+&%&(a!)* $" "#'a, a("!a*"("+!&)'"aa &'%)*#a!&&" !)(a!" &' (""" $" #"#)*&", a#+&%&(a"#'a, *"&'(a*(a #"#)*&a & !*a'#&!" &'%)*#a!&a +*&' BUS- $"$a!" (a!*" (&+"! &' (a &' (a*" &'%)*#a!&a "!" (&!&!a $&' #"#)*&"7.P"'!* (*&"*" +*)("$" " &'"*"aa.

Ma#istrala $entru date BUS $a!"7 "!" ()'"&'"a &'!*" (&+"!- +a(& $" aa & #"#)*&", a("a!a )%"*a +)&&&!a!"a !*a'#&!"*&&&'%)*#a!&&)* (" !*"&"( +*"(*a!" $" (a!*" +*)(")* )*& !)(a!" &'#"#)*&".

I' /"'"*a (""" $" #"#)*&" ' +)! %& a(("a!" &'$&&$a, $&'a("! #)!&, ()'!*(!& #a!*&("a $" #"#)*&" "!" &'(a+a!a &'!*-'(&+. C&+-*&" $" #"#)*&" '! aa#a!" +" ' #)$ $" #"#)*&"(&*(&! +*a!7 &' '#a* $" )+!. A("!"a &'! ()'"(!a!" a #a/&!*aa$" a$*"" & a ("a +"'!* $a!". A!%" " )!&'" ) ("a $" #"#)*&"&*!aa, %)*#a!a $&' < &!& 1 !"7. M)$"" $" #"#)*&" a *a'$ )*&'! )*/a'&a!" &' a'(*& $" #"#)*&", a("!"a '! ()'"(!a!" &'!*" "" &'

a("a& #)$ (a & (&+-*&".Da(a a# (a ""#+ ' +*)(")* (" (*"aa +" 16 &!& &

"(&" #)$" $" #"#)*&" $" !&+ SIMM (a*" %'(!&)'a '#a& &' +"*"(&. N" +'"# &'!*"a*", $" (" (&!" $)a

A("! (* " &'!+a $a!)*&!a +*)(")*&, (a*" a*" '")&" $" 16 &!& +"'!* a #+" #a/&!*aa $" $a!", a&'$ &' "$"*" (a ' #)$ $"

#"#)*&" $"!&'" '#a& < &!&, $)a a!%" $" #)$" a %)! ()'"(!a!"

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&'!*" "", &' a("! #)$ a )!&'! ) #a/&!*aa +"'!* $a!" ( a!"a $"16 &!&.

Tim$ul de aste$tare, +"'!* "%"(!a*"a !!*)* )+"*a!&&)* (" a$(

&'%)*#a!&a &' &'!"*%a!a +"'!* $a!" "!" '"("a* ' a'#&! !+, (a*" "!"&$"'!&%&(a! '#"" a!"'(. A!%" (a, +"'!* !*a'#&!"*"a a$*"")* &'!*" +*)(")*, (&+"! & #"#)*&" " !&&"aa 2 (&(*& $" !a(!. P"'!*&$"'!&%&(a*"a (""& $" #"#)*&" " +a*(*/ $)a )+"*a!&&. I$"'!&%&(a*"a&'&"& $&' #a!*&(", +"'!* (a*" a"# '")&" $" 2@ (&(*& &' %'(!&" $"(a&!a!"a #"#)*&"& !&&a!a7, a("a!a +"*&)a$a " '#"!" RAS R)A$$*" S!*)"7 !) CAS C)#' A$$*" S!*)"7 $"a & &$"'!&%&(a*"a

())a'"& CAS a!"'(7 +"'!* (a*" " ()'#a a+*)a!& a("a&!+ (a & +"'!* +*a )+"*a!&" 2@ (&(*&7. P"'!* !*a'#&!"*"a&'%)*#a!&"& (a!*" &'!"*%a!a $" $a!" " ()'#a 1 (&( &a* +"'!* !a)+"*a!&", !*a'#&!"*"a $a!")* (a!*" (&+"! & a+)& (a!*" +*)(")*, &'(a 2(&(*&.

D+a !*a'#&!"*"a &'%)*#a!&&)*, &' (a &' (a*" ("*"*"a "#&a $" +*)(")* "!" #a& #a& #a*" $"(&! a!"a #a/&!*a"& +"'!* $a!",*#a!)a*"" (&'!" &'! !*a'#&" (a!*" +*)(")* &' #)$ *a%aa *!#)$" a %&"(a*" (&( $" !a(!, a("! (* "!" +)&& $a!)*&!a '&'#a*a!)* &'!"*' (a*" &$"'!&%&(a *#a!)a*"a ())a'a & !*a'#&!" (a!*"a#+&%&(a!)* ()'!&'!.

