manual para la elaboración y transmisión del mensaje en campañas electorales

8/2/2019 Manual para la Elaboracin y Transmisin del Mensaje en Campaas Electorales

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JNPQJQTQM

NK@JMNKL

ADFM@YKQK_KYK KPTNQMP JNQDYNK@JMNKLDP

`mnqytzdnam lk adfm`yk`jk

fdnkeddn `kfpkk dld`qmykld

;

@mftnj`k`jn

Fkntkl pkyk lk dlkimyk`jn z

qyknfjjmn adl


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NAJNKQJMNKL

ADFM@YKQJ@

JNPQJQTQDBMY JNQDYNKQJMNKL KBBKJYP


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_YMLMCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j

J. YDPTFDN ADL LKAYJLLM ;

JJ.ADPKYYMLLM Z DNQYDCK ADL FDNPKED 9

JJJ.@MFM HK@DY [TD DL FDNPKED BTN@JMND . . ;:

JR. @MN@LTPJMN 00

Dl fdnked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

_dytkajy pkyk cknky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

@mnjadyk`jmnd pkyk Jk dlkimyk`jmn adl fdnked . . . . . . . 0

[t d tn fdnked = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Btnakfdnqm adl fdnked5 Dl-Lk `knajakqm-k . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

_dybjl ad Jk dnqydrjqk pdymnkl kl m k lk `knajakqm-k . . . . . . . 3

@fm pdytkajy k lm dld qmyd = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

Jnrdqjck`jn miyd dl-lk `knajakqm-k z dl-lk mpmndnqd . . . . . ;?

Pmnadm (dn`tdqk* jnrdqjck ln `tknqjqkqjrk . . . . . . . . . ;;

Cytpm bm`kld jnrdqjck`jn `tkljqkqjrk . . . . . . . . . . . . ;0

Pdld` jmnknam k ntdqym dld qmyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1

Jnrdqjck`jn miyd lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn . . . . . . . ;2

@fm d`yjijy dl fdnked = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;3

Dyymyd `mftnd dn dl fdnked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8

Lk pydm`tpk jmnd `mfm qdfk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:

@mnqymlky dl ajlmcm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9?

LK @KEK AD FDNPKED AD QTLLZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9? @fm d jltqyk dl fdnked = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Fdnked z aj`tym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Lk 0& A (qyd ajfdnjmnd* adl fdnked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Ydljcjmn z fdnked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Aj`jpljnk adl fdnked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Dl fdnked z Jk `kfpkk ajknk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Adbdnajdnam dl fdnked ad lk jnbltdn`jk ad lm kfjcm . . 0?

@mntlqmyd adkqdnqm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09

Mqyk @kfpkk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

J N A J @ D


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Lk `mld``jn @mnqytzdnam Jk Adfm`yk`jk ad fkntkld ad

bmyfk`jn pmlJqj`k, {td d ptilj`k fdajknqd tn dbtdyum

`mn`dyqkam adl @dnqym ad Dqtajm ad Jk Ydkljaka _kykctkzk

(@DY_K* z dl Nkqjmnkl Adfm`ykqj` Jnqjqtqd bmy Jnqdynkqjmnkl

Kbbkjy (NAJ*, `mn dJ kpmzm ad Jk Kcdn`jk Dqkamtnjadnd pkyk dl

Adkyymjlm Jnqdynk`jmnkl (TPKJA*7 d `mfplk`d `mn Jk

pyddnqk`jn adl LKAYJLLM 0.

Dl qdxqm myjcjnkl ad dqd fkqdyjkl, btd dlkimykam z amnkam pmy dl

@mfjq Nk`jmnkl adl _kyqjam Adf`ykqk ad lm Dqkam Tnjam

ad Kfdyj`k (AN@*, z btd jnqdypydqkam z kakpqkam pmy ftedyd z

hmfiyd adl _kyqjam Ljidykl Ykaj`kl Ktqnqj`m adl _kykctkz.

Dl fdnked d dqyt`qtyk k pkyqjy ad tnk dyjd ad jnrdqjck`jmnd{td jnbmyfkn Jk dqykqdcjk `mftnj`k`jmnkl ad tnk `kfpkk

dld`qmykl z {td d qykat`dn dn tnk jfkcdn m tnk jadk {td dl

dld`qmy qjdnd dn fdnqd dn dl fmfdnqm ad adpmjqky t rmqm.

Pj Ta. d `knajakqm-k, dqd fkqdyjkl ptdad kztaky k {td dd rmqm

dk tzm.

@DY_K & NAJ

_ Y M L M C M

j

@mn ft`hm `l`tlm d ptdad cknky7 `mn pm`m nm.j@tnqk fdnm pmjijljakad ad rj`qmyjk

qjdnd {tjdn nm hk`d njnctnm+

Ptn Qut


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J . Y D P T F D N A D L L K A Y J L L M 0

Lk dlkimyk jn z qyknfjjn adl fdnked mn lk `lkrd pkyk

tnk `kfpkk rj`qmyjmk. Tn fdnked ad `kfpkk d lk

ikd ad lk `mftnj`k`jn, tnk dxpydjn ad lk

`mnrj``jmnd adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k z lm `mnqykqd ddn`jkld

`mn dl mpmndnqd. Lm qdfk ad lk `kfpkk mn lm qdfk z

pmj`jmnd adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k {td d dxpydkn dn dl fdnked.

Lk dlkimyk`jn adl fdnked `mfjdnuk `mn tn dbtdyum yjctymm

ad jnrdqjck`jn {td jn`ltzd kl-k lk `knajakqm-k z t mpmj`jn,lk k`qjqtad z dl `mfpmyqkfjdnqm dld`qmykl adl pilj`m z dl ad

lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn.

_kyk {td btn`jmnd dl fdnked, lk `kfpkk adid qmfky lm qdfk

`lkrd ad pdy`dp`jn pkyk dl-lk `knajakqm-k z lm rmqknqd z

qykikeky dn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd z `mnqknqd pkyk hk`dy {td dl

fdnked dxpydd k{tdllm qdfk `lkrd. Tnk pkyqd jfpmyqknqd ad

lk aj`jpljnk adl fdnked d jftlky dl ajlmcm ad lk `kfpkk

tknam lk @kek ad Fdnked ad Qtllz. Lm `knajakqm z lk

`kfpkk ptdadn kztaky k hk`dy {td lk dnqydck ad t fdnked

dk jcnjbj`kqjrm z ydldrknqd pkyk tn pilj`m tknam ydbdydn`jk

`tlqtykld, ydljcjmk d hjqyj`k. Fknqdndy lk aj jpljnk adl

fdnked dn tnk `kfpkk dxjcd tnk rjcjlkn`jk pdyfkndnqd ad

lm `kfijm dn lk nmqj`jk z lk `mztnqtyk z dl `mnqyml ad lk

ajqyk``jmnd {td lm pympjm kljkam ptdadn `mfdqdy pmy nm

dnqdnady lk jfpmyqkn`jk ad dqk aj`jpljnk.

Lk `kfpkk pmlqj`k qjdndn tnk dqyd`hk rdnqknk ad

mpmyqtnjaka pkyk kl`knuky tn pilj`m dpd`bj`m. @tknam lk

`kfpkk d hk`d )k qykr ad dqk rdnqknk), d qjdnd lkmpmyqtnjaka ad pdytkajy, pdym mlkfdnqd j d ydpjqd dl fdnked

dn bmyfk `mnqknqd z `mnjqdnqd.

DL FDNPKED


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Lk dlkimyk`jn z qyknfjjn adl fdnked mn lk `lkrd pkyk tnk

`kfpkk rj`qmyjmk. Tn fdnked ad `kfpkk d lk ikd ad lk

`mftnj`k`jn, tnk dxpydjn ad lk `mnrj `jmnd adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k z lm `mnqykqd ddn`jkld `mn dl mpmndnqd. Lm

qdfk ad lk `kfpkk mn lm qdfk z pmj`jmnd

{td d dxpydkn dn dl fdnked.

Lk dlkimyk`jn adl fdnked `mfjdnuk `mn tn dbtdyum yjctymm

ad jnrdqjck`jn {td jn`ltzd kl-k lk `knajakqm-k z t mpmj`jn,lk k qjqtad z dl `mfpmyqkfjdnqm dld`qmykl adl pilj`m z dl ad lm

fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn.

_kyk {td btn`jmnd dl fdnked, lk `kfpkk adid qmfky lm qdfk

`lkrd ad pdy`dp`jn pkyk dl-lk `knajakqm-k z lm rmqknqd z

qykikeky dn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd z `mnqknqd pkyk hk`dy {td dl

fdnked dxpydd k{tdllm qdfk `lkrd. Tnk pkyqd jfpmyqknqd ad

lk aj`jpljnk adl fdnked d jftlky dl ajlmcm ad lk `kyydyk

tknam lk @kek ad Fdnked ad Qtllz. Lm `knajakqm z lk

`kfpkk ptdadn kztaky k hk`dy {td lk dnqydck ad t fdnked

dk jcnjbj`kqjrm z ydldrknqd pkyk tn pilj`m tknam ydbdydn`jk

`tlqtykld, ydljcjmk d hjqyj`k. Fknqdndy lk aj jpljnk adl

fdnked dn tnk `kfpkk dxjcd tnk rjcjlkn`jk pdyfkndnqd ad lm

`kfijm dn lk nmqj jk z lk `mztnqtyk z dl `mnqyml ad lk

ajqyk``jmnd {td lm pympjm kljkam ptdadn `mfdqdy pmy nm

dnqdnady lk jfpmyqkn`jk ad dqk aj`jpljnk.

Lk `kfpkk pmlqj k qjdndn tnk dqyd`hk rdnqknk ad

mpmyqtnjaka pkyk kl`knuky tn pilj`m dpd`bj`m. @tknam lk

`kfpkk d hk`d )k qykr ad dqk rdnqknk), d qjdnd lkmpmyqtnjaka ad pdytkajy, pdym mlkfdnqd j d ydpjqd dl fdnked

dn bmyfk `mnqknqd z `mnjqdnqd.

K pdky ad lk `yqj`k {td d d`t`hk ad lk dld``jmnd fmadynk,

lk fjfk d cknkn pmy `kfpkk {td lmcykn lk qkydk

btnakfdnqkl z ftz ajb`jl ad lk pdytkjn7 `mnrdn`dy k lm

rmqknqd {td t `knajakqm-k d fdemy {td dl mpmndnqd.

adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k

J J . A D P K Y Y M L L M Z D N Q Y D C K A D L F D N P K E D

_dytkajy

pkyk cknky

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Lk `kfpkk rj`qmyjmk dlkimykn z `mftnj`kn tn fdnked {td

qyknfjqd k lm rmqknqd lk dnk`jn ad {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k

`mfpkyqd t rklmyd. K `mfm d`yjij _ktl Qtllz,

knqdyjmyfdnqd Ajyd`qmy _mlqj`m adl AN@ (Adfm`ykqj` Nkqjmnkl

@mffjqqdd*, )...tn fdnked d tn `tdypm ljfjqkam ad

jnbmyfk`jn jn`dyk, {td d qyknfjqjam `mnjqdnqdfdnqd pmy

tn-tnk `knajakqm-k z tnk mycknjuk`jn `mn dl bjn ad tfjnjqyky

lk ykumnd pdytkjrk pkyk {td dl dld`qmykam dljek z k`qd k

bkrmy ad lk mp`jn {td d dq mbyd`jdnam 5 dl-lk `knajakqm-k.

Dl fdnked `myyd`qm, dnqydckam dn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd, `ydk dn lm

dld`qmyd lk k`qjqta ad {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k qjdnd lm jnqjnqm

`myyd`qm.

Dl fdnked d `mfm tn pkykctk ikem dl `tkl d kcytpkn lk

pmqtyk z ad lk kfpkk miyd tn qdfk.

Dqd pkykctk pdyfjqd {td lk pmqtyk z ad

lk `kfpkk nm klckn ad `mnqdxqm z fknqdnckn `mhdydn`jk.Lk pmqtyk miyd tn qdfk nm `mnqjqtzd tn fdnked. _dym dqk

pmqtyk qmfkak dn `mnetnqm, mn lm `knkld {td dl-lk

`knajakqm-k tqjljuk pkyk jltqyky dl fdnked z lmcyky {td dl

dld`qmykam lm `mfpydnak. Nm jfpmyqk `tkl dk dl adkbm, dl-lk

`knajakqm-k lm hky dn bmyfk `myyd`qk.

Lk qyknfjjn adl fdnked ad `kfpkk ptdad pkyd`dy `mfm tn

adkbm jn`ydildfdnqd ajb`jl5 nkrdcky k lm lkycm ad tn `kfpm

fjnkam ad cytpm dld`qmykld yjrkld z ajldfk ad pmlqj`k

pilj`k kpkydnqdfdnqd jn mlt`jn. Ajb`jl pdym nm jfpmjild.

