¿malestar en la cultura? una aproximación al pensamiento de sigmund freud, por luis arturo pelayo

7/31/2019 ¿Malestar en la cultura? Una aproximación al pensamiento de Sigmund Freud, por Luis Arturo Pelayo

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/malestar-en-la-cultura-una-aproximacion-al-pensamiento-de-sigmund-freud 1/99



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Loh|pf lo cf~ upf`coam~ ncí~knf~ }o bm m`fplmlf cm jkcf~fjám# cf~

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loc oh|fphf nc|pmc6# ¶níc o~ oc npk|opkf umpm iygmp ~~ mn|f~6#

o|në|opm+# nfh~opzmh# khllm`coaoh|o# zkgohnkm oh cm pojcorkþh mn|mc#

bm~|m oc uh|f oh }o uflpámh nfh~|k|kp~o nfaf h –nfaupfak~f

kh|ocon|mc‑(

Oh o~|o ~oh|klf# cm~ po~uo~|m~ }o umpm nmlm hm lo o~|m~

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ork~|klf# aírkao ~k ~o nfh~klopm }o cm~ po~uo~|m~ ~fh aí~ f aohf~

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pojfpacmnkfho~(

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^k nfh~klopmaf~ cm lkhíaknm oh }o ~o lo~ohzoczo cm zklm

bamhm mn|mc# nmpmn|opkymlm ufp h upolfakhkf nmlm zoy am{fp lo

cm~ um~kfho~ nfaf npk|opkf umpm pogkp cm nfhln|m# lo~mjkmhlf {

~uopmhlf# oh haopf~m~ fnm~kfho~# m cm pmyþh# boaf~ lo ponfhfnop

}o cf~ ucmh|omakoh|f~ lo Jpol po~c|mh aí~ }o f`ckgmlf~9 oc ~op

bamhf o~|í khjcklf oh ~ mn|mp ufp cm~ lkjopoh|o~ jopym~ }o cf

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|oh~kþh# { ork~|o nfhjckn|f oh|po cf~ uponou|f~ pmnkfhmco~ }o cm nc|pm

co f`ckgm m gmplmp { ~ jopym uc~kfhmc }o `~nm ck`po orupo~kþh(

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^kh llm cf~ mzmhno~ nkoh|ájknf~ lo cm~ ùc|kam~ lënmlm~ bmh

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|ma`këh ~o bmno um|oh|o }o haopf~f~ upf`coam~ }o ëc oruopkaoh|m

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upogh|mphf~# oh|fhno~# ~k cf~ upkhnkumco~ f`~|íncf~ m cm jocknklml

bamhm hf upfzkohoh lo cm ak~am hm|pmcoym loc bfa`po( Hf po~c|m

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oc ~kgcf RR ~om uponk~maoh|o Jpol# nfh ~ kh|oh|f lo bmnop h

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aí~ ccozmlopm(

Oh o~|o ampnf# lo~lo cm uop~uon|kzm jpolkmhm oc nfhjckn|f

kh|opkfp loc bfa`po "oh|po pmyþh { um~kfho~+# m~á nfaf cm |oh~kþh oh cm~

pocmnkfho~ ~fnkmco~# upfzfnm }o oc bfa`po }o zkzo oh hm nc|pm

oruopkaoh|o amco~|mp( Mh}o o~|o –amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm‑ ~o bm`pám

uflklf o~|lkmp lo~lo f|pm~ uop~uon|kzm~# m}á ~o po|fam ocu~knfmhíck~k~ { cm |ofpám lo Jpol ufp}o nfh~|k|{oh h ocoaoh|f

o~ohnkmc# khlk~n|k`co# lo cm nc|pm nfh|oaufpíhom# bm~|m oc uh|f lo

uflop o~|kgam|kymp kh|ocon|mcaoh|o m }koh hf nfhfynm ufp cf aohf~

cm~ hfnkfho~ `í~knm~ lo cf~ lo~n`pkakoh|f~ jpolkmhf~ "}kyí

ormgopmhlf# uopf hf ~kh jhlmaoh|f~# mjkpaþ Wkcckma Imao~ }o oc

lo~n`pkakoh|f aí~ kaufp|mh|o loc ~kgcf RR jo oc khnfh~nkoh|o+(

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mh|pfufcfgám# cm ~fnkfcfgám# m~á nfaf m cm upín|knm lo cm uolmgfgám# oc

|pm`mif ~fnkmc o khnc~kzo oc loponbf+# lo cm ak~am amhopm }o ~o bm

khjkc|pmlf oh cm pojcorkþh jkcf~þjknm# nfaf cf kc~|pmh cm~ |ofpám~ lo

Mlfphf# Jpfaa { Ampn~o(

M~kak~af# bf{ oh lám po~c|m zmhf oc kh|oh|f lo |flm

mh|pfufcfgám jkcf~þjknm }o upo|ohlm po~ufhlop m cm~ kh|oppfgmh|o~o~ohnkmco~ ~f`po cm hm|pmcoym bamhm { hf nfh~klopo cm~

nfh|pk`nkfho~ loc u~knfmhíck~k~( _h kh|oh|f lo o~m áhlfco ~o pozocmpám



7

upfh|f nfaf aopm uf~|cmnkþh hfakhmck~|m# nfh~|pnnkþh klofcþgknm f

o~uoncmnkþh lo~ohnmphmlm }o hf po~c|m ~kghkjknm|kzm umpm oc bfa`po(

Mloaí~# cm oruopkohnkm nf|klkmhm lo cm hopf~k~ { cm zkgohnkm pohfzmlm

lo cm |opmukm u~knfmhmcá|knm umpm ~ |pm|makoh|f hf~ bm`cmh locuoh~makoh|f jpolkmhf nfaf h |oam lo khlk~n|k`co mn|mcklml( Oh

haopf~m~ hkzop~klmlo~ o kh~|k||f~ lo ponfhfnklf upo~|kgkf ~o

kaump|oh np~f~# |mccopo~# lkucfamlf~ { o~|lkf~ lo uf~gpmlf ~f`po cm

|ofpám u~knfmhmcá|knm# n{m~ `m~o~ ~o ohnoh|pmh oh oc uoh~makoh|f lo

Jpol( [ o~|m hono~klml lo khnckp cm |ofpám jpolkmhm oh|po cf~ ~m`opo~

nfh|oaufpíhof~ aí~ ponfhfnklf~ ~o ohnoh|pm pojfpymlm ufp cm

nponkoh|o |ohlohnkm m loimp lo ponbmymp cf~ kh~|kh|f~ oh jmzfp lo cmpmyþh# umpm `~nmp# aí~ `koh# oh|ohlop { mnou|mp cf~ kauc~f~ `í~knf~

oh cgmp lo iygmpcf~ { nfhlohmpcf~(

^kh oa`mpgf# |ma`këh o~ f`ckgmlf lonkp }o mh}o jo Jpol

}koh u~f cm~ aí~ jkpao~ `m~o~ umpm oc o~|lkf lo cm~ jopym~ {

uc~kfho~ "khnfh~nkoh|o~+ }o fuopmh loh|pf loc khlkzklf { orucknmh

~ mn|mp# ~ lkmghþ~|knf ~o zoczo uo~kak~|m mc lonkp }o# lo mnoplf m

cm o~|pn|pm bamhm { nfh~klopmhlf cm~ hfpam~ ~fnkmco~ hono~mpkm~umpm cm ~uopzkzohnkm lo cm nc|pm# cm pocmnkþh oh|po khlkzklf {

~fnkolml ~opí ~koaupo lo amco~|mp( Oc f`io|kzf lo o~|o ck`pf nfh~k~|o#

m~á# oh hm upf`coam|kymnkþh lo lknbf lkmghþ~|knf jpolkmhf9

mnou|mhlf oc aflocf mh|pfufcþgknf }o Jpol upfufho# oh oc nmc ~o

orucknm lo|mccmlmaoh|o cm nfh~|k|nkþh kh~|kh|kzm loc ~op bamhf#

po~c|m lo~o~uopmhymlfp oc bonbf lo }o hf ~o uolm lmp hm pocmnkþh

nfh cf~ f|pf~ oh cm nc|pm aí~ }o lo amco~|mp( [ ~pgo hm kh}ko|l9¶~opí uf~k`co }o oc bfa`po "pmnkfhmc { uc~kfhmc+ uolm zkzkp loh|pf

lo cm nc|pm "nfh oc nmpín|op hfpam|kzf }o ë~|m nfaufp|m+ ~kh

oruopkaoh|mp amco~|mp# zkzkohlf ~m|k~jonbf { cfgpmhlf o}kck`pmp ~~

loamhlm~ nfh cm~ loc gpuf ~fnkmc6 Ufp oc `koh loc ak~af bfa`po# cm

po~uo~|m |ohlpám }o ~op mjkpam|kzm(

M cf cmpgf lo cf~ |po~ nmuá|cf~ }o nfh~|k|{oh oc ck`pf# ~o

upf`coam|kym cm uf~|pm loc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm }o Jpol nfh~klopþkhozk|m`co# umpm lmp um~f m h ucmh|omakoh|f nmpmn|opkymlf ufp hm

pocmnkþh lo `koho~|mp oh|po oc khlkzklf { ~ nc|pm(



2

Oh oc upkaop nmuá|cf orufhgf oc nfhnou|f lo bfa`po upozkf m

Jpol "oc lo cm jkcf~fjám aflophm# oh nfhnpo|f m ump|kp lo cf~

uf~|cmlf~ lo Lo~nmp|o~+ { oc }o ëc ak~af upfufho( Oh o~|o ùc|kaf# oc

khlkzklf ~o nmpmn|opkym ufp uf~oop# ih|f nfh ~ nmumnklml pmnkfhmc#uflopf~m~ uc~kfho~ khnfh~nkoh|o~ }o oiopnoh lfakhkf ~f`po cm

uop~fhmcklml# aflkjknmhlf { nfhlknkfhmhlf cm mnnkþh( M~á# oc bfa`po

hf ~þcf o~ h ~op nfh~nkoh|o# ~khf }o uf~oo hm lkaoh~kþh f~npm#

khnfh~nkoh|o# oh cm nmc ~o ohnoh|pm cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm "mgpo~kzm {

opþ|knm+# |ohlkohlf ~koaupo m cm lo~nmpgm( Oh lknbm lo~nmpgm pmlknmpám

cm lknbm f jocknklml bamhm(

Oh oc ~oghlf nmuá|cf upo~oh|f cm jfpam oh }o oc bfa`po#po~ufhlkohlf m cm~ nmpmn|opá~|knm~ aohnkfhmlm~ mh|opkfpaoh|o# ~o ho

oh gpuf~ ~fnkmco~ umpm lmp cgmp m cm nc|pm( Loh|pf lo o~|m ~fnkolml

npomlm ufp ëc# hf o~ uf~k`co cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh lkpon|m lo cm ohopgám

kh~|kh|kzm# {m }o ~ lo~nmpgm kaucknmpám h m|oh|mlf nfh|pm cm~ co{o~

jhlmaoh|mco~ lo cm nc|pm { nmlm nmc ~o upfnpmpám hm ~m|k~jmnnkþh

}o uflpám gohopmp nfhjckn|f nfh cm~ hono~klmlo~ f lo~of~ loc f|pf# {

mh cm m|flo~|pnnkþh( Ufp occf# oc khlkzklf ~o ohnoh|pm po~|pkhgklfufp hm ~opko lo hfpam~ }o cf poupkaoh { co fnm~kfhmh amco~|mp

"hopf~k~+( Co o~ uf~k`co ~`ckamp# nmhmckymp ~ ohopgám bmnkm

mn|kzklmlo~ ~fnkmcaoh|o mnou|mlm~ "nfaf oc mp|o+# uopf ~koaupo

uopamhono oh ëc hm ~oh~mnkþh lo amco~|mp "ufp uo}oým }o ~om f

umpoynm# mloaí~ lo }o hf |flm~ cm~ zám~ lo ~`ckamnkþh ~fh mnno~k`co~

m cm~ am{fpám~+ mc hf ~op uopak|klm cm lo~nmpgm lkpon|m(

Ufp ùc|kaf# oh oc |opnop nmuá|cf upo~oh|f mcghm~ mc|ophm|kzm~mh|o oc amco~|mp lkmghf~|knmlf ufp Jpol# }o ~pgoh mc m~akp cf~

uf~|cmlf~ jhlmaoh|mco~ lo ~ aflocf mh|pfufcþgknf "nfh nkop|f~

am|kno~+# mh}o upf`coam|kymhlf mcghf~ m~uon|f~ oh n{m

upfjhlkymnkþh ~o ohnoh|pm hm ~fcnkþh mc upf`coam loc amco~|mp#

nfaf oc nfhnou|f lo jocknklml# ufp nk|mp h oioaucf "cm

upf`coam|kymnkþh lo cm uf~knkþh jpolkmhm { cm uf~k`kcklml lo ohnfh|pmp

hozm~ mc|ophm|kzm~ umpm ~f~|ohop hm pocmnkþh ~mclm`co oh|po ocbfa`po { ~ nc|pm ~o `m~mh oh cm~ npá|knm~ oruo~|m~ ufp Opknb

Jpfaa { Bop`op| Ampn~o+(



;

Ozkloh|oaoh|o# hf o~ kh|ohnkþh loc ck`pf upo~oh|mp hm

khzo~|kgmnkþh orbm~|kzm ~f`po o~|m~ mc|ophm|kzm~# ~khf ~þcf af~|pmp

nmakhf~# zo|m~ }o ~o lo`oh ~ogkp o~|lkmhlf { no~|kfhmhlf uopf

}o po~c|mh o~uopmhymlfpm~ umpm oc bfa`po oh |mh|f m`poh cmuf~k`kcklml lo bm`cmp lo h `koho~|mp loh|pf lo cm nc|pm# ~kh loimp lo

cmlf cf~ uf~|cmlf~ o~ohnkmco~ lo Jpol oh oc ía`k|f mh|pfufcþgknf(

Hf ao po~|m ~khf mgpmlonop m |flf~ m}occf~ }o bknkopfh

uf~k`co o~|o |pm`mif# ~pgklf nfaf khzo~|kgmnkþh oh oc mýf 0550 umpm

nfhnckp cf~ o~|lkf~ lo cknohnkm|pm oh jkcf~fjám( Aí~ mccí lo loimp

o~npk|f~ oh umuoc cf~ hfa`po~ lo jmakckmpo~# upfjo~fpo~ { makgf~# o~|í

oc ponoplf { oc mgpmlonkakoh|f ~khnopf }o ~o ccozmh ufp loh|pf(



K( OC NFHNOU\F LO BFA@PO

OH CM \OFPÁM JPO_LKMHM

Oc o~|lkf loc ~op bamhf# loh|pf lo cm |ofpám jpolkmhm# kaucknm bmnop

cm lkjopohnkmnkþh oh|po cf~ |ëpakhf~ bfa`po { ~io|f# {m }o o~|o

ùc|kaf o~ oc nfhnou|f upolfakhmh|o oh oc uoh~makoh|f aflophf }o

mh|onolo |oþpknmaoh|o m Jpol# { nfh|pm oc nmc pomnnkfhm o~|o m|fp#

nfhlnkohlf mc lo~ucmymakoh|f lo cm upf`coaí|knm loc ~io|f umpmm`pkp um~f m cm nfaupoh~kþh loc bfa`po nfaf h ~op nfaucoif

nmpmn|opkymlf ufp ~~ uc~kfho~( Lo o~|m amhopm# ~k ~o upo|ohlo bm`cmp

lo hm |ofpám jpolkmhm lo cm ~`io|kzklml umpm orufhop cf }o Jpol

oh|kohlo ufp oc bfa`po# bm`pí }o orucknmp oh }ë ~oh|klf ~o lkno

~io|f# uo~ oh cm aflophklml ~o lojkho lo hm amhopm

nfauco|maoh|o lk~|kh|m4 nm`pám lonkp }o nfh Jpol ~o bm`cm lo h

hozf ~io|f( M nfh|khmnkþh orufhgf "oh hm `pozo lo~npkunkþh ohnmakhmlm

ùhknmaoh|o m nfh|or|mckymp oc upf`coam+ cm jfpam oh }o oc

uoh~makoh|f jkcf~þjknf ccogþ m |pm|mp nfh |mh|m kaufp|mhnkm oc |oam loc

~io|f# }o cogf ~opám ~~|k|klf# |mc nfaf mnfh|ono oh cm upfuo~|m

jpolkmhm# ufp h nfhnou|f aí~ mauckf }o m`po cm uf~k`kcklml lo

nmpmn|opkymp mc bfa`po nfaf h ~op }o# mh}o pmnkfhmc# |ma`këh ~o

lojkho ufp ~~ uc~kfho~( M cf cmpgf lo cm bk~|fpkm# oc uoh~makoh|f jkcf~þjknf bm gkpmlf oh

|fphf m lkzop~m~ |oaí|knm~ }o# nfaf f`io|f lo cm pojcorkþh lo cf~

uoh~mlfpo~# bmh po~ufhlklf mc lo~mppfccf kh|ocon|mc o bk~|þpknf lo cm

nc|pm4 m~á# lo~lo }o cm jkcf~fjám ~pgkþ ~o bm upkzkcogkmlf oh nmlm

ëufnm h |oam noh|pmc9 oc ahlf# Lkf~ f oc bfa`po(

Nfh cm mumpknkþh lo cm jkcf~fjám oh cm mh|kgm Gponkm# cm upogh|m

`í~knm gkpm`m oh |fphf m cm no~|kþh loc jhlmaoh|f ùc|kaf lo cmpomcklml am|opkmc f ub{~k~# oc nmc ~o npoám oh oc mgm# oc mkpo# o|në|opm(

Haopf~f~ uoh~mlfpo~ fjponkopfh ~ pojcorkþh oh `~nm lo cm

==



=0

po~uo~|m m o~|m no~|kþh# { nfaf po~c|mlf lo lknbm `ù~}olm ~o

khmgpþ oc uoh~makoh|f ao|mjá~knf "Umpaëhklo~ ohnfh|pþ cf nfaùh m

|flf cf ork~|oh|o oh oc ^op# mc nmc nfhno`ám nfaf hf# uopamhoh|o#

klëh|knf { |pm~nohloh|o+( Nfh oc lo~mppfccf loc uoh~makoh|f npk~|kmhf { oc mlzohkakoh|f lo cm ëufnm aolkozmc# oc |oam noh|pmc lo cm jkcf~fjám ~o

ohnfh|pþ zkhncmlf mc uoh~makoh|f pockgkf~f { cm orucknmnkþh ùc|kam lo

|flm cm pomcklml ~o nkjpþ oh Lkf~( ^kh oa`mpgf# nfh cm ccogmlm lo cm

aflophklml ~o u~f oh oh|polknbf cm kh|opupo|mnkþh pockgkf~m }o

bm`ám upolfakhmlf# lo aflf }o oc uoh~makoh|f loiþ lo noh|pmp~o oh

oc ahlf { oh cm lkzkhklml# umpm nolop ~ cgmp mc ~io|f# }o nfh ~~

npk|opkf~ opm nmumy lo jhlmaoh|mp cm pomcklml(

=( OC ^_IO\F LO CM AFLOPHKLML [ ^_ LOPP_A@O

Lpmh|o cm aflophklml# cm jkcf~fjám ponbmyþ cm~ o~uoncmnkfho~ o~|ëpkco~

o khjpn|f~m~# m~á nfaf cf~ upkhnkukf~ lfgaí|knf~ { cf~ npk|opkf~

m|fpk|mpkf~ oh cm orucknmnkþh lo cf~ mnfh|onkakoh|f~# { ~o noh|pþupkhnkumcaoh|o oh oc ía`k|f ouk~|oafcþgknf( \pm|mhlf lo lo~n`pkp

nþaf opm uf~k`co oc nfhfnkakoh|f# ~o `~nmpfh nkop|m~ hfpam~ }o

gmpmh|kympmh mc bfa`po cm nfh~onnkþh loc nfhfnkakoh|f zoplmlopf#

ump|kohlf loc upkhnkukf lo ozklohnkm9 lo`ám ork~|kp ncmpklml m`~fc|m oh

cf~ nfhfnkakoh|f~ "~op ozkloh|o~+# { umpm ml}kpkpcf~ bm`ám lo

|kckymp~o h aë|flf mlonmlf( Lo~nmp|o~# m ump|kp lo o~|f~ uf~|cmlf~#

u~f oh llm cf~ nfhfnkakoh|f~ ml}kpklf~ ufp aolkf lo cm |pmlknkþh4llþ khnc~f lo cm pomcklml ak~am# umpm nfhnckp }o cf ùhknf ~f`po cf

nmc hf uflám llmp opm uponk~maoh|o loc bonbf lo }o llm`m( Nfh

o~|m upkaopm ozklohnkm nfhnc{þ }o }olm`m loaf~|pmlm ~ upfukm

ork~|ohnkm "hf o~ uf~k`co llmp ~kh ork~|kp4 nfgk|f opgf ~a+# lo aflf

}o lpmh|o cm aflophklml o~|o uf~|cmlf nmp|o~kmhf ~o zfczkþ oc ukcmp

}o jhlmaoh|m`m cm |ofpám loc nfhfnkakoh|f9 cm nfhnkohnkm loc

bfa`po# oc {f# opm oc jhlmaoh|f lo cm pomcklml( Bkyf ~ mumpknkþh oc~io|f# nfaf o~o ~~|pm|f uopamhoh|o# hf# nmumy lo upflnkp

nfhfnkakoh|f~ ~þcklf~ { jhlmlf~(



=>

Cm umcm`pm ~io|f# loc cm|áh ~ìon|a# o~ oc |ëpakhf }o khlknm

–cf }o o~|í uo~|f lo`mif‑# { ~o pojkopo mc ~~|pm|f# cf }o uopamhono

oh oc nma`kf( O~ –T…Q oc {f# oc o~uápk| f cm nfhnkohnkm nfaf upkhnkukf

lo|opakhmh|o loc ahlf loc nfhfnkakoh|f f lo cm mnnkþh‑(= Lo~nmp|o~bkyf loc ~io|f "oc – {f ukoh~f‑ f cm pmyþh bamhm pojcorkzm+ oc uh|f lo

ump|klm lo |flf nfhfnkakoh|f# { oc bfa`po ~o nfhnk`kþ nfaf hm

hklml ~koaupo klëh|knm { lkjopohnkm`co po~uon|f lo cf~ loaí~ ~opo~

fìo|f~ loc ahlf( Aolkmh|o o~|m nfhnkohnkm lo ~á# oc bfa`po ~o zkf

nfaf ~io|f oh h ahlf lo fìo|f~4 oc fìo|f o~ f ork~|o ~kh aí~#

akoh|pm~ }o oc ~io|f o~|m`cono lo h aflf nfh~nkoh|o pocmnkfho~ {

jkhmcklmlo~(Cm jkcf~fjám aflophm mumponkþ# m~á# nfh oc o~|m`conkakoh|f# ufp

ump|o lo Lo~nmp|o~# lo |flm cm nop|oym loc uoh~mp ~f`po cm upfukm

~ìo|kzklml( Oh ~~ Aolk|mnkfho~ ao|mjá~knm~# nfh~klopþ m cm

nfhnkohnkm nfaf cm joh|o ùhknm lo nop|oym { aflocf lo nfhfnkakoh|f#

{ cm kloh|kjknþ# mloaí~# nfh oc {f f cm ~~|mhnkm loc khlkzklf9

T(((Q nfaf ~ë lo nkop|f }o ork~|f {# ~kh oa`mpgf# hf mlzkop|f }onfhzohgm hono~mpkmaoh|o m ak hm|pmcoym f o~ohnkm f|pm nf~m }o ~opnf~m uoh~mh|o# nfhnc{f pon|maoh|o }o ak o~ohnkm nfh~k~|o ~þcf oh ~ophm nf~m }o ukoh~m# f hm ~~|mhnkm n{m o~ohnkm f hm|pmcoym |flmnfh~k~|o ~þcf oh uoh~mp(0

Oh cm ëufnm aflophm ~o bm`cþ loc bfa`po ~þcf nfaf o~|o ~io|f

nfh~nkoh|o { jhlmh|o( Cm amhopm oh }o Jpol oh|kohlo mc ~op

bamhf "nfaf hozf ~io|f o~nkhlklf# h bfa`po uc~kfhmc+ lkjopkpínfh~klopm`coaoh|o lo o~|o umpmlkgam kc~|pmlf# uo~ oc

lo~n`pkakoh|f { o~|lkf loc khnfh~nkoh|o uopak|kpíh m Jpol mjkpamp

}o oh oc bfa`po ork~|o hm pogkþh upfjhlm# aí~ mccí lo cf }o uolo

uopnk`kp nfh m`~fc|m ncmpklml { lk~|khnkþh4 cm mnnkþh bamhm }olmpí#

oh|fhno~# nfhlknkfhmlm ufp af|kzf~ khnfh~nkoh|o~# lo aflf }o cm

upo|ohlklm hklml loc ~io|f lo cm aflophklml ~o loppa`mpí( Umc

Pknfop mjkpam }o oh cm |ofpám jpolkmhm ~o lm hm m~ohnkm lo |flm

= Hknfcm M``mghmhf# Lknnkfhmpkf lo Jkcf~fjám# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm# Aërknf# =;;<# u(

==5>(0 Pohë Lo~nmp|o~# Aolk|mnkfho~ ao|mjá~knm~# Mcjmgmpm# Amlpkl# =;77# uu( :?!::(



=<

kh|oppfgmnkþh pmlknmc mnopnm loc ~io|f loc uoh~makoh|f { lo cm

ork~|ohnkm9

O~ a{ nkop|f }o Jpol kghfpm { ponbmym |flm upf`coaí|knm ~f`po oc~io|f fpkgkhmpkf T(((Q ¶@~nmaf~ oc {f6 Cf }o mumpono o~ oc occf(¶Muocmaf~ loc occf m cm kh~|mhnkm lfakhmlfpm6 Cf }o ~o upo~oh|m o~ oc~uop{þ( ¶Uop~ogkaf~ mc {f oh ~ jhnkþh mjkpam|kzm# lojoh~kzm { orumh~kzm6 Cf }o ~o lo~n`po o~ oc hmpnk~k~af# ~upoam umh|mccm oh|pooc ~á { oc ~á ak~af( Oc nápncf ~o nkoppm { oc Ogf loc Nfgk|f!~a ~o hf~o~nmum ~koaupo(>

M~á# Jpol npk|knm# nfaf aí~ mlocmh|o orufhgf mc orucknmp ~

nfhnou|f lo bfa`po# cm nfhnkohnkm khaolkm|m }o ~o zfczkþnmpmn|opá~|knm o~ohnkmc loc uoh~makoh|f aflophf( Jpoh|o m o~|o |kuf lo

uoh~makoh|f kc~|pmlf hf~ fjpono# ih|f nfh cf~ loaí~ uoh~mlfpo~ lo

cm jkcf~fjám lo cm ~f~uonbm#< hm nfhnounkþh lo bfa`po oh cm }o oc

> Umc Pknfop# Jpol9 hm kh|opupo|mnkþh lo cm nc|pm# ^kgcf RRK# Aërknf# =;27# u( >:2(< Orupo~kþh }o mnýþ Umc Pknfop oh =;:? umpm pojopkp~o m cm~ jkcf~fjám~ lo Ampr#

Hko|y~nbo { Jpol# m cf~ }o ccmam cf~ –amo~|pf~ lo cm ~f~uonbm‑ f –cf~ }o mppmhnmh cm~

aí~nmpm~‑# {m }o orupo~mh# nmlm hf lo~lo uop~uon|kzm~ lkjopoh|o~# cm oh|pmlm oh npk~k~lo cm jkcf~fjám lo cm aflophklml# mc lo~zocmp nmlm hf lo o~|f~ m|fpo~ cm kh~jknkohnkm lo cm

hfnkþh lo ~io|f# { mc lo~n`pkp h ~kghkjknmlf fnc|f lo|pí~ lo cm~ upflnnkfho~ lo cm

nfhnkohnkm pmnkfhmc9 Ampr lo~zocm cm klofcfgám nfaf jmc~m nfhnkohnkm f nfhnkohnkm

khzop|klm4 Hko|y~nbo lo~oham~nmpm cf~ jmc~f~ zmcfpo~4 Jpol ufho mc lo~n`kop|f cf~

lk~jpmno~ lo cm~ uc~kfho~ khnfh~nkoh|o~( Oc |pkuco lo~oham~nmpmakoh|f }o fjponoh o~|f~

m|fpo~ ufho oh no~|kþh cf~ klomco~ kc~|pmlf~ lo cm pmnkfhmcklml bamhm# lo cm `ù~}olm

lo cm jocknklml { lo cm `ù~}olm lo cm zoplml( O~|m ~f~uonbm# ~ogùh Pknfop# ohgohlpm h

upf`coam hozf9 –oc lo cm aoh|kpm lo cm nfhnkohnkm# oc lo cm nfhnkohnkm nfaf aoh|kpm‑( M

uo~mp lo cm~ gpmhlo~ lkjopohnkm~ }o cm~ ~oumpmh# cm~ jkcf~fjám~ lo Ampr# Hko|y~nbo { Jpol

ao~|pmh cm~ nmpohnkm~ lo cm hfnkþh jhlmh|o lo ~io|f# }o bm`ám ~klf oc uh|f lo ump|klm

~f`po oc nmc “mppmhnmhlf loc aflocf loc nfgk|f nmp|o~kmhf“ ~o bm`ám ocm`fpmlf cm

jkcf~fjám aflophm( O~|f~ m|fpo~ bmh ~oýmcmlf }o# aí~ mccí lo cm hfnkþh ncí~knm lo ~io|f

~o o~nfhloh hf~ ocoaoh|f~ nfhlknkfhmh|o~# cf }o uopak|o ~f~uonbmp cm jmcmnkm }o

poupo~oh|m aflocmp hm jkcf~fjám f hm kh|opupo|mnkþh ~f`po o~|m hfnkþh# { ~f`po cm

|ma`këh ~f~uonbf~m hfnkþh lo nfhnkohnkm( Ampr# Hko|y~nbo { Jpol bmh af~|pmlf lo~lo

lkjopoh|o~ uh|f~ lo zk~|m }o hf bm{ pomcaoh|o ~io|f jhlmlfp hk hm nfhnkohnkm upfukm

lo lknbf ~io|f# { bmh ~oýmcmlf nþaf oh cm `m~o lo o~|m hfnkþh ~o o~nfhloh hm ~opko lo

ocoaoh|f~ ~fnkmco~# onfhþaknf~ o klofcþgknf~4 hm afpmcklml ponk`klm { ohgohlpmlm m

ump|kp lo h po~oh|kakoh|f nfh|pm cm zklm# f h khnfh~nkoh|o }o pkgo cf~ mn|f~ lo cm

nfhnkohnkm( Lo o~|m amhopm# oc ~io|f hf o~ nfh~|k||kzf lo ~á ak~af# ~khf }o o~ orupo~kþh

lo nfhlknkfhmh|o~ bk~|þpknf~# ~fnkmco~# afpmco~ { u~á}knf~( Cm hfnkþh lo nfhnkohnkm

ukoplo# uo~# ~ upo|ohlklf nmpín|op pogcmlfp# { ~o bmno um|oh|o cm hono~klml lo

ponfh~klopmp cm hfnkþh ncí~knm lo kh|opupo|mnkþh# oh|ohlklm nfaf pocmnkþh lo cm nfhnkohnkmnfh oc ~oh|klf# {m }o cm ak~am hfnkþh lo ~io|f lo`o nfh~klopmp~o m ump|kp lo o~|f~

ocoaoh|f~ }o cf nfh~|k|{oh# o~ lonkp# cm bk~|fpkm# cm afpmc { cm o~|pn|pm u~á}knm

khnfh~nkoh|o( Ufp occf ~o uponk~m hm bopaohë|knm }o no~|kfho pmlknmcaoh|o cm hfnkþh

ak~am loc ~oh|klf oh jhnkþh lo cm bk~|fpkm# cm afpmc { cm ao|mu~knfcfgám# o~ lonkp# }o ~o