Formate logice ale memoriei RAM

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P"'!* a #3*& +"*%)*#a'5"" #"#)*&"&, +*)&"(!a'5&& a $")!a! )"*&" $" !"'))/&& (a*" 3 $"+38"a(3 a("!" &!", )*&"'!9'$-"a+*a #)$& 4' (a*" '! +*)("a!" $a!"" &'!"*' #)$*& ("()'!&!" %)*#a!"" )/&(" a" #"#)*&&)* &'!"*'".

C&+*&" SDRAM a ' !+ $" a((" $" 10 ', %&&'$ !&&a&" +"'!* #a/&!*a" $" #"#)*&" $" 100 M. C&+*&" a(!a" a a'#&!"&!" (a*" *"$( %*"("'5a a a+*)a+" 66 MJ SDRAM-*&" ' )*)+"*a a %*"("'5" #a& #a*& $" 100 M $")a*"(" )!*&" SIMM-*&)* $"&' '"&/*" a %*"("'5" #a& 4'a!".

M"#)*&&" DDR Double Data Rate7 '! *"a&a!" 4'!*-)!"'))/&" SDRAM ( +)&&&!a!"a $3*&& %*"("'5"& $" a 100 a 200M.

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$" *"4#+*)+3!a*".

M"#)*&a CDR!M &Cached DRAM ' *"a&a!3 $" M&!&&a$a/3 ) #"#)*&" (a(" +" %&"(a*" (&+ !&&9'$ ' #)$" $" !&+a)(&a!& +" "!J (&+ &'&5&a $" ; MB a"a 4'()*+)*a!3 ) #"#)*&" (a("$" 2 8& %))"a $)3 %%"*" $" (9!" ' (9'! 16 &5&7 +"'!*!*a'%"* $&'!*" (a(" 8& (&*(&!"" "!"*'". S+*" $")"&*" $" EDRAM,

CDRAM +"*#&!" a!9! (a("-& (9! 8& DRAM-& +*&'(&+a 3 )+"*""&'$"+"'$"'! 'a $" ("aa!3. Ca("- "!" %&(&"'! $" *a+&$ +"'!* a!*a'%"*a $a!" 4' #)$ burst a ) %*"("'53 $" 100 M.

M)$" RDR!M Rambus DRAM 7 a %&*#"& ( a("a8& '#"%))"8!" ' (a(" RAM !a!&( $" 20;< (+a! a DRAM +*&'!*-)#a/&!*a3 %)a*!" a*/3, (" +"*#&!" !*a'%"* '"& +a/&'& $" #"#)*&" 4'

(a(" 4'!*-' &'/* (&(. Ca("- "!" $"! $" *a+&$, %*'&9'$$a!"" a ' !+ $" a((" $" 10 '. Ra!a $" !*a'%"* +)a!" aK'/" a


15/41

M"( $ %a53 $" SDRAM. M)$" Ra# ("*" ) #)$&%&(a*"*a$&(a3 a +3(&& $" a3 +" (a*" " &'!a"a3, )(*&" +*!9'$$"'#&*"a $" RIMM Rambus In line Memory Module7. D")(a#$a!3'! !&" +"'!* &!"#" (a*" &'($ &'!"/*a*" &$").

Ca+a(&!35&" $&+)'&&" a(!a '! $" 6; MB, 12< MB 8& 2=6MB#)$, $a* "&!3 +)!"'5&a +"'!* (*"a*"a #)$")* $" 1 G 8& 2 G(a*" 3 %'(5&)'"" +" #a/&!*a" a" &!"#& $" 200 M.

' )( '& )( $" #"#)*&" 4' (a*" %&"(a*" ("3 "!" a$*"a!3$" '#3* &'&"& 8& ())a'"&, #"#)*&a MDR!M & Multibank DRAM ' +*)$3 $" MoSys Incorporated $"+a*!" &'%)*#a5&a !)(a!3 4'!*-''#3* $" a'-*& $" #"#)*&" "+a*a!".

Deosebiri "R!M(DR!M

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&'/* + +" (a*" a("a!a #"#)*&" & a*" &' ()#+a*a!&" ( SRAM. I'( +"*%)*#a'!"" &'! ( #! &' *#a #"#)*&"& !a!&(" SRAM7.Da!)*&!a #)$& +*&' (a*" " ()#!a &'!*" !a*&" 0 & 1 & a #)$& &'(a*" " ""(!a (&!&*"a (""& $" #"#)*&", SRAM ' a*" '")&" $"*"(*&"*" a $a!")* $+a (" a("!"a a %)! (&!&!" & '&(& $"*"+*)+a!a*"a (""& $" #"#)*&". A!%" (a !+&& $" a((" &'! #!

