manual de ingles nivel 2- módulo 8

8/11/2019 Manual de Ingles Nivel 2- Mdulo 8

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Ingls IIMdulo VIII


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No est permitida la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra ni su tratamiento

o transmisin por cualquier medio o mtodo sin autorizacin del autor y editor.

DERECHOS RESERVADOS


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Presentacin

Les presentamos una manera dinmica y actualizada para que Uds. aprendan a

manejar el idioma ingls de forma prctica y sencilla. En el recorrido de los mdulos,

podrn leer y comprender los dilogos que se entablan entre los distintos personajes y

a partir de all, resolvern actividades que los conducirn al aprendizaje de la lengua.

Uds. encontrarn las respuestas a cada autoevaluacin al final de cada leccin.

Con esta metodologa, corroborarn su propio progreso y les permitir rever las

lecciones anteriores en el caso que fuera necesario.

Las actividades sealadas como tales sern evaluadas por los tutores, como as

tambin el test de evaluacin (assessment), que se encuentra al final de cada mdulo,

que les ofrecer una amplia visin sobre la efectividad en el manejo de esta lengua. La

gramtica correspondiente a los contenidos se encuentra inserta en el desarrollo de

cada leccin. El glosario bsico se encuentra en un anexo al final de cada mdulo.

Uds. tendrn la oportunidad de manejar tres medios para lograr aprender ingls:

1) Primero y principal: leer y realizar las propuestas en el mdulo grfico.

2) Como soporte indispensable para que ustedes dominen la escucha y el manejo de

la correcta pronunciacin, debern utilizar el cassette conjuntamente con el mdulo

grfico .

3) En forma complementaria, el CD-ROM como herramienta multimedial que

colaborar en su prctica peridica, en donde encontrarn videos, audio,

autoevaluaciones y vocabulario animado.

Les recomendamos utilizar los medios detallados en el orden establecido para no

obviar ninguna etapa del proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua extranjera, as como

tambin para obtener ptimos resultados.

En este segundo nivel no se incluirn las traducciones correspondientes a textos,

dilogos y consignas. Nuestra intencin con estas modificaciones cumple dos objetivos

fundamentales: primero, que Uds. logren un dominio an mayor de la lengua en forma


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autnoma, segundo consideren que aunque les resulte dificultoso en un principio les

resultar beneficioso finalmente.

Uds. podrn utilizar el glossary (glosario) que se encuentra al final del modulo

pero le recomendamos que no se concentren en cada una de las palabras que no

conozcan al realizar la lectura, sino que traten de comprender globalmente el contenido

y posteriormente recurran al uso del glosario o diccionario.


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LESSON 1

THE GREAT SIOUX NATION

There was a time when the land wassacred, and the ancient ones were as onewith it.

A time when only the children of the GreatSpirit were here to light their fires in theseplaces with no boundaries...In that time, when there were only simpleways,I saw with my heart the conflicts tocome, and whether it was to be for good orbad, what was certain was that therewould be change.

-The Great Spirit


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Self correction activity 1.1 Listening activity

Read and listen to the following text about the Sioux. Then, answer the questions.

The Sioux Nation or Lakota consisted of about 20,000 people in 7 different tribes

throughout the Great Plains of North America.

Free nomads of the Plains took great advantage of available horses which were

originally brought to the Americas by Cortez and the Spanish in 1519. Horses let thenomads move more freely and easily and were an invaluable aid in hunting buffalo and

other animals.

Even though monogamy was the norm, Indian men used to marry more than one wife.

The roles of men and women were clearly defined. While men used to provide for and

defend the family by hunting and making war, women were the matriarchs, ruling the

family and the domestic life. When a man married a Sioux woman, he had to move into

her home.


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The Sioux were deeply spiritual people, who communicated their spirit through music

and dance. The Sun Dance was considered one of the most religious ceremonies of the

Sioux. This twelve-day summer ritual of self-sacrifice was a testimony of individual

courage and endurance in serving the Great Spirit. As a shared experience among men,

the Sun Dance also showed a sense of tribal unity. By dancing and enduring the pain of

self-inflicted wounds, each participant reasserted his identity as an Indian warrior.

Going to the war was part of a rite for males. War was the most important principle of the

Sioux people, because through it men could gain prestige, and their prestige was

reflected in the family honor.

A favorite sport was the Buffalo Dance, in which all members danced, but only thosewho had performed some outstanding act of bravery took the part of the buffalo.

Sioux people have always fought against white people who wanted to steal and occupy

their lands.


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Reading the text, answer the questions.