=?

mnoh|f hf ponmo ~f`po cm mn|kzklml nfh~nkoh|o loc ~op bamhf# ~khf oh

h jfhlf fnc|f af|kzmlfp lo cm mnnkþh "khnc~f nfh am{fp jopym }o

cm }o kaupkao cm mn|kzklml pmnkfhmc+# }o oh oc nm~f lo Jpol ~o

ohnoh|pm oh cm lkaoh~kþh kh~|kh|kzm f uc~kfhmc }o oc bfa`po |koho(? Umpm oh|ohlop cm uf~|pm jpolkmhm ~f`po oc bfa`po# upo~oh|f m

nfh|khmnkþh cf~ lkzop~f~ m~uon|f~ }o nfhjfpamh ~ o~|pn|pm#

ump|kohlf loc lo~n`pkakoh|f jhlmaoh|mc mc }o Jpol ccogm

aolkmh|o oc |pm|f nfh umnkoh|o~ bk~|ëpknf~9 oc khnfh~nkoh|o

"lo~n`pkakoh|f }o ~o zo nfhjkpamlf# nfaf |ma`këh ~o orufho#

aolkmh|o oc o~|lkf loc johþaohf fhápknf oh umnkoh|o~ ~kh um|fcfgám~

lo |kuf bk~|ëpknf+(

0( OC KHNFH^NKOH\O

Gpmnkm~ mc |pm|makoh|f lo ~~ umnkoh|o~ aolkmh|o cm bkuhf~k~# Jpol

uopnk`kþ cm ork~|ohnkm lo o~nohm~ ~kghkjknm|kzm~ uopf fczklmlm~ lo ~~

zklm~# cm~ nmco~ ~þcf opmh ponuopm`co~ aolkmh|o lknbf |pm|makoh|faëlknf( O~|f co upflif upfjhlm~ kh|oppfgmh|o~9

¶M }ë ~o lo`ám }o cf~ ohjopaf~ b`kopmh fczklmlf |mh|f~ bonbf~ loc zkzohnkmp or|ophf o kh|ophf { ~þcf ulkopmh ponfplmpcf~ nmhlf ~o co~mucknm`m cm |ënhknm lo~npk|m Tbkuhf~k~Q6 Cm f`~opzmnkþh po~ufhlkþorbm~|kzmaoh|o m o~|m~ no~|kfho~( \flf cf fczklmlf bm`ám ~klf uohf~flo mcgùh aflf9 upflif |oppfp# lfcfp f jo zopgfhyf~f umpm cm~

nfh~|k|{m nfaf nkohnkm aolkm|m loc ~oh|klf# kppoln|k`co m cm nfhnkohnkm khaolkm|m lo

ë~|o( Njp( K`kl(# uu( >0!>?(? Mauckmhlf cm nfhnounkþh lo jkcf~fjám lo cm ~f~uonbm { muckníhlfcm m cm |ofpám jpolkmhm# ~o

uolo mjkpamp }o lo|pí~ lo h johþaohf amhkjko~|f "~kh|faí|knf# fhápknf# nc|pmc#

o|në|opm+ ~o ohnoh|pm f|pf johþaohf cm|oh|o# mc }o o~|í ckgmlf ~ogùh hm nfhorkþh

nm~mc( Cf }o mumpono oh cm ~uopjknko hf o~ ~khf ojon|f lo mcgf ~k|mlf oh cm~

upfjhlklmlo~ "oh oc khnfh~nkoh|o+# lo aflf }o |flf bm lo o~|mp o~|pkn|maoh|o

lo|opakhmlf oh oc um~mlf { mbá bm lo ohnfh|pmp ~ orucknmnkþh( O~|o uf~|cmlf o~ lo gpmh

kaufp|mhnkm umpm cm jkcf~fjám# {m }o cm |pmlknkþh bm`ám nfh~klopmlf# nfaf bo orucknmlf

mh|o~# }o oc ~io|f ~o nfh~|k|ám oh jhlmaoh|f# hf ~þcf loc nfhfnkakoh|f ~khf |ma`këh lo

cm pomcklml oh|opm( ^o upo|ohlám mcnmhymp hm zoplml m`~fc|m lo cm nmc oc jhlmaoh|f opmlknbf ~io|f# h jhlmaoh|f ~fcku~k~|m }o gkpm`m mcpololfp lo cm nfhnkohnkm { cm pmyþh(

Nmhlf Jpol ohhnkm ~ |ofpám ~f`po oc khnfh~nkoh|o# oh oc nmc ~o o~nfhloh cf~ kh~|kh|f~#

upkaopf opþ|knf~ { cogf |ma`këh cf~ lo~|pn|kzf~# no~|kfhm upfjhlmaoh|o |mc uf~|pm

aflophm loc ~io|f ao|mjá~knf nfaf ~op ucohmaoh|o nfh~nkoh|o# uopamhoh|o { pmnkfhmc(



=:

orkgohnkm~ lo cm uop~fhmcklml( Oh|fhno~ opm jfpyf~f uoh~mp }o i~|maoh|o ufp o~f ~o co fczklþ# o~ lonkp# hf uopamhonkþ nfh~nkoh|o(:

Jpol nfhnc{þ lo m}á cm ork~|ohnkm lo hm kh~|mhnkm }o jfpamump|o loc ~op bamhf oh cm nmc ~o nfhnoh|pmh cm~ uc~kfho~ m~á nfaf

cf~ bonbf~ }o uopamhonoh mcgùh |koauf cm|oh|o~ f kghfpmlf~ ufp oc

~io|f# lo`klf m nkop|f~ upfno~f~ nfaf cm poupo~kþh "ë~|m o~ h upfno~f

ufp oc }o oc {f ~o lo~bmno lo hm uc~kþh nbfnmh|o# `cf}oíhlfco oc

mnno~f m cm nfhnkohnkm { m cm lo~nmpgm af|pky lkpon|m# mh}o o~f hf

kauklo }o nfh~opzo ~ ucohm khzo~|klpm ohopgë|knm7+4 lohfakhþ m o~m

kh~|mhnkm khnfh~nkoh|o( Ë~|o ~o ohnoh|pm jfpamlf ufp uc~kfho~ }o}kopoh ck`opmp~o4 oc khnfh~nkoh|o ~þcf uolo lo~omp# uo~ oh ëc hf bm{

llm hk nop|oym# ~khf nmpgm~ lo am{fp f aohfp jopym( Cf~ upfno~f~

}o cf jfpamh hf |famh oh nfh~klopmnkþh mcghm cm pomcklml# {m }o

o~|íh ~`fplkhmlf~ mc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop "lo~nmpgm lo ohopgám

uc~kfhmc+(2

Cm~ uc~kfho~# }o jfpamh ump|o loc khnfh~nkoh|o# ~fh

poupo~oh|mh|o~ u~á}knm~ lo cm~ ornk|mnkfho~ upfzohkoh|o~ loc kh|opkfploc nopuf }o nfh~kgoh ccogmp mc o~uápk|( Oamhmh ornk|mnkfho~

fpgíhknm~ hf or|ophm~# ~khf kh|ophm~# { mumponoh nfaf hm jopym f

ohopgám nfh~|mh|o4 mloaí~# o~ kauf~k`co o~nmump lo occm~ aolkmh|o cm

jgm# uo~ |kohoh hm ùhknm jkhmcklml9 ~m|k~jmnop~o(; O~|m ohopgám o~ oc

jmn|fp }o jhlmaoh|m cm mnnkþh nm~mc oh|po cf cm|oh|o { cf amhkjko~|f4

mlfu|m lk~|kh|m~ jfpam~# ~ogùh co{o~ lo|opakhmlm~ lo ozfcnkþh { oc

khjcif loc ma`koh|o { ~o nfh~|k|{o nfaf hm hono~klml fpgíhknm n{f

ojon|f upfzfnm hm |oh~kþh u~knfcþgknm# kauc~mhlf mc khlkzklf m

mn|mp oh oc ~oh|klf lo kh|oh|mp ~m|k~jmnop o~m hono~klml nfh oc jkh lo

lk~fczop cm |oh~kþh(

Cm nfaupoh~kþh khknkmc lo Jpol nfh po~uon|f mc khnfh~nkoh|o

ump|kþ lo ~~ o~|lkf~ nfh umnkoh|o~ bk~|ëpknf~# lo lfhlo mjkpaþ }o

: ^kgahl Jpol# Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RR#Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2# u( 02(7 Njp( K`kl(# u( 0;(2 Njp( M( Bo~hmpl# Lo Jpol m Cmnmh# Ol( Amp|áhoy Pfnm# @mpnocfhm# =;7:# u( ?0(; Njp( K`kl(# u( >;(



=7

cf~ af|kzf~ }o fpkgkhmh ~~ ~áh|fam~# ~ ~kghkjknmlf { cm áh|kam

pocmnkþh }o |kohoh nfh cm upfukm ork~|ohnkm# ~o ao~|pmh nfaf

lo~nfhfnklf~ umpm oc umnkoh|o }o cf~ ~jpo# ufp cf }o ~~ ~áh|fam~

~fh oc po~c|mlf lo h upfno~f pomc { upfjhlmaoh|o zkzklf ufp ëc#uopf loc nmc hf |koho nfhnkohnkm# lo aflf }o nfh~klopm ~~ upfukf~

~áh|fam~ nfaf upfln|f~ or|pmýf~# jmc|f~ lo ~oh|klf# ~kh pocmnkþh

mcghm nfh ~ pomcklml4 cf~ nfh~klopm m`~plf~( Cm uop~fhmcklml

nfh~nkoh|o ~o lojkohlo lo cf~ lo~of~ kh|fcopm`co~ umpm ~~ m~ukpmnkfho~

ë|knm~ { cf~ ampgkhm lo cm nfhnkohnkm# cf~ fczklm# cf~ poupkao# ~fh

pocogmlf~ mc khnfh~nkoh|o ornc{ëhlfcf~ lo cm aoafpkm( M~á# nfh Jpol

~o hkogm cm o}kzmcohnkm oh|po oc u~k}k~af "johþaohf~ oh oc khlkzklfm hkzoc kh|ophf# o~uonájknmaoh|o oh oc ía`k|f aoh|mc+ { cm nfhnkohnkm(=5

Oh oc khnfh~nkoh|o |ma`këh ~o ohnoh|pmh# ih|f nfh cm~

uc~kfho~# cf~ nfh|ohklf~ poupkaklf~ m cf~ }o uponk~maoh|o cm jopym

lo cm poupo~kþh co~ upkzm loc mnno~f lkpon|f mc ~k~|oam nfh~nkoh|o4 uopf

hf ~o lo~|p{o cm mn|kzklml lo lknbf~ nfh|ohklf~# { ë~|f~ ~kgoh

mn|mhlf lo~lo oc khnfh~nkoh|o { oaopgoh# mh}o upfjhlmaoh|o

lojfpamlf~# bm~|m cm nfhnkohnkm4 cf~ ~áh|fam~ lo umnkoh|o~ bk~|ëpknf~ { cf~ ~oýf~ ~opámh orupo~kfho~ lojfpamlm~ lo nfh|ohklf~ poupkaklf~(

Oh h upkaop afaoh|f# Jpol o~|lkþ cf~ nfh|ohklf~ loc

khnfh~nkoh|o gpmnkm~ mc |pm|makoh|f lo ~~ umnkoh|o~4 ~kh oa`mpgf#

aolkmh|o oc mhíck~k~ loc johþaohf fhápknf "}o oh ~ ëufnm opm

lo~nmp|mlf ufp hf ~op nfh~klopmlf nkoh|ájknf# mloaí~ lo }o ~o co

pocogm`m ufp oc bonbf lo }o cf~ ~oýf~ ~o ponoplmh lo aflf

kauponk~f+ gohopmckyþ ~~ lo~n`pkakoh|f~ { upfjhlkyþ oh cf~nfh|ohklf~ loc khnfh~nkoh|o# npo{ohlf }o opm uf~k`co lolnkp loc

ormaoh lo cf~ ~oýf~ nm~k |flm~ cm~ nfhnc~kfho~ m cm~ }o oc mhíck~k~

lo cm~ hopf~k~ bm`ám nfhlnklf(

^o lo~n`pkþ h lám }o cf~ ~áh|fam~ um|fcþgknf~ lo lo|opakhmlf~~io|f~ hopzkf~f~ uf~oámh h ~oh|klf# lo~n`pkakoh|f }o nfh~|k|{þ cm

`m~o { oc uh|f lo ump|klm loc |pm|makoh|f u~knfmhmcá|knf( Oh o~|o

=5 ^ogùh Jpol# umpm cf~ jkcþ~fjf~ –T…Q nfh~nkoh|o { u~á}knf opmh klëh|knf~ { m~ozopm`mh hf

uflop poupo~oh|mp~o h m`~plf nfaf cf mháaknf khnfh~nkoh|o‑( ^kgahl Jpol #Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm# u( >5(



=2

|pm|makoh|f ~o f`~opzþ# lo~uë~# }o cf~ ohjopaf~ khncámh oh|po ~~~áh|fam~ mcghf~ lo ~~ ~oýf~# { o~|m khnc~kþh jo cf }o bkyf~ufhop }o lknbf~ ~oýf~ lo`ámh uf~oop kgmcaoh|o ~ ~oh|klfupfukf(==

Nfh~klopmhlf cm kaufp|mhnkm }o Jpol nfhnolkþ mc johþaohf

fhápknf { ~kohlf lonk~kzm~ cm~ nfhnc~kfho~ m cm~ }o ccogþ m ump|kp lo ~

mhíck~k~# ~o orufho m nfh|khmnkþh cm jfpam oh }o oc ~oýf ~o zoczo#

aolkmh|o cm kh|opupo|mnkþh# cm zám upkzkcogkmlm umpm mnnolop mc

khnfh~nkoh|o# uo~ oc ak~af Jpol mjkpam }o –T…Q oc o~|lkf loc

~oýf loò ~op nfh~klopmlf nfaf oc nmakhf aí~ ~ogpf umpm cm

khzo~|kgmnkþh lo cf~ aí~ upfjhlf~ upfno~f~ mháaknf~‑(=0 Aí~ mlocmh|opo|fampë cm orucknmnkþh lo cf~ nfh|ohklf~ lo lknbm lkaoh~kþh –f~npm‑

lo cm uop~fhmcklml# m ~mòp# cf~ lkjopoh|o~ |kuf~ lo kh~|kh|f~ bamhf~(

Cf~ ~oýf~

Jpol ponbmym cm nfhnounkþh oh cm }o oc ~oýf ~o nfhnkò nfaf hlo~onbf lo cm zklm aoh|mc n{f ùhknf upf`coam ~opám cm jmc|m lo

~oh|klf# uo~ npoo }o o~ –T…Q hm amhkjo~|mnkþh lo cm zklm u~á}knm

lpmh|o oc pouf~f‑#=> mloaí~ lo ~op ~~nou|k`co lo kh|opupo|mnkþh

"oh|ohlkohlf ufp ë~|m mc bonbf lo –T…Q bmccmp h ~oh|klf fnc|f‑=<+(

Nfh o~|f~ ocoaoh|f~# mhmckym cf~ ~oýf~ lo ~~ umnkoh|o~ { lolno oh

occf~ cm ork~|ohnkm lo h nfh|ohklf amhkjko~|f { f|pf cm|oh|o9

–Ccmampoaf~ nfh|ohklf amhkjko~|f loc ~oýf m m}occf }o oc ak~aflo~mppfccm mh|o hf~f|pf~# o klom~ cm|oh|o~ loc ~oýf m m}occf }o

uopamhono fnc|f { }o kh|oh|mpoaf~ lo~n`pkp ufp aolkf loc mhíck~k~

lo cm~ m~fnkmnkfho~ }o ~pgoh oh oc ~io|f m upfuþ~k|f lo ~ ~oýf‑ (=?

^kohlf o~|f~ lf~ ocoaoh|f~ ump|o loc ak~af johþaohf fhápknf# Jpol

== ^kgahl Jpol# Kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~# Mckmhym# Amlpkl# =;2:# u( 2=(=0 ^kgahl Jpol# Aí~ mccí loc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~ oh NL!PFA #Ol( Hozm Bëcmlo# =;;?(=> ^kgahl Jpol# Kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~# u( 2:(=< K`kl(# u( 2?(=? K`kl(# u( =0>(



=;

ncm~kjknm cf~ ~oýf~# lo mnoplf m cm pocmnkþh oh|po cf cm|oh|o { cf

amhkjko~|f9

Lk~|khgkpoaf~ oh upkaop cgmp m}occf~ }o uf~ooh h ~oh|klf { }o mcak~af |koauf ~fh nfaupoh~k`co~4 o~|f o~# ~~nou|k`co~ lo ~op khncklf~~kh zkfcohnkm oh ho~|pm zklm u~á}knm( \mco~ ~oýf~# `pozo~ oh gohopmc#~fh a{ jponoh|o~ { hf lo~ukop|mh# oh ~ am{fpám# ho~|pm m|ohnkþhufp nmponop lo |flf m}occf }o ulkopm nm~mphf~ or|pmýoym f m~fa`pfT(((Q _h ~oghlf gpuf o~|í jfpamlf ufp m}occf~ ~oýf~ }o# mh}oupo~oh|mh nfbopohnkm { uf~ooh h ncmpf ~oh|klf# hf~ nm~mh or|pmýoymufp hf ~m`op nþaf khnckp lknbf ~oh|klf oh ho~|pm zklm u~á}knm T(((Q Mc|opnop gpuf uop|ohonoh# ufp ùc|kaf# m}occf~ ~oýf~ }o nmponoh loma`m~ nmcklmlo~9 ~oh|klf { nfaupoh~k`kcklml# { ~o hf~ ao~|pmh

khnfbopoh|o~# oa`pfccmlf~ { jmc|f~ lo ~oh|klf(=:

[ upf~kgo nfh cm orucknmnkþh lo o~f~ lk~|kh|f~ |kuf~ lo ~oýf~9

Lo m}occf~ }o ~o ao~|pmh nfaupoh~k`co~ { upo~oh|mh h ncmpf~oh|klf# boaf~ mzopkgmlf }o ~fh jpmhnm~ pomckymnkfho~ lo lo~of~4o~|f o~# }o cm ~k|mnkþh loc ~oýf nfh~|k|{o oh occf~ cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh loh lo~of nfhfnklf lo cm nfhnkohnkm# }o bm }olmlf ~kh pomckymp oh oc

lám { o~ lkghf lo kh|opë~( ^f`po cf~ ~oýf~ f~npf~ { oa`pfccmlf~ hf~oh~oým |ma`këh oc mhíck~k~ mcgf mhícfgf9 cm ~k|mnkþh loc ~oýf upo~oh|m|ma`këh pomckymlf h lo~of }o ~pgo pogcmpaoh|o lo cm~ klom~cm|oh|o~# uopf cm poupo~oh|mnkþh o~ kpponfhfnk`co# hf ulkohlf mncmpmp~o~khf ufp aolkf loc mhíck~k~# { oc lo~of bm ~na`klf m cm poupo~kþh { o~or|pmýf m cm nfhnkohnkm f o~|í áh|kamaoh|o ckgmlf m klom~ poupkaklm~}o cf ~~|oh|mh( Cm jþpacm umpm |mco~ ~oýf~ ~opí# uo~# cm ~kgkoh|o9~fh pomckymnkfho~ lk~jpmymlm~ lo lo~of~ poupkaklf~( O~ a{ kh|opo~mh|of`~opzmp m}á }o cm fukhkþh ufucmp o~|í oh cf i~|f nmhlf nfh~klopmoc ~oýf nfaf upolknnkþh loc ufpzohkp( Oh pomcklml# o~ oc ufpzohkp cf}o oc ~oýf hf~ ao~|pm# am~ hf oc ufpzohkp pomc# ~khf oc }o hf~f|pf~lo~omaf~( Oc mcam ufucmp ~o nfhlno m}á# ~ogùh ~ nf~|a`po#npo{ohlf cf }o lo~om(=7

M~á# umpm Jpol cf~ ~oýf~ uoloh amhkjo~|mp~o nfaf

pomckymnkfho~ lo lo~of~ cánk|f~ "hf poupkaklf~+ f uoloh or|opkfpkymp

lk~jpmymlmaoh|o h lo~of poupkaklf "~oýf~ }o hono~k|mpámh loc

mhíck~k~+( O~|f ccozm m Jpol m uf~|cmp cm ork~|ohnkm lo hm noh~pm

=: ^kgahl Jpol# Cf~ ~oýf~ oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~ oh NL!PFA# Ol( Hozm Bëcmlo#

=;;?(=7 Kloa(



05

"hm kh~|mhnkm poupo~fpm+ }o kauklo m nkop|f~ nfh|ohklf~

khnfh~nkoh|o~ upo~oh|o~ oh oc ~op bamhf amhkjo~|mp~o lo amhopm

nfh~nkoh|o# uopf }o lpmh|o oc ~oýf lk~akh{o ~~ po~|pknnkfho~# lo

aflf }o aolkmh|o h lk~jpmy uopak|o o~o mnno~f lo cf khnfh~nkoh|o mcf nfh~nkoh|o(

^ufhoaf~ }o oh ho~|pf mumpm|f u~á}knf ork~|oh lf~ kh~|mhnkm~gohopmlfpm~ lo klom~# cm ~oghlm lo cm~ nmco~ uf~oo oc upkzkcogkf lo }o~~ upfln|f~ ohnoh|pmh m`kop|f mc mnno~f m cm nfhnkohnkm# akoh|pm~}o cm mn|kzklml lo cm upkaopm kh~|mhnkm o~ khnfh~nkoh|o oh ~á { hf uoloccogmp m cm nfhnkohnkm ~khf um~mhlf ufp cm ~oghlm( Oh cm jpfh|opm oh|poma`m~ kh~|mhnkm~# f ~om oh oc um~f lo cm upkaopm m cm ~oghlm# ~oohnoh|pm hm noh~pm }o hf loim um~mp ~khf m}occf }o co mgpmlm#lo|ohkohlf |flf cf loaí~( Cf ponbmymlf ufp cm noh~pm ~o bmccmoh|fhno~# ~ogùh ho~|pm lojkhknkþh mh|opkfp# oh o~|mlf lo poupo~kþh(@mif lo|opakhmlm~ nfhlknkfho~# hm lo cm~ nmco~ o~ oc ~oýf# ~o|pmh~jfpam cm pocmnkþh lo cm~ jopym~ oh|po ma`m~ kh~|mhnkm~# lo |mcaflf# }o cf poupkaklf hf uolo {m ~op poupkaklf ufp nfauco|f( O~|f~nolo# bmccíhlf~o lfpaklf oc ~io|f# ufp h pocmimakoh|f lo cmnoh~pm# { oh|fhno~# cf bm~|m oc afaoh|f poupkaklf nfh~kgo m`pkp~onmakhf bm~|m cm nfhnkohnkm( Am~ nfaf cm noh~pm hf no~m imaí~|f|mcaoh|o# ~khf }o cf }o bmno o~ ~jpkp hm lk~akhnkþh# |koho cf

poupkaklf }o |fcopmp |pmh~jfpamnkfho~ ohnmakhmlm~ m ak|kgmpm}occf~ lo ~~ nmpmn|opo~ }o upfzfnmh cm pouc~m( Cf }o oh o~|o nm~fccogm m bmnop~o nfh~nkoh|o o~ hm o~uonko lo |pmh~mnnkþh oh|po cfkh|oh|mlf ufp hm lo cm~ kh~|mhnkm~ { cf uopak|klf ufp cm f|pm(=2

Lo o~|o aflf# cm lojfpamnkþh }o ~o f`~opzm oh cf~ ~oýf~

f`olono m cm poupo~kþh { cm noh~pm9 –T(((Q cm lojfpamnkþh fhápknm o~ hm

nfh~onohnkm lo cm noh~pm }o cm~ |ohlohnkm~ nfhjo~mlm~ loc {f

oiopnoh nfh|pm |ohlohnkm~ { lo~of~ khlonfpf~f~ }o ~pgoh oh hf~f|pf~lpmh|o oc pouf~f hfn|phf‑(=; –Boaf~ bmccmlf }o cm lojfpamnkþh }o

hf~ kauklo nfaupohlop oc ~oýf o~ ojon|f lo hm noh~pm }o oiopno ~

mn|kzklml ~f`po cf~ lo~of~ khmnou|m`co~ khnfh~nkoh|o~‑(05 ^kh oa`mpgf#

nmhlf oc ~io|f lo~ukop|m cm noh~pm ponf`pm píuklmaoh|o |flm ~

kh|oh~klml# ufp cf }o lo~|p{o anbf~ lo cf~ nfh|ohklf~ loc ~oýf#

cf~ nmco~ ~fh fczklmlf~(

=2 Kloa( =; ^kgahl Jpol# Kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~# u( =?0(05 K`kl(# u( =?>(



0=

O~m lojfpamnkþh fhápknm lo`klm m cm noh~pm f poupo~kþh ~o

lohfakhm –ocm`fpmnkþh‑ f –|pm`mif lo ~oýf‑9 –Oc lk~jpmymakoh|f o~ oc

ojon|f lo h |pm`mif# oc ‒|pm`mif loc ~oýf‛ ‑(0= [ oh o~|o upfno~f ork~|oh

lkzop~f~ aonmhk~af~ ufp aolkf lo cf~ nmco~ cf~ lo~of~ poupkaklf~mumponoh oh h cohgmio ma`kgf "cm nfhloh~mnkþh# oc lo~ucmymakoh|f

{ cm jkgpmnkþh00+(

Lo cf lknbf mh|opkfpaoh|o ~o uolo nfhnckp }o ork~|oh oh oc

~op bamhf haopf~f~ lo~of~# gohopmcaoh|o kcánk|f~# }o hf uoloh

ccozmp~o m nm`f oh cm zklm lkphm# ufp cf nmc ~o orupo~mh aolkmh|o

lk~jpmno~ { ~áa`fcf~ oh cf~ ~oýf~# i~|f ufp cm~ hfnbo~# lpmh|o oc

lo~nmh~f# nmhlf cm kh~|mhnkm noh~fpm lk~akh{o ~ hkzoc lo zkgkcmhnkm { uopak|o oc um~f lo nkop|f~ nfh|ohklf~ m cm kh~|mhnkm nfh~nkoh|o

"mh}o upfjhlmaoh|o lojfpamlf~ gpmnkm~ mc |pm`mif lo ~oýf+(

Hf uolf orucknmpao o~|o o~|mlf lo nf~m~ ~khf mnou|mhlf }o |mco~klom~ Tlo~of~ khnfh~nkoh|o~Q ork~|ámh pomcaoh|o oh ak zklm u~á}knm { uf~oámh hm nkop|m kh|oh~klml f ohopgám# uopf ~o ohnfh|pm`mh oh hmuonckmp ~k|mnkþh u~knfcþgknm# m nfh~onohnkm lo cm nmc hf uflámh

bmnëp~oao nfh~nkoh|o~( O~|o o~uonkmc o~|mlf o~ oc }o nfhfnoaf~ nfh ochfa`po lo o~|mlf lo poupo~kþh( Hf uolf oh|fhno~ ufp aohf~ lomlak|kp hm pocmnkþh nm~mc oh|po cm f~npklml loc nfh|ohklf loc ~oýf { oc o~|mlf lo poupo~kþh# f ~om cm khnmumnklml lo lozohkp nfh~nkoh|o~ lomcghm~ lo cm~ klom~ loc ~oýf# { ao zof f`ckgmlf m nfhnckp }o oc~oýf |koho }o ~op f~npf umpm hf pozocmp cm~ upfbk`klm~ klom~ cm|oh|o~(Lo o~|o aflf# ccogf mc nfhnou|f lo cm lojfpamnkþh loc ~oýf# f`pm lo cmocm`fpmnkþh loc ak~af# uo~|m mc ~opzknkf lo cm fnc|mnkþh lo lknbm~klom~4 o~|f o~# loc upfuþ~k|f lo amh|ohopcm~ ~onpo|m~(0>

M~á# oh oc ~op bamhf ork~|oh klom~ khnfh~nkoh|o~# lo~of~ }oughmh ufp ccogmp m cm nfhnkohnkm { ~m|k~jmnop~o# mn|kzklml }o o~

f`~|mnckymlm ufp hm kh~|mhnkm poupo~fpm "upkaopf ccmamlm

uponfh~nkoh|o { cogf ~uop{þ# |oaí|knm }o ~o m`fplm aí~ mlocmh|o+(

0= Umc Pknfop# fu( nk|(# u( =>7(00 Cm nfhloh~mnkþh nfh~k~|o oh oc bonbf lo }o anbm~ klom~ ~o mgpumh oh hm ~fcm# nfh

cf nmc po~c|m nfhj~m cm kloh|kjknmnkþh lo nmlm hm lo cm~ klom~ ufp ~oumpmlf4 oc

lo~ucmymakoh|f pmlknm oh }o h ocoaoh|f cm|oh|o }olm pooaucmymlf ufp f|pf ocoaoh|flo aohfp kaufp|mhnkm# lo aflf }o oc ~oýf ml}kopo h lkjopoh|o noh|pf { h m~uon|f

}o hf~ lo~fpkoh|m4 cm lpmam|kymnkþh f jkgpmnkþh o~ cm |pmh~jfpamnkþh lo hm klom oh hm

~k|mnkþh f kamgoh zk~mc(0> ^kgahl Jpol# Cf~ ~oýf~ oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~ oh NL!PFA(



00

[ nfh o~|f~ ocoaoh|f~ mufp|mlf~ ufp oc mhíck~k~ lo cm~ um|fcfgám~ { cm

kh|opupo|mnkþh lo cf~ ~oýf~# Jpol uf~|cm cm ork~|ohnkm lo hm

lkaoh~kþh khnfh~nkoh|o lo cm uop~fhmcklml# oh cm nmc ~o mcfimh cf~

kh~|kh|f~ fpkgkhmpkf~ loc bfa`po( Nm`o upogh|mphf~# mbfpm# níco~ ~fho~f~ lo~of~ kh~|kh|kzf~ }o po~c|mh |mh uockgpf~f~ umpm cm nfhnkohnkm {

}o cm jkcf~fjám lo cm aflophklml# oh ~ mjíh lo pmnkfhmckymnkþh#

ampgkhþ lo ~ lojkhknkþh lo bfa`po(

Cm~ uc~kfho~

Oh o~|o uh|f cm |ofpám jpolkmhm upo~oh|þ hm kaufp|mh|o ozfcnkþh

nfh oc um~f loc |koauf( Oh h upkaop afaoh|f# Jpol npo{þ }o oc ~op

bamhf uf~oám lf~ gpuf~ lo kh~|kh|f~9 cf~ lf|mlf~ lo ohopgám

ck`klkhf~m "~ormco~+ { cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh# { cm zklm

u~á}knm loc bfa`po ~o nfh~|k|ám m ump|kp loc nfhjckn|f oh|po oc

upkhnkukf lo ucmnop { oc upkhnkukf lo pomcklml(0< Oh o~o uopkflf# Jpol

hf nfhnolkþ m cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh ~ ucohf zmcfp# uo~co~ hogþ |flf nmpín|op ck`klkhf~f { npo{þ }o cm ck`klf hf o~|m`m ckgmlm

aí~ }o m cm ~ormcklml# ufp cf }o ~þcf o~|m o~jopm lonklám

upín|knmaoh|o cm hm|pmcoym { oc afzkakoh|f loc u~k}k~af bamhf(

Uf~|opkfpaoh|o cm |ofpám lo cm~ uc~kfho~ lkf um~f mc kh~|kh|f lo

aop|o# o~ lonkp# cm ohopgám lo~|pn|kzm upo~oh|o oh oc ~op bamhf( Cf~

kh~|kh|f~ ~ormco~ { cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh ~o jhlkopfh "oh

cm |ofpám jkhmc+ oh h |flf ùhknf# oc Opf~# lf|mlf lo ohopgám ck`klkhf~m { |ohlkohlf m cm nfucmnkþh# m cm hkþh { m cm j~kþh4 akoh|pm~ |mh|f# cm~

|ohlohnkm~ mgpo~kzm~ { lo lo~|pnnkþh ~o amhkjo~|m`mh nfaf

orupo~kfho~ loc kh~|kh|f lo lo~|pnnkþh f kh~|kh|f lo aop|o# n{m

ohopgám hf uf~oám nmpín|op ck`klkhf~f(0?

