These experiments indicated that neither of these t ~ v o viruses alone rvas capable of proclucing effective vaccines and that in uitro mixtures of the two were ineffective. The evidence suggested, therefore, that, in order to have effective vaccines, i t was essential for both viruses to produce infections in the same host con- currently.

In order to ascertain vhether a vaccine possessing a n immunizing efficacy equal to that of the original preparation could be reprocluced a t mill, ferrezs were inoculated with mixtures of both influenza and dis- temper viruses and ]irere killecl a t var*ious intervals thereafter. Forinalinized vaccines were prepared from their lungs and spleens, repeating the original proee- dure. These vaccines mere testecl in normal ferrets, and a t various intervals thereafter the serum of the vaccinated animals was tested for the presence of nen- tralizing antibodies. The animals tliemselves were also tested for active immunity to influenza virus.

I t soon became apparent that it tvas not easy to prepare vaccines as effective as the original prepara- tion. A large nurnbe~ of different vaccines Tvere pre- pared from the tissues of ferrets which had been in- fected with both viruses. The duration and the severity of the t ~ v o infections were varied. Separate tissues or mixtures of tissues were used in preparing the vac-cines, and the procedure of inactivation mas altered in a nnmber of ways, Most of these preparations proved

to be entirely ineffective. I t has been possible, how- ever, to prepare vaccines capable of producing active immunity in ferrets against influenza virus. Ferrets which were given these vaccines and subsequently in- oculated intranasally with 1,000 infectious doses of lieterologous strains of influenza virus showecl neither the typical signs of infection nor an increase in nen- tralizing antibocl~es, indicating conclusively that no infection by the ~ i r n s had occurred. Because of the number of variables x-hieh are relatecl to the prodnc- tion of an effective vaccine of this kind, much more study r i l l be required to determine the conditions under v-hich an effective immunizing preparation can regularly be reproducecl.

This vaccine was also tested on small groups of liursian volunteers. I t as fonncl that a ~ a c c i n e pre- pared froin the tiswes of ferrets suffering from con- current infections with influenza vims and the strain of distemper virus isolated from spontaneously in-fected ferrets producecl a definite increase in anti-bodies neutralizing influenza virus in every instance. B n o t h e ~ lot of vaccine prepared identically, but nGng a strain of disteliiper virus recently isolated froin the spleen of an infected dog, failed to stimulate influenza antibody procluction in human rolnntcers. Experi-ments are in progreas to determine the dnration of the delllonstrable immunity in man produced by the com- plex vaccine.

OBITUARY MAYNARD M A Y 0 METCALF

~\IBPNARD~ I A Y O~ ! E T C A L Bdied on April 19, 1940, a t "The Rambles,'' on Alabama Drive, JTinter Park, Florida, wliere he and illrs. &Ietcalf had spent the last two entire years, and the preceding two ~vinters.

Ever since lea5ing the Johns Hopkins University in 1893, with the doctorate from Professor W. I<.Brooks, the pclter fzoster of so many clistinguialled American zoologists, Dr. JIetcalf mas so prominent a figure, as officer or contributor of papers, a t meetings of learned societies, that many readers of this memorial will feel that they already know the man thoroughly well. His cordiality, rare friendliness and quick understanding made him the center of congenial groups, not only of biologists but of economists, sociologists, political scien- tists and Christian ministers-so broad and active 7i7as his interest in all these and other fields.

Of English aneestry fully on record from 1360 to the present, he was born in Elyria, Ohio, on March 12, 1868, of Eliab Wight Metcalf a r ~ d Eliza (Ely) Yetcalf. H e was of a family more continuously and significantly represented at Oberlin College than any other, himself recei~4ng the B.S. in 1889 ancl the honorary Sc.D. in 1914.

On completing graclnate stndy a t Johns Hopkins University he relinquished a post-doctorate Bruce fel- lo~vship to accept appointment as organizer and chair- mail of the department of biology a t "The Woman's College" (now Goucher), where he remained until 1906, his choice of successor being the late Williarn E . Kellicott-an item which he referred to later as his "best service to the institution." Although his appoint- ment as chairman and reorganizer of the department of zoology at Oberlin began in 1906, laboratory space was not then in readiness; and the next t ~ v o year5 were spent in research with Boveri in Jvurzburg, in Berlin and at the Xaples Biological Station.

H e resigned official relation v i th Oberlin in 1914; but during the preceding eight years gave time, energy and wisdom unsparirigly to the development of the department, himself supplying much equipment the college was not in position to afford. His inspiration and ideals have been the major factor in shaping such progress as the Oberlin department has macle from his day to the present. Research in his private "Orchard Laboratory," a t La Jolla, Calif., Washington, D. C., Baltimore and in South America occupied the years 1914 to 292-1. Then f o r a year he mas cllair~ilan of

~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~

t i ~ ~

the division of biology and agriculture of the National Research Council. From 1926 to 1933 he was research associate, ~vi th professorial rank in zoology, a t the Johns Hopkins University. Thereafter, impaired health compellecl retirement, with only occasional scien- tific effort. 3Iany summers from 1890 until 1935 were spent a t Woods Hole, a t the U. S. Fisheries Station or a t the Marine Biological Laboratory, of which he n-as tivstee 1896 to 1932, and emeritus thereafter.

