la opinión pública en libia durante el régimen de gadafi. cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del...
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7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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OQV_H 652?/6520 OHJWHOBPHVLB KBV]H
Cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj
Clflb `urbjta ac rìilkaj `aIb`bglOÿkh ljgcuyÿ aj ac kbjtajlklajth `ac ph`ar
ib`bglstb y aj cb `arrhtb `ac rìilkaj
Buthr= Obrhcljb Obccamh Cbvb`h
Puthr= Wëothr _bkpa`rh Fcbjoh
ËJ@LOAGbouctb` `a Olajolbs `a cb Ohkujlobolÿj
@hfca irb`h Uarlh`lskh y Ohkujlobolÿj Bu`lhvlsubc
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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6
2. LJPVH@QOOLßJ ................................................................................................................................. ?
6. KAPH@HCHIËB .................................................................................................................................. 7
?. PVB@LOLßJ PVLFBC \ GVBIKAJPBOLßJ _HOLBC ................................................................................. >
?.2. PVLFQ_= QJB OHJ_PBJPA AJ CB NL_PHVLB @A CLFLB ........................................................................................ <
?.6. CLFLB= A_OAJBVLH NL_PßVLOH @A OHJGCLOPH_ .......................................................................... ................... 22 ?.6.2. Cb bjtliub Clflb ............................................................ ............................................................ 22
?.6.6. Cb Clflb ltbclbjb ........................................................................................................................ 20
?.6.?. Lj`apaj`ajolb ohchjlbc y Valjh `a Clflb .................................................................................. 29
?.?. AC AJIVBJBMA NL_PßVLOH @A CB CLFLB RQA NH\ OHJHOAKH_..................................................... ................... 2<
0. IB@BGL= QJ CË@AV BQPHOVÂPLOH \ OHJPVB@LOPHVLH ................................................................... 62
0.2. AC IQËB @A CB VAWHCQOLßJ ................................................................................................ ................... 62
0.6. AC CLFVH WAV@A= CB UBJBOAB BC IHFLAVJH @A CB_ KB_B_. GQJ@BKAJPH_ L@AHCßILOH_
@AC VÌILKAJ @A IB@BGL ............................................................ ............................................................ 61
0.?. QJ CË@AV _QFWAV_LWH ................................................................ ........................................................... 6>
0.0. CH UVHKAPL@H JH A_ @AQ@B ................................................................................................................. ?2
1. OLKAJPBJ@H QJ A_PB@H ............................................................................................................... ?6
1.2. CB _HOLA@B@ _HOLBCL_PB @A IB@BGL .......................................................................... .............................. ?6
1.6. AC UH@AV BQPHOVÂPLOH @AC CË@AV @A CB VAWHCQOLßJ ................................................................................ 05
1.?. QJB UHCËPLOB A^PAVLHV OBKFLBJPA ........................................................................................................ 01
1.?.2. Plrb y bgchmb ..............................................................................................................................01
1.?.6. Ljtarìs purh y `urh ....................................................... ............................................................ 07
1.0. CB VABCL@B@ @A QJ VÌILKAJ @AOAUOLHJBJPA ................................................................ ........................... 16
7. CB HULJLßJ UÝFCLOB AJ CLFLB @QVBJPA AC VÌILKAJ @A IB@BGL .................................................. 11
7.2. CB HULJLßJ @A CB IAJPA OHKÝJ \ _Q LJGCQAJOLB AJ AC UH@AV .................................................................... 11
7.6. CB HULJLßJ UÝFCLOB VAUVLKL@B ............................................................. ................................................. 1<
7.?. CB UAVUAPQBOLßJ @A QJ VÌILKAJ ............................................................................ .............................. 7?
7.0. AC A_PBCCL@H @A CB FQVFQMB CLFLB .......................................................... ................................................. 71
7.1. _QFCAWBOLßJ CLFLB= QJ NAONH A^OAUOLHJBC ......................................................................... ................... 7>
9. OHJOCQ_LHJA_ ................................................................................................................................ 95
>. GQAJPA_ \ FLFCLHIVBGËB ................................................................................................................ 91
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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?
2. LJPVH@QOOLßJ
Hpljlÿj pýfclob l y ph`ar shj `hs tìrkljhs qua vbj `a cb kbjh. Uhrqua bquacchs qua bsplrbj b
amaroar ac ph`ar phcëtloh `afaj tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr. Astb as
ujb praklsb fâslob `a cb `akhorbolb ohkh ghrkb `a hribjlzbolÿj `a uj Astb`h. \ as qua
ac ph`ar aj cbs shola`b`as `akhorâtlobsll as ac `araonh b khvlclzbr chs raourshs bmajhs, chs
raourshs qua partajaoaj bc puafch. \ as phr asth klskh qua cb hpljlÿj `ac puafch sa
ohjvlarta aj ac gbothr cailtlkb`hr `ac ph`ar phcëtloh aj `akhorbolb, `a kbjarb qua cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob sa ohjvlarta aj ac ohrbzÿj `a cb `akhorbolb.
_l cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as cb fbsa `a cb `akhorbolb, sa `a`uoa qua bquìccb `afarëb ljgculr aj
ac ph`ar phcëtloh aj cb ka`l`b aj qua chs cë`aras phcëtlohs shj chs raprasajtbjtas `a chs
ljtarasas `ac puafch, ac sumath `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob. Uhr acch, qulajas amaroaj h qularaj
amaroar ac ph`ar phcëtloh `afaj asouonb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob.
Aj uj rìilkaj `akhorâtloh chs shj`ahs raohiaj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a chs olu`b`bjhs
shfra `atarkljb`hs takbs `a ljtarìs ohcaotlvh4 `aspuìs, chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj sa
ohjvlartaj aj ac bctbvhz `a asb hpljlÿj pýfclob4 phr ýctlkh, cb vhz `ac puafch sa axprasb aj
cbs urjbs. Uhrqua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as cb vhz `ac puafch, ujb vhz slakpra kbjlpucb`b,
kbyhrltbrlbkajta lijhrb`b y asobsbkajta ljgcuyajta.
Kbjlpucb`b slstakâtlobkajta b trbvìs `a cbs ajouastbs qua ra`uoaj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob bphroajtbmas, ujb sukb `a hpljlhjas lj`lvl`ubcas biraib`bs qua phoh tlajaj qua var ohj cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob orëtlob y rabc qua axlsta aj ujb shola`b` `akhorâtlob, `a kbjarb qua chs
olu`b`bjhs bsukaj ohkh butìjtlob ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob qua aj rabcl`b` astâ `lsthrslhjb`b.
Lijhrb`b phr pbrta `a chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj qua, ohkh akprasbs qua fusobj
rajtbflcl`b`, slakpra tlajaj ujb sarla `a ljtarasas qua sa sltýbj kuy phr ajolkb `ac
`araonh `a chs olu`b`bjhs b raolflr ujb ljghrkbolÿj varbz, ch qua rasuctb aj cb axocuslÿj h
`aghrkbolÿj ka`lâtlob `a `atarkljb`hs takbs h iruphs sholbcas. Asobsbkajta ljgcuyajta
phrqua ac ýjloh ph`ar `lraoth y rabc `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob shfra ac cl`arbzih phcëtloh sa
clkltb b cbs urjbs. Jh hfstbjta, ohkh sa kajolhjbrâ kâs b`acbjta, nby olroujstbjolbs
l Ac kbroh taÿrloh-ragarajolbc `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ac qua sa ajoub`rb ac taxth sa fbsb shfra th`h
aj cb hfrb `a Wëothr _bkpa`rh Fcbjoh, oltb`b aj cb flfclhirbgëb, fbmh ac tëtuch Hpljlÿj pýfclob y
`akhorbolb `aclfarbtlvb= ka`lhs, shj`ahs y urjbs .
ll Oubj`h nbfch `a `akhorbolb y `a shola`b`as akhorâtlobs ka raglarh kbyhrltbrlbkajta b cbs
`akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs, cbs kâs ohkujas, bujqua bciujbs bglrkbolhjas `a asta taxth ph`rëbjtbkflìj bpclobrsa b htrhs tlphs `a `akhorbolb, parh jh vhy b ajtrbr aj `atbccas.
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hobslhjbcas aj cbs qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob ohjsliua lkphjarsa y `astbpbr rabcl`b`as qua
nboaj su`br b kuonhs. As ac kh`ach `a ph`ar `ajhkljb`h acltlskh ljstltuolhjbc .
@a astb kbjarb, aj chs raiëkajas `akhorâtlohs chs phcëtlohs, ka`lhs a ljstltuths `a
shj`ahs sa ohjvlartaj aj chs iasthras `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob. Chs `hs prlkarhs lkphjaj cbs
biaj`bs phcëtlobs y ka`lâtlobs qua astbfcaoaj chs takbs `a `afbta phpucbr4 chs taroarhs
raohiaj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob shfra chs takbs `afbtl`hs, bujqua obsl slakpra `a kh`h
sasib`h. Bsë qua chs iasthras `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob utlclzbrâj cbs astrbtailbs y chs raourshs
qua tajibj b su bcobjoa pbrb oajtrbr ac `afbta phpucbr aj takbs `a su ljtarìs, bujqua chs
olklajths qua shstlajaj asta slstakb rb`lobj slakpra aj ac ohjsajtlklajth `ac puafch, qua
sa kbtarlbclzb b trbvìs `a cb acaoolÿj `a sus raprasajtbjtas aj cbs urjbs. As ac ihflarjh phr
ohjsajtlklajth (Kbx Yafar), aj ac qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob, axprasb`b aj cbs urjbs, sa ohjvlarta
aj ac gbothr cailtlkb`hr `ac ph`ar phcëtloh aj `akhorbolb.
Ajthjoas, sl cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as ac ohrbzÿj `a cb `akhorbolb phrqua as ac gbothr qua
cailtlkb ac ph`ar phcëtloh `a chs raprasajtbjtas ¸quì pbpac tlaja cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj uj
rìilkaj thtbcltbrlh aj ac qua ac ph`ar phcëtloh jh as cailtlkb`h sljh lkpuasth8 As kâs ¸uj
cë`ar phcëtloh `a asta tlph tlaja qua tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr8
¸Oÿkh ljgcuya cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj uj ph`ar phcëtloh buthorâtloh y/h `lotbthrlbc8 ¸Uua`a
cb hpljlÿj pýfclob obkflbr ac `avajlr `a chs bohjtaolklajths `a uj pbës8 Astbs shj bciujbs
`a cbs ouastlhjas `a cbs qua pbrta asta taxth. \ quì kamhr ghrkb `a rasphj`arcbs quabjbclzbr cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj uj rìilkaj buthorâtloh ohkh gua ac `a Ib`bgl aj Clflb,
aspaolbckajta ljtarasbjta phr ch qua vljh `aspuìs.
Vaohr`akhs qua trbs kâs `a oubrajtb bòhs amarolaj`h uj ph`ar bfshcuth shfra ac pbës
Ib`bgl gua bsasljb`h phr ac klskh puafch phr ac qua nbfëb sl`h bocbkb`h. Ohkh varakhs
kâs b`acbjta, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs ljgcuyÿ shfrakbjarb aj asta
naonh aj `hs sajtl`hs ohjtrb`lothrlhs= phr uj cb`h ohjtrlfuyÿ b cb parpatubolÿj `ac ph`ar
ib`bglstb y phr htrh cb`h `asbtÿ cb iuarrb olvlc `a 6522. Ubrb axprasbrch kâs ohjoratbkajta,
tbjth chs gbothras qua parkltlarhj b Ib`bgl bgarrbrsa bc ph`ar `urbjta oubtrh `ìob`bs ohkh
chs qua prhvhobrhj cb sufcavbolÿj `a cb phfcbolÿj clflb, sa racbolhjbj `lraotb h
lj`lraotbkajta ohj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob.
Uhr tbjth, kl ljtajolÿj bquë as cb `a prhphrolhjbr ujb ljtarpratbolÿj hfmatlvb `a oÿkh
gua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj Clflb `urbjta ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl y `a oÿkh ljgcuyh tbjth aj ac
kbjtajlklajth `a su ph`ar ohkh aj su `arrhtb. \ qua slrvb, b su vaz, b kh`h `a amakpch
prâotloh shfra oÿkh sa `aglja cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ujb ghrkb thtbcltbrlb `a ihflarjh.
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Ubrb acch, na `lvl`l`h ac taxth aj oljoh obpëtuchslll. Aj ac prlkarh, tltucb`h Prb`lolÿj trlfbc y
grbikajtbolÿj sholbc , sa axphjaj chs bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `a Clflb nbstb cb ccaib`b `a Ib`bgl
bc ph`ar. Asta obpëtuch, bujqua axtajsh, as lkprasolj`lfca pbrb ajtaj`ar cb hpljlÿj pýfclob
`a chs olu`b`bjhs `a uj pbës guartakajta brrblib`h býj b cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc y qua ohjstltuya
uj asoajbrlh nlstÿrloh `a ohjgcloths.
Ac saiuj`h y ac taroar obpëtuchs ohjtlajaj cb ljghrkbolÿj jaoasbrlb pbrb ohkpraj`ar
oÿkh sa `asbrrhccÿ ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb aj th`hs chs bspaoths y oÿkh vlvlÿ cb phfcbolÿj
fbmh ac kbj`bth `ac –Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj‛. \ as qua sarëb lkphslfca ajtaj`ar oÿkh gua
cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb `urbjta ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl sl jh ohjhoakhs aj prhguj`l`b`
oÿkh gua ac prhplh rìilkaj. Aj ac saiuj`h obpëtuch, Ib`bgl= uj cë`ar buthorâtloh y ohjtrb`lothrlh,
sa axpclobj su ccaib`b bc ph`ar y chs guj`bkajths l`ahcÿilohs `a su ihflarjh, klajtrbs qua
aj ac taroarh, Olkajtbj`h uj Astb`h, sa prhphrolhjb ujb rb`lhirbgëb `ac Astb`h qua a`lgloÿ
Ib`bgl aj chs pcbjhs aohjÿkloh, phcëtloh y sholbc.
Ac oubrth obpëtuch rasphj`a bc tëtuch `ac trbfbmh y b cbs praiujtbs pcbjtab`bs
bjtarlhrkajta. _a `lvl`a aj oubtrh pbrtas= prlkarh, ujb frava ljtrh`uoolÿj bc ohjoapth `a
hpljlÿj pýfclob y su racbolÿj ohj ac ph`ar ( Cb hpljlÿj `a cb iajta ohkýj y su ljgcuajolb aj ac
ph`ar )4 `aspuìs, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob fbmh ac kbj`bth `a Ib`bgl ( Cb hpljlÿj pýfclob raprlkl`b )4
aj taroar cuibr, cb ljgcuajolb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj cb parpatubolÿj `ac rìilkaj ( Cb
parpatubolÿj `a uj rìilkaj )4 y phr ýctlkh, cb ljgcuajolb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj accavbjtbklajth `ac puafch clflh qua prhvhoÿ cb iuarrb olvlc y ouckljÿ ohj Ib`bgl kuarth ( Ac
astbccl`h `a cb furfumb clflb ).
Aj ac ýctlkh obpëtuch sa axphjaj cbs ohjocuslhjas axtrbë`bs `a th`h ch bpraj`l`h y sa
prhkuava cb ragcaxlÿj shfra cb lkphrtbjolb `a cbs hpljlhjas y chs boths lj`lvl`ubcas ohkh
sufacakajths `ac ohjmujth qua `ajhkljbkhs hpljlÿj pýfclob . Uhrqua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob,
ohkh ragcamh `ac sajtlr `ac puafch, sa ohjvlarta aj ac `athjbjta `a cb boolÿj olu`b`bjb qua
pua`a trbsthobr ac bohjtaoar `a uj pbës.
lll Asths oljoh obpëtuchs ohrrasphj`aj b chs apëirbgas ?, 0, 1, 7 y 9 `ac ëj`loa pbiljb`h.
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6. KAPH@HCHIËB
Ac prasajta trbfbmh as ac rasuctb`h `a ujb ljvastlibolÿj `houkajtbc y prhphrolhjb ujb
ljtarpratbolÿj hfmatlvb `ac takb axpuasth fbsb`b tbjth aj cb ljghrkbolÿj y chs `bths
raohil`hs y sacaoolhjb`hs, ohkh aj kls prhplhs ohjholklajths b`qulrl`hs b ch cbrih `a
kls bòhs `a ghrkbolÿj y, aj ohjorath, `urbjta cb bslijbturb `a Hpljlÿj Uýfclob.
Ac takb sacaoolhjb`h rasphj`a b vbrlhs khtlvhs. Aj prlkar cuibr, bc ohjtaxth `a ch qua
sa nb vajl`h `ajhkljbj`h Urlkbvarb Ârbfa , uj gajÿkajh qua susoltÿ uj irbj ravuach
ljtarjbolhjbc pasa b qua ac agaoth prâotloh aj cb vl`b `a chs olu`b`bjhs qua sa sufcavbrhj
ohjtrb sus `lotb`hras jh nb sl`h, nbstb ac `ëb `a nhy, kâs qua ac asfhzh `a cb irbj
ravhcuolÿj `akhorâtlob qua pra`lobfbj chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj.
Aj saiuj`h cuibr y `ajtrh `a asta ohjtaxth, ka pbraoa aspaolbckajta ljtarasbjta ac obsh
`a Clflb phr cb ljtajsb y bprasurb`b ljtarvajolÿj hool`ajtbc qua jh sa nlzh ohj htrhs pbësas
y phr cb klstarlhsb y astrbgbcbrlb gliurb `a Ib`bgl, qua pbsÿ `a sar `akhjlzb`b phr
Hool`ajta b ohjvartlrsa aj uj klakfrh kâs `a cb ohkujl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc lv . Aj asta
bspaoth, tbkflìj nb ljgcul`h ac naonh `a qua cbs hpljlhjas shfra Ib`bgl sabj tbj
natarhiìjabs= ujhs nbfcbj `a uj tarrlfca `lotb`hr qua kbsborÿ b su puafch oubj`h ìsta
bczÿ su vhz orëtlob ohjtrb ac rìilkaj, htrhs `aglaj`aj su gliurb phr ohjsl`arbrca ac pb`ra `a
Clflb. Qjhs bglrkbj qua sa ajrlquaolÿ b ohstb `a cb phfcbolÿj, htrhs `aglaj`aj qua susphcëtlobs aohjÿklobs prhphrolhjbrhj ujb fuajb obcl`b` `a vl`b b chs olu`b`bjhs. Ubrb chs
pbësas hool`ajtbcas prlkarh as uj tarrhrlstb ljtarjbolhjbc y phstarlhrkajta uj glac bclb`h
ohjtrb ac tarrhrlskh ljtarjbolhjbc.
Uhr th`h asth, sukb`h b cb racbtlvb botubcl`b` `ac takb, orah hphrtujh bjbclzbr b pbrtlr
`a naonhs y `bths hfmatlvhs cb kbjarb aj qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb hparÿ aj ac
kbjtajlklajth y aj cb `arrhtb `ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb. Ubrb ph`ar ccavbr b obfh astb tbrab `a
kbjarb aglobz na ohjsl`arb`h guj`bkajtbc `a`lobr ujb irbj pbrta `ac taxth tbjth b chs
bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës, qua sa racbolhjbj astraonbkajta ohj cb asajolb `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh, ohkh b cb `asorlpolÿj `ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl aj th`hs sus
bspaoths, `a sukb lkphrtbjolb aj cb ka`l`b aj qua ac Astb`h ib`bglstb ohjstltuya ac kbroh
aspbolh-takphrbc `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb `urbjta cbs kâs `a oubtrh `ìob`bs aj cbs qua
ihfarjÿ ac lotb`hr.
lv Ohj cb axpraslÿj ohkujl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc ka raglarh bquë y aj ac rasth `ac taxth b chs bothras
ljgcuyajtas `a cb asoajb ljtarjbolhjbc, ohj aspaolbc nljobplì aj chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas qua shj,praolsbkajta, chs qua tlajaj ujb kbyhr obpbol`b` `a ljgcuajolb aj chs bsujths ljtarjbolhjbcas.
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Aj asta pujth orah racavbjta `astbobr qua ac bjâclsls `a cb sltubolÿj aohjÿklob `ac pbës
axpuasth aj ac bpbrtb`h 1.2., bujqua axtajsh, as uj acakajth ocbva `ac taxth phrqua as
praolsbkajta aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh `hj`a nby ujb kbyhr `lsorapbjolb ajtra guajtas. \
pbrb ph`ar suparbr cbs ohjtrb`loolhjas y boarobrjhs `a ujb kbjarb kâs oartarb b cb rabcl`b`
aohjÿklob y sholbc `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs fbmh ac ihflarjh `a Ib`bgl nb sl`h
lkprasolj`lfca rabclzbr uj bjâclsls `a `bths astb`ëstlohs racbtlvhs b lj`lob`hras aohjÿklohs
y sholbcas pbrb hftajar ujb vlslÿj iajarbc `a chs astâj`bras `a vl`b rabcas `ac puafch clflh.
Ph`hs chs `bths sa nbj axtrbë`h `a guajtas glbfcas ohrrasphj`lajtas b hribjlskhs y
hribjlzbolhjas ljtarjbolhjbcas ohkh cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs, ac Fbjoh Kuj`lbc, cb OLB, cb
HK_, Nukbj Vlints Ybton , ato. _lj akfbrih, y ohkh kâs b`acbjta sa varâ, bciujbs `a astbs
guajtas aj hobslhjas sa ohjtrb`loaj ajtra së, `a kbjarb qua býj slaj`h chs `bths
astb`ëstlohs chs `a kbyhr glbflcl`b`, tbkphoh ph`akhs astbr saiurhs bc olajth phr olajth `a
qua cb ljghrkbolÿj qua jhs prhphrolhjbj sab ohrraotb. Uarh ac hfmatlvh gljbc `a asta bjâclsls
`a cb aohjhkëb clflb jh as phjar aj `u`b cbs guajtas hglolbcas `a ljghrkbolÿj, sljh hftajar
ujb vlslÿj iajarbc y oarobjb b cb rabcl`b` `a cb sltubolÿj aohjÿkloh-sholbc `a chs nbfltbjtas
`a Clflb klajtrbs ihfarjbfb Ib`bgl.
Htrh `a chs khtlvhs qua ka nbj ccavb`h b astu`lbr asta takb as ac naonh `a qua ac
ohjoapth `a hpljlÿj pýfclob astì tbj astraonbkajta vljoucb`h b chs raiëkajas `akhorâtlohs.
Qjb vaz ohjhoë quì arb cb hpljlÿj pýfclob y oÿkh sa `agljëb aj racbolÿj b cb `akhorbolb,ka surilÿ cb praiujtb `a oÿkh sarëb cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj uj ihflarjh thtbcltbrlh. \
tajlaj`h aj ouajtb qua chs thtbcltbrlskhs aj sus `lgarajtas ghrkbs `a ihflarjh tlajaj
acakajths ohkujas, `a`uma qua ac bjâclsls `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj uj rìilkaj buthorâtloh
ohkh ac `a Ib`bgl sarvlrëb `a amakpch prâotloh aj asta bspaoth.
Uhr htrh cb`h, tbkflìj qularh saòbcbr qua ac ohjtajl`h `ac trbfbmh astâ fbstbjta
ghobclzb`h nbolb cb gliurb parshjbc `a Ib`bgl `afl`h b qua ac taxth gcuyÿ bsë `a kbjarb
jbturbc, phrqua asta parshjbma gua ac bfshcuth prhtbihjlstb `a su rìilkaj.
Ubrb gljbclzbr, aj oubjth b cb astruoturb ghrkbc, na hribjlzb`h chs obpëtuchs `ac taxth `a cb
kbjarbv qua na ohjsl`arb`h kâs cÿilob y aglobz pbrb ohkpraj`ar `as`a guarb nbolb b`ajtrh
su ohjtajl`h. B`akâs, th`hs chs obpëtuchs ljocuyaj ujb frava ljtrh`uoolÿj y chs apëirbgas
gljbcas `a chs klskhs ohjstltuyaj cb ohjocuslÿj `a ob`b ujh. Uhr supuasth, th`bs y ob`b
ujb `a cbs l`abs h ljghrkbolhjas axtrbë`bs `a htrbs guajtas astâj ohjvajlajtakajta oltb`bs
y ragarajolb`bs bc gljbc `ac taxth aj ac obpëtuch >, Guajtas y Flfclhirbgëb .
v Ac ohjtajl`h `a ob`b obpëtuch sa axphja aj ac obpëtuch 2, Ljtrh`uoolÿj .
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?. PVB@LOLßJ PVLFBC \ GVBIKAJPBOLßJ _HOLBC vl
_arëb ljvlbfca ajtaj`ar oÿkh gua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh fbmh ac kbj`bth `a
Ib`bgl slj ohjhoar chs bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs qua obrbotarlzbj y `agljaj cb khrbc, cb
oucturb, cb trb`lolÿj y, aj rasukaj, cbs rbëoas nlstÿrlobs `ac pbës y sus khrb`hras. Ubrb ph`ar
nboarjhs ujb l`ab sÿcl`b `a oÿkh gujolhjbfb cb shola`b` clflb, `afakhs ajtaj`ar qua aj
jb`b sa pbraoa (h sa pbraoëb, ohkh varakhs kâs tbr`a) b cb oucturb hool`ajtbc. @a naonh, ac
ohjoapth `a –olvlclzbolÿj hool`ajtbc‛ kâs flaj sa ajgrajtb bc `a –shola`b` trlfbc‛, qua as ac
qua ajobrjb cb shola`b` clflb.
Asta slstakb `a hribjlzbolÿj phcëtloh-sholbc trlfbc ohjccavb ujb sarla `a vbchras y
prljolplhs qua rb`lob aj slichs `a trb`lolÿj y qua, bujqua ohj ac trbjsoursh `a chs
bohjtaolklajths nlstÿrlohs sa nbybj vlsth pbrolbckajta rajhvb`hs, aj cb botubcl`b`
ohjtljýbj prasajtas aj ac puafch clflh. Ohjhoar chs prljolpbcas bspaoths `agljlthrlhs `a cb
trb`lolÿj trlfbc (qua sa axtlaj`a b th`h ac ohjtljajta bgrlobjh) as guj`bkajtbc pbrb
ohkpraj`ar ac sajtlr `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs y obptbr cb asajolb `a cb rabcl`b` qua nb
rh`ab`h bc pbës `as`a bjtbòh. _hch `a asta kh`h ph`rakhs bprhxlkbrjhs b ch qua gua cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob aj Clflb fbmh ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb y b oÿkh ljgcuyÿ aj chs bohjtaolklajths
qua praolpltbrhj su obë`b.