0< Oc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop ccozm m `~nmp cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh lo cf~ lo~of~# {m ~omh lo |kuf ~ormcf lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh { ~m|k~jmnnkþh lo cm~ hono~klmlo~ `í~knm~ "mckaoh|f# o|në|opm+4 oc

upkhnkukf lo pomcklml amhkjko~|m cm fuf~knkþh loc ahlf or|ophf m lknbf~ lo~of~ lo

~m|k~jmnnkþh(0? Njp( Pf`op| Dmckzflm# Ampr { Jpol# Mhmgpmam# @mpnocfhm# =;7?# uu( <0!<>(



0>

Cf~ ocoaoh|f~ oruo~|f~ zmh uopjkcmhlf cm~ nmpmn|opá~|knm~

o~ohnkmco~ oh oc nfhnou|f lo bfa`po amhoimlf ufp Jpol9 h ~op }o

uf~oo hm lkaoh~kþh khnfh~nkoh|o jfpamlm ufp kh~|kh|f~ "opþ|knf~ {

lo~|pn|kzf~+# cm nmc af|kzm cm mnnkþh ufp ohnkam lo cm mn|kzklmlpmnkfhmc(

Umpm oh|ohlop nþaf ~o lm oc upfno~f lo nponkakoh|f oh oc ~op

bamhf { }ë lo~|khf ~kgoh cm~ uc~kfho~ bm~|m }o oc bfa`po

mcnmhym cm olml mlc|m# Jpol upfufho hm |ofpám lo cm ~ormcklml

khjmh|kc# oh cm nmc ~þcf ~o ohnoh|pmh upo~oh|o~ cf~ kh~|kh|f~ opþ|knf~#

cf~ nmco~ ~kgoh nkop|m~ o|mum~ lo jkimnkþh "oh o~|o afaoh|f cm ohopgám

kh~|kh|kzm# upkafplkmcaoh|o ~ormc# ~o nfhfno nfaf ck`klf4 ë~|m uololkpkgkp~o bmnkm hf ak~af f bmnkm oc or|opkfp+# }o aí~ mlocmh|o ~o

m`fplmh( Uf~|opkfpaoh|o ~o nfauco|m o~|m |ofpám nfh cm upfuo~|m

~f`po cm mgpo~kzklml bamhm }o Jpol lo~mppfccm m ump|kp lo =;==(

>( CM \ÞUKNM

Umpm oh|ohlop cm~ lk~|kh|m~ o|mum~ lo cm |ofpám ~ormc jpolkmhm# ork~|oh

nkop|f~ nfhnou|f~ }o ~o lo`oh orucknmp upozkmaoh|o# { }o

nfppo~ufhloh m cm~ lkjopoh|o~ kh~|mhnkm~ }o jfpamh oc mump|f

u~á}knf( Oh cm upkaopm poupo~oh|mnkþh o~umnkmc lo cf~ upfno~f~

mháaknf~ f |þuknm# Jpol ~o ~kpzo lo ~~ o~|lkf~ ~f`po oc ~oýf umpm

mjkpamp9

T(((Q po~c|m`m kauf~k`co orucknmp cm jfpamnkþh loc ~oýf ~k hf f~í`maf~~ufhop cm ork~|ohnkm lo lf~ kh~|mhnkm~ u~á}knm~# hm lo cm~ nmco~~fao|ám cm mn|kzklml lo cm f|pm m hm npá|knm n{m nfh~onohnkm opm cmornc~kþh lo ~ lozohkp!nfh~nkoh|o( Cm kh~|mhnkm npk|knmlfpm# ~ogùhkhjopkaf~# amh|koho nfh cm nfhnkohnkm pocmnkfho~ aí~ o~|ponbm~ }o cmnpk|knmlm( ^o ~k|ùm oh|po o~|m ùc|kam { cm nfhnkohnkm nfaf hm umh|mccm(0:

M ump|kp lo m}á Jpol m~kghm hfa`po m nmlm hm lo o~|m~

kh~|mhnkm~( Oh oc uponfh~nkoh|o ~o ohnoh|pmh cf~ upfno~f~ }o

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mcnmhymh ~kh loafpm cm nfhnkohnkm# ~koaupo }o ~m|k~jmgmh nkop|m~

nfhlknkfho~4 oc ~k~|oam }o ~o ohnoh|pm lo|pí~ ~o ccmam khnfh~nkoh|o4

~~ nfh|ohklf~ "lo~of~# uc~kfho~+ hf |kohoh mnno~f mcghf m cm

nfhnkohnkm ~k hf o~ ufp zám loc uponfh~nkoh|o# mh}o oh o~o upfno~f~jpoh aflkjknmnkfho~(

T(((Q Jpol kh|pflno hm –kh~|mhnkm npá|knm‑ }o ~oumpm |mimh|oaoh|o mo~|f~ upkaopf~ johþaohf~ khnfh~nkoh|o~ oh ~ upfcfhgmnkþh bm~|m cf~f|pf~# nfh~nkoh|o~ T(((Q [ m~á zoaf~ mumponop h ~k~|oam ccmamlf–khnfh~nkoh|o‑# }o ~o upfcfhgm lo~lo cf~ ~k~|oam~ ahoaþhknf~#~k|mlf~ mh|o~ lo f|pf# ccmamlf uponfh~nkoh|o# }o o~ m ~ zoy mh|opkfpmc ùc|kaf# cm nfhnkohnkm# oh cm nmc ncakhm cm mn|kzklml af|pky( Cfkhnfh~nkoh|o hf ~o nfahknm nfh cm nfhnkohnkm ~khf m |pmzë~ loc ~k~|oamuponfh~nkoh|o( Cm noh~pm lo cm po~k~|ohnkm o~ cm }o khbk`o# oh oc o~|mlflo zkgkckm# oc |píh~k|f lo cf khnfh~nkoh|o m cm nfhnkohnkm# oh cm nmcncakhm o~|o mumpm|f lo~|khmlf m jmnkck|mp hm mnnkþh mlonmlm m cmpomcklml ufp aolkf lo cm mnnkþh af|pky( M~á o~|o mumpm|f nfakohym ohh or|poaf ~oh~k`co { ncakhm oh f|pf or|poaf pmnkfhmc(07

Lo o~|m amhopm# Jpol lkjopohnkm |po~ kh~|mhnkm~ oh oc mumpm|f

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cm|oh|o# uo~ jínkcaoh|o uolo zfczop~o nfh~nkoh|o# lo aflf }o o~

khnfh~nkoh|o ~þcf lo jfpam |oaufpmpkm# akoh|pm~ }o oc khnfh~nkoh|o

hf o~ ~~nou|k`co lo nfhnkohnkm(02 Uponk~mhlf aí~ mauckmaoh|o cm~

jhnkfho~ loc ~k~|oam uponfh~nkoh|o# Jpol mjkpam }o m lknbf ~k~|oam

nfauo|o –T…Q cm kh|pflnnkþh lo hm noh~pm f lo zmpkm~# oc ormaoh lo

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oc nfhih|f lo uopnounkfho~ }o hf~ zkohoh lo mjopm "uopnounkfho~

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o~ cm kh~|mhnkm ohnmpgmlm lo ponk`kp cf~ o~|áacf~(

Aí~ |mplo# oh Oc {f { oc occf# Jpol kh|pflno hm hozm

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uponk~m( Cm~ jhnkfho~ loc ~k~|oam uponfh~nkoh|o { lo cm nfhnkohnkm ~fh

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nfaufp|m nfaf khnfh~nkoh|o(>= Akoh|pm~ |mh|f# cm mn|kzklml noh~fpm# f

aí~ ormn|maoh|o oc klomc lo {f# ponkò oc hfa`po lo –~uop{þ‑# }oml}kopo cm~ jhnkfho~ lo hm nfhnkohnkm afpmc(

M nfh|khmnkþh orufhgf cm |þuknm jkhmc "lo~lo cm |ofpám lo cm

~ormcklml khjmh|kc+ nfh cm }o Jpol orucknm oc jhnkfhmakoh|f loc

mumpm|f u~á}knf(

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uopkflf }o ~kgo khaolkm|maoh|o mc hmnkakoh|f hf bm{ hmlm oh cm

uop~fhmcklml aí~ }o oc occf# }o ~o uolo lojkhkp nfaf oc nfhih|f lo

kh~|kh|f~ `kfcþgknf~ jhlmaoh|mco~# khnfh~nkoh|o~# nkogf~# kppmnkfhmco~#

nmpgmlf~ lo ohopgám }o |kohlo m lo~nmpgmp~o( Oc occf nfh|koho cm~um~kfho~# }o ~fh cm pomcklml `kfcþgknm pmlknmc# fpkgkhmpkm { upkakgohkm(

Oc bfa`po ~o lkjopohnkm loc mhkamc {m oh cm o~jopm kh~|kh|kzm

upkampkm9 o~ cm zmpkm`kcklml lo cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm bamhm# o~ ~

lkhmak~af nfhjckn|kzf# ~ mu|k|l umpm cm ao|mafpjf~k~# cf }o

lk~|khgo oc kh~|kh|f bamhf lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ mhkamco~( Cm uf~k`kcklml

lo lfakhkf lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ { lo |pmh~jfpamnkþh lo ~ ohopgám o~ h

pm~gf o~uonájknf lo cm hm|pmcoym bamhm( Oh Jpol oc hùncof noh|pmclo cm ck`klf bamhm o~ cm ohopgám ~ormc "oh ~ upkaopm nfhnounkþh

~f`po cf~ kh~|kh|f~+# { cm hono~klml ~ormc o~ cm hono~klml kh~|kh|kzm

ocoaoh|mc loc bfa`po(>0 M~á# oh oc uo}oýf khjmh|o ~þcf nmò bm`cmp lo

h bmy f nfhih|f lo kh~|kh|f~ }o `~nmh ~m|k~jmnop~o { lo~nmpgmp~o

lo amhopm lkpon|m o khaolkm|m4 cm |kophm uop~fhmcklml khjmh|kc o~|í

jfpamlm ornc~kzmaoh|o ufp cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo~fpgmhkymlf~ { nkogf~ }o

nfh~|k|{oh cm aí~ fpkgkhmpkm lo |flm~ cm~ kh~|mhnkm~9 oc occf( O~|m

>= Njp( K`kl(# u( 0?(>0 Njp( Pfòp| Dmckzflm# fu( nk|(# u( 0:(



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kh~|mhnkm o~ khnfh~nkoh|o# khnmumy lo nfhnkohnkm { ~þcf ~o uolo

khzo~|kgmp aolkmh|o oc upfno~f u~knfmhmcá|knf(

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kppoln|k`co~ lopkzm |flm cm zmpkolml lo johþaohf~ zk|mco~( Cf~kh~|kh|f~ loc occf mnacmh ~ nmpgm ohopgë|knm { o~ufh|íhomaoh|o

|kohloh m lo~nmpgmp~o( ^kh oa`mpgf# cm~ f|pm~ kh~|mhnkm~ "{f# ~uop{þ+#

ih|f nfh cm~ orkgohnkm~ lo cm pomcklml or|opkfp# |kohloh m kauolkp cm

lo~nmpgm lkpon|m lo ohopgám( Cf~ kh~|kh|f~ ponbmymlf~ f poupkaklf~

uoloh |ohop lkzop~f~ lo~|khf~9 upflnkp hopf~k~# lmp cgmp m nkop|f~

pm~gf~ loc nmpín|op# lopkzmnkþh oh zmckf~m~ ~`ckamnkfho~# o|në|opm(

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~ormco~# cm mnacmnkþh lo cm ck`klf upflno lk~ucmnop# akoh|pm~ ~

lo~nmpgm upfzfnm ucmnop+# }o upolfakhm oh cm ump|o khnfh~nkoh|o#

akoh|pm~ oh cm ump|o nfh~nkoh|o kauopm oc upkhnkukf lo pomcklml "}o

~kh oa`mpgf |ma`këh o~|í mc ~opzknkf loc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop oh |mh|f

`~nm zám~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh mnfplo~ nfh cm pomcklml { }o hf poupo~oh|mh

h uockgpf umpm cm uop~fhm>>+(Cf~ kh~|kh|f~ loc occf ~o lo~uckogmh oh lk~|kh|m~ o|mum~ bm~|m

ccogmp m ~ amlpoy# ~ogùh cm upoufhlopmhnkm lo m}occm~ anf~m~ m

|pmzë~ lo cm~ nmco~ ~o lo~nmpgmh { }o ~fh nfh~klopmlm~ ufp Jpol

nfaf pkgpf~m~ yfhm~ opþgohm~(><

Oh cm upkaopm jm~o lo ~ lo~mppfccf f hmpnk~k~af upkampkf# oc

kh~|kh|f ~ormc `~nm ~ ~m|k~jmnnkþh ~kh ~mckp loc upfukf ~io|f oh cf

}o uflpám lojkhkp~o nfaf m|fopf|k~af(>? Oc hmpnk~k~af upkampkfkhnc{o hm jm~o fpmc "~m|k~jmnnkþh lo cm~ hono~klmlo~ lo nfaop { òòp

>> Njp( Ickmhm Gfhyícoy# Oc amco~|mp oh cm afpmc# Ol( Ifm}áh Afp|ky# Aërknf# =;2:# uu( 05:!

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ëufnm ~kh hkhgùh fìo|f lo o~m áhlfco( Lo mbá po~c|þ cm nfhnounkþh# `í~knm umpm hm |ofpám

lo cm ck`klf# lo h o~|mlf oh }o occm ccohm mc {f upfukf# cf bm |famlf nfaf fìo|f( Uflám

ccmaíp~ocf –hmpnk~k~af‑ f mafp lo ~á ak~af( Pojcorkfhmhlf oh |fphf m o~|f# ~o nfhnc{þ}o oh zoplml ëc hhnm o~ nmhnocmlf loc |flf4 lpmh|o cm zklm oh|opm oc {f ~kgo ~kohlf oc

gpmh po~opzm|fpkf lo ck`klf lo cm nmc ~fh oak|klm~ khzo~|klpm~ lo fìo|f { mc nmc cm ck`klf

uolo khjckp lo~lo cf~ fìo|f~( Ufp |mh|f cm ck`klf hmpnk~k~|m ~o |pm~ufho lo nfh|khf oh

ck`klf lo fìo|f { m cm khzop~m‑( ^kgahl Jpol# Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm# u( ?0(



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loc ponkëh hmnklf4 cm anf~m `nmc o~ cm yfhm opþgohm upolfakhmh|o>:

{ upfufpnkfhm mc hkýf cf~ upkaopf~ ucmnopo~ ~ormco~# nfhon|mlf~ nfh

cm jhnkþh mckaoh|knkm lo amamp+>7 { hm jm~o ~ílknf!fpmc "nfh oc

lo~|o|o { cm mumpknkþh lo lkoh|o~ oc hkýf amhkjko~|m cm |ohlohnkm loafplop# lo~|pnnkþh o khnfpufpmnkþh fpmc lo cf~ fìo|f~4 ufp occf `~nm

afplop { upf`mp nfh cm `fnm cf~ fìo|f~+(>2

Cm ~oghlm jm~o lo lo~mppfccf lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ o~ ccmamlm ufp

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lo lojonmnkþh { aknnkþh# { ~~ yfhm~ opþgohm~ ~fh cm~ anf~m~ mhmco~ {

po|pmco~( Nfaf oc hkýf opm mamamh|mlf { ~o ~oh|ám ckgmlf m cm amlpo#

nfh cm ~oumpmnkþh ~koh|o }o oc lfakhkf { cm uf~o~kþh ornc~kzm }o|ohám lo occm co o~ lk~u|mlm# ufp cf }o pomnnkfhm nfh bf~|kcklml {

mgpo~kzklml( O~|m o|mum ~o pocmnkfhm nfh cm uf~o~kþh "ozkloh|o oh cf~

johþaohf~ lo po|ohnkþh mhmc { zo~kncmp+ { cm lo~|pnnkþh "hkýf bf~|kc

ufp ~op upkzmlf lo cm~ m|ohnkfho~ am|ophmco~4 cm bf~|kcklml ~o mglkym

~k h bopamhf hmno+(

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lo fìo|f( M}á mumpono oc johþaohf lohfakhmlf Nfaucoif lo Olkuf#

ncakhmnkþh lo cm oconnkþh lo fìo|f# }o oh|pmým cm~ upkaopm~

lkjopohnkmnkfho~ oh|po oc occf { oc {f(>; Nmhlf cm ~ormcklml bm ccogmlf

m cf~ þpgmhf~ gohk|mco~ mcnmhym cm amlpoy# { cf~ johþaohf~

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zkzohnkmlm~ m poafc}o lo jhnkfho~ zk|mco~ }o ~kpzoh m cm m|fnfh~opzmnkþh( Cm~

uc~kfho~ ~ormco~ ~o muh|mcmh mc upkhnkukf oh cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh lo cm~ uc~kfho~ {fknm~# {

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uf~|opkfpo~ lo cm zklm ohnfh|pmpíh oh o~|o lo~mppfccf khjmh|kc ~

orucknmnkþh(

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mcpololfp lo cm uòp|ml# ~o lm cm gohkhm amlpmnkþh { ~o ~uopm

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~o muponkm }o o~o nmckjknm|kzf nmpono lo zmcfp(

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~o ponkòh { mlmu|m cm~ uc~kfho~ loc occf m cm~ orkgohnkm~ loc aolkf4

m~á# oh oc {f pkgo oc upkhnkukf lo cm pomcklml( Nfh cf~ ~oh|klf~ { cm

mn|kzklml a~ncmp# oc ~op bamhf mupohlo m lk~nophkp cf kh|opkfp

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}ë kh~|kh|f~ uoloh ~op ~m|k~jonbf~ "{ `~nm cm~ nkpnh~|mhnkm~ {

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nfaf ~fh oc kh|ocon|f# cm oruopkohnkm lo cm aoafpkm# oc lfakhkf lo cm

cf~ afzkakoh|f~ nfpufpmco~# o|në|opm(<5

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~f`po cm~ }o ponmo o~|m oconnkþh kh~|kh|kzm khjmh|kc ~fh cf~ upfukf~

umlpo~# oh cf }o lm cgmp mc Nfaucoif lo Olkuf# }o ~opí

lo|opakhmh|o lpmh|o |flm cm zklm bamhm(

:( OC NFAUCOIF LO OLKUF

Jpol mjkpam }o oc Nfaucoif lo Olkuf o~ oc –T…Q uh|f ncakhmh|o lo

cm zklm ~ormc khjmh|kc‑(<=

Cf~ upkaopf~ mýf~ lo zklm loc hkýf ~o nmpmn|opkymh ufp

~f`poo~|kamp mjon|kzmaoh|o mc umlpo# {m }o oc khjmh|o ~o ohnoh|pm

khlojoh~f# lë`kc# mh|o cm~ orkgohnkm~ lo cm zklm( Oc umlpo ~o zoczo oc ~op

fahkuf|oh|o }o co `pkhlm cm upf|onnkþh { oc hkýf ~o kloh|kjknm nfh ëc#lo amhopm }o upo|ohlo |ohop ~ jopym# nfh|mp nfh ~ uflop#

~~|k|kpcf oh |flf4 cf |fam nfaf oc klomc( Mc ak~af |koauf# oc hkýf ~o

ohnoh|pm oh cm o|mum lo lo~mppfccf lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ nmpmn|opkymlm ufp

cm oconnkþh lo fìo|f#<0 { nfaf cm amlpo o~ cm upkaopm aiop lo ~ zklm#

cm }o o~|í nopnm lo ëc# cf mckaoh|m# cf m~om# o|në|opm# oh|fhno~ ~o zoczo

<5 Jpol hf ~o orupo~m ~jknkoh|oaoh|o ~f`po oc nfhnou|f lo pmyþh# mh}o umponokloh|kjknmpcf nfh cm nfhnkohnkm loc {f(<= ^kgahl Jpol# \po~ oh~m{f~ lo |ofpám ~ormc # u( 05: h(<0 Umpm Jpol –T…Q oh oc Nfaucoif lo Olkuf cm ck`klf ~o ao~|pm ckgmlm m cm poupo~oh|mnkþh

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oc upkaop fìo|f lo ~~ lo~of~ ~ormco~( Oc hkýf# ohmafpmlf lo ~

amlpo# zo }o oc umlpo co ~kghkjknm h o~|fp`f ih|f m occm { ~o zoczo#

ufp |mh|f# bf~|kc bmnkm ~ upfgohk|fp { }k~kopm ~~|k|kpcf umpm }olmp

~fcf ih|f m ~ amlpo( Oc umlpo ~o zoczo# uo~# h pkzmc umpm oc hkýf# { oh ë~|o mumponoh ~oh|kakoh|f~ lo bf~|kcklml# flkf# lo~of lo }o m}ëc

aopm( ^kac|íhomaoh|o cm kloh|kjknmnkþh nfh oc umlpo maoh|m# {m

}o oc hkýf }kopo ~op kgmc m ëc oh |flf umpm ~~|k|kpcf mh|o ~ amlpo(

Oh oc hkýf ork~|o# oh|fhno~# hm mn|k|l ma`kzmcoh|o po~uon|f mc umlpo9

cf mam ufp ~op cm upkaopm jkgpm }o klomckyþ# uopf cf flkm mc zopcf

nfaf pkzmc oh cm uf~o~kþh lo cm amlpo(

Lo o~|m orucknmnkþh ~o uoloh f`|ohop mcghm~ nfhnc~kfho~9 cf~upkaopf~ lo~of~ ~ormco~ loc bfa`po ~fh ~koaupo lo hm|pmcoym

khno~|f~m4 oc upkaop fìo|f ~ormc o~ cm amlpo# uopf oc umlpo o~ h

f`~|íncf umpm occf# ufp}o ~o fufho m o~f~ lo~of~ o khnc~f maohmym

nfh cm nm~|pmnkþh4 oc hkýf }k~kopm am|mp m ~ umlpo# uopf nfaf m cm zoy

cf mlakpm# upo|ohlo kloh|kjknmp~o nfh ëc(

Umpm Jpol o~|o lo~mppfccf lo cf~ upkaopf~ mýf~ o~

khlo~|pn|k`co { nfh~|k|{o cm `m~o ~f`po cm nmc ~o m~koh|m |flf oclo~mppfccf u~á}knf(<>

Cm |opnopm kh~|mhnkm lo cm uop~fhmcklml# oc ~uop{þ# |koho ~~

fpágoho~ oh cm orucknmnkþh mh|opkfp( Oc hkýf# }o }opám kloh|kjknmp~o

nfh oc umlpo# loò fòlonop cf~ kauopm|kzf~ }o ë~|o kaufho# lo`klf m

}o hf uolo |famp ~ cgmp4 mloaí~# oc umlpo o~ oc poupo~oh|mh|o lo

|flm~ cm~ upfbk`knkfho~ lo cm zklm kh~|kh|kzm khjmh|kc( Cm poupo~kþh lo cm~

|ohlohnkm~ kh~|kh|kzm~ |koho cgmp hf ~þcf oh oc ía`k|f ~ormc# {m }o ocumlpo |ma`këh kaufho hfpam~ lo nfhln|m# pogcm~# o|në|opm# uopf oc

Nfaucoif lo Olkuf o~ oc m~uon|f noh|pmc nfh oc nmc khknkm cm poupo~kþh

lo cm~ uc~kfho~ kh~|kh|kzm~(

Aolkmh|o cm m|fpklml lo cf~ umlpo~ "{ cf~ loaí~ olnmlfpo~+ o~

nfaf oc hkýf ~o zo ~fao|klf m cm~ po~|pknnkfho~ ~fnkmco~# }o kaucknmh

lo ëc lopkzmnkfho~# ~`ckamnkfho~# poupo~kfho~ lo ~~ kh~|kh|f~# { ~o zo

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f`ckgmlf m mnou|mp lknbm~ po~|pknnkfho~ m jkh lo hf uoplop oc maumpf {

nmpkýf lo cf~ nmco~ ~opám upkzmlf oh nm~f nfh|pmpkf(<<

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Oc aonmhk~af lo ~uopmnkþh loc Nfaucoif lo Olkuf nfhccozm cm

m~kakcmnkþh o kh|opkfpkymnkþh ufp ump|o loc hkýf lo cm~

ponfaohlmnkfho~ { upfbk`knkfho~ upfzohkoh|o~ lo cf~ umlpo~(

M ump|kp loc nfhjckn|f loc hkýf nfh ~~ umlpo~# cm o~ufh|mhoklml

kh~|kh|kzm lo m}ëc ~o khbkò aolkmh|o amhlmakoh|f~ { upfbk`knkfho~# `mif cm maohmym lo cm uëplklm lo nmpkýf( Uf~|opkfpaoh|o o~|m ~k|mnkþh

~o kh|pf{on|m { ~pgo oc ~uop{þ f nfhnkohnkm afpmc( Lo o~|o aflf# oc

{f m`mhlfhm oc fìo|f or|opkfp { cf ponfh~|p{o oh ~ kh|opkfp# ufp cf

}o cm ck`klf m`mhlfhm cm nmpgm lo fìo|f { ~o pozkop|o ~f`po oc upfukf

~io|f# lmhlf cgmp m cm |pmh~jfpamnkþh hmpnk~k~|m lo cm ck`klf(<? Oc

bfa`po uf~oo {m loh|pf lo ~á cm kamgoh klomc m cm }o loò m~ukpmp( Oc

~uop{þ nfhccozm cm hono~klml lo pogcmnkþh lo cm nfhln|m loc {f~ogùh h aflocf klomc lo nfhln|m }o pojcoim cf~ kauopm|kzf~ lo

mnnkþh { cm~ nfopnkfho~ }o zkhkopfh kauo~|f~ lo~lo jopm ufp cm~

uop~fhm~ }o olnmpfh mc hkýf( Cm~ poupo~oh|mnkfho~ klomco~ {

hfpam|kzm~ }o nfh|koho oc ~uop{þ upfzkohoh# m~á# lo cm~ orkgohnkm~ lo

cm pomcklml or|opkfp }o jopfh khnfpufpmlm~# m~kakcmlm~ o klomckymlm~

ufp oc ~io|f( Nfh o~|f ~o kh|opkfpkym cm m|fpklml zkgkcmh|o lo cm

nfhln|m(

<< Mumpono cm hfnkþh lo cf amcf# nfaf m}occf ufp cf nmc oc hkýf o~ maohmymlf nfh cm

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Jpol oc |ëpakhf hmpnk~k~af lo~kghm m}occm nfhln|m ufp cm }o h khlkzklf lm m ~

nopuf upfukf h |pm|f umponklf mc }o lmpám mc nopuf lo h fìo|f ~ormc9 cf akpm nfh

nfaucmnohnkm# cf mnmpknkm# cf akam# mcnmhym oh ëc cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh ucohm( O~ oc nfaucoaoh|f

ck`klkhf~f loc ogfá~af khbopoh|o m cm uc~kþh lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh( Njp( ^kgahl Jpol#Kh|pflnnkþh mc hmpnk~k~af# u( 7=(

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zfczop m almp~o oh ck`klf hmpnk~k~|m‑( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm oh Jpol#

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Oc ~uop{þ o~ cm kh~|mhnkm nfh|khmlfpm loc umuoc }o bmh

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þploho~# co nfppkgo { maohmym nfh nm~|kgf~# oiopno mn|kzklml noh~fpm {

~o zoczo |mh|f aí~ ~ozopf nmh|f aí~ jop|o bm{m ~klf cm poupo~kþhloc Nfaucoif lo Olkuf { lo cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm(

Oc ~uop{þ# nfh ~~ amhlm|f~ { upfbk`knkfho~# hf nfh~klopm cm

lknbm loc khlkzklf4 |maufnf ~o upogh|m ~k mc ~op bamhf co o~ uf~k`co

f`olonop |flf cf }o fploho# lo aflf }o m am{fp orkgohnkm# am{fp

lo~lknbm(<: Oh o~|m ~k|mnkþh ~o upflno h ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum# }o

o~ cm uopnounkþh lo ~op zkgkcmlf# o~ cm mhg~|km mh|o cm m|fpklml

or|ophm { cm mhg~|km mh|o cm zkgkcmhnkm kaucmnm`co loc ~uop{þ# }ogohopm cm hono~klml lo h nm~|kgf nmhlf hf ~o bmh ~m|k~jonbf cm~

orkgohnkm~ { hfpam~ kauo~|m~(

Nmhlf oc {f ~o bm ~fao|klf m cm~ orkgohnkm~ loc ~uop{þ# ~o

~koh|o mamlf ufp ë~|o { ponfauoh~mlf ufp oc ~mnpkjknkf lo ~~

kh~|kh|f~# lo cm ak~am amhopm }o oc hkýf mc ~fao|op~o m cm m|fpklml

um|ophm( Nfhjfpao um~m oc |koauf# oc ~uop{þ ~o zoczo kauop~fhmc { ~o

mcoim lo ~ pmáy fpkgkhmc um|ophm umpm m~fnkmp~o m f|pm~ kh~|mhnkm~poupo~fpm~ }o kh|opzkohoh oh cm olnmnkþh# nfaf cm o~nocm# cm afpmc

pockgkf~m# o|në|opm( ^kh oa`mpgf# cm~ hfpam~ ~fnkmco~ { nc|pmco~

ork~|oh|o~ hf ~koaupo uoloh poupkakp |flm~ cm~ amhkjo~|mnkfho~ lo cm

~ormcklml khjmh|kc# lo aflf }o m}occf }o uopamhono oh oc mlc|f

nfaf lkjopoh|o m cf mnou|mlf { nfh~klopmlf hfpamc ~o |mnbm lo

uopzop~kþh(<7

Cm ~mhnkþh ~fnkmc# m |pmzë~ loc ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum `m~mlf oh cmmaohmym lo nm~|kgf { lo cm uëplklm loc mafp# khjc{o oh oc hkýf umpm

}o m`mhlfho cm~ mn|kzklmlo~ lo nmpín|op ~ormc lo~|khmlm~ m ~m|k~jmnop

cf~ kh~|kh|f~ umpnkmco~ }o hf ~omh ù|kco~ m cm pocmnkþh gohk|mc

upfnpomlfpm( ^o ~~|k|{o ucmnop ufp |kcklml ( Cm mlmu|mnkþh loc hkýf m

<: Njp( K`kl(# u( =>7(<7 –Umpm cm nfhnounkþh u~knfmhmcá|knm# mùh cm~ uopzop~kfho~ aí~ pmpm~ { pouocoh|o~ ~oorucknmh nfaf or|opkfpkymnkþh lo uc~kfho~ umpnkmco~ ~ormco~ }o ~o bmh ~~|pmálf loc

upkamlf gohk|mc { ~mcoh m cm nmym lo cm gmhmhnkm lo ucmnop nfaf oh cm~ ëufnm~ upkafplkmco~

loc lo~mppfccf ck`klkhmc# zmco lonkp# lo amhopm m|þhfam‑( ^kgahl Jpol# Upo~oh|mnkþhm|f`kfgpíjknm# u( >:(