1.- Who brought the horses to America?

2.- How did horses change the lifestyle and culture of the Sioux?

3.- What were the roles of men and women?

4.- What was the importance of war in Sioux culture?

5.- What do you think? Why did the whites want the same land that the Sioux occupied?

What was the importance of this land to the Sioux people?

Self correction activity 1.2Find words in the text which mean:

1.- Accessible and ready for use or service. Available

2.- Having only one spouse at a time. ___________________________

3.- A female head of a family or tribe. ___________________________

4.- Something that serves as evidence. ___________________________

5.- Breaks in the skin or an organ caused by violence or surgical incision.___________

6.- A high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc. ____________7.- Distinguished from others in excellence. ___________________________

Self correction activity 1.3

Imagine a day in the life of a male Sioux. Write a paragraph trying to use:

Had to/ didnt have to.

May/must/ might/could.

Used to/ didnt use to.

I think life at that time wasnt easy at all. A male Sioux

had to go to war.


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____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


Listen to Zinaida, a Sioux woman talking about the origin of the word Sioux.

Now, listen again and answer the questions.

1.- Where does the word Sioux come from? What does it mean?

2.- Whats the meaning of Lakota?

3.- Why did many people have to move to other places?


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Dream Catcher (Lakota) Legend

Long ago, when the world was young, an old Lakota spiritual leader called Ohiyesa was

on a high mountain when he had a vision.

In his vision, Iktomi, the great teacher of wisdom, appeared in the form of a spider.

Iktomi spoke to him in a sacred language that only the spiritual leaders of Lakota could

understand.At the same time the spider was speaking, he was knitting a web under a willow tree.

He spoke to the elder about the cycles of life ... and how we begin our lives as infants

and we move on to childhood, and then to adulthood. Finally, we go to old age where we

must be taken care of as infants, completing the cycle.

"But," Iktomi said as he continued to spin his web, "in each time of life there are many

forces -- some good and some bad. If you listen to the good forces, they will steer you in

the right direction. But if you listen to the bad forces, they will hurt you and steer you inthe wrong direction."

He continued, "There are many forces and different directions that can help or interfere

with the harmony of nature, and also with the great spirit and all of his wonderful

teachings."

All the time while the spider was speaking, he continued weaving his web, starting from

the outside and working towards the centre.


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When Iktomi finished speaking, he gave the web to the Lakota elder and said..."See, the

web is a perfect circle but there is a hole in the centre of the circle."

He said, "Use the web to help yourself and your people to reach your goals and make

good use of your people's ideas, dreams and visions.

"If you believe in the great spirit, the web will catch your good ideas -- and the bad ones

will go through the hole."

Ohisheya passed on his vision to his people and now the Sioux Indians use the dream

catcher as the web of their life.

It is hung above their beds or in their homes to sift their dreams and visions.

The good dreams are captured in the web of life and carried with them...but the evil

dreams escapes through the hole in the centre of the web and are no longer a part of

their lives.

They believe that the dream catcher holds the destiny of their future.

The whites were always trying to make the Indians give up their life and live like white

men....If the Indians had tried to make the whites live like them, the whites would haveresisted, and it was the same way with many Dakota.

....Wambdi Tanka (Big Eagle)


Read the legend again and answer the following questions.

1.- Who was Iktomi?

___________________________________________________

2.- What did he speak about?

___________________________________________________

3.- What may happen if you listen to the good forces?

___________________________________________________


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4.- And if you listen to the bad ones?

___________________________________________________

5.- What did the hole in the middle of the web mean?

___________________________________________________

6.- What was Ohisheya duty?

___________________________________________________


Listen to Iktomis pieces of advice. Complete the blanks.

1.- It is clear to everyone that life has a course with a beginning, a __________, and an

end.

2.- This concept not only involves the idea that there are different __________ in life, but

emphasizes the belief that __________ phase builds upon the previous ones.

3.- When understood in this manner, the concept of stages of life is a very __________

one.4.- We begin __________ lives as __________. We then move to __________ and

finally to __________.

5.- In each time of life, there are __________ forces.

6.- You always _____ _____ listen to the good forces.

7.- Some forces __________ interfere with the harmony of nature.

8.- There is a __________ in the centre of the circle.

9.- Use the web to help __________ and your people.

10.- If you believe in the great spirit, the web __________ catch your ideas.


Read and listen to the things we need in order to make our own dream catcher.