#a& #&(& &a* &!"a a (a*" a("! !&+ $" #"#)*&" (*"aa $"+a!" ( #! +"*%)*#a'!"" #"#)*&"& $&'a#&(". Da!)*&!a +*"!& $" ()! #a*" +"'!*)!&'"*"a '"& ("" SRAM, a("! !&+ $" #"#)*&" "!" !&&a! '#a& +"'!* %a*&(a*"a #"#)*&"& (a(" (" " +"#"'!"aa &' +a(&" $" aa $"'#&*"a $" (a(" "" 2 L27 )*& +"'!* #"#)*&a (a(""" 1 L17 (" "!" &'!"/*a!a &' !*(!*a +*)(")a*")*. M"#)*&a (a("L1 %'(!&)'"aa a a("a& %*"("'!a ( ("a a +*)(")*& &' !+ ("

+"'!* #"#)*&a (a(" L2 %*"("'!a $" (* "!" K#a!a!" %a!a $"%*"("'!a +*)(")*&. M"#)*&a (a(" a %)! &'!*)$a (a ' a*!&%&(&

15


16/41

!"'))/&(, (a*" !*"&" a +&'"a(a $&%"*"'!a $" %*"("'!a $&'!*" +*)(")* & #"#)*&".

I)*) M"#)*&a ROM

M"#)*&a ROM "!" &' /"'"*a !&&a!a +"'!* a !)(a BIOS-Ba&( I'+! O!+! S!"#7 '& PC. I' +*a(!&(a, ) $a!a ( ")!&aPC-*&)* a("! !+ $" #"#)*&" a %"*&! ) "*&" $" #)$&%&(a*& (a*" a

(a *"!a! *"(*&"*"aa*$"*"a %a $" (a!*" !&&a!)* a BIOS-&.S()+, "&$"'!, "!" $" a a(!a&a %'(!&&" BIOS-& +"'!* a$a+!a*"a')&)* ("*&'!" & *"a&a*& a*$a*" ,)*& (&a* +"'!* a *"+a*a '""+"*%"(!&'& $" %'(!&)'a*".

A!%" (a &' &"" ')a!*" "&!a ) #!&!$&'" $" a!%" $" #"#)*&&ROM +*)/*a#a&" PROM-P*)/a#a" R"a$ O' M"#)*-,EPROM-E"(!*&(a E*a"a" P*)/*a##a" R"a$ O' M"#)*-, "!(7 +*&' $&"*" !"'&(&, #a& #! a #a& +!&' aa'!aK)a" &' %'(!&" $"/*a$ $" ()#+"&!a!" a )+"*a*&& a("!)*a.

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&!"#& $" (a( %a!a $" ()'"'!&&" DOS.

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17/41

A("!" #"#)*&& " *"a&"aa %)*#a ')* #a!*&(& $" $&)$",!*a'&!)*& &+)a*& a !*a'&!)*& MOS, a (a*" '"" ""#"'!"$&' (""' '! ()'"(!a!" a &+"( $&' ("#a, a("! (* "+*a'$ 'a $&'

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ROM '! $" #a& #!" %"*&. P!"# (a&%&(a #"#)*&&" ROM a!%":

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M"#)*&a E+ROM J• M"#)*&a EE+ROM J

• M"#)*&a ,L!"H .

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a("!a *"+*"&'!a &'!"*%a!a &'!*" ()#+)'"'!"" $&' &!"# & &!"# $")+"*a*" &'!aa! SO7.

E!" a("a #"#)*&" '")a!&a (a*" "!" +*)/*a#a!a &' #)#"'!%a*&(a*&&, ( aK!)* '"& #a!& +*&' (a*" " !a&"!" ()'%&/*a!&a(&*(&!")* +" CIP. A("a!a %a(" (a &'%)*#a!&&" ()'!&'!" a ' +)a!a %&#)$&%&(a!", (& $)a* (&!&!".