,

Lm `knajakqm qjdndn `ky`qdy. Njncn mnadm ad mpjnjn m

pdqj`jn dpd`jkl `mnrdn`dy k tn-tnk `knajakqm-k, pmy dedfplm,

k ydlkqjrjuky dl qdfk ydlk`jmnkam `mn lk dctyjaka z dl kl`mhml, j

hk rjrjam lk dxpdyjdn`jk ad `mnmlky k lk fkayd ad tnk r`qjfk

adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k


_yjfdym dl-lk `knajakqm-k nm hk jam jnrdnqknam ad lk nkak. D tn

jnajrjatm rjrm {td ydpjyk `mn dxpdyjdn`jk ad rjak z ad qykikem z{td qjdnd tn hjqmyjkl z lk fmqjrk`jn pkyk mbyd`dyd `mfm tn lady.

Y D A A D _ K Y Q J A M P _ M L J Q J @ M P

@mnjadyk`jmnd

pkyk lk

dlkimyk`jn

adl fdnked

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bkqkl ad tn `mnat`qmy diyjm. K dfdeknuk ad lm )dyd htfknm

ydkld), lm `knajakqm pmlqj`m qjdndn tn `mnetnqm mycnj`m ad

`mnrj``jmnd {td jnbltzdn dn lk fkzmyk ad t mpjnjmnd dn

ydlk`jn k lm qdfk {td dnbm`kn.

, dl pilj`m kl {td d qykqk ad lldcky atyknqd lk `kfpkk

nm dq `mfptdqm pmy qmam lm `jtakaknm `mn `kpk`jaka pkyk

rmqky, lm d qykqk ad k{tdllm {td ptdadn dy pdytkajam m

fmqjrkam k rmqky pmy ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k.

Lk jnrdqjck`jn adqdyfjnky {tjdnd mn dqm dld`qmyd, anad

rjrdn z lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn {td ld lldck.

Qmam lm {td d nd`djqkfm d tnk rj`qmyjk, nm tn qyjtnbm

kyymllkamy. D tn adpdyaj`jm ad lm yd`tym ad lk `kfpkk

jnqdnqky `mnqk`qky z pdytkajy dld`qmyd `mn tnk qykzd`qmyjk ad

mpmj`jn k `knajakqm `mn dl pdybjl adl ntdqym. Lm fjfm d

ptdad ad`jy adl fdnked qktqmlcj`m (ydpdqj`jn jnqjl ad tn

fjfm pdnkfjdnqm dxpydkam ad ajqjnqk fkndyk*, {td qykqk

ad pdytkajy mlkfdnqd k lm kbjljkam adl pkyqjam

.

, dl fdnked nm d tn kyydikqm ad `ydkqjrjaka, nm d qykqk

ad kyfky tn etdcm ad pmqtyk pmlqj`k dn tn )ejncld) pdckajum zllkfkylm tn fdnked ad `kfpkk. Pd qykqk ad lk kplj`k`jn ad tnk

aj jpljnk ftz yjctymk, dl qykikem nm d qkn lyj m `mfm

dfpyj`m. Lk jnrdqjck`jn ctk dl adkyymllm adl fdnked, k

`mfm lm plknm z tn `jfjdnqm ljam ctkn lk `mnqyt``jn ad

tnk ntdrk `kk.

Lk fkzmyk ad nmmqym nm dpdykfm {td lm `knajakqm m

btn`jmnkyjm dld`qm pjdndn dxk`qkfdnqd `mfm nmmqym miyd

`kak qdfk. Dqm dyk jfpmjild. Lm {td {tdydfm d klctjdn

Pdctnam

Qdy`dym

adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k

)..lk dld``jmnd d cknkn `mn f {td qdfk. Ad hd`hm,

byd`tdnqdfdnqd lm qdfk nm dqn dn lk pkyqd tpdyjmy ad lk ljqk. Lk

cdnqd ptdad kljndkyd adqy ad tn qdfk m ad rkyjm, pdym dn qyfjnm

cdndykld dl dld`qmy adpmjqk t rmqm pmy cdnqd dn lk {td `mnbk.

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d{tjljiykam, klctjdn {td `yddfm qjdnd etj`jm, z klctjdn {td dn

dyjm d pydm`tpk pmy nmmqym.)

Tn fdnked ad `kfpkk adbjnd kl-k lk `knajakqm-k z lm `mnqykqk

`mn dl mpmndnqd, d tnk jadk {td lldck ad qkl bmyfk {td lm

dld`qmyd lk qjdndn dn fdnqd dn dl fmfdnqm ad rmqky.

Dl fdnked d lk ikd ad rklmyd {td kpmzk lk pmj`jn

dn qmam lm qdfk d jltqyk lm {td dq dn etdcm dn lk

dld``jn. Tn fdnked d tnk ad`lkyk`jn f ad pdymnkljaka

{td ad pmj`jmnd ad qdfk. Lm {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k aj`d miydlm qdfk adid rkljaky z ydbmyuky dl fdnked ad lk `kfpkk.

Tn nfdym ad dqk pmqtyk k`dy`k ad qdfk d `mnrjdyqdn dn dl

`dnqym amfjnknqd ad lk `mftnj`k`jn z ad

lk `kfpkk, d ad`jy, lk jltqyk`jmnd ydpdqjak adl fdnked ad

`kfpkk dn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd.

K lk rdu {td `mnjqdnqd, dl fdnked adid dy `mnqknqd. Tnk ad

lk ydclk f knqjctk ad lk `mftnj`k`jn `mn tn pilj`m

adqdyfjnkam d dl `mndem kl mykamy pkyk {td ajrjak lm

adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k


Adad dl aj`tym dn tnk Km`jk`jn ad pymbdjmnkld, hkqk dl

ctjn {td adidn kpydnady lm llkfkamyd ad qdlbmnm ad lk

`kfpkk, pkknam pmy lk ydbtqk`jn dn tn adikqd k`klmykam ad tn

pymcykfk ykajkl7 `kak jqdf ad `mftnj`k`jn ptdad qm`ky tn qdfk

ajbdydnqd, pdym adid dy pyddnqkam ad tnk fkndyk `mnjqdnqd `mn

dl fdnked {td lm ydbtdyuk. _my dedfplm, dl fdnked ad lk `kfpkk

pmayk dy, )@kylk Bdynnadu fky`ky lk ajbdydn`jk pkyk lk bkfjljk

qykikekamyk). Lk `knajakqk z lk `kfpkk hkn ad`jajam {td tnm ad

lm qdfk ad lk `kfpkk &tnk ftdqyk `lkrd adl `mfpymfjm ad@kylk Bdynnadu dn hk`dy tnk ajbdydn`jk pkyk lk bkfjljk

qykikekamyk& d lk dat`k`jn. Dn dl qpj`m ad dat`k`jn, dxjqdn

`jdnqm ad qdfk adad lk bjnkn`jk`jn hkqk lk dld``jn adl `mldcjm.

_dym pkyk Bdynnadu, lk dat`k jn nm d tn qdfk. D tn fdajm {td

dllk tqjljuk pkyk {td, k qykr ad dl ptdakn rdy lm rmqknqd t

`mnrj``jmnd pyjn`jpkld z fmqjrk`jn, t fdnked7 )Ntdqym

njm nd`djqkn pmady `mfpdqjy clmiklfdnqd), dllk k`mqk )_dym dn

tn fmfdnqm `tknam adidykfm dqky ktfdnqknam ntdqym

`mfpymfjm `mn lk dat`k jn, lm mbj`jkljqk dqn `myqknam

bmnam pkyk lk tnjrdyjaka z lk `kpk`jqk`jn lkimykl. Nd`djqkfm

pmndy bjn k dm).

[t d

tn fdnked=

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`mfdnqkyjm dn qyd d``jmnd. Dn lk pyjfdyk d``jn, dl mykamy

aj`d. Dn lk dctnak, dl mykamy aj`d mqyk rdu. Bjnklfdnqd, dl

mykamy adek `mnqkn jk {td ajem.

Pt miedqjrm d pdytkajy. D tn miedqjrm {td d `mfpkyqd nm

mlkfdnqd `mn ft`hk mqyk `kfpkk jftlqndkfdnqd, jnm

`mn `jdnqm ad mqym jnqdnqknam lldcky z pdytkajy. _kyk pdytkajy

z hk`dy {td lk cdnqd k`qd, dl-lk `knajakqm-k dn pyjfdy ltcky adid

dy d`t`hkam.

Lk ykun pmy lk {td pymikildfdnqd d yd`mnm`d z kn ptdad dy`knqkak lk bykd, )Pjdfpyd @m`k @mlk), d {td lk dfpydk ckqk

fjllmnd ad alkyd `kak km pkyk `mftnj`ky dk bykd. Ntdqyk

`kfpkk nm ajpmnd nj adl ajndym nj adl qjdfpm pkyk `ktky qkl

jfpk`qm.

Pmlkfdnqd fdajknqd lk ydpdqj`jn ad tn fdnked d qjdnd lk

mpmyqtnjaka ad kiyjyd pkm dnqyd dl cykn nfdym ad

`mftnj`k`jmnd `mfpdqjamyk {td d d`t`hkn. Tnj`kfdnqd jmfm d`t`hkam, qdnaydfm lk mpmyqtnjaka ad pdytkajy.

Dnqmn`d, `fm pmadfm lldcky k dd ptnqm=

Lk ikd ad t fdnked d dl-lk `knajakqm-k. Adqy ad t

pkjmnd pmy adqdyfjnkam qdfk z pmy lk pmlqj`k, zk`d tn

`mnetnqm ad rklmyd z ad `mnrj``jmnd `dnqykld {td ld `mnd`qkn`mn lk `mftnjaka7 rklmyd {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k `mfpkyqd dn

`mfn `mn lm dld`qmyd.

Lk ajbdydn`jk {td dl fdnked fky`k dnqyd dl-lk `knajakqm-k z dl-lk

mpmndnqd, adbjnd kl mpmndnqd `mfm lk mp`jn d{tjrm`kak.

Dl-lk `knajakqm-k d dl-lk fdnkedym-k pyjn`jpkl ad lk `kfpkk7

tnk cykn pkyqd ad t qykikem d adbjnjy kl mpmndnqd. K qkfijn lk

`kfpkk adid adbjnjy kl-k lk `knajakqm-k kl fjfm qjdfpm {td kl

mpmndnqd. Lm rmqknqd adidn dfjqjy t rmqm `mn tn dnqjam `lkym

ad {td dl mpmndnqd nm dnqjdnad m nm ld pydm`tpkn t pymildfk

z {td t `knajakqm-k lm hk`d.

2

Btnakfdnqm

adl fdnked5

Dl-Lk `knajakqm-k


15/44

Dl d`ydqkyjm ad pydnk, dl edbd ad `kfpkk, dl `mntlqmy ad

fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn z-m lm dn`tdqkamyd adidn fknqdndy

tnk lkyck `mnrdyk`jn dqyt`qtykak `mn dl-lk `knajakqm-k, ldem

ad lk bkfjljk, kfjcm z ajqyk``jmnd, bmyfknam tn cytpm adl qjpm

z qkfkm kad`tkam `mfm pkyk hk`dy dnqjy lm tbj`jdnqdfdnqd

`fmam-k kl-k lk `knajakqm-k pkyk {td dk jn`dym.

Lk dnqydrjqk ptdad tfjnjqyky jadk rkljmk ad lk

fmqjrk`jmnd miyd qdfk d hjqmyjk

pdymnkld, kn`amqk d hjqmyjk {td ld akn k t fdnked tnpmady ydkl z ktqnqj`m.

Ad anad mn t pkayd= Dn {t qykikekikn= Ad`yjik lk

`kk dn amnad Ta. `yd`j. Pt hkijqk`jn &{t hkz dn lk

pkyda= Mlmyd {td ld qykfjqdn yd`tdyam. Anad btd kl

`mldcjm, `fm &`kfjnknam, dn fnjit= Dn {t

kjcnkqtyk Ta. dyk itdnk-m= Fklk-m= . [t jcnjbj`kik lk

dat`k`jn dn t `kk= @fm d jnqj qykzdnam nmqk fklk

k `kk= K {tjn ld fmqykik t imldqn ad `kljbj`k`jmnd=

[tjn btd dl aj`jpljnkamy f atym,

Fkf, _kp= [t rklmyd ld jn`tl`kymn, `fm= Klctnk

rdu d lkqjf= Dnbdyfdakad, htdm ymqm, dnbdyfdaka

bkfjljky= Qykike Ta. jdnam kamld`dnqd= [t hk`k Ta.

pkyk ajrdyqjyd= Pd fdqk dn pymildfk= Klctnk rdu qtrm

pymildfk `mn lk pmlj`k= @mnm k k t rd`jnm= Lm

kzta m pjaj kztak ad dllm= Ad`yjik dl rd`jnakyjm5

ydlk`jmnd, fdemyd kfjcm, etdcm, jnqdydd `mfpkyqjam.

@fm d `mnm`jdymn(`nztcd*= @tnqm qjdfpm d`myqdekymn= Ad`yjik dl `kkfjdnqm z t bkfjljk [t hk`d

`mn t bkfjljk lm bjnd ad dfknk= [t qkn byd`tdnqdfdnqd

lm rd atyknqd lm bjnd ad dfknk= Rk`k`jmnd dn bkfjljk.