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While you listen, number the sentences in the correct order. The first one has been done

as an example.

a ) Twist one end of gold or silver craft wire onto a 4- to 5-inch round metal ring. The

wire needs to be fairly tight. ____1_____

b) Choose another point near the original starting point and repeat the process. You

should now have a crooked V shape. __________

c) Make a third set, again adding beads at random intervals. ___________

d) Add a feather or fetish and a couple of leather strips to the top. __________

e) Repeat the above steps except this time, as you cross parts of the original V, make a

tight loop around it and string a bead on the wire. You can change direction slightly at

that point. This will create a web effect. __________


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f) Twist one end of gold or silver craft wire onto a 4- to 5-inch round metal ring. The wire

needs to be fairly tight. __________

g) Wrap the wire around at that point so that the wire has crossed the circle. _________h) Take the wire across the ring to a point opposite the wraps you just made. _________

i) Wrap the wire tight and clip the end. __________

j) Start with a new piece of wire at a place about 45 degrees from the first wrap you

made. __________


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Self correction activities Keys

Self correction activity 1.1 (Suggested answers)

1.- Who brought the horses to America? Cortez and the Spanish brought the horses

to Americas in 1519.

2.- How did horses change the lifestyle and culture of the Sioux? Horses let the

nomads move more freely and easily and were an invaluable aid in hunting

buffalo and other animals.

3.- What were the roles of men and women? Men used to provide for and defend the

family by hunting and making war, and women were the matriarchs, ruling the

family and the domestic life.

4.- What was the importance of war in Sioux culture? War was the most important

principle of the Sioux people, because through it men could gain prestige, and

their prestige was reflected in the family honour.

5.- What do you think? Why did the whites want the same land that the Sioux occupied?

What was the importance of this land to the Sioux people? I think the whites wanted

the same land that the Sioux occupied because they were fertile lands and they

wanted to cultivate them


1.- Accessible and ready for use or service. Available

2.- Having only one spouse at a time. Monogamy

3.- A female head of a family or tribe. Matriarchs

4.- Something that serves as evidence. Testimony5.- Breaks in the skin or an organ caused by violence or surgical incision. Wound

6.- Ahigh standing achieved through success or influence or wealth, etc. Prestige

7.- Distinguished from others in excellence. Outstanding

Self correction activity 1.4 Listening activity (Suggested answer)

1.- Where does the word Sioux come from? What does it mean?The word Sioux

comes from the French language and means treacherous snakes.


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2.- Whats the meaning of Lakhota? Lakhota means alliance of friends.

3.- Why did many people have to move to other places? Many people had to move to

other places in search of better education and employment conditions.

Tapescript

The name "Sioux" is a French rendering of the Ojibwa word nadewisou, meaning

"treacherous snakes." The name was never meant to be a compliment since the French

were at war with us at the time. Only recently have our people started using the name

Sioux . Before we had always referred to ourselves as "An Alliance of Friends

."

In the Santee dialect, alliance of friends is spelled and pronounced "Dakhota," In the

Yankton dialect it is "Nakhota," and in the Teton dialect, it is "Lakhota."

Today, Lakhota people live primarily on Rosebud, Pine Ridge, Lower Brule, Standing

Rock and Cheyenne River Reservations. In addition, thousands of our people have

moved off the reservation in search of better education and employment conditions.

We are constantly struggling for our rights. And, although we were able to move a few

steps forward, we will never forget who we are and where we come from.


1.- Who was Iktomi? Iktomi was the great teacher of wisdom.

2.- What did he speak about? He spoke about the cycles of life.

3.- What may happen if you listen to the good forces?If you listen to the good forces

they will steer you in the right direction.4.- And if you listen to the bad ones? And if you listen to the bad forces, they will

steer you in the wrong direction.

5.- What did the hole in the middle of the web mean?The hole in the middle of the

web was for the bad ideas to go through it.

6.- What was Ohisheyas duty? Ohisheyas duty was to pass on his vision to his

people.


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1.- It is clear to everyone that life has a course with a beginning, a middleand an end.

2.- This concept not only involves the idea that there are different cyclesin life, but

emphasizes the belief that eachphase builds upon the previous ones.

3.- When understood in this manner, the concept of stages of life is a very curiousone.

4.- We begin ourlives as infants. We then move to childhoodand finally to adulthood.

5.- In each time of life, there are manyforces.

6.- You always have tolisten to the good forces.7.- Some forces mayinterfere with the harmony of nature.

8.- There is a holein the centre of the circle.

9.- Use the web to help yourselfand your people.

10.- If you believe in the great spirit, the web willcatch your ideas.

Tapescript

1.- It is clear to everyone that life has a course with a beginning, a middle and an end.