Aj astb klskb cëjab, nby qua `astbobr qua ac tarrlthrlh qua nhy `ajhkljbkhs Clflb nbsl`h, `as`a slakpra, uj asoajbrlh `a ohjgcloths iahphcëtlohs. Irlaihs, rhkbjhs, ârbfas y
hthkbjhs thkbrhj `urbjta slichs ac ohjtrhc `a cb railÿj, ghrkb`b phr tras zhjbs
(Prlphcltbjlb, Olrajblob y Gazzâj) ohj asobsb vljoucbolÿj phcëtloh-sholbc, tras tarrlthrlhs
nlstÿrlobkajta lj`apaj`lajtas qua sarëbj ujl`hs sýfltbkajta. Astb olroujstbjolb sarëb pbrta
`ac iarkaj `a guturhs ohjgcloths y ohjstltuya uj gbothr kuy slijlglobtlvh pbrb ajtaj`ar ac
pbpac `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb aj cb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr qua `lh hrliaj b cb iuarrb olvlc `a
6522.
Uhr th`h acch, aj asta apëirbga nbrakhs uj rapbsh `a cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc aj Clflb y sus
obrbotarëstlobs, saòbcbrakhs chs prljolpbcas bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës, `as`a ac pbsh `a
irlaihs, rhkbjhs, ârbfas y hthkbjhs, nbstb su lj`apaj`ajolb iahphcëtlob aj 2<12, pbsbj`h
phr cb ohchjlzbolÿj ltbclbjb. Gljbckajta, l`ajtlglobrakhs cbs l`abs ocbva qua rasukaj y
vl Cb ljghrkbolÿj `a asta obpëtuch sa fbsb, prljolpbckajta, aj cbs hfrbs oltb`bs aj cb flfclhirbgëb `a
Masýs Ilc Guajsbjtb, Bcambj`rh Chrob y Brlac Mhsì Mbkas, Prlfus, brkbs, patrÿcah4 Vyszbr` Dbpusoljsdl,
Ìfbjh4 y Mhria Olprìs Vhli, Cb shola`b` ohchjlbc aj cb Clflb ltbclbjb (2<67-2<06). Qj astu`lh b trbvìs `a chsjhtlolbrlhs y `houkajtbcas oljakbthirâglohs CQOA.
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`agljaj cb kbquljbrlb `a cb trb`lolÿj nlstÿrlob `a Clflb y slj cbs oubcas sarëb lkphslfca
ohkpraj`ar oÿkh nbj ljgcul`h chs bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës aj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a
sus olu`b`bjhs.
?.2. Prlfus= ujb ohjstbjta aj cb nlsthrlb `a Clflb
Clflb, ohkh puafch, astâ olkajtb`b phr ohkujl`b`as trlfbcas. @as`a cb Bjtlióa`b`, cbs
trlfus ohjghrkbj uj ohjichkarb`h (kuy natarhiìjah, ash së) qua nb `agljl`h chs vbchras y
prljolplhs l`ahcÿilohs `ac puafch clflh, aj pbrtloucbr, y `a Âgrlob, aj iajarbc. Astb
ohjgliurbolÿj trlfbc `a cb shola`b` clflb nb astb`h kuy prasajta aj cb iuarrb olvlc `a 6522,
parh tbkflìj nb ljgcul`h shfrakbjarb aj chs bohjtaolklajths nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës `as`a ac
Bjtliuh Ailpth, oubj`h ajohjtrbkhs cb prlkarb kajolÿj b chs nbfltbjtas `a astbs tlarrbs.
Pbj shch ac 21% `a cb phfcbolÿj `a Clflb (bprhxlkb bkajta uj klccÿj `a parshjbs) jh
tlaja jaxh ohj jljiujb trlfu ârbfa, puas shj `asoaj`lajta `a iruphs kljhrltbrlhs ohkh
hthkbjhs h farafaras2. Asta naonh lkpclob qua pbrb ph`ar ohkpraj`ar ac ohjgcloth
brkb`h qua prhvhoÿ cb obë`b `a Ib`bgl `as`a ujb parspaotlvb ichfbc y cb ghrkb aj qua cb
Hpljlÿj Uýfclob `ac puafch clflh ohjtrlfuyÿ bc `arrhobklajth `a su –Cë`ar `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj‛, as jaoasbrlh ohjhoar y ajtaj`ar oÿkh sa nb `asbrrhccb`h ac oursh `a cb
nlsthrlb clflb aj racbolÿj b astbs ohkujl`b`as trlfbcas.Ubrb akpazbr, `afakhs tajar prasajta qua jh axlsta uj ohjsajsh b cb nhrb `a `agljlr
ohj axbotltu` quì as ujb trlfu, sljh qua sa trbtb `a uj ohjoapth qua –jh astâ ocbrh y sumath
b ohjtrhvarslb (…), sa akpcab pbrb ragarlrsa b uj iruph ohj cbzhs, ujb gbklclb axtajsb, h
ujb ohbclolÿj `a gbklclbs racbolhjb`bs‛6. Bquë ch qua jhs lkphrtb as ajtaj`ar bciujhs `a
chs bspaoths asajolbcas `a cbs trlfus qua nbj kbrob`h cbs racbolhjas phcëtlobs, aohjÿklobs,
sholbcas y oucturbcas `a Clflb.
Aj prlkar cuibr, axlsta ujb sarla `a acakajths ohjstltuyajtas `a cb trlfu, ohkh shj ac
l`lhkb, chs vëjouchs `a pbrajtasoh y cb raclilÿj. –Cb phfcbolÿj `a chs pbësas bgrlobjhs as,
phr raicb iajarbc, kuctltrlfbc4 aj ac Ohjih vlvaj trasolajtbs trlfus, `hsolajtbs oljouajtb aj
Jliarlb, ato.‛?. Aj Clflb ajohjtrbkhs bcra`a`hr `a 205 trlfus0, ajtra cbs oubcas nby irbj`as
`lgarajolbs parh tbkflìj kuonhs pujths aj ohkýj. Asta as praolsbkajta ujh `a chs
prljolplhs obrbotarëstlohs `ac slstakb phcëtloh-sholbc trlfbc, qua sa pua`a `agljlr ohkh
nhkhiìjah parh, b su vaz, ohkh natarhiìjah. Nhkhiìjah, phrqua bicutljb ujb sarla `a
prljolplhs ohkujas b cb ljkajsb kbyhrëb `a trlfus, y natarhiìjah, phrqua ajohjtrbkhs
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ujb irbj `lvarsl`b` `ajtrh `a chs klskhs= kuctltu` `a l`lhkbs, raclilhjas y ohstukfras
qua `lglaraj `a ujbs gbklclbs trlfbcas b htrbs.
Uh`akhs `aolr qua, aj iajarbc, cbs trlfus bgrlobjbs (y phr axtajslÿj cbs clflbs) sa
ohjgliurbj aj thrjh b vëjouchs `a sbjira, nara`ltbrlhs, y qua phsaaj uj slstakb khrbc
brrblib`h aj slichs `a trb`lolÿj. Cb raclilÿj as htrh `a chs gbothras ujlglob`hras= axlsta ujb
prhguj`b trb`lolÿj asplrltubc, ajthrjh b ch shfrajbturbc y bc kuj`h `a chs aspërltus, parh
ob`b trlfu rlj`a oucth b sus prhplhs `lhsas. Qj taroar prljolplh ohjvajolhjbc `a cb trlfu
sarëb cb gl`acl`b` bc cë`ar. Ac cë`ar `a cb trlfu as ac obfazb `a gbklclb, qulaj rasphj`a b cbs
jaoasl`b`as y bjnachs `a sus ohjiìjaras y cb parshjb qua hstajtb cb kbyhr pbrta `ac ph`ar
phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh y klcltbr. Uhr acch, chs cë`aras trlfbcas nbj ohjstltul`h ujb plazb ocbva
aj cb iuarrb `a Clflb `a 6522 (y aj kuonhs htrhs ohjgcloths bjtarlhras), bc ohjvartlrsa aj chs
jaiholb`hras `a chs ljtarasas `a sus trlfus ohj chs pbësas axtrbjmarhs, ujb ohjstbjta aj cb
nlsthrlb `a cb phcëtlob clflb.
Aj saiuj`h cuibr, cb ohjoapolÿj `ac –jhshtrhs‛ as ac oajtrh ragarajolbc `a chs vbchras
trlfbcas. Chs klakfrhs `a cb trlfu jh ohjolfaj ac lj`lvl`ubclskh ohkh ghrkb `a vl`b,
jaoasltbj `a cb trlfu y cbs gbklclbs qua cb ohkphjaj pbrb shfravlvlr, ob`b ujh as
rasphjsbfca `a së klskh y `a chs `akâs, y th`hs `afaj botubr aj fbsa b chs ljtarasas `a cb
trlfu ohkh uj th`h. Astb ghrkb `a pajsbr y `a vlvlr tlaja su hrliaj aj cbs ohkpclobolhjas
qua prasajtb pbrb cb suparvlvajolb lj`lvl`ubc ac ohjtljajta bgrlobjh= obchr, saquëb, irbj`asârabs `asìrtlobs, olajths `a dlcÿkatrhs ajtra phfcbolhjas, `lgëolc booash bc biub, ato. 1 Asta
–bjtl-lj`lvl`ubclskh‛ sa phslolhjb grajta bc –yh‛ hool`ajtbc, `arlvb`h `a chs irbj`as
lkparlhs ohchjlbclstbs qua bkflolhjbfbj ohjoajtrbr th`h ac ph`ar aj sus kbjhs y
axtaj`arsa phr ac kuj`h. Cb axpraslÿj kh`arjb `a asta –aihoajtrlskh‛ ph`akhs
ajohjtrbrcb aj cb oucturb hool`ajtbc `a cb fýsqua`b `a cb gaclol`b` `ac lj`lvl`uh phr ajolkb
`ac flajastbr `a cb ohkujl`b`.
Aj ac obsh ohjorath `a asta pbës bgrlobjh, Guajsbjtb, Chrob y Mbkas7 raohklaj`bj nbfcbr
`a ohkujl`b`as trlfbcas, qua lkpclobj uj slstakb `a racbolhjas gbklclbras kâs ohkpcamh.
Ìstbs –pua`aj astbr ghrkb`bs phr ujb h kâs trlfus qua ohkpbrtaj uj aohslstakb `agljl`h
y ujbs astrbtailbs `a flhb`bptbolÿj, `a prh`uoolÿj aohjÿklob y `a raprh`uoolÿj sholh-
oucturbc‛. Cbs ohkujl`b`as trlfbcas clflbs, trb`lolhjbckajta jÿkb`bs, sa obrbotarlzbj phr
ujb ohjtljub b`bptbolÿj b chs obkflhs `arlvb`hs `a cbs ljtarvajolhjas ohchjlbcas y
jahohchjlbcas aj ac pbës. B`akâs, aj asta tlph `a ohkujl`b`as ac cëklta tarrlthrlbc as
ljvlslfca, yb qua sus klakfrhs sa bslajtbj b ch cbrih y bjonh `a `lvarshs pbësas, ohkh chs
farafaras qua sa axtlaj`aj `as`a Clflb b Kbrruaohs.
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Asths buthras saòbcbj9 qua aj cbs ýctlkbs `ìob`bs vbrlbs `a cbs trlfus clflbs lkphrtbjtas,
ohkh chs Klsurbtb, nbfëbj bfbj`hjb`h prhiraslvbkajta cb vl`b trlfbc aj ac `aslarth. _aiýj
asths buthras, trbs cb _aiuj`b Iuarrb Kuj`lbc cb kbyhrëb `a cbs trlfus `a Hrlajta Urÿxlkh
sa bsajtbrhj aj cbs olu`b`as. Jh hfstbjta, y asth ch bòb`h yh, as cÿiloh pajsbr qua cb
hribjlzbolÿj phcëtloh-sholbc y chs prljolplhs trlfbcas slibj cbtajtas aj cb vl`b ohtl`lbjb `a chs
clflhs, qua ac sajtlklajth trlfbc ohjtljýa nhy aj cb fbsa `a cb shola`b` clflb.
?.6. Clflb= asoajbrlh nlstÿrloh `a ohjgcloths
Cb Iuarrb `a Clflb `a 6522 jh ohjstltuya uj naonh axoapolhjbc aj cb nlsthrlb `ac pbës sl ch
vakhs `as`a cb parspaotlvb `a ujb cuonb phr cb lj`apaj`ajolb vll. Bujqua së as
axtrbhr`ljbrlh phr ac naonh `a qua as cb prlkarb vaz qua ac puafch clflh ohjsliua bobfbr
ohj ac rìilkaj cuonbj`h `as`a `ajtrh y, supuastbkajta vlll, phr ljlolbtlvb prhplb. Chs clflhs
slakpra nbj tajl`h qua nboar grajta b phtajolbs axtrbjmarbs qua nbj ohchjlzb`h su
tarrlthrlh lx, aspaolbckajta cb ohstb, akpazbj`h phr cbs bjtliubs `ljbstëbs ailpolbs y
tarkljbj`h phr cb ohchjlzbolÿj ltbclbjb. \ nbstb bnhrb, sa nbfëbj clkltb`h b cuonbr ohjtrb ac
ajaklih ljvbshr, parh jh ohjtrb su prhplh –Narkbjh Cë`ar‛.
?.6.2. Cb bjtliub Clflb
Aj cb Bjtlióa`b`, cb railÿj tarrlthrlbc qua nhy ohjhoakhs fbmh ac jhkfra `a Clflb jh
axlstëb ohkh tbc, jh nbfëb fbrrarbs tarrlthrlbcas qua `aclkltbsaj asb zhjb ohkh pbës, sljh
qua sa trbtbfb `ac tarrlthrlh sltub`h ajtra Pýjaz y Ailpth. Cb prlkarb kajolÿj qua
ajohjtrbkhs shfra chs nbfltbjtas `a astbs tlarrbs aj taxths `a Hrlajta Urÿxlkh `btb `ac L
vll Lj`apaj`ajolb iahphcëtlob aj chs ohjgcloths bjtarlhras a lj`apaj`ajolb phcëtloh-sholbc `a cb
hpraslÿj `ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb aj ac obsh `a cb iuarrb olvlc `a 6522. vlll @lih –supuastbkajta‛ phrqua jh astâ `ac th`h ocbrh qua cb ljlolbtlvb guasa axocuslvbkajta `a cb
phfcbolÿj clflb. Bciujhs `aglaj`aj qua cb kbjh `ac ph`ar phcëtloh ljtarjbolhjbc khvlÿ chs nlchs
pbrb `asajob`ajbr ac ohjgcloth bprhvaonbj`h chs ljol`ajtas pravlhs `a Pýjaz y Ailpth, parh jh as
uj takb qua vbybkhs b bfhr`br aj asta trbfbmh, tbjth phr gbctb `a aspbolh ohkh phrqua jhs
`asvlbrëbkhs `ac takb oajtrbc.
lx Cb nlstÿrlob ohjgclotlvl`b` qua nb vlvl`h cb zhjb `ac Ka`ltarrâjah sa `afa b qua nb ohjstltul`h,
`as`a slakpra, uj pujth iahastrbtìiloh oruolbc aj ac qua ohjvariaj th`h tlph `a ljtarasas,
prljolpbckajta aohjÿklohs, `arlvb`hs `ac ohkarolh y cb ohjoajtrbolÿj `a raourshs ajariìtlohsohkh ibs y patrÿcah.
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klcajlh b.O.>, aj ohjorath, `a cb ìphob `a cb ^L^ `ljbstëb ailpolb, ohj ac gbrbÿj Vbksìs LL
prlkarh y ohj Karjaptbn `aspuìs. Astbkhs aj ac slich ^LLL b.O., oubj`h sa nbfcb `a chs
Clfu ohkh uj puafch h ohjga`arbolÿj ìtjlob `a acchs<.
Aj asa khkajth prasajolbkhs ac ohjgcloth prh vhob`h phr ac gajÿkajh `a –chs Uuafchs
`ac Kbr‛, axpraslÿj utlclzb`b phr chs nlsthrlb`hras y qua nboa ragarajolb b uj ohjmujth `a
jbolhjas ljvhcuorb`bs aj `lvarshs ohjgcloths ohj Ailpth bcra`a`hr `ac Ka`ltarrâjah
Hrlajtbc. Qjb sarla `a ajgrajtbklajths qua tuvlarhj uj pbpac `astbob`h shfra th`h
`urbjta cb ^L^ y ^^ `ljbstëbs `a Ailpth, obrbotarlzb`h phr ujb busajolb `a pujths aj
ohkýj, yb qua ob`b puafch botubfb phr `lstljtbs khtlvbolhjas. Ch lkphrtbjta bquë as qua
asta naonh ghrzÿ irbj`as khvlklajths klirbthrlhs qua prhvhobrhj ac `aspcbzbklajth `a
trlfus clflbs nbolb ac Jlch, `ajtrh `a Ailpth, ch qua `asajob`ajÿ cb lrb `ac gbrbÿj
Karjaptbn, qua ccavÿ b obfh ujb sarla `a obkpbòbs klcltbras ohjtrb chs clflhs.
Uhstarlhrkajta, aj ac slich W b.O. chs gajlolhs guj`brhj cbs prlkarbs ohchjlbs aj cb ohstb
jhrhasta `a Clflb, cb zhjb `a Prlphcltbjlbx, qua kâs tbr`a pbsbrhj b sar b`kljlstrb`bs phr
Obrtbih (cb olu`b` kâs lkphrtbjta guj`b`b phr chs gajlolhs, qua sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj ac kbyhr
lkparlh ohkarolbc `ac Ka`ltarrâjah y sugrlÿ su `arrukfbklajth trbs cbs iuarrbs pýjlobs).
Aj astb ìphob yb sa nbfëbj astbfcaol`h ohchjlbs irlaibs aj ac tarrlthrlh `a Olrajblob (asta `a
cb bjtliub Clflb) y ghrkbrhj cb Uajtâphcls , jhkfra ohj ac qua fbutlzbrhj cb railÿj trbs
guj`br oubtrh olu`b`as irlaibs qua, mujth ohj Olraja (ohkh ccbkbrhj chs irlaihs b cbolu`b`, `a `hj`a prhvlaja cb Olrajblob rhkbjb) ohjstltuëbj cbs oljoh ohchjlbs irlaibs aj
Clflb.
B trbvìs `a Narh`hth sbfakhs qua chs irlaihs `a cb ìphob utlclzbfbj ac tìrkljh Clfua
pbrb ragarlrsa bc ohjtljajta bgrlobjh25. Aj cbs jbrrbolhjas `a Narh`hth sa suilara qua nufh
ohjgcloths ajtra chs rhkbjhs y cbs phfcbolhjas butÿothjbs, qua sa vlarhj `aspcbzb`bs `a cbs
tlarrbs kâs prh`uotlvbs (cbs `a cb ohstb) phr cb ccaib`b `a ohchjhs rhkbjhs.
@urbjta cbs iuarrbs pýjlobsxl ajtra Vhkb y Obrtbih phr ac ohjtrhc `ac Ka`ltarrâjah
(akpcbzbklajth astrbtìiloh pbrb ac ohkarolh kbrëtlkh `a cb ìphob) bciujbs trlfus clflbs
botubrhj ohkh karoajbrlhs ohjtrb ac Lkparlh Vhkbjh, qua sa ohjsl`arbfb ac ajaklih y
x Prlphcltbjlb (jhrhasta) y Olrajblob (asta) sarâj ujlglob`bs phr cb ohchjlb lkparlbclstb `a Ltbclb aj
2<?0. Gazzâj (surhasta) sa ujlrâ kâs tbr`a, ohjghrkbj`h ac botubc tarrlthrlh `a Clflb,
trb`lolhjbckajta ljtairb`h phr astbs tras prhvljolbs nlstÿrlobs.
xl Cbs Iuarrbs Uýjlobs nboaj ragarajolb b uj parlh`h nlstÿrloh ohkpraj`l`h ajtra chs slichs LLL y LL
b.O. obrbotarlzb`h phr ac ajgrajtbklajth ajtra ac lkparlh rhkbjh y ac obrtbiljìs phr ac ohjtrhcohkarolbc ac Ka`ltarrâjah Hool`ajtbc.
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ohjtrb ac oubc vbrlbs trlfus ghrkbrhj bclbjzbs. Cb railÿj `a Prlphcltbjlb astuvh fbmh
`hkljlh obrtbiljìs `urbjta ac ohjgcloth y trbs cb obë`b `a Obrtbih, Vhkb houpÿ
pbucbtljbkajta cb zhjb nbstb ohjvartlrcb, mujth ohj Olraja y, kâs b`acbjta, Gazzâj, aj ujb
prhvljolb rhkbjb. Cb Clflb rhkbjb gua tbkflìj aspaotb`hrb `a cbs iuarrbs olvlcas `ac Irbj
Lkparlh.
Lfj Mbc`ýj, nlsthrlb`hr kusuckâj tujaoljh, `astbob cb kajolÿj b chs sbjnbmb ohkh
nbfltbjtas `a Cufyb , ac tarrlthrlh bc hool`ajta `a Ailpth22. Astbkhs aj ìphob `a cb
houpbolÿj ârbfa `a Prlphcltbjlb y Olrajblobxll, aj ac slich WLL `.O., b cb oubc trbtbrhj `a
raslstlr chs clflhs, parh gljbckajta suoukflarhjxlll y b`hptbrhj ac Lscbk y ac l`lhkb ârbfa,
b`akâs `a cb oucturb. Cb guslÿj `a bkfbs shola`b`as gua tbc qua, aj uj tarrlthrlh
obrbotarlzb`h phr asobshs obkflhs ìtjlohs ajtra trlfus, chs ârbfas kh`lglobrhj ac aspaotrh
phfcbolhjbc26. @urbjta astb ìphob `a bsajtbklajth ârbfa ac tarrlthrlh astuvh ohjtrhcb`h
kbyhrkajta `as`a Ac Oblrh, ch qua nlzh qua bkfhs pbësas astraonbrbj vëjouchs fbmh ac
Lkparh Gbtlkë y phstarlhrkajta ohj chs kbkacuohs.
Prbs uj frava parlh`h `a `hkljlh aspbòhc, aj 2112 Clflb as `a juavh ohjqulstb`b, astb
vaz phr ac Lkparlh Hthkbjh, qua thkÿ ac ohjtrhc `a Prlphcltbjlb y Olrajblob. Cb prlkarb,
slj akfbrih, `lsgrutÿ `a uj parëh`h `a sakl-lj`apaj`ajolb irbolbs bc pbonâ xlv hthkbjh
Bnkat Dbrbkbjcl, qua hftuvh ac ph`ar aj 2920. B pbrtlr `a ajthjoas ihfarjÿ cb `ljbstëb
Dbrbkbjcl nbstb 2>?1, oubj`h astbccÿ cb iuarrb olvlc qua `avhcvlÿ ac ohjtrhc `a cb zhjb bcsuctâj turoh Kbnku` LL. Ajthjoas Prëphcl (obpltbc `a Prlphcltbjlb) sa nbfëb ohjvartl`h aj
ujh `a chs prljolpbcas puarths kbrëtlkhs `ac Ka`ltarrâjah irbolbs b cb plrbtarëb y ac
ohkarolh.
@urbjta ac `hkljlh ârbfa `a chs Dbrbkbjcl tuvh cuibr ac prlkar ajgrajtbklajth ohj
Astb`hs Qjl`hs. @as`a ac ýctlkh oubrth `ac slich ^WLLL chs plrbtbs farfarlsohs `ac Jhrta
`a Âgrlob bshcbfbj ac Ka`ltarrâjah, obpturbj`h fuquas karobjtas `a cbs jbolhjas `a kbyhr
rlquazb y ph`ar jbvbc y asocbvlzbj`h b cbs parshjbs qua jbvaibfbj aj acchs pbrb cuaih pa`lr
uj rasobta b obkflh `a su clfarbolÿj. Chs fbrohs karobjtas astb`hujl`ajsas tajëbj kuonb
xll Aj asta parlh`h Gazzâj tlaja phoh ljtarìs nlstÿrloh, yb qua sa trbtb `a ujb irbj axtajslÿj
`asìrtlob ohj hbsls y ccaibfbj phobs jhtlolbs shfra cb botlvl`b` `a sus nbfltbjtas.
xlll Ubrta `a cb phfcbolÿj jÿkb`b farafar asobpÿ b cb boolÿj `lraotb `a cbs buthrl`b`as ârbfas bc
raguilbrsa aj cbs zhjbs kâs ljtarlhras y `asìrtlobs `ac pbës (Irbj Ajolochpa`lb Vlbcp, 2<<2).
xlv Aj ac Lkparlh hthkbjh, nhkfra qua hftajëb bciýj kbj`h suparlhr, ohkh ac `a cb kbr, h ac `a
bciujb prhvljolb aj obcl`b` `a vlrray h ihfarjb`hr (Vabc Bob`aklb Aspbòhcb `a cb Cajiub, 66ªa`lolÿj).
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botlvl`b` aj cb zhjb y `asakfhcsbrhj irbj`as objtl`b`as `a `ljarh ohkh trlfuth (b obkflh
`a prhtaoolÿj) b chs astb`hs plrâtlohs `ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob, ohjhol`hs ohkh chs pbësas `a
Farfarëb (ac _uctbjbth `a Kbrruaohs, Prëphcl, Pýjaz y Briac, asths tras ýctlkhs
`apaj`ajolbs butÿjhkbs) y partajaolajtas bc Lkparlh Hthkbjh, pbrb prhtaiar sus
botlvl`b`as ohkarolbcas aj ac Ka`ltarrâjah.
Aj 2>52, bc booa`ar Pnhkbs Maggarshj bc ihflarjh astb`hujl`ajsa, `aol`lÿ suprlklr chs
pbihs b chs plrbtbs y ac pbonâ `a Prëphcl aj bquac ajthjoas, \usug Dbrbkbjcl, `aocbrÿ cb
iuarrb b chs Astb`hs Qjl`hs, ljlolâj`hsa cb prlkarb Iuarrb `a Farfarëbxv , tbkflìj ohjhol`b
ohkh Iuarrb Prlphcltbjb, aj cb qua sa suoa`larhj ohkfbtas jbvbcas nbstb 2>51. Aj astb
gaonb chs ohkfbtlajtas sa ajgrajtbrhj aj cb fbtbccb `a @arjb, qua sa sbc`ÿ ohj cb vlothrlb
astb`hujl`ajsa y su rabglrkbolÿj ohkh bothr lkphrtbjta aj cb brajb phcëtlob ljtarjbolhjbc.