K {t `lkd ad d`tdlk rkn t hjem= Ld ak jdfpyd k t

hjem lk `mk {td ld pjadn= @fm lm aj jpljnk= @tl btd

dl `kqjcm f drdym {td klctnk rdu ld ajm k t hjem=


Etrdnqta

Bkfjljk

_dybjl ad

lk dnqydrjqk

pdymnkl

kl-k lk

`knajakqm-k

3



16/44

@mnjadyk t dnqjfjdnqm hk`jk t bkfjljk `tknam qmfk

ad`jjmnd pmlqj`k= Hk hkijam pymildfk dn t

fkqyjfmnjm m bkfjljk=

@tld mn t hmiijd= @tl d t pymcykfk ad QR,

pdl`tlk, ljiym bkrmyjqm= [t dq ldzdnam Ta. khmyk=

@tnqdfd t `hjqd bkrmyjqm.

_my {t lk cdnqd ydjqd k lm pmlqj`m= [t lm hk`d k Ta.

ajbdydnqd adl dqdydmqjpm= _my {t d dq pyddnqknam `mfm

`knajakqm= [t d jdnqd pdymnklfdnqd kl dqky dn lk `jfk

z mbyd`dyd `mfm lady= [t ld hk`d k Ta. fdemy {td mqym

`knajakqm= K {tjn Ta. kafjyk dn pmlqj`k dn t rjak, dn lk

hjqmyjk, hmz ak & _my {t= K {tjn fdnm kafjyk hmz &

_my {t= @tl d t fdemy lmcym= @tl d dl dyymy f

cyknad {td Ta. hk rjqm klctnk rdu {td hjum dl cmijdynm m tn

pmlqj m= @tl d lk ajbdydn`jk dnqyd lk cdnqd ad t pkyqjam z

lk cdnqd adl pkyqjam ad t pyjn`jpkl mpmndnqd=. @tl d t

ydk``jn knqd lm qdfk `lkrd adl ak= @tld mn t `jn`m

pyjmyjakad j Ta. d dldcjam-k= Pj Ta. ptajdd hk`dy {td d

kn`jmnd tn pymzd`qm ad ldz, tl dyk= Pj dl pydjadnqd ld

pjajdyk `mndem, t ld ajyk= _my {t Ta. pdyqdnd`d kl

pkyqjam {td dljcj= _my {t lk cdnqd emrdn nm qmfk t

pkyqjam `mfm mp`jn= [t ld rk k mbyd`dy Ta. k lk cdnqd

emrdn dn t `kfpkk= [t jcnjbj`k dy pkqyjmqk pkyk Ta.=

[t pjdnk Ta. `tknam rd lk iknadyk=

@tld mn t `yddn`jk ydljcjmk= @tl d t pymbdjn,

pmy {t lk dljcj z `fm ld pydpky pkyk tn `kycm dld`qjrm=@tld mn t lmcym f jfpmyqknqd= _dyqdnd`d Ta. k

klcn `lti m jkl, `lti `rj`m, `mnm`d t dqkqtqm= Kadf

ad t qykikem, d {t mqyk fkndyk Ta. miqjdnd ajndym,

jnrdyjmnd, jnftdild, mqyk btdnqd ad jncydm= Hk qdnjam

klctnk rdu pymildfk ldckld, ikn`kyymqk, pyajak ad tnk

Ajrdyjn

Qykikem

_dymnkl

=

@

[

A

8


17/44

hjpmqd`k= @mnm`d Ta. t miljck`jmnd qyjitqkyjk z mqyk

miljck`jmnd ldckld `mn ydpd`qm k t dfpldkam adl

dyrj`jm amfqj`m z hk `tfpljam Ta. `mn dqk

miljck`jmnd= Hk `mntfjam klctnk rdu aymck jldckld=

Ta. idid= [t idid, `tnqm z `mn {t byd`tdn`jk= @tnqm

`tdqk tn ljqym ad ld`hd, tn ljqym ad ckmljnk= Hk ymqm klctnk

rdu t pymfdk fkyjqkld=

Qkfijn d adid yd`mpjlky lm d`yjqm j

htijdyd klctnm, jn`ltzdnam kyq`tlm ad ajkyjm m ydrjqk

pdyjaj`k, `mfdnqkyjm d`yjqm dnqydckam kl cmijdynm m cytpm

`rj`m, `kyqk kl dajqmy z `tkl{tjdy `jnqk m qykn`yjp`jmnd

ajpmnjild ad lk kpkyj`jmnd dn ykajm m qdldrjjn. @tkl{tjdy

`mftnj`k`jn pilj`k d pmayk `mnrdyqjy dn pkyqd adl adikqd ad

lk `kfpkk, ktn{td dq m`tlqk. Dn klctnk `kfpkkam`tfdnqm `mnbjadn`jkld d hkn hd`hm pilj`m.

@mn qmam dqm d ydkljuk tn jnrdnqkyjm. Qdndfm tnk ljqk ad lm

qdfk ad pmlqj`k pilj`k f jfpmyqknqd ad pydm`tpk`jn

, tn ydcjqym ad qmam lm {td hk aj`hm md`yjqm dn pilj`m, tn pdybjl ad pkyqj jpk`jn pilj`k pmy fdajm

ad fdfiydk z mqyk k`qjrjakad, z dn t pympjk pklkiyk, tn

dnqjam ad lm {td ld fmqjrk k dqky dn `kyydyk pkyk dl `kycm, {t d

lm {td ld dnqtjkfk dn pmlqj`k z cmijdynm, {t adbd`qm z

`tkljakad dpd`jkld dxjqdn z `fm qmam dm pmayk `kdy k lm

rmqknqd.

@mfm pkyqd ad lk jnrdqjck`jn adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k, d adiddlkimyky tnk ljqk ad lmcym dn t rjak pyjrkak

m pilj`k, jn`ltzdnam xjqm dn lm ndcm`jm, kpmzm ad miedqjrm

dxjqmm m pmptlkyd ad pmlqj`k pilj`k, pydfjm m lmcym `rj`m,

fdfiydk dn mycknjuk jmnd nk`jmnkld d jnqdynk`jmnkld,

nbkj dpd`jkl dn lmcym qkncjild z `mnqyjit`jmnd {td tndn kl-k

lk `knajakqm-k `mn klcn pilj`m dn dpd`jkl.




@fm pdytkajy

k lm dld`qmyd=

:



18/44

@mn tnk jnrdqjck`jn `myyd`qk, lk `kfpkk ptdad adqdyfjnky

lm qdfk z pyddnqk`jmnd {td fdemy jltqydn dl `mfpymfjm

pkyk `mn lm dld`qmyd, {td fdemy ydbldedn

t `mnrj` jmnd z d ketqdn adnqym ad t kpqjqtad ad

`mftnj`kamy, z qjdndn lk fdemy mpmyqtnjaka pkyk pdytkajy k lm

dld`qmyd.

Lk `kfpkk dxjqmk mn fmnqkak miyd lk ikd ad tn

dnqdnajfjdnqm dxhktqjrm ad {tjnd mn lk pdymnk k lk {td

adid lldcky, anad z `fm d lk dn`tdnqyk, z {t lk `mnrdn`dypkyk rmqky pmy dl-lk `knajakqm-k.

Lk jnrdqjck`jn nm d pkyk `mnbjyfky lm jnqjnqm

m ad lk `kfpkk. Nj d pkyk kztaky k tnk `kfpkk k

jnrdnqky mpjnjmnd m `yddn`jk pkyk tn `knajakqm jn

knqd`dadnqd. Lk jnrdqjck`jn d lk `jdn`jk adqy adl kyqd ad lk

`mftnj`k`jn `mn lm dld`qmyd.

Dl pyjfdy pkm pkyk dnqdnady {tjnd mn ntdqym dld`qmyd z

pdytkajylm dbd`qjrkfdnqd, d krdyjctky lm fxjfm pmjild

miyd dl-lk `knajakqm-k z t mpmndnqd.

Lk ljak z dxhktqjrk `mfpydnjn z t

mpmndnqd hk`dn {td `kak pkyqd ad lk `kfpkk dk fdemy, adad

dl mnadm z adkyymllm adl fdnked hkqk lm fdajm ad`mftnj`k`jn cknkam z pkckam atyknqd qmam dl pym`dm ad lk

`kfpkk. @mn lk dnqydrjqk qdndfm adljndkak lk ikd pkyk lk

jnrdqjck`jn , pdym d ddn`jkl hk`dylm dn

bmyfk f pymbtnak. Nkak ptdad hk`dy ad`kyyjlky f

ypjakfdnqd dl fdnked ad tnk `kfpkk {td tn jnbmyfd ad lm

fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn, ad klcm {td pdyqdnd`d kl pkkam

, {td btnakfdnqklfdnqd nm dq ad k`tdyam`mn dl fdnked.

Dqd )klcm) nm nd`djqk dy tn d{tdldqm dn dl ympdym. _mayk dy

tn rmqm dn t k`qtk`jn `mfm pkylkfdnqkyjm, tn jn`jadnqd `mn lk

`mfjjn ad pkayd adl `mldcjm ad t hjem, m tnk bjyfk dn tn

am`tfdnqm ad mljakyjaka `mn `ktk mptdqk k lk {td mqjdnd

lk `kfpkk.


adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k




;?

Jnrdqjck`jn

miyd dl

`knajakqm

z dl mpmndnqd


19/44

Kl fjfm qjdfpm, dl tm dbd`qjrm ad lk jnrdqjck`jn

z ad lk mpmj`jn, ykyk rdu dy tnk )dqm`kak

btlfjnknqd), dl cmlpd ad jnbmyfk`jn pymrdyijkl {td jnhkijljqk

tnk `knajakqtyk. Pjn dfikycm, lk jnrdqjck`jn knkljukak z

k``djild d tn qjpm ad )d`tkayn ad lk rdyaka) pdyfkndnqd,

pkyk qmam lm {td tnk `kfpkk aj`d miyd fjfk z dl mpmndnqd.

Lk `kfpkk cknkn rkljmk `ydajijljaka `tknam t

`mftnj`k`jmnd dqn ikkak dn hd`hm z lk `mfpymik`jn ad

dm hd`hm d dn`tdnqyk k ajpmj`jn ad lm dld`qmyd.Ft`hk nmqj`jk ndckqjrk `mn`dijak `mfm kqk{td dn `mnqyk

ad ntdqyk `kfpkk pmayn dy dljfjnkak knqd ad dy

ptilj`kak m kljy kl kjyd j mfm `kpk`d ad mycknjuky tn

ydcjqym `mn pytdik ad lk rdyaka.

Lk jnrdqjck`jn pymbdjmnkl z adl-ad lk

mpmndnqd jfplj`k lk jnrdqjck`jn ad qmak lk btdnqd ad

jnbmyfk`jn ajpmnjild miyd dllm. Lk jnbmyfk`jn d knkljukakadad lk pdypd`qjrk ad {td dkn dbj`jdnqd pkyk drjqky pmjild

kqk{td {td pmaykn dy lknukam z adbdnk {td pmaykn dy

tqjljukak atyknqd lk `kfpkk.

Dl jqdfk ad mycknjuk`jn ad lk jnbmyfk`jn (ikd ad akqm m

dyjd ad jnbmyfd dn pkpdl* adid dy k``djild pkyk lk `kfpkk.

Ft`hk `kfpkk nm dqn dn `mnaj jmnd ad `mnqykqky

jnrdqjckamyd pymbdjmnkld._dym dqm nm adidyk ajfjntjy lk

jfpmyqkn`jk ad tn itdn qykikem ad jnrdqjck`jn. Zk dk {td d

tqjlj`dn m nm k pymbdjmnkld, lm jfpmyqknqd d `mfdnuky `mn

tbj`jdnqd knqj`jpk`jn.

Dn qknqm klctnk pdymnk ad `mnbjknuk pydpkykn lk jnbmyfk`jn,

tnk nj`k pdymnk dn lk `kfpkk adid dy lk ydpmnkild ad

mycknjuky dl ydcjqym z `mnqymlky dn bmyfk dqyj`qk dl k``dm klfjfm.

Dl mnadm d tn fd`knjfm `jdnqbj`m ad jnrdqjck`jn ad lk

mpjnjn pilj`k {td `mnjqd dn dnqydrjqky `jdyqm nfdym ad

pdymnk(ftdqyk*, `tzk `knqjaka d jnqdcyk`jn mn

adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k


Pmnadm

(dn`tdqk*&

jnrdqjck`jn

`tknqjqkqjrk

;;



20/44

ydpyddnqkqjrk ad lk pmilk jn qmqkl jnrdqjckak7 `mn dl

pympjqm ad dqkild`dy `tnqk pdymnk($ ad lk pmilk`jn

jnrdqjckak*, ydpmnadn z `fm k `kak pydctnqk.

D lk hdyykfjdnqk f jfpmyqknqd dn dl adkyymllm adl fdnked. Pj

nm dxjqd tn mnadm, d kajrjnk. Pj d dq kajrjnknam, nm hkz

`hkn`d.