2.- This concept not only involves the idea that there are different cycles in life, but

emphasizes the belief that each phase builds upon the previous ones.

3.- When understood in this manner, the concept of stages of life is a very curious one.

4.- We begin our lives as infants. We then move to childhood and finally to adulthood.

5.- In each time of life, there are many forces.

6.- You always have to listen to the good forces.7.- Some forces may interfere with the harmony of nature.

8.- There is a hole in the centre of the circle.

9.- Use the web to help yourself and your people.

6.- If you believe in the great spirit, the web will catch your ideas.


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1. Twist one end of gold or silver craft wire onto a 4- to 5-inch round metal ring. The

wire needs to be fairly tight.

2. Take the wire across the ring to a point opposite the wraps you just made.

3. Wrap the wire around at that point so that the wire has crossed the circle.

4. Choose another point near the original starting point and repeat the process. You

should now have a crooked V shape.

5. Wrap the wire tight and clip the end.

6. Start with a new piece of wire at a place about 45 degrees from the first wrap youmade.

7. Repeat the above steps except this time, as you cross parts of the original V, make

a tight loop around it and string a bead on the wire. You can change direction slightly at

that point. This will create a web effect.

8. Make a third set, again adding beads at random intervals.

9. Add a feather or fetish and a couple of leather strips to the top.


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LESSON 2

ANCIENT OLYMPIC EVENTS

Read the following text

In contrast to most Greek sites, Olympia is green and lush, amidst groves of trees. Here

was the great Sanctuary of Zeus, the Altis, and the setting for the Olympic Games. For

over a thousand years, in peace and war, the Greeks assembled here to celebrate this

great festival.

Aerial view of sanctuary from SEPhotograph by Raymond V. Schoder, S.J., courtesy of Bolchazy-Carducci

Publishers

The Greeks referred to the Sanctuary of Zeus as the Altis. The name Altis came

from a corruption of the Elean word for grove, alsos . Sanctuaries were centres of

religious worship where the Greeks built temples, treasuries, altars, statues, and

other structures.


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The crowns made of olive leaves came from a wild olive tree in the Altis, which

was called the olive of the Beautiful Crown. Olive trees, which supplied the

Greeks with olive oil, olives, a cleaning agent for bathing, and a base for

perfumes, were an important resource in the rocky and dry Greek environment. A

Greek legend credited the hero Herakles (Hercules) with introducing the olive tree

to Greece.

The ancient Olympics were rather different from the modern Games. There were fewer

events, and only free men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of athletes from anycountry. Also, the games were always held at Olympia instead of moving around to

different sites every time.

Tampa 86.35 - Shoulder: chariot racePhotograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of the Tampa

Museum of Art.


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Like our Olympics, though, winning athletes were heroes who put their home towns on

the map. One young Athenian nobleman defended his political reputation by mentioning

how he entered seven chariots in the Olympic chariot-race. This high number of entries

made both the aristocrat and Athens look very wealthy and powerful.


Now, read the text again while listening to the cassette and answer the following

questions:

1.- Where did the Olympic Games take place?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2.- Did the Greek celebrate the games in war time?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3.- What was the Altis?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4.- Who introduced the olive tree to Greece?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5.- In what ways were the Ancient Olympics different from the modern games?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6.- In what ways were they similar?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7.- Make predictions about how you think Olympic Games in the future will be.


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Example: I think athletes willearn less money and that money will be devoted to

charity.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Please, contact your tutor in the

Aula Magna, in order to correct

point 7 and perform some oral

work.

Learn more about the ancient Olympic games

People travelled for great distances to go to the festival at Olympia. This was a religious

festival for the ancient Greeks. At the festival, there were sports events in which the best

athletes from all around the Greek world took part. At the beginning of the festival, all the

athletes had to swear an oath. The oaths were made in front of the organisers of the

games, in a building called the Bouleuterion. In that building, there was a large statue of

Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. The athletes swore that they had been in training for

ten months.


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The festival lasted for five days. During the first day

there were events in which boys took part. The

second day began with horse and chariot races.

Women were allowed to own teams of horses. So

although they were not allowed to be at Olympics,

sometimes they were the winners in these events!

In the afternoon of the second day came the

pentathlon. It was similar to the modern pentathlon,

with five separate events. In the ancient Olympics

these were the discus, the javelin, running, long

jumping and wrestling.

The Olympic games were part of a religious festival. On the third day there was an

important ceremony. Oxen were sacrificed, and parts of them burned on top of a large

altar. The rest of the meat was then shared out amongst the crowd. Every one of the

thousands of spectators was given some to eat. On day three there were running races.