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cm pomcklml ~ufho cm mnou|mnkþh lo cf~ zmcfpo~ nc|pmco~ "~fnkmco~+

mlc|f~ }o zmh npomhlf upfgpo~kzmaoh|o mn|k|lo~ afpmco~ lo ulfp

{ poughmhnkm jpoh|o m mn|kzklmlo~ { yfhm~ loc nopuf pocmnkfhmlm~ nfh

cf~ kauc~f~ ~ormco~ hm|pmco~( Mumponoh m~á cf~ f`~|íncf~ u~á}knf~}o kaukloh m cf~ kauc~f~ ~ormco~ mcnmhymp ~ fìo|kzf ufp cm zám

lkpon|m loc ucmnop { }o kauf~k`kck|mh cm pomckymnkþh lo |flm~ ~~

uf~k`kcklmlo~(

Oh ~ hono~klml lo mlmu|mp~o m cm pomcklml# cf~ kauc~f~

poupkaklf~ ~o lkpkgoh bmnkm h fìo|kzf }o mn|ùm nfaf ~~|k||f loc

fìo|kzf ~ormc hm|pmc( O~|m lo~zkmnkþh# upfzfnmlm ufp cm

kauf~k`kcklml lo ~m|k~jmnop cm~ hono~klmlo~ hm|pmco~ { }o oc khlkzklfhono~k|m umpm amh|ohop ~ o}kck`pkf |f|mc# gohopm cm mumpknkþh lo

~áh|fam~ hopþ|knf~( ^kh oa`mpgf uolo ~nolop }o cm mn|kzklml

~~|k||kzm { nfauoh~mlfpm ~om mupf`mlm ~fnkmcaoh|o# mloaí~ lo ù|kc#

nfh cf nmc ~o upflno cm ~`ckamnkþh# nfhnou|f }o m`fplmpë aí~

mlocmh|o(

ôgùh Jpol# o~|o lo~mppfccf }o mnfh|ono oh cm khjmhnkm o~

lonk~kzf oh cm zklm lo cm uop~fhm# }o oh ~ mlc|oy hf bmpí ~khf pouo|kpcm~ nfh~|pnnkfho~ jfpamlm~ lpmh|o cm hkýoy(

Aí~ mlocmh|o# nfh oc uopjonnkfhmakoh|f lo cm |ofpám lo cf~

kh~|kh|f~# Jpol uf~|cþ cm ork~|ohnkm lo hm uc~kþh lo~|pn|kzm }o ~o

hkþ m cm~ ~ormco~ { lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh# lmhlf cgmp m cm |ofpám

lojkhk|kzm lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~(

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Nfhjfpao Jpol ~o mloh|pþ oh oc o~|lkf lo johþaohf~ nc|pmco~ ~o

lkf noh|m }o hf |flf nfaufp|makoh|f uflám ~op oh|ohlklf o

kh|opupo|mlf lo~lo cm ohopgám ck`klkhf~m4 |mc opm oc nm~f lo cm mgpo~kþh(

M nfh~onohnkm lo cm Upkaopm Goppm Ahlkmc# Jpol nfhnolkþ am{fp

kaufp|mhnkm mc johþaohf lo cm mgpo~kþh { mc kh~|kh|f lo nfh~opzmnkþh

}o bm`ám uf~|cmlf mh|o~ ~kh nfh~klopmp oh |flm ~ upfjhlklml# loc

ak~af aflf }o m`mhlfhþ cm klom lo }o cm poupo~kþh jopm ornc~kzm

lo cf~ kauc~f~ ~ormco~(



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Aolkmh|o oc o~|lkf lo cf~ nm~f~ ncáhknf~ ~o lkf noh|m lo }o

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pouo|ámh( Lo~n`pkþ# oh|fhno~# }o oh oc ~op bamhf bm`ám hm

|ohlohnkm m pouo|kp hm ~k|mnkþh um~mlm# mh nmhlf jopm lfcfpf~m# { }o o~m |ohlohnkm opm khnc~f aí~ uflopf~m }o oc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop(

O~m nfauc~kþh m cm pouo|knkþh# }o |ma`këh ccmaþ upkhnkukf loc

Hkpzmhm "polnkp mc ~op zkzf# aolkmh|o cm aop|o { cm lo~kh|ogpmnkþh# mc

o~|mlf upkakgohkf khmhkamlf loc }o ~pgkþ ~ogùh cf~ upkhnkukf~

ozfcnkfhk~|m~+# orupo~m`m cm |ohlohnkm loc fpgmhk~af bamhf m

zfczop mc o~|mlf khfpgíhknf( M~á# cm bf~|kcklml { cm mgpo~kþh hf opmh

nfh~klopmlm~ {m nfaf lopkzmlm~ lo cf~ ~oh|kakoh|f~ lo pkzmcklmlork~|oh|o~ oh cm ~k|mnkþh lo Olkuf# lo aflf }o oc flkf jopm |ma`këh

hm orupo~kþh lo cm ck`klf "~ogùh cm upkaopm |ofpám+# ~khf }o Jpol

nfaohyþ m nfh~klopmp cm ork~|ohnkm lo f|pf |kuf lo kh~|kh|f~ oh oc

bfa`po9 cf~ kauc~f~ lo~|pn|kzf~# n{m |ohlohnkm opm polnkp |flf mc

o~|mlf khfpgíhknf4 ~fh cf~ kauc~f~ lo aop|o# \íhm|f~(

F|pm ~ohlm }o uopak|kþ m Jpol lo~n`pkp cf~ upkhnkukf~ lo

mgpo~kþh { lo~|pnnkþh oh cm~ |ohlohnkm~ kh~|kh|kzm~ loc bfa`po jo oco~|lkf loc ~mlk~af { loc am~f}k~af( Npo{þ }o oh o~|f~ johþaohf~

~o nfhigm`mh kauc~f~ ck`klkhf~f~ nfh kh~|kh|f~ lo aop|o# uo~ cm~

jopym~ lo~|pn|kzm~ ~o zfczámh opþ|knm~ m jkh lo hf lo~|pkp cm zklm "oc

~mlk~af# oh|fhno~# ~opám hm nfhigmnkþh loc kh~|kh|f lo aop|o nfh cm

ck`klf { nfh~|k|kpám h kh|oh|f lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh4 oh oc ~mlk~af oc

mafp { lo~|pnnkþh ~o lkpkgkpámh bmnkm mjopm4 oh oc am~f}k~af# ufp oc

nfh|pmpkf# mumponám cm lo~|pnnkþh lkpkgklm bmnkm mloh|pf<2+( M~á ~pgkþ cm ~oghlm |ofpám lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~# oh cm }o cf~

kh~|kh|f~ ~ormco~ { cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh ~o hkopfh oh h

|flf ùhknf# oc Opf~# lf|mlf lo ohopgám ck`klkhf~m { |ohlkohlf m cm

nfucmnkþh# m cm hkþh { m cm j~kþh4<; ufp oc nfh|pmpkf# cm~ |ohlohnkm~

mgpo~kzm~ { lo lo~|pnnkþh ~opámh orupo~kfho~ loc kh~|kh|f lo aop|o#

n{m ohopgám hf |ohlpám nmpín|op ck`klkhf~f4 aí~ `koh amhkjo~|mpám cm

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|ohlohnkm lo cm zklm fpgíhknm m pogpo~mp mc o~|mlf khfpgíhknf loc nmc

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aop|o( ôgùh Jpol# akoh|pm~ cm~ or|opkfpkymnkfho~ lo Opf~ opmh a{

ccmam|kzm~ { pklf~m~# cm uc~kþh lo aop|o umponám |pm`mimp alm( O~

ufp occf }o ~oýmcm9

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Nfh |flf~ cf~ ocoaoh|f~ upo~oh|mlf~# ~o uflpám upfufhop hmlojkhknkþh lo bfa`po oh lfhlo ë~|o hf ~o oh|kohlo {m ~þcf nfaf h ~op

lo uc~kfho~ ~ormco~ { lo m|fnfh~opzmnkþh# ~khf nfh hm

nfh~|k|nkþh hm|pmc mgpo~kzm "}o lo~lo cogf hf nmhnocm cm

lkaoh~kþh opþ|knm+(

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bkif# nmpho lo ~ nmpho(

Jpol lkno# oh|fhno~# }o oc mafp { cm hono~klml "Opf~ { Mhmhdë+ jopfh cf~ upfgohk|fpo~ lo nc|pm bamhm#7> { oc um~f

lonk~kzf bmnkm cm ~fnkolml ~o upo~oh|m nmhlf oc lfakhkf khlkzklmc ~o

~~|k|{o ufp oc lo cm nfahklml9 cf~ akoa`pf~ khlkzklmco~ loc gpuf

po~|pkhgoh ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh oh upf loc loponbf lo cm

nfahklml "nfh cf }o ~o po~|pkhgo |ma`këh cm uf~k`kcklml lo }o oc

bfa`po ak~af# khlkzklmcaoh|o nfh~klopmlf# uolm poupo~oh|mp h

`koh am|opkmc umpm f|pf# oh nmh|f ë~|o |kckno ~ nmumnklml lo |pm`miff bmgm lo ëc ~ fìo|f ~ormc+(

Cm nfhzkzohnkm bamhm ~þcf ~o zoczo uf~k`co nmhlf ~o mgc|khm hmam{fpám aí~ jop|o }o cf~ khlkzklf~ mk~cmlf~# { nfbo~kfhmlm jpoh|o më~|f~( Mbfpm oc uflop lo o~|m nfahklml ~o nfh|pmufho# nfaf–loponbf‑# mc uflop loc khlkzklf# }o o~ nfhlohmlf nfaf – zkfcohnkm

`p|m‑( O~|m ~~|k|nkþh loc uflop loc khlkzklf ufp oc lo cm nfahklmlo~ oc um~f nc|pmc lonk~kzf( ^ o~ohnkm nfh~k~|o oh }o cf~ akoa`pf~ lo

cm nfahklml ~o ckak|mh oh ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh# oh |mh|f

70 Njp( Pfòp| Dmckzflm# fu( nk|(# u( 75(7> Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( ;;(



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}o oc khlkzklf hf nfhfnám |mc ckak|mnkþh( Oc ~kgkoh|o po}k~k|fnc|pmc o~# oh|fhno~# cm i~|knkm# f ~om# cm ~ogpklml lo }o oc fploh

ipálknf {m o~|m`conklf hf ~o }o`pmh|mpí umpm jmzfponop m hkhlkzklf(7<

Bo upo~oh|mlf bm~|m m}á oc upfno~f }o ~kgkþ oc mhkamc umpm

ccogmp m ~op bamhf# umpm zfczop~o npomlfp lo nc|pm( [ nfaf cm

nc|pm ohnkoppm hf ~þcf cm~ mn|kzklmlo~ hono~mpkm~ umpm upf|ogop mc ~op

bamhf lo cm hm|pmcoym# ~khf |ma`këh cm~ hfpam~ hono~mpkm~ umpm

pogcmp cf~ záhncf~ ponáupfnf~ oh|po cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~# ~o zoczo

hono~mpkf upo~oh|mp oc lo~mppfccf bk~|þpknf }o |zf o~|o khnkukoh|o

bfa`po oh cm no~|kþh ë|knm# o~ lonkp# oh o~m~ hfpam~ pogcmlfpm~ locm~ pocmnkfho~ oh|po cf~ bfa`po~( Umpm orufhop o~|m no~|kþh# orucknf oc

lo~mppfccf bk~|þpknf }o ~kgkþ oc bfa`po lo cm o|mum mhkak~|m mc

|f|oak~af4 o~|o ùc|kaf jo oc upkaop ~k~|oam lo fpgmhkymnkþh oh oc }o

~o o~|m`conkopfh hfpam~ nfhnpo|m~ lo nfhln|m(

Oc mhkak~af

Umpm Jpol ork~|kþ hm ëufnm upozkm m cm afpmc pockgkf~m { ~kh lkf~o~9 oc

mhkak~af(7? Oh occm oc ahlf o~|m`m ccohf lo ~opo~ o~ukpk|mco~ lo

nmpín|op bamhf "m zono~ ccmamlf~ loafhkf~+4 |flf~ cf~ f`io|f~ loc

ahlf or|opkfp opmh ~ afpmlm# hf ork~|ám hkhgùh uflop ~uopkfp }o

cf~ b`kopm npomlf m |flf~ { cf~ ~kgkopm gf`ophmhlf { m }koh nmlm

hf ulkopm zfczop~o oh `~nm lo upf|onnkþh { ~fnfppf( Oc bfa`po

~jpám jpoh|o m o~f~ amcf~ o~uápk|~# uopf ~o lojohlám lo occf~ aolkmh|onkop|m~ mnnkfho~ }o cf~ mb{oh|m`mh( Oh cm cnbm nfh|pm cf~ uflopo~

loc ahlf nkpnhlmh|o ~ upkaop mpam jo cm amgkm( Jpol ~ufho

}o cm nfhjkmhym oh cm amgkm lopkzm lo cm ~f`po~|kamnkþh lo cm~ upfukm~

fuopmnkfho~ kh|ocon|mco~# lo cm npoohnkm oh cm fahkuf|ohnkm loc

uoh~makoh|f( Oc bfa`po mhkak~|m o~uopm`m }o cm hm|pmcoym kak|mpm

7< K`kl(# uu( ;>!;<(7? Nfh~klopmpë oc mhkak~af nfaf cm |ofpám lo cf~ ~opo~ o~ukpk|mco~ { hf ~þcf loc mcam#

nfaf ~ ~oh|klf o|kafcþgknf khlknmpám( Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# \þ|oa { |m`ù# u( 7;(



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mcghf~ mn|f~ }o ëc oion|m`m "nfaf cm cczkm m ump|kp loc |f}o lo

|ma`fpo~ }o nfukm`mh oc ~fhklf loc mgm mc nmop+(

Oc um~f loc mhkak~af m cm pockgkþh o~|í ohzoc|f oh cm f~npklml

lo o~m~ ëufnm~ upkafplkmco~4 ~kh oa`mpgf# umpono }o cm upkaopm jfpamoh }o ~o amhkjo~|þ cm pockgkþh jo oc |f|oak~af f zohopmnkþh lo cf~

mhkamco~# |pm~ cf~ nmco~ mumponkopfh |ma`këh cf~ upkaopf~

amhlmakoh|f~ ë|knf~9 cf~ |m`ùo~(

Oc |f|oak~af

Oh cf~ gpuf~ upkak|kzf~ Jpol f`~opzm cm ork~|ohnkm lo hm kh~|k|nkþh~fnkmc aí~ mh|kgm }o cm pockgkþh# oc o~|mlf# cm nkohnkm# o|në|opm# cm nmc

upfufpnkfhm cm `m~o lo |flm cm fpgmhkymnkþh ~fnkmc4 m o~|m kh~|k|nkþh cm

ccmam |f|oak~af(

Oh cm bfplm f ncmh upkak|kzf oc umlpo { iojo lo cm |pk` |ohám

nkop|m~ upoppfgm|kzm~# nfaf cm m|fpklml { cm uf~o~kþh lo cm~ boa`pm~

loc ncmh47: nmhlf cf~ bkif~ zmpfho~ nponkopfh# oh|pmpfh oh lo~mnoplf

nfh o~o uflop m|fpk|mpkf { nfh cm ornc~kþh oh }o ~o co~ |ohám nfhpo~uon|f m cm uf~o~kþh lo cm~ boa`pm~4 oc umlpo nfaohyþ m |oaop cm

uëplklm lo ~ lfakhkf { lonklkþ cm oruc~kþh lo cf~ bkif~ zmpfho~(77

Mh|o o~|m ~k|mnkþh# cf~ bkif~ oruc~mlf~ ~o po`ocmpfh { lonklkopfh cm

ockakhmnkþh loc umlpo9 ~o mckmpfh# cf am|mpfh { lozfpmpfh# bmnkohlf

hklf~ mcgf m cf }o khlkzklmcaoh|o hf ~o m|pozámh( Nfh o~|m

ockakhmnkþh { lozfpmnkþh ~o nfh~aþ cm kloh|kjknmnkþh nfh oc umlpo {

nmlm bkif ~o mupfukþ lo hm ump|o lo cm jopym }o m}ëc |ohám( Am~nfaf ork~|ám hm ma`kzmcohnkm lo ~oh|kakoh|f~ bmnkm oc umlpo "nmhlf

cm bf~|kcklml muh|m m }koho~# ~kh oa`mpgf# ~o mam# ~o bm`cm lo h

~oh|kakoh|f lo ma`kzmcohnkm+# mc ockakhmpcf ~o upflif h ~oh|kakoh|f

lo ncum# oc mppouoh|kakoh|f khzmlkþ m cf~ bkif~# { oc aop|f# nfh ~~

upo~npkunkfho~ { hfpam~# ~o zfczkþ aí~ jop|o }o lpmh|o ~ zklm#

uo~ cm hfpam ~o |fphþ oh|fho~ khno~|kfhm`co4 cf }o oc umlpo mh|o~

kauolám oh zklm# mbfpm cf~ bkif~ ~o cf upfbk`ámh m ~á ak~af~(

7: Bm`cmaf~ lo h aflocf lo ~fnkolml um|pkmpnmc(77 Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# \þ|oa { |m`ù# u( =<>(



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Lo~uë~ lo cm aop|o loc umlpo b`f nfauo|ohnkm oh|po cf~

bkif~ uo~ |flf~ occf~ }opámh ~~|k|kp oh ~~ upkzkcogkf~ mc umlpo

lo~mumponklf# {m }o cf bm`ámh |famlf nfaf klomc { lo~om`mh umpm ~á

|flm~ cm~ aiopo~ }o m}ëc uf~oám# bmnkëhlf~o hono~mpkf }o umpm zkzkp ih|f~ cf~ bopamhf~ opkgkopmh cm upfbk`knkþh loc khno~|f# ufp cm

nmc ~o pohhnkm`m m cm~ aiopo~ mhbocmlm~ { ~o cfgpm`m cm uf~k`kcklml

lo hm nfhzkzohnkm umnájknm( Oc po~c|mlf lo o~|f~ nfhjckn|f~ oh|po

bopamhf~ { loc m~o~khm|f loc umlpo nfh cm ncum nfh~kgkoh|o# ccozmpfh

m cm ~fnkolml upkak|kzm m cm npomnkþh lo lf~ co{o~ jhlmaoh|mco~9 hf

am|mp mc umlpo "uf~|opkfpaoh|o lopkzþ oh hf am|mp m cf~ bopamhf~ {#

jkhmcaoh|o# –hf am|mp‑+ { ozk|mp oc nfh|mn|f ~ormc nfh cm~ aiopo~ }oco uop|ohonoh( O~|m~ lf~ co{o~ ~fh cm~ upo~npkunkfho~ }o ~o f`~opzm`mh

nfh pocmnkþh mc mh|oum~mlf lo cm |pk` "oc umlpo m~o~khmlf# |ma`këh

ccmamlf |þ|oa+# mc }o ~o poupo~oh|m`m oh jfpam lo h mhkamc(

Nmlm |pk` uf~oám h |þ|oa# }o poupo~oh|m`m umpm oc uo`cf h

cgmp ~ogpf lo pojgkf umpm oc mcam# }o opm louf~k|mlm oh oc

mh|oum~mlf m jkh lo uopamhonop m ~mczf lo cf~ uockgpf~ }o cm

maohmym`mh( ^kh oa`mpgf# umpm m~ogpmp cm upf|onnkþh loc |þ|oa opmhono~mpkf f`~opzmp cm~ upo~npkunkfho~ mh|o~ aohnkfhmlm~9 hf am|mpcf

hk amh|ohop nfh|mn|f ~ormc nfh cf~ akoa`pf~ loc ak~af |þ|oa( O~|m~

orkgohnkm~ nfh~|k|{oh cm~ co{o~ jhlmaoh|mco~ loc |f|oak~af# ~fh

upfbk`knkfho~ |m`ù(

Oc |m`ù o~ m}occf }o o~|í zolmlf# }o hf o~ m~o}k`co# }o ~o

|fphm uockgpf~f# o~ cf }o upfzfnm h –bfppfp ~mgpmlf‑( ^kh oa`mpgf# oc

ucmnop fpkgkhmpkf lo bmnop m}occf upfbk`klf ~f`pozkzo oh cf~ uo`cf~lfhlo oc |m`ù kauopm( M~á# cf~ bfa`po~ |kohoh mh|o cm~ upfbk`knkfho~

|m`ù hm mn|k|l ma`kzmcoh|o9 oh cf khnfh~nkoh|o hmlm co~ g~|mpám aí~

}o zkfcmpcm~# uopf |oaoh bmnopcf# { o~o akolf o~ aí~ kh|oh~f }o oc

ucmnop }o oruopkaoh|mpámh mc zkfcmpcm~( Lo o~|o aflf# oc jhlmaoh|f

loc |m`ù o~ h f`pmp upfbk`klf umpm oc }o bm{ kh|oh~m khnckhmnkþh oh cf

khnfh~nkoh|o(72

72 Cf~ johþaohf~ khnfh~nkoh|o~ ~fh jhlmaoh|mco~ oh oc lo~mppfccf lo cm zklm fpgíhknm {

lo cm kh|ockgohnkm# { cf~ mn|f~ nfh~nkoh|o~ lopkzmh lo h ~~|pm|f khnfh~nkoh|o npomlf ufp

khjcohnkm~ bopolk|mpkm~# |mc nfaf oru~o mh|opkfpaoh|o( Mbá o~|íh cm~ khhaopm`co~

boccm~ mhno~|pmco~ }o ~fh oc mcam lo hm pmym4 umpm Jpol cm am{fpám lo ho~|pm~



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Mh}o cm |pk` |ohám upfbk`klf am|mp { nfaop mc |þ|oa# ork~|ám

cm |pmlknkþh loc ~mnpkjknkf lo o~o mhkamc ~þcf oh cm~ jko~|m~# umpm cm~

nmco~ ~o po}opám cm ump|knkumnkþh lo |flf oc uo`cf( Cm jko~|m khncám

lmhym~# aí~nmpm~ }o poupo~oh|m`mh mc |þ|oa# oc ~mnpkjknkf { oc ccmh|fufp ~ aop|o# { ~o upo|ohlám }o# nfakohlf ~ nmpho# }olmpm

m~ogpmlm cm kloh|klml ~~|mhnkmc oh|po oc uo`cf mc ak~af |koauf }o

nfh oc |þ|oa# uo~ mc lozfpmp mc mhkamc ~mgpmlf ~o nfh~am`m cm

kloh|kjknmnkþh nfh ëc# aolkmh|o cm mupfukmnkþh lo hm ump|o lo ~

jopym4 oh o~|o pk|mc mumpono hm ma`kzmcohnkm lo ~oh|kakoh|f~9 ~o

~mnpkjknm mc |þ|oa uopf ~o co ccfpm# { mh}o ork~|o cm nfhnkohnkm lo }o

nfaopcf o~ hm upfbk`knkþh# ë~|m ~o ak|kgm ufp cm ump|knkumnkþh locuo`cf oh|opf( ô uolo oh|ohlop o~|o m~uon|f nfh~klopmhlf cm

orucknmnkþh }o Jpol lm ~f`po hm am~m u~knfcþgknm(

Cf~ khlkzklf~ ~koh|oh# ukoh~mh { mn|ùmh lo amhopm

oh|opmaoh|o lk~|kh|m nmhlf o~|íh mk~cmlf~ { nmhlf ~o ohnoh|pmh

khncklf~ oh hm ac|k|l }o bm ml}kpklf cm upfukolml lo hm –am~m

u~knfcþgknm‑( Loh|pf lo cm am~m oc khlkzklf uf~oo h ~oh|kakoh|f lo

uflop khzohnk`co }o co uopak|o oh|pogmp~o m kh~|kh|f~ }o# lo o~|mp~fcf# hf bm`pám ckòpmlf( Oh cm am~m mhþhkam lo~mumpono |f|mcaoh|o oc

~oh|kakoh|f lo po~ufh~m`kcklml }o jpohm m cf~ khlkzklf~ mk~cmlf~( Oh

cm am~m oc khlkzklf ~o zoczo h `íp`mpf# hm npkm|pm }o mn|ùm ufp

kh~|kh|f# |koho cm o~ufh|mhoklml# cm zkfcohnkm# oc ~mczmik~af { oc

oh|~km~af lo cf~ ~opo~ upkak|kzf~( M~á# cm am~m kauc~kzm# zfc`co {

ornk|m`co# gkmlm nm~k ornc~kzmaoh|o ufp cf khnfh~nkoh|o# m`pkgm h

~oh|kakoh|f lo fahkuf|ohnkm# ~o zoczo or|pmfplkhmpkmaoh|o khjck`co#npëlcm { mnpá|knm( Oh cm am~m lo~mumponoh |flm~ cm~ khbk`knkfho~ { ~fh

ccmamlf~ m hm ck`po ~m|k~jmnnkþh uc~kfhmc |flf~ cf~ kh~|kh|f~ npoco~#

mnnkfho~ nf|klkmhm~ ~fh ojon|f lo af|kzf~ fnc|f~ }o o~nmumh m ho~|pf nfhfnkakoh|f(

Bmnkm o~|o khnfh~nkoh|o ~o lkpkgoh cm~ uc~kfho~ }o ~fh poupkaklm~ ufp kauopm|kzf~# lo

amhopm }o hf ~o nmhnocmh hk lo~mumponoh( Cm upfbk`knkþh kauklo }o cm uc~kþh ~o

amhkjko~|o# cf }o upfzfnm hm ohjopaolml f`~o~kzm( Oc ucmnop uc~kfhmc ~o lo~ucmym

nfh|khmaoh|o m jkh lo o~nmump mc `cf}of oh }o ~o ohnoh|pm { upfnpm nfh~ogkp

fìo|f~ { mnnkfho~ ~~|k||kzf~ umpm cf upfbk`klf( M nmlm hozf oauio lo cm ck`klfpoupkaklm cm upfbk`knkþh po~ufhlo bmnkëhlf~o aí~ ~ozopm( O~ hm co{ lo nfh|pmnnkþh lo cm

hopf~k~ oc bonbf lo }o cm~ mnnkfho~ f`~o~kzm~ oh|pmh nmlm zoy aí~ mc ~opzknkf lo cm

uc~kþh { ~o mupfrkaoh nfh|khmaoh|o m cm mnnkþh fpkgkhmpkmaoh|o upfbk`klm( Umpm Jpol

ork~|o hm nfhnfplmhnkm oh|po cm~ upfbk`knkfho~ f`~o~kzm~ oh cf~ hopþ|knf~ { oc |m`ù(



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`p|mco~# lo~|pn|kzf~# }o lfpak|mh oh oc khlkzklf nfaf pockn|f~ loc

|koauf upkafplkmc( Oh hm umcm`pm# hm am~m ~kauco hf fpgmhkymlm o~

or|poamlmaoh|o ornk|m`co# kauc~kzm# mum~kfhmlm# zocoklf~m#

khnfh~onoh|o# kppo~fc|m# khnckhmlm m mnnkfho~ or|poam~# mnno~k`co mcm~ um~kfho~ aí~ gpf~opm~# or|pmfplkhmpkmaoh|o jínkc lo ~go~|kfhmp#

~uopjknkmc oh ~~ pojcorkfho~# zkfcoh|m oh ~~ iknkf~# nmpoh|o lo |flf

~oh|kakoh|f lo po~ufh~m`kcklml { po~uo|m`kcklml(7;

Lo o~|m orucknmnkþh ~o lolno }o oh oc fpkgoh lo cm nc|pm cf~

bkif~# khnfhjfpao~ nfh cm m|fpklml um|ophm# ~o hkopfh umpm poòcmp~o

"~fcf~ hf ~o b`kopmh m|pozklf+ { oh cm am~m kauc~kzm# ~kh oc po~uo|f {

oc akolf m ~ m|fpklml# ~o lm oc m~o~khm|f { cm pomckymnkþh loc `mh}o|o|f|ëaknf( Lo mbá }o Jpol nfh~klopo m cm am~m nfaf h pohmnkakoh|f

lo cm bfplm upkafplkmc(

Nfhnc{ohlf o~|o uh|f ~f`po oc |f|oak~af# ~o f`~opzm }o oh

cf~ khknkf~ lo cm nc|pm "nfh oc o~|m`conkakoh|f lo hfpam~ umpm pogcmp

cf~ záhncf~ oh|po cf~ lkjopoh|o~ akoa`pf~ loc gpuf+ ~o lm oc m~o~khm|f

loc umlpo f iojo lo cm |pk` ufp ump|o lo cf~ bkif~4 m}ëc ~o zfczkþ hm

jkgpm klomckymlm# oc mh|oum~mlf lo cm |pk` f mhkamc |f|ëaknf# mc }o ~oco loò fòlkohnkm oh cm~ lf~ co{o~ jhlmaoh|mco~ {m nk|mlm~( Umpm

nmcamp oc ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum { mumnkgmp mc umlpo "|þ|oa#

mh|oum~mlf# }o mh}o aop|f ~kgo upo~oh|o+ ~o pomckym h nfh|pm|f#

oc |f|oak~af9 ~o bfhpm mc mh|oum~mlf umpm f`|ohop ~ maumpf {

upf|onnkþh# m nma`kf lo nauckp ~~ po~|pknnkfho~# nfh cf nmc ~o

fpkgkhm cm upkaopm jfpam lo afpmc "oh|ohlklm nfaf nfhih|f lo

uponou|f~ { po~|pknnkfho~+(25 Mh|o~ oruck}ë nþaf o~ }o oc mafp { cm hono~klml jopfh cf~

upfgohk|fpo~ lo nc|pm bamhm# m~á nfaf oc bonbf lo }o oh occm cf~

akoa`pf~ loc gpuf po~|pkhgoh ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh oh upf

loc loponbf lo cm nfahklml( Po~c|m# m~á# }o cf~ akoa`pf~ lo cm

7; Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# U~knfcfgám lo cm~ am~m~ { mhíck~k~ loc {f oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~#

zfc( RZKKK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;7?# u( 2=(25 –Oc `mh}o|o |f|ëaknf opm cm noco`pmnkþh ponfplm|fpkm lo m}oc m~o~khm|f ohfpao# loc

}o hmnkþ cm nfhnkohnkm lo ncum lo cm bamhklml "oc uonmlf fpkgkhmc+ { nfh oc nmc ~o

khknkmpfh cm fpgmhkymnkþh ~fnkmc# cm pockgkþh { cm ckak|mnkþh ë|knm‑( ^kgahl Jpol#

Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm# u( :>(



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nfahklml ~o ckak|mh oh ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh# ufp cf }o

cm ozfcnkþh nc|pmc ~o nfhzkop|o oh h upfno~f nfhjckn|kzf oh|po oc

lo~of lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh khlkzklmc { cm~ kauf~knkfho~ lo gpuf4 { mh}o

cm cnbm khlkzklmc ufp cm zklm ~ogkpám oc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop# m ë~|o ~oco upo~oh|mpámh nfh~|mh|oaoh|o `mppopm~ kauklkohlf ~ ~m|k~jmnnkþh(

Lo o~|o aflf# cm nc|pm ~o olkjknm ~f`po cm pohhnkm lo cf uc~kfhmc {

~o `m~m upkhnkumcaoh|o oh cm hf ~m|k~jmnnkþh "aolkmh|o ~fjfnmnkþh f

poupo~kþh+ lo uflopf~m~ uc~kfho~#2= ufp cf }o ~o khjkopo }o oc

bfa`po hf zkzo jocky loh|pf lo occm4 lo bonbf –T…Q gpmh ump|o lo cm

ncum ufp ho~|pm ak~opkm cm |koho cf }o ~o ccmam ho~|pm nc|pm‑ (20

[m }o oc bfa`po o~ ckak|mlf oh ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo~m|k~jmnnkþh { cm jocknklml ~þcf ~o upflno aolkmh|o cm lo~nmpgm lkpon|m

lo cm~ uc~kfho~# ~o ohnoh|pm ckak|mlf loh|pf lo cm nc|pm# cf nmc co

upfzfnm hm ~oh~mnkþh lo amco~|mp(

>( AMCO^\MP OH CM N_C\_PM

Umpm orucknmp oc amco~|mp loc khlkzklf loh|pf lo cm nc|pm# ~ogkpë

upkaopf cm |ofpám lo cm uop~fhmcklml( Oc hkýf# oh ~~ upkaopf~

afaoh|f~ lo zklm# o~ jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o h ~op }o `~nm ~m|k~jmnop