Tn mnadm kztak k `mnqdqky lk `jn`m jnqdyymcknqd ij`k

miyd dl dld`qmykam5

{td f z fdnm

pymikildfdnqd rmqkyn pmy dl-lk `knajakqm-k7 z {tjnd

ptdadn dy pdytkajam=

{td ld pydm`tpkn kl dld`qmykam z lk

pmqtyk miyd lm qdfk {td ld k`dy`kn z kldekn ad tn-tnk

`knajakqm-k dn pkyqj`tlky=

pmy klctnm ad lm `knajakqm=

pmy{t

dqn jnad`jm=

Dl mnadm pymikildfdnqd jn`ltjy tnk dn`tdqk ad ydbdydn`jk

jnj`jkl z rkyjk ad dctjfjdnqm.

Dl mnadm pymikildfdnqd jn`ltjy tnk dn`tdqk ad ydbdydn`jk

jnj`jkl z rkyjk ad dctjfjdnqm.

Dl mnadm ad ydbdydn`jk jnj`jkl d tnk dn`tdqk {td d ydkljuk dn

rdjnqd m qydjnqk fjntqm, lk `tkl adid `tiyjy tnk ckfk ad qdfk z

mpjnjmnd miyd ladyd z mycknjuk`jmnd pmlqj`k, z yd`kiky lm

ptnqm ad rjqk `mn ydbdydn`jk k dllm.

Tn mnadm ad dqk atyk`jn ld pdyfjqd `mfpkyky lk dbd`qjrjaka

ad rkyjm fdnked pmy mlm z dn tn jnqdy`kfijm jftlkam

dnqyd dl fdnked ad t `kfpkk z dl ad t mpmndnqd.

[tj nd mn l m d ld `q myd

@tld mn lm qdfk

@tl d dl fmfdnqm dn {td qmfkyn lk ad`jjn ad rmqky

Anad rjrdn z k qykr ad {t fdajm d jnbmyfkn=

_my {t ld ctqk m ld ajctqk dl-lk `knajakqm-k7

;9


21/44

Lm mnadm ad dctjfjdnqm yd`mcdn `kfijm dn lk k`qjqtad ad

lm dld`qmyd `mn ydpd`qm ad lm {td d ajbtnad k qykr ad lm

fdajm ydnqkam z `mfpymfdqjam. Dqm ptdadn kztaky k hk`dy

lm ketqd ad lqjfm fmfdnqm ad lk `kfpkk.

Lm mnadm ad dctjfjdnqm mn ypjam, fdnm `mqmm, d

ydkljukn rkyjk rd`d z `mn tn nfdym f pd{tdm ad dld`qmyd

pymikild.

Dl dn`tdqkamy ad lk `kfpkk ydkljuky qkfijn lk qkitlk`jn

`ytukak ad lm ydtlqkam adl mnadm. Dqk d tnk `lkjbj`k`jn adlk jnbmyfk`jn miqdnjak pkyk `mfpkyky lk ydptdqk ad lm

ajbdydnqd cytpm dqtajkam.

_my dedfplm, tnk pymptdqk ydlk`jmnkak `mn lk dctyjaka

`jtakaknk, dcn lk ydptdqk ad ajbdydnqd cytpm5 ftedyd

{td qykikekn m nm btdyk ad `kk, dld`qmyd ytykld z tyiknm,

ajbdydn`jk ad daka z mqym `yjqdyjm ad k`tdyam k lk dxjcdn`jk

ad lk `kfpkk.

Dl dn`tdqkamy adidy tfjnjqyky tn jnbmyfd {td ydtfk z

knklj`d lk mpmyqtnjakad adqd`qkak pkyk ajyjcjy z kjcnky

pyjmyjakad dn lk `kfpkk dn qyfjnm ad lk ikd ad dld`qmyd

jfpkqjuknqd z dld qmyd {td ptdadn dy pdytkajam,

yd`mfdnaky `tl d dl ldnctked {td d adid tqjljuky m drjqky z lm

fqmam ad `mftnj`k`jn {td pmaykn dy f kpympjkam.

Lm cytpm bm`kld (m, dn jncl bm`t cymtp* qkfijn mn tn

fqmam `jdnqbj`m ad jnrdqjck`jn ad lk mpjnjn pilj`k. _dym k

ajbdydn`jk ad lm mnadm `tknqjqkqjrm, dxplmykn lk k`qjqtad

btnakfdnqkld, lm pym`dm ad qmfk ad ad jjn, lk qdnadn`jk

z lk pdy`dp`jmnd {td bmyfkn lk mpjnjn pilj`k.

Tn cytpm bm`kl d tnk aj`tjn ad kpymxjfkakfdnqd am hmyk

ad atyk`jn {td d ydkljuk dnqyd m`hm m ajdu pdymnk

dpd`jklfdnqd dld``jmnkak, ikem lk ajyd``jn ad tn

fmadykamy pymbdjmnkl.

Lm pkyqj`jpknqd jadnqjbj`kn dl ldnctked &pklkiyk z bykd

dxk`qk& f `lkym z pdytkjrm pkyk dllm. Ad dqd fmam d

Cytpm

bm`kld

jnrdqjck`jn

`tkljqkqjrk


;0


22/44

jadnqjbj`k dl fdemy ldnctked pkyk pdytkajy k lm adf dld`qmyd.

Tn `yjqdyjm jfpmyqknqd d {td lk dld``jn ad lm pkyqj`jpknqdadid qdndy `mfm ydtlqkam jnqdcyky cytpm hmfmcndm, dn dl

dnqjam ad fjnjfjuky lk pmjijljaka ad `mnblj`qm z `dntyk adnqym

adl cytpm. _my dedfplm, lm hmfiyd z ftedyd ykyk rdu mn

lldrkam dn bmyfk `mnetnqk k tn cytpm ad dnbm{td, adijam k lk

qdnadn`jk ad lm hmfiyd ad amfjnky lk `mnrdyk`jmnd z

`mnat`jyd ctjkam pmy dqdydmqjpm {td adqdyfjnkn {td tn

cndym t mqym qjdnd fkzmy dxpdyjdn`jk dn `jdyqm qdfk `mfmfjljqkyd m ad dat`k`jn. Lm fjfm, dnqyd fkzmyd z fdnmyd,

tyiknm z ytykld, dq`. _my dm d {td tn dqtajm `tkljqkqjrm d dl

ydtlqkam adl knljj ad rkyjm cytpm bm`kld z nm ad tnm mlm.

Lm cytpm mn cykikam dn `jnqk fkcndqmbnj`k z qykn`yjpqm z

ptdadn dy cykikam dn rjadm `mn dl pdyfjm adl cytpm.

Lm dld`qmyd qjdndn tnk qykzd`qmyjk {td ptdad dy adqdyfjnkak

pmy fdajm ad tn knljj ad pkqymnd ad rmqk`jn dn lk

etyjaj``jn. Dqm pdyfjqdn `lkjbj`kylm dn am `kqdcmyk ij`k5

lm )`ktqjrm), pmy{td jdfpyd rmqkn pmy dl pkyqjam

jnadpdnajdnqdfdnqd ad lk `jy`tnqkn`jk z adl `knajakqm, z lm

)pdytkjild), k{tdllm {td nm jdfpyd rmqkn pmy dl pkyqjam.

Lm )dld`qmyd pdytkjild) cdndyklfdnqd ad`jadn dl ydtlqkam

ad lk dld``jmnd z cdndyklfdnqd lm ad`jadn ijdn qkyad, qkl rdu

qkn qkyad `mfm dl bjn ad dfknk knqd ad lk dld``jn.

Dn lk d`kk lqjfk dfknk ad tnk `kfpkk, tn ;4 pmy `jdnqm

adl dld`qmykam dq jnad`jm z d pdytkjild. Lk `kfpkk jnqdnqk

jadnqjbj`ky z lldcky k dqm dld`qmyd pymnqm z byd`tdnqdfdnqd

Lm dld`qmyd mn `lkjbj`kam `mfm )dld`qmyd pdytkjild) (ptdadn dy pdytkajam k rmqky pmy ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k*, m

`mfm )dld qmyd `ktqjrm) (`kj `mn `dyqduk rmqkyn pmy ntdqym-k

`knajakqm-k*, adpdnajdnam ad j lm fjfm dn tn adqdyfjnkam

ajqyjqm rmqkn dn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd pmy dl pkyqjam m `knajakqm

`mfm dl ntdqym m ftdqykn tnk pympdnjn k `kfijky t

`mfpmyqkfjdnqm dn `kak dld``jn k lm lkycm ad rkyjm km.

;1

Pdld``jmnknam

k ntdqym

dld`qmyd


23/44

hk`jdnam `mnqk qm `mn lm fdajm, dl `myydm z dl dld qmy.

Lm )dld`qmyd `ktqjrm) mn k{tdllm )dld`qmyd ad ikd), lm {tddn bmyfk `mnjqdnqd kpmzkn kl pkyqjam m kl `knajakqm `mn

dnqjam ad pdyqdndn`jk. Dqm qjdnadn k rmqky ad k `tdyam k lk

kbjljk`jn adl pkyqjam z lk pmj`jn ad tn `knajakqm miyd klcn

ktnqm dn pkyqj`tlky m tnk dyjd ad ktnqm z ad dqd fmam

qjdnadn k ad`jajyd pymnqm.

Dl adkbm pkyk ad lk `kfpkk d fknqdndy kl rmqm `ktqjrm

`mfpymfdqjam z fmqjrkam atyknqd qmak lk `kfpkk, fjdnqyk dtqjljukn yd`tym pkyk lldcky z `mnrdn`dy k lm dld`qmyd

pdytkjild.

K fdajak {td lk `kfpkk lldck k t bjn, lk fjfk adid

kdctykyd {td lm dld qmyd `ktqjrm jyn k lk tynk dl ak ad lk

dld``jmnd. Dl mqym pkyqjam, pmy t lkam, qjdnd t pympjm

dld`qmyd `ktqjrm z d, cdndyklfdnqd, tn adpdyaj`jm ad

yd`tym qykqky ad `mnrdn`dylm. _dym adijam k {td dqmdld`qmyd rjrdn z qykikekn dn t fkzmyk dn lm fjfm ltckyd

{td ntdqym dld`qmyd, klcn dbtdyum qkfijn ptdad dy

kplj`kam kll. Dl adkbm `mnjqd dn nm ajqykdy btdyuk.

Dn`mnqyky k ntdqym dld`qmyd, dpkykylm dn lk `kqdcmyk ad

` kt qj rm m p dy t k ji ld , z dl d` `j mn ky lm p ky k l k

`mftnj`k`jmnd d tn etdcm ad nfdym. Klctjdn `mn tnk

fdu`lk ad hjqmyjk, j`mlmck z pymikijljaka, adid `mn`dnqykyd

dn lk `kfpkk ad lk dld``jn z dl dctjfjdnqm adl

`mfpmyqkfjdnqm adl dld`qmy.

Lk `kfpkk adidy adqjnky tn )pmy`dnqked ad dbtdyum) pkyk

`kak cytpm m ydk dld``jmnkak ad k`tdyam k t jfpmyqkn`jk. Tn

ydk {td jn`ltzd k 44$ ad lm dld`qmyd pdytkjild pmayk

miqdndy 44$ adl qjdfpm adl pymcykfk adl `knajakqm z 44$ ad

lm yd`tym ad `mnqk`qm `mn dl dld`qmy.

Dn ydtfdn, lk i{tdak `mfjdnuk adqdyfjnknam anad rjrdn

lm dld`qmyd `ktqjrm.

Lm ydcjqym, ajqyjqm pmy ajqyjqm, m ikyyjm pmy ikyyjm, ad lk

dld``jmnd pkkak, jnaj`kn `fm dqm dld qmyd d hkn

`mfpmyqkam `mn ydpd`qm ad lm `knajakqm `mfm dl ntdqym.


;4


24/44

Pdcn dl qjpm ad dld`qmyd {td hkijqkn adqdyfjnkam ajqyjqm

dld`qmykld, dqm dyn `lkjbj`kam dn `ktqjrm m pdytkjild,

`mn dl miedqjrm ad lmcyky {td lm dld`qmyd {td rjrdn adnqym ad

lm fjfm rmqdn pmy ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k.

Pd adid qdndy dn `tdnqk dn dl pym`dm ad `lkjbj`k jn lk `knqjaka

ad rmqm {td nd`djqkfm z lm yd`tym {td qdndfm pkyk

`mftnj`kynm `mn lm dld`qmyd.

Lk `lkjbj`k`jn ptdad dy pmqdyjmyfdnqd adptykak pmy fdajm

ad mnadm. [t ld pydm`tpk k lm dld`qmyd= [tjndpymikildfdnqd kpmzkyn k tn `knajakqm `mfm dl ntdqym= Lk

daka ad lm dld`qmyd, cndym, njrdl ad dat`k`jn z mqym akqm

kztakn k `lkjbj`ky, tnk rdu f, lk pyjmyjakad dn btn`jn kl

miedqjrm.

Tn pym`dm ad fkzmy pyd`jjn dn lk dld``jn d ptdad miqdndy

k qykr ad ydcjqym ad dld`qmyd, cdndyklfdnqd tnk ljqk

`mfptqkyjukak ad rmqknqd ydcjqykam dn tn ajqyjqm, ptdilm,

ikyyjm, ydcjn m adpkyqkfdnqm.