The short sprint is the oldest Olympic event. In fact it was the only event at the first

Olympic games, in the year 776BC.

On day four there was boxing, wrestling and an event called the pankration. This was a

form of wrestling with hardly any rules. There was also a running race in which the

runners wore soldier's armour and carried shields. Many of the events at the ancient

Olympics were about being a successful soldier.

On day five the events were all over, and the prizes were given out. Like in the modern

Olympics, there were no money prizes. Instead, the winners were given a crown madefrom olive branches. These were special olive branches, from the sacred olive tree near

the temple of Zeus. At the end of the fifth day the festival ended. There were

celebrations and feasting!


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Write sentences talking about what ancient athletes used to and didnt use to do in the

Olympic Games.

Example: In ancient Olympic Games, people used totravel for great distances to go to

the festival.


Listen to Thomas, a modern athlete, talking about the different disciplines performed in

the ancient Olympic Games. Pay close attention to each description and decide which

discipline he is talking about.

Choose from the following:

Pentathlon Wrestling Discus J umping The foot race - J avelin


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Example:

A) Pentathlon

This was a 5-event combination of discus, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling.

Aristotle describes a young man's ultimate physical beauty: "a body capable

of enduring all efforts, either of the racecourse or of bodily strength...This is why

the athletes in the pentathlon are the most beautiful." (Aristotle, Rhetoric 1361b)

B) ____________________

Photograph courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing it asimportant as his strength.

It was made of stone, iron, bronze, or lead, and was shaped like a flying saucer. Sizes

varied, since the boys' division was not expected to throw the same weight as the mens.


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C) ____________________

From Caskey & Beazley, plate XXXVII.

It was a man-high length of wood, with either a sharpened end or an attached metal

point. It had a thong for a hurler's fingers attached to its centre of gravity, which

increased the precision and distance of the flight.

Photograph by Maria Daniels,

courtesy of Harvard University Art

Museums.


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D) ____________________

Photograph courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Athletes used lead or stone jump weights (halteres) shaped like telephone receivers to

increase the length of their jump. The haltereswere held in front of the athlete during

his ascent, and forcibly thrust behind his back and dropped during his descent to help

propel his body further.

Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of The University ofPennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

Jump weights also doubled as weight lifting equipment during training.


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E) ____________________

Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of The University ofPennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Like the modern sport, an athlete needed to throw his opponent on the ground, landing

on a hip, shoulder, or back for a fair fall. Three throws were necessary to win a match.

Biting was not allowed, and genital holds were also illegal. Attacks such as breaking

your opponent's fingers were permitted.

Olympia,Palaestra: Eastern porticoPhotograph by Michael Bennett


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F) ____________________

It is the oldest contest that took place in

Olympia. Until the 13th Olympiad (728 B.C.),

when the games lasted for only one day, it was

the only event at the sanctuary. The athletes

were running nude, in an area whose length

was determined at 600 feet (192.27m), that is

one Stade . It was this distance that gave its

name to the area used for the performance of

the event. These areas, the stadiums, were

situated on hillsides or in small valleys, thus

enabling the spectators to follow the events.

Later and as the crowd of spectators grew,

artificial slopes were built and the spectators sat

on the ground.

In one of Aristophanes's comedies, one character recommends that another rub

his neck with lard in preparation for a heated argument with an adversary. The

debater replies, "Spoken like a finished wrestling coach." (Aristophanes, Knights

l.490ff.)


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Factors like fitness level and food intake play a major part in how well you feel each and

every day. Answer these six simple questions and figure out whether or not you're

helping your body perform to the best of its ability--or hampering your physical

performance.

1. The alarm you set to fit in an hour of exercise before work goes off.

You... Principio del formulario

get out of bed, put on your running shoes, and slip out the door within

minutes.

roll over and go back to sleep. You'll work out tomorrow.

manage 30 minutes on the exercise bike and a few yoga poses.

2. At your annual family reunion, what position are you most likely to

play at the all-family softball game? Principio del formulario

Shortstop

Catcher

Cheerleader

3. The escalator at the mall isn't working. You see that flight of stairs and

think: Principio del formulario

"I can do this if I take it slow."

"Wonder if I can take them two at a time?"

"Is the elevator working?"


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4. You have muscle aches and pains...

pretty much all the time.

when you're stressed-out or haven't gotten enough sleep for a couple ofdays.

after an intense workout.