~~ hono~klmlo~ o kh~|kh|f~( Oc cmn|mh|o hf lk~|khgo mùh ~ {f lo h

ahlf or|opkfp# nfaf joh|o lo cm~ ~oh~mnkfho~ }o co ccogmh4 cf

mupohlo ufnf m ufnf nfh cm khjcohnkm lo o~|áacf~ }o ponk`o( Cf

ùhknf }o ponfhfno ~fh cm~ ~oh~mnkfho~ lo ucmnop { lk~ucmnop9 }k~kopm~m|k~jmnop ~~ hono~klmlo~# uopf ~jpo nfh oc bma`po# oc jpáf# o|në|opm(

[m lo~lo o~|o afaoh|f ~ zklm ~o pkgo ufp oc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop# }o

upfnpm ozk|mp cf lo~mgpmlm`co42> ~kh oa`mpgf# mc {f# }o

fpkgkhmpkmaoh|o cf m`mpnm |flf# ~o co fufho h –f`io|f‑# oh jfpam lo

mcgf }o o~|í –mjopm‑ { umpm n{m mumpknkþh ~o hono~k|m hm mnnkþh

ump|kncmp "nfaf oc nfh|mn|f nfh oc ~ohf am|ophf# }o m|pmo nfh oc

2= Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( ;:(20 K`kl( u( 2?(2> Njp( Pfgop \pkgg# fu( nk|(# u( 0>5(



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ccmh|f+( Ufp occf# lo~lo o~|m o|mum oc hkýf uf~oo h {f bolþhknf#

ucmnkoh|o# mc }o ~o co fufho h hf!{f }o o~|í –mjopm‑ { o~ miohf {

maohmymh|o(

Nfh cf~ ~oh|klf~ { cm mn|kzklml a~ncmp oc ~op bamhf mupohlom lk~nophkp cf kh|opkfp "uop|ohonkoh|o mc {f+ lo cf or|opkfp "fpkgkhmlf oh

oc ahlf+( M~á nfakohym m lo~mppfccmp~o oh ëc oc upkhnkukf lo pomcklml

"hono~klml lo mjpfh|mp cm pomcklml mh}o ~om lo~mgpmlm`co2<+( Uopf

jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o oc hkýf o~ ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm }o `~nm ~m|k~jmnop~o#

{ ufnf m ufnf ~o zm lmhlf noh|m lo }o hf o~ uf~k`co o~m ~m|k~jmnnkþh#

ufp}o ~~ lo~of~ "~kohlf oc upkaopf oc ~ormc# nfh po~uon|f m ~

amlpo+ hf ~fh mnou|m`co~( Cm amlpo ~o zoczo ~ upkaop f`io|f ~ormc#uopf nfaf ë~|m uop|ohono mc umlpo# ~o lo~mppfccm h ~oh|kakoh|f lo

flkf loc hkýf po~uon|f m ~ upfgohk|fp( ^kh oa`mpgf# oc hkýf hf uolo

uopamhonop oh o~|m mn|k|l lo flkf { lo`o mnm|mp cm~ hfpam~ kauo~|m~

ufp cf~ mlc|f~# m jkh lo hf uoplop cm upf|onnkþh { nmpkýf }o hono~k|m(

Ufnf m ufnf ~o zmh kaufhkohlf aí~ hfpam~ lkn|mlm~ ufp cf~ umlpo~#

ufp cf~ olnmlfpo~# o|në|opm# lo |mc aflf }o oc |oafp loc hkýf lo ~op

m`mhlfhmlf co ccozm m nauckp lknbm~ orkgohnkm~ "mumpono cm hfnkþh locf amcf# nfaf m}occf ufp cf nmc oc hkýf o~ maohmymlf nfh cm uëplklm

loc mafp lo ~~ umlpo~+# mloaí~ lo }o cm~ zoczo ump|o lo ~ uop~fhm#

cm~ kh|opkfpkym { cm~ m~ao oh jfpam lo hm nfhnkohnkm afpmc# h

upkhnkukf pon|fp }o ~o ohnoh|pm loh|pf lo ëc4 m~á# cm m|fpklml ~o

ohnoh|pm mbfpm oh cm uop~fhm ak~am "o~ oc ~uop{þ+ { mh|o occm hmlm

uopamhono fnc|f(2? Uopf umpm oc ~uop{þ cm pohhnkm m cf uc~kfhmc hf

o~ ~jknkoh|o4 cf~ lo~of~ uop~k~|oh { hf uoloh o~nfhlop~o mh|o o~|mkh~|mhnkm noh~fpm(

Uo~o m cm pohhnkm nfh~amlm ~f`pozkoho h ~oh|kakoh|f lo

ncum# }o o~ cm lo~zoh|mim lo cm kaucmh|mnkþh lo cm nfhnkohnkm afpmc(

M~á# hm lo~lknbm }o maohmym`m lo~lo jopm "uëplklm lo mafp {

nm~|kgf ufp ump|o lo cm m|fpklml or|ophm+ ~o bm |pfnmlf oh lo~lknbm

2< Kloa( 2? Oh oc hkýf# Opf~ mumpono nfaf oc lo~of ~ormc ufp cm amlpo# akoh|pm~ \íhm|f~ mumpono

nfaf cm jopym }o af|kzm mc ~uop{þ4 ufp occf oc ~uop{þ zocnm ~f`po oc upfukf ~io|f cm

jopym lo~|pn|kzm# |fp|píhlfcf# amp|kpkyíhlfcf nfh ~oh|kakoh|f~ lo ncum( Njp( Ickmhm

Gfhyícoy# fu( nk|(# u( 000(



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kh|opkfp uopamhoh|o# cm |oh~kþh lo cm nfhnkohnkm lo ncum( Cm pohhnkm

lo cf uc~kfhmc "kauo~|m lo~lo mjopm+ npom cm nfhnkohnkm afpmc# }o

lo~uë~ poncmam aí~ { aí~ pohhnkm~(2: O~|f zm gohopmhlf |oh~kþh#

mhg~|km# ncum# amco~|mp oh cm uop~fhm# {m }o hhnm uolo ~m|k~jmnopcm~ orkgohnkm~ loc ~uop{þ# cm~ nmco~ nmlm zoy ~fh aí~ ~ozopm~ {

poncmamh nm~|kgf oh nm~f lo khnauckakoh|f( Oc ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum

"|oh~kþh oh|po h ~uop{þ ~ozopf { oc {f }o co o~|í ~fao|klf+ ~o

or|opkfpkym nfaf hono~klml lo nm~|kgf# { |koho lf~ fpágoho~9 cm mhg~|km

jpoh|o m cm m|fpklml { cm mhg~|km jpoh|o mc ~uop{þ( Cm upkaopm ccozm m

pohhnkmp m cm~ ~m|k~jmnnkfho~ uc~kfhmco~4 cm ~oghlm# mloaí~# mc

nm~|kgf# uo~|f }o hf ~o uolo fnc|mp mh|o oc ~uop{þ cm uop~k~|ohnkmlo cf~ lo~of~ upfbk`klf~( Lo aflf }o oc ~uop{þ ~kaucoaoh|o o~

nfh|khmnkþh lo cm ~ozopklml lo cm m|fpklml or|ophm# pocozmlm { oh

ump|o ~~|k|klm ufp occm(

Oc amco~|mp { cm khjocknklml |ma`këh ~o bmnoh um|oh|o~ oh oc

mlc|f# { hf ~þcf oh oc hkýf( Umpm Jpol cm zklm# nfaf hf~ o~ kauo~|m#

po~c|m gpmzf~m { |pmo nfh~kgf uohm~ { lfcfpo~# {m }o oc bfa`po ~jpo

ufp |po~ pmyfho~ upkhnkumco~9 mc lmp~o noh|m lo }o ~ upfukf nopufo~|í lo~|khmlf m cm nfppunkþh# m cm aop|o4 mc lmp~o noh|m }o oc

ahlf or|opkfp cf po`m~m nfh ~ jopym lo~ukmlmlm { lo~|pn|fpm# { mc

oh|pmp oh nfhjckn|f nfh f|pf~ ~opo~ bamhf~(27 Lo amhopm }o oc

bfa`po uolo ~oh|kp~o lknbf~f ~þcf oh cm aolklm oh }o cfgpm ozk|mp

o~|m~ lo~gpmnkm~( Cm ozm~kþh lo o~|m~ ~k|mnkfho~ lo khjocknklml ~o cfgpm

aolkmh|o nmcamh|o~ f ~m|k~jmnnkfho~ ~~|k||kzm~# khnc~f ~~|mhnkm~

oa`pkmgmlfpm~# }o zoczmh mc bfa`po kh~oh~k`co(22 M~kak~af# cmpockgkþh uolo nfhzop|kp~o oh h nmcamh|o mh|o oc ~jpkakoh|f lo o~|m

zklm# mc ponppkp m cm upfzklohnkm lo h Lkf~ }o upf|oim lo cf~ amco~ {

uockgpf~( Oc bfa`po uolo muocmp |ma`këh m cm ~fcolml# ozk|mhlf cm~

pocmnkfho~ bamhm~ }o co fnm~kfhmh lo~lknbm# uolo ponppkp mc

2: –Oh nfh|pm lo cf }o ~oco npoop~o# cm afpmc hf or|opakhm cf~ ‒amcf~‛ kauc~f~ loc

nopuf "{ loc mcam+4 ~k mnm~f cf~ lo|koho# bm~|m nkop|f uh|f# { ~f`po |flf cf~ o~nfhlo { cf~

poupkao# uopf hf cf~ ockakhm hk cf~ ~uopm( Oc ~oýf o~ |o~|kafhkf um|oh|o lo }o oc ‒amc‛ "nfaf }kopm }o ë~|o ~o nfhnk`m+ ~kgo zkzkohlf oh oc bfa`po { `~nmhlf ~ pomckymnkþh‑(K`kl(# u( :7(27 Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# uu( 7:!77(22 Njp( K`kl(# u( 7?(



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lfakhkf { ~fao|kakoh|f lo cm hm|pmcoym aolkmh|o cm |ënhknm gkmlm

ufp cm nkohnkm# uolo onbmp amhf lo cm kh|frknmnkþh# lo cm ~m`klpám

fpkoh|mc { lo cm upín|knm loc {fgm }o upo|ohloh ockakhmp cm~ uc~kfho~#

uopf ë~|f~ hf ~fh ~khf poaolkf~ afaoh|íhof~( Lo o~|o aflf#umponopám }o –T…Q oc upfgpmam }o hf~ kaufho oc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop#

oc lo ~op jockno~# o~ kppomckym`co4 oauopf# hf o~ cánk|f “aí~ `koh# hf o~

uf~k`co“ po~kghmp cf~ oauoýf~ ufp mnopnmp~o lo mcgùh aflf m ~

nauckakoh|f‑(2; Aí~ mlocmh|o ~o orucknm cm zám }o Jpol upfufho

umpm ozk|mp cm lo~lknbm(

ôgùh ~o oru~f oh oc upkaop nmuá|cf# oc bfa`po o~|í

nfh~|k|klf jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o ufp lf~ |kuf~ lo kh~|kh|f~9 opþ|knf~ { lo~|pn|kzf~( Cm nc|pm co kaufho pohhnkmp m ~~ kauc~f~ ~ormco~#

upkaopf po~|pkhgkohlf oc lo~of ~ormc ufp cm amlpo { lo~uë~ loimhlf

oh ncmpf }o ~þcf uopak|kpí cm~ pocmnkfho~ ~ormco~ gohk|mco~ ~f`po cm

`m~o lo hm ckgmyþh lojkhk|kzm o khlk~fc`co oh|po h bfa`po { hm

aiop# ufp cf }o hf ~o mnou|m cm ~ormcklml nfaf joh|o m|þhfam lo

ucmnop { ~þcf ~o |fcopm nfaf cm joh|o umpm cm ac|kucknmnkþh lo cf~

~opo~ bamhf~4;5 uopf o~m ak~am nc|pm poupkao mc bfa`po oh ~~kauc~f~ lo~|pn|kzf~# kaufhkëhlfco# ufp oioaucf# uponou|f~ nfaf

–mamp mc upþikaf‑ o khnc~f mc ohoakgf( Ufp o~|f~ ~mnpkjknkf~# cf~

bfa`po~ lkjánkcaoh|o ~o ~koh|oh lknbf~f~ loh|pf lo cm nc|pm(;= Nfh

po~uon|f m o~|m~ poupo~kfho~ lo cm ~fnkolml Jpol mjkpam9

2; K`kl(# u( 2>(;5 Njp( K`kl(# u( =50(;= ôgùh Jpol# cm nc|pm |koho nfaf `m~o~ Opf~ { Mhmhdë# m~á }o oc mafp }o jhlþ cm

nc|pm ~kgo mn|kzf oh cm~ jmakckm~ nfh cm jhnkþh lo ckgmp oh|po ~á h am{fp hùaopf lo

~opo~ bamhf~ { po~ufhlop mc kh|opë~ lo cm nfahklml lo |pm`mif( Lo o~|o aflf# mafp lo~kghm oc záhncf oh|po zmpþh { aiop }o jhlmpfh hm jmakckm ~f`po cm `m~o lo ~~

hono~klmlo~ gohk|mco~4 uopf |ma`këh ~o lm o~o hfa`po m cf~ ~oh|kakoh|f~ uf~k|kzf~ oh|po

umlpo~ o bkif~# oh|po cf~ bopamhf~ loh|pf lo cm jmakckm# mh}o umpm Jpol loòaf~

lo~npk`kp |mco~ záhncf~ nfaf mafp lo ao|m khbk`klm# nfaf |ophpm4 { o~ }o oc mafp lo

ao|m khbk`klm jo oh ~ fpkgoh h mafp ucohmaoh|o ~oh~mc# { cf ~kgo ~kohlf oh oc

khnfh~nkoh|o lo cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~( Ma`f~# oc mafp ucohmaoh|o ~oh~mc { oc lo ao|mkhbk`klm# lo~`fplmh cm jmakckm { o~|m`conoh hozm~ ckgmyfho~ nfh uop~fhm~ bm~|m oh|fhno~

or|pmým~( Oc mafp gohk|mc ccozm m cm jfpamnkþh lo hozm~ jmakckm~4 oc lo ao|m khbk`klm m

jpm|ophklmlo~ }o mcnmhymh kaufp|mhnkm nc|pmc ufp}o o~nmumh m anbm~ lo cm~

ckak|mnkfho~ loc mafp gohk|mc# ufp oioaucf m ~ nmpín|op ornc~kzf(



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Ak mafp o~ mcgf zmckf~f umpm aá# hf uolf lo~uoplknkmpcf ~kh uolkpnoh|m~( Ao kaufho lo`opo~ }o |ohgf }o lk~ufhopao m nauckp nfh~mnpkjknkf~( ^k maf m f|pf# ëc lo`o aoponopcf lo mcghm amhopm T(((Q ^k o~h or|pmýf umpm aá { hf uolo m|pmopao ufp mcgùh zmcfp ~{f f mcghm

~kghkjknmnkþh }o bm{m ml}kpklf umpm ak zklm mjon|kzm ao ~opí lkjánkcmampcf( [ bm~|m nfao|opám hm khi~|knkm bmnkëhlfcf# uo~ ak mafp ~om}kcm|m oh cm upolkconnkþh ufp cf~ aáf~# m }koho~ khjkopf hm khi~|knkm~k ufhgf mc or|pmýf oh h uko lo kgmclml nfh occf~ T(((Q ¶Ufp }ë# uo~#~o pflom lo |mh|m ~fcoahklml h uponou|f n{f nauckakoh|f hf uoloponfaohlmp~o nfaf pmnkfhmc6;0

Cm nc|pm |koho }o afzkckympcf |flf umpm ufhop cáak|o~ m cm~ uc~kfho~mgpo~kzm~ lo cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~# umpm jpohmp aolkmh|o jfpamnkfho~u~á}knm~ pomn|kzm~ ~~ or|opkfpkymnkfho~( Lo mbá oc ponp~f m aë|flf~

lo~|khmlf~ m kauc~mpcf~ bmnkm kloh|kjknmnkfho~ { záhncf~ mafpf~f~ loao|m khbk`klm4 lo mbá cm ckak|mnkþh lo cm zklm ~ormc { lo mbá# |ma`këh#oc amhlmakoh|f klomc lo mamp mc upþikaf nfaf m ~á ak~af# }o oh cmpomcklml ojon|kzm ~þcf ~o i~|kjknm ufp oc bonbf lo }o hmlm nfh|pmpámaí~ m cm hm|pmcoym bamhm fpkgkhmpkm( Uopf nfh |flf~ ~~ oauoýf~#o~|o mjíh nc|pmc hf bm nfh~ogklf gpmh nf~m bm~|m mbfpm(;>

Nfaf cm nc|pm kaufho |mh|f~ ~mnpkjknkf~ hf ~þcf m cm

~ormcklml# ~khf |ma`këh m cm uc~kþh mgpo~kzm loc ~op bamhf# ~o

nfaupohlo ufp }ë cf~ bfa`po~ ~o ~koh|oh khjockno~ oh occm( Oc bfa`po#

loh|pf lo cm nc|pm# nma`km cm lknbm ufp cm ~ogpklml( Oh pomcklml cm

nc|pm poupkao cm ~ormcklml ufp}o po}kopo lo ~ ohopgám umpm

nfh~|pkp cm nc|pm { umpm nfh|pmppo~|mp cf~ kauc~f~ mgpo~kzf~ loc ~op

bamhf# hkëhlfcf ck`klkhmcaoh|o nfh cf~ f|pf~# {m }o mc kh~|kh|f lo

mgpo~kþh ~þcf ~o co uolo fufhop ork|f~maoh|o oc kh~|kh|f opþ|knf( Lo

o~|o aflf# –((( cm nc|pm ~o zo jfpymlm m hkp m cf~ akoa`pf~ lo cm

nfahklml lo |pm`mif nfh cmyf~ ck`klkhf~f~# ~f uohm lo lo~|pnnkþh lo

~á ak~am { m uo~mp lo cm poupo~kþh }o |koho }o kaufhop m~á m cf~

bfa`po~‑(;<

Bm~|m m}á ~o bm oruo~|f oc amco~|mp loc khlkzklf loh|pf lo cm

nc|pm lo~lo oc mhíck~k~ lo cm ~k|mnkþh khjmh|kc {# uf~|opkfpaoh|o#

lo~lo cm poupo~kþh lo cf~ kauc~f~ ~ormco~ { lo~|pn|kzf~ }o orucknm

Jpol( Mloaí~# nfh oc mhíck~k~ oruo~|f ~f`po cm upobk~|fpkm bamhm#

;0 ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( =5:(;> K`kl(# u( =5;(;< Ohpk}o A( _poým# Cm |ofpám lo cm ~fnkolml lo Jpol# \onhf~# Amlpkl# =;77# u( =0=(



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}olþ o~|m`conklm cm amhopm oh }o oc bfa`po upkak|kzf o~ poupkaklf

{ ~jpo nc|pmcaoh|o9 oc umlpo co mppo`m|m cm uf~k`kcklml lo lknbm mc

bkif mc ornckpcf lo cm uf~o~kþh lo cm~ boa`pm~4 aolkmh|o oc m~o~khm|f

nfcon|kzf oc bkif ml}kopo uflop# uopf cm ma`kzmcohnkm lo ~oh|kakoh|f~bmnkm oc umlpo co fnm~kfhmh ncum { o~|m`cono co{o~ }o nfh~klopm

jfpam~ lo orukmnkþh lkpkgklm~ m ~ umlpo!|þ|oa!Lkf~( Cf~ lo~of~ aí~

kh|oh~f~ "nfaop mc |þ|oa { oc khno~|f+ ~fh poupkaklf~ { hf o~ uf~k`co

~m|k~jmnopcf~# { nfaf oc bfa`po nfh~opzm hm boccm ahëaknm lo cm~

ëufnm~ um~mlm~# hm bopohnkm mpnmknm# o~|f~ mnfh|onkakoh|f~ ~fh

|ma`këh joh|o lo afco~|km umpm oc bfa`po mn|mc(

Oh oc lo~mppfccf mh|opkfp ~o oru~f# |ma`këh# cm amhopm oh }oumpm Jpol ~o nfhigmh cf~ khknkf~ lo cm afpmc { cm pockgkþh oh oc

Nfaucoif lo Olkuf# uo~ cm~ hfpam~ o kh~|k|nkfho~ }o mumponkopfh

ufp upkaopm zoy oh oc |f|oak~af lopkzmpfh loc lo~of ~ormc poupkaklf

ufp cm amlpo { loc m~o~khm|f { lozfpmakoh|f loc umlpo# }o ~o

zfczkopfh af|kzf lo ncum( M~á# cm ~fnkolml pouf~m oh cm

po~ufh~m`kcklml nfaùh loc npkaoh nfcon|kzf# cm pockgkþh oh cm

nfhnkohnkm lo ncum { oc poafplkakoh|f# { cm afpmc oh cm hono~klml lohm hozm ~fnkolml { oh cm orukmnkþh orkgklm ufp cm nfhnkohnkm lo

ncum`kcklml(

Ufp f|pf cmlf# cm nc|pm f`olono m hm kauc~kþh ck`klkhmc

kh|opkfp }o fplohm m cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~ hkp~o oh hm am~m

o~|ponbmaoh|o m|mlm# po~ufhlkohlf mc kh~|kh|f opþ|knf# poupkakohlf

hm ump|o lo cm ~ormcklml { cnbmhlf nfh|pm oc kh~|kh|f mgpo~kzf# cf

nmc lm nfaf po~c|mlf hm poupo~kþh nponkoh|o }o ~o zo pojcoimlm ohoc ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum`kcklml "ë~|o o~ cm orupo~kþh loc nfhjckn|f oh|po

oc kh~|kh|f opþ|knf { oc lo~|pn|kzf+( [ cm jfpamnkþh lo cm nc|pm ~o

cfgpm ufp h pojopyf ~koaupo nponkoh|o loc ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum# }o

o~ oc kh~|paoh|f loc }o ~o ~kpzo cm nc|pm umpm kh|pf{on|mp cm

mgpo~kzklml }o uflpám lo~nmpgmp~o oh cf~ f|pf~(

Uopf hf ~þcf ~o bm`cm lo h ~uop{þ khlkzklmc }o ucmh|om

poncmaf~ { orkgohnkm~ kh|pf{on|mlm~ oh oc khlkzklf4 ork~|o |ma`këh h~uop{þ upfukf lo cm ëufnm nc|pmc( Oc fpkgoh lo o~|o ~uop{þ nc|pmc

o~ ~oaoimh|o mc loc khlkzklf9 pouf~m oh cm kaupo~kþh }o bmh loimlf



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|pm~ lo ~á gpmhlo~ uop~fhmcklmlo~ nfhln|fpm~# bfa`po~ lo jopym

o~ukpk|mc mzm~mccmlfpm# f |mco~ }o oh occf~ hm lo cm~ m~ukpmnkfho~

bamhm~ ~o bm ucm~amlf lo cm amhopm aí~ kh|oh~m { upm(;? Oc

~uop{þ lo cm nc|pm ucm~am ~~ klomco~ { ucmh|om poncmaf~4 oh|poë~|f~# cf~ }o m|mýoh m cf~ záhncf~ ponáupfnf~ oh|po cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~

~o po~aoh `mif oc hfa`po lo ë|knm "f afpmc# }o umpm Jpol o~

khlk~|kh|f;:+( Oh o~|o ~uop{þ nc|pmc ~o |pm|m lo lo~mppmkgmp cm

khnckhmnkþh ~ormc { mgpo~kzm loc ~op bamhf# lo~lo uponou|f~ nfaf oc

{m ~oýmcmlf –mampí~ m | upþikaf nfaf m |k ak~af‑( ^kh oa`mpgf –T…Q

cm ë|knm o~ ckak|mnkþh lo cf uc~kfhmc‑#;7 { nfaf umpm Jpol cm jocknklml

o~ h o}kzmcoh|o lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh uc~kfhmc# po~c|m ozkloh|o }o cmnc|pm { cm afpmc upfzfnmh lo~lknbm o khjocknklml( Mloaí~# nfaf oc

khlkzklf bm kh|pf{on|mlf o~f~ poncmaf~ ë|knf~# ~o zoczo khnmumy lo

pomckymp hm npá|knm m cm ~fnkolml# ufp cf }o khnfh~nkoh|oaoh|o mlfu|m

cm jhnkþh lo ~f~|ëh um~kzf lo cm ak~am( O~|f mnmppom# mloaí~#

upf`coam~ lo |kuf u~knfcþgknf# |mco~ nfaf hopf~k~ f khnc~f cm

kh|frknmnkþh npþhknm f u~knf~k~#;2 oh cm~ }o oc khlkzklf npom

~m|k~jmnnkfho~ ~~|k||kzm~ }o cf mcoimh lo cm pomcklml( M~á# umpm Jpolcf~ ~áh|fam~ lo cm hopf~k~ ~fh o~ohnkmcaoh|o ~m|k~jmnnkfho~

~~|k||kzm~ lo lo~of~ ~ormco~ khnaucklf~4 nmhlf hm m~ukpmnkþh

uc~kfhmc ~na`o m cm poupo~kþh# ~~ nfaufhoh|o~ ck`klkhf~f~ ~fh

|pm~uo~|f~ oh ~áh|fam~ { ~~ nfaufhoh|o~ mgpo~kzf~ oh ~oh|kakoh|f

lo ncum( Lo o~|o aflf# cm m~ukpmnkþh lo lknbm khlkzklmc { lo

mnfucmakoh|f m cm nfahklml cnbmh oh|po ~á oh nmlm khlkzklf# ufp cf

;? Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( =>7(;: Oc ~oh|klf nfh }o Jpol oaucom cm~ umcm`pm~ afpmc { o|knklml "f ë|knm+ o~ ~kakcmp9

uponou|f~ }o pogcmh cm zklm loc bfa`po { }o ~fh kauo~|f~ lo~lo jopm ufp hm

m|fpklml( Ufp oioaucf9 Jpol bm`cm loc ~uop{þ oh|ohlklf nfaf nfhnkohnkm afpmc " Njp(^kgahl Jpol# ¶Uoloh cf~ cogf~ oiopnop oc mhíck~k~6 oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RR#

Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2# u( 05;+# cm nmc o~ oh|ohlklm nfaf pogcmnkþh lo cm

nfhln|m aolkmh|o hfpam~# uopf |ma`këh bm`cm loc ~uop{þ nfaf ~`pfgmh|o lo cf~

poncmaf~ ë|knf~ loc ~op bamhf "Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm# u( ??+#

ufp cf }o ~o pojkopo m hm ak~am kh~|mhnkm# oc ~uop{þ# }o pogcm cm zklm aolkmh|o

uponou|f~# ccíao~o m o~|f ë|knm f afpmc(;7 ^kgahl Jpol# Afk~ë~ { cm pockgkþh afhf|oá~|m# u( ==?(;2 Oh|ohloaf~ ufp hopf~k~ cm mumpknkþh lo ~áh|fam~ um|fcþgknf~ { ~jpkakoh|f oh oc

khlkzklf lo`klf~ m cm kauf~k`kcklml lo ~m|k~jmnop cf~ lo~of~ { uc~kfho~4 ~pgo nfaf hm

~m|k~jmnnkþh um|fcþgknm ~~|k||kzm( Oh cm u~knf~k~ ~o ukoplo {m oc nfh|mn|f nfh cm pomcklml#

upflnkëhlf~o mcnkhmnkfho~(



?:

}o oc upfno~f lo lo~mppfccf loc khlkzklf { oc lo cm nc|pm oh|m`cmh

bf~|kcklmlo~ ponáupfnm~(;; [ {m }o cf~ khlkzklf~ zoh m cm nc|pm nfaf

fupo~kþh "mc kaufhopco~ ~mnpkjknkf~ }o bmgmh uf~k`co cm nfhzkzohnkm+#

ë~|m ~o upf|ogo aolkmh|o hfpam~# kh~|k|nkfho~ f amhlmakoh|f~ }o~o kaufhoh m hm am{fpám ufp hm akhfpám }o bm ~m`klf mupfukmp~o

lo cf~ aolkf~ lo uflop { lo nfauc~kþh( ^kh oa`mpgf# uo~o mc amco~|mp

}o cm~ hfpam~ fnm~kfhmh# hf o~ uf~k`co nmhnocmpcm~9 ~k cm~

upfbk`knkfho~ lo~mumponkopmh# cm zklm ~o zfczopám hm ~no~kþh lo

~m|k~jmnnkfho~# nmlm }koh bmnkohlf ~ g~|f# uopf nfh cm lkjknc|ml lo

}o cf~ f|pf~ |ohlpámh cf~ ak~af~ lo~of~ { hf lk~uoh~mpíh m h

khlkzklf h |pm|f nfh~klopmlf( ^þcf h |kpmhf f h lkn|mlfp }o bm{mm|pmálf bmnkm ~á |flf~ cf~ aolkf~ lo uflop uflpám ~m|k~jmnop ~~ lo~of~

{ |ohlpám cm m|fpklml umpm kaufhop f`olkohnkm m cf~ loaí~ { }o ë~|f~

po~uo|mpmh cf~ amhlm|f~( Mloaí~# hm lo~mumpknkþh lo cm~

upfbk`knkfho~ nfhlohmpám mc bfa`po m cm m|flo~|pnnkþh nfaf

po~c|mlf loc ck`po lo~uckogo loc kh~|kh|f lo aop|o(

Jkhmcaoh|o# nfaf cm ~fnkolml o~ poupo~kzm# gohopm lo~lknbm { hf

~o uolo ozk|mp cm kaucmh|mnkþh lo hfpam~# Jpol mhmckym cm mc|ophm|kzm}o ~o upfufho mc bfa`po umpm ozk|mp# ~k hf nfauco|maoh|o mc aohf~

oh ump|o# cm lo~lknbm# khjocknklml f amco~|mp(

<( ^_@CKAMNKÞH

Umpm Jpol o~ kaufp|mh|o }o nmlm bfa`po oh~m{o ufp ~á ak~af cmamhopm oh }o uolo mcnmhymp cm `kohmzoh|pmhym( Oh o~|f# mloaí~ lo

cm~ nkpnh~|mhnkm~ or|ophm~# ~opí lonk~kzm cm nfh~|k|nkþh u~á}knm loc

khlkzklf( ^k o~ upolfakhmh|oaoh|o opþ|knf# mh|oufhlpí cf~ záhncf~

lo ~oh|kakoh|f nfh f|pm~ uop~fhm~4 ~k |kohlo m cm m|f~jknkohnkm

hmpnk~k~|m# `~nmpí cm~ ~m|k~jmnnkfho~ ~~|mhnkmco~ oh ~~ upfno~f~

mháaknf~ kh|ophf~4 oc bfa`po lo mnnkþh hf ~o mump|mpí loc ahlf

or|opkfp# }o co fjpono cm uf~k`kcklml lo upf`mp ~ jopym4 { nfaf cm~

;; Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# uu( =><# =>:(



?7

uc~kfho~ ~fh mcgf nfh~|k||kzf loc ~op bamhf { Opf~ o kh~|kh|f~

lo~|pn|kzf~ hf uoloh ~upkakp~o# o~ hono~mpkf mhmckymp m |pmzë~ lo

}ë zám~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh co~ uopak|o lo~ucogmp~o cm nc|pm(

Jpol npoo }o cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm hf uolo nfh|oh|mp~okhlojkhklmaoh|o nfh ~op poupkaklm# ~khf }o loò ~op |pmh~jfpamlm lo

hm f|pm amhopm# |pmh~jopklm m f|pf ucmhf# `~nmhlf zám~ mc|ophm|kzm~

lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh( Ë~|m o~ cm `m~o lo cm nfhnounkþh u~knfmhmcá|knm lo