Dqm ydcjqym ptdadn kpmyqky jnbmyfk`jn qkld `mfm daka,

cndym, dqkam `jrjl, pymbdjn.

Ajyjcjy dl fdnked jcnjbj`k ajbtnajylm dnqyd lk cdnqd kad`tkak dn

dl fmfdnqm mpmyqtnm `mn dl fdnmy `mqm dn qjdfpm z ajndym.Dqm jfplj`k kidy ad anad lk cdnqd miqjdnd jnbmyfk`jn, anad

d dnqdyk ad lk nmqj`jk z `fm d ajrjdyqd, {t `knkld ad

qdldrjjn fjyk z {t dqk`jmnd ad ykajm d`t`hk.

Tn fdy`kam ad fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn adbjnd dl ydk

cdmcybj`k adnqym ad lk `tkl qmam qjdndn k``dm k lm fjfm

`knkld ad qdldrjjn z ykajm. Mbj`jklfdnqd adnmfjnkak Kydk ad

Jnbltdn`jk Amfjnknqd m KAJ, `kak fdy`kam `mfpydnad tnk

pmilk`jn {td jnqmnjuk lk fjfk dkld ad qyknfjjn ad

qdldrjjn. Ktn{td lk `mftnjakad dn tn KAJ pymikildfdnqd

yd`jidn dkld ad qdldrjjn ad mqyk btdnqd, lk fkzmy pkyqd ad

t ktajdn`jk ptdad dy kl`knukak k qykr ad dk dkld {td

`mfnfdnqd jnqmnjuk.

Jnrdqjck`jn

miyd lmfdajm ad

`mftnj`k`jn

;2


25/44

Adnqym ad `kak fdy`kam, `kak dfjmyk ad qdldrjjn pmy `kild z

dqk`jn ad ykajm qjdnd tn hmykyjm ad pymcykfk`jn atyknqd dl

`tkl ptdad dy `mfpykam dl qjdfpm ad pympkcknak. Dqd d

cdndyklfdnqd `mqjukam pmy dl qkfkm ad lk ktajdn`jk.

D `mnrdnjdnqd knkljuky dl ykqjnc ad lm pymcykfk dn lm fdajm

{td rkn k dy `mnqykqkam z qdndy dn `tdnqk dl qkfkm ad lk

ktajdn`jk, lk daka pymfdajm z cndym ad lk fjfk. Lm

`mntlqmyd hkilkn dn qyfjnm adl kl`kn`d ad `mfpyk ad tn

fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn & dl nfdym qmqkl ad pdymnk {tdpymikildfdnqd rd m d`t`hk tn `mfdy`jkl, z lk byd`tdn`jk &

`mfm dl nfdym pymfdajm ad rd`d {td t `mfdy jkl ld lldck k lk

ktajdn jk dld``jmnkak.

Lk `mfijnk`jn ad kl`kn`d z byd`tdn`jk d qykat`jak dn qmqkl ad

ptnqm ad ykqjnc.

Ntdqym mnadm adqdyfjnkyn k {t qjpm ad ktajdn`jk d

{tjdyd lldcky, pmy dedfplm, kn`jknm, m ftedyd dnqyd lk dakadad94z1?km.

Dl fdnked adid dy jfpld z pdytkjrm z fky`ky dn bmyfk

pmjqjrk lk ajbdydn`jk ad ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k `mn lm mqym

pmlqj`m. Dn mqyk pklkiyk, dl fdnked adid dy5

D`yjqm dn pklkiyk kimltqkfdnqd dn`jllk {td

ptdadn dy jnqdynkljukak z b`jlfdnqd aj`hk pmy dl-lk

`knajakqm-k z lk `kfpkk.

@mnqdndy nm f {td klctnk myk jmnd pmy{td

dl fdnked d tnk jnqymat``jn qk{tjcybj`k pkyk `kak

jnqdyrdn`jn pilj`k, dl btnakfdnqm ad lm {td lk `kfpkk

rk k ad`jy miyd `tkl{tjdy qdfk.

@kak rdu {td lk `kfpkk hkilk miyd

fjfk, dq hkilknam qkfijn ad lk `kfpkk adl-ad lk

mpmndnqd. Kl ad`jy {tjn z {t d t mpmndnqd, dl-lk

`knajakqm-k dq adbjnjdnam lk ajbdydn`jk. Lk `kfpkk

pymikildfdnqd jnjqjy miyd dqk ajbdydn`jk k fdajak

{td krknuk dl qjdfpm, pdym adad dl `mfjdnum, tn fdnked

@lkym &

@mn`jm &

@mnqykqknqd &

@fm d`yjijy

dl fdnked=


;3


26/44

{td nm `mnqjdnd klcn kqk{td, dq jn`mfpldqm. Dl fdnked

adid mbyd`dy tnk mp`jn.

Dl fdnked d ajyjcjam pkyk pdytkajy k lm

pdytkjild, nm pkyk `mnrdyqjy kl kqdm. _my fdajm adl

mnadm, hkn jam jadnqjbj`kam dl dld`qmykam pdytkjild z dl

`ktqjrm7 k `mfm t pydm`tpk`jmnd. Dl-Lk `knajakqm-k z lk

`kfpkk adidn ajyjcjyd k dk pydm`tpk`jmnd lm f

ajyd`qkfdnqd pmjild.

Dn pkjd anad tn cykn nfdym ad lkpmilk`jn hkilk tn jajmfk jnacdnk (fkzk, {td`htk,

ctkykn, dq`.* qmam fdnked pmlqj`m adid jy klpj`kam pmy

klctnk pklkiyk m bykd dn dl jajmfk jnacdnk7 kn `tknam

dk ajyjcjam k cdnqd ad klqm njrdl dat`kqjrm.

Pj dl-lk `knajakqm-k pympmnd ydat`jy lm

jfptdqm k lk pympjdaka, d dqky kldnqknam lk `mfpyk ad

`kk ntdrk, ajfjntzdnam dl addfpldm. _dym, pmy mqym lkam,

dm ptdad m`kjmnky lk rdnjak ad f qykikekamyd kl ydk z tnk

fkzmy adfknak ad dyrj`jm, jn`ltzdnam d`tdlk, {td ltdcm

yd{tdyjyn {td d rtdlrkn k ktfdnqky lm jfptdqm k lk

pympjdaka.

Dnqmn`d, dl fdnked adidyk dy klcm k, )@kylk Bdynnadult`hky pkyk ydat`jy lk `kyck adl jfptdqm miyd lk pympjdaka

pkyk lm pympjdqkyjm, ad qkl fkndyk {td lk cdnqd ptdak fknqdndy

t `kk, k`qjrkyd lk `mnqyt``jn ad f `kk d`mnfj`k z

cdndyknam f qykikem, pdym d dn`kycky ad lk

adfknak ktfdnqkak ydtlqknqd ad mqym dyrj`jm jn`ltzdnam

d`tdlk, k qykr ad tnk dyjd ad ketqd dn lm pymcykfk ad

jncydm `mnbmyfd lk dpd jbj`k`jmnd {td d dn`tdnqykn fkikem...)

Dk mn lk aj`tjmnd kqmyfdnqkamyk ad lm cdnjm dn `tzk

`kqdcmyk ptdad hkidy dqkam fkqyj`tlkam-k dl-lk `knajakqm-k.

Dl-lk `knajakqm-k z ft`hk pdymnk klydadamy adl fjfm

{tdyyn mlrjakyd jcjlmkfdnqd ad lk ckyknqk ad lk aj`jpljnk

adl fdnked z lm ketqdn dcn dl pilj`m. Dqm nm adid dy

@mnrjn`dnqd &

Pklpj`kam &

Ftz `mfplj`kam &

Dyymyd

`mftnd

dn dl fdnked

;8


27/44

pdyfjqjam, lk fjjn d hkilky `mn lm dld`qmyd ad fkndyk

dn`jllk, qdnjdnam pyddnqd {td lk fkzmyk nm qjdnd `mnm`jfjdnqm

m jnqdy dn lm adqklld ad lk kafjnjqyk`jn pilj`k.

Dqk aj`tjmnd nm mn lm mpjnjmnd miyd ktnqm jfpmyqknqd

m lk jfpld ydbdydn`jk adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k miyd klcm

Adfkjkam jfpld & )@kylk Bdynnadu d tnk ad nmmqym) m

)lt`hk k ntdqym lkam) m )qykikek `mfm nmmqym), dqm mn

ldfk nm fdnked.

Tn fdnked ad`yjid `tkljakad ad tn-tnk `knajakqm-k z ak lk

dxplj`k`jn pkyk {td ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k dk dl-lk dldcjam-k z

nm t mpmndnqd.

Dl fdnked adid `mnjadykyd `mfm dl `jfjdnqm ad tn dajbj`jm.

Tn `jfjdnqm {td d adfkjkam dqyd`hm nm mpmyqk cykn pkyqd ad

lk dqyt`qtyk.

Tn fdnked {td d adfkjkam jfpld m adfkjkam ljnam nm

ptdad lmcyky tn qykikem ad kpmzm tiqkn`jkl, {td d lm {td

nd`djqk hk`dy tn fdnked `kak ak.

Tnk `kfpkk d tn dbtdyum pkyk pdytkajy cdnqd. _kyk

`mnqjntky `mn lk knklmck ad lk `mnqyt``jn, dl fdnked d

ajyjcjam pkyk akyld kl-k lk `knajakqm-k lk `kpk`jaka ad `mnqytjy

rkyjk hkijqk`jmnd miyd tn `jfjdnqm dn `mfn5 tnk dqyt`qtyk

{td ptdad klidycky lk pyjmyjakad z pkjmnd ad tnk rkyjdaka ad

jnajrjatm z ajqyjqm dld`qmykld.

@mn dqk rkyjdaka ad pdymnk z cytpm rjdnd tnk rkyjdaka ad

pydm`tpk`jmnd miyd qdfk adqdyfjnkam. Lm qdfk mn, pmy

adbjnj`jn, ktnqm dn ajptqk.

K `mfm dl fdnked d lk ikd pkyk lk dld``jn adl-ad lk`knajakqm-k, lk aj`tjn ad lm qdfk d lm {td pdyfjqd

`mfpymiky lk `kpk`jaka adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k z lk jnqdn`jn ad

qd ad fkndeky lm qdfk dn nmfiyd adl dld qmykam.

.

Lm {td d aj`tqd mn qdfk, z dqm qdfk mn, lk `ydadn`jkl adl-ad

JJJ. @FM HK@DY [TD DL FDNPKED BTN@JMND

Lk

pydm`tpk`jmnd

`mfm qdfk


;:


28/44

lk `knajakqm-k pmy{td lm-lk pyddnqk `mfm tn-tnk `knajakqm-k {td

`mnm`d lm jnqdydd dn etdcm z `mfpymfdqjam k hk`dy lm {td dk

nd`dkyjm pkyk mlt`jmnky dl qdfk k bkrmy ad lk fkzmyk.

Lm qdfk ld akn )pjdynk) kl fdnked (dfpldm & klta & dctyjaka

Dat`k`jn & `myytp jn & aymck & bkfjljk & pymildfk ad rklmyd*.

Dnkzky lk pmj`jmnd {td d kampqkyn bydnqd kl kardykyjm dn

ydlk`jn k pdqj`jmnd, `mn`djmnd, kqk{td z ydptdqk {td

pmaykn dy yd{tdyjak atyknqd qmak lk `kfpkk d `mfdnuky k

aj`jpljnky z `mnqymlky dl fdnked.

Dl fmfdnqm ad dqd dnkzm dy `tknam d hkzkn `tfpljam tnk

dyjd ad qkydk pydrjk5

Jnrdqjck`jn adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k z dl mpmndnqd

Jnrdqjck`jn ad lk k`qjqtad z `mfpmyqkfjdnqm adl

dld`qmykam.

Dlkimyk jn adl fdnked z ad lm qdfk {td pdyfjqjyn t

adkyymllm.

Lk `kek adl fdnked, adkyymllkak pmy _ktl Qtllz, dx Ajyd`qmy

_mlqj`m adl AN@, d tnk hdyykfjdnqk py`qj`k jnrklmykild, qknqm

pkyk lk plknjbj`k`jn `mfm pkyk lk ded`t`jn,.

9.Ntdqym-k kardykyjm-k

[t aj`d ntdqym

kardykyjm ad fjfm=

LK @KEK AD FDNPKED AD QTLLZ

;.Ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k

[t ad`jfm ad

nmmqym fjfm=

0. Ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k

miyd ntdqym-k kardykyjm-k.

[t ad`jfm miyd

ntdqym-k mpmndnqd=

1. Ntdpqym-k kardypkyjm-k

pmiyd ntdpqym-k `knajakqm-k

[t aj`d ntdqym-k

mpmndnqd miyd nmmqym=

9?

@mnqymlky

dl ajlmcm


29/44

Lk `kek btd ajdkak `mn dl `yjqdyjm ad {td btn`jmnd `mfm tn

rjdem qyjitnkl {td d hk hd`hm jnbkljild pmy lk dxpdyjdn`jk. Lk

`kek qjdnd `tkqym d{tjnk5

;. [t ad jfm miyd nmmqym=

9. [t aj`d ntdqym mpmndnqd miyd fjfm=

0. [t aj`d ntdqym mpmndnqd miyd nmmqym=

1. [t ad jfm miyd ntdqym mpmndnqd=

Tnk ad lk fdemyd `kyk`qdyqj`k ad lk `kek adl fdnked d {tdlk fjfk d rjtkl.