5. How long does it take you to fall asleep at night? Principio del

formulario

You toss and turn for at least an hour.

Shhh...you're already asleep.

20 minutes.

6. You frequently feel hungry and light-headed during the day and crave

sweet, starchy foods...

always--"Another Krispy Kreme, please!" is your mantra.

only when tired or stressed.


Now, based on your answers in Self correction activity 2.4, you are going to decide whatthings you should and what things you shoudnt do in order to keep healthy and fit.

Example: I should take more exercises.

I shouldnt smoke.

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................


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...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................




work.


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1.- Where did the Olympic Games take place?

Olympic Games took place in the great Sanctuary of Zeus.

2.- Did the Greek celebrate the games in war time?

Yes, they did.

3.- What was the Altis?

The Altis was the Sanctuary of Zeus.4.- Who introduced the olive tree to Greece?

It is believed that the olive tree was introduced to Greece by Herakles (Hercules).

5.- In what ways were the Ancient Olympics different from the modern games?

In the past, there were fewer events, and only free men who spoke Greek could

compete. Also, the games were always held at Olympia instead of moving around

to different sites every time.

6.- In what ways were they similar?Like our Olympics, though, winning athletes were heroes who put their home

towns on the map.

7.- Make predictions about how you think Olympic Games in the future will be.

Example: I think athletes willearn less money and that money will be devoted to

charity.




work.


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Self correction activity 2.2 Suggested answers

Athletes used to swear an oath at the beginning of the festival.

Boys used to take part in the first day of the event.

Women used to own teams of horses.

They used to sacrifice oxen.

They used to share out the oxen meat amongst the crowd.

Runners used to wear soldiers armour and carry shields.

They didnt use to give money prizes.


A) Pentathlon

B) Discus

C) Javelin

D) Jumping

E) Wrestling

F) The foot race

Tapescript:

A) Pentathlon

This was a 5-event combination of discus, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling.

Aristotle describes a young man's ultimate physical beauty: "a body capable of

enduring all efforts, either of the racecourse or of bodily strength...This is why the

athletes in the pentathlon are the most beautiful." (Aristotle, Rhetoric1361b)


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B) Discus

The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing it as

important as his strength.

It was made of stone, iron, bronze, or lead, and was shaped like a flying saucer. Sizes

varied, since the boys' division was not expected to throw the same weight as the mens.

C) J avelin

It was a man-high length of wood, with either a sharpened end or an attached metal

point. It had a thong for a hurler's fingers attached to its centre of gravity, which

increased the precision and distance of the flight.

D) J umping

Athletes used lead or stone jump weights (halteres) shaped like telephone receivers to

increase the length of their jump. The haltereswere held in front of the athlete during

his ascent, and forcibly thrust behind his back and dropped during his descent to help

propel his body further.

Jump weights also doubled as weight lifting equipment during training.

E) Wrestling

Like the modern sport, an athlete needed to throw his opponent on the ground, landing

on a hip, shoulder, or back for a fair fall. 3 throws were necessary to win a match. Biting

was not allowed, and genital holds were also illegal. Attacks such as breaking your

opponent's fingers were permitted.

In one of Aristophanes's comedies, one character recommends that another rub

his neck with lard in preparation for a heated argument with an adversary. The

debater replies, "Spoken like a finished wrestling coach." (Aristophanes, Knights

l.490ff.)


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F) The foot race

It is the oldest contest that took place in Olympia. Until the 13th Olympiad (728 B.C.)

when the games lasted for only one day, it was the only event at the sanctuary. Theathletes were running nude, in an area whose length was determined at 600 feet

(192.27m), that is one Stade . It was this distance that gave its name to the area used

for the performance of the event. These areas, the stadiums, were situated on hillsides

or in small valleys, thus enabling the spectators to follow the events. Later and as the

crowd of spectators grew, artificial slopes were built and the spectators sat on the

ground.


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LESSON 3

UNFORGETTABLE GAMES, DREAM GAMES


Listen to the text about the closing of the Olympic Games and complete the blanks.

A grand , the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games, which for . days

returned to .., the country where they were originally born and the city where

they revived, is completed.

These Games broke many ... Athens hosted athletes, the largest

number ever and also the .. women athletes ever. Representatives of .

countries took part, more than any other sport event. The Olympic traveled

for the first time to all continents.

Four billion viewers all over the world watched these Games. They all

Greece, inside and outside the stadiums.

With a warm Closing Ceremony, full of music and , Athens bade a final

farewell to the athletes and its guests.