Metcalf's publications include more than 125 titles, besides t ~ v o books ancl other extended treatises. H i s earlier research studies mere concerned mith gastro-pods and tunicates (2-1: papers) ; his later interest centered in the protozoa, with special emphasis on the Opalinids, on which a major comprehensive work is now being issued by the U. S.National Museum. His inembership in national and philanthropic societies in- eluded twenty-eight American, three British and three French. His official responsibilities in several of these are listed in "Tho's TTho." EIe was a member of the Authors Club, Lonclon.

H e is survived by his wife, Ella Wilder Xetcalf, of the same college class; a daughter, Mrs. William P. Beetham, and three grandchildren, of Waban, Mass.; and by a brother, Dr. Wilmot T. Xetcalf, formerly professor of physical sciences in Carleton College and Fisk University, now residing in Clinton, K.P.

Few men indeed meet life with the degree of fascina- rion -rrith things serious, e.g., science, politicg philoso-

phy, religion; in enjoyment of beauty-either in natuye or of human production; i n good f u n and sport (an ardent golfer), as did Maynard Xetcalf. H e was a man of severely discriminating judgment, of positive opinions, of unconlpromising devotion to integrity; he called himself "frankly Christian," a fact which v e may allow showed itself in his spontaneous sympathies, his chronic cheerfulness and in the geneyosity of his spirit.

ROBERTA. BUDINGTOW OBERLINCOLLEGE

R E C E N T D E A T H S DR. ALVIN SBTT~YERWHEELER,Kenan professor

emeritus of organic chemistry a t the University of North Carolina, died on May 1 2 in his seventy-fourth pear.

LE\vIs vAhTcARpExTER,professor of sanitav engi-neering at the college of ~ of ~~ N~~ york i University and director of the sanitarg ~ ~ ~ Research Laboratory conducted jointly by the college

the city, died on 3 1 ~ ~10 in his forty-fifth

DR. HLTSTERROBB, professor of gynecology of the School of Medicine of Western Reserve University, died on May 1 5 a t the age of seventy-seven years.

DR. CHARLES DA%~ISON,an authority on earthquakes, died in Cambridge, England, on April 29 a t the age of eighty-one years.

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS T H E ANNUAL REPORT O F T H E FIELD 1,410,454 people visited the museum in 1939. Of

MUSEUM O F NATURAL HISTORY these, 94.1 per cent. w e ~ e admitted free, and only 5.9 THEannualreport for 1939 of the ~ i ~ l d of per cent. paid the twenty-five cent admission fee charged lfuseum

xatural ~ i ~of which~ D ~ . ~ is di-t ~clifford, C, aregg rector, has been issued. It states that gifts and be-

funds amounting to *Ore than $730'000 were during year' Gregg points out that

"the steadily decreasing rates of return from invest- ments, and some degree of fear for the future on the part of citizens resulting in fewer contributions, com- birie to make the financial administration of this mu- seuni and other institutions similarly supported an in- creasingly difficult problem. 11 recent decision of the Illinois Suprerne Court made inoperative the so-called $rlluseul,ls act,' which brought to this institution ap-i31'0ximately $100,000 per year from taxes as a con-tribution to~r-ard its maintenance."

The presents a of the ties of the museum administration, the scientific de- pmrtinents, the eclucational departments and the vari- ous small divisions entrusted with special phases of museum activities.

Dr. Gregg states:

On certain days of the week. More than 100,000 persons attended free lectures for adults and free motion picture prograins for children in the James Simpson Theatre of the museum, and lecture tours and other special eyeats. Contact xTas nlade with 186,677 children in their

through lectures presented in classrooms and assemblies by members of the staff of a museum division knomn as the James Nelson and Anna ~~~i~~~~~~~~d ~ ~ ~for ~ d ~ Public School and Children's Lectures. Approximately 500,000 children were served by the natural history lessons presented in traveling exhibits circulated on a bi-xveeltly schedule in all of Chicago's public schools, and many parodlial, private and special schools as well. This ac- tivity is carried out through the museum department known as the N. W. Harris Public School Extension.

Combining the total number of visitors to the museum T!rith the total of the cllildren reached the institu- tion by tile Raymond Foundation and the Harris Exten-,ion, it is found that the museum,s influence,%,as again extended directly to more than two million persons. I n addition, there are the usual further extensions to in- calculable numbers reached through less direct media such