Clflb sliua aj kbjhs `ac lkparlh turoh nbstb cb ohchjlzbolÿj phr pbrta `a Ltbclb.
Aj 2>0? Khnbka` bc-_ajussl sa astbfcaoa aj Fajinbsl (Olrajblob). Nbfëb guj`b`h, aj
2>?9, ac khvlklajth khjârquloh `ajhkljb`h _bjusslyybn , ujb narkbj`b` kusuckbjb
ocbj`astljb qua prhkhvlÿ cb raslstajolb ohjtrb chs turohs. @hs iajarbolhjas `aspuìs
thkbrëb cb `lraoolÿj `a cb narkbj`b` L`rlss ac _ajussl, qulaj kâs tbr`a sa ohjvartlrëb aj ac
ray L`rlss L `a Clflb.
?.6.6. Cb Clflb ltbclbjb
Prbs cb Ohjgarajolb `a Farcëj `a 2>>1, khkajth `a kâxlkh buia `ac lkparlbclskh
aurhpah, cbs phtajolbs sa rapbrtlarhj Âgrlob. Ac hfmatlvh arb astbfcaoar ohchjlbs aj ac
ohjtljajta bgrlobjh qua slrvlasaj b chs ljtarasas ohkarolbcas `a chs irbj`as lkparlhs y, `a
pbsh, bobfbr ohj ac Lkparlh Hthkbjh, qua `hkljbfb cb pajëjsucb brâflib y ac Jhrta `a
Âgrlob. Cbs phtajolbs `a prlkar hr`aj (Grbjolb a Ljicbtarrb, aj prlkar cuibr, y Uhrtuibc y
Bcakbjlb, aj saiuj`h cuibr) sa rapbrtlarhj cbs zhjbs kâs prlvlcailb`bs `a Âgrlob y ac
Kuj`h Ârbfa.
Uarh Ltbclb qua`ÿ guarb `a asta rapbrth y bsplrbfb b ajtrbr aj ac oërouch `a cbs phtajolbs
lkparlbclstbs. Bsë qua aonÿ ac hmh b Clflb, uj tarrlthrlh qua aj cb ìphob arb ohjsl`arb`h `a
asobsh vbchr aohjÿkloh y astrbtìiloh y qua nbstb ajthjoas sa nbfëb sbcvb`h `a cb houpbolÿj
`a chs lkparlhs aurhpahs. Prbs `lvarsbs jaiholbolhjas ohj sus sholhs Ltbclb ohjsliua ac
ohjsajtlklajth `a Bcakbjlb, Grbjolb, Irbj Fratbòb, Bustrlb-Nujirëb y Vuslb pbrb cb
xv
Nufh ujb saiuj`b Iuarrb `a Farfarëb ajtra 2>61 y 2>27 qua ajgrajtÿ b Astb`hs Qjl`hs ohj Briaclb.
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houpbolÿj `ac pbës, bujqua yb aj cb prlkarb `ìob`b `ac slich ^^ nbfëb ohkajzb`h b
pajatrbr aj cb vl`b `a chs clflhs2? ohj ac astbfcaolklajth `ac Fbjoh `l Vhkb (kâs tbr`a
rajhkfrb`h ohkh Qkkb fbjd ) y cb ohkprb `a tarrajhs qua kâs b`acbjta vaj`arëbj b chs
ohchjhs ltbclbjhs qua sa bsajtbrhj aj Clflb.
Aj 2<22 Ltbclb ljvb`a Clflb y sa `aocbrb cb iuarrb ohjtrb ac Lkparlh Hthkbjh. _a ljlolb
ujb raslstajolb phpucbr qua ac lkparlh ltbclbjh ohkfbta b fbsa `a boths vlhcajths ohjtrb cb
phfcbolÿj olvlc= bjlqulcbolÿj, kbtbjzb, kbriljbolÿj, nbkfrujbs, vlhcbolÿj y prlvbolÿj `a
th`hs chs vbchras `a vl`b20. Asths suoashs ghkajtbrâj ac buia `ac sajtlklajth bjtl-ltbclbjh
ajtra cb phfcbolÿj clflb, qua sa kbtarlbclzbrâ aj uj khvlklajth `a raslstajolb cl`arb`h phr
Hkbr bc-Kumtbr. Ac rasth `a phtajolbs hool`ajtbcas `ambrhj `a cb`h asta ohjgcloth phrqua
astbfbj houpb`bs aj cb L Iuarrb Kuj`lbc.
Gljbckajta, aj 2<26 sa raohjhoa ghrkbckajta cb ohjqulstb `a Clflb phr Ltbclb ka`lbjta
cb glrkb `ac Prbtb`h `a Huony, qua phja glj b cb iuarrb ltbch-turob. Uhstarlhrkajta, aj ac
klskh bòh, ac Prbtb`h `a Cbusbjb astbfcaoa phr prlkarb vaz ujbs grhjtarbs ohjoratbs aj
asta tarrlthrlh, qua sa `ajhkljÿ Astbtuth Clflh y astbfb ohjstltul`h phr Prlphcltbjlb y
Olrajblob, ujl`bs ghrkbckajta aj 2<?0 phr cb boolÿj `ac ihfarjb`hr Ltbch Fbcfh, surilaj`h
bsë cb Clflb botubc (b cb qua kâs tbr`a sa ujlrëb Gazzbj).
_lj akfbrih, cb houpbolÿj agaotlvb phr pbrta `ac lkparlh ltbclbjh `urbjta cb prlkarb
`ìob`b sa clkltÿ shch b cb grbjmb ohstarb `ac pbës, yb qua uj guarta khvlklajth `a raslstajolbphr cb hphslolÿj `a cbs trlfus sajussltbs `ac sur nlzh lkphslfca ac `hkljlh `ac ljtarlhr `a cb
ohchjlb. Ac cë`ar `a astb raslstajolb, Hkbr bc-Kumtbr, nbfëb ohjtbotb`h bòhs btrâs ohj ac
khvlklajth khjârquloh `a cb _bjusslyybn (qua nbfëb cuonb`h ohjtrb ac Lkparlh Hthkbjh)
y arb uj irbj ohjhoa`hr `a cb iuarrb aj ac `aslarth.
Bsë, ac cavbjtbklajth phpucbr sa trbjsghrkÿ aj ujb iuarrb `a iuarrlccbs ohjtrb cbs guarzbs
ltbclbjbs qua `urÿ obsl 65 bòhs. Oubj`h Fajlth Kusshcljl thkb ac ph`ar `ac ihflarjh
ltbclbjh aj 2<66 sa ljlolb ujb juavb gbsa aj ac prhoash `a ohchjlzbolÿj `a Clflb aj th`hs chs
âkflths (l`ahcÿiloh, phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh y klcltbr), obrbotarlzb`b aj prlkar cuibr phr cb
–pbolglobolÿj klcltbr‛ y, phstarlhrkajta, phr cb –pbolglobolÿj olvlc‛ 21. Asta prhoash `a
–pbolglobolÿj‛ `ac tarrlthrlh sa amaoutÿ ka`lbjta cb vlhcajtb rapraslÿj `a chs ljsuriajtas
qua, trbs cb obpturb y amaouolÿj `ac cë`ar Hkbr bc-Kumtbr aj 2<?2, suoukfaj bc ohjtrhc
gbsolstb ltbclbjh. Kumtbr as, b pbrtlr `a ajthjoas, ajsbczb`h phr chs clflhs ohkh uj kârtlr.
Ac `hkljlh gbsolstb `a Ltbclb shfra Clflb sa axtaj`lÿ nbstb cb _aiuj`b Iuarrb Kuj`lbc y
sa obrbotarlzÿ phr cb `lguslÿj `a ujb lkbiaj `a cb ohchjlb Clflb ohkh cb –Plarrb
Urhkatl`b‛, yb qua Kusshcljl shòbfb ohj ohjvartlr b Clflb aj ujb ohchjlb `akhirâglob `a
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Ltbclb, parkbjajta. Ubrb acch, utlclzÿ cb prhpbibj`b ohkh prljolpbc narrbklajtb pbrb
bukajtbr cb ohjolajolb ohchjlbc `ac puafch ltbclbjh y ohjvajoarca `a cbs vajtbmbs `a vlvlr aj
Clflb27.
@a naonh, prhkholhjÿ klirbolhjas kbslvbs `a Ltbclb b Clflb aj 2<?> y 2<?< pbrb qua chs
juavhs ohchjhs sa bchmbsaj aj chs oajtrhs rurbcas qua ac rìilkaj nbfëb orab`h pbrb acchs.
Pbkflìj sa asohcbrlzÿ b chs jlòhs clflhs aj asouacbs `hj`a cas ajsaòbfbj cb oucturb y ac
l`lhkb ltbclbjhs, y kuonhs mÿvajas clflhs sa bclstbrhj ohkh shc`b`hs bc sarvlolh `a cb
katrÿphcl y guarhj `ajhkljb`hs chs –gl`acëslkhs `a Ltbclb‛29 phr su supuastb ajtraib
bfshcutb bc rìilkaj. _upuastb, phrqua ch olarth as qua aj th`h Âgrlob klcas `a mÿvajas sa
ohjvlrtlarhj aj shc`b`hs bc sarvlolh `a chs lkparlhs ohchjlzb`hras, parh asth jh slijlglob
qua ch nlolarbj phr cabctb` b chs raiëkajas qua cas ljvb`larhj y ihfarjbrhj. Ohkh axpclob
Dbpusoljsdl2>, ac Amìrolth ohchjlbc arb, pbrb kuonhs mÿvajas bgrlobjhs, cb ýjlob sbcl`b b ujb
vl`b `a klsarlb y kaj lol`b`.
@urbjta cb ìphob ohchjlbc ltbclbjb, aj Clflb suria uj ohjgcloth `arlvb`h `ac onhqua ajtra
ac slstakb `a hribjlzbolÿj phcëtloh-sholbc `lspuasth b pbrtlr `a trlfus h ohkujl`b`as
trlfbcas y cb lkphslolÿj `ac Astb`h-Jbolÿj phr pbrta `a chs lkparlhs ohchjlbclstbs
hool`ajtbcas. Ac bouar`h _ydas-Uloht `a 2<27 rapbrtlÿ cbs phsaslhjas turobs aj Hrlajta
Urÿxlkh ajtra Grbjolb y Irbj Fratbòb, `lfumbj`h cb iahirbgëb botubc `ac Hrlajta Urÿxlkh
ohjtakphrâjah.Cb ohjsaouajolb `a asb rapbrtlolÿj gua cb lkphslolÿj `ac ohjoapth `a –Astb`h -Jbolÿj‛
phr pbrta `ac ohchjlbclskh aj uj tarrlthrlh hribjlzb`h phr trlfus h ohjga`arbolhjas `a
ìstbs2<. Chs lkparlhs ohchjlbclstbs jh tuvlarhj aj ouajtb chs bsajtbklajths trlfbcas aj Clflb
b cb nhrb `a trbzbr cbs cëjabs `a `aclkltbolÿj tarrlthrlbc, `lvl`laj`h bciujbs trlfus qua sa
bsajtbfbj b uj cb`h y bc htrh `a chs cëkltas `ac tarrlthrlh. Grbjoasas a ljicasas (bc liubc qua
ch nlolarhj chs lkparlhs qua sa nbfëbj astbfcaol`h aj cbs bjtliubs prhvljolbs hthkbjbs)
tuvlarhj qua pbotbr ohj chs cë`aras trlfbcas pbrb avltbr ohjtljuhs ajgrajtbklajths `arlvb`hs
`ac onhqua ajtra chs slstakbs phcëtloh-sholbcas ârbfas y hool`ajtbcas.
Ac prhfcakb guj`bkajtbc rb`lobfb aj cb ohjoapolÿj ârbfa `ac slijlglob`h `a –jbolÿj‛, cb
Qkkb h ohkujl`b` kusuckbjb, qua nboa ragarajolb b uj iruph `a lj`lvl`uhs ujl`hs phr
ujbs obrbotarëstlobs ohkujas. Qj gbothr `atarkljbjta `a asta prljolplh l`ahcÿiloh as qua
–cb ohjoapolÿj phcëtlob `ac kuj`h as ljsapbrbfca `a cb ohjoapolÿj raclilhsb‛65. B asth sa
sukb ac sajtlr ohcaotlvh `a cb ohkujl`b` trlfbc, cb ujlÿj `a chs klakfrhs `a cb trlfu
slakpra aj fusob `ac ljtarìs ohcaotlvh y jujob lj`lvl`ubc. Bsë, suria cb ohclslÿj ajtra jbolÿj
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y trlfu, phrqua cb prlkarb rasphj`a shch bjta ac Astb`h, parh pbrb cb saiuj`b chs prljolplhs
y vbchras `ac slstakb trlfbc shj `atarkljbjtas.
Cb trlfu lkpclob uj slstakb phcëtloh, sholbc y aohjÿkloh hpuasth b uj astb`h
oajtrbclzb`h62, qua tlaja qua ohkpatlr ohj cbs ghrkbs pra-astbtbcas `a cb b`kljlstrbolÿj
trlfbc, `a ch qua sa `arlvbj cbs jaiholbolhjas ajtra chs lkparlhs ohchjlzb`hras y chs cë`aras
trlfbcas `urbjta chs bòhs `a houpbolÿj. Astbs klskbs phtajolbs hool`ajtbcas trbtbrhj,
b`akâs, `a sa`ajtbrlzbr b cbs trlfus jÿkb`bs qua pbsbfbj phr sus tarrlthrlhs ohchjlzb`hs,
ljtajtbrhj qua bfbj`hjbsaj su astlch `a vl`bxvl ohj ac hfmatlvh `a khjhphclzbr ac ph`ar,
praklsb fâslob `ac lkparlbclskh.
Bc gljbc, ac fbcbjoa `ac ohchjlbclskh ltbclbjh aj Clflb gua `avbstb`hr pbrb cb phfcbolÿj
butÿothjb. Chs ltbclbjhs rasphj`larhj b cb raslstajolb `ac puafch clflh ohj ujb ra` `a
obkphs `a ohjoajtrbolÿj y trbfbmhs ghrzb`hs qua bjlqulcbrhj b uj tarolh `a cb phfcbolÿj
`ac pbës66. Asth, sukb`h b cb kbriljbolÿj `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs `a chs âkflths `a cb
B`kljlstrbolÿj y chs jaiholhs ghkajtÿ, ohkh pbraoarëb cÿiloh, uj prhguj`h sajtlklajth
`a h`lh nbolb ac Astb`h, qua ohjstltuëb ujb hpraslÿj axtarjb bc ocbj trb`lolhjbc, ujb guajta
`a buthrl`b` qua, saiýj cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc, sa sltýb phr `afbmh `a cb buthrl`b` `a cb trlfu. Jl
qua `aolr tlaja qua asa sajtlklajth `a h`lh sa axtaj`lÿ b chs ltbclbjhs y, phr aj`a, bc
kuj`h hool`ajtbc.
?.6.?. Lj`apaj`ajolb ohchjlbc y Valjh `a Clflb
@urbjta cb _aiuj`b Iuarrb Kuj`lbc Clflb sa ohjvlarta aj ac prljolpbc asoajbrlh
jhrtabgrlobjh `ac ohjgcloth, qua vlva ac ajgrajtbklajth ajtra cb guarzb klcltbr bcakbjb `ac
Bgrldb Dhrps, cl`arb`b phr ac ohkbj`bjta Vhkkac, y Irbj Fratbòb, ohj Khjtihkary bc
kbj`h. Qjb vaz `arrhtb`h ac prlkarh, aj 2<0?, chs Bclb`hs pbsbj b b`kljlstrbr
takphrbckajta ac tarrlthrlh= Prlphcltbjlb y Olrajblob qua`bj fbmh `hkljlh ljicìs, bujqua
butÿjhkhs, y Gazzbj ch ohjtrhcb Grbjolb, bjaxlhjâj`hch b cbs ohchjlbs grbjoasbs `a Pýjaz
y Briaclb.
Gljbclzb`b cb iuarrb tuvlarhj qua pbsbr oubtrh bòhs nbstb qua cbs phtajolbs vajoa`hrbs
`aol`larbj quì nboar ohj Clflb. Bciujhs pbësas, ohkh Grbjolb h Vuslb, tajëbj bpatajolbs
phr cb ohchjlb, parh Astb`hs Qjl`hs, mujth ohj Ljicbtarrb, quarëb hthribr cb lj`apaj`ajolb
bc tarrlthrlh, rasphj`laj`h b cbs `akbj`bs `a cb phfcbolÿj lj`ëiajb (Ljicbtarrb tbkflìj
xvl
Ac jhkb`lskh pbsthrlc nb sl`h, `as`a slakpra, ujb `a cbs prljolpbcas ghrkbs `a vl`b aj Âgrlob, satrbtb `a uj astlch `a vlvlr brrblib`h aj bòhs y bòhs `a trb`lolÿj.
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rasphj`ëb bsë b cb prhkasb naonb bc guturh ray L`rlss L b obkflh `a su ohcbfhrbolÿj aj cb
_aiuj`b Iuarrb Kuj`lbc).
Aj 2<09 Ltbclb nbfëb rajujolb`h b cb phsaslÿj `a cb ohchjlb, bsë qua aj 2<0< cb
Hribjlzbolÿj `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs (HJQ) bprhfÿ, phr kbyhrëb, ujb rashcuolÿj pbrb
hthribr cb lj`apaj`ajolb bc pbës qua sa nbrëb agaotlvb ac 2 `a ajarh `a 2<16 bujqua, ohkh cb
prhplb HJQ ljslstlÿ, `afëb `a sar ujb lj`apaj`ajolb ohj vlstbs b cb ghrkbolÿj `a uj
astb`h akhorâtloh.
Ohj asta hfmatlvh ghrkbrhj ujb Bsbkfcab ohj raprasajtbjtas `a cbs tras prhvljolbs qua
`aocbrÿ hglolbckajta cb lj`apaj`ajolb `a Clflb y ajtraiÿ ac trhjh bc Aklr _byyl` L`rlss ac
_ajusslxvll, jlath `ac guj`b`hr `a cb _bjusslyybn, Khnbka` bc-_ajussl. Fbmh ac jhkfra `a
ray L`rlss L, sa ohjvartlrëb aj ac prlkar y ýjloh ray `a Clflb, b pbrtlr `a ajthjoas
ghrkbckajta ohjstltul`b phr ujb shcb jbolÿj fbmh cb `ajhkljbolÿj `a –Valjh Qjl`h `a
Clflb‛, bujqua cbs tras railhjas nlstÿrlobs saiulrëbj slaj`h butÿjhkbs. L`rlss L prhocbkÿ cb
lj`apaj`ajolb `a cb ohchjlb ac 60 `a `lolakfra `a 2<12 (uj tlakph bjtas yb nbfëb
astbfcaol`h cb lj`apaj`ajolb aj Olrajblob), qua sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj ac prlkar pbës `a Âgrlob aj
clfarbrsa `ac ohchjlbclskh. @a astb kbjarb, cbs tras railhjas nlstÿrlobs qua aj ac pbsb`h
nbfëbj kbjtajl`h kuy phohs cbzhs aj th`hs chs âkflths, qua`bfbj ujlglob`bs `a kbjarb
brtlglolbc phr uj biajta axtarjh (cb HJQ), naonh qua ohjstltulrâ ac trbsghj`h `a ohjgcloths
guturhs.Aj 2<12 sa astbfcaoa cb Ohjstltuolÿj (bfhcl`b aj 2<7?) qua `aglja cb ghrkb `a ihflarjh
ohkh ujb khjbrquëb ohjstltuolhjbc y aj 2<16 sa oacafrbj acaoolhjas. _lj akfbrih, cb
`akhorbolb aj cb prâotlob jh gua kâs qua ujb lcuslÿj, yb qua ac ray L`rlss L prbotloÿ ujb
phcëtlob ohrruptb, ohjoajtrbj`h ac ph`ar y cbs rlquazbs ‟ arlvb`bs `ac nbccbzih `a phzhs
patrhcëgarhs aj 2<1< ‟ aj kbjhs `a ujb paquaòb ìclta.
Aj uj pbës nbstb ajthjoas sustajtb`h aohjÿklobkajta phr ac pbsthrah y ujb birloucturb
`a sufslstajolb, cb axpchtbolÿj ohkarolbc `ac patrÿcah `asouflarth aj 2<1< `lh uj ilrh
rb`lobc b cb aohjhkëb phslflcltbj`h qua, ch qua nbfëb sl`h ujh `a chs pbësas kâs phfras `ac
kuj`h sa ohjvlrtlasa aj ujh `a chs kâs rlohs `ac ohjtljajta aj ULF par oâpltb6?. L`rlss sa
bclÿ ohj chs ljvarshras axtrbjmarhs, aspaolbckajta Astb`hs Qjl`hs a Ljicbtarrb, y gbolcltÿ cb
axpchtbolÿj ohkarolbc `ac patrÿcah phr pbrta `a asths pbësas. Bsë, sa ghrkb uj paquaòb ìclta
prlvlcailb`b qua, cl`arb`b phr cb khjbrquëb y mujth b cb lj`ustrlb patrhcarb y cb ljolplajta
xvll
Vaohr`akhs qua L`rlss ac _ajussl nbfëb ohcbfhrb`h ohj Ljicbtarrb `urbjta cb _aiuj`b IuarrbKuj`lbc.
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furhorbolb astbtbc, ohklajzb b ajrlquaoarsa. Asta sarâ ujh `a chs prljolpbcas khtlvhs qua
ccavbrâ bc ihcpa `a Astb`h ib`bglstb ujhs bòhs kâs tbr`a.
B asth sa bòb`a cb busajolb `a l`ajtl`b` jbolhjbc, pasa b chs asguarzhs `ac ray phr ujlr b
cbs phfcbolhjas `a cbs tras railhjas nlstÿrlobs60. Nakhs `a raohr`br qua Clflb nb sl`h uj
tarrlthrlh trb`lolhjbckajta `lvl`l`h, jh axlstëbj vëjouchs ajtra cbs railhjas jl ajtra chs
nbfltbjtas. @a naonh, ohkh nakhs vlsth, Prlphcltbjlb y Olrajblob nbj sl`h lj`apaj`lajtas
b jlvac phcëtloh aj kuonhs khkajths `a cb nlsthrlb, ch qua nlzh qua ob`b zhjb sa
`asbrrhccbrb a kbjarb `lgarajta. Prlphcltbjlb arb ac tarrlthrlh kâs prlvlcailb`h, a phfcbolÿj
kbyhrltbrlbkajta kusuckbjb, klajtrbs qua Olrajblob nbfëb sl`h cb lkpucshrb `a cb
lj`apaj`ajolb irbolbs b cb narkbj`b` sajussltb cl`arb`b aj asa khkajth phr L`rlss, b
qulaj cb phfcbolÿj saiuëb olaibkajta. Uhr ýctlkh Gazzbj, ujb axtajslÿj `asìrtlob ohj
vbrlhs hbsls `hj`a shch shfravlvaj bciujbs ohkujl`b`as qua jh rasphj`aj bjta jb`la kâs
qua cb trlfu, ohkh chs tubrais.
_u kbcb iastlÿj phcëtlob, su ohrrupolÿj, su gbvhrltlskh prh-hool`ajtbc y su
`asvljoucbolÿj `a chs bsujths ârbfas ohjstltuyarhj ac obc`h `a ouctlvh pbrb ac ihcpa `a
Astb`h qua Ib`bgl ccavÿ b obfh ohjtrb ac ray L`rlss L aj 2<7<.
?.?. Ac ajirbjbma nlstÿrloh `a cb Clflb qua nhy ohjhoakhs
B kh`h `a ohjocuslÿj, ph`akhs l`ajtlglobr vbrlbs plazbs qua rasukaj y `agljaj cb
kbquljbrlb `a cb trb`lolÿj nlstÿrlob clflb y slj cbs oubcas sarëb lkphslfca ljtarpratbr chs
bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës y su ohjaxlÿj ohj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a sus olu`b`bjhs aj
cbs ýctlkbs oubtrh `ìob`bs.
Aj prlkar cuibr, cb asobsb l`ajtl`b` jbolhjbc suril`b phr cb trb`lolhjbc sapbrbolÿj
phcëtloh-sholbc `a cbs tras railhjas nlstÿrlobs, ch qua b su vaz prhvhoÿ qua asths tarrlthrlhs
sa `asbrrhccbrbj `a kbjarb `lgarajta iajarbj`h ujb lkphrtbjta guajta `a ohkpatajolb
ajtra gbklclbs trlfbcas qua astuvh kuy botlvb `urbjta ac ohjgcloth `a 6522 y ohjstltuyÿ ujb
`a cbs kuonbs obusbs `ac cavbjtbklajth phpucbr.
Aj saiuj`h cuibr, raohr`akhs qua Clflb, ohkh pbës lj`apaj`lajta, as racbtlvbkajta
mhvaj. Nboa phoh kâs `a 75 bòhs qua ac puafch clflh `amÿ `a cuonbr ohjtrb pbësas
ljvbshras, `as`a ac Bjtliuh Ailpth nbstb ac hobsh `ac ohchjlbclskh hool`ajtbc, pbsbj`h phr
cb ìphob `ac lkparlh hthkbjh. \ `a ashs 75 bòhs `a lj`apaj`ajolb clflb, `urbjta kâs `a 05
ac pbës astuvh `hkljb`h phr ujb shcb parshjb, qua ohjoajtrÿ uj ph`ar `askasurb`h aj
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sus kbjhs. Uhr tbjth, ac puafch clflh lj`apaj`lajta jh ohjhoa htrb ohsb qua cb kbjh
tlrâjlob `a Ib`bgl.