@mfpldqknam lk d{tjnk ad lk `kek, lk `kfpkk ptdadn etcky

m knqj`jpky mpmyqtnjakad pkyk dllm fjfm z lk adijljakad adl

mpmndnqd5 Adad lk cdndykljuk`jmnd f kfpljk miyd

jadmlmck, hkqk lm adqklld ad lm qdfk.

Dl-Lk `knajakqm-k ptdad rjtkljuky lk `mnd`tdn`jk ad lk

`mn`djmnd ftqtk miyd qdfk z k dnqdnady lk jfpmyqkn`jk ad`mnqymlky dl ajlmcm z lk `mnd`tdn`jk ad dnqydcky dl `mnqyml kl

mpmndnqd.

@mnqymlky dl ajlmcm adad dl jnj`jm jcnjbj`k adbjnjy kl-k lk

`knajakqm-k knqd {td dl mqym lm hkck.

Adljidyky `mn dl-lk `knajakqm-k miyd lk fkndyk ad pm`jjmnkylm

`mfm cknkamy dn lk `kyydyk z `mnqymlky dl ajlmcm d hk`d ft`hm

f b`jl `tknam lk `kfpkk zk hk pydpkykam t `kek adl

fdnked, lk `tkl adbjnd `lkykfdnqd lm pdljcym ad pdyfjqjy kl

mpmndnqd qmfky lk jnj`jkqjrk.

Dl fdnked `mfpldqm adid dy dctjam pmy fdajm ad dedfplm ad

am qdfk {td lk `kfpkk hk ajkcykfkam.

Lk qdnadn`jk dn klctnk `kfpkk d lk ad jnqdqjuky lk `kek ad

fdnked, ktfjdnam {td `kak qdfk adad lk ydbmyfk kcykyjkhkqk dl pydtptdqm pkyk lk fjfk dy jnqtjqjrkfdnqd

dxpydkam dn tn fdnked dn dl fmfdnqm kpympjkam Dyymy+

Adpt, kpdnk kiy qjdfpm pkyk kyqj`tlky lm {td d rk dxpydky.

Khmyk d dl fmfdnqm ad pmndy dn tn ldnctked ad fdnked lk

pklkiyk {td adidykn dy aj`hk z ad k`tdyam `mn lk jnqtj`jn


9;


30/44

adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k, pmaykn dy dxpydkak dn `kak qdfk

pyjn`jpkl atyknqd lk `kfpkk.

Klctnm `knajakqm mn f dxpydjrm {td mqym. Pdk `tkl btdyd

lk pdymnkljaka adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k, ptdad kpydnady k

qyknfjqjy dl fdnked z lm qdfk ad lk `kfpkk dn tn `mnqdxqm

ad b jl `mfpydnjn.

Lk qkydk adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k d hkilky miyd fjfm z miyd

t pydm`tpk`jmnd dn tn ldnctked dn`jllm {td nm ydpyddnqd

tnk kcydjn kl dnqjam `mfn ad lk pdymnk z {td qdnck dn

`tdnqk lk pyjmyjakad ad lk pdymnk k {tjdn d ajyjcd.

Dm ptnqm ad ydbdydn`jk ptdadn dy dn`mnqykam dn lk

kn`amqk z bykd ad lk dnqydrjqk pdymnkl ydkljukak `mn dl-lk

`knajakqm-k {td ftdqydn dxpdyjdn`jk pdymnkld ad rjak z

k`qjqtad ydbdydnqd kl fdnked z lm qdfk.

Pj dl-lk `knajakqm-k qjdnd tnk rjjn miyd lk adljn`tdn jk adijam

k klcn dn`tdnqym {td t bkfjljk qtrm `mn klctnm kklqknqd

hk`d tnm km, adidyk akylm k `mnm`dy.

Dk dxpdyjdn`jk nm nd`djqkn dy aykfqj`k m qycj`k. Pj

tn-tnk `knajakqm-k qjdnd njm, `mnm`d dl qdfk ad lk dat`k`jn

ad pyjfdyk fknm ktn{td ntn`k hkzk dqkam dn tnk ydtnjn ad

`mfjjn ad pkayd.@tknam d d pympjdqkyjm ad tnk `kk, d pkck jfptdqm, d qjdnd

pkayd, d `mfpyk pymrjjmnd, d rjkek ajkyjkfdnqd pkyk jy kl

qykikem, qmak dk mn dxpdyjdn`jk ad ak k ak {td, etqkfdnqd,

jnqdydkn qkfijn k ntdqym dld`qmyd.

@tkl{tjdy `mk {td hkck dl-lk `knajakqm-k, {td mqyk cdnqd hk`d

`mfnfdnqd, ydbtqk lk nm`jn pmptlky ad {td lm pmlqj`m nm

mn `mfm lk cdnqd `mfn5 {td mn tnk ljqd, {td nm lldrkn k lm

njm k lk py`qj`k ad bqiml m k lk cjfnkjk adpt adl qykikem.

[t hk`d tnk `kfpkk `tknam dl-lk `knajakqm-k nm qjdnd

dxpdyjdn`jk pdymnkld pkyk `mfpkyqjy `mn lk cdnqd= Dl-Lk

`knajakqm-k ptdad dfpduky k pydqky kqdn`jn k lk kn`amqk,

99

@fm

d jltqyk

dl fdnked=


31/44

hjqmyjk z dxpdyjdn`jk ad mqym z tqjljukylk pkyk jltqyky t

pydm`tpk`jmnd.

Pj dl dctym m`jkl d jfpmyqknqd pkyk dl-lk `knajakqm-k, pdym

l-dllk ajpmnd ad fdajm pkyk `tiyjy ckqm faj`m, dm nm

jcnjbj`k {td t `knajakqm nm ptdad aj`tqjy dl qdfk ad tn fmam

ftz pdymnkl.

_my tptdqm, nm qmam lm `knajakqm mn kadpqm k ajyjcjy tnk

bykd m `mnd`qkyd dn bmyfk rdyikl `mn tn pilj`m. _kyk lk

`kfpkk adid dy tn `mnqknqd adkbm kztaky k lm `knajakqm kfknqdndy `mftnj`k`jmnd jnqdydknqd `mn dl pilj`m tknam

ydbdydn`jk k`qtkld z bkfjljkyd. Klctnk btdnqd ad dqk

jfpmyqknqd fdqbmyk z kltjmnd jn`ltzdn5

Lm pymcykfk ad qdldrjjn f pmptlkyd mn fjykam pmyfjld ad qdldrjadnqd `kak dfknk. K njnctnm dn t

`kfpkk d ld ptdad pdajy {td fjyd lk qdldrjjn qmam dl

qjdfpm, pdym dl-lk `knajakqm-k adid `mnm`dy pmy lm fdnm

lm `jn`m pymcykfk f rjqm.

Dn dqm ak, `mn t jn`dknqd fdn ad nmqj`jk z

pymcykfk`jmnd rjmldnqk, ydlk`jmnd pdymnkld

ajbtn`jmnkld z pympkcknak `hm`knqd, lk qdldrjjn fjfkd jdfpyd tn qdfk.

_ymcykfk ad dnqydrjqk z pymcykfk ad nmqj`jk ptdadn dy

fdqbmyk pkyk dl fkl ctqm, ajqmyjn ad lk rdyaka, kqk{td

pdymnkl, `hjfd z tjnk ad ytfmyd.

_dym, nj`kfdnqd j t `knajakqm-k hk rjqm tnm m am ad

dqm pymcykfk ptdad qyknfjqjy t ajctqm.

Lm etdcm pmptlkyd qkl rdu mn lk fdqbmyk f mirjk

ajpmnjild pkyk lk `mftnj`k`jn ad lk `kfpkk. Pj t

`knajakqm-k d m nm bknqj m, dxjqd tnk fdqbmyk dn

adpmyqd pkyk `kak jqtk`jn ad lk `kfpkk. Lk `kfpkk

nm mn etdcm, pdym lk fjfk jn ltzdn dbtdyum,

Fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn

Adpmyqd


90


32/44

jfpky`jkljaka, ydptdqk jncdnjmk, pydpkyk`jn z qykikem

ad d{tjpm5

D tn yd`tym `mfn ad `mftnj`k`jn {td ptdad dy tkam

zk dk dn bmyfk pmjqjrk `mfm ndckqjrk. Ad`yjijfm lk

kpjyk`jmnd z fmqjrm `mn fdqbmyk ad lk rjak `mqjajknk.Aj`hk fdqbmyk mn f dbd`qjrk `tknam pymzd`qkn qdfk

dn dl `mnqdxqm ad jqtk jmnd {td mn kfpljkfdnqd

bkfjljkyd m drm`kamyk pkyk lk cdnqd.

_kyk lm `knajakqm pmlqj`m, lk hjqmyjk d tn `mfpldfdnqm

nkqtykl pkyk lk `mftnj`k`jmnd. Lk ydclk pkyk tky

fdqbmyk hjqyj k mn mirjk dn lk `kfpkk5 dljek k{tdllk{td mn ijdn dnqdnajak m qjdndn tn jcnjbj`kam dpd`jkl

pkyk lk cdnqd.

Lk ydbdydn`jk hjqyj`k adidn ydkljukyd, miyd dl ptnqm z

kl jnqknqd pkyk {td ptdakn dy yd`mnm jak.

(ydbyknd, pymrdyijm*

Lk lndk `myqk m bykd, k rd`d llkfkak `jqk, ptdadn dytkak pkyk aky dbd`qjrjaka k lk `mftnj`k`jn. Dqk adidn

dy pydrjkfdnqd drkltkak `mfm `tkl{tjdy mqyk ydbdydn`jk z

tqjljukyd adnqym adl `mnqdxqm adl fdnked.

Dl pdljcym `mn lm fdnked ad tnk mlk lndk m `jqk

jnrdnqkak pmy-pkyk dl-lk `knajakqm-k, d {td lk fjfk

lldckn kl pilj`m btdyk ad `mnqdxqm, ljcdykfdnqd btdyk ad

qmnm, adfkjkam ljnak m jfpympjk pkyk tn-tnk `knajakqm-k

nmyfklfdnqd dyjm-k, jnkad`tkakfdnqd kqyj`k, m pdmy, ad

fkl ctqm.

)@mfdnukfm etnqm dl pkyqjam, z `mfm d{tjpm, k lm

rdjnqd fjntqm adl pyjfdy qjdfpm fdqjfm dl pyjfdy cml,

pdym qmakrk qdndfm {td `mnqjntky).

Rjak `mqjajknk

Hjqmyjk

@jqk pmptlkyd m ad pdymnk `ldiyd5

@jqk pympjk

@mfm `mn `tkl{tjdy ydbdydn`jk, lk `jqk, btn`jmnkn7 nm

pmy{td mn bkfjljkyd pkyk dl pilj`m, jnm pmy{td `mfijnkn

`mn t pympjm dnqdnajfjdnqm ad lk bmyfk dn {td btn`jmnkn

91


33/44

lk `mk z dl-lk `knajakqm-k qyknfjqd `mn dllk tnk jfkcdn

`mnbjkild, nd`dkyjk pkyk {td lk cdnqd d aded pdytkajy.

Lldcky k dqm ajbdydnqd pilj`m {td `mnbmyfkn dl fjfm

dld`qmykam dn bmyfk dbd`qjrk `mn aj`tym, dxjcd `mfpydnady z

`mftnj`kyd ajyd`qkfdnqd `mn dl cytpm ad qkl fkndyk {td

rjn`tld t fdnked ajyd`qkfdnqd k lk pydm`tpk`jmnd adl cytpm.

Dl dld`qmykam {td hk jam dld``jmnkam pkyk lk `kfpkk ptdad

pkyd`dy tn cytpm hmfmcndm dn qyfjnm ad daka m jqtk`jn

d`mnfj`k, ydk ad ydjadn jk m pyjn`jpkld pydm`tpk`jmnd

miyd lk `mftnjaka z dl cmijdynm.

Lk fkzmy pkyqd ad lk `mftnj`k`jn `mn dl dld`qmykam d ydkljuky

k qykr adl aj`tym, dn iydrd `hkylk k dcfdnqm ad dqd

dld`qmykam, dpkykam dn pd{tdm cytpm, mycknjuk`jmnd,

km jk jmnd, ltckyd `tlqtykld z jqjm ad dfpldm.

Dl fdnked adid dy dnqydckam dn `kak pyddnqk`jn pilj`k, nm

jfpmyqk dl qdfk {td d rk k adkyymllky, nm jfpmyqk lk

`jy`tnqkn`jk, nj {tjn hkzk fmnqkam lk jqtk jn5 tn

fmadykamy, tn mpmndnqd, tn pdyjmajqk.