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Closing Ceremony of the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games


Read the text and answerT(true), F (false) or DK(dont know), if you dont have the

information in order to answer.

Sunday, 29 August 2004 last day of the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad.

As the Greatest Celebration of Humanity reached its final phase, host-city Athens bade

a final farewell to the athletes and its guests. The Ceremony was held on 29 August at

the Athens Olympic Stadium, under Attica's full moon.

Just like D. Papaioannou had said, the Closing Ceremony is a human celebration, full ofmusic and singing, dances in the Greek way, and a patchwork of music from all over

Greece on a continuous flow, just like an energy river".

Let the dances last was the first song to be heard in the Olympic Stadium today, and

many other followed, by some of the best Greek singers, like Charis Alexiou, Dimitra

Galani, Marinella, George Dalaras, Giannis Parios, Chronis Aidonidis and many more.

Afterwards, the medal ceremony for the Mens Marathon took place. It was the first timeever that a medal ceremony was included in an Oympic Games Closing Ceremony.


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Then, the flag-bearers entered with all the countries flags, followed by the athletes, who

rushed in the Stadium without distinction of nationality, to celebrate the end of the

greatest celebration of humanity and to set the foundations for new competitions at the

upcoming 2008 Olympic Games.

After short speeches by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki and Jacques Rogge, the

national anthems of Greece and China were heard and the Olympic flag was handed

over to the mayor of Beijing. Immediately after, the IOC President declared the ATHENS

2004 Olympic Games closed.

In the Closing Ceremony of the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games participated 3,691

volunteers, performers from 15 countries and 2,200 support volunteers from 32

countries.

Now, answer:

1.- The closing ceremony was held on 29th August.

2.- The Greek Way was sang during this celebration.

3.- George Dalaras is one of the best Greek dancers.

4.- It was the first time that medals were given during this closing ceremony.

5.-The next Olympic Games will be in the year 2008.


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Some of the heroes

Michael Phelps

ATHENS, 23 AugustAmerican swimming sensation Michael PHELPSset the tone for

an exciting eights days of Swimming when he dived into the pool on Day 1 for the final of

the Mens 400m Individual Medley, finishing with a world record and the first of his eight Olympic medal haul.

Certainly the swimmer of the meet, PHELPS made USA history with six gold medals,

and two bronze medals, making a medal winning appearance almost every day.

His domination of the Individual Medley events featured a world record of 4:08.26 in the

400m and an Olympic record of 1:44.71 in the 200m event.

Hobbies: Playing video games. (USOC 18/06/03)

Occupation: Student

MarStatus: Single

LangSpoken: English

Club: North Baltimore AC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (USA Swimming 18/06/03)

Coach: Bob Bowman, USA, since 1997 (USA Swimming 18/06/03)

Additional Information:Training Regime

He swims everyday for two to two-and-a-half hours. "I do doubles on Monday,

Wednesday and Friday during the school year and then Monday, Tuesday, Thursday

and Friday in the summer." He started swimming at the age of six.

Hero / Idol: Pablo Morales. (USA Today 13/08/00)


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Superstitions / Rituals / Beliefs: He listens to music before competing. He also keeps

a can of clam chowder in his hotel room for good luck. (USA Today 13/08/00)

Awards and honours:He won the 2003 Sullivan Award as America's top amateur

athlete. He is the first swimmer to win the award since Janet Evans in 1989. (VOA14/04/04)

He was named FINA's 2003 Male World Swimmer of the Year. (Sydney Morning Herald

05/12/03)

He was named Swimmer of the Meet at the 2003 World Championships, after winning

six medals, including four golds and breaking five world records. He also became first

person to ever break five world records in one meet.

He and his coach, Bob Bowman, were named 2001 and 2003 Swimmer and Coach of

the Year by USA Swimming. (USA Swimming 11/03/04)

In 2001 he became the youngest man [at 15 years, nine months] to break a world

record, breaking 200m fly mark at 2001 Spring Nationals.

He was named 2001 USA Swimming's Swimmer of the Year. (USA Swimming 10/07/02)

At 15 years of age, he became the youngest male swimmer in 68 years to earn a spot in

the US team for the 2000 Olympic Games. (USA Swimming 12/04/01)

Other Information:FOUR STROKES

Since he was 11, his coach, Bob Bowman has insisted he work on all four swimming

strokes -butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle. (Chicago Tribune 21/07/03)


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Imagine you are a journalist for a sport magazine. Take into account all the informationyou have about the famous swimmer Michael Phelp and write an article about him.

Please contact your tutor in the Aula Magna in order to correct this activity.