Aj taroar cuibr, ac onhqua ajtra cb hribjlzbolÿj phcëtloh-sholbc `ac Astb`h-jbolÿj clfarbc
y cb `a cb ohjgliurbolÿj trlfbc, ch qua sa trb`uoa aj `lgarajtas ghrkbs `a ohjoaflr cb/ac
buthrl`b`/ph`ar y, phr aj`a, `lgarajtas ghrkbs `a bobtbrch. Astb l`ab sa trb`uoa aj qua chs
olu`b`bjhs `ac prlkarh rasphj`aj ýjlobkajta bjta cb buthrl`b` `ac Astb`h, klajtrbs qua
aj cbs trlfus cb kâxlkb buthrl`b` shj chs vbchras y prljolplhs bjoastrbcas prhguj`bkajta
brrblib`hs aj sus klakfrhs.
Uasa b cb oraolajta urfbjlzbolÿj lkpucsb`b phr ac patrÿcah, cbs astruoturbs `a ph`ar
trb`lolhjbcas `a cb shola`b` clflb ohjsarvbj su buthrl`b`61, `a kbjarb qua th`hs chs
ljtairbjtas `ac ocbj astâj supa`ltb`hs bc cë`ar `a cb trlfu, qulaj hstajtb cb kbyhr pbrta `ac
ph`ar phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh y klcltbr. B`akâs, ohkh yb sa nb lj`lob`h, chs cë`aras trlfbcas
nbj prhtbihjlzb`h pbpacas `aolslvhs `urbjta th`b cb nlsthrlb `a Clflb jaiholbj`h ohj chs
pbësas axtrbjmarhs y, ohkh kâs tbr`a sa varâ, tbkflìj nbj `asakpaòb`h ujb cbfhr
guj`bkajtbc `urbjta ac kbj`bth `a Ib`bgl ohkh ýjlohs acakajths `a –praslÿj‛ phcëtlob bc
Cë`ar. Chs magas trlfbcas trbtbfbj `a hftajar cbs ohj`lolhjas kâs vajtbmhsbs pbrb sus
raspaotlvbs trlfus, ch qua ljtajslglobfb cb ohkpatajolb ajtra cbs klskbs bjtas kajolhjb`b.
Uhr ýctlkh, `afakhs saòbcbr cb ljtajsb bjlkb`varslÿj qua cb shola`b` clflb prhgasbfb
ohjtrb ac lkparlbclskh hool`ajtbc, qua sa axtaj`lÿ b th`h bquacch qua raprasajtbsa chs vbchras `a Hool`ajta. B`akâs, ac naonh `a qua Clflb sa ohjvlrtlasa aj cb prlkarb ohchjlb
bgrlobjb aj hftajar su lj`apaj`ajolb raprasajtb uj sëkfhch `a cb trb`lolhjbc cuonb `a asta
puafch phr clfrbrsa `a cbs gbuoas `a cb tlrbjëb, ujh `a chs khtlvhs qua ccavbrhj b sus
nbfltbjtas b raolflr ohj chs frbzhs bflarths bc –Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj‛ `a 2<7<. Aj asa
khkajth cb shola`b` clflb jh ph`ëb ljtulr ch qua sa ca vajëb ajolkb.
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0. IB@BGL= QJ CË@AV BQPHOVÂPLOH \ OHJPVB@LOPHVLHxvlll
Buthorâtloh y ohjtrb`lothrlh shj `hs `a chs tìrkljhs qua kamhr `agljaj ac obrâotar `ac
Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj aj racbolÿj ohj ac ph`ar qua amarolÿ shfra ac puafch clflh `urbjta
kâs `a oubtrh `ìob`bs. Buthorâtloh phrqua ohjoajtrÿ th`h ac ph`ar aj sus prhplbs kbjhs
(yb jh aj cbs `a uj shch pbrtl`h phcëtloh ohkh b vaoas hourra aj cbs `akhorbolbs
raprasajtbtlvbs), ohjvlrtlaj`h su vhcujtb` aj cb suprakb cay `ac pbës. Ohjtrb`lothrlh
phrqua cbs praklsbs `a cbs qua sa sarvëb pbrb mustlglobr sus botubolhjas phcëtlobs pbsbrhj `a
uj axtrakh b htrh b ch cbrih `a su rìilkaj. Urlkarh `akhjlzÿ oubcqular acakajth,
l`ahcÿiloh, phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh, sholbc h oucturbc `a Hool`ajta, parh bc gljbc astraonÿ
vëjouchs ohj chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas y sa `amÿ var `a cb kbjh `a cë`aras aurhpahs ohjtrb chs
qua `urbjta bòhs nbfëb `asphtrlob`h.
B ohjtljubolÿj, varakhs oÿkh Ib`bgl sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj ac bocbkb`h Iuëb `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< qua trbarëb bc pbës ujb axocuslvb atbpb `a flajastbr phcëtloh, sholbc y
aohjÿkloh, irbolbs b ujb sarla `a ka`l`bs ccavb`bs b obfh phr ac juavh ihflarjh y qua
ajohjtrbfbj su guj`bkajth y mustlglobolÿj aj ac Clfrh War`a . H, bc kajhs, asth arb ch qua
asparbfbj chs clflhs oubj`h raolflarhj ohj chs frbzhs bflarths b su juavh Cë`ar.
0.2. Ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj
Aj bihsth `a 2<70 ac ray L`rlss glrkb uj `houkajth `a bf`lobolÿj aj gbvhr `a su shfrljh,
ac prëjolpa nara`arh Nbsbj Bc-_ajussl, qua jh ccaiÿ b sajtbrsa aj ac trhjh `ac ihflarjh
clflh phr uj ilrh rb`lobc `a chs bohjtaolklajths. Ac 2 `a saptlakfra `a 2<7<, klajtrbs ac ray
L`rlss astbfb aj Purquëb raolflaj`h uj trbtbklajth kì`loh, uj iruph `a mÿvajas hglolbcas
jbolhjbclstbs a lzqular`lstbs `ac Amìrolth amaoutbj uj ihcpa `a Astb`h qua ouckljb ohj cb
bfhclolÿj `a cb khjbrquëb y ac astbfcaolklajth `a cb Vapýfclob Ârbfa Clflb.
@hoa `a asths klcltbras ghrkbj cb mujtb `a ch qua `ajhkljbj ac Ohjsamh `a Kbj`h `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj (`a bnhrb aj b`acbjta OKV) qua, b pbrtlr `a ajthjoas, sarâ cl`arb`b phr uj
(nbstb ac khkajth) `asohjhol`h Ib`bgl `a 69 bòhs `a a`b`. Cbs pratajslhjas `a `arrhobr b
L`rlss yb sa vajëbj grbiubj`h aj cb kajta `a asta –kuonbonh `a bckb sajolccb, mhvaj, slj
axparlajolb y uj jhvbth aj chs bsujths ljtarjbolhjbcas‛67 qua, aj 2<17, nbfëb hribjlzb`h
xvlll Cbs guajtas `a ljghrkbolÿj kâs utlclzb`bs pbrb ac `asbrrhcch `a asta obpëtuch nbj sl`h, ajtra
kuonbs htrbs oltb`bs aj cb flfclhirbgëb, ac Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `aFbroachjb (OLFH@) y cb hfrb `a @lrd Wbj`awbcca B nlsthry hg kh`arj Clfyb .
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ujb oìcucb ravhcuolhjbrlb qua bsplrbfb b cb obë`b `ac ray L`rlss, khtlvh phr ac oubc, aj 2<72,
gua axpucsb`h `ac Cloah `a _afbn klajtrbs oursbfb a`uobolÿj saouj`brlbxlx.
Ib`bgl nbfëb ljlolb`h su obrrarb klcltbr aj 2<7? bc ljirasbr aj ac Ohcailh Klcltbr `a
Fajibsl y, trbs `hs bòhs, bsoaj`lÿ b tajlajta ohj chs kâxlkhs nhjhras. Mhj Caa
Bj`arshj69, uj parlh`lstb astb`hujl`ajsa, oltb aj su clfrh Cb narajolb ohchjlbc y htrbs
kbc`lolhjas b Fbrjay Nhwacc, hglolbc suparlhr `a cb bob`aklb klcltbr clflb aj cb qua astu`lÿ
Ib`bgl, bc qua `aglja ohkh uj –biltb`hr `a kbsbs‛, aj pbcbfrbs `a Bj`arshj.
B`akâs, pargaoolhjÿ su ghrkbolÿj aj vbrlbs asouacbs `a Valjh Qjl`h ajtra accbs, sa
ouajtb, cb Vhybc Klcltbry Bob`aky `a _bj`nurst (qua nhy `ëb jlaib nbfar tajl`h b Ib`bgl ajtra
sus bcukjhs), ujb prastlilhsb bob`aklb klcltbr qua nb ghrkb`h b lkphrtbjtas gliurbs ohkh
ac ray aspbòhc Bcghjsh ^LL `a Fhrfÿj, ac ax-prlkar Kljlstrh `a Ljicbtarrb Ylsthj Onuronlcc
h chs prëjolpas ljicasas Ajrlqua y Iulccarkh.
Aj astb ìphob, ka`lb`hs `a chs sasajtb, Ib`bgl ohjstltuyÿ, b lkltbolÿj `ac prasl`ajta
ailpolh Ibkbc Bf`ac Jbssar, ac Khvlklajth _aorath Qjlhjlstb `a Hglolbcas Clfras, qua
sugrëb uj sajtlklajth prhguj`h `a lrb y `a varióajzb bc var `arrhtb`hs b chs amìrolths
ârbfas aj cb iuarrb `a 2<79 ohj Lsrbac6> aj cb qua asta pbës sa ajgrajtÿ ohj Ailpth y htrbs
jbolhjas ârbfas phr cb ohjshcl`bolÿj tarrlthrlbc aj Hrlajta Urÿxlkh, hrliljbj`h ac ohjgcloth
lsrbach-pbcastljh qua `urb nbstb juastrhs `ëbs.
Asta iruph, ghrkb`h phr sasajtb y `hs kbj`hs6<
`ac Amìrolth, ccavÿ b obfh uj ihcpa `aAstb`h jh vlhcajth bc qua jl ac Amìrolth jl cb phfcbolÿj olvlc sa raslstlarhj, kuastrb `a cb
gbctb `a lkpclobolÿj phcëtlob `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs qua obraoëbj `a l`ajtl`b` jbolhjbc y `a
bciýj sajtlklajth pbtrlÿtloh phrqua, ohkh sa nb vlsth, Clflb ghrkbfb uj pbës
trb`lolhjbckajta `lvl`l`h. Astb botltu` aj uj pbës ohj tbj shch `hs klcchjas `a nbfltbjtas
aj 2<95?5 oraÿ, mujth ohj cb busajolb `ac ray, ac bkflajta pargaoth pbrb qua ac ihcpa `a
Astb`h sa `asbrrhccbrb ohj gbolcl`b`.
Bsë, ajtra cb pbslvl`b` olu`b`bjb y cb gbctb `a raslstajolb klcltbr y khjârqulob, ac OKV
thkb ac kbj`h y prhocbkb cb Vapýfclob Ârbfa Clflb ohj cb `lvucibolÿj `a sus amas
l`ahcÿilohs a ljstrukajtbcas, aj chs qua sa l`ajtlglobj ocbrbkajta chs prhplhs l`abcas `ac
mhvaj Ib`bgl, qua ragcambrâ aj su Clfrh War`a ujhs bòhs kâs tbr`a.
Ac OKV bsplrb b ujb Clflb clfra, ravhcuolhjbrlb y sholbclstb, fbsb`b aj chs prljolplhs `ac
Ohrâj y qua sa bslajtb shfra ac pbjbrbflskh, ujb ohrrlajta `a jbolhjbclskh ârbfa ouyh
hfmatlvh as cb ujl`b` thtbc `a cb pbtrlb ârbfa aj ujb shcb jbolÿj. Ac kâxlkh axphjajta phr
xlx
Prbs gljbclzbr saouj`brlb aj ujb asouacb `a Klsrbtb sa kbtrloucÿ aj cb Qjlvarsl`b` `a Fajibsl y bchs 62 bòhs sa irb`uÿ aj Cayas.
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6?
bquac ajthjoas `a asta khvlklajth, y phcëtloh ârbfa kâs `astbob`h `a cb ìphob, arb ac
prasl`ajta `a Ailpth Jbssar, bc qua Ib`bgl l`hcbtrbfb y prataj`ëb lkltbr. Kâs tbr`a, ac
jbssarlskh aj ac qua Ib`bgl fbsÿ su `hotrljb sa ohjvartlrâ aj cb obusb l`ahcÿilob `a
ohjtljuhs a ljgruotuhshs ljtajths `a guslÿj ohj sus pbësas vaoljhs.
Cb Vavhcuolÿj gua, aj iajarbc, flaj raolfl`b phr cb shola`b` clflb yb qua, bujqua ac ray
L`rls ihzbfb `a irbj phpucbrl`b` aj cb zhjb asta `ac pbës, kuonbs trlfus sa vlarhj bgaotb`bs
jaibtlvbkajta phr sus phcëtlobs prh-hool`ajtbcas. B asth sa sukbfb ac `asohjtajth
iajarbclzb`h phr ac phslolhjbklajth `ac khjbrob aj cb iuarrb `a 2<79 ohjtrb Lsrbac,
ohjhol`b ohkh Iuarrb `a chs _als @ëbs praolsbkajta phrqua gua ac tlakph qua tbr`ÿ Lsrbac
aj nboarsa ohj ac ohjtrhc `a vbrlhs tarrlthrlhs partajaolajtas b pbësas ârbfas ohkh Ailpth,
_lrlb y Mhr`bjlb, ajtra acchs cb Grbjmb `a Ibzb, Olsmhr`bjlb y Marusbcìj Hrlajtbc, obusbs
botubcas `ac ohjgcloth ajtra lsrbacëas y pbcastljhs.
L`rls, pasa b qua sa `agljlÿ ohjtrbrlh b Lsrbac, kbjtuvh ujb phslolÿj pru`ajta, bcih qua
htrhs pbësas ârbfas y chs prhplhs olu`b`bjhs clflhs ajtaj`larhj ohkh ujb kuastrb ocbrb `ac
prh-hool`ajtbclskh `ac khjbrob, qua tuvh qua nboar grajta b prhtastbs `a jbolhjbclstbs,
astu`lbjtas y hfrarhs `ac patrÿcah qua ca pa`ëbj thkbr pbrta aj ac bsujth y ohrtbr ac
sukljlstrh `a oru`h b oubcqular phtajolb qua bphybrb b Lsrbac. Ac pbës axliëb ujb
lj`apaj`ajolb rabc `a Hool`ajta y uj boarobklajth b cb Clib Ârbfa.
Bsë, ac Khvlklajth `a Hglolbcas Clfras `a Ib`bgl ohjsliulÿ nboarsa ohj ac ph`ar irbolbsbc bphyh `a trlfus lkphrtbjtas ohkh chs Ybrgbccb h chs Kbibrlnb y bc `asohjtajth iajarbc
ohj ac kbj`bth khjârquloh, phr ch qua cb ravhcuolÿj sa astbfcaolÿ ajtra ac ocbkhr phpucbr.
Ac OKV sa phslolhjb `as`a ac prljolplh ocbrbkajta aj ohjtrb `ac lkparlbclskh, ac
ohchjlbclskh y ac rbolskh, y Ib`bgl kuastrb slj tbpumhs su h`lh nbolb Lsrbac y nbolb chs
slstakbs `a ihflarjh `akhorâtloh-raprasajtbtlvhs `a Hool`ajta. Ac juavh –ihflarjh‛ aj
gujolhjas `aocbrb su jautrbcl`b` axtarlhr (raohr`akhs qua jhs ajohjtrbkhs ljkarshs aj ac
ohjtaxth `a cb Iuarrb Grëb y `a cb `lvlslÿj `ac kuj`h aj `hs fchquas l`ahcÿilohs), parh
kbjtlaja uj rìilkaj klcltbrlzb`h aj ac ljtarlhr y qua sa `aglja phr cb ohjoajtrbolÿj `ac
ph`ar, prlkarh b trbvìs `ac OKV y cuaih aj cbs prhplbs kbjhs `a Ib`bgl.
Astb as cb kbjarb aj qua Ib`bgl sa ohjvlarta, `a gboth ‟ as `aolr, slj raohjholklajth
murë`loh ‟ aj maga `ac Astb`h, khkajth b pbrtlr `ac oubc cbs `aocbrbolhjas hglolbcas y cb
prajsb sa ragarlrâj b ìc ohkh –Narkbjh Cë`ar‛ y –Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj‛. Ìsta sarâ ac
pbpac qua raprasajtbrâ aj cb nlsthrlb `a Clflb nbstb cb Iuarrb `a 6522, uj pbpac qua jh
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phsaa jljiýj tlph `a fbsa murë`lob y qua hglolbc y ghrkbckajta jh axlsta xx, tbc y ohkh nb
bglrkb`h ac prhplh Ihflarjh clflh?2. Ohkh Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj y `ac OKV Ib`bgl
a`lglobrâ su rìilkaj aj –oubtrh amas guj`bkajtbcas y astraonbkajta racbolhjb`hs= cb ujl`b`
ârbfa, ac bjtl-lkparlbclskh, cb `astruoolÿj `a Lsrbac y ac trlujgh ljtarlhr y cb `lguslÿj axtarlhr
`a chs prljolplhs `ac Lscbk, qua sa ohjvlartaj aj cb raclilÿj `ac Astb`h y aj cb fbsa `a cb
shola`b` y cb gbklclb‛?6.
Ac > `a saptlakfra sa ghrkb ac prlkar ihflarjh, ohkpuasth aj su kbyhrëb `a kljlstrhs
olvlcas??, ajtra ujb busajolb ohkpcatb `a hr`aj ljstltuolhjbc y murë`loh qua astruotura cb
hribjlzbolÿj phcëtlob `ac pbës. @hs kasas `aspuìs, ac 22 `a `lolakfra, ac OKV prhocbkb cb
juavb @aocbrbolÿj Ohjstltuolhjbc prhvlslhjbc, qua raspbc`b caibckajta ac ihflarjh
raolajtakajta ohjstltul`h parh jh supca cb gbctb `a ljstltuolhjas qua hribjloaj cb vl`b
phcëtlob.
Klajtrbs tbjth, ac prëjolpa Nbsbj y jukarhshs klakfrhs `a cb khjbrquëb `a chs _ajussl
shj puasths fbmh brrasth `hklolclbrlh (sltubolÿj qua sa prhchjiÿ `urbjta bòhs) y
phstarlhrkajta ohj`ajb`hs= ac ray Lrls (ohkh nakhs `lonh sa ajohjtrbfb aj Purquëb
oubj`h ac ihcpa) sa axlclÿ b Ailpth, `hj`a khrlrëb aj 2<>?, y gua ohj`ajb`h lj bfsajtlb ‟ as
`aolr, slj astbr prasajta ‟ b cb kuarta aj rafac`ëb phr ac klskh Prlfujbc Uhpucbr qua nbfëb
sajtajolb`h b su shfrljh, ac prëjolpa Nbsbj, b tras bòhs `a oâroac. Nby qua `astbobr qua,
pasa b cb gbctb `a raslstajolb ljlolbc `a cb khjbrquëb bc rìilkaj ravhcuolhjbrlh, aj 2<95 acOKV bjujolÿ uj gbccl`h ljtajth `a ohjtrbihcpa `a ìstb pbrb `arrhobr b Ib`bgl.
Bslklskh, cb hphslolÿj bc rìilkaj ib`bglstb frlccÿ phr su `aflcl`b` y `lsparslÿj. Uhr uj
cb`h astbfbj chs `lsl`ajtas qua nbfëbj chirb`h nulr, ajtra acchs, ac Grajta Jbolhjbc pbrb cb
_bcvbolÿj `a Clflb (GJ_C), qua ljtairbfb tbjth b clfarbcas ohkh b khjârqulohs4 phr htrh
cb`h, ihcplstbs `a parglc lscbklstb qua rabclzbrhj boths asphrâ`lohs `as`a ac ljtarlhr `ac pbës4
phr ýctlkh, chs lscbklstbs rb`lobcas, aspaolbckajta botlvhs aj cb railÿj hrlajtbc `a
Olrajblob?0, nlstÿrlobkajta kajhspraolb`b sl cb ohkpbrbkhs ohj cb zhjb `a Prlphcltbjlb y
`amb`b `a cb`h phr Ib`bgl, qua ohjoajtrÿ sus asguarzhs aj cb saiuj`b.
xx Aj tahrëb Ib`bgl jh houpbfb jljiýj obrih hglolbc aj ac ihflarjh, qua obraoëb `ac puasth `a Maga
`a Astb`h yb qua ac ph`ar ch bsukëb ac OKV, parh aj cb prâotlob sa vlh shfrb`bkajta qua qulaj
rabckajta amaroëb cb `lraoolÿj `ac pbës arb Ib`bgl. Ubrb acch, sa rh`aÿ `a gliurbs ljgcuyajtas y bsaiurÿ
cb `holcl`b` `a chs ÿribjhs phcëtlohs y `a saiurl`b` b trbvìs `a chs ohkltìs ravhcuolhjbrlhs,
ghrkb`hs phr nhkfras mÿvajas qua bphybfbj b Ib`bgl y arbj `lrlil`hs phr parshjbs acail`bs phr acprhplh Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj.
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0.6. Ac Clfrh War`a= cb pbjboab bc ihflarjh `a cbs kbsbs. Guj`bkajths l`ahcÿilohs
`ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl
@as`a ac ohklajzh `ac juavh ihflarjh, Ib`bgl sarâ cb gliurb prljolpbc qua amaroarâ uj
ph`ar bfshcuth shfra Clflb ohjvlrtlaj`h su kbj`bth aj ujb rìilkaj parshjbclstb
sustajtb`h aj cbs l`abs `ac Clfrh War`a , uj `houkajth qua nlzh cbs vaoas `a Ohjstltuolÿj
l`ahcÿilob (y jh `a cay guj`bkajtbc `a uj Astb`h b kh`h `ac ohjoapth hool`ajtbc `a
Ohjstltuolÿj) y slrvlÿ b Ib`bgl ohkh narrbklajtb `a mustlglobolÿj `a sus boolhjas phcëtlobs,
aohjÿklobs y sholbcas.
\b aj 2<9? Ib`bgl `b kuastrbs `a su pcbjtabklajth phcëtloh oubj`h prhocbkb, aj uj
`lsoursh aj cb olu`b` `a ]uwbrb, cb Vavhcuolÿj Oucturbc Clflb ¾ b lkltbolÿj `a cb Vavhcuolÿj
Oucturbc Urhcatbrlb xxl qua ac cë`ar `ac Ubrtl`h Ohkujlstb Onljh, Kbh ]a`hji, nbfëb
bjujolb`h aj cb Vapýfclob Uhpucbr Onljb `a chs bòhs sasajtb. Ac hfmatlvh `a astb obkpbòb
`a b`hotrljbklajth l`ahcÿiloh arb ac `arrhobklajth `ac slstakb phcëtloh-l`ahcÿiloh
axlstajta y ac boarobklajth bc sholbclskh. Kbh quarëb bobfbr ohj ch qua `ajhkljbfb chs
–oubtrh vlamhs‛= cbs vlambs ohstukfras, chs vlamhs nâflths, cb vlamb oucturb y chs vlamhs kh`hs
`a pajsbr. Ubrb acch, `lrlilÿ su obkpbòb l`ahcÿilob ohjtrb chs bcths obrihs `ac pbrtl`h y chs
ljtacaotubcas onljhs, b chs qua ohjsl`arbfb trbl`hras phr lr ohjtrb chs l`abcas ravhcuolhjbrlhs
y arbj, phr tbjth, pbrtl`brlhs `ac obkljh obpltbclstb. Kbh nbfëb astbfcaol`h cbs fbsas `a su`hotrljb ravhcuolhjbrlb aj su Clfrh Vhmh, pufclob`h aj 2<70 y aj ac qua sa raohiaj oltbs y
`lsourshs `ac kbj`btbrlh y qua slrvlÿ ohkh narrbklajtb `a ljstruoolÿj l`ahcÿilob-phcëtlob
`a cbs kbsbs.
Bsë, bc astlch kbhëstb, Ib`bgl pufclob hglolbckajtaxxll su Clfrh War`a ajtra 2<97 y 2<9<?1.
Aj ìc, ac Narkbjh Cë`ar clflh sa prasajtb ohkh sbcvb`hr, yb jh shch `a Clflb, sljh `a th`h
ac kuj`hxxlll, puas axphja cb shcuolÿj b chs prljolpbcas prhfcakbs `a cb nukbjl`b`= ac
xxl
Cb Vavhcuolÿj Oucturbc Urhcatbrlb gua ujb obkpbòb l`ahcÿilob `a kbsbs ccavb`b b obfh phr Kbh]a`hji aj cb Vapýfclob Uhpucbr `a Onljb. _a ljlolÿ aj 2<77 y ouckljÿ, ghrkbckajta, aj 2<7<,
oubj`h ac prhplh Kbh bjujolÿ su glj `urbjta ac L^ Ohjirash Jbolhjbc `ac Ubrtl`h Ohkujlstb `a
Onljb4 jh hfstbjta, b kaju`h sa ohjsl`arb qua asta khvlklajth sa axtaj`lÿ nbstb cb kuarta `ac
cë`ar onljh, aj 2<97.
xxll @lih –hglolbckajta‛ phrqua bjtas `a su pufclobolÿj yb sa nbfëbj puasth aj kbronb chs
kaobjlskhs phcëtlohs y aohjÿklohs qua Ib`bgl ragcamÿ aj ac Clfrh War`a .
xxlll Ib`bgl sa prasajtb aj su Clfrh War`a ohkh `aocbrbjta ujlvarsbc, slj nboar kajolÿj b su prhplh
pbës, ohkh sl sa trbtbsa `ac kasëbs qua prasajtb bc kuj`h cb shcuolÿj b chs prhfcakbs ujlvarsbcas `aihflarjh, ujb botltu` qua ragcamb ac obrâotar aihoìjtrloh `ac kbj`btbrlh y ch phslolhjb ohkh
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prhfcakb phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh y sholbc. Ac clfrh sa `lvl`a aj tras thkhs, y ob`b ujh `a acchs
pcbjtab, praolsbkajta, ouâcas shj chs prhfcakbs y cbs shcuolhjas aj ob`b ujh `a asths tras
âkflths.