~`ckamnkþh(

Cm ohopgám upkampkm { ocoaoh|mc loc kh~|kh|f# oh cm aolklm oh }o hf

ohnoh|pm oh cm pomcklml ~ fìo|f# o~ lonkp# oh cm aolklm oh }o cmpogcmaoh|mnkþh ~fnkmc "o~|f o~# oc upkhnkukf loc –~uop{þ‑+ co upkzm loo~|o fìo|f { bmno kauf~k`co cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh o~ufh|íhom lkpon|m# ~o|pm~ucmh|m# ~o |pmh~jkopo# ~o |pmh~jfpam# ohnoh|pm hm ~m|k~jmnnkþh~uco|fpkm# ~o npom occm ak~am hm hozm pomcklml # o~|f o~# hm hozmo~jopm lo ~ ~m|k~jmnnkþh# oh cm }o ohnoh|pm hm nfauoh~mnkþh { lm

zklm m~á m cm pomcklml o~ukpk|mc(=55

Jpol upfufho cm ~`ckamnkþh nfaf oc lo~ucmymakoh|f lo cm~

ohopgám~ lo nkop|f~ kh~|kh|f~ bmnkm pomckymnkfho~ lo h hkzoc ~uopkfp#aí~ ocozmlf { lo am{fp zmcfp ~fnkmc { nc|pmc( O~|m~ ohopgám~ ~fh# mh|o

|flf# cm~ loc kh~|kh|f opþ|knf# uo~|f }o ë~|o o~# umpm Jpol# oc kh~|kh|f

jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o nfh~|pn|kzf { npomlfp(=5= Cf }o oc bfa`po

hono~k|m umpm zkzkp oh cm nc|pm o~ pofpkoh|mp cf~ jkho~ kh~|kh|kzf~# lo

amhopm }o oclmh cm jp~|pmnkþh loc ahlf or|opkfp4 ~o lo~ucmym cm

ohopgám ck`klkhf~m bmnkm oc |pm`mif u~á}knf f kh|ocon|mc "mp|o#

nkohnkm…+ { |flf~ o~|f~ nmakhf~ uoloh ~op |kckymlf~ ufp oc khlkzklfumpm mcnmhymp oc upfukf o}kck`pkf uop~fhmc "nfh ornounkþh lo cm

pockgkþh# n{m |ënhknm ~o `m~m oh cm polnnkþh loc zmcfp lo cm zklm { oh

lojfpamp lockpmh|oaoh|o cm kamgoh loc ahlf pomc# aolklm~ }o

|kohoh nfaf nfhlknkþh upozkm cm kh|kaklmnkþh lo cm kh|ockgohnkm+(=50

Cf~ kh~|kh|f~ pofpkoh|mlf~ mc |pm`mif u~á}knf o kh|ocon|mc

gohopmh ~m|k~jmnnkfho~ nfaf oc mp|o# }o nfh~k~|o oh nfpufpokymp cf~

=55 Pfòp| Dmckzflm# fu( nk|(# u( >?(=5= Njp( Ohpk}o Jpokiþ# Oc u~knfmhíck~k~ lo Jpol { cm u~knfcfgám lo cm afpmc# Ol( Pmyþh { Jo#

Amlpkl# =;:: # uu( 0<!0?(=50 Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( 2<(



?2

upfln|f~ lo cm jmh|m~ám( Mcghf~ f|pf~ upo|ohloh# ufp ~ ump|o#

ponpomp oc ahlf# olkjknmp f|pm pomcklml lfhlo cf~ pm~gf~ kh~fufp|m`co~

~o bm{mh ockakhmlf { ~~|k|klf# po~c|mhlf hm |pmh~jfpamnkþh

lockpmh|o lo cm pomcklml ojon|kzm m hkzoc nfcon|kzf# cf nmc nfppo~ufhloo~uonájknmaoh|o m cm~ pockgkfho~(

Pojkpkëhlfhf~ m cm ~`ckamnkþh }o ~o ohnoh|pm oh oc mp|o#

Jpol mjkpam9

Oc mp|k~|m# nfaf oc hopþ|knf# ~o bm`ám po|kpmlf lo cm kh~m|k~jmn|fpkmpomcklml ojon|kzm m o~o ía`k|f lo cm jmh|m~ám# uopf# m lkjopohnkm lo m}ëc#~o khgohkm`m umpm bmccmp oc nmakhf lo pogpo~f { zfczop m bmnop uko

~þcklmaoh|o oh cm pomcklml jín|knm( ^~ npomnkfho~# cm~ f`pm~ lo mp|o#opmh ~m|k~jmnnkfho~ jmh|m~omlm~ lo lo~of~ khnfh~nkoh|o~# oh h |flfnfaf cf~ ~oýf~# nfh cf~ nmco~ |ohámh mloaí~ oh nfaùh oc nmpín|op locnfaupfak~f# uo~ |ma`këh occm~ lo`ámh o~}kzmp oc nfhjckn|f jpmhnf nfhcf~ uflopo~ lo cm poupo~kþh( Uopf m lkjopohnkm lo cm~ upflnnkfho~fhápknm~# m~fnkmco~ { hmpnk~k~|m~# o~|m`mh nmcncmlm~ umpm upfzfnmp cmump|knkumnkþh lo f|pf~ ~opo~ bamhf~# oh }koho~ uflámh mhkamp { ~m|k~jmnop cm~ ak~am~ afnkfho~ khnfh~nkoh|o~ lo lo~of(=5>

Umpm Jpol cf~ mp|k~|m~ orupo~mh oh cm~ f`pm~ }o upflnoh

m}occf~ lo~of~ { uc~kfho~ }o hf uoloh ~m|k~jmnop oh cm pomcklml(

Aolkmh|o |ënhknm~ mlonmlm~ lk~jpmymh ~~ zoplmlopf~ kh|opo~o~ {

lo~of~# lo aflf }o oh cf o~ohnkmc ~fh ~opo~ kh~m|k~jonbf~( Lo~lo o~|m

uop~uon|kzm# oc mp|k~|m ~o ohnoh|pm oh cm~ ~kgkoh|o~ nfhlknkfho~9

T(((Q nfh~|poýklf ufp hono~klmlo~ uc~kfhmco~ bkuopkh|oh~m~4 }oppámnfh~ogkp bfhfpo~# pk}oym# jmam { oc mafp lo cm~ aiopo~( Uopf co

jmc|mh cf~ aolkf~ umpm mcnmhymp o~|m~ ~m|k~jmnnkfho~( Ufp o~f# nfafnmc}kop f|pf kh~m|k~jonbf# ~o or|pmým lo cm pomcklml { |pmh~jkopo |flf~ kh|opë~# |ma`këh ~ ck`klf# m cm~ jfpamnkfho~ lo ~ zklm jmh|m~omlmT(((Q ô cm~ khgohkm# oh upkaop cgmp# umpm ocm`fpmp ~~ ~oýf~ lkphf~ lo|mc aflf }o ukoplmh cf }o |kohoh lo orno~kzmaoh|o uop~fhmc { nbfnmh|o umpm cf~ or|pmýf~# { umpm }o ë~|f~ uolmh gfympcf~ |ma`këh(

Mloaí~# ~mò m|ohmpcf~ bm~|m oc uh|f oh }o hf loioh |pm~cnkpjínkcaoh|o ~ upfzohkohnkm lo cm~ joh|o~ upfbk`klm~( Ufp f|pf cmlf#uf~oo cm ohkgaí|knm jmnc|ml lo lmp jfpam m h am|opkmc lo|opakhmlfbm~|m }o ~o nfhzkop|m oh nfukm jkoc lo cm poupo~oh|mnkþh lo ~ jmh|m~ám

{# lo~uë~# ~mò mhlmp m o~|m jkgpmnkþh lo ~ jmh|m~ám khnfh~nkoh|ohm gmhmhnkm lo ucmnop |mh gpmhlo }o oh zkp|l lo occm cm~ poupo~kfho~~fh lf`cogmlm~ { nmhnocmlm~# mc aohf~ |oaufpmpkmaoh|o( [ ~k uolo

=5> ^kgahl Jpol# Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm# u( :5(



?;

f`|ohop |flf o~f# uf~k`kck|m }o cf~ f|pf~ or|pmkgmh m ~ zoy nfh~ocf { mckzkf lo cm~ joh|o~ lo ucmnop lo ~ upfukf khnfh~nkoh|o# }o ~o co~bm`ámh bonbf khmnno~k`co~4 m~á f`|koho ~ mgpmlonkakoh|f { ~mlakpmnkþh# { oh|fhno~ mcnmhym ufp ~ jmh|m~ám cf }o mh|o~ ~þcf

cfgpm`m oh occm9 bfhfp# uflop { oc mafp lo cm~ aiopo~(=5<

Lo o~|m~ mjkpamnkfho~ ~o nfhnc{o }o cm~ jopym~ uc~kfhmco~

loc ~op bamhf ~o orupo~mh jkgpmlmaoh|o# {m }o cm nc|pm# nfh cf~

aonmhk~af~ lo poupo~kþh# kauklo ~ lo~nmpgm lkpon|m( Nfh o~|f~

ucmh|omakoh|f~# Jpol lo~n`po }o cm ~`ckamnkþh poupo~oh|m h

aolkf lo nauckp cm~ orkgohnkm~ loc {f ~kh ponppkp m cm poupo~kþh(

Mhmckymhlf lkzop~m~ f`pm~ lo mp|o#=5?

Jpol lo~n`po }o ~fho~ohnkmcaoh|o ohopgám ~ormc ~`ckamlm { hf f|pm nf~m( Cm ~`ckamnkþh

}olmpám oh|fhno~ lojkhklm nfaf –T…Q h upfno~f }o m|mýo m cm ck`klf

lo f`io|f { nfh~k~|o oh }o cm uc~kþh ~o cmhym m f|pm ao|m# lk~|mh|o lo

cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh ~ormc4 oc mnoh|f ponmo oh|fhno~ oh cm lo~zkmnkþh

po~uon|f lo cf ~ormc‑(=5: M~á# Jpol zk~ca`pm oh cm ~`ckamnkþh cm

uf~k`kcklml lo ohnfh|pmp h o}kck`pkf khlkzklmc# mh}o ~koaupo m

nf~|m lo gpmhlo~ ~mnpkjknkf~ umpm cm uop~fhm# mloaí~ lo }o hf |flf~uf~ooh o~|m nmumnklml lo ~`ckamnkþh(

¶Lkpámaf~ }o umpm Jpol oc bfa`po ~koaupo o~|mpí

kh~m|k~jonbf oh cm nc|pm6 Cm po~uo~|m umpono ~op mjkpam|kzm( Nfaf

hf o~ uf~k`co cm lo~nmpgm lkpon|m {m }o occm nfhlno m cm kauf~k`kcklml

lo zkzkp nfh f|pf~ ~opo~ bamhf~ }o lo kgmc amhopm lo~omh

~m|k~jmnnkþh# ~koaupo bm`pí ckak|mnkfho~ uc~kfhmco~# hfpam~#

amhlm|f~ {# nfaf nfh~onohnkm lo occf~# amco~|mp# hopf~k~ okhjocknklml oh oc bfa`po( Cm ncmzo umpm ~uopmp cm khjocknklml ~opám

ozk|mp cm poupo~kþh aolkmh|o ~`ckamnkfho~# { mh}o ë~|m~ hf

uopak|kopmh mc bfa`po cm jocknklml ucohm# ~á co bmpámh cm zklm aí~

~fufp|m`co(

=5< ^kgahl Jpol# Nfhjopohnkm~ lo kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~ oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~#zfc( RZK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;0# uu( ><0!><>(=5? Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# _h ponoplf khjmh|kc lo Cofhmplf lm Zkhnk oh Jpol# F`pm~nfauco|m~# zfc( RK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;0(=5: ^kgahl Jpol# Kh|pflnnkþh mc hmpnk~k~af# u( ;=(



KKK( \OFPÁM^ NPÁ\KNM^

LOC AMCO^\MP OH CM N_C\_PM

M~akohlf cm upfuo~|m mh|pfufcþgknm jpolkmhm { mhmckymhlf cm

pocmnkþh }o ~o o~|m`cono oh|po bfa`po { ~fnkolml# ~o nfhncám oh oc

nmuá|cf mh|opkfp }o oc khlkzklf hf uolo o~nmump m cm ~oh~mnkþh lo

amco~|mp }o co upfzfnm cm khnmumnklml lo lo~nmpgmp lkpon|maoh|o ~~

uc~kfho~ "oh lknbm lo~nmpgm pmlknmpám cm jocknklml+# uo~ cm~ hfpam~

afpmco~ bmh lo po~gmplmp cm nc|pm { mc ak~af bfa`po "ë~|o nma`km

cm lknbm ufp cm ~ogpklml+( O~|m nfhnc~kþh ozklohnkm h nkop|f

uo~kak~af jpolkmhf# }o umpono ~akp mc bfa`po oh cm kauf~k`kcklml

lo mcnmhymp h o~|mlf lo `koho~|mp oh ~ zklm( ^kh oa`mpgf# po~c|m

lkjánkc npoop }o cm zklm bamhm ~o lo`m polnkp m h aopf ~f`pozkzkp#

|pm|mhlf lo ozk|mp oh cm aolklm lo cf uf~k`co cm~ po~|pknnkfho~ {

~f`poccozmhlf aolkmh|o ~`ckamnkfho~ h amco~|mp }o# ~o }kopm f

hf# o~|í upo~oh|o( Umpono# aí~ `koh# }o oc ~op bamhf o~|í ccmamlf m

mcgf aí~9 m zkzkp jocky( [m Jpol ohhnkm`m o~|o khhogm`co lo~of

bamhf9

¶]ë o~ cf }o cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~ ak~af~ loimh lk~nophkp# ufp ~nfhln|m# nfaf jkh { upfuþ~k|f lo ~ zklm6 ¶]ë o~ cf }o orkgoh looccm# cf }o oh occm }kopoh mcnmhymp6 Hf o~ lkjánkc mnop|mp nfh cmpo~uo~|m9 }kopoh mcnmhymp cm lknbm# nfh~ogkp cm jocknklml {

amh|ohopcm T(((Q O~ ~kaucoaoh|o# nfaf `koh ~o hf|m# oc upfgpmam locupkhnkukf loc ucmnop oc }o jkim ~ jkh m cm zklm( =57

[ nfhno`kp oc upfuþ~k|f loc bfa`po lo ~op lknbf~f "jocky+ nfaf

mcgf –T…Q m`~fc|maoh|o kppomckym`co‑=52 upfzfnm lo khaolkm|f h

nfhjckn|f9 cm zklm bamhm hf uolo ckak|mp~o m hm zklm oh ~fnkolml

}o upflno amco~|mp4 o~ hono~mpkf lo~n`pkp cm amhopm oh }o oc

bfa`po uolo o~nmump m o~o jm|mc lo~|khf(

=57 ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( 7:(=52 Kloa(

:=



:0

^k m~akaf~ oh |flf~ ~~ ~uo~|f~ cm |ofpám lo Jpol ~f`po oc

khlkzklf { ~~ pocmnkfho~ lo bf~|kcklml nfh cm nc|pm# ohnfh|pmpoaf~

hm nfbopohnkm khlk~n|k`co9 oc bfa`po# }o po~ufhlo m hm ~opko lo

uc~kfho~ }o hono~k|mh lo~nmpgmp~o# oruopkaoh|mpí hono~mpkmaoh|oamco~|mp ~k cm~ hfpam~ ~fnkmco~ kaukloh cm ckòpmnkþh lo ~ ohopgám

kh~|kh|kzm( Hf ~o |pm|m# oh|fhno~# lo `~nmp cm khnfh~k~|ohnkm |oþpknm lo

Jpol4 aí~ `koh# o~ hono~mpkf lmp h um~f m|pí~# |pm|mhlf lo am|kymp

~ nfhnounkþh mh|pfufcþgknm umpm lo~n`pkp# lo cm amhf lo f|pm~

upfuo~|m~# hozf~ ocoaoh|f~ nfh~|k||kzf~ loc ~op bamhf }o

uf~k`kck|oh cm nfh~onnkþh lo cm jocknklml "}o ~o loòpí oh|ohlop#

|ma`këh# oh h umhfpmam aí~ mauckf { hf ~þcf nfaf aopm~m|k~jmnnkþh uc~kfhmc+(

Oh o~|o nmuá|cf ~o orufho# uo~# cm ckak|mlm hfnkþh lo jocknklml

lo Jpol# ~o am|kym ~ nfhnounkþh mh|pfufcþgknm { ~o upfufpnkfhmh

khlknkf~ "}o hf hm po~uo~|m mnm`mlm+ ~f`po cm jfpam oh }o co o~

uf~k`co mc bfa`po ozk|mp oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm { mcnmhymp cm

jocknklml# mh o~|mhlf khaop~f oh cm pomcklml ~fnkmc( O~m~ zo|m~ }o ~o

uoloh m`pkp m ump|kp loc o~|lkf { npá|knm lo cm |ofpám jpolkmhm o~|íhkcakhmlm~# oh o~|o ck`pf# jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o ufp Opknb Jpfaa {

Bopòp| Ampn~o(=5; Hf f`~|mh|o# o~ hono~mpkf mncmpmp }o nfh cm

npá|knm m cm mh|pfufcfgám jpolkmhm hf ~o hkogmh cf~ upkhnkumco~

lo~n`pkakoh|f~ lo Jpol# o~uonkmcaoh|o nfh pocmnkþh mc khnfh~nkoh|o#

cm jopym }o oiopno cm lkaoh~kþh kh~|kh|kzm loc khlkzklf oh ~ upfukf

lo~mppfccf { cm lkzk~kþh |pkump|k|m lo cm uop~fhmcklml(

=( OC NFHNOU\F LO JOCKNKLML LO JPO_L

Oc upfuþ~k|f lo cm zklm bamhm# nfaf ~o bm lknbf# o~ cm lknbm f

jocknklml( Mhmckymhlf cm lojkhknkþh jpolkmhm# lo~n`pkaf~ }o –T…Q cf

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lo Jpol( ^kh oa`mpgf# oh o~|o |pm`mif hf ~o mhmckym cm lkjopohnkm oh|po ma`m~ uf~|pm~#

uo~ cf }o ~o upo|ohlo o~ upo~oh|mp mcghm~ mc|ophm|kzm~ umpm ~uopmp oc amco~|mp oh cm

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}o oh ~oh|klf o~|pkn|f ~o ccmam ‒jocknklml‛ nfppo~ufhlo m cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh

aí~ `koh pouoh|khm lo hono~klmlo~ po|ohklm~# nfh mc|f gpmlf lo o~|m~k~#

{ ufp ~ upfukm hm|pmcoym ~þcf o~ uf~k`co nfaf h johþaohf

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occm~# afaoh|íhom ufp nkop|f4 { o~m m~ukpmnkþh uolo lmp~o lo jfpam

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hogm|kzm "|pm|mhlf lo ozk|mp oc lfcfp { oc lk~ucmnop+(

Oc bfa`po upkak|kzf# mh|o~ loc o~|m`conkakoh|f lo cm~

kh~|k|nkfho~ { po~|pknnkfho~ khbopoh|o~ m occm~# hf |ohám ckak|mnkfho~ oh

cf uc~kfhmc# hf o~|m`conám po~|pknnkfho~ m ~~ kh~|kh|f~ "mc aohf~ ocumlpo loc ncmh { iojo lo cm jmakckm+ { ~~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo lknbm opmh

am{fpo~ }o mc afaoh|f lo o~|m`conop cm~ hfpam~ nc|pmco~ }o# ~k

`koh co gmpmh|kym`mh upf|onnkþh { ~ogpklml# kauolámh cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh

lkpon|m lo ~~ uc~kfho~( Ufp occf# Jpol npoo }o mc nma`kmp lknbm ufp

~ogpklml# oc bfa`po nkzkckymlf ~o ohnoh|pm kauolklf umpm ~op jocky#

lmlf }o oc `koho~|mp { jocknklml ~fh uf~k`co~ ùhknmaoh|o aolkmh|o cm

~m|k~jmnnkþh uc~kfhmc lkpon|m( ^o upo~oh|m# oh|fhno~# hm lk~akhnkþhoh cm~ orkgohnkm~ lo ~m|k~jmnnkþh loc ~op bamhf# nfaf ~nolo oh cm

|pmh~jfpamnkþh loc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop oh upkhnkukf lo pomcklml(

Cm mc|ophm|kzm }o Jpol umponopám nfhno`kp umpm cfgpmp oc am{fp

gpmlf uf~k`co lo jocknklml nfh~k~|kpám oh }o oc bfa`po pohhnkmpm m cm

nc|pm "cm m`mhlfhmpm+ { zfczkopm m ohnfh|pmp~o oh nfhlknkfho~

upkak|kzm~#=== ~fcnkþh }o# ufp cf loaí~# hf gmpmh|kympám

nfauco|maoh|o cm jocknklml mc hf uflop m~ogpmp cm ~uopzkzohnkm( M~á#o~|m ~mcklm po~c|m ckak|mlm mloaí~ lo kaupmn|knm c̀o(

Lo~lo cm uop~uon|kzm oruo~|m# oh cm nfh~onnkþh lo cm jocknklml

oc bfa`po ~þcf khzfcnpm ~ nfhlknkþh `kfcþgknm kh~|kh|kzm( ^kh

oa`mpgf# ~ hm|pmcoym o~|í lf|mlm lo f|pf~ ocoaoh|f~ }o hf ~o

uoloh fczklmp "nmumnklml pmnkfhmc# ck`op|ml# mhbocf lo |pm~nohlohnkm#

hono~klml lo mppmkgf# o|në|opm+ { }o m`poh nfh~klopm`coaoh|o oc

nfhnou|f lo jocknklml# }o {m hf ~o uflpí oh|ohlop nfaf aopm

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bmpí uf~k`co# |ma`këh# cm ~uopmnkþh loc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm( Ufp

occf# m nfh|khmnkþh ~o ~oýmcmh mcghf~ am|kno~ }o ~o loòh bmnop nfhpocmnkþh m cm mh|pfufcfgám jpolkmhm( Kgmcaoh|o# ~o upo~oh|m cm

upfuo~|m lo Jpfaa { cm mauckmnkþh loc nfhnou|f lo jocknklml }o

lopkzm lo occm(

0( NPÁ\KNM M CM MH\PFUFCFGÁM JPO_LKMHM

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o~ohnkmco~ gpmnkm~ m cf~ nmco~ o~ uf~k`co cm ~uopmnkþh loc amco~|mp oh

cm nc|pm9 ~ uf~|pm `kfcfgknk~|m { ~ nfhnou|f lo ckòp|ml bamhm(

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kauc~f~ `kfcþgknmaoh|o lo|opakhmlf~ }o nfhlknkfhmh oc mn|mp(==0

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aflocf upmaoh|o aonmhknk~|m( ô ockakhm# m~á# nmc}kop f|pf |kuf lo

záhncf khlkzklf!nc|pm "~fnkolml+ }o ulkopm khzfcnpmp cm

nfhnkohnkm# cm lkaoh~kþh zfck|kzm# cm ckòp|ml# o|në|opm( M~kak~af# o~|m

amhopm lo nfhno`kp cm hm|pmcoym bamhm nfhlno m hm pocmnkþh lo

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~fnkolml+# { ccozm m nfhnckp }o cm ~fnkolml loò lfao~|knmp mcbfa`po# }o o~ mh|k~fnkmc# { nfhnolopco hm~ nmh|m~ ~m|k~jmnnkfho~

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nmc ~o upo~ufho }o oc khlkzklf uopamhono ~koaupo kgmc

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hm hm|pmcoym bamhm jkim { `kfcþgknmaoh|o lmlm( Nfh occf# lo~|mnm oc

bonbf lo }o oc upfno~f ~fnkmc oiopno khjcohnkm umpm npomp mc bfa`po {

hf ~þcf umpm poupkakpcf "cf nmc hf mhcm# lo~lo cogf# cm ump|o

poupo~fpm }o cm ~fnkolml |koho+#==< nfh cf nmc oc lo~mppfccf loc

nmpín|op bamhf hf ~o oh|kohlo ~þcf oh jhnkþh lo cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh fjp~|pmnkþh lo cf~ kauc~f~ ufp ump|o lo cm ~fnkolml( –Cm hm|pmcoym

bamhm hf o~ jkim “ { ufp o~f cm nc|pm hf uolo ~op kh|opupo|mlm

nfaf oc po~c|mlf lo kh~|kh|f~ bamhf~ jkif~“# hk cm nc|pm o~ h

jmn|fp jkif mc }o ~o mlmu|o cm hm|pmcoym oh jfpam um~kzm {

nfauco|m‑(==?

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mn|mp(

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{ ck`op|ml( [ mh}o oc nfhfnkakoh|f f cm nfhnkohnkm hf mc|opm~oh –lobonbf‑ cm pomcklml { cm nfhln|m nfhnpo|m# { ~o ~kgko~o ~kohlf "{

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po~ufh~m`kckym { afpmckym4 o~ lonkp# co bmno ck`po(==:

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mnfh|onkakoh|f~ pomcaoh|o ~kghkjknm|kzf~ umpm |flf oc lo~mppfccf

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afclo upojkimlf ufp ~~ mhno~|pf~4 oc khnfh~nkoh|o# }o af|kzm m cm

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~m|k~jmnop~o { ~fh nmumno~ lo af|kzmp uflopf~maoh|o oc mn|mp

bamhf(

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lo cf~ kauc~f~ um~kfhmco~ loc bfa`po hf uoloh orucknmp~o ufp cm

jopym lo ~~ kh~|kh|f~9

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~ mlmu|mnkþh m cm hm|pmcoym ~o jhlm ~f`po |flf oh oc upfno~f

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{ ~kh oa`mpgf |pm~nohlopcm(=0=

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khnfhjfpao { cf cmhym m ohnfh|pmp hozm~ ~fcnkfho~(

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lmp ~kghkjknmlf m ~ zklm(

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oh }o cf~ nm|pf ocoaoh|f~ uonckmpaoh|o bamhf~ mh|o~

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<( OC NFHNOU\F LO JOCKNKLML LO JPFAA

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m jocknklml+(

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bma`po# cm ~ol f oc ~oýf# { ~k cm hono~klml uopamhono ~kh ~m|k~jmnnkþh

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johþaohf }o mnfaumým m |flm cm mn|kzklml upfln|kzm# oh oc uoh~mp#

oh oc ~oh|kp { oh cm mnnkþh(

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nfh hf~f|pf~ ak~af~(=0?

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~m|k~jmnnkþh "opþ|knm f mgpo~kzm+ { nfh~klopmpámh mc f|pf nfaf h fìo|f

}o ~m|k~jmno f hf cm~ loamhlm~ uc~kfhmco~(

T(((Q oc upþikaf hf o~ ~fcmaoh|o h uf~k`co mrkckmp Toh oc |pm`mifQ { fìo|f ~ormc# ~khf hm |oh|mnkþh umpm ~m|k~jmnop oh ëc cm mgpo~kþh#orucf|mp ~ jopym lo |pm`mif ~kh po~mpnkpcf# ~mpcf ~ormcaoh|o ~kh ~nfh~oh|kakoh|f# lo~uf~oopcf lo ~ um|pkafhkf# bakccmpcf# khjckgkpcolfcfpo~# amp|kpkympcf { m~o~khmpcf(=>=

Cm lkjopohnkm oh|po ma`m~ |ofpám~ ~o zoczo um|oh|o mc ponfhfnop

oc nfhnou|f }o Jpol amhoim ~f`po oc mafp( Umpm ëc# nfh~k~|o oh oc

záhncf oh|po zmpþh { aiop }o jhlmpfh hm jmakckm ~f`po cm `m~o lo

~~ hono~klmlo~ gohk|mco~(=>0

[ mh}o ~o co ~oco oh|ohlop# ~ogùh=>5 Njp( Opknb Jpfaa# Oc akolf m cm ckòp|ml# u( <=(=>= ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( =52(=>0 Njp( K`kl(# u( =55(



7:

Jpol# nfaf oc nfhih|f lo ~oh|kakoh|f~ uf~k|kzf~ oh|po umlpo~ o bkif~

{ oh|po cf~ bopamhf~ loh|pf lo cm jmakckm# umpm ëc hf ~fh aí~ }o

lo~zkmnkfho~ loc mafp ~ormc# ~fh mafp lo ao|m khbk`klm(=>> Nfh o~|o

nfhnou|f kh|opupo|m nmc}kop ~oh|kakoh|f lo |ophpm f nfahkþh( –Oc

mafp lo ao|m khbk`klm jo oh ~ fpkgoh h mafp ucohmaoh|o ~oh~mc# {

cf ~kgo ~kohlf oh oc khnfh~nkoh|o lo cf~ ~opo~ bamhf~‑(=><

Ohnfh|pmaf~# oh|fhno~# hm ncmpm fuf~knkþh oh|po ma`f~

uoh~mlfpo~# uo~ akoh|pm~ umpm Jpfaa oc mafp o~ hf lo cf~

ocoaoh|f~ }o ufhoh oh iogf cf o~ohnkmcaoh|o bamhf nfh cf nmc o~

uf~k`co ozk|mp oc amco~|mp# umpm Jpol –T…Q ufp hm ump|o# oc mafp ~o

nfh|pmufho m cf~ kh|opo~o~ lo cm nc|pm4 ufp cm f|pm# cm nc|pm maohmymmc mafp nfh ~oh~k`co~ ckak|mnkfho~‑(=>? _hm zoy aí~ hf~ ohnfh|pmaf~

nfh cf~ nfhnou|f~ poln|kzf~ lo cm |ofpám jpolkmhm# cm nmc lo~nmp|m cm

uf~k`kcklml loc mafp nfaf pocmnkþh mn|kzm { npomlfpm(

^kgkohlf nfh oc mhíck~k~ lo cm~ nmcklmlo~ upmaoh|o bamhm~

nmumno~ lo ccozmp mc `koho~|mp mc bfa`po# Jpfaa upfufho cm hono~klml

lo lo~mppfccmp cm pmyþh bamhm( Hf ~o oh|kohlm ë~|m nfaf cm

nmumnklml lo mnacmp nfh|ohklf~ kh|ocon|mco~ hk nfaf oc upolfakhkfm`~fc|f lo cm nmumnklml kh|ocon|mc loc bfa`po loimhlf lo cmlf cm

mjon|kzklml# cm zfcknkþh f nmc}kopm lo cm~ jmnc|mlo~ ornc~kzmaoh|o

bamhm~( Nmhlf Jpfaa bm`cm lo pmyþh ~o pojkopo mc bonbf lo }o oc

bfa`po –T…Q o~ zklm nfh~nkoh|o lo ~á ak~am4 |koho nfhnkohnkm lo ~á

ak~af# lo ~~ ~oaoimh|o~# lo ~ um~mlf { lo cm~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo ~

j|pf‑(=>: M~á# oc bfa`po ml}kopo nfhnkohnkm lo ~ ~oumpm|klml# lo ~

~fcolml# loc bonbf lo }o hmno ~kh lonklkpcf { aopo nfh|pm ~ zfch|ml# nfhnkohnkm lo cm ohjopaolml# lo ~ lo~zmckakoh|f jpoh|o m

cm~ jopym~ lo cm hm|pmcoym { lo cm ~fnkolml# { mh|o |flf occf zoczo#

hm zoy aí~# mc mafp nfaf cm po~uo~|m nmumy lo upfufpnkfhmpco mckzkf

mh|o cm ork~|ohnkm ~oumpmlm { lo~hklm4 ~o zkhncm nfh cf~ loaí~(

Ufp f|pm ump|o# cm pmyþh |ma`këh uopak|o mc bfa`po oh|ohlop cf~

johþaohf~ o khnckpcf~ oh h nfh|or|f nfaupoh~k`co umpm uflop

=>> Njp( Opknb Jpfaa# Oc mp|o lo mamp# u( ;5(=>< ^kgahl Jpol# Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# u( =55(=>? Kloa( =>: Opknb Jpfaa# Oc mp|o lo mamp# u( =2(