_dnky dn dl fdnked ikkam dn lk )0&A) d ad`jy, lk qyd

ajfdnjmnd ad lk dlm`t`jn adl fdnked, d tn itdn fqmam5

Pd qykqk adl qdfk adl `tkl d rk k hkilky5 dl-lk

`knajakqm-k adid qdndy dl `mnqyml tbj`jdnqd pkyk ad`yjijy dl

qdfk ad tnk fkndyk `mnbjkild, {td d kad`td kl fdnked ad

lk `kfpkk z kl pilj`m kl {td rk ajyjcjam.

Lm f jfpmyqknqd nm d dl jnqdyymckamy, dn btn`jn adl `tklcdndyklfdnqd lm `knajakqm pydpkykn t klm`t jn, jnm lk

ktajdn`jk.

Dd pilj`m `mfnfdnqd nm jnbmyfkam, pkk fdnm ad

`jn`m fjntqm k lk dfknk pydqknam kqdn`jn k qdfk

adqdyfjnkam. Dqd pilj`m, nm {tjdyd {td t `knajakqm-k ld

dndd miyd lk `mnd`tdn`jk ad lk drkjn adl jfptdqm k

;& Ad`yjijy5

Fdnked

z aj`tym

Lkp 0&A

(qydp ajfdnpjmndp*

adl fdnpked


94


34/44

lk ydnqk pdymnkl, k `mfm nm {tjdyd {td tn `jyteknm ld

dxplj{td dxk qkfdnqd `mfm l m dllk ydkljukn tnk `jytck ad

`dydiym.

_ymikildfdnqd ld pdyfjqjykn lk dxplj`k`jn k t Am`qmy,

pdym qykqnamd ad pmlqj`m, nm dqkyn qkn pydajptdqm k

d`t`hky.

Pjn dfikycm, dl pilj`m ptdad dy qdnqkam k d`t`hky j dl-lk

`knajakqm-k dfjqd tn ptnqm ad rjqk {td dllm `mfpkyqdn.

dl-lk `knajakqm-k adid ajbdydn`jkyd ad t

mpmndnqd m ad k{tdllm {td nm dqn ad k`tdyam `mn l-dllk.

Dn ft`hm qdfk, ptdad {td lm dld`qmyd dpd`bj`kfdnqd

nm dqn ad k`tdyam `mn lk yd`dqk ad t `knajakqm-k.

Ajbdydn`jky nm d k`tky, jnm pyddnqky lk dyjk ajbdydn`jk

`mn dl mpmndnqd.Cykn pkyqd adl qykikem adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k d jnbmyfky k lm

dld qmyd ad lm plknd m ptnqm ad rjqk adl mpmndnqd.

Hjqyj`kfdnqd, lm dbtdyum pkyk qyknfjqjy tn fdnked

pdytkjrm adpdnakn, dn bmyfk dx`djrk, ad pkyimlk z

fdqbmyk `mn qdfk ydljcjmm.

Dqk q`nj`k tqjljuk lm ptnqm `mftnd ad lk fmykl z lk `tlqtyk ad

tn pilj`m adqdyfjnkam pkyk kbjknuky tn ptnqm ad rjqk miyd tn

ajldfk fmadynm.

Lk fdqbmyk ydljcjmk hkn adfmqykam dy tnk hdyykfjdnqk

pmadymk pkyk jltqyky lk tpydfk`k ad lm `myyd`qm miyd lm

dyykam. Lk kldcmyk ad ydljcjn z ad lk Ijiljk hkn etckam tn yml

pmadymm dn lk `mftnj`k`jn pmlqj`k dn lm Dqkam Tnjam.

9& Ajbdydn`jky5

0& Adqkllky5 _tdad dl-lk `knajakqm-k dnqyky dn adqklld=

@tknam qyknfjqd dl fdnked, d adid tky dl adqklld dn tnk

ydptdqk pkyk aky `ydajijljaka k lk pyddnqk`jn, z nkak f.

Ydljcjn

z fdnked

92


35/44

Lm `knajakqm mn hmfiyd z ftedyd `mn tnk itdnk amj ad

kcydjrjaka pmjqjrk z tnk ktqmdqjfk kltakild.

Dl kityyjfjdnqm ad ad`jy tnk z mqyk rdu lk fjfk `mk ptdad

pymat`jy dn dl-lk `knajakqm-k dl addm ad rkyjky dl fdnked.

Kadf, lk fkzmyk ad lm `knajakqm qjdndn tnk kfpljk

rkyjdaka ad qdfk ad jnqdy z `kak ak mn dqjftlkam pmy lk

pydnk z pmy pdymnk pkyk dxpmndy jadk z ydk``jmnky.

Dn dqd `mnqdxqm, dl-lk `knajakqm-k ptdad aky tn aj`tym

kpkyqkam adl fdnked, knqd tn pilj`m adqdyfjnkam z pymat`jydn dk ktajdn`jk tnk ydk``jn ftz bkrmykild, lm `tkl ptdad

hk`dyld pdnky {td hk pym`dajam `myyd`qkfdnqd. Dqm adid dy

`mnjadykam tn dyymy dqykqcj`m.

K fdajak {td d adkyymllk lk `kfpkk, lm dld qmyd d rtdlrdn

f yd`dpqjrm k fdnked pmlqj`m z lk mpmyqtnjaka pkyk lldcky

k dllm ktfdnqk.

Lk `kfpkk adid k`ky rdnqkek ad dqk mpmyqtnjaka jfpldfdnqd

pdyfknd`jdnam dn dl fdnked7 drjqknam lk qdnqk`jmnd ad

ljidyky dl fdnked pmy{td dl-lk `knajakqm-k d jdnqd kqtyajam pmy

dl mpmndnqd m lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn.

D jfpmjild tidqjfky lk mlj`jqtad {td `mfpjqdn it`knam

lk kqdn`jn z dl jnqdy adl pilj`m. Lm dld`qmyd dxkfjnkn z

`mnat`dn lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn, z cdndyklfdnqdadfknakn tnk `lkyk `mndxjn dnqyd lm qdfk ad ktnqm

pilj`m z t rjak, `mfm `mnaj`jn fnjfk pkyk pydqky

kqdn`jn k tn qdfk.

Dl qjdfpm d ftz `myqm. Dn `kak ptnqm ad k``dm kl dld`qmy, lk

`kfpkk qjdnd tnk iydrd mpmyqtnjaka pkyk `ktky jfpk`qm. Pj

dqd jfpk`qm d pmjqjrm7 j qyknfjqd tn dnqjam ad rklmyd z

miedqjrm `mfpkyqjam {td mn `mnjqdnqd ad qdfk k qdfk,dnqmn`d jcnjbj`k {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k dq lmcyknam pdytkajy.

Aj`jpljnk

adl fdnked


93


36/44

Lk `lkrd pkyk lk `mnjqdnqd, `mnqknqd z dbd`qjrk qyknfjjn adl

fdnked dq akak pmy dl `ymnmcykfk, dl plkn adl ak k ak, hmyk

pmy hmyk pkyk dl adpljdctd adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k z lm ajyjcdnqd.

Tnm ad lm yd`tym f rkljmm ad lk `kfpkk d dl qjdfpm

adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k z nj`kfdnqd tn pymcykfk pmy d`yjqm, {td

ydblded lk dqykqdcjk ad lk `kfpkk pkyk aky dl fdnked, ptdad

drjqky {td d rtdlrk ajpdym m jn`mnjqdnqd.

K fdajak {td lk `kfpkk krknuk, k lm hk`d dl ftnam ydkl.

@mfjdnuk lk d`tdlk, lm qykikekamyd ad tn hmpjqkl rkn k lkhtdlck, dl pkylkfdnqm pdldk ajkyjkfdnqd `mn dl _ydjadnqd z

m`tpkn lk pyjfdyk pcjnk, lm drdnqm jnqdynk`jmnkld

pkyd`dn amfjnky lk nmqj`jk dn bmyfk ydctlky.

K rd`d, lm drdnqm pkyd`dn `mnpjyky pkyk admycknjuky lk

qyknfjjn adl fdnked m pmy lm fdnm pkyk adrjky lk kqdn jn

adl fjfm. Lk pydnk pmayk `knkyd ad ntdqym fdnked

ypjakfdnqd z `mfdnuky k qdndy dn `tdnqk mlkfdnqd lk nmqj`jkad `kfpkk. _my dedfplm, `tknam hkz tn mnadm, `tknam dl-lk

`knajakqm-k `mfdqd tn dyymy dqpjam m tnk fmrjak jndpdykak.

Fknqdndy dl fdnked k`qjrm z k`qtkljukam dn dl fky`m ad tnk

ydkljaka ad k`mnqd`jfjdnqm t`djrm z `kfijknqd, dxjcd tnk

kqdn`jn `mnqknqd dn lk `kfpkk.

Adidyn ydkljukyd ydtnjmnd ydctlkyd miyd dl fdnked pkyk

drkltky dl jfpk`qm ad k{tdllm k`mnqd`jfjdnqm.

Klctnm k`mnqd`jfjdnqm qjdndn tnk `mndxjn mirjk `mn dl

fdnked. Nmqj`jk miyd adljqm `mfdqjam dn lk `mftnjaka

jnrjqkn kl `mfdnqkyjm miyd lk dctyjaka pilj`k z tnk

`mfpkyk`jn ad pmj`jmnd dnqyd `knajakqm.

Lk `kfpkk pymikildfdnqd `mnqymlk lk nmqj`jk pmlqj`k dn lm

pdyjaj`m z lk qdldrjjn, pdym lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn

qjdndn ft`hm f jnbmyfk`jn {td ptdad dy qjl5 Lk hjqmyjk ad

tn cmijdynm lm`kl qykqknam miyd dl adkcd `lmk`kl t mqyk

bmyfk ad pmlt`jn ptdadn aky tnk fkndyk rjtkl ad ydklqky tnk

pmj`jn miyd dl fdajm kfijdnqd. Lk pcjnk ad lk d``jn ad

Lk )ityitek) ad tnk `kfpkk fknqjdnd kjlkam k ft`hm ad lm

pkyqj jpknqd jn kidy ad lk rjak ad lk `mftnjaka, dn t ak k ak.

Dl Fdnked

z lk `kfpkk

ajkyjk

98


37/44

`lkjbj`kam ad tn pdyjaj`m dqn lldnk ad mpmyqtnjakad pkyk

ydklqky dl xjqm ad lm pd{tdm ndcm`jm z dl adkyymllm

d`mnfj`m.

Dl ptnqm d, pdyfknd`dy jnbmyfkam z it`ky `mnqknqdfdnqd lk

fkndyk ad `mndctjy {td dl `knajakqm jnrmlt`yd dn dl fdnked

k`qjrjakad ad lk `mftnjaka.

D tn dyymy `yddy {td lk nmqj`jk ad tnk `kfpkk m ad pmlqj`k

mn f jfpmyqknqd pkyk lm dld`qmyd {td `tkl{tjdy mqyk

nmqj`jk. Etqkfdnqd, nm d k. _dym dl dyymy f `mfn nm dadeky ad kpymrd`hky lk mpmyqtnjaka ad dfjqjy dl fdnked knqd

k`mnqd`jfjdnqm drdnqtkld {td kiydn lk mpmyqtnjaka pkyk

hk`dylm, jnm, dl adeky ad `kpjqkljuky mqym {td bmyfkn pkyqd adl

`kldnakyjm pmptlky7 `mfm, lk Nkrjaka, lk _k`tk, dl ak adl

qykikekamy z mqym, am`dnk ad k`mnqd`jfjdnqm dn lk rjak ad tnk

`mftnjaka pympmy`jmnkn tn `mnqdxqm d jn`ltm tn ltcky pkyk t

fdnked.Mqyk bmyfk ad rkljaky dl fdnked `mn tn pilj`m adqdyfjnkam d

adfmqyky lk `kpk`jaka ad cknky lk kahdjn ad ydbdydnqd

jfpmyqknqd ad lk m`jdaka. Dn lk `kfpkk pydjadn`jkl ad ;::9,

Ijll @ljnqmn jn`ljn dn bmyfk dbd`qjrk lk `ydajijljaka ad t

pymcykfk d`mnfj`m kl dy ydpklakam pmy tn cytpm ad

cknkamyd adl _ydfjm Nmidl.

Tn jncydajdnqd btnakfdnqkl dn dqd pym`dm ad plknjbj`k`jn d

lk `mmyajnk`jn dnqyd rkyjk pdymnk dn tnk `kfpkk m pkyqd

ad tnk `kfpkk, adpdnajdnam adl qkfkm ad lk `kfpkk.

Dl ajqyjqm, ptdilm m adpkyqkfdnqm amnad d dq hk`jdnam

`kfpkk qdnay pymikildfdnqd ajrjjmnd dn tn nfdym ad

ydk f pd{tdk, dn ydlk`jn k miedqjrm ad ntdqyk `kfpkk.

Dl dpk`jm f jfpmyqknqd pkyk lk qyknfjjn adl fdnked d dlpilj`m ad lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn. Dl-lk `knajakqm-k nm

adid qdndy f ad tn qdfk pmy ak pkyk aky k `mnm`dy k qykr ad

lm fdajm. Pd adid drjqky imfikyadky kl pilj`m `mn

kpkyj jmnd jn `mmyajnky lm drdnqm adnqym adl nj`m qdfk {td

d ydlk`jmnk `mn dl fdnked.