1


18/41

Memoria +ROM &+ro#rammable ReadOnly Memory'

"!" (a*a(!"*&a!a $" %a+! (a " +)a!" +*)/*a#a $" (a!*" !&&a!)* )&'/*a $a!a ' " +)a!" *"+*)/*a#a7. S!*(!*a a("!"& #"#)*&& "!"a"#a'a!)a*" ( ("a a #"#)*&" ROM. La #"#)*&&" &+)a*",$")"&*"a a+a*" &' %a+! (a %&"(a*" !*a'&!)* "!" ()'"(!a! +*&'""#"'!" %&&" a &'&a $" &"&*". T*"("*"a '& !*"' $" +*& $"(*"'! #a& #a*" +*&' a("!" ""#"'!" $" )&("& $" 0,= - 1 A7 ()'$(" aa*$"*"a a("!)* ""#"'!" & a &'!*"*+"*"a ()'"&'&& !*a'&!)*&()*"+)'$"'! ( &"&*"a #"#)*&"&.

G"'"*a*"a a("!)* +*& "!" *"a&a!a ( aK!)* '& a+a*a!+"(&a '#&! +*)/*a#a!)*, a*$"*"a ""#"'!")* %&&" *"a&a'$-" +"*a'$, ' (a!" ', ()'%)*# ("*&'!")* +*)$& )%!a*" (a*"!*"&" ()$&%&(a! &' #"#)*&a PROM. U' ""#"'! %&& ) $a!a a*, ' +)a!" %& *"%a(!, a("a!a $(a'$ a &*""*&&&!a!"a +*)/*a#a*&& &' ("

#a& ' (a " #a& +)! a*$" ) +a*!" $&' "#"'!"" (a*" a *a#a &'!*"/&&' *#a +*"& +*)/*a#a*&7.

Memoria E+ROM &Eraseable +ro#rammable ROM'

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!*a'&!)*&, +*)$(a'$-& a!%" #)$&%&(a*&, $a* (a*", $&' %"*&(&*", '!*""*&&". R"%a("*"a !a*&& &'&!&a" a #"#)*&"& !"*/"*"a7 " *"a&"aa

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19/41

+*&' &#&'a*"a "& ( *a" !*a&)"!". I' a("! ()+, (&+ $" #"#)*&""!" +*"a! ( ) %"*"a!*a (a*" +"*#&!" &#&'a*"a +a!&"& $" &&(&.A("a!a %"*"a!*a, +" !+ !&&a*&& #"#)*&"&, " a()+"*a ( ) "!&("!a +"'!* a ) +*)!"Ka +)!*&a !"*/"*&& &')'!a*". E!&("!a " ()a!"$)a* (a'$ " $)*"!" !"*/"*"a & *"+*)/*a#a*"a #"#)*&"&.

Memoria EE+ROM &Electrically Eraseable

+ro#rammable ROM' " a"a#a'a ( #"#)*&a EPROM, ( $&%"*"'!a(a !"*/"*"a " *"a&"aa ""(!*&(, +*&' a+&(a*"a '"& !"'&'& #a& #a*&$"(a! ("a ')*#aa. A("! (* +"*#&!" !"*/"*"a & *"+*)/*a#a*"a, %a*aa %& '"("a*a ()a!"*"a $&' #)'!aK &' (a*" a %)! a#+aa!a, +*"(# &!"*/"*"a & #)$&%&(a*"a '& &'/* )(!"!, &' !+ (" #"#)*&a EPROM

" !"*/" &' !)!a&!a!". M"#)*&&" EPROM " +)! *"+*)/*a#a $" ''#a* %&'&! $" )*& &' /"'"*a, $" "(& a !" $" #&& $" )*&7, (* (a*"' +"*#&!" %))&*"a "& +" +)! $" #"#)*&" !&&a!a &' (a$*(a(a!)a*")* &'!*-' PC #"#)*&a " +)a!" #)$&%&(a $" #&& $" )*& +""('$a7.

Memoria ,L!"H numita si ,L!"H ROM "!" ) "*&'"

#a& ')a a #"#)*&&)* EEPROM. S+*" $")"&*" $" a("!"a, !"*/"*"a& +*)/*a#a*"a #"#)*&"& %a " *"a&"aa %))&'$ !"'&'&" $"a"'!a*" $&'!*-' (a(a!)* & ' ) !"'&'" +"(&aa. A!%", (&!&*"a &(*&"*"a +*)/*a#a*"a7 " *"a&"aa a !"'&'"a $" Q=V, &a* !"*/"*"a%))"!" !"'&'"a $" Q12V, &' /"'"*a.