77

amhoimpcf~ oh ~~ uoh~makoh|f~( O~|f hf~ bm`cm lo cm hono~klml

bamhm lo hm o~|pn|pm lo ~oh|klf }o upfufpnkfho fpkoh|mnkþh

kh|ocon|mc oh oc ahlf( Nmh|f aí~ ~o lo~mppfccm cm pmyþh "oh oc

upfno~f lo nponkakoh|f loc khlkzklf+# |mh|f aí~ mlonmlf { mupfrkamlf m cm pomcklml po~c|m o~o ~k~|oam lo fpkoh|mnkþh( Lo~lo

o~|m uop~uon|kzm cm pmyþh ~o oh|kohlo nfaf cm –T…Q jmnc|ml loc bfa`po

umpm nmu|mp oc ahlf ufp oc uoh~makoh|f‑#=>7 { ~o lkjopohnkm lo cm

kh|ockgohnkm oh nmh|f }o ë~|m nfh~k~|o ~þcf oh amhkucmp oc ahlf

nfh m{lm lo cm~ klom~( Cm pmyþh o~ o~ohnkmcaoh|o bamhm# mc uopak|kp

cm nmu|mnkþh { oc lo~mppfccf lo nfhfnkakoh|f~ zoplmlopf~# akoh|pm~ }o

cm kh|ockgohnkm uopamhono oh oc ucmhf mhkamc( Nmu|mp oc ahlf ufp ocuoh~makoh|f kaucknm fìo|kzklml# }o oc ~op bamhf uf~om cm jmnc|ml

lo zop oc ahlf# cm hm|pmcoym# cm~ loaí~ uop~fhm~ { m ~á ak~af nfaf

~fh# ~kh lojfpamnkfho~ upflnklm~ ufp lo~of~ f |oafpo~( ^k oc bfa`po

zm lo~mppfccmhlf o~m fìo|kzklml# oh|fhno~ mcnmhym h am{fp nfh|mn|f

nfh cm pomcklml# am{fp amlpoy { uolo npomp h ahlf bamhf mc

}o ~koh|m nfaf ~ bfgmp "~ nfhnkohnkm lo ~oumpm|klml cf zfczám h

or|pmýf jpoh|o m cm hm|pmcoym { cf~ mhkamco~4 h ~op ~kh afpmlm+(_h |opnop ocoaoh|f nmpmn|opá~|knf lo cm hm|pmcoym bamhm }o

~o loò lo~mppfccmp umpm mcnmhymp oc `koho~|mp oh cm nc|pm o~ cm

ckòp|ml( ^f`po o~|o m~uon|f ~o uflpám pomckymp h o~|lkf orbm~|kzf

ufp ~oumpmlf# uo~ oh cm f`pm lo Jpfaa cm ckòp|ml fnum h cgmp

a{ kaufp|mh|o( ^kh oa`mpgf# lo mnoplf nfh cm o~|pn|pm lo o~|o

ck`pf# hf bmno jmc|m aí~ }o upo~oh|mp hm~ nmh|m~ hf|m~ ~f`po cm

jfpam oh }o ~o oh|kohlo o~|m lkaoh~kþh bamhm( ô fak|o# m~kak~af#cm nfhjpfh|mnkþh nfh Jpol ufp ohnfh|pmp~o ~ uf~|pm oh h mump|mlf

mh|opkfp(

Jpfaa mjkpam }o –T…Q cm ckòp|ml hf o~ f|pm nf~m }o cm

nmumnklml lo ~ogkp cm zfy lo cm pmyþh# lo cm ~mcl# loc `koho~|mp# lo cm

nfhnkohnkm# nfh|pm cm~ zfno~ lo um~kfho~ kppmnkfhmco~‑(=>2 ^kh oa`mpgf#

cm hfnkþh lo ckòp|ml ~o uolo oh|ohlop oh lf~ ~oh|klf~ lkjopoh|o~( Ufp

=>7 Opknb Jpfaa# U~knfmhíck~k~ lo cm ~fnkolml nfh|oaufpíhom# u( :5(=>2 Opknb Jpfaa# Oc nfpmyþh loc bfa`po# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm# Aërknf# =;7;# u(

=?<(



72

hm ump|o# –T…Q cm ck òp|ml o~ hm mn|k|l# hm fpkoh|mnkþh# ump|o lo cm

o~|pn|pm lo nmpín|op lo cm uop~fhm amlpm# ucohmaoh|o lo~mppfccmlm#

upfln|kzm‑(=>; Oh o~|o ~oh|klf ~o nfh~klopm nfaf m|pk`|f "lo kgmc

amhopm }o bm`cmp loc bfa`po mam`co# upfln|kzf# khlouohlkoh|o+(Uopf cm ckòp|ml |koho mloaí~ f|pf ~oh|klf( O~ –T…Q cm nmumnklml lo

ocogkp oh|po mc|ophm|kzm~ fuo~|m~4 uopf mc|ophm|kzm~ }o kaucknmh

~koaupo cm oconnkþh oh|po oc kh|opë~ pmnkfhmc { oc kppmnkfhmc lo cm zklm {

~ lo~mppfccf nfh|pm oc o~|mhnmakoh|f { cm aop|o‑(=<5 Oh o~|o ~oh|klf#

oc bfa`po o~ nmumy lo ocogkp oc ~k~|oam lo fpkoh|mnkþh "mnfplo m cm

pmyþh+ }o npom aí~ nfhzohkoh|o9 h ~k~|oam pockgkf~f# ufcá|knf#

khnc~f h |f|mck|mpk~af "{m }o ~ nmumnklml lo oconnkþh khnc{o cmfunkþh lo ocogkp oc o~|mhnmakoh|f { cm aop|o+(

^kh oa`mpgf# Jpfaa mjkpam }o hf ork~|o mcgf }o ~o lohfakho

–ckòp|ml‑ aí~ }o oh nmh|f nfhnou|f m`~|pmn|f { umcm`pm(

Hf bm{ aí~ }o hm pomcklml9 oc mn|f lo ckòpmphf~ m hf~f|pf~ ak~af~oh oc upfno~f lo ocogkp( Oh o~o upfno~f zmpám oc gpmlf lo ho~|pmnmumnklml umpm ocogkp nfh nmlm mn|f# nfh ho~|pm upín|knm lo cm zklm(

Nmlm um~f oh cm zklm }o maoh|o cm nfhjkmhym }o |ohgf oh aá ak~af#oh ak kh|ogpklml# oh ak zmcfp# oh ak nfhzknnkþh# maoh|m |ma`këh aknmumnklml umpm ocogkp cm mc|ophm|kzm lo~om`co# bm~|m }o mc jkh ~o aobmno aí~ lkjánkc ocogkp cm mnnkþh khlo~om`co }o cm lo~om`co( Ufp f|pmump|o# nmlm mn|f lo pohlknkþh { nf`mplám ao lo`kck|m# upoumpm oc nmakhfumpm hozf~ mn|f~ lo pohlknkþh# { jkhmcaoh|o ~o ukoplo cm ckòp|ml(=<=

O~m nmumnklml lo kp~o bm`k|mhlf m cm~ mc|ophm|kzm~ lo~om`co~

nfh~|k|{o hf lo cf~ ocoaoh|f~ }o |ma`këh bmnoh uf~k`co oc

`koho~|mp { cm jocknklml bamhf~( [ m uo~mp lo cf ckak|mlf }o uolm

po~c|mp oc nfhnou|f lo ckòp|ml oh Jpol "ufp cm~ upoak~m~ lo ~

|ofpám+# Jpfaa ponfhfno ~ bm`kcklml umpm lo~n`pkp oc gpmlf oh }o oc

bfa`po { cm ~fnkolml ~fh khnckhmlf~ m f`pmp lo |mc amhopm }o nfh

jponohnkm cm khnckhmnkþh ~o zoczo lo|opakhmnkþh( Mh|o o~|m

f`~opzmnkþh# Jpol uoh~þ }o cf~ aflf~ kppmnkfhmco~ lo f`pmp uoloh

aflkjknmp~o aolkmh|o oc nfhfnkakoh|f lo ~á ak~af { oc o~jopyf( [

=>; K`kl(# u( =?:(=<5 Kloa( =<= K`kl(# uu( =:=!=:0(



7;

mh}o Jpfaa mjkpam }o Jpol jo lo|opakhk~|m oh oc ~oh|klf lo }o

oc bfa`po uolo uoplop cm `m|mccm ufp cm khlouohlohnkm { cm ckòp|ml# co

ponfhfno bmòp ~klf mc|ophm|kzk~|m# mc oh~oýmp }o –T…Q oc bfa`po

uolo ocogkp oh|po nkop|m~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ mzopkgm`co~# { }o louohlo loëc nmc lo o~|m~ mc|ophm|kzm~ |ohlpí cgmp4 louohlo lo ëc akoh|pm~ hf

bm{m uoplklf mùh ~ ckòp|ml‑(=<0

Umpono ncmpf# oh|fhno~# }o akoh|pm~ oc bfa`po m~am

pmnkfhmcaoh|o ~ nmumnklml lo ocogkp { ockim m}occf }o co lë zklm# cm

ckòp|ml o~ |ma`këh hm nmpmn|opá~|knm bamhm jhlmaoh|mc umpm cm

nfh~onnkþh lo cm jocknklml { oc `koho~|mp(

Ufp ùc|kaf# ohnfh|pmaf~ mc |pm`mif upfln|kzf nfaf f|pm lo cm~nmcklmlo~ bamhm~ }o uopak|oh mc bfa`po ~ pomckymnkþh ucohm(

Oc bfa`po o~ cmhymlf m o~|o ahlf ~kh ~ nfhfnkakoh|f#nfh~oh|kakoh|f hk zfch|ml( Oh o~|o po~uon|f# hf ~o lkjopohnkm locmhkamc# lo cm ucmh|m f lo cm am|opkm khfpgíhknm( Uopf# o~|mhlf lf|mlf lopmyþh o kamgkhmnkþh# hf uolo nfh|oh|mp~o nfh oc umuoc um~kzf lonpkm|pm# nfh oc umuoc lo lmlf }o ~o mppfim loc n`kco|o( ô ~koh|okauc~mlf ufp oc mupoakf lo |pm~nohlop oc umuoc lo npkm|pm { cmmnnkloh|mcklml { um~kzklml lo ~ ork~|ohnkm# bmnkëhlf~o –npomlfp‑(=<>

Npomhlf o~ nfaf oc bfa`po ~o ocozm ufp ohnkam lo cm um~kzklml

{ cm mnnkloh|mcklml lo ~ ork~|ohnkm bm~|m cm o~jopm lo cm khknkm|kzm { cm

ckòp|ml( [ hf kaufp|m ~k ohgohlpm m cf~ bkif~ "mh}o cf~ mhkamco~ cf

bmnoh# hf |kohoh cm nfhnkohnkm lo ~op npomlfpo~+# ~koa`pm ~oakccm~#

upflno fìo|f~ am|opkmco~# mp|o# klom~ f pocmnkfho~ lo mafp# ufp}o oh

nmlm hm lo o~|m~ mn|kzklmlo~ oc bfa`po |pm~nkohlo oc umuoc lonpkm|pm( [ o~m mn|kzklml npomlfpm upo~ufho mn|kzklml { ~fcknk|l#

mafp m cf }o ~o npom(

Mh}o cm mn|kzklml npomlfpm { mafpf~m ccozm mc bfa`po m cm

pomckymnkþh { jocknklml# ork~|o |ma`këh cm uf~k`kcklml lo }opop

|pm~nohlop um|fcþgknmaoh|o# lo~|p{ohlf cm zklm( Bm`cmp lo cm

uf|ohnkmcklml umpm oc mafp loc bfa`po hf ~ufho khgohklml ~f`po h

bfa`po }o oh |flf ~o nmpmn|opkym ufp cm `fhlml( Cm lo~|pn|kzklml

=<0 K`kl(# u( =7?(=<> Opknb Jpfaa# U~knfmhíck~k~ lo cm ~fnkolml nfh|oaufpíhom# u( >2(



25

ork~|o { o~|í ohpmkymlm oh cm o~ohnkm loc bfa`po "nfaf Jpol ~f~|ohám

mc lo~npk`kp oc kh~|kh|f lo mgpo~kzklml+4 uopf hm `ù~}olm lo `koho~|mp

bm lo ~uopmp o~|o |kuf lo |pm~nohlohnkm hogm|kzm( –Cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh lo

cm hono~klml lo npomp nfhlno m cm jocknklml# { cm lo~|pn|kzklml mc~jpkakoh|f# aí~ }o umpm hmlko# umpm oc lo~|pn|fp ak~af‑(=<<

Bm`cmp loc |pm`mif upfln|kzf oh cm uop~uon|kzm lo Jpfaa hf ~o

pocmnkfhm nfh cm mn|kzklml nfauc~kzm lkpkgklm m ozmlkp m cm ~fnkolml hk

nfaf cm ~kauco pocmnkþh nfh cm hm|pmcoym "}o uflpám ~op hm

lfakhmnkþh f mlfpmnkþh jpoh|o m cf~ upfln|f~ ak~af~ lo cm mn|kzklml

bamhm+# ~khf nfaf npomnkþh oh cm }o oc bfa`po ~o hkjknm nfh cm

hm|pmcoym(

Cm lknf|faám `í~knm# khbopoh|o mc bfa`po “oc hmnkakoh|f lo cmkhlkzklmcklml { oc lfcfp lo cm ~fcolml“# ~o lk~oczo oh h ucmhf~uopkfp ufp aolkf lo cm mn|kzklml bamhm o~ufh|íhom( Oh occm ockhlkzklf m`pmym oc ahlf( Hf ~fcmaoh|o ~ {f khlkzklmc uopamhonokh|mn|f# ~khf }o ~o zoczo aí~ jop|o { ponkf( Ufp}o oc {f o~ jop|o ohcm aolklm oh }o o~ mn|kzf(=<?

Cm upo~oh|mnkþh lo cm upfuo~|m lo Opknb Jpfaa oh cm npá|knm mJpol bm |ohklf nfaf upkhnkumc kh|opë~ po~mc|mp }o oc bfa`po o~|í

ccmamlf m cm jocknklml# { umpm cfgpmp ~ pomckymnkþh ucohm uf~oo hm

~opko lo nmcklmlo~ }o co ~fh ornc~kzm~ { }o cf lk~|mhnkmh

pmlknmcaoh|o lo cf~ mhkamco~( Jpol polif cm uf~k`kcklml lo jocknklml

m cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh kh~|kh|kzm { |zf }o nfhnckp }o oc bfa`po o~|í

–nfhlohmlf‑ m umlonop oh am{fp f aohfp aolklm h amco~|mp oh cm

nc|pm( ^kh oa`mpgf# Jpfaa m`po cm uf~k`kcklml lo }o cm zklmnc|pmc hf ~þcf hf ~om h f`~|íncf m cm jocknklml loc bfa`po# ~khf oc

aolkf umpm ml}kpkpcm(

T(((Q cm |ohlohnkm bmnkm cm ~mcl aoh|mc# cm jocknklml# cm mpafhám# oc mafp#cm upfln|kzklml# o~ khbopoh|o m |flf ~op bamhf }o hf ~om h klkf|maoh|mc f afpmc lo hmnkakoh|f( ^k ~o co~ lm fufp|hklml# o~m~|ohlohnkm~ ~o mjkpamh ufp ~á ak~am~ zkgfpf~maoh|o# nfaf uolo zop~o

oh khnfh|m`co~ ~k|mnkfho~( ^fh uponk~m~ anbm~ nfh~|ocmnkfho~ { nkpnh~|mhnkm~ uflopf~m~ umpm uopzop|kp { ~fjfnmp o~m |ohlohnkm khhm|m

=<< K`kl(# u( >;(=<? Opknb Jpfaa# Oc akolf m cm ck`op|ml# u( 027(



2=

m cm ~mcl aoh|mc4 { o~ nkop|f }o# m cf cmpgf lo nm~k |flm cm bk~|fpkmnfhfnklm# bm nm~mlf o~m uopzop~kþh oc ~f loc bfa`po ufp oc bfa`po(Npoop }o lknbm uopzop~kþh o~ khbopoh|o mc bfa`po# o~ nfaf mppfimp~oakccm~ oh oc ~ocf loc lo~kop|f { upo|ohlop }o hf o~|m`mh lo~|khmlm~

m gopakhmp(=<:

Mc khknkf lo o~|o |opnop nmuá|cf ~oýmcë }o cf~ khlknkf~ lo cm

~uopmnkþh mc amco~|mp o~|mpámh jhlmaoh|mlf~ oh cm~ upfuo~|m~ lo

Jpfaa { Ampn~o( Umpm Jpfaa# o~ hono~mpkf kh|pflnkp

aflkjknmnkfho~ oh oc nfhnou|f lo bfa`po m~á nfaf oh cm hfnkþh lo

jocknklml "ma`f~ mumponkopfh ckak|mlf~ oh cm |ofpám lo Jpol+( Nm~f

nfh|pmpkf o~ oc lo Ampn~o( ^kh ccogmp m aflkjknmp ~~|mhnkmcaoh|o cmmh|pfufcfgám jpolkmhm hk oc nfhnou|f lo jocknklml# o~ nmumy lo fjponop

mc|ophm|kzm~ umpm cm ~uopmnkþh loc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm# nfaf ~o zopí

m nfh|khmnkþh(

:( AMPN_^O [ CM ^_UOPMNKÞH LOC AMCO^\MP OH CM N_C\_PM

Mh|o~ lo orufhop cf~ upkhnkumco~ ucmh|omakoh|f~ lo Bop`op| Ampn~o

nfh pocmnkþh m ho~|pf |oam# o~ hono~mpkf ponfplmp# lo jfpam `pozo# cf~

nfhnou|f~ lo upkhnkukf lo ucmnop { upkhnkukf lo cm pomcklml oh Jpol#

uo~ ë~|f~ ~fh po|famlf~ oh Opf~ { nkzkckymnkþh# f`pm lo Ampn~o oh cm

nmc ~o noh|pmh cf~ ucmh|omakoh|f~ }o m nfh|khmnkþh lo mhmckymh(

Oh oc upkaop nmuá|cf# orufhkohlf cm hfnkþh lo occf# lkikaf~ }o

oc ~op bamhf uf~oo h nfhih|f lo kh~|kh|f~ `kfcþgknf~#

jhlmaoh|mco~# kppmnkfhmco~# nmpgmlf~ lo ohopgám }o |kohlo m

lo~nmpgmp~o( Nfh~klopmhlf o~|m ohopgám# oc mumpm|f mháaknf loc ~op

bamhf `~nm amh|ohop cf aí~ `mim uf~k`co "mc aohf~ nfh~|mh|o+ cm

nmh|klml lo ornk|mnkþh upo~oh|o oh ëc "m~á# nmhlf cf~ kh~|kh|f~ loc occf

mnacmh ~ nmpgm ohopgë|knm# o~ufh|íhomaoh|o |kohloh m

lo~nmpgmp~o+( Cm |oh~kþh }o ~o upflno ufp cm ohopgám mnacmlm ~kh

lo~nmpgm upfzfnm lk~ucmnop# }o oc fpgmhk~af |kohlo m ozk|mp "oc

=<: K`kl(# uu( 002(



20

upkhnkukf lo ucmnop upfnpm# oh|fhno~# ozk|mp oc lk~ucmnop+(=<7 M~á# oc

upkhnkukf lo ucmnop ~o lojkho nfaf –T…Q hm |ohlohnkm }o o~|í mc

~opzknkf lo hm jhnkþh9 cm lo bmnop }o oc mumpm|f mháaknf }olo

oroh|f lo ornk|mnkþh# f cm lo amh|ohop oh ëc nfh~|mh|o# f oh oc hkzocaáhkaf uf~k`co# oc afh|f lo cm ornk|mnkþh‑(=<2 ^kh oa`mpgf# cm~

uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo lo~nmpgm uc~kfhmc }o ccozmpámh m o~o o~|mlf lo

ornk|mnkþh aáhkam ~o zoh ckak|mlm~ ufp cm~ po~|pknnkfho~ ~fnkmco~ {

nc|pmco~# mloaí~ lo }o cm m|fupo~opzmnkþh loc fpgmhk~af nfppopám

uockgpf oh aolkf lo cm~ lkjknc|mlo~ loc ahlf or|opkfp( Ufp occf# ~o

lo~mppfccm oh oc khlkzklf h upkhnkukf lo pomcklml }o# –T…Q ~kh

po~kghmp oc upfuþ~k|f lo hm gmhmhnkm jkhmc lo ucmnop# orkgo { nfh~kgouf~ufhop cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh# pohhnkmp m lkzop~m~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ lo cfgpmpcm

{ |fcopmp upfzk~kfhmcaoh|o oc lk~ucmnop oh oc cmpgf pflof bmnkm oc

ucmnop‑(=<; Ufp occf# oc upkhnkukf lo pomcklml o~|í mc ~opzknkf loc upkhnkukf

lo ucmnop(

Nfh o~|f~ ocoaoh|f~# o~ uf~k`co oh|ohlop lo jfpam aí~ ncmpm cm

upfuo~|m lo Ampn~o# }koh ~f~|koho cm klom lo hm nc|pm hf

poupo~fpm lo cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm# nfh cf }o ~o ozk|m oc amco~|mp { cm~hopf~k~ lkmghf~|knmlm~ ufp Jpol(

Oc mhíck~k~ lo Ampn~o ~f`po oc upkhnkukf lo cm pomcklml cf ccozm m

lkjopkp lo cm uf~|pm jpolkmhm( Umpm ëc# oc upkhnkukf lo cm pomcklml "}o

~o amhkjko~|m oh kh~|k|nkfho~ { pocmnkfho~ nfhnpo|m~+ ~~|oh|m mc ~op

bamhf oh ~ nfh|mn|f nfh oc ahlf or|opkfp4 { o~|o ahlf bm lo

nfh~klopmp~o nfaf bk~|þpknf# uo~ m cf cmpgf lo cm nkzkckymnkþh bmh

ork~|klf lk~|kh|m~ kh~|k|nkfho~ { pocmnkfho~ }o bmh uopak|klf~m|k~jmnop cm~ hono~klmlo~ `kfcþgknm~ bamhm~ lo a{ lkjopoh|o~

amhopm~(

Oh o~|o ~oh|klf# Jpol nfao|o h oppfp "lo~lo cm uop~uon|kzm lo

Ampn~o+ mc orucknmp cm pocmnkþh oh|po upkhnkukf lo ucmnop { upkhnkukf lo

pomcklml lo jfpam mbk~|þpknm( Oc bfa`po |koho hono~klmlo~# cf nmc

poak|o m hm ~k|mnkþh lo nmpohnkm# lo hono~klml# lo o~nm~oy4 ump|kohlf

=<7 Njp( ^kgahl Jpol# Aí~ mccí loc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop oh Jpol# F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc(

RZKKK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;7# uu( 7!=5(=<2 K`kl(# u( :5(=<; K`kl(# u( =5(



2>

lo o~|m nfh~|k|nkþh# oc bfa`po cnbm ufp ~ ork~|ohnkm# `~nmhlf

~m|k~jmnop ~~ hono~klmlo~( ^kh oa`mpgf# o~|m o~nm~oy hf loò

nfhno`kp~o "nfaf bmno Jpol+ nfaf h bonbf `p|f# mbk~|þpknf# {m }o

oh pomcklml o~ nfh~onohnkm lo hm fpgmhkymnkþh o~uonájknm { lo hmmn|k|l ork~|ohnkmc o~uonájknm(=?5 M cf cmpgf lo cm nkzkckymnkþh# cm o~nm~oy

bm ~klf fpgmhkymlm lo a{ lk~|kh|m~ amhopm~# lo aflf }o oc

upkhnkukf lo pomcklml |ma`këh bm ~jpklf aflkjknmnkfho~(=?= Lo bonbf#

cm~ orkgohnkm~ ~fnkmco~ o~uonájknm~ lo hm ~fnkolml lo|opakhmh cm

amhopm oh }o ~o fpgmhkym cm ~m|k~jmnnkþh lo cm hono~klml# { Ampn~o

mhmckym nfhnpo|maoh|o cm ~fnkolml poupo~fpm }o lopkzm loc lfakhkf lo

cm `pgo~ám# |ohkohlf cm nfhnkohnkm lo }o o~ hm jfpam bk~|þpknm~uopm`co( O~|m bk~|fpknklml o~|í upo~oh|o oh ~~ |pm`mif~

nfhnpo|maoh|o oh oc |oam lo cm ~ormcklml# n{m fpgmhkymnkþh bk~|þpknm

uolo nma`kmp umpm lmp cgmp m hm ~fnkolml hf poupo~kzm }o ozk|o oc

amco~|mp(

Oh oc lo~mppfccf bamhf# cf~ kh~|kh|f~ o kauc~f~ ~ormco~ ~o

jkimh oh lkzop~m~ yfhm~ loc nopuf "yfhm~ opþgohm~+( ^kh oa`mpgf#

nmhlf cm ~ormcklml ~o fpgmhkym oh |fphf m cf~ þpgmhf~ gohk|mco~# ~olkno }o bm ccogmlf m ~ jm~o lo amlpoy( O~|m kh|opupo|mnkþh bm ~klf

upkzkcogkmlm oh cm bk~|fpkm lo cm nkzkckymnkþh# lmhlf cgmp m hm

fpgmhkymnkþh bk~|þpknm }o bm lo~ormckymlf cf~ kauc~f~ { ~~ yfhm~#

mlmu|íhlfcm~ m orkgohnkm~ ~fnkmco~ o~uonájknm~ { upfbk`kohlf cm

gpm|kjknmnkþh lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ { cm gohk|mcklml hf upfnpom|kzm#

nm|mcfgíhlfcf~ nfaf uopzop~kfho~(=?0 ^kh oa`mpgf# cm jhnkþh upkampkm

lo cm ~ormcklml ~opám f`|ohop ucmnop lo cm~ yfhm~ loc nopuf# { cmpoupflnnkþh ~þcf ~opám hm jhnkþh ~onhlmpkm( O~|f kaucknm }o ~k oc

=?5 Njp( Bopòp| Ampn~o# Opf~ { nkzkckymnkþh# Mpkoc# @mpnocfhm# =;2=# u( <:(=?= Ampn~o mhmckym# m ump|kp lo o~|f~ upo~uo~|f~# oc upkhnkukf lo pomcklml lo hm

~fnkolml nfhnpo|m9 cm `pgo~m# }o ~o `m~m oh cm lfakhmnkþh { cm upfln|kzklml( Oh o~|o

|pm`mif hf upo|ohlf mloh|pmpao oh lknbf mhíck~k~( Aí~ `koh po|faf cm fpgmhkymnkþh

bk~|þpknm loc upkhnkukf lo cm pomcklml oh ~ jhnkþh lo~ormckymh|o(=?0 Cm nc|pm f`|koho gpmh ump|o lo cm ohopgám }o hono~k|m umpm amh|ohop~o lo cm

~ormcklml( Cf~ kauc~f~ loc |pm`mif# ufp oioaucf# ~fh mckaoh|mlf~ ufp hm ~ormcklml

khbk`klm lo ~ ao|m( Cm ck`klf ~o nfhnoh|pm oh hm ~fcm ump|o loc nopuf# loimhlf nm~k |flfoc po~|f ck`po umpm |kckympcf nfaf kh~|paoh|f lo |pm`mif( Ufp f|pm ump|o# cm afpmc

nkzkckymlm bm ponbmymlf cm klom lo nfhno`kp mc nopuf nfaf aopf fìo|f# aolkf o

kh~|paoh|f lo ucmnop# nfhzkp|kohlf o~|o ~f oh hm logohopmnkþh upfukm lo upf~|k||m~#

logohopmlf~ { uopzop|klf~(



2<

upkhnkukf lo pomcklml ~o uolo aflkjknmp# mc po~ufhlop m hm

fpgmhkymnkþh bk~|þpknm nfhnpo|m lo cm hono~klml# oh|fhno~ cm

nfhnounkþh lo cm ~ormcklml }o bm lfakhmlf oh cm bk~|fpkm lo cm

nkzkckymnkþh |ma`këh uolo ~op aflkjknmlm# uopak|kohlf zkzkp lknbmlkaoh~kþh bamhm oh h ~oh|klf aí~ ohpk}onolfp { ucohkjknmlfp#

ozk|mhlf oc amco~|mp { cm poupo~kþh( Oc nmakhf }o Ampn~o ~kgo umpm

~~|oh|mp o~|m klom# ~o orufho m nfh|khmnkþh(

[m }o cf~ kh~|kh|f~ opþ|knf~ ~fh jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o

nfh~|pn|kzf~# |ohlkoh|o~ m cm j~kþh# Ampn~o upfufho ~opzkp~o loc

uflop lo Opf~ umpm npomp hm ~fnkolml hf poupo~kzm( Opf~ o~ h uflop

hkjknmlfp { gpm|kjknmh|o# { cm ùhknm jfpam lo o~|m`conop záhncf~~fnkmco~ lpmlopf~ { hf poupo~kzf~ nfh~k~|kpám oh ckòpmp |flf oc uflop

opþ|knf( Ampn~o upfufho ~ormckymp lo hozf oc nopuf# hf

oaucoíhlfcf ~þcf nfaf kh~|paoh|f lo |pm`mif lo |koauf nfauco|f(

Lo~lo cm uop~uon|kzm lo Jpol# ~opám hono~mpkf o~|m`conop

~koaupo po~|pknnkfho~ m cf~ kh~|kh|f~# ufp}o ~ ckòpmnkþh

kauf~k`kck|mpám cm zklm ~fnkmc( Oh ~ uf~knkþh# npo{þ }o cm~ pocmnkfho~

kh|opuop~fhmco~ lpmlopm~ lo cm~ }o louohlo cm nkzkckymnkþh upfzkohohlo h kh~|kh|f ~ormc khbk`klf lo ~ ao|m4 mloaí~# mjkpam`m }o cm

ckòpmnkþh lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ ~ormco~ bmpámh pogpo~mp cm fpgmhkymnkþh lo

cm ~ormcklml bmnkm o~|mlf~ uponkzkckymlf~( M~kak~af# hm ckòpmnkþh

kh~|kh|kzm nfhlnkpám m }o cm nkzkckymnkþh orucf|mpm# uo~|f }o ë~|m

~þcf ~o amh|koho gpmnkm~ mc |pm`mif { cm pohhnkm uc~kfhmc "|kckymnkþh

poupo~kzm lo cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm=?>+( ]k|mhlf cm~ po~|pknnkfho~# oc

bfa`po ork~|kpám ~kh |pm`mif hk fploh# pogpo~mhlf m cm hm|pmcoym "{ lo~|p{ohlf cm nc|pm+( Nfh|pm o~|m~ mjkpamnkfho~# Ampn~o ~oýmcm cm

jfpam oh }o Opf~# ckòpmlf { |pmh~jfpamlf# hf ~þcf hf gohopmpám cm

lo~|pnnkþh lo cm nc|pm# ~khf }o cm ccozmpám m ~ ucohf lo~mppfccf#

nfhlnkohlf m cm jocknklml mc ~op bamhf "jocknklml oh|ohlklm nfaf cm

pomckymnkþh lo cf~ lo~of~ lo cm khjmhnkm# o~ lonkp# lo~nmpgm kh~|kh|kzm=?<+

{ gohopmhlf hm m|f~ c̀kamnkþh lo cm ~ormcklml# nfaf aí~ mlocmh|o

orucknf(

=?> Njp( Bopòp| Ampn~o# fu( nk|(# u( =::(=?< Njp( K`kl(# u( =;5(



2?