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Nadia Comaneci

Nadia COMANECI

The Perfect 10

Romania's Nadia Comaneci was the star of the Montreal Olympics in 1976

when she became the first gymnast in Olympic history to be awarded the

perfect score of 10.0. ABC Television set her performance to music, using a

theme from a popular American soap opera, and the song was eventually

renamed "Nadia's Theme". Comaneci first achieved her perfect 10 on the

uneven parallel bars in 1976 and the judges awarded her the maximum

mark seven times during the Games. Comaneci first came to prominence at

the 1975 European Championships, at which she won four gold medals. In

the 1976 and 1980 Games she won a total of nine Olympic medals.

Following the 1980 Games, natural physical development began to inhibit

her performance and after a victory at the 1981 World Student Games she

retired. Strangely, Comaneci won only one individual World Championship

title- on the balance beam in 1978. In 1989, she defected from Romania and

settled in North America. She has since married American Olympicgymnastic medallist Bart Conner. Together they perform in gymnastics


Now, imagine you have to interview Nadia Comaneci. Contact your tutor in the Aula

Maga, in order to perform this activity.


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Pay attention to the following chart. Compare the medals won by the following countries

and make sentences.

Olympics Medal TableCountry Gold Silver Bronze TotalUnited States 35 39 29 103China 32 17 14 63Russia 27 27 37 91Australia 17 16 16 49

apan 16 9 12 37Germany 14 16 18 48

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Celebration

17 (seventeen)

Greece

Records

11,099 (eleven thousand, ninety-nine)

Most202 (two hundred and two)

Flame

Saw

Singing

Tapescript

A grand celebration, the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games, which for 17 days returned to

Greece, the country where they were originally born and the city where they revived, is

completed.

These Games broke many records. Athens hosted 11,099athletes, the largest number

ever and also the mostwomen athletes ever. Representatives of 202countries took

part, more than any other sport event. The Olympic flametraveled for the first time to all

continents.Four billion viewers all over the world watched these Games. They all saw Greece,

inside and outside the stadiums.

With a warm Closing Ceremony, full of music and singing, Athens bade a final farewell

to the athletes and its guests.


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1.- The closing ceremony was held on 29 August.T

2.- The Greek Way was sang during this celebration. F

3.- George Dalaras is one of the best Greek dancers. F

4.- It was the first time that medals were given during this closing ceremony.T

5.-The next Olympic Games will be in the year 2008.T


Please contact your tutor in the Aula Magna in order to correct this activity.


Please, contact your tutor in the Aula Magna, in order to correct this activity

and perform some oral work.

Self corrrection activity 3.5 Suggested answers

China won more gold medals than Russia.

Japan won more medals than Germany.

Germany was the country with less medals.


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Glossary

Adulthood: Adultez

Athetes:Atletas

Award: Premio

Boundaries: Lmites

Branches: Ramas

Bravery: Valenta

Bread: Pan

Charity: Caridad

Childhood: Niez

Coach: Entrenador

Crowd: Multitud

Cycles of life: Ciclos de la vida

Discos: Disco

Dream catcher: Cazador de sueos

Farewell: Despedida


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Tight:Ajustado

Tribes: Tribus

War: Guerra

Warrior: Guerrero

Willow tree: Sauce

Wire: Cable

Wisdom: Sabidura

Wounds: Heridas

Wrap: Envolver

Wrestling: Lucha


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NDICE

Presentacin ............................................................................................................................... 3

LESSON 1 ................................................................................................................................... 5

THE GREAT SIOUX NATION ...................................................................................................... 5

Self correction activity 1.1Listening activity .............................................................................. 6

Self correction activity 1.2 ............................................................................................................ 8

Self correction activity 1.3 ............................................................................................................ 8

Self correction activity 1.4Listening activity .............................................................................. 9

Dream Catcher (Lakota) Legend ............................................................................................... 10

Self correction activity 1.5 .......................................................................................................... 11

Self correction activity 1.6Listening activity ............................................................................ 12Self correction activity 1.7Listening activity ............................................................................ 12

Self correction activitiesKeys ................................................................................................. 15

LESSON 2 ................................................................................................................................. 19

Self correction activity 2.1Listening activity ............................................................................ 21




Self correction activity2.5 ....................................................................................................... 31


LESSON 3 ................................................................................................................................. 37



Self correction activity 3.3 .......................................................................................................... 42Self correction activity 3.4 .......................................................................................................... 43



GLOSSARY..................................................................................................................................47

C

manual de ingles nivel 2- módulo 8

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