Aj cb prlkarb pbrta Ib`bgl axphja su Paroarb Pahrëb Qjlvarsbc, ohjtrbrlb bc obpltbclskh
y bc ohkujlskh, aj cb qua brrakata ohjtrb chs slstakbs phcëtlohs kuj`lbcas, aj ragarajolb b
cbs shola`b`as `akhorâtlobs hool`ajtbcas, y bglrkb qua asths slstakbs shj prh`uoth `a cb
cuonb phr ac ph`ar ajtra bpbrbths bctarjbtlvhs `a ihflarjh aj chs qua cb vlothrlb `a uj
pbrtl`h phcëtloh sa trb`uoa aj cb `arrhtb `a ch qua ìc ccbkb `akhorbolb –iajuljb‛ (aj htrbs
hobslhjas cb `aglja ohkh `akhorbolb –jbturbc‛ h –butìjtlob‛, qua `lglara `ac ohjoapth `a
`akhorbolb raprasajtbtlvb). Bc nboarsa ohj ac ph`ar uj pbrtl`h qua ujb pbrta `ac puafch jh
nb acail`h, bquac sa ohjvlarta aj uj ouarph ihfarjbjta `lotbthrlbc fbmh cb bpbrlajolb `a ujb
`akhorbolb.
@a astb kbjarb, Ib`bgl ohjsl`arb qua chs slstakbs phcëtlohs fbsb`hs aj ujb `akhorbolb
raprasajtbtlvb gbcslglobj cb butìjtlob `akhorbolb, yb qua cb raprasajtbolÿj `a cb buthrl`b` `ac
puafch (b trbvìs `a pbrcbkajths) vb ohjtrb cb `akhorbolb, phrqua ac ph`ar `afarëb
amaoutbrch `lraotbkajta ac puafch y jh ujb buthrl`b` qua botýa aj su jhkfra. _l asth
hourra, bglrkb, sa `lsthrslhjb ac ph`ar phpucbr, y ash jh as `akhorbolb, phrqua ac
raprasajtbjta usurpb cb shfarbjëb bc puafch. Pbc as su bvarslÿj phr chs slstakbs
`akhorâtlohs hool`ajtbcas qua ohjsl`arb ac slstakb `a pbrtl`hs ohkh ujb `lotb`urb `a cbarb kh`arjb.
Ib`bgl, puas, jh sa phslolhjb aj ohjtrb `a cb `akhorbolb ohkh ghrkb `a ihflarjh, sljh
qua, phr ac ohjtrbrlh, `aglaj`a ujb `akhorbolb `lraotb, aj cb qua ac puafch amarzb su
buthrl`b` slj raprasajtbolÿj bciujb, khtlvh phr ac oubc prhnëfa chs pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs. Ubrb
acch, bjlkb b cbs kbsbs b `arrhobr asths slstakbs –`lotbthrlbcas‛ ka`lbjta cb ravhcuolÿj
phpucbr, uj glj qua, pbrb ìc, –mustlglob raourrlr bc ush `a cb vlhcajolb‛?7.
Ubrb shcuolhjbr ac prhfcakb `ac bpbrbth `a ihflarjh Ib`bgl prhphja ujb tahrëb fbsb`b
aj cb buthrl`b` `lraotb `ac puafch, ujb `akhorbolb phpucbr `lraotb slj raprasajtbolÿj h
`acaibolÿj qua sa amaoutb b trbvìs `a tras ÿribjhs fâslohs= cbs bsbkfcabs phpucbras, chs
ohkltìs `ac puafch y ac Ohjirash Iajarbc `ac Uuafch. Ac puafch sa `lvl`a aj bsbkfcabs
phpucbras, qua `lsoutaj chs takbs y sacaoolhjbj chs ohkltìs `ac puafch b`kljlstrbtlvhs, qua
raakpcbzbj cb b`kljlstrbolÿj iufarjbkajtbc y `lrliaj th`bs cbs ljstltuolhjas pýfclobs. Uhr
ýctlkh, chs bouar`hs bcobjzb`hs sa trbscb`bj bc Ohjirash Iajarbc `ac Uuafch, ujb raujlÿj
suparb`hr `a chs prhfcakbs ljtrëjsaohs `a cbs `akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs qua ihflarjbj cb kbyhrëb`a chs pbësas aj th`h ac kuj`h.
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`a cbs bsbkfcabs y chs ohkltìs `hj`a cbs rashcuolhjas b`hptb`bs phr cbs kbsbs thkbrâj su
ghrkb gljbc. Ubrb Ib`bgl asths shj chs –ýjlohs ka`lhs pbrb bcobjzbr cb `akhorbolb
phpucbr‛?9.
Aj oubjth b cbs cayas qua rliaj cb shola`b`, y qua aj cbs `akhorbolbs kh`arjbs qua`bj
ragcamb`bs aj cbs ohjstltuolhjas, Ib`bgl raonbzb astbs ýctlkbs phr ohjsl`arbr qua ohjtlajaj
cayas brtlglolbcas obrajtas `a cb cay jbturbc. Oraa qua oubcqular shola`b` `afa railrsa phr cb
cay jbturbc, fbsb`b aj cb trb`lolÿj h aj cb raclilÿj, yb qua ohjstltuya cb guajta jbturbc `a cb
qua `afa `arlvbr cb cailscbolÿj sholbc, y cbs cayas brtlglolbcas `a cbs ohjstltuolhjas, bc obraoar
`a astb cay jbturbc, jh tlajaj jljiujb mustlglobolÿj.
Bnhrb ph`akhs ajtaj`ar phr quì ac slstakb phcëtloh l`ab`h phr Ib`bgl obraoa `a uj
ajtrbkb`h cailscbtlvh a ljstltuolhjbc ghrkbc (bpbrta `a cbs bsbkfcabs y chs ohkltìs
phpucbras), bcih qua ca nb parkltl`h amaroar su buthrl`b` `urbjta kâs `a 05 bòhs slj jljiýj
tlph `a cëklta ljtarjh.
Aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh (thkh `hs `ac Clfrh War`a ) ac Cë`ar bfhib phr uj sholbclskh
jbturbc aj ac qua th`hs chs olu`b`bjhs tajibj ouflartbs sus jaoasl`b`as fâslobs slj qua
jb`la bobpbra kâs `a ch qua jaoasltb, phrqua asth suphj`rëb usurpbr b htrb parshjb sus
`araonhs fâslohs. Ib`bgl `aocbrb qua aj su juavb shola`b` sholbclstb cb botlvl`b` aohjÿklob
tlaja ohkh ýjloh hfmatlvh sbtlsgboar cbs jaoasl`b`as kbtarlbcas fâslobs `ac puafch y jh
fusob fajaglolhs, phslolhjâj`hsa aj ac cb`h hpuasth `ac obpltbclskh. Ubrb ac Iuëb `a cbVavhcuolÿj cb shcuolÿj gljbc bc prhfcakb aohjÿkloh rb`lob aj cb aclkljbolÿj `ac fajaglolh
prlvb`h.
Cbs fbsas sholbcas `a cb Paroarb Pahrëb Qjlvarsbc, axpuastbs aj cb taroarb pbrta `ac Clfrh
War`a , sa fbsbj aj ac jbolhjbclskh, qua Ib`bgl ohjsl`arb jbturbc phr sar, saiýj ìc, cb guarzb
`ljâklob `a cb nlsthrlb nukbjb. Ac sajtlklajth jbolhjbclstb `a Ib`bgl nbfëb sl`h
bclkajtb`h `as`a su jbolklajth. _u bfuach pbtarjh nbfëb kuarth cuonbj`h ohjtrb chs
ltbclbjhs oubj`h ljvb`larhj ac pbës y su pb`ra ca nbfcbfb b kaju`h `a chs ohkfbtas aj chs
qua nbfëb rasuctb`h narl`h. Uhr tbjth, cb raslstajolb slakpra nbfëb sl`h ujb guajta `a
hriucch jbolhjbc pbrb su ajthrjh y Ib`bgl sa lkpraijÿ `a asths sajtlklajths, ohjvlrtlaj`h
sus l`abcas aj ujb ghrkb `a cuonb jbolhjbclstb ohjtrb ac rasth `ac kuj`h, aspaolbckajta
Hool`ajta.
Uhr ýctlkh, ac gbothr raclilhsh muaib tbkflìj uj lkphrtbjta pbpac aj cb shola`b`
ib`bglstb. Aj uj prljolplh, cb snbrëb h cay lscâklob `afëb ihfarjbr th`hs chs âkflths `a cb
vl`b y oubcqular oÿ`lih caibc `afëb b`aoubrsa b accb. Jh hfstbjta, aj cb prâotlob shch rlilÿ cbs
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ohj`uotbs raclilhsbs y khrbcas, bcih qua bgaotbfb b kuonhs bspaoths `a cb vl`b `lbrlb `a chs
olu`b`bjhs aj uj sajtl`h kuy rastrlotlvh?>.
Ph`bs astbs l`abs, pcbskb`bs aj ac Clfrh War`a , ohjstltuëbj cb mustlglobolÿj `a cbs boolhjas
`a Ib`bgl y, b su vaz, ca sarvëbj ohkh obkpbòb `a b`hotrljbklajth. Arbj uj –ljtajth
tìojlobkajta ljshstajlfca parh prhfbfcakajta sljoarh `a orabr uj shola`b` mustb, liubcltbrlb
y pbrtlolpbtlvb, slj Astb`h jl furhorbolb jl ohrphrbolhjas obpltbclstbs‛?<.
Clflb b`hptÿ aj 2<99 cb @aocbrbolÿj shfra ac Astbfcaolklajth `a cb Buthrl`b` `ac
Uuafch, uj `houkajth qua rakpcbzbfb b cb Urhocbkb Ohjstltuolhjbc `a 2<7< y astbfcaoëb cb
\bkbnlrlyb Ârbfa Uhpucbr _holbclstb. Ac tìrkljh \bkbnlrlyb sa trb`uoa phr –Astb`h `a cbs
kbsbs‛ h –ph`ar `lraoth `a cbs kbsbs‛, uj ihflarjh slj bpbrbths jl astruoturbs `a Astb`h
qua pbrb Ib`bgl ohjstltuëb ujb ghrkb `a ihflarjh butìjtloh. Asta `houkajth `agljëb ac
Ohrâj ohkh ujb aspaola `a Ohjstltuolÿj clflb bujqua, ohkh sa nb lj`lob`h, su vliajolb sa
clkltbrâ b railr cb vl`b sholbc aj chs âkflths khrbc y raclilhsh.
Ph`h asta ajtrbkb`h l`ahcÿiloh, qua ragcambfb cb ghrkb aj qua ac Cë`ar quarëb ihfarjbr
Clflb, tajëb ohkh hfmatlvh qua su puafch bcobjzbsa cb gaclol`b` ka`lbjta cb clfartb` kbtarlbc
y asplrltubc `ac lj`lvl`uh, tbc y ohkh `aocbrb Ib`bgl aj su Clfrh War`a . Cb tahrëb ohkajzÿ b
bpclobrsa aj cb prâotlob b pbrtlr `a 2<9?05, oubj`h sa orabrhj chs prlkarhs ohkltìs phpucbras
qua sa nlolarhj obrih `a cb birloucturb, cbs astbolhjas `a rb`lh y tacavlslÿj, cb a`uobolÿj y cb
oucturb `ac pbës. H, bc kajhs, bsë astbfcaoëb ac Clfrh War`a qua `afëb `a sar. Uarh, ohkh varakhs kâs b`acbjta, aj cb prâotlob ashs ohkltìs jh tajëbj –jl vhz jl vhth‛ aj cbs
`aolslhjas lkphrtbjtas.
Asta juavh Astb`h Clflh sa obrbotarlzÿ phr su astruoturb klcltbr y cb ohjoajtrbolÿj `ac
ph`ar aj kbjhs `ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj, qua bphyÿ ac ush `a cb guarzb klcltbr ohkh
prljolpbc ama `a cb shfarbjëb jbolhjbc y sbcvbiubr`b `a chs hfmatlvhs `a cb Vavhcuolÿj02.
0.?. Qj cë`ar sufvarslvh
As ljjaibfca qua cbs raghrkbs phcëtlobs, aohjÿklobs y sholbcas ajiaj`rb`bs phr Ib`bgl a
ljlolb`bs phr ac OKV guarhj var`b`arbkajta ravhcuolhjbrlbs pbrb Clflb, aj cb ka`l`b aj
qua trbjsghrkbrhj cbs ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b `a chs olu`b`bjhs. Ohkh varakhs kâs b`acbjta,
chs `bths railstrb`hs kuastrbj uj var`b`arh prhirash aj oubjth b cbs ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b
`a cb phfcbolÿj qua vlh, aj iajarbc, sus jaoasl`b`as fâslobs ouflartbs, aspaolbckajta
tajlaj`h aj ouajtb ac ohjtaxth aohjÿkloh-sholbc `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs bjtas `a cb
lrrupolÿj `a Ib`bgl aj ac ph`ar.
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Cb obrbotarëstlob kâs `astbobfca `a cb prlkarb `ìob`b `ac Ihflarjh `a Ib`bgl as su
l`ahchiëb jbolhjbclstb, cb oubc ac Cë`ar kbtarlbclzÿ aj `hs pcbjhs= (2) jbolhjbclskh ljtarlhr,
b pbrtlr `a ujb sarla `a raghrkbs aj `lstljths âkflths, aspaolbckajta ac sholbc, ajobkljb`bs
bc bcambklajth `a cbs tahrëbs phcëtloh-`akhorâtlobs y aohjÿkloh-clfarbcas `a cbs shola`b`as
kh`arjbs hool`ajtbcas, ohj ac hfmatlvh `a kh`arjlzbr ac pbës y `asbrrhccbr cb aohjhkëb. (6)
Jbolhjbclskh axtarlhr, suaòh trb`lolhjbc `a Ib`bgl fbsb`h aj ac pbjbrbflskh y qua
bsplrbfb b cb guslÿj thtbc `a cbs jbolhjas ârbfas. Ac grbobsh `a chs `lvarshs prhoashs
akpraj`l`hs ohj vlstbs b cb ohjsaouolÿj `a astb ujlglobolÿj ohjstltuyÿ ujb irbj guajta `a
grustrbolÿj pbrb ac Narkbjh Cë`ar.
Cb prlkarb boolÿj thkb`b phr ac OKV gua cb axpucslÿj `ac pbës `a cbs trhpbs klcltbras
bkarlobjbs a ljicasbs. Ac < `a jhvlakfra `a 2<7< ac Jaw \hrd Plkas 06 tltucbfb= –Ac cë`ar
clflh prhkata cuonbr pbrb ghrzbr cb sbcl`b `a trhpbs‛ (–Clfybj cab`ar Whws Glitn Ph Ghroa Prhhp
Yltn`rbwbc‛ ) y nboëb kajolÿj b `aocbrbolhjas `a Ib`bgl rabclzb`bs aj uj kltlj aj cb olu`b`
`a Phfrud `hj`a bsaiurÿ qua lrëb b cb iuarrb sl chs –astb`hs ohchjlbcas‛ jh astbfbj `a
bouar`h ohj cb ohkpcatb sbcl`b `a cbs guarzbs klcltbras axtrbjmarbs `ac pbës. Gljbckajta, aj
2<95 th`bs cbs trhpbs y fbsas klcltbras `a Valjh Qjl`h, prlkarh, y `a Astb`hs Qjl`hs,
`aspuìs, bfbj`hjbrhj Clflb, jh slj `urbs jaiholbolhjas pravlbs ohj chs ljicasas qua sa
`asbrrhccbrhj aj ka`lh `a kbjlgastbolhjas kbslvbs prh-jbolhjbclstbs0?, ch qua ragcambfb ac
bphyh `a saothras `a cb phfcbolÿj bc juavh rìilkaj. Musth `aspuìs, ac Ihflarjh clflh axpucsÿ b vbrlhs klcas00 `a rasl`ajtas/ohchjhs ltbclbjhs
y axprhplÿ sus prhpla`b`as, bc liubc qua nbrëb ohj chs phohs mu`ëhs qua qua`bfbj aj ac pbës.
Qj bòh kâs tbr`a, aj 2<92, hr`ajÿ oarrbr th`bs cbs flfclhtaobs y oajtrhs oucturbcas
hparb`hs phr ihflarjhs axtrbjmarhs.
B pbrtlr `a bquë y nbstb su ilrh phcëtloh `ac sliulajta klcajh, oubj`h ohjtrb th`h
prhjÿstlohxxlv ohkajzbrëb b boarobrsa b Hool`ajta, Ib`bgl ajgrajtbrëb cb phcëtlob
ljtarjbolhjbc ka`lbjta ac bcambklajth y axpucslÿj `a th`hs chs acakajths hool`ajtbcas y ac
boarobklajth bc kuj`h ârbfa, ohkh ohjtrbpbrtl`b b cbs –gbcsbs akhorbolbs‛ kh`arjbs.
Aj tlakphs `a cb Iuarrb Grëb, ac Cë`ar nbfëb kbjlgastb`h su jautrbcl`b` aj phcëtlob
axtarlhr y sa nbfëb phslolhjb`h tbkflìj aj ohjtrb `ac ohkujlskh, phr ohjsl`arbr qua su
asajolb kbrxlstb-cajljlstb y su kbtarlbclskh btah arbj ljohkpbtlfcas ohj ac l`abc pbjârbfa01,
bcih qua ac ajthjoas prasl`ajta `a Astb`hs Qjl`hs, Vlonbr` Jlxhj, ohjsl`arÿ ujb
xxlv @urbjta chs prlkarhs bòhs aj chs qua Ib`bgl hstajtÿ ac ph`ar jb`la oraarëb qua pu`larb nbfar
uj boarobklajth tbj astraonh ohj Hool`ajta ohkh ch nufh `urbjta cb ýctlkb `ìob`b. Kâs b`acbjtasa axpclobj cbs olroujstbjolbs qua prhvhobrhj asta ilrh aj cb l`ah-phcëtlob ib`bglstb.
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ljgcuajolb fajaglolhsb pbrb ac kuj`h ârbfa, b pasbr `a cb axpucslÿj `a cbs fbsas
jhrtabkarlobjbs.
_lj akfbrih, Ib`bgl ohjtrb`lrëb ohj sus boolhjas su pbcbfrarëb bjtlohkujlstb xxv , yb qua
cbs raprasbclbs aohjÿklobs `ac ihflarjh frltâjloh phr su axpucslÿj `a Clflb hfclibrhj b
Ib`bgl b fusobr byu`b aohjÿklob axtarjb y sa bphyÿ aj cb Qjlÿj _hvlìtlob, qua phr bquac
ajthjoas bsplrbfb b b`narlr jbolhjas `ac Paroar Kuj`h b su fchqua l`ahcÿiloh, bc liubc qua
ch nbrëb Astb`hs Qjl`hs phr su pbrta. Astb ohcbfhrbolÿj sa kbtarlbclzÿ aj 2<96 aj uj
glrkb`h phr cb QV__ y Clflb pbrb `asbrrhccbr cb lj`ustrlb patrhcarb `ac pbës bgrlobjh.
Uhstarlhrkajta sa `brëbj kâs ohjtrbths ajtra asths `hs pbësas, aspaolbckajta aj kbtarlb
klcltbr, ohjvlrtlìj`hsa cb QV__ aj ujh `a chs kbyhras prhvaa`hras `a brkbs b Clflb
`urbjta bòhs, b`akâs `a ghrkbr y obpboltbr prhgaslhjbckajta b chs klcltbras clflhs. \ th`h
acch trbs nbfarsa phslolhjb`h pýfclobkajta aj ohjtrb `ac ohkujlskh, tbjth ohkh `ac
obpltbclskh.
Asta –`aolr tbc‛ y –nboar oubc‛ sarëb ujb ohjstbjta aj cb phcëtlob ib`bglstb, aspaolbckajta
aj ac âkflth ljtarjbolhjbc, qua astbfb shkatl`h b chs ohjtljuhs obkflhs `a pbraoar `ac
Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj, obclglob`h phr sus ljtarchouthras axtrbjmarhs `a chs satajtb y chs
honajtb ohkh –uj astb`lstb `lgëolc phr sus kh`bcas frusohs, su taj`ajolb b rhkpar
prhthohchs y sus sbcl`bs tabtrbcas, ohj ujb vlslÿj slkpclstb h ljiajub `a cbs racbolhjas
ljtarjbolhjbcas, parh qua trbs su gbonb`b `a brrhibjolb y bgaotbolÿj sa b`lvljbfb uj nhkfraljsaiurh y `apraslvh‛07.
Ac kh`ach aohjÿkloh, ohkh sa varâ kâs b`acbjta, axparlkajtÿ tbkflìj obkflhs `a
rukfh b ch cbrih `a chs kâs `a oubrajtb bòhs `ac rìilkaj, pbsbj`h `a ujb phcëtlob
aohjÿklob oajtrb`b aj uj guarta ljtarvajolhjlskh astbtbc b htrb kâs oarobjb bc
jahclfarbclskh hool`ajtbc, yb aj chs ýctlkhs bòhs `a Ib`bgl, oubj`h sa raohjolclbrëb ohj ac
kuj`h hool`ajtbc.
xxv @a cb qua tajakhs fuajb kuastrb aj ac `houkajth qua pufcloÿ aj 2<9? pbrb ohjkakhrbr su
ccaib`b bc ph`ar, tltucb`h Iuarrb _bjtb ohjtrb ac ohkujlskh y `hj`a bglrkbfb qua "cb kbyhr bkajbzb
qua ajgrajtb ac nhkfra nhy aj `ëb as cb tahrëb ohkujlstb." (Guajta= YA_PHJ, Gra`. Cb jbturbcazb
`ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl. Jhtbs shfra sus bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs Taj cëjab[. Lj `agajoa hg Kbrxlsk= 5> `a bfrlc
`a 6522, Tohjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.kbrxlst.ohk/jbturbcazb-railkaj-ib`bgl.ntk ).
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0.0. Ch prhkatl`h jh as `au`b
\b sbfakhs qua cb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< gua, aj iajarbc, flaj raolfl`b phr pbrta `ac puafch
clflh. Ac prh-hool`ajtbclskh `ac ray L`rlss L y su jh phslolhjbklajth ohjtrb Lsrbac aj cb
Iuarrb `a chs _als @ëbs, sukb`h b chs fbmhs astâj`bras `a vl`b `a chs olu`b`bjhs `urbjta
su raljb`h, prhvhoÿ uj bkpclh bphyh ljlolbc bc ihcpa `a Astb`h `a Ib`bgl. Bsë, ajtra cb
pbslvl`b` olu`b`bjb y cb gbctb `a raslstajolb klcltbr y khjârqulob, uj juavh Cë`ar, mhvaj y
jbolhjbclstb, sa nlzh ohj ac ph`ar `a uj pbës trb`lolhjbckajta `lvl`l`h y bzhtb`h phr
jukarhshs ohjgcloths ljtarjhs y axtarjhs.
Ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj trbarëb bc pbës (y bc rasth `ac kuj`h) cb shcuolÿj `agljltlvb bc
prhfcakb phcëtloh, aohjÿkloh y sholbc ohj su Paroarb Pahrëb Qjlvarsbc axprasb`b aj su
Clfrh War`a . Arb `a asparbr qua chs prljolplhs `a astb psau`h-ohjstltuolÿj (aohjhkëb
sholbclstb, `akhorbolb `lraotb, liubc`b`, ato.) guasaj bocbkb`hs phr uj puafch qua jh
ohjhoëb htrb ohsb qua cb `hkljbolÿj `a phtajolbs axtrbjmarbs. Asta bphyh phpucbr, sukb`h
b cb `aflcl`b` y `lsparslÿj `a cb hphslolÿj, bfrlarhj bc OKV y b su Cë`ar ac obkljh pbrb
arlilr uj rìilkaj qua prhkatlÿ sar `akhorâtloh, sholbclstb y jbolhjbclstb parh qua aj cb
prâotlob sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj uj rìilkaj thtbcltbrlh, parshjbclstb y ohjtrb`lothrlh, obrbotarëstlobs
qua ragcambj ac obrâotar `ac prhplh Ib`bgl.
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?6
1. OLKAJPBJ@H QJ A_PB@Hxxvl
Ib`bgl olkajtÿ uj Astb`h prhplh qua nbfëb sl`h ajiaj`rb`h `as`a sus ajtrbòbs
ravhcuolhjbrlbs, parh qua ohj ac pbsh `ac tlakph sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj ac oaroh l`ahcÿiloh `a cbhpljlÿj pýfclob clflb. Cbs vlothrlbs ljlolbcas `ac rìilkaj, aspaolbckajta aj chs âkflths
aohjÿkloh y sholbc, parpatubrhj uj pbtrÿj `a ohj`uotb phpucbr nlmh `a cb rastrloolÿj
ljghrkbtlvb.
Cb ljtarpratbolÿj qua varakhs b ohjtljubolÿj `a ch qua vlvlÿ ac puafch clflh fbmh ac
kbj`bth `ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj jhs byu`brâ b ajtaj`ar oÿkh sa `asbrrhccÿ y
avhcuolhjÿ cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb `as`a su ljlolbc suklslÿj bc ph`ar nbstb su gljbc
`arrhobklajth `ac klskh. \ as qua jh ph`rëbkhs ohkpraj`ar chs kaobjlskhs `a
ghrkbolÿj `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj Clflb y su ljgcuajolb aj cb iuarrb olvlc `a 6522 sl jh
ohjhoakhs, kâs h kajhs aj prhguj`l`b`, cb rabcl`b` aohjÿklob, phcëtlob y sholbc fbmh cb
qua vlvlarhj chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs `urbjta kâs `a 05 bòhs.
1.2. Cb shola`b` sholbclstb `a Ib`bgl
Cbs ka`l`bs ccavb`bs b obfh phr ac OKV aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh guarhj rabckajta
ravhcuolhjbrlbs= `urbjta 2<95 y 2<92 ac Ihflarjh clflh jbolhjbclzÿ cbs ohkpbòëbs patrhcarbs
axtrbjmarbs qua hparbfbj aj ac pbës bprhplâj`hsa ac ohjtrhc `ac patrÿcah, bujqua ch olarth
as qua jh rhkplÿ rb`lobckajta ohj cb axpchtbolÿj axtrbjmarb sljh qua bciujbs
kuctljbolhjbcas pu`larhj saiulr hparbj`h b obkflh `a uj ljorakajth aj chs lkpuasths qua
pbibfbj bc Astb`h. Ajtra cbs akprasbs patrhcarbs jbolhjbclzb`bs sa ajohjtrbfb cb ljicasb
Frltlsn Uatrhcauk (FU) , ujb `a cbs ohkpbòëbs patrhcarbs kâs bjtliubs (tlaja kâs `a 255 bòhs)
y irbj`as `ac kuj`h, `a naonh, sa sltýb aj ac saxth puasth `ac rbjdlji `a cb ravlstb Ghrfas 09 .