9:


38/44

_my dedfplm, dn tn nj`m ak, d-lkl `knajakqm-k pmayk rjjqky

rkyjm `mldcjm, tn hmpjqkl z pmayk hkilky `mn tnk km`jk`jn

ad `mfdy`jm k lk hmyk adl klftdyum. Dqd ptdad dy tn ak

dbd`qjrm pkyk aky dl fdnked.

_dym j dl-lk `knajakqm-k rjjqk tn pkyk ad ktlk z d rd

jnrmlt`ykam dn tnk dxqdnk aj`tjn miyd dl `mntfm z qybj`m

ad aymck `mn lm erdnd, ltdcm d`t`hk miyd dl tdlam ad

dnbdyfdyk dn dl hmpjqkl, z bjnklfdnqd aj`tqd lk `yjj ad `yajqm

ad lm `mfdy`jknqd, lk `kfpkk jfpldfdnqd dq pjajdnam klm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn {td dljek tnk ad lk ad`lkyk`jmnd

adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k.

Ak qyk ak, `tknam d ak k lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn

mp`jmnd pkyk t `midyqtyk, d dq it`knam pymildfk. Lk

fkzmyk ad lk rd`d, lk nmqj`jk dn lk qdldrjjn dklkyn lk

kpkyj`jn adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k dn tn ltcky adqdyfjnkam pdym

jcnmykyn pmy {t dqtrm kll.

Ptpmnckfm {td lk `kfpkk hk ded`tqkam tnk jnfdnk

`knqjaka ad qykikem pkyk jnrdqjcky z adkyymllky tn fdnked, z

{td lm hk hd`hm ijdn. _my mqym lkam, pdndfm {td lk dn`tdqk

zk hkn adfmqykam {td lm miedqjrm d dqn `mfdnuknam k

kl`knuky z {td dl mpmndnqd dq k lk adbdnjrk.

Qmam jnaj`k {td lk `kfpkk rk ijdn, pdym ydpdnqjnkfdnqd dn dl

hmyjumnqd rjdnd lldcknam mqyk `lkd ad mpmndnqd z pkyd`d

bkfjljky5 D tn pkyqjakyjm, tn `mldck, tn kfjcm, pdym qjdnd f

jnqdn`jn ad pdyqtyiky dl fdnked {td lm pympjm kardykyjm.

@mn byd`tdn`jk, dn lk `kfpkk, klctnm ad lm miq`tlm f

bmyfjakild pkyk lk ded`t`jn dbd`qjrk adl fdnked tycdn adl

cytpm ad kfjcm m `mldck `mnbjkild. Lk lldckak ad lkmpjnjmnd ad dqm kfjcm ptdad dy knqj`jpkak z lm pymildfk

{td d ld ptdakn plknqdky. Lm )kfjcm) ptdadn dy5

Dqk pdymnk `yddn {td lk `kfpkk adidyk dy qknqm tn

pym`dm ad jltfjnk`jn `mfm ad pdytkjn z jdnqdn {td

_kyqjakyjm ad qdfk cdndykld

Adbdnajdnam

dl fdnked

ad lk jnbltdn`jk

ad lm kfjcm

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dl-lk `knajakqm-k adidyk dnbm`ky lm adqklld ad lk pmlqj`k

pilj`k. K fdntam, klctnm ad lm pkyqjakyjm f ldkld

adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k, bmyfkn pkyqd ad lk `kfpkk adijam k

lk pmj`jn adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k miyd rkyjkam qdfk.

Tn-Tnk `knajakqm-k {td d rtdlrd aj`jpljnkam d jn`dknqd

dn lk qyknfjjn ad tn mlm fdnked pkyd`d {td nm d lk

fjfk pdymnk {td dyk knqdyjmyfdnqd.

Dn klctnm `km, lm pkyqjakyjm ptdadn dnqjyd kcykrjkam

pmy dl dnqjam ad dctyjaka {td lk `kfpkk pkyd`d hkidybmyukam kl-k lk `knajakqm-k k kampqky miyd ktnqm ajb`jld.

_tdad {td pkydu`k {td dl-lk `knajakqm-k d hk rtdlqm

fmnmqdfqj`m, adeknam ad `mftnj`ky dl fkqju ad qdfk m

lk ajrdyk `lkd ad mpjnjmnd {td k`mqtfiykik aky dn

aj`tym m dnqydrjqk.

Lk mpjnjmnd ad dqm kfjcm mn jfpmyqknqd pkyk dl-lk

`knajakqm-k, pmy dllm, adid qmfkyd dl qjdfpm pkyk dxplj`ky

dl pym`dm adl fdnked adad dl `mfjdnum5 dl yml adl mnadm

z lk nkqtyklduk ad lk ktajdn`jk, lk nd`djaka ad kpymrd`hky

lk jnj`jkqjrk z adbjnjy kl-k lk `knajakqm-k `mfm cknkamy dn lk

`kyydyk, z dpd`jklfdnqd, lk btdyqd `mnrj``jn adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k ad {td d `mftnj`k `mn lm dld`qmyd.

Klctnm ad lm pkyqjakyjm f btdyqd mn k{tdllm {td

`yddn {td lk `kfpkk adidyk dy dnbm`kak dn bmyfk f

yjctymk miyd tn qdfk dn pkyqj`tlky.

Klctnk rd`d, dqm kfjcm ydpyddnqkn ajqyjqm

dld`qmykld btdyqd z k`qjrm, z byd`tdnqdfdnqd dedy`dn

jnbltdn`jk miyd lk `kfpkk pkyk adrjky qjdfpm z kqdn`jn

k t `ktk.

Lk kqfbdyk pmlqj`k dn jqtk`jmnd `mfm dqk rkyk

dnmyfdfdnqd pkyk `tkl{tjdy qjpm ad ydclk cdndykl ad

ydptdqk, pdym lk `kfpkk ptdad plknqdky k lm pkyqjakyjm

ad tn nj`m qdfk miyd lm adkbm {td dnbydnqk dl-lk

`knajakqm-k.

_kyqjakyjm ad tn nj`m qdfk


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@mntlqmyd

adkqdnqm

Lk `kfpkk {td kptnqkn hk`jk tnk mlk ajyd``jn d

kyyjdckn k {td lm mpmndnqd lk adbjnkn `mfm

ydpyddnqknam tn dqyd`hm jnqdy z kl fjfm qjdfpm, nm

pdyfjqdn lk `mftnj`k`jn dn bmyfk dbd qjrk `mn lm

dld`qmyd dld` jmnkam.

K `mfm `mn lm pkyqjakyjm ad qdfk cdndykld, d adid

dxplj`ky k dqm kfjcm pkyqjakyjm ad tn nj`m qdfk dl

fdnked ad lk `kfpkk.

Dqm mn lm nmrkqm dn lk `kfpkk, `mfpkdym ad lk

tnjrdyjaka, `mfpkdym ad klcn adpmyqd m ad mbj jnk. Pmn

cdnqd ijdn jnqdn`jmnkak k {tjdnd ld ctqk qykikeky pmy tn

pkyqjam dn pkyqj`tlky m `mn t kfjcm m ajbytqkn hk`jdnam

ad rmltnqkyjm pkyk dl-lk `knajakqm-k, pdym {td nm qjdndn

jadk miyd tnk `kfpkk dld`qmykl. Dl-Lk `knajakqm-k nm

adid pdyfjqjy {td pdyfkndu`kn admyjdnqkam.

Dl ikam k lk nm`hd dn lk klk ad dqky adl-ad lk `knajakqm-k,

adpt ad tnk dfknk ajb`jl, lm kfjcm adidn akyld kl-k lk

`knajakqm-k z kl fdnked tnk bdlj`jqk`jn, z nm tnk pkqkak.

Dl kpmzm ad lk bkfjljk d rjqkl, k fdntam t pydm`tpk`jmnd

cjykn dn qmynm ad lk pymcykfk`jn (fdajm m byd`tdn`jk ad

qyknfjjn adl fdnked dn dpk`jm pkckam*, f {td dn

dl fdnked. Lk ydclk d dn`jllk, lk `kfpkk adid fknqdndy k

lk bkfjljk `mfpldqkfdnqd jnbmyfkak d jn`ltjylk dn tn

dpk`jm ad qykikem kad`tkam.

Dqm mn lm m`jm dn dk bjyfk klqkfdnqd ydpdqkak {td nm

it`kymn z pdyjctjdymn atyknqd fdd, nm pymfdqjdymn ydqjyky

lk ympk adl `knajakqm ad lk qjnqmydyk z hkqk ld ajdymn ad `mfdy k

t pdyym, nm hj`jdymn bjyfky tn `mnqykqm z ad rdyaka nm

kztakymn tn pm`m `mn dl fdnked. Ltdcm, ydpdnqjnkfdnqd

Kfjcm z adpdnajdnqd

Bkfjljk

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kjcnkymn k tn pdymnkl ad `tkyqm njrdl dn tnk ad lk tnjakad ad

qykikem ad lk `kfpkk.

_mayk dy tnk emzk ad `mntlqmy. _dym j nm lm d, dl lqjfm

mnadm ad dctjfjdnqm pmayk dy `mnat`jam `mn tn

`tdqjmnkyjm ajdkam pkyk `tkl{tjdy mqyk `kfpkk, rdyjbj`knam

qdfk jfjlkyd, pdym nm lm {td mn jfpmyqknqd pkyk ntdqyk

`kfpkk.

Jctklfdnqd t`dad `mn lm fdajm ad `mftnj`k`jn pkckam7 j

lm dldfdnqm adl fdnked mn jfjlkyd k mqyk `kfpkk pkyklk {td qykikekn lm `mntlqmyd, pmaykn dy cdnyj`m, nm

ajyjcjam dn bmyfk kpympjkak k lk ktajdn`jk m ptdqm dn lk

fdu`lk `myyd`qk ad pymcykfk`jn.

Adidfm dy dpd`jklfdnqd `tjakamm dn `mnqymlky lm

rn`tlm dnqyd ntdqyk `kfpkk z mqyk. @tknqm f

mycknjukak dk lk `kfpkk dn qyfjnm ad dbd`qjrjaka adlfdnked, f pymikild d {td mqyk `kfpkk {tjdykn kyfkyd

miyd ntdqym pymcykfk z drdnqm.

Lk ydpmnkijljaka pyjfkyjk d pkyk ntdqyk pympjk `kfpkk z

`knajakqm-k.

Lk `kfpkk dld`qmykld d t`dadn dn `j`lm pydad`jild, lm

{td jcnjbj k {td t `mftnj`k`jmnd dqn fdu`lkak `mn rkyjk

am`dnk ad mqyk `kfpkk ydcjmnkld.

_tdad m`tyyjy {td klctnk mqyk `kfpkk jn dn`tdqk, jn miedqjrm,

jn fdnked z `mn tn fkl `knajakqm, qykqd ad dnckn`hkyd lm f

btdyqd {td dk pmjild k ntdqyk f{tjnk ad fdnked.

Mqyk

`kfpkk


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Kyfky tn fdnked nm d b`jl, pdym tn fdnked dbd`qjrm d lk

`lkrd pkyk tnk `kfpkk rj`qmyjmk. Dqm jn`ltzd ydkljuky lk

jnrdqjck`jn nd`dkyjk k fdajak {td adkyymllk t fdnked.

Dl fdnked adid dy `ydild pmy{td pymrjdnd adl-ad lk

`knajakqm-k z adid dy ajyjcjam kl dld`qmykam dld``jmnkam.

Tnk rdu {td dl fdnked hk jam kyfkam, nm {tdakfm `mn dl

fjfm, z dn dqm lk aj`jpljnk dy tnk `tdqjn dqykqcj`k. Lk

pdymnk nd`djqkn d`t`hky dl fdnked tnk z mqyk rdu, pkyk {td

`tknam dnqydn kl `tkyqm mi`tym dqn `mnrdn jam ad {td

ntdqym-k `knajakqm-k d `mnbjkild, m pmy lm fdnm {td dl

mpmndnqd d lk mp`jn d{tjrm`kak.

JR. @ MN@ LTPJMN

01

Qhj ptilj`kqjmn sk fkad pmjild qhymtch tppmyq pymrjada iz qhd T.P.Kcdn`z bmy Jnqdynkqjmnkl Adrdlmpfdnq, tnady qhd qdyf mb Cyknq Nm. KD_&4128&K&??&4?08&??. Qhd mpjnjmn dxpydda hdydjn kyd qhmd mb qhd ktqhmy(* kna amnmq nd`dkyz ydbld q qhd rjds mb qhd T.P. Kcdn`z bmy Jnqdynkqjmnkl Adrdlmpfdnq.


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YDA AD _KYQJAMP _MLJQJ@MP

hqqp5--sss.najpkyqjam.myc

NKQJMNKL ADFM@YKQJ@ JNPQJQTQD

NDA

NKQJMNKL DNAMSFDNQ BMY ADFM@YK@Z

_YMCYKFK IKEM DL KTP_J@JM AD5

NAJ_YMCYKFK ADL J A D Y K U C M

manual para la elaboración y transmisión del mensaje en campañas electorales

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