M"#)*&a %a "!", &' /"'"*a, +a*!&!a &' )(*&. P"'!* a

#)$&%&(a $a!"" '& )( "!" %&(&"'! a " !"*/" )( *"+"(!&,(""a!" )(*& *a#a'a'$ '"(a!". S!"*/"*"a )(& +*"+'"(a a)a*"a "*) )/&( a " *a/a"a(a &' !)a!" (""" )(&. La(*&"*", ) ("a && +)a!" (a ()'!&'! $&' "*) &' ', $a**""'&*"a &' "*) " +)a!" %a(" '#a& +*&' !"*/"*"a )(&. S(*&"*"a,(a & (&!&*&" " +)! %a(", &' /"'"*a, &' #)$ a"a!)*.

1


20/41

P" a'/a #"#)*&&" RAM & ROM, &' +"(&a &' +*"" /"'"*a!&&$" (a(a!)a*", " +)a!" &'!a'& ' a! !&+ $" #"#)*&": #"#)*&a&*!aa. A("a!a a a+a*! $&' $)*&'!a $" a )!&'" ) (a+a(&!a!" $"#"#)*&" #a& #a*" &' ()'$&!&&" &' (a*" (&*(&!"" $" #"#)*&& a"a

+*"!*& %)a*!" #a*&. A("! !&+ $" #"#)*&" %))"!" +a!& "&!"'! &'&!"#"" $" !)(a*" #a&a a $a!")* a*$-$&-*&, '&!a!& $" a'$a7.M"#)*&a &*!aa "!" %))&!a +" ) (a*a $"! $" a*/a, $"& +"*%)*#a'!"" $" &!"a a" "& '! %)a*!" *"$".

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E&!a & #"#)*&& ROM-PROGRAMABILE PROM & EPROM7.

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21/41

+)a!" %& !"a*a. C"a $" #"#)*&" a ')* a!%" $" (&*(&!" a a aa' %&& $&' +)&&&(& (a*" "!" a* a +*)/*a#a*" .C"a $" aa a'"& #"#)*&& PROM "!" *"a&a!a ( !*a'&!)a*" &+)a*".I'&!&a !)a!"%&&"" #"#)*&"& '! (*!(&*(&!a!" .

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!*a'&!)* )(a!7" "+'" (&*(&! a a(!&'"a *a$&a!&"& !*a&)"!" .E"(!*)'&& $&' /*&a +*"&a "'"*/&" $" a *a$&a!&" & !*"( &'a+)& &' !*a! +*&' !*a! &)a!)*.

M"#)*&&" EEPROM %))"( ' +*&'(&+& a"#a'a!)* , '#a& (a +"'!* !*"("*"a ""(!*)'&)* !*a! &)a!)* !&&"aa "%"(! !'"1 .S!*(!*a !*a'&!)*& $" #"#)*a*" & a '"& ("" $" #"#)*&" "!"

$a!a &' %&/*a $" #a& K) : C"a $" #"#)*&" +"'!* a("! !&+ $" (&*(&!"!" %)*#a!a $&' $)a !*a'&!)a*" TEC )&'&! T27 & !*a'&!)*

21


22/41

+*""'!a! #a& T17 (a*" "!" ' TEC-MOS.I'!*-) ("a $" #"#)*&"!"a*a , /*&a &)a!a "!" &'(a*(a!a ( a*(&'a '"/a!&a & !*a'&!)* T1"!" )(a!.

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23/41

'"& )+"*a5&& $" (&!&*" a $a!")*. P*&' $"a(!&a*", a(5&)'"a3 a+*a(&*(&!")* $&' !*(!*3 4' ()+ *"$("*&& ()'#&.

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+*)/*a##a" ROM7 " %a*&(3 ( !)5& &5&& +)&5&)'a5& +" ' a'#&!'&" )/&(.

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CAPITOU II

II. MEMORII E"TERNE

Or'e a#&6 7orm6 $e memore a#&a $e'8& 'ea "&er"6

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34/41

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Inter/ata 'e conectare

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39/41

Concluzii

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+)*! #a/'"!)-)+!&(


40/41

/I/LIOGR!,IE

Boa" . M. S%&eme $e o/erare "&era'&;e E$. L>r%

C#,G Na/o'a 14

Ca$ar C. !eorg!?6 V. Te!"o#oga "7orma?e + ma",a#/e"&r, '#a%a a IX+a E$. LS I"7oma& 1

Cer'!e E. Wer>a" M. S%&eme $e 'a#',# ma",a# /e"&r,

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Cer'!e E. Wer>a" M. Te!"o#oga "7orma?e ma",a#/e"&r, '#a%a a IX+a E$. LS I"7oma& B,',re& 1

L'a D. O"ea E. I"7orma&'a ma",a# /e"&r, '#a%a a IX+aE$. LS I"7oma& 1

40


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