Cm upfuo~|m lo Ampn~o gkpm oh |fphf m hm gpm|kjknmnkþh lo cm~

hono~klmlo~ khlkzklmco~ ck`poaoh|o lo~mppfccmlm~# h o~umpnkakoh|f

lo cm ck`klf# cm pomn|kzmnkþh lo |flm~ cm~ yfhm~ opþgohm~# oc

po~pgkakoh|f lo cm ~ormcklml ufckafpjm upogohk|mc "lonckhmhlf cm~upoamnám gohk|mc { ozk|mhlf polnkp cm ~ormcklml m ~op hm jhnkþh

mc ~opzknkf lo cm poupflnnkþh f hm aopm f`|ohnkþh lo ucmnop lo cm~

yfhm~ loc nopuf+( Oc nopuf ~o zfczopám h fìo|f lo gfno o

kh~|paoh|f lo ucmnop( Ozkloh|oaoh|o# o~|f upflnkpám hm

lo~kh|ogpmnkþh lo cm~ kh~|k|nkfho~ oh cm~ }o cm~ pocmnkfho~ upkzmlm~

kh|opuop~fhmco~ bmh ~klf fpgmhkymlm~# upkhnkumcaoh|o cm jmakckm

um|pkmpnmc { afhfgíaknm(=?? [ o~|o upfno~f ~opám# aí~ }o hm ckòpmnkþh lo cm ck`klf# hm

|pmh~jfpamnkþh lo cm ak~am( Cm ~ormcklml }o bm`ám ~klf ckak|mlm m

cm ~upoamnám gohk|mc loimpám ~ cgmp m cm opf|kymnkþh lo |flm cm

uop~fhmcklml( Cm ck`klf ~o o~umpnkpám oh cm~ pocmnkfho~ ~fnkmco~ {

upkzmlm~# uopf hf orucf|mpám( O~|o ck`po lo~mppfccf lo cm ck`klf

opf|kympám yfhm~ { pocmnkfho~ }o ~o nfhno`ámh nfaf |m`ùo~ {

akhkakympám cm~ amhkjo~|mnkfho~ lo cm aopm ~ormcklml# kh|ogpíhlfcm~oh h fploh aí~ mauckf# loh|pf loc nmc |ma`këh ~o khnckpám oc |pm`mif

"cm ~ormcklml ckòpmlm gohopmpám pocmnkfho~ lo |pm`mif lpmlopm~+(

Opf~# m~á ckòpmlf# gohopmpám hm m|f~`ckamnkþh# nfhlnkpám m

cm kh~|mpmnkþh lo h fploh nfahk|mpkf ckgmlf ufp cmyf~ ck`klkhmco~(

Cm ~ormcklml npompám# lo o~|o aflf# pocmnkfho~ bamhm~ mc|maoh|o

nkzkckymlm~ ~kh o~|mp ~io|m m cm fpgmhkymnkþh poupo~kzm( Cm nkzkckymnkþh

o~|mpám ohzoc|m { ~f~|ohklm ufp pocmnkfho~ ck`klkhmco~ ck`po~( [ o~|m~hozm~ pocmnkfho~ ck`klkhmco~ |pmh~jfpampámh hf ~þcf cm pocmnkþh oh|po

khlkzklf~# ~khf cm pocmnkþh nfh oc aolkf ma`koh|o( Lo~lo o~|m

uop~uon|kzm# cm amhopm oh }o Jpol oh|kohlo m Opf~ "|ohlohnkm m

jfpamp cm ~~|mhnkm zkzm loh|pf lo hklmlo~ nmlm zoy aí~ gpmhlo~ umpm

}o cm zklm uolm ~op upfcfhgmlm { ccozmlm m h lo~mppfccf aí~ mc|f+

nf`pmpám h hozf ~oh|klf { ~opám uopjon|maoh|o nfaum|k`co nfh hm

zklm loh|pf lo cm nc|pm ~kh poupo~kþh hk amco~|mp(

=?? Njp( K`kl(# u( =22(



2:

Akoh|pm~ aí~ ck`poaoh|o ~o lo~mppfccoh cf~ kh~|kh|f~# aí~ ck`poaoh|o ~omjkpampí m ~á ak~am ~ –hm|pmcoym nfh~opzmlfpm‑( Cm cnbm ufp cmgpm|kjknmnkþh lpmlopm |pm|mpí hf ~þcf lo maoh|mp oc fploh lo cm~pocmnkfho~ ck`klkhmco~ "cm –nfahklml‑+# ~khf |ma`këh lo uopuo|mp o~|o

fploh oh hm o~nmcm aí~ mc|m( Oc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop ~o or|kohlo m cmnfhnkohnkm( Opf~ lojkho m cm pmyþh oh ~~ upfukf~ |ëpakhf~( O~pmyfhm`co cf }o ~f~|koho oc fploh lo cm gpm|kjknmnkþh( Oh oc gpmlf oh}o cm cnbm ufp cm ork~|ohnkm ccogm m ~op nffuopmnkþh umpm oc ck`polo~mppfccf { pomckymnkþh lo cm~ hono~klmlo~ khlkzklmco~# cm pmyþhpoupo~kzm loim oc um~f m hm hozm pmnkfhmcklml lo cm gpm|kjknmnkþh ohcm }o nfhzopgoh pmyþh { jocknklml(=?:

O~|m upfuo~|m |koho nfaf jhlmaoh|f cm hm|pmcoym ak~am lo

cf~ kh~|kh|f~# }o hf ~o mgf|mh m ~á ak~af~ oh cm ~m|k~jmnnkþhkhaolkm|m# {m }o |kohoh cm nmumnklml umpm nfh~|pkp { |kckymp `mppopm~

}o kh|oh~kjk}oh cm pomckymnkþh( [ cm~ `mppopm~ nfh|pm cm gpm|kjknmnkþh#

mc hf ~op ~mlm~ nfaf kh~|paoh|f lo lfakhmnkþh# uf~k`kck|mh cm

ck`op|ml bamhm { ~ m|fppomckymnkþh(

Ampn~o# ~kh oa`mpgf# o~ nfh~nkoh|o lo }o cm upfuo~|m }o

upo~oh|m nfhccozm upf`coam~( Mh}o cf~ bfa`po~ ork~|kpámh pomcaoh|o

nfaf khlkzklf~# nmlm hf líhlfco jfpam m ~ upfukm zklm# ~oohjpoh|mpámh hf m f|pf nfh hono~klmlo~ lkjopoh|o~ { nfh aflf~ lo

~m|k~jmnnkþh lkjopoh|o~( Oc upolfakhkf loc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop

gohopmpám mh|mgfhk~af~# lfcfpo~# jp~|pmnkfho~ { nfhjckn|f~

khlkzklmco~ oh cm cnbm ufp cm gpm|kjknmnkþh( Hf f`~|mh|o# –T…Q o~|f~

nfhjckn|f~ |ohlpíh oh ~á ak~af~ zmcfp ck`klkhmc9 o~|mpíh pon`kop|f~ ufp

cm pmnkfhmcklml lo cm gpm|kjknmnkþh( M~á# o~|m pmyþh ~oh~mc nfh|koho ~~

upfukm~ co{o~ afpmco~‑(=?7

Loh|pf lo o~|m upfuo~|m lo Ampn~o# hm zoy }o oc upkhnkukf

lo ucmnop bm cfgpmlf o~|m`conop ~uopkfpklml ~f`po oc upkhnkukf lo cm

pomcklml# gohopm h ahlf lo ~ka`fckymnkþh { jmh|m~ám "lfhlo

upolfakhm cm kamgkhmnkþh+ oh oc }o oc |pm`mif jfpymlf o~ ~~|k|klf

ufp cm gpm|kjknmnkþh( M~á# cf~ ~áa`fcf~ upfufpnkfhmlf~ ufp cm

kamgkhmnkþh ~opzkpámh nfaf `m~o umpm cm npomnkþh lo ~fnkolmlo~

amlpm~( [ akoh|pm~ }o oh cm~ ~fnkolmlo~ poupo~kzm~ upolfakhm cm=?: K`kl(# u( 057( M~á# Ampn~o upfufho cm npomnkþh lo hm pmyþh ck`klkhmc }o upfaozm oc

upfgpo~f bmnkm jfpam~ aí~ mc|m~ lo ck`op|ml nkzkckymlm(=?7 K`kl(# u( 0==(



27

kamgoh loc bëpfo aá|knf Upfao|of "}o ~o poòcm nfh|pm cf~ lkf~o~# }o

lfakhm cm~ jopym~ hm|pmco~ { npom cm nkzkckymnkþh# ~ka`fckymhlf oc

|pm`mif# oc o~jopyf# cm upfln|kzklml { oc upfgpo~f ufp aolkf lo cm

poupo~kþh=?2+# nfh oc upolfakhkf loc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop ~o ckòpm mOpf~ gohopmhlf h fploh ~ka`þcknf poupo~oh|mlf ufp Fpjof { Hmpnk~f(

Oh cm ak|fcfgám gpkogm oc nmh|f lo Fpjof upkjknm oc ahlf mhkamc#

ponfhnkckm mc coþh nfh oc nfplopf { mc coþh nfh oc bfa`po( Ckòpm cm

hm|pmcoym# ufho oh afzkakoh|f cf~ `f~}o~ { cm~ ukolpm~ umpm }o

ump|knkuoh lo cm mcogpám lo ork~|kp( Ufp ~ ump|o# Hmpnk~f ~ka`fckym oc

~oýf { cm aop|o4 hf ~þcf ~o mam m ~á ak~af# ~khf }o zkzo ~ogùh ~

upfukf opf~ oh hm o~uonko lo nfahkþh hkzop~mc( Ma`f~ ~ka`fckymhcm mcogpám# oc gfyf# cm pomckymnkþh { cm umy "poòcíhlf~o nfh|pm cm nc|pm

`m~mlm oh oc o~jopyf# cm lfakhmnkþh { cm pohhnkm+4 ~fh ~áa`fcf~ lo

òccoym { umy# ~kghkjknmh cm polohnkþh loc ucmnop# cm lo|ohnkþh loc

|koauf# cm m`~fpnkþh lo cm aop|o oh h umpmá~f lo ~kcohnkf# lo ~oýf {

lo hfnbo# h Hkpzmhm ccohf lo zklm oh oc }o Opf~ { \íhm|f~ ~o

ponfhnkckmh(=?; Oc opf~ þpjknf { hmpnk~k~|m lo~ukop|m { ckòpm

uf|ohnkmcklmlo~ }o ~fh pomco~ oh cm~ nf~m~ mhkamlm~ o khmhkamlm~# ohcm hm|pmcoym fpgíhknm o khfpgíhknm "mh}o ~fh pomco~# oh cm pomcklml

~kh opf|k~af bmh ~klf ~upkaklm~+( Oc ~op o~ oruopkaoh|mlf nfaf

gpm|kjknmnkþh }o ho mc bfa`po { m cm hm|pmcoym lo |mc aflf }o cm

pomckymnkþh loc bfa`po o~ mc ak~af |koauf cm pomckymnkþh ~kh zkfcohnkm

lo cm hm|pmcoym( [ oh hm hozm ~fnkolml oh lfhlo oc upkhnkukf lo

ucmnop upolfakhm# cm kamgkhmnkþh { cf~ ~áa`fcf~ "}o po~ufhloh m

Fpjof { Hmpnk~f+ npomh h ahlf lfhlo ~o ~m|k~jmno oc lo~of { ~oupflno h ck`po iogf lo cm~ jmnc|mlo~ bamhm~(

Ufp ùc|kaf# f|pf upf`coam }o kgmcaoh|o uflpám ~pgkp ~o

pojkopo mc lo~|khf }o loòh ~ogkp cf~ kh~|kh|f~ lo~|pn|kzf~ { lo

aop|o upfukf~ loc ~op bamhf "\íhm|f~+( O~|f~ umponopámh m|oh|mp

nfh|pm cm pmyþh ck`klkhmc lo }o boaf~ bm`cmlf( ^kh oa`mpgf# hf o~ m~á(

ôgùh cm |ofpám jpolkmhm# oc kauc~f lo aop|o po~ufhlo mc upkhnkukf

lo Hkpzmhm# oc nmc |kohlo bmnkm h o~|mlf lo nfh~|mh|o gpm|kjknmnkþh

=?2 Njp( K`kl(# uu( =?<!=??(=?; Kloa(



22

lfhlo hf ~o ~koh|o hkhghm |oh~kþh "cm am|opkm khfpgíhknm hf

oruopkaoh|m nma`kf~ nmh|k|m|kzf~ lo ohopgám { ufp occf po~ufhlo mc

ak~af upkhnkukf+# lo aflf }o o~ h o~|mlf ~kh hono~klml( [ nmhlf

mc ckòpmp m Opf~ ~o lm cm gpm|kjknmnkþh "lk~akh{ohlf cm |oh~kþh { polnkëhlfcm mc aáhkaf+# oc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop { oc lo Hkpzmhm

nfhzopgoh(=:5 Opf~# ckòpmlf lo cm poupo~kþh# ~opám jfp|mconklf {

m`~fpòpám oc fìo|kzf loc kh~|kh|f lo aop|o(

Nfhjfpao oc ~jpkakoh|f { cm hono~klml po|pfnoloh# oc upkhnkukf locHkpzmhm uolo ccogmp m o~|mp ponfhnkckmlf nfh oc upkhnkukf lo cmpomcklml( Cm m|pmnnkþh khnfh~nkoh|o }o ccozm mc kh~|kh|f bmnkm h–o~|mlf mh|opkfp‑ ~opám nfh|pmm|mnmlm ojon|kzmaoh|o ufp oc g~|ff`|ohklf oh oc o~|mlf lo zklm mcnmhymlf( Cm –hm|pmcoym nfh~opzmlfpm‑ lo cf~ kh~|kh|f~ ccogmpám m lo~nmh~mp oh h upo~oh|o |f|mcaoh|o~m|k~jmn|fpkf(=:=

Jkhmcaoh|o# cm~ |ofpám~ `pozoaoh|o oruo~|m~ m}á "|mh|f cm lo

Jpfaa nfaf cm lo Ampn~o+ ~o upo~oh|mpámh# oh|fhno~# nfaf hm

mc|ophm|kzm pomc umpm cm ~uopmnkþh loc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm mc }o oc

bfa`po umponopám o~|mp nfhlohmlf lo~lo cm uop~uon|kzm jpolkmhm( Cmklom pon|fpm lo o~|o ck`pf ~o ao~|pm# m~á# nfaf mcgf jmn|k`co# mc ork~|kp

mcghm~ mc|ophm|kzm~# zo|m~# nmakhf~ lo ~fcnkþh pomco~ mc upf`coam lo

cm pocmnkþh khlkzklf!nc|pm# }o oh |ëpakhf~ lo Jpol o~ ~koaupo lo

poupo~kþh { nfhjckn|f(

Nfh cm upo~oh|mnkþh lo cm~ |ofpám~ lo Jpfaa { lo Ampn~o hf ~o

bm upo|ohlklf# f`zkmaoh|o# mgf|mp ~ o~|lkf f ~~ kaucknmnkfho~# hk

orufhopcm~ oh |flm ~ upfjhlklml# ~khf ~þcf ~oýmcmpcm~ nfaf zám~ ohcm~ nmco~ ~o uolo ohnfh|pmp hm mc|ophm|kzm umpm oc bfa`po oh cm

nc|pm# hm mc|ophm|kzm o~uopmhymlfpm }o co ponoplo ~ ccmamlf m cm

jocknklml(

=:5 Njp( K`kl(# u( 0=:(=:= K`kl(# u( 0=7(



NFHNC_^KÞH

Gpmnkm~ mc |pm|makoh|f aëlknf# Jpol lo~n`pkþ cm lkaoh~kþh

khnfh~nkoh|o loc ~op bamhf# oh cm }o hf ~þcf ~o mgpumh cf~

ponoplf~ |pmaí|knf~# ~khf m}occf~ nfh|ohklf~ m cf~ }o cm

nfhnkohnkm kauklo amhkjo~|mp~o ufp ~op nfh|pmpkf~ m cm~ hfpam~ }o oc

~uop{þ { cm ~fnkolml kaufho( Mcghf~ lo o~f~ nfh|ohklf~ cfgpmh

o~nmump m cm zkgkcmhnkm lo cm nfhnkohnkm { ~o amhkjko~|mh oh ~oýf~"mh}o lojfpamlf~+# cmu~~ loc cohgmio# o|në|opm( Mloaí~ lo cf~

bonbf~ poupkaklf~ }o ~o ohnoh|pmh oh oc khnfh~nkoh|o# ë~|o khnc{o oc

nfhih|f lo uc~kfho~ f kh~|kh|f~# jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o opþ|knf~ {

mgpo~kzf~( M~á# oc ~op bamhf uf~oo |po~ lkaoh~kfho~ }o nfh~|k|{oh

~ uop~fhmcklml9 ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm "occf+# nfhnkohnkm f pmyþh "{f+ {

upo~npkunkfho~ afpmco~ "~uop{þ+( [m lo~lo o~|m orucknmnkþh loc

bfa`po# ~kh nfh~klopmp mùh ~ lk~uf~knkþh jkcfgohë|knm# ~o uolohoh|ohlop cm~ pmáno~ lo ~ hopf~k~ { amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm9 cm ohopgám

kh~|kh|kzm po|ohklm gohopm |oh~kþh oh oc khlkzklf# lo aflf }o |kohlo

m lo~nmpgmp~o4 uopf anbm~ zono~ o~m lo~nmpgm m|oh|m nfh|pm cm~

hfpam~ afpmco~ umpm cm nfh~opzmnkþh lo cm nc|pm }o ~o kaufhoh m cm

uop~fhm# ufp cf }o ~o upflno hm ~oh~mnkþh lo lk~ucmnop# amco~|mp#

hopf~k~(

Nmhlf nfh~klopmaf~ cm upobk~|fpkm bamhm lo~n`pkaf~ f|pmlo cm~ pmáno~ loc amco~|mp loc bfa`po( Jpol ump|o lo cm~ |ofpám~

ozfcnkfhk~|m~ umpm ~f~|ohop }o cm ozfcnkþh lo cm nfhnkohnkm oh oc

khlkzklf hf o~ aí~ }o oc nfauohlkf lo cm ozfcnkþh lo cm nfhnkohnkm

oh cm bk~|fpkm lo cm o~uonko# lo aflf }o bm{ h umpmcock~af oh|po cm

bk~|fpkm loc khlkzklf { cm lo ~ o~uonko( Mloaí~# ork~|oh nkop|f~

nfh|ohklf~ loc um~mlf }o ~o zmh bopolmhlf gohë|knmaoh|o { }o

|ma`këh khjc{oh oh oc nfaufp|makoh|f lo nmlm khlkzklf( M~á#oh|ohlop oc amco~|mp loc bfa`po ~o uolo cfgpmp lo~lo h mhíck~k~ lo

cf ~nolklf oh cm upobk~|fpkm(

2;



;5

Fpkgkhmcaoh|o oc ~op bamhf ~o fpgmhkym`m oh bfplm~#

lfakhmlm~ ufp h amnbf jop|o# }o ufp ~ m|fpklml uf~oám m cm~

boa`pm~ { gfòphm`m `p|mcaoh|o( Cf~ bkif~ lonklkopfh m~fnkmp~o umpm

ockakhmpcf { lozfpmpcf# mupfukíhlf~o lo ~ jopym( ^kh oa`mpgf#~f`pozkhf h ~oh|kakoh|f lo ncum oh occf~# mloaí~ lo lkjknc|mlo~

umpm pooaucmympcf "nmlm bkif }opám |ohop cm m|fpklml+# lo aflf }o

cf~ uponou|f~ loc umlpo ~o kh~|k|nkfhmckympfh# zfczkëhlf~o hfpam~

khzkfcm`co~ "amhlm|f~ umpm pogcmp cm~ pocmnkfho~ oh|po cf~ akoa`pf~

loc ncmh# nfaf cm upfbk`knkþh loc khno~|f+( Nmlm hf ckak|þ ~

~m|k~jmnnkþh { ~~ lo~of~ ufp oc `koh lo cm nfahklml( M~á# cm ozfcnkþh

nc|pmc ~o zoczo h upfno~f nfhjckn|kzf oh|po oc lo~of lo ~m|k~jmnnkþhkhlkzklmc { cm~ kauf~knkfho~ loc gpuf# po~c|mhlf amco~|mp { hopf~k~

umpm oc ~op bamhf(

Cm uf~k`kcklml lo o~nmump mc amco~|mp pmlknmpám oh cm

~`ckamnkþh# uopf o~|m nmhmckymnkþh lo cm ohopgám kh~|kh|kzm o~ umpnkmc

"hf o~ lkpon|m+ { gohopm gpmhlo~ ~mnpkjknkf~ { lo~gm~|o( Jpol ponfhfno#

oh|fhno~# }o hf o~ uf~k`co bm`cmp lo nc|pm ~kh poupo~kþh {# ufp ohlo#

~kh amco~|mp(Npo{ohlf oh cm uf~k`kcklml lo hm zklm nc|pmc ~kh nfhjckn|f#

mumnk`co# oh `koho~|mp# bo upo~oh|mlf cm~ upfuo~|m~ lo Jpfaa {

Ampn~o nfaf khlknkf~ lo }o o~ uf~k`co ohnfh|pmp oh cm |ofpám lo

Jpol bonf~ ufp lfhlo –jkc|pmp cm o~uopmhym‑(

Jpfaa mlak|o }o oc bfa`po o~ h ~op uc~kfhmc# uopf ponfhfno

}o# mh ~m|k~jonbm~ ~~ hono~klmlo~ `kfcþgknm~# ëc hf o~|í loc |flf

~m|k~jonbf( M~á# no~|kfhm oc bonbf lo }o Jpol polynm cm lknbm umpmoc ~op bamhf m aopm lo~nmpgm uc~kfhmc# uo~ npoo }o ~o bm fczklmlf

lo bm`cmp lo cm~ lknf|faám~ ork~|ohnkmco~# cf~ upf`coam~ bamhf~ aí~

kh}ko|mh|o~# }o ~þcf uoloh ~op po~oc|f~ aolkmh|o oc mafp# cm pmyþh#

cm ckòp|ml { oc |pm`mif upfln|kzf( ôgùh Jpfaa# nfh~klopmhlf o~|f~

m~uon|f~ { lo~mppfccíhlfcf~ uf~k|kzmaoh|o oc bfa`po uolo pomckymp~o

ucohmaoh|o loh|pf lo cm nc|pm# hf kaufp|mhlf }o ë~|m |ohgm

hfpam~(Ampn~o# ufp ~ ump|o# pomckym f|pf |kuf lo npá|knm m cm |ofpám lo

Jpol "mn~mhlf m Jpfaa lo bmòp~o lo~upohlklf lo ocoaoh|f~



;=

~~|mhnkmco~ lo cm |ofpám jpolkmhm+# { npoo oh cm uf~k`kcklml lo hm

nkzkckymnkþh hf poupo~kzm( Umpm occf o~|lkm cf~ lk~|kh|f~ aflf~ oh }o

~o bm fpgmhkymlf bk~|þpknmaoh|o cm o~nm~oy bamhm "hono~klml lo

~m|k~jmnnkþh+ { nfhnc{o }o cm nkzkckymnkþh# m cf cmpgf lo ~ bk~|fpkm# bmlo~ormckymlf cf~ kauc~f~ bamhf~ { ~~ yfhm~# mlmu|íhlfcf~ m

orkgohnkm~ ~fnkmco~ o~uonájknm~ { upfbk`kohlf cm gpm|kjknmnkþh lo cf~

kh~|kh|f~ { cm gohk|mcklml hf upfnpom|kzm( M~á# Ampn~o upfufho

ohpk}onop { ucohkjknmp cm ~ormcklml nfaf uf~k`kcklml lo ~uopmp oc

amco~|mp nc|pmc( Umpm npomp m|ëh|knf~ záhncf~ ~fnkmco~# ~opám

hono~mpkf ckòpmp |flf oc uflop lo Opf~# ~ormckymhlf |flf oc nopuf {

hf ~þcf zkëhlfcf nfaf kh~|paoh|f lo |pm`mif( Cm ~ormcklml loimpámlo ckak|mp~o m cm ~upoamnám gohk|mc# loimhlf ~ cgmp m cm opf|kymnkþh

lo |flm cm uop~fhmcklml( O~|o ck`po lo~mppfccf lo cm ck`klf opf|kympám

yfhm~ { pocmnkfho~ }o ~o nfhno`ámh nfaf |m`ùo~# gohopmpám pocmnkfho~

lo |pm`mif lpmlopm~ { nfhlnkpám m cm kh~|mpmnkþh lo h fploh

nfahk|mpkf ckgmlf ufp cmyf~ ck`klkhmco~( Cm ~ormcklml npompám# lo o~|o

aflf# pocmnkfho~ bamhm~ mc|maoh|o nkzkckymlm~ ~kh o~|mp ~io|m m cm

fpgmhkymnkþh poupo~kzm( Jkhmcaoh|o# o~|m ckòpmnkþh lo Opf~# mc o~|kcfþpjknf { hmpnk~k~|m# lo~ukop|m uf|ohnkmcklmlo~ pomco~ oh cm~ nf~m~

mhkamlm~ o khmhkamlm~# oc ~op ~o zo nfaf gpm|kjknmnkþh# { ~o gohopm h

hozf ahlf lo kamgkhmnkþh { ~ka`fckymnkþh lfhlo ~o lo~mppfccmh

ck`poaoh|o cm~ jmnc|mlo~ bamhm~(

Lo o~|m amhopm# cm~ npá|knm~ m Jpol ~o po~aoh

jhlmaoh|mcaoh|o oh lf~ m~uon|f~9 =+ mc o~|lkmp mc bfa`po# umpono

polnkpcf oh ~ `ù~}olm lo cm jocknklml m cf o~ohnkmc lo cm mhkamcklml"uc~kfho~ }o `~nmh lo~nmpgm+ loimhlf lo cmlf ocoaoh|f~

zoplmlopmaoh|o upfukf~ }o ~fh cf~ }o lmh cgmp m cm po~fcnkþh lo

~~ lknf|faám~ ork~|ohnkmco~4 lknbf~ ocoaoh|f~ ~opámh cm ckòp|ml# cm

pmyþh# oc |pm`mif upfln|kzf { oc mafp4 m~á# bm`pám m}á h nfhnou|f

poln|kzf lo jocknklml4 0+ Jpol orucknm cm pocmnkþh oh|po upkhnkukf lo

ucmnop { upkhnkukf lo pomcklml lo jfpam mbk~|þpknm4 uopf cm o~nm~oy hf

loò nfhno`kp~o nfaf h bonbf `p|f# uo~ o~ nfh~onohnkm lo hmfpgmhkymnkþh o~uonájknm { lo hm mn|k|l ork~|ohnkmc o~uonájknm4 o~|f

kaucknmpám }o cm fpgmhkymnkþh bk~|þpknm lo cm ~ormcklml uolo



;0

nma`kmp# lmhlf cgmp m hm ~fnkolml hf poupo~kzm }o ozk|o oc

amco~|mp(

Nfh o~|f~ ocoaoh|f~ ~o uoloh o~|m`conop am|kno~ oh cm |ofpám

mh|pfufcþgknm jpolkmhm "mloaí~ lo f|pm~ uf~k`kcklmlo~ }o ~kh llmork~|oh m ump|kp lo f|pf~ m|fpo~+ umpm gohopmp nmakhf~ }o uf~k`kck|oh

mc bfa`po zkzkp oh ~fnkolml ~kh o~|mp nfhlohmlf m h amco~|mp

uopuo|f(



@K@CKFGPMJÁM

M``mghmhf# Hknfcm( Lknnkfhmpkf lo Jkcf~fjám# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm

Onfhþaknm# Aërknf# =;;<(

Lo~nmp|o~# Pohë( Aolk|mnkfho~ ao|mjá~knm~# Mcjmgmpm# Amlpkl# =;77(

Jpokiþ# Ohpk}o( Oc u~knfmhíck~k~ lo Jpol { cm u~knfcfgám lo cm afpmc#

Ol( Pmyþh { Jo# Amlpkl# =;::(

Jpol# ^kgahl( Upo~oh|mnkþh m|f`kfgpíjknm oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RR# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2(

“ ¶Uoloh cf~ cogf~ oiopnop oc mhíck~k~6 oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc(

RR# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2(

“ Nfhjopohnkm~ lo kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~ oh F`pm~

nfauco|m~# zfc( RZK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;0(

“ Oc amco~|mp oh cm nc|pm oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RRK#

Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2(“ Oc ufpzohkp lo hm kc~kþh oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RRK#

Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2(

“ Oc {f { oc occf oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RKR# Mafppfp|# @ohf~

Mkpo~# =;;7(

“ Kh|pflnnkþh mc hmpnk~k~af oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RKZ #


“Kh|pflnnkþh mc u~knfmhíck~k~# Mckmhym# Amlpkl# =;2:(

“ Cm kh|opupo|mnkþh lo cf~ ~oýf~ oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( Z #

Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;>(

“ Cf khnfh~nkoh|o oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RKZ # Mafppfp|#

@ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;2(

“ Cf~ ~oýf~ oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~ oh NL!PFA # Ol( Hozm Bëcmlo#

=;;?(

“

Aí~ mccí loc upkhnkukf lo ucmnop oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RZKKK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;7(

;>



;<

“ Aí~ mccí loc upkhnkukf loc ucmnop oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~ oh NL!

PFA # Ol( Hozm Bëcmlo# =;;?(

“ Afk~ë~ { cm pockgkþh afhf|oá~|m oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RRKKK#

Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;7(“ U~knfcfgám lo cm~ am~m~ { mhíck~k~ loc {f oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~#

zfc( RZKKK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;7?(

“ \þ|oa { |m`ù oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RZ # Mafppfp|# @ohf~

Mkpo~# =;;7(

“ \po~ oh~m{f~ lo |ofpám ~ormc oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( ZKK#


“ _h ponoplf khjmh|kc lo Cofhmplf lm Zkhnk oh F`pm~ nfauco|m~# zfc( RK# Mafppfp|# @ohf~ Mkpo~# =;;0(

Jpfaa# Opknb( Oc mp|o lo mamp# Umklþ~# Aërknf# =;2<(

“ Oc nfpmyþh loc bfa`po# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm# Aërknf#

=;7;(

“ Oc akolf m cm ckòp|ml# Umklþ~# @mpnocfhm# =;25(

“ Ë|knm { u~knfmhíck~k~# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm# Aërknf#

=;2?(“ Gpmhloym { ckak|mnkfho~ oh oc uoh~makoh|f lo Jpol # ^kgcf

RRK# Aërknf# =;;=(

“ Cm ak~kþh lo ^kgahl Jpol# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm#

Aërknf# =;;5(

“ U~knfmhíck~k~ lo cm ~fnkolml nfh|oaufpíhom# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm

Onfhþaknm# Aërknf# =;27(

Gfhyícoy# Ickmhm( Oc amco~|mp oh cm afpmc# Ol( Ifm}áh Afp|ky#Aërknf# =;2:(

Bo~hmpl# M( Lo Jpol m Cmnmh# Ol( Amp|áhoy Pfnm# @mpnocfhm# =;7:(

Dmckzflm# Pfòp|( Ampr { Jpol# Mhmgpmam# @mpnocfhm# =;7?(

Ampn~o# Bopòp|( Opf~ { nkzkckymnkþh# Mpkoc# @mpnocfhm# =;2=(

Pknfop# Umc( Jpol9 hm kh|opupo|mnkþh lo cm nc|pm# ^kgcf RRK#

Aërknf# =;27(

Pfyk|nbhop# Coþh( Jpol { oc upf`coam loc uflop# Jfckf~ Olknkfho~#Aërknf# =;20(



;?

\bfau~fh# Ncmpm( Oc u~knfmhíck~k~# Jfhlf lo Nc|pm Onfhþaknm#

Aërknf# =;2>(

\pkgg# Pfgop( Nfhnounkfho~ lo cm hm|pmcoym bamhm# Mckmhym#

Amlpkl# 055=(_poým# Ohpk}o A( Cm |ofpám lo cm ~fnkolml lo Jpol# \onhf~# Amlpkl#

=;77(



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¿malestar en la cultura? una aproximación al pensamiento de sigmund freud, por luis arturo pelayo

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