Ib`bgl tbkflìj jbolhjbclzÿ th`b irbj prhpla`b`, bujqua jh guarb patrhcarb, `ambj`h b cbprhpla`b` prlvb`b shch chs paquaòhs ohkarolhs gbklclbras. Fbjohs ohj pbrtlolpbolÿj `a
obpltbcas axtrbjmarhs tbkflìj sa jbolhjbclzbrhj y th`hs acchs, slj `lstljolÿj, guarhj
hfclib`hs b phsaar uj 12% `a obpltbc clflh y b qua sus ohjsamhs `a b`kljlstrbolÿj
astuvlasaj ghrkb`hs aj su kbyhrëb phr olu`b`bjhs clflhs0>.
xxvl Cb ljghrkbolÿj `a asta obpëtuch sa fbsb, prljolpbckajta, aj cbs hfrbs ‟ oltb`bs aj cb flfclhirbgëb ‟
`a @lrd Wbj`arwbcca, B nlsthry hg kh`arj Clfyb 4 y `a Mhj Caa Bj`arshj, Cb narajolb ohchjlbc y htrbs
kbc`lolhjas . B`akâs `a `lvarsbs ljstltuolhjas y hribjlzbolhjas ljtarjbolhjbcas, ajtra accbs, ac FbjohKuj`lbc, Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc, cb HO@A, cb OLB, cb HK_, ato.
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Gljbckajta, aj 2<9?, jbolhjbclzÿ ac 12% `a th`bs cbs ohkpbòëbs patrhcarbs rastbjtas0< y
cb Ohrphrbolÿj Jbolhjbc `ac Uatrÿcah (JHO, phs sus slicbs aj ljicìs) iastlhjÿ cb
prh`uoolÿj patrhcarb `ac pbës y chs fajaglolhs qua `a cb klskb sa hftajëbj, qua
gbvhraolarhj jhtbfcakajta cbs brobs `ac Astb`h Clflh.
Ubrbcacbkajta b asta prhoash `a jbolhjbclzbolhjas ac juavh ihflarjh bpcloÿ uj kh`ach
aohjÿkloh pcbjlglob`h aj ac qua ac Astb`h, ka`lbjta sus gujolhjbrlhs, as qulìj `aol`a y
hribjlzb cbs raicbs `ac muaih aohjÿkloh, y jh chs karob`hs, tbc y ohkh hourra aj cb
aohjhkëb a karob`h obpltbclstb.
Uraolsbkajta, ac hfmatlvh `ac ohjtrhc `a cb prh`uoolÿj `ac patrÿcah arb cb `lstrlfuolÿj `a
sus fajaglolhs ajtra cb phfcbolÿj15, uj iasth qua, sukb`h b cb `htbolÿj `a sarvlolhs sholbcas
y b cb ohjoaslÿj `a sufsl`lhs iajarbclzb`hs phr pbrta `ac ihflarjh aj kbtarlb `a vlvlaj`b,
bclkajths fâslohs y ohjsukh `a ajariëb, prhvhoÿ uj ljorakajth aj chs astâj`bras `a vl`b
ljlkbiljbfcas aj uj pbës bgrlobjh. H, bc kajhs, ash as ch qua `loaj bciujbs `a cbs guajtas
ljvastlib`bs.
Ch olarth as qua aj uj prljolplh cbs ka`l`bs ljlolb`bs phr Ib`bgl aj ac obkph
aohjÿkloh slijlglobrhj ujb var`b`arb ravhcuolÿj. \ ac pbës ch jaoasltbfb, yb qua cb
phfcbolÿj vlvëb aj cb praobrla`b` y `asbtaj`l`b phr pbrta `a cb b`kljlstrbolÿj qua, ohj ac
kbj`bth `a L`rlss L, ohjoajtrÿ th`b cb rlquazb rasuctbjta `ac patrÿcah aj kbjhs `a cb ìclta,
sltubj`h b Clflb ajtra cbs jbolhjas kâs phfras `ac kuj`h ohj bciujhs `a chs astâj`bras `a vl`b kâs fbmhs12. Jh hfstbjta, htrbs guajtas bglrkbj qua asa ljorakajth aj ac jlvac `a vl`b
y aj ac flajastbr sholbc bgaotÿ shch b bciujhs prlvlcailb`hs.
Ubrb ph`ar nboarjhs ujb l`ab kâs ocbrb `ac jlvac `a flajastbr sholbc y cb obcl`b` `a vl`b
`a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs `urbjta ac ihflarjh `ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj, bkpclbrakhs chs
`bths shfra chs tëplohs lj`lob`hras kborhaohjÿklohs y `a `asbrrhcch nukbjh y jhs
oajtrbrakhs aj htrhs sacaoolhjb`hs aj axocuslvb pbrb ac frava bjâclsls qua vlaja b
ohjtljubolÿj shfra cb sltubolÿj aohjÿkloh-sholbc `a cb phfcbolÿj clflb, y qua orah qua
ragcambj `a uj kh`h kâs oartarh cb raspuastb b asta `lcakb.
Aj prlkar cuibr, nby qua saòbcbr qua ac pbës sugrlÿ uj slijlglobtlvh ljorakajth `a cb
phfcbolÿj `urbjta cbs kâs `a oubtrh `ìob`bs `ac kbj`bth ib`bglstb, pbsbj`h `a `hs
klcchjas `a parshjbsxxvll aj 2<95 b sals klcchjas y ka`lh aj ac bòh 652216. Asth suphja uj
xxvll Chs phroajtbmas y bciujhs `bths sa nbj ra`hj`ab`h pbrb gbolcltbr cb caoturb. Ph`hs chs `bths
aohjÿklohs, sholbcas, `akhirâglohs y shfra `asbrrhcch nukbjh sa nbj axtrbë`h `a guajtas `aljghrkbolÿj y fbsas `a bths ohrrasphj`lajtas b hribjlzbolhjas a ljstltuolhjas ljtarjbolhjbcas=
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ljorakajth phroajtubc `ac 655%, kbyhr qua ac bukajth phfcbolhjbc `ac ohjmujth `a chs
tarrlthrlhs `a Hrlajta Urÿxlkh y ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob `urbjta ac klskh parlh`h, qua gua `ac
299%1?. B`akâs, nby qua tajar aj ouajtb qua cb ka`lb `a a`b` `a cb phfcbolÿj clflb arb `a
67 bòhs aj 652510. Bujqua asta `bth jh shrpraj`a sl ch ohkpbrbkhs ohj cb ka`lb `a a`b`
`a th`hs chs olu`b`bjhs `a chs Astb`hs Ârbfas asa klskh bòh, qua arb `a 6? bòhs 11, së as
racavbjta pbrb ajtaj`ar cb astruoturb sholbc `ac puafch clflh phoh bjtas `a qua astbccbrb cb
iuarrb, phrqua jhs prhphrolhjb bciujbs plstbs shfra cbs obrbotarëstlobs `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob
`ac pbës aj asa khkajth y `a oÿkh ljgcuyÿ aj ac cavbjtbklajth.
_aiýj cb HK_17, ac pbës ouajtb ohj cbs tbsbs kâs bctbs `a bcgbfatlzbolÿj y kbtrloucbolÿj
asohcbr aj ac jhrta `a Âgrlob y nbfcb `a kamhrbs sustbjolbcas aj cb A`uobolÿj aj cbs ýctlkbs
`hs `ìob`bs. Cbs ljvarslhjas `ac Astb`h aj astb kbtarlb prhvhobrhj uj bukajth
slijlglobtlvh aj ac phroajtbma `a phfcbolÿj bcgbfatlzb`b, qua aj 2<>0 arb `ac 75% ajtra cb
phfcbolÿj b`uctb (21 bòhs h kâs)19 y `ac ><% ajtra cb phfcbolÿj mhvaj (ajtra 21 y 60 bòhs),
y sa ljorakajtÿ nbstb bcobjzbr ac ><% y obsl ac 255%, raspaotlvbkajta, aj ac bòh 6522. Aj
asta klskh bòh, ac phroajtbma `a phfcbolÿj bcgbfatlzb`b aj ac ohjmujth `a chs pbësas `a
Hrlajta Urÿxlkh y ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob arb `ac 9<% ajtra cb phfcbolÿj b`uctb y `ac <6% ajtra
cb phfcbolÿj mhvaj, klajtrbs qua aj ac Kuj`h Ârbfa cbs olgrbs sa sltubfbj aj ac 91% y ac
>>%, raspaotlvbkajta.
Ac ëj`loa `a a`uobolÿj, qua ljtairb chs bòhs `a a`uobolÿj prhka`lh (`a b`ucths) y chsbòhs asparb`hs `a ljstruoolÿj (`a jlòhs), pbsÿ `a 5°?1 aj 2<>5 b 5°96 aj 65221>, suparbj`h
b chs Astb`hs Ârbfas y b cb ka`lb kuj`lbc, 5°1? y 5°76 raspaotlvbkajta, aj ac ýctlkh bòh.
_lj akfbrih, nby qua saòbcbr qua, ohkh hourrëb ohj htrhs sarvlolhs fâslohs y sholbcas,
chs `bths oubcltbtlvhs ragcambj qua cb obcl`b` `ac slstakb a`uobtlvh `ambfb kuonh qua `asabr.
Ac Bgrlobj Aohjhklo Hutchhd (BAH)xxvlll saòbcb1< qua ac pcbj `a astu`lhs as `a fbmb obcl`b` y
chs prhgashras raolfaj ujb ghrkbolÿj ljb`aoub`b. Asta ljghrka suilara qua ac prhfcakb `ac
`asakpcah, aspaolbckajta ajtra chs mÿvajas, pua`a `afarsa b qua ac slstakb a`uobtlvh as
ljobpbz `a rasphj`ar b cbs `akbj`bs ghrkbtlvbs `ac karob`h cbfhrbc.
Fbjoh Kuj`lbc, Jbolhjas Qjl`bs, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a
Ljtacliajolb, Hribjlzbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbc ac Prbfbmh, Qjasoh, Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc, ato.
xxvlll Ac Bgrlobj Aohjhklo Hutchhd as uj ljghrka bjubc rabclzb`h ohjmujtbkajta phr ac Fbjoh Bgrlobjh
`a @asbrrhcch, cb Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Ohhparbolÿj y ac @asbrrhcch Aohjÿklohs (HO@A), ac
Urhirbkb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch (UJQ@) y cb Ohklslÿj Aohjÿklob pbrb Âgrlob(OAUB) `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs, shfra cb sltubolÿj aohjÿklob `a chs pbësas bgrlobjhs.
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Uasa b acch, sa pua`a bglrkbr qua, aj cëjabs iajarbcas, ac ihflarjh ib`bglstb trbjsghrkÿ
ujb shola`b` ka`lh bjbcgbfatb aj uj pbës aj ac qua tbjth nhkfras ohkh kumaras tajëbj
booash b cb a`uobolÿj pýfclob, ljocush aj astu`lhs suparlhras. Cb Qjasoh bjbclzb cb sltubolÿj
`a Clflb aj uj ljghrka75 `ac bòh 655> shfra ac `asbrrhcch `a cb a`uobolÿj. Bglrkb qua ac
pbës nb ohjsaiul`h irbj`as prhirashs aj cb axpbjslÿj `a cb a`uobolÿj ajtra cb phfcbolÿj y
qua ac ihflarjh nb naonh irbj`as asguarzhs pbrb `asbrrhccbr ac prhirash a`uobolhjbc, ch qua
sa ragcamb, saiýj ac hribjlskh, aj cbs astb`ëstlobs a`uobolhjbcas qua bvbcbj asta `asbrrhcch,
pbrtloucbrkajta racavbjta aj ac âkflth `a cb kumar, tbc y ohkh `agaj`ëb Ib`bgl aj su
l`abrlh phcëtlohxxlx.
Htrh `a chs obkphs fâslohs pbrb `a`uolr ac `asbrrhcch sholbc `a uj pbës as cb _bcu`. _aiýj
ac ljghrka `a cb HK_72 `ac bòh 6522, ac Ihflarjh prhphrolhjb btajolÿj kì`lob irbtultb b
th`hs chs olu`b`bjhs b trbvìs `ac Ohkltì Iajarbc `ac Uuafch pbrb cb _bcu` y ac Ka`lh
Bkflajta (IUONA, phr sus slicbs aj ljicìs), rasphjsbfca `a chs sarvlolhs `a _bcu`. Clflb
ouajtb ohj nhspltbcas y ocëjlobs, shfrath`h aj Prëphcl y Fajibsl y, b`akâs `a cb _bcu`
pýfclob, tbkflìj ghkajtÿ ac `asbrrhcch `ac saothr sbjltbrlh prlvb`h.
_lj akfbrih, aj ac bòh 6522 ac ibsth aj _bcu` arb shch `ac 0°0% `ac Urh`uoth Ljtarlhr
Fruth `ac pbës76, ch qua ca sltubfb aj ac puasth jýkarh 21? `a uj rbjdlji `a 2<5 pbësas.
B`akâs, pasa b qua ac ihflarjh akpraj`lÿ raghrkbs ljstltuolhjbcas aj ac âkflth `a cb
_bcu`, ac slstakb sbjltbrlh saiuëb sugrlaj`h irbj`as `aglolajolbs, tbc y ohkh sa axpclob aj ac BAH7?. Chs buthras raohjhoaj qua gbctbfb obpbol`b`, cb rakujarbolÿj gljbjolarb `ac
parshjbc sbjltbrlh arb fbmb y cbs ljstbcbolhjas astbfbj phoh aqulpb`bs. Ohkh rasuctb`h, chs
clflhs fusobrhj btajolÿj sbjltbrlb aj ac axtrbjmarh (Pýjaz y Ailpth, prljolpbckajta, parh
tbkflìj Aurhpb, aspaolbckajta Valjh Qjl`h y _ulzb).
Aj oubjth b cb asparbjzb `a vl`b bc jboar70, aj 2<95 sa sltubfb aj chs 17 bòhs. Ubsb`hs
oubrajtb y uj bòhs nbfëb bukajtb`h nbstb chs obsl 91 bòhs, phslolhjâj`hsa phr ajolkb `a
cb ka`lb kuj`lbc, qua arb `a 95 bòhs aj 6522. _l flaj as olarth qua cb `lgarajolb ohj
Hrlajta Urÿxlkh y ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob as paquaòb, yb qua pbsÿ `a 1? b 96 bòhs ajtra 2<95 y
xxlx Ib`bgl slakpra bphyÿ cb liubc`b` ajtra nhkfras y kumaras aj th`hs chs bspaoths racbolhjb`hs
ohj cb vl`b phcëtlob, aohjÿklob y sholbc, ohkh cb liubc`b` `a `araonhs. @a naonh, aj su Clfrh War`a
`aglaj`a qua –cb `lsorlkljbolÿj `a cb kumar phr pbrta `ac nhkfra as uj both gcbirbjta `a hpraslÿj
slj mustlglobolÿj‛. _l flaj as olarth qua, saiýj su orltarlh, nhkfras y kumaras shj `lgarajtas phr
jbturbcazb ‟ bujqua liubcas aj oubjth b nukbjl`b ‟ , yb qua ìstb cas nb hthrib`h nbflcl`b`as y
pbrtloucbrl`b`as `lstljtbs phrqua tlajaj gujolhjas `lgarajtas aj cb vl`b, bslijbj`h b cb kumar acpbpac `a cb kbtarjl`b` y bc pb`ra ac `ac sustajth gbklclbr.
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ohjtbkljbolÿj ljtarlhr (ohjaxlhjas `hklolclbrlbs, irlghs pýfclohs, phzhs, ato.) Qj sarvlolh
fâsloh qua, aj asta obsh, sa sltýb kuy phr `afbmh `a cb ka`lb kuj`lbc y `ac ohjmujth `a
tarrlthrlhs `a Urÿxlkh Hrlajta y ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob pbrb asa klskh bòh, >?% y ><%
raspaotlvbkajta.
Cb gbctb `a bfbstaolklajth `a biub `ucoa sa `afa b qua Clflb sa ajouajtrb aj ujb `a cbs
railhjas kâs saobs `ac kuj`h. Bprhxlkb`bkajta ac <1% `ac pbës as `aslarth92. Astb
sltubolÿj lkpclob ujb asobsaz `a guajtas `a biub qua bgaotb kuy jaibtlvbkajta yb jh aj ac
âkflth `ac booash lj`lvl`ubc b asta raoursh lkprasolj`lfca, sljh tbkflìj aj cb birloucturb.
@a naonh, aj ac bòh 6522 shch ac <% `a cb axtajslÿj tarrastra `ac pbës arb ouctlvbfca96, phr
`afbmh `a cb prhphrolÿj `a tlarrb ouctlvbfca aj ac Jhrta `a Âgrlob, qua arb `ac ?7% asa
klskh bòh.
Astb ohjstbjta `a cb iahirbgëb clflb ccavÿ b Ib`bgl aj cb `ìob`b `a chs honajtb b rabclzbr
uj bkflolhsh prhyaoth ohj uj `hfca hfmatlvh= fhkfabr y objbclzbr biub `ucoa `as`a
bouëgarhs suftarrâjahs `ac surasta `ac pbës nbstb cbs kbyhras ârabs urfbjbs `ac jhrta y
prhvaar biub pbrb lrrlibr kâs `a 155.555 naotârabs `a `aslarth ârl`h. B asth sa sukÿ cb
ohjstruoolÿj `a vbrlbs pcbjtbs `asbcljlzb`hrbs pbrb sukljlstrbr biub b chs irbj`as oajtrhs
kujlolpbcas y b chs ohkpcamhs lj`ustrlbcas. Asta –ohchsh‛ gua `ajhkljb`h phr ac Narkbjh
Cë`ar ohkh –Ac Irbj Vëh Naonh phr ac Nhkfra‛ y ch olarth as qua gujolhjÿ, phrqua,
b`akâs `a qua prâotlobkajta th`b cb phfcbolÿj (uj <9%, ohkh sa nb lj`lob`h) booa`ëb bbiub phtbfca, cb prhplb Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu` (HK_) raohjhoa9? qua aj cb
kbyhrëb `a cbs olu`b`as sa nbj objbclzb`h chs booashs `a biub y qua cbs ârabs rurbcas astâj
flaj ouflartbs.
Ph`bs astbs raghrkbs ljorakajtbrhj shfrakbjarb cb obcl`b` a vl`b `a cb phfcbolÿj clflb,
h bc kajhs ash as ch qua ragcambj chs `bths. Ac Ëj`loa `a @asbrrhcch Nukbjh (N@L, phr sus
slicbs aj ljicìs) as uj lj`lob`hr `ac `asbrrhcch `a uj pbës qua ohkfljb oubtrh lj`lob`hras
(asparbjzb `a vl`b, ka`lb `a bòhs `a asohcbrlzbolÿj, bòhs asparb`hs `a asohcbrlzbolÿj y ac
ljirash jbolhjbc fruth par oâpltb ) pbrb `atarkljbr ac jlvac `a `asbrrhcch `a uj pbës, ragcamb`h
aj tras `lkajslhjas `a cb obcl`b` `a vl`b= sbcu`, a`uobolÿj y astâj`bras `a vl`b. Flaj, puas
aj 6525 ac N@L `a Clflb arb `ac 5°9990, ujb vaz kâs phr ajolkb `a chs Astb`hs Ârbfas
(5°71) y `a cb ka`lb ichfbc (5°7<) y sa sltubfb aj ac puasth jýkarh 70 `a uj rbjdlji `a 2>7
pbësas. _a trbtb `a uj rbjdlji shfra `asbrrhcch nukbjh acbfhrb`h phr ac Urhirbkb `a cbs
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Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch (UJQ@) qua, `a naonh, ocbslglob b Clflb aj ac iruphxxx
`a chs pbësas `a –@asbrrhcch Nukbjh Acavb`h‛, qua ohkpbrta ohj cuibras ohkh Qruiuby,
Kìmloh, Vukbjlb, Fucibrlb, Brbflb _bu`ë, Duwblt, Wajazuacb h Purquëb, ajtra htrhs.
Wakhs puas qua, aj prljolplh, pbraoa qua cbs ka`l`bs lkpcbjtb`bs phr Ib`bgl y ac OKV
aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh b su ccaib`b bc ph`ar trbjsghrkbrhj slijlglobtlvbkajta cbs
ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b `a cb phfcbolÿj aj iajarbc, aspaolbckajta aj ac booash b raourshs
sholbcas fâslohs ohkh cb sbcu` y cb a`uobolÿj. Uhr cbs astb`ëstlobs, ph`akhs `a`uolr qua cb
`htbolÿj `a ljgrbastruoturbs sbjltbrlbs fâslobs y `a biub phtbfca, mujth ohj htrbs kamhrbs
ohkh cb arrb`lobolÿj `a ajgarka`b`as y ac booash irbtulth b uj këjlkh slstakb sbjltbrlh
(bujqua phfra aj tìrkljhs `a obcl`b`), rasuctbrhj aj uj var`b`arh ljorakajth `a cb
asparbjzb `a vl`b y bsaiurbrhj bc iruash `a chs olu`b`bjhs, tbjth rurbcas ohkh urfbjhs,
ujhs astâj`bras `a obcl`b` këjlkbkajta boaptbfcas.
Uhr tbjth, sarëb cÿiloh pajsbr aj ujb iajarbc boaptbolÿj `ac Cë`ar phr pbrta `ac puafch
clflh sl sa ohkpbrb ohj cb sltubolÿj aohjÿkloh-sholbc y `a `asohjtajth iajarbc aj cb qua sa
ajohjtrbfb ac pbës ohj ac ray L`rlss L.
B`akâs, as lkphrtbjta tajar aj ouajtb qua, phr khtlvhs qua kâs b`acbjta sa `lsoutlrâj,
ajtra cb `ìob`b `a chs >5 y ac bòh 655? ac pbës sa vlh shkatl`h b guartas sbjolhjas
aohjÿklobs phr pbrta `a Astb`hs Qjl`hs y cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs qua prhvhobrhj ac
astrbjiucbklajth aohjÿkloh `ac pbës grajbj`h su oraolklajth y ac `asbrrhcch sholbc (pasa bch oubc, ohkh nakhs vlsth, cbs ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b `a chs clflhs kamhrbrhj ohj raspaoth b cb
atbpb bjtarlhr). Asth, sukb`h b uj ihflarjh fbsb`h aj akprasbs astbtbcas pbrb cb orabolÿj
`a akpcah y aj ac bcambklajth `a cbs fbsas aohjÿklobs `ac obpltbclskh clfarbcxxxl (gbctb `a
`lvarslglobolÿj aohjÿklob, hfstbouclzbolÿj bc saothr prlvb`h, busajolb `a ohkpatajolb,
guarta ljtarvajolhjlskh astbtbc, ato.), tuvh ohjsaouajolbs jagbstbs aj chs ýctlkhs bòhs,
trb`uol`bs aj acavb`bs tbsbs `a `asakpcah qua, mujth ohj htrhs gbothras, botubrhj ohkh uj
ljira`lajta kâs `ajtrh `a cb hccb b praslÿj qua astbccÿ aj cb iuarrb `a 6522.
Aj ac BAH axpclobj91 qua ljlolbckajta ac ajghqua aohjÿkloh `a `apaj`ajolb astbtbc
tuvh ìxlth aj cb orabolÿj `a akpcah, parh `as`a chs ýctlkhs 25 h 21 bòhs ac saothr pýfcloh
nb sl`h ljobpbz `a iajarbr suglolajta akpcah ohkh pbrb kbjtajar cb tbsb `a `asakpcah
xxx Chs obsl 655 pbësas `a asta rbjdlji `a `asbrrhcch nukbjh sa ocbslglobj aj oubtrh iruphs=
–@asbrrhcch nukbjh kuy acavb`h‛, –@asbrrhcch nukbjh acavb`h‛, –@asbrrhcch nukbjh ka`lh‛ y
–@asbrrhcch nukbjh fbmh‛.
xxxl
Nbstb su boarobklajth b Hool`ajta aj 655? qua gua, praolsbkajta, ujb bparturb nbolb ac kh`achaohjÿkloh `ac clfra karob`h, ohkh sa varâ kâs b`acbjta.
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fbmh ohjtrhc. Asth, aj uj pbës aj ac qua ac saothr pýfcloh raprasajtb kâs `ac 15% `ac
akpcah97 as brrhccb`hr. \ aspaolbckajta brrhccb`hr nb sl`h pbrb chs mÿvajas y cbs kumaras.
_aiýj `bths `a 6526 `a cb Hribjlzbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbc `ac Prbfbmh99 (LCH, phr sus slicbs aj
ljicìs) Clflb bgrhjtb uj sarlh prhfcakb `a `asakpcah astruoturbc qua nb acavb`h cb tbsb `a
`asakpcah `ac pbës nbstb ac ?5%.
Ubrb vlsubclzbr chs agaoths `a th`bs astbs trbjsghrkbolhjas aohjÿklobs hfsarvakhs chs
`bths railstrb`hs shfra phfrazb y `asliubc`b`. Bujqua vb b sar bcih `lgëolc phrqua ch olarth
as qua prâotlobkajta jh nby `bths. _l booa`akhs b cbs fbsas `a `bths ljtarjbolhjbcas shfra
lj`lob`hras `a th`h tlph qua prhphrolhjbj ljghrkbolÿj racbtlvb b cb phfrazb h `asliubc`b`
aj kuctltu` `a pbësas ‟ tbcas ohkh ac Ëj`loa `a Uhfrazb Kuctl`lkajslhjbc, ac phroajtbma `a
Uhfcbolÿj phr `afbmh `a cb Cëjab `a Ljirashs, ac Ëj`loa `a ILJL, ac Ëj`loa `a Ljirashs phr
@asliubc`b`, ato. ‟ vakhs qua aj astbs fbsas jh sa railstrbj `bths `a Clflb. Ohjoratbkajta,
cb fbsa `a `bths `ac UJQ@9>, cb fbsa `a `bths shfra lj`lob`hras `a `asbrrhcch kuj`lbc `ac
Fbjoh Kuj`lbc9< y cb fbsa `a `bths shfra phfrazb y `asliubc`b`>5 `a asta klskh
hribjlskh, jh ohjtlajaj `bths `a Clflb aj asta obkph. Ljocush astb ýctlkb, aspaolbclzb`b
aj asths lj`lob`hras, jl slqularb ljocuya b Clflb aj cb clstb `a pbësas.
_l ohjsuctbkhs chs `bths `a cb OLB>2 hfsarvbkhs qua ac pbës bcobjzÿ ujh `a chs kbyhras
ULF par oâpltbxxxll `ac ohjtljajta bgrlobjh (aj 6526 sa sltubfb aj ac puasth 252 `a uj
rbjdlji `a 66< tarrlthrlhs `a th`h ac kuj`h) y pasa b acch, saiýj asta hribjlskh bcra`a`hr`a uj tarolh `a chs clflhs vlvaj aj h phr `afbmh `a cb cëjab jbolhjbc `a phfrazb >6._lj
akfbrih, jh bphrtb ac vbchr axboth `a asta lj`lob`hr, bcih qua së nlzh aj ac Yhrc` Gbotfhhd>?
`ac bòh 655> oubj`h, saiýj asta klskh hribjlskh, ac phroajtbma `a phfcbolÿj phr `afbmh
`a cb cëjab `a cb phfrazb arb `ac 9°0% aj ac bòh 6551. Uhr tbjth, ¸aj shch 9 bòhs asta
phroajtbma sa ljorakajtÿ nbstb ac ??%8 _l bnhrb ujh `a ob`b ? clflhs vlva phr `afbmh `a cb
cëjab `a cb phfrazb, ash raprasajtb uj phroajtbma `ac ??%, musth aj uj khkajth aj ac qua
cb aohjhkëb `ac pbës sa astbfb raouparbj`h `ac bsglxlh aohjÿkloh prhvhob`h phr cbs
rastrloolÿj `ac ohkarolh `urbjta cb vliajolb `a cbs sbjolhjas aohjÿklobs `a Astb`hs
Qjl`hs y Jbolhjas Qjl`bs.
Wakhs, puas, qua jh pbraoa kuy cÿiloh. Buj bsë, uj brtëouch pufclob`h aj kbyh `a 6522
phr ac parlÿ`loh Pna Jbtlhjbc ‟ ujb pufclobolÿj aj l`lhkb bjichsbmÿj rabclzb`b aj Hrlajta
Urÿxlkh (ohjoratbkajta aj Aklrbths Ârbfas Qjl`hs) partajaolajta b cb akprasb `a
xxxll
Ac ULF par oâpltb as uj lj`lob`hr `ac flajastbr qua kl`a cb racbolÿj `ac Urh`uoth Ljtarlhr Fruthajtra cb objtl`b` `a nbfltbjtas `a uj pbës.
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ka`lhs Bfu @nbfl Ka`lb ‟ oltbfb>0 b cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ljghrkbr `a qua ac 05% `a
cb phfcbolÿj `a Clflb vlvëb fbmh cb cëjab `a cb phfrazb.
¸@a quì guajta `afakhs glbrjhs ajthjoas8 ¸As obsubc h obusbc qua chs `bths pufclob`hs
phr cb OLB aj 655>, oubj`h cbs racbolhjas ohj Clflb astbfbj aj pcajh buia, `lglarbj tbjth
`a chs `bths botubclzb`hs, oubj`h ac kajsbma phcëtloh shfra Ib`bgl as qua as uj `lotb`hr
obpbz `a kbsborbr b su puafch8 Bjta cb busajolb `a htrbs guajtas ohj cbs qua ohjtrbstbr cb
ljghrkbolÿj, ch qua së qua`b ocbrh as qua axlstaj ljtarasas, yb sabj phcëtlohs h aohjÿklohs,
`atrâs `a cbs olgrbs, uj naonh pbrb jb`b axocuslvh `ac obsh qua bfhr`bkhs sljh, `a naonh,
kuy iajarbclzb`h.
1.6. Ac ph`ar buthorâtloh `ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj
Aj ac tarrajh phcëtloh Ib`bgl ihfarjÿ aj axocuslvb, y ch nlzh b su bjthmh, pra`lobj`h ujb
`akhorbolb `lraotb qua aj cb prâotlob sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj uj gìrrah ohjtrhc phcëtloh qua amaroëb
`a kbjarb bfshcutb bjta cb busajolb `a ljstltuolhjas y cailscbolÿj qua clkltbrbj su ph`ar. Ac
tbj bpcbu`l`h Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj (raohr`akhs qua ac ihcpa `a Astb`h `a 2<7< sa
astbfcaolÿ ajtra ac ocbkhr phpucbr) `akhstrÿ sar aj cb prâotlob uj butìjtloh `lotb`hrxxxlll, aj
ac sajtl`h cltarbc `a cb pbcbfrb= –Aj cb ìphob kh`arjb, parshjb qua sa brrhib h raolfa th`hs
chs ph`aras phcëtlohs axtrbhr`ljbrlhs y chs amaroa slj clkltbolÿj murë`lob‛>1
.Ib`bgl olkajtÿ uj astb`h buthrltbrlh y rapraslvh, gbcth `a clfartb`as y `araonhs
lj`lvl`ubcas y phcëtlohs, bcih qua ohjtrbstb kuonh ohj cbs prhkasbs naonbs bc puafch clflh
aj ac Clfrh War`a `hj`a bsaiurb qua su Paroarb Pahrëb Qjlvarsbc –bjujolb cb akbjolpbolÿj
`a chs irlccatas `a cb ljmustlolb, ac `asphtlskh, cb axpchtbolÿj y cb naiakhjëb aohjÿklob y
phcëtlob, ohj ac prhpÿslth `a astbfcaoar ujb shola`b` `a th`h ac puafch, `hj`a th`hs sabj
clfras y ohkpbrtbj aj liubc`b` cb buthrl`b`, cb rlquazb y cbs brkbs. Cb clfartb` trlujgbrâ
ajthjoas agljltlvb y ujlvarsbckajta‛>7.
xxxlll Jh `afakhs ohjguj`lr `lotb`hr ohj `lotb`urb. _aiýj cb `agljlolÿj `a cb VBA, Ib`bgl arb uj
`lotb`hr, yb qua amarolÿ ac ph`ar phcëtloh ujlcbtarbckajta y slj clkltbolÿj murë`lob. Uarh, tbkflìj
sliulaj`h b cb VBA, ac rìilkaj qua oraÿ jh ph`ëb sar ujb `lotb`urb, aj tbjth aj oubjth ìstb sa
`aglja ohkh uj –Ihflarjh qua, fbmh ohj`lolhjas axoapolhjbcas, prasolj`a `a ujb pbrta kbyhr h
kajhr `ac hr`ajbklajth murë`loh pbrb amaroar cb buthrl`b` aj uj pbës‛ (VBA, 66ª a`lolÿj). Ac
rìilkaj ib`bglstb jh gua ujb ohj`lolÿj axoapolhjbc, sljh uj parlh`h `a kâs `a 05 bòhs `abuthorbolb.
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02
_lj akfbrih, aj asta bspaoth cb kbyhrëb `a cbs guajtas ohljol`aj= Ib`bgl gua uj cë`ar
buthrltbrlh, astrbkfÿtloh, obprlonhsh y qua ihfarjÿ ohj kbjh `urb, aspaolbckajta ohjtrb
bquacchs qua prataj`ëbj `asvlbrsa `a su ohjtrhc. Ac parlh`lstb jhrtabkarlobjh Mhj Caa
Bj`arshj>9 ca `aglja ohkh uj nhkfra –vëotlkb `a su kaibchkbjëb Tkbjëb h `aclrlh `a
irbj`azbs [, th`h quarëb klrbrch y ohjtrhcbrch‛ y bglrkb qua –cb prhguj`l`b` `a su oruac`b`
y su ohjtrhc arbj bfshcuths‛. Asta klskh buthr raohia aj su hfrb>> Cb narajolb ohchjlbc y htrbs
kbc`lolhjas jukarhshs tastlkhjlhs shfra cb vl`b fbmh ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl y hpljlhjas
shfra su parshjbcl`b`.
Aj ujb ajtravlstb ohj ac bjtliuh `lraothr `ac Fbjoh Oajtrbc `a Clflb, Vaiaf Klsaccbtl,
ìsta ohjglasb bc parlh`lstb qua sa sajtëb ohkh ujb vëotlkb, bciulaj qua klajtrbs Ib`bgl
vlvëb nbfëb astb`h guarb `ac slstakbxxxlv . –Chs clflhs astbkhs ohkh sl jhs nuflìrbkhs
`atajl`h aj 2<7<4 ljocush ljtacaotubckajta, astbkhs ratrbsb`hs. (…) pbrb cb kbyhrëb `a cb
phfcbolÿj `a bquë, jh nbfëb jb`b qua bpraj`ar sbcvh cbs ajsaòbjzbs `ac Clfrh War`a (…).
Jh nbfëb ljstltuolhjas olvlcas, jh nbfëb shola`b` olvlc. Ib`bgl jh `amÿ jb`b trbs `a së sbcvh
`astruoolÿj kbtarlb y oucturbc‛, ravacb Klsaccbtl.
¸Oÿkh pu`h uj shch nhkfra amaroar uj ohjtrhc tbj gìrrah sl ljocush chs prhplhs
gujolhjbrlhs `ac ihflarjh jh sa sajtëbj pbrta `a su \bkbnlrlyb8
Uhrqua ac –Narkbjh Cë`ar‛ `lsaòÿ uj ohkpclob`h slstakb pbrb `asakpaòbr su ph`ar
ra`uolaj`h bc kâxlkh cb rasphjsbflcl`b` `lraotb, tbc y ohkh ca ouajtb Nusjl Fay, ujh `achs nhkfras `a jaiholhs kâs lkphrtbjtas `ac pbës, b Bj`arshj = –Ib`bgl jujob phjëb jb`b
phr asorlth. @lotbfb ÿr`ajas b chs saoratbrlhs, avltbj`h b sus kljlstrhs. Chs saoratbrlhs b chs
qua `lotbfb ghrkbfbj uj iruph ccbkb`h Ac Rbcbk , aj ac qua tajëb raprasajtbjtas pbrb th`h4
(…). Astbs parshjbs, b su vaz, jh bjhtbfbj jb`b, sljh qua ccbkbfbj bc kljlstrh aj ouastlÿj,
y ìsta hfa`aoëb, sbflaj`h qua cb hr`aj vajëb `a Kubkkbr Ib`bgl‛, `a kbjarb qua gbfrloÿ
–(…) uj slstakb slj jljiujb rasphjsbflcl`b` ýctlkb pbrb jb`b‛.
B asth sa sukbrhj ohjtljubs kh`lglobolhjas `a cb `lvlslÿj b`kljlstrbtlvb `a Clflb
(prlkarh aj 25 `lstrlths b`kljlstrbtlvhs, cuaih aj oljouajtb y oljoh, oubrajtb y honh,
valjtlhonh>< ), `a kbjarb qua jb`la axoapth ìc pu`h hstajtbr cb buthrl`b` `urbjta kuonh
tlakph.
Pbjth ph`ar `aflÿ oaibrca. Qjb parlh`lstb frltâjlob ccbkb`b Dbta @hurlbj, qua vlbmÿ
vbrlbs vaoas b Clflb aj chs bòhs honajtb y ohjholÿ parshjbckajta b Ib`bgl, hpljb aj ujb
ajtravlstb ohj Bj`arshj qua su ph`ar slj rastrloolhjas, kbijlglob`h phr cb btajolÿj qua ca
xxxlv
Bj`arshj axpclob qua asta sajtlklajth `a –jh partajajolb‛ arb bcih ohkýj ajtra kuonhsaxgujolhjbrlhs `ac rìilkaj.
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prastbfbj chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj, nbfëb prhvhob`h qua ìsta astuvlasa ob`b vaz kâs
`asclib`h `a cb rabcl`b`.
Htrh `a chs pujths ocbva `ac ìxlth `ac ohjtrhc lj`lvl`ubc `a Ib`bgl gua rh`abr ac rìilkaj
`a uj irbj klstarlh, bclkajtb`h phr cb gbctb `a ljghrkbolÿj shfra ac klskh. Bj`arshj
axpclob qua –aj Clflb jb`b sa sbfëb ohj oartazb. Ib`bgl nbfëb orab`h uj Astb`h aj ac qua ac
kbc jh sa ph`ëb hër (…)‛<5, irbolbs b ujb –phcëtlob ljtarjb trb`lolhjbckajta rh`ab`b `a
klstarlhs‛<2 qua, sukb`b b cb botltu` `ac rìilkaj, nb iajarb`h ujb irbj gbctb `a
ljghrkbolÿj shfra ac pbës, tbjth aj ac pcbjh ljtarlhr ohkh aj ac axtarlhr.
Bsë, pu`h ihfarjbr b su pcajh bjthmh. @a naonh, aj Cb narajolb ohchjlbc y htrbs kbc`lolhjas
ph`akhs caar sltubolhjas hourrl`bs aj Clflb qua ragcambj `a kbjarb glac ch bjthmb`lzh y
brfltrbrlh `ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb. Bj`arshj axpclob, oltbj`h b uj ljvastlib`hr prlvb`h `a _bj
Grbjolsoh qua trbfbmÿ aj ac pbës, qua uj `ëb Ib`bgl `aol`lÿ oarrbr cbs tatarëbs `hj`a sa
raujëbj chs clflhs qua jh tajëbj trbfbmh phrqua ohjsl`arbfb qua nhkfras –nhcibzbjabj`h‛
aj asths chobcas `bfbj cb lkpraslÿj `a qua chs clflhs arbj parazhshs, y htrh `ëb `aol`lÿ
kbtbr b th`hs chs obkacchs qua pbsabfbj phr cbs obccas `a cb olu`b` phrqua nboëbj pbraoar b
Clflb uj cuibr btrbsb`h. Wakhs, puas, qua Ib`bgl –nlzh `a sus âjlkhs parshjbcas uj
rìilkaj phcëtloh‛<6.
Uarh cb pahr `a cbs tâotlobs utlclzb`bs phr ac Cë`ar gua ac ush ohjtljuh `a cb vlhcajolb y ac
tarrhr. –Cb l`ahchiëb `ac rìilkaj jh arb ohjvljoajta aj bfshcuth, parh ac tarrhr arb kuyaglobz‛, ca ravacb uj bjtliuh `lpchkâtloh Clflh b Bj`arshj.
_a trbtbfb `a uj rìilkaj rapraslvh aj th`hs chs bspaoths `a cb vl`b prlvb`b y sholbc,
ajkbrob`h, b su vaz, aj uj ohjtaxth `a acavb`h buthrltbrlskh y supraslÿj `a clfartb`as,
trb`lolhjbc aj chs Astb`hs Ârbfas. @as`a su ohklajzh, ac rìilkaj –sa oufrlÿ cbs aspbc`bs‛
bjta oubcqular orëtlob y hphslthr, ch qua sa trb`umh aj astrlotbs ka`l`bs caibcas `a
pravajolÿj y vlhcajths boths `a rapraslÿj. _a prhnlflarhj chs `araonhs `a nuacib,
kbjlgastbolÿj y ohjoajtrbolÿj, sa lkpush cb oajsurb ljghrkbtlvb y sa rastrljilÿ cb clfartb`
`a prajsb ohj cb jbolhjbclzbolÿj `a chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj y ac ohjtrhc astrloth `a chs
klskhs phr pbrta `ac rìilkaj, sa prhnlflarhj chs pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs a ljocush sa astlpucbfbj
obstlihs ohcaotlvhs b cbs gbklclbs, cbs trlfus y chs puafchs b chs qua partajaolarb qulaj sa
rafacbrb ohjtrb ac slstakbxxxv .
Ubrb bsaiurbr cb ljtairl`b` `ac rìilkaj, Bj`arshj axpclob qua ac Cë`ar ohjtbfb ohj ujb
bkpclb ra` `a ljghrkb`hras. Aj ujb ajtravlstb ohj uj bjtliuh hglolbc `a chs sarvlolhs
saoraths ìsta ca ouajtb oÿkh gujolhjbfb= –_a jhs `bfbj chs jhkfras `a olvlcas. Cuaih
xxxv Ac obstlih ohcaotlvh ghrkb pbrta `a chs olklajths khrbcas `a cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc.
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jhshtrhs phjëbkhs b iajta pbrb qua vlilcbrb b cb parshjb, y utlclzâfbkhs tbkflìj vlilcbjolb
tìojlob (…). Oubj`h ac axpa`lajta ccaibfb bc `lraothr, ¡nbfëb tbjtb ljghrkbolÿj shfra asb
parshjb ohkh cb qua ph`ëb tajar su kamhr bklih!‛.
Cb kbjh `urb `ac rìilkaj arb frutbc= astu`lbjtas y `lsl`ajtas phcëtlohs `atajl`hs,
thrturb`hs, ajobroacb`hs, shkatl`hs b mulolhs pýfclohs a ljocush ohcib`hs. Bj`arshj ouajtb
qua –ohj graouajolb, chs bnhrobklajths tajëbj cuibr aj chs tarrajhs `a cbs ujlvarsl`b`as, y
chs astu`lbjtas y chs gbklclbras astbfbj hfclib`hs b bslstlr‛<?. Qjb `a cbs pahras kuastrbs `ac
nhrrhr bc qua vlvëbj shkatl`hs chs clflhs hourrlÿ aj cb Qjlvarsl`b` `a Fajibsl aj 2<97 <0
oubj`h ujb prhtastb `a mÿvajas prhiraslstbs qua ralvlj`lobfbj raghrkbs sholbcas y phcëtlobs
bobfÿ aj `lsturflhs. Chs `lrliajtas `a cbs prhtastbs guarhj amaoutb`hs y sus ob`âvaras sa
axpuslarhj aj cb pcbzb pýfclob `urbjta th`h ac `ëb, bsë oubcqularb sa ch pajsbrëb `hs vaoas
bjtas `a trblolhjbr bc rìilkaj.
B jlvac prlvb`h, chs `araonhs y clfartb`as lj`lvl`ubcas arbj prâotlobkajta ljaxlstajtas,
ujb prhnlflolÿj `a th`h ch qua sa bsakambrb b cb oucturb hool`ajtbc y qua astbfb
astraonbkajta racbolhjb`b ohj cb khrbclzbolÿj lscâklob obrbotarëstlob `ac rìilkaj. \ cbs
sbjolhjas qua Ib`bgl lkphjëb b chs ljglacas lfbj –`as`a cb oâroac nbstb cb pajb obpltbc,
pbsbj`h phr cb `astruoolÿj `a obsbs y bc`abs‛<1.
Uasa b qua ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj sa vbjbichrlbfb `a cb –var`b`arb `akhorbolb‛ qua ìc
nbfëb orab`h y qua sa fbsbfb aj ac amarololh `ac ph`ar `lraoth `ac puafch b trbvìs `a cbsbsbkfcabs phpucbras, aj cb prâotlob cbs `aolslhjas lkphrtbjtas jh sa b`hptbfbj aj astbs
ajtl`b`as phpucbras qua b`akâs astbfbj houpb`bs phr chs raprasajtbjtas hglolbcas y `hj`a
ac kbriaj `a `aclfarbolÿj arb këjlkh<7. Nbfcbj`h ohj uj olu`b`bjh clflh ccbkb`h _uclkâj,
Bj`arshj raprh`uoa aj su clfrh cb raspuastb qua ac nhkfra ca `lh b ujb praiujtb shfra ac
slijlglob`h `ac jhkfra `a ujh `a chs ohkltìs phpucbras b cb ajtrb`b `a su sa`a xxxvl. Ohkh
axpclob ac parlh`lstb, _uclkâj, slj sbfar kuy flaj quì `aolr bglrkÿ qua –asb arb ujb `a cbs
ohsbs qua hourrëbj ohj Ib`bgl. _a fbsbfb aj cb ohjguslÿj. Jh sa sbfa quì shj th`hs ashs
ohkltìs. Jujob ch suplkhs. Ph`hs tajëbj jhkfras cbrihs, ohkh ìsta, qua jh tajëbj
jljiýj sajtl`h pbrb jhshtrhs‛.
Bsë, cb gbctb `a murls`loolÿj, cb busajolb `a ÿribjhs b`kljlstrbtlvhs y iufarjbkajtbcas, ac
ush slstakâtloh `ac tarrhr y cb vlhcajolb, ac klstlolskh y cb ohjguslÿj qua rh`abfbj tbjth bc
rìilkaj ohkh b cb prhplb gliurb `ac ohrhjac Ib`bgl, mujth ohj cb rapraslÿj frutbc `a
xxxvl
Astbfbj bjta cbs hgloljbs `ac –Ohkltì Pakphrbc `ac Ohcailh `a @agajsb `ac Ohkbj`bjta-aj-maga‛.
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oubcqular hphslolÿj l`ahcÿilob, ohjghrkbrhj ac obc`h `a ouctlvh `a uj jbolhjbclskh
buthrltbrlh ouyb oruac`b` ccaibfb b cëkltas axtrakhs.
Ac obsh kâs shjb`h gua cb supuastb amaouolÿj axtrbmu`lolbc `a kâs `a 2.655 prashs aj ac
bòh 2<<7. Ac suoash hourrlÿ aj cb oâroac trlphcltbjb `a Bfu _bclk aj cb qua, trbs ac astbccl`h
`a uj khtëj phr cbs pìslkbs ohj`lolhjas aj cbs qua vlvëbj chs prashs (nboljbklajth, gbctb
`a nlilaja y `a btajolÿj kì`lob, bclkajtbolÿj phfra, ato.), cbs buthrl`b`as prhnlflarhj
th`bs cbs vlsltbs b cb prlslÿj. Jb`la vhcvlÿ b sbfar `a chs raocushs. Bc obfh `a ujhs bòhs
ohkajzÿ b rukhrabrsa qua chs prashs nbfëbj sl`h guslcb`hs, parh ac Ihflarjh ch jaiÿ
nbstb qua sals bòhs `aspuìs `a cb kbsbora ohkajzÿ b ljghrkbr b bciujbs `a cbs gbklclbs `a
qua sus pbrlajtas nbfëbj gbccaol`h, slj `br kâs axpclobolhjas.
Aj 655< chs gbklclbras `a cbs vëotlkbs akpazbrhj b kbjlgastbrsa axlilaj`h ac
asocbraolklajth pýfcloh `ac suoash, parh jh sa ccavÿ b obfh jljiujb ljvastlibolÿj, pasa b
qua Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc shcloltÿ<9 bc Ihflarjh clflh qua ibrbjtlzbrb cb bparturb `a cb
klskb pbrb l`ajtlglobr cbs olroujstbjolbs `a cb kuarta `a chs `atajl`hs, parh jh raolflÿ
raspuastb bciujb. Buj bsë, ac rìilkaj hgraolÿ ujb lj`akjlzbolÿj aohjÿklob b cbs gbklclbs b
obkflh `a rajujolbr b nboar raocbkbolhjas caibcas, parh kuonbs sa jaibrhj y bsaiurbrhj<>
nbfar raolfl`h praslhjas phr pbrta `a buthrl`b`as chobcas y hglolbcas `a saiurl`b` pbrb qua
`ambrbj a axlilr rasphjsbflcl`b`as orlkljbcas.
Bujqua jh sa nb pufclob`h ljvastlibolÿj bciujb, jh sa nb oucpbflclzb`h b jb`la y jlslqularb nby `aocbrbolhjas `a tastlihs qua vlarbj khrlr b chs prashs tlrhtab`hs<<, cb avbslÿj
`a cb rasphjsbflcl`b` y cb busajolb `a oubcqular tlph `a axpclobolÿj hglolbc sa trb`uoaj, pbrb
hribjlzbolhjas qua nbj trbtb`h `a bvarliubr cb kbsbora ‟ ohkh Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc255 h
Nukbj Vlitns Ybton 252 ‟ aj amaouolhjas axtrbmu`lolbcas, as `aolr, aj ac nhklol`lh `aclfarb`h
`a chs prashs phr pbrta `ac saothr pýfcloh. \ ch olarth as qua cbs `aocbrbolhjas `a bciujhs
prasajtas ‟ ohkh Nussaëj bc-_nbgb'l256, ajtravlstb`h phr Nukbj Vlints Ybton , h Khnbka`
Mbclc Dhbgl25?, ajtravlstb`h phr ac `lbrlh Ac Ubës ‟ ohjglrkbj astb nlpÿtasls. B`akâs, aj
saptlakfra `a 6522 ac Ihflarjh ljtarljh `a chs rafac`as bsaiurbfb pýfclobkajta250 nbfar
nbccb`h chs rasths `a cbs vëotlkbs aj ujb axpcbjb`b bc cb`h `a cb prlslÿj y pa`ëb byu`b
ljtarjbolhjbc pbrb l`ajtlglobrcbs.
Astb busajolb thtbc `a kaobjlskhs qua ibrbjtlzbsaj cb prhtaoolÿj lj`lvl`ubc y ohcaotlvb
`ac puafch clflh ohjtrb ac bfush `ac ph`ar ib`bglstb nb sl`h `ajujolb`b b ch cbrih `a asths
bòhs phr hribjlzbolhjas jh iufarjbkajtbcas, ajtra accbs Nukbj Vlitns Ybton qua, aj su
Yhr`c Vaphrt `ac bòh 6522251 saiuëb avl`ajolbj`h obshs `a `atajolhjas brfltrbrlbs, cb
busajolb `a clfartb` `a prajsb, cb parsaouolÿj `a chs hphslthras, cb tlplglobolÿj `a cb pajb `a
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kuarta aj ac Oÿ`lih Uajbc, cb gbctb `a clfartb` `a axpraslÿj (bujqua raohjhoa ujb bparturb
irb`ubc `ac `afbta y cb `lsouslÿj aj chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj, aspaolbckajta Ljtarjat,
aj chs ýctlkhs bòhs), ato. Ac astrloth ohjtrhc `a cb shola`b` ccaibfb bc pujth `a qua cb
cailscbolÿj prhnlfëb oubcqular orëtlob b cb ravhcuolÿj `ac 2 `a saptlakfra `a 2<7< y
astlpucbfb ohkh `aclths pajbcas boolhjas ohkh –ljsuctbr b gujolhjbrlhs pýfclohs‛ u
–hphjarsa b cb l`ahchiëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj‛257.
\ th`h acch, pasa b qua Clflb sa nbfëb b`narl`h b lkphrtbjtas trbtb`hs ljtarjbolhjbcas
prh-`araonhs nukbjhs259 y b qua ac Irbj @houkajth War`a shfra chs @araonhs Nukbjhs aj cb Arb
`a cbs Kbsbs , bprhfb`h aj 2<>>, ohjtajëb ibrbjtëbs cailscbtlvbs qua prhtaiaj chs `araonhs
lj`lvl`ubcas, prhnëfaj cb thrturb y chs kbchs trbths y clkltbj ac ush `a cb pajb `a kuarta 25>.
Wakhs, ujb vaz kâs, cb botltu` ohjtrb`lothrlb `ac Cë`ar ravhcuolhjbrlh, ohjstbjta b ch cbrih
`a su kbj`bth y aspaolbckajta racavbjta aj cbs racbolhjas ohj ac axtarlhr, qua ca ohjvartlrëb
aj uj parshjbma astrbkfÿtloh y obprlonhsh b hmhs `a Hool`ajta.
Bc gljbc, cb uthpëb `akhorâtlob `a Ib`bgl katbstbtlzÿ aj buthorbolb y chs clflhs sa vlarhj
ajoarrb`hs aj ujb shola`b` `hkljb`b phr su Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj y su oërouch kâs
ëjtlkh.
1.?. Qjb phcëtlob axtarlhr obkflbjta
Cb phcëtlob axtarlhr `a Ib`bgl gua, oubjth kajhs, ohjtrb`lothrlb. Pbjth aj cbs racbolhjas
ohj chs pbësas ârbfas y bgrlobjhs ohkh ohj chs hool`ajtbcas. B chs prlkarhs cas praslhjÿ
pbrb guslhjbrsa ohj Clflb, ch qua `lh cuibr b `lvarshs ohjgcloths4 b chs saiuj`hs chs orltloÿ
`urbkajta nbstb qua ac ljtarìs aohjÿkloh sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj cb pbjboab `ac ajgrajtbklajth
Ib`bgl-Hool`ajta.
1.?.2. Plrb y bgchmb
@as`a su ccaib`b bc ph`ar Ib`bgl qulsh axphrtbr su l`ahchiëb jbolhjbclstb nbolb ac axtarlhr.
Aj 2<95 Ib`bgl ralvlj`loÿ su cl`arbzih ohkh raprasajtbjta `a cbs guarzbs ravhcuolhjbrlbs
ârbfas y bgrlobjbs y trbtÿ `a thkbr uj pbpac botlvh aj cbs hribjlzbolhjas ljtarjbolhjbcas
ohkh cb Clib Ârbfa. Uarh su kbyhr bjnach gua kbtarlbclzbr cb trb`lolhjbc bsplrbolÿj
–jbssarlstb‛ `a ujb ujlÿj `a th`hs chs pbësas ârbfas. Astb l`ahchiëb phcëtlob, `ajhkljb`b
pbjbrbflskh, ca ohstÿ kuonbs grustrbolhjas y ca ajaklstÿ ohj chs Astb`hs vaoljhs qua, aj
uj prljolplh, bphybrhj su obusb.
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@urbjta cbs `hs prlkarbs `ìob`bs `a su kbj`bth rabclzÿ asguarzhs `a ujlglobolÿj ohj
Ailpth y _lrlb (ohj chs qua bohr`ÿ cb orabolÿj `a cb Qjlÿj `a Vapýfclobs Ârbfas), Pýjaz,
Kbrruaohs, Briaclb, ato. Uarh cbs ohjtljubs praslhjas `ac Cë`ar b chs kbj`btbrlhs y ac
asoaptlolskh y cb `asohjglbjzb ohj cb qua ìsths vaëbj b bquac, rasuctÿ aj ac `lstbjolbklajth
y cb rupturb `a cbs racbolhjas `lpchkâtlobs, prhkhvl`bs tbkflìj phr ac boarobklajth `a
bciujhs `a sus –sholhs‛ b Hool`ajta, aspaolbckajta Ailpth qua ccaiÿ b bouar`hs ohj Lsrbac,
ch qua ajguraolÿ bc clflh.
Uarh Ib`bgl jh rajujolÿ b su suaòh iahphcëtloh `a guslÿj y trbs ac grbobsh `a ccavbr b
obfh ac pbjbrbflskh `a Jbssar sa ljlolÿ aj ac pbjbgrlobjlskh, trbtbj`h `a nboar rabcl`b` cb
l`ab `a cb naiakhjëb bgrlobjb. Ubrb acch, –ajtraiÿ ljkajsbs objtl`b`as `a `ljarh y brkbs
pbrb ujb vbrla`b` `asohjoartbjta `a obusbs ravhcuolhjbrlbs aj ac Âgrlob sufsbnbrlbjb‛25< y,
ajtra tbjth, sa vlh ljkarsh aj ujb iuarrb ohjtrb ac Onb` qua ohjsliulÿ `arrhtbr b Ib`bgl
ohj cb byu`b `a Astb`hs Qjl`hs y Grbjolb.
@urbjta astb ìphob sa phslolhjÿ ohkh cë`ar `a chs pbësas bgrlobjhs y khstrÿ ujb botltu`
ohjolclb`hrb, pbrtlolpbj`h ohkh ka`lb`hr aj vbrlhs ohjgcloths. B`akâs, muiÿ uj
slijlglobtlvh pbpac ohkh shphrta aohjÿkloh aj hribjlskhs bgrlobjhs ohkh cb
Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Qjl`b` Bgrlobjb (HQB) h cb @aocbrbolÿj `a _lrta, bjtaoa`ajta `a cb
botubc Qjlÿj Bgrlobjb, qua Ib`bgl prasl`lÿ aj 655<.
@urbjta sus `hs prlkarbs `ìob`bs ohkh Cë`ar `a cb \bkbnlrlyb, Ib`bgl muiÿ bc –tlrb ybgchmb‛ ohj chs cë`aras `a chs pbësas ârbfas y bgrlobjhs. _u hfsaslÿj phr cb guslÿj iahphcëtlob
ohj chs Astb`hs ârbfas prlkarh, y ohj chs bgrlobjhs `aspuìs, ca ohstÿ jukarhshs ohjgcloths
ohj chs pbësas vaoljhs qua prhvhobrhj aj kuonhs obshs cb rupturb `a cbs racbolhjas
`lpchkâtlobsxxxvll, b`akâs `a ohjstltulr ujb ljkajsb guajta `a `asajibòhs y grbobshs. Asta
suaòh grustrb`h pu`h sukbrsa b cbs obusbs qua ca ccavbrhj b bfrbzbr uj ilrh l`ahphcëtloh
qua ohkajzÿ ohj ac juavh klcajlh y qua ca nlzh vlrbr nbolb ac Hool`ajta qua `urbjta
tbjths bòhs nbfëb `aspraolb`h.
1.?.6. Ljtarìs purh y `urh
Cb racbolÿj `a Clflb ohj Hool`ajta gua, aj tìrkljhs ichfbcas, ljohnarajta. Ib`bgl pbsÿ `a
`aocbrbrsa ajaklih `ac lkparlbclskh hool`ajtbc b oh`abrsa ohj chs kâs lkphrtbjtas cë`aras
`ac ohjmujth aohjÿkloh-sholbc y oucturbc qua ccbkbkhs Hool`ajta. Cb ocbva `a asta
xxxvll
Ajtrb`hs chs jhvajtb cbs racbolhjas `lpchkâtlobs ohj cb kbyhrëb `a asths pbësas sa nbfëbjrastbfcaol`h.
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pbrb`ÿmloh vlrbma aj cbs racbolhjas `lpchkâtlob ajtra Clflb y ac ohjichkarb`h `a pbësas
cl`arb`hs phr Astb`hs Qjl`hs sa ajouajtrb aj chs ljtarasas patrhcarhs.
_u bvarslÿj pýfclob nbolb ac lscbklskh rb`lobc y su phslolhjbklajth bjtlohkujlstb
nlolarhj qua ac Urasl`ajta Jlxhj klrbrb bc raolìj ccaib`h Narkbjh Cë`ar ohkh uj ljgcumh
prhvaonhsh pbrb chs pbësas ârbfas (raohr`akhs qua jhs ajohjtrbkhs aj chs tlakphs `a cb
Iuarrb Grëb). \ th`h, pasa b qua Ib`bgl sa nbfëb phslolhjb`h tbkflìj aj ohjtrb `ac
obpltbclskh y nbfëb axpucsb`h b cbs fbsas jhrtabkarlobjbs `a Clflb b su ccaib`b bc ph`ar.
_lj akfbrih, aj cb `ìob`b `a chs honajtb ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj gua hglolbckajta
bousb`h `a pbtrholjb`hr `ac tarrhrlskh ljtarjbolhjbc phr Astb`hs Qjl`hs, `afl`h b qua sa
ca racbolhjÿ ohj `lvarshs btajtb`hs, ch qua ca ohstÿ cb rupturb `a cbs racbolhjas `lpchkâtlobs
ohj Valjh Qjl`h y Astb`hs Qjl`hs. Gua bousb`h `a `br ohflmh b tarrhrlstbs ljtarjbolhjbcas,
gljbjolbr sus btajtb`hs, shstajar a ljstrulr b iruphs ravhcuolhjbrlhs, ato. Bcih qua, b hmhs `a
Ib`bgl, slijlglobfb ohcbfhrbr ohj –khvlklajths `a clfarbolÿj jbolhjbc‛ ohkpcatbkajta
caiëtlkhs. Ac prasl`ajta astb`hujl`ajsa Vabibj ccbkÿ pýfclobkajta b Ib`bgl –parrh choh‛
y ohkajzÿ ujb thrkajthsb racbolÿj ajtra chs `hs pbësas qua ljocuyÿ fhkfbr`ahs phr pbrta
`a Astb`hs Qjl`hs y cb supuastb pbrtlolpbolÿj `a Clflb aj ac btajtb`h `a Chodarfla, aj
Asoholb, `hj`a ujb fhkfb aj ac ohkpbrtlkajth `a aqulpbmas `aspa`bzÿ uj bvlÿj
bobfbj`h ohj cb vl`b `a kâs `a 615 parshjbs, cb kbyhrëb jhrtabkarlobjbs.
Cb ljvastlibolÿj phstarlhr ohjocuyÿ ohj cb lkpclobolÿj `a `hs biajtas `a ljtacliajolbclflhs, uj naonh qua Ib`bgl jaiÿ. Chs pbësas bgaotb`hs axliëbj cb axtrb`lolÿj `a chs
bousb`hs pbrb shkatarchs b mulolh, parh ac clflh ch lkpl`lÿ y, `as`a asa khkajth, ohkajzÿ
cb `akhjlzbolÿj b cb gliurb `ac Cë`ar phr pbrta `a Hool`ajta, aspaolbckajta Astb`hs
Qjl`hs. Cbs ohjsaouajolbs pbrb Clflb guarhj `bòljbs= uj oarobklajth aohjÿkloh
hrquastb`h phr ac Ohjsamh `a _aiurl`b` `a cb HJQ (ljlolb`h aj 2<<6) y cb phtajolb
jhrtabkarlobjb qua astbfcaoëb cb rastrloolÿj `ac ohkarolh ljtarjbolhjbc ohj ac pbës, b cb qua
sa ca ujlarhj sbjolhjas bìrabs y `lpchkâtlobs, akfbrih `a brkbs, ohjiacbolÿj `a ouajtbs
fbjobrlbs y cb prhnlflolÿj pbrb chs clflhs `a vlbmbr bc axtarlhr.
Ubrtlaj`h `ac naonh `a qua Clflb as uj pbës kuy `apaj`lajta `ac axtarlhr, aj cb ka`l`b
aj qua jaoasltb lkphrtbr cb kbyhrëb `a sus prh`uoths, sa ajtlaj`a qua ac astrbjiucbklajth
aohjÿkloh gua kuy parmu`lolbc pbrb ac pbës. Uarh tbkflìj ch gua pbrb chs hool`ajtbcas, qua
klrbfbj ohj –`lajtas cbrihs‛ ac btrbotlvh patrhcarh `a cb railÿj.
B`akâs `a su pbtrholjlh bc tarrhrlskh, bc blscbklajth phcëtloh y sholbc `ac pbës tbkflìj
ohjtrlfuyÿ cb botltu` `a boarobklajth qua nbfëb thkb`h Ib`bgl ohj cb QV__ aj kbtarlb `a
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bouar`hs, shfrath`h `a brkbs, y qua tarkljbrhj `a shobvbr cb ohjglbjzb hool`ajtbc aj ac
astrbkfÿtloh Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj.
Bsë pbsbrhj obsl `hs `ìob`bs, `urbjta cbs oubcas Ac Cë`ar khstrÿ su rapuijbjolb nbolb
th`hs chs acakajths hool`ajtbcas (`akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs, clfarbclskh aohjÿkloh,
flpbrtl`lskh, ato.). _lj akfbrih, pbrb shrprasb `a th`hs, obsl ccaib`h ac juavh klcajlh
ohkajzÿ b rabclzbr ujb sarla `a boolhjas ajobkljb`bs bc rastbfcaolklajth `a cbs racbolhjas
ohj Hool`ajta.
Aj 2<<< booa`lÿ b ajtraibr b chs bousb`hs `ac btajtb`h `a Chodarfla pbrb qua guarbj
muzib`hs y kâs tbr`a –boaptÿ cb rasphjsbflcl`b`‛ `a su lkpclobolÿj aj `lvarshs boths
tarrhrlstbs pbibj`h lj`akjlzbolhjas phr `bòhs b cbs gbklclbs `a cbs vëotlkbs, slj ccaibr b
`aocbrbr su oucpbflcl`b` `lraotb. Aj 655? cb HJQ suspaj`lÿ cbs sbjolhjas aohjÿklobs
klajtrbs Astb`hs Qjl`hs cbs kbjtuvh nbstb ac bòh 6550, `aspuìs `a qua Ib`bgl ravacbrb
pýfclobkajta su prhplh prhirbkb `a brkbs juocabras y su ljtajolÿj `a `askbjtacbrch, ujb
kbjlhfrb phr pbrta `ac cë`ar qua sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj khja`b `a obkflh pbrb ac cavbjtbklajth
`a cbs sbjolhjas astb`hujl`ajsas (raohr`akhs qua aj 655? Astb`hs Qjl`hs nbfëb ljvb`l`h
Lrbd ohj ac prataxth `a cb axlstajolb `a brkbs `a `astruoolÿj kbslvb qua jujob
ajohjtrbrhj225 ).
B`akâs, Ib`bgl nbfëb bjujolb`h qua yb jh bphybrëb b hribjlzbolhjas tarrhrlstbs (h
khvlklajths `a clfarbolÿj jbolhjbc, tbc y ohkh ìc chs `ajhkljbfb) y, trbs chs btajtb`hs `ac22 `a _aptlakfra, sa khstrÿ phcëtlobkajta botlvh aj cb cuonb ohjtrb ac tarrhrlskh
ljtarjbolhjbc, aspaolbckajta ohjtrb chs axtraklstbs kusuckbjas, ujlìj`hsa b cb Iuarrb
ohjtrb ac Parrhr `a Fusn. Bsë, ac pbës ajtrÿ aj ujb juavb atbpb `a ohcbfhrbolÿj ohj
Hool`ajta, bc oubc gua boaroâj`hsa `a kbjarb pbucbtljb nbstb ac thtbc rastbfcaolklajth `a cbs
racbolhjas `lpchkâtlobs4 prlkarh, nbolaj`h jaiholbolhjas ohj chs pbësas parmu`lob`hs aj chs
`lvarshs btajtb`hs tarrhrlstbs `a chs qua sa ca bousÿ y `aspuìs bkpclbj`h su ra` ohjtboths b
htrhs pbësas aurhpahs. Cb rajhvb`b a ljasparb`b bklstb` ajtra Ib`bgl y chs cë`aras
hool`ajtbcas ccaiÿ bc pujth `a ujb astraonb ohcbfhrbolÿj ajtra chs sarvlolhs `a ljtacliajolb
clflhs, jhrtabkarlobjhs y frltâjlohs222.
¸Uhr quì `aspuìs `a tras `ìob`bs `a `aocbrbrsa aj cuonb ohjtrb ac lkparlbclskh obpltbclstb
ac Cë`ar astraonb racbolhjas ohj bquacchs b chs qua trb`lolhjbckajta nbfëb oajsurbj`h8 ¸\
phr quì ac –parrh choh `a Hrlajta‛ sa ohjvlrtlÿ gljbckajta aj bclb`h `a chs pbësas qua
`urbjta bòhs nbfëbj `akhjlzb`h pýfclobkajta su gliurb8
Cb raspuastb sa bslajtb aj cbs prhplbs fbsas `ac jahclfarbclskh obpltbclstb= cb fýsqua`b `ac
fajaglolh prlvb`h. Ubrb chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas, cbs ka`l`bs aohjÿklobs thkb`bs phr ac
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ph`ar phcëtloh clflh trbs cb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< (jbolhjbclzbolhjas, astrbjiucbklajth `a cb
ljvarslÿj prlvb`b, axpucslÿj `a akprasbs axtrbjmarbs `ac pbës y, aj rasukaj, uj slstakb
aohjÿkloh ljtarvajolhjlstb) shobvbfbj cb guarzb `a axpchtbolÿj aohjÿklob qua fusobj chs
pbësas obpltbclstbs, raprasajtb`hs aj su kbyhrëb phr asa irbj fchqua bc qua `ajhkljbkhs
Hool`ajta.
Aj cb fýsqua`b `ac fajaglolh aohjÿkloh, Clflb as uj glcÿj `a hrh aj oubjth b
axpchtbolÿj `a rasarvbs jbturbcas `a ajariëb y uj lkphrtbjta axphrtb`hr `a ibs jbturbc y
patrÿcah. Uhsaa ujb `a cbs kbyhras rasarvbs patrhcëgarbs `ac ohjtljajta bgrlobjh y ac 0% `a
cbs rasarvbs `a patrÿcah oru`h `a th`hs chs pbësas klakfrhs `a cb HUAU226 (Hribjlzbolÿj
`a chs Ubësas Axphrtb`hras `a Uatrÿcah, HUAO, phr sus slicbs aj ljicìs) ‟ qua phsaaj kâs
`ac >2% `a cbs rasarvbs `a patrÿcah `ac kuj`h ‟ y as ac taroar kbyhr prh`uothr `a Âgrlob22?.
Aj ac irâgloh220 `a cb Urh`uoolÿj Phtbc `a Uatrÿcah `a cb B`kljlstrbolÿj `a Ljghrkbolÿj
Ajariìtlob `a Astb`hs Qjl`hs (LAB, phr sus slicbs aj ljicìs), sa hfsarvb ocbrbkajta oÿkh
b pbrtlr `a 2<>5 cb prh`uoolÿj `a patrÿcah clflh sugrlÿ ujb guarta obë`b qua ohkajzÿ b
rastbfcaoarsa b pbrtlr `a 2<>9 y vhcvlÿ b raouparbr sus kâs bcths jlvacas `a prh`uoolÿj ajtra
chs bòhs 655? y 6525, `as`a qua ac rastbfcaolklajth `a cbs racbolhjas ohj Hool`ajta
ohkajzÿ b kbtarlbclzbrsa aj bouar`hs ohkarolbcas patrhcarhs nbstb qua sa ljlolÿ cb Iuarrb
`a Clflb aj 6522.
Uarh ac pujth ocbva sa ajouajtrb aj cbs axphrtbolhjas patrhcarbs= aj ac bòh 6525 Clflbaxphrtbfb uj thtbc `a 2.22>.555 fbrrlcas `a patrÿcah oru`h phr `ëb, `a chs oubcas 9>>.555 sa
`astljbfbj b Aurhpb y 09.555 b Jhrtabkìrlob221, as `aolr, ac 95% y ac 0°6% raspaotlvbkajta
`ac thtbc `a oru`h axphrtb`h. Ac Pna whrc` Gbotfhhd227 `a cb OLB sltýb b Clflb aj ac puasth
jýkarh 02 `ac rbjdlji `a axphrtbolhjas `a patrÿcah oru`h, ohj uj thtbc `a 625 pbësas. Chs
prljolpbcas fajaglolbrlhs `a asbs axphrtbolhjas `a oru`h shj chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas= Ltbclb,
ac prljolpbc sholh ohkarolbc `a Clflb `urbjta ac ihflarjh `a Ib`bgl, Bcakbjlb, Grbjolb y
Aspbòb. Guarb `a Hool`ajta, Onljb as tbkflìj ujh `a chs `astljhs pragarl`hs `ac patrÿcah
clflh.
Uhr pbrta `ac Cë`ar, b su ccaib`b bc ph`ar qulsh ghrtbcaoar cb shfarbjëb aohjÿklob `a
Clflb ka`lbjta cb axpchtbolÿj `a sus rasarvbs patrhcëgarbs, `a kbjarb qua jaiholÿ
ohj`lolhjas kâs gbvhrbfcas pbrb ac pbës ohj cbs ohkpbòëbs hool`ajtbcas, ohj raspaoth b cbs
qua ac ray L`rlss kbjtajëb. Ka`lbjta cb praslÿj ohkarolbc b chs pbësas obpltbclstbs qua
bkflolhjbfbj nboarsa ohj uj suoucajth trhzh `ac pbstac `ac oru`h, Ib`bgl ohjsliulÿ
oub`rupclobr chs ljirashs phr patrÿcah aj Clflb229.
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Uhstarlhrkajta, ac fchquah aohjÿkloh ohjsaouajolb `a cbs sbjolhjas lkpuastbs phr cb
HJQ y Astb`hs Qjl`hs parmu`lobrhj lj`lraotbkajta bc ohkarolh patrhcarh, ch qua
astrbjiucÿ aohjÿklobkajta bc pbës, yb qua sus ljirashs tlajaj ujb guarta `apaj`ajolb `ac
patrÿcah. @a naonh, chs ljirashs `ac saothr patrhcarh ohjstltuyaj bcra`a`hr `ac <1% `a chs
ljirashs `a axphrtbolÿj y ac 75% `a chs sbcbrlhs `ac saothr pýfcloh22>. Bsë, cbs ratrlfuolhjas
`ac saothr `a cb ajariëb, sukb`bs b ujb paquaòb phfcbolÿj, rasuctbrhj aj ujh `a chs ULF
par oâpltb kâs bcths `a th`b Âgrlob.
Wakhs puas, qua ac ljtarìs `a cb rastburb`b racbolÿj Clflb-Hool`ajta prhvajëb `a cbs `hs
pbrtas= b cb prlkarb ca uriëb sbclr `ac blscbklajth qua bsglxlbfb su aohjhkëb y b cb saiuj`b ca
obutlvbfb cb l`ab `a lkpcbjtbr aj Clflb cbs ka`l`bs jahclfarbcas `a cb ohjstbjta y atarjb
fýsqua`b ac fajaglolh aohjÿkloh prlvb`h.
@a kbjarb ljavltbfca, asta prhoash sa kbtarlbclzÿ aj cb supraslÿj `ac kh`ach aohjÿkloh
sholbclstb (aj ohjtrbphslolÿj bc lkparlbclskh aohjÿkloh-obpltbclstb hool`ajtbc) qua Ib`bgl
nbfëb `agaj`l`h `urbjta bòhs pbrb `br pbsh b cb clfarbolÿj `a cb aohjhkëb clflb, qua vljh `a
cb kbjh `a _blg bc-Lscbkxxxvlll, ac saiuj`h nlmh `a Ib`bgl.
Cbs grhjtarbs sa bfrlarhj4 sa ljlolÿ uj prhoash `a prlvbtlzbolhjas qua, bujqua `lgëolc,
parkltlÿ cb rabpbrlolÿj pbrolbc `a cb akprasb prlvb`b4 sa bpclobrhj ka`l`bs ohj ac hfmatlvh
`a `asoajtrbclzbr cb b`kljlstrbolÿj `ac Astb`h4 sa glrkbrhj bouar`hs ohkarolbcas xxxlx4 sa
ghkajtÿ cb ljvarslÿj axtrbjmarb aj ac saothr ajariìtlohxc
(parkltlaj`h b cbs akprasbshool`ajtbcas cb axpchtbolÿj `ac oru`h clflh) y ac prhplh pbës kuctlpcloÿ sus ljvarslhjas aj
Aurhpb (aspaolbckajta Valjh Qjl`h a Ltbclb)4 ljocush sa ra`umarhj chs trb`lolhjbcas
xxxvlll _blg bc-Lscbk, saiuj`h nlmh `a Ib`bgl, sa bjujolbfb b së klskh ohkh –raghrklstb‛ y `aocbrbfb
astbr bflarth b cbs l`abs `ac slstakb hool`ajtbc. Nbfëb vlvl`h y astu`lb`h aj Chj`ras y sa ca
ohjsl`arbfb uj nhkfra oucth a ljtacliajta. _a ca saòbcbfb ohkh ac suoashr `a Ib`bgl y `urbjta uj
tlakph ohjstltuyÿ cb prljolpbc asparbjzb pbrb qulajas bfhibfbj phr cb bparturb `a Clflb. @a naonh,
pbtrholjÿ cb bparturb phcëtlob `urbjta cb raohjolclbolÿj ohj Hool`ajta y gua ac ajobrib`h `a ccavbr bobfh cbs prlkarbs ka`l`bs `a clfarbclzbolÿj aohjÿklob, phr ch qua raprasajtÿ uj pbpac ocbva aj ac
prhoash `a jaiholbolhjas. Pbkflìj bfhiÿ phr cb kh`arjlzbolÿj y ccaiÿ ljocush b orltlobr cb botltu`
rapraslvb y `hkljbjta `a su pb`ra.
xxxlx @a naonh, aj 6550 Clflb shcloltÿ su b`naslÿj b cb Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `ac Ohkarolh (HKO) y
raolflÿ cb boaptbolÿj pbrb ljlolbr cbs jaiholbolhjas, bujqua `as`a ajthjoas ac prhoash jh nb
bvbjzb`h. B `ëb `a nhy ac pbës phsaa cb ohj`lolÿj `a –Hfsarvb`hr‛ `a cb HKO.
xc Qjh `a chs pbësas kâs fajaglolb`hs aj asta bspaoth gua Astb`hs Qjl`hs, qua sa qua`ÿ ohj cb
kbyhrëb `a chs `araonhs `a axpchrbolÿj patrhcarb qua hthriÿ cb Ohkpbòëb Uatrhcarb Jbolhjbc Clflb( Clfybj Jbtlhjbc Hlc Ohkpbjy ) bc ljlolh `a cb clfarbclzbolÿj aohjÿklob `ac pbës.
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sufsl`lhs bc ohjsukh `a ajariëb y b chs bclkajths fâslohs, qua nbstb ajthjoas nbfëbj
parkltl`h bc Cë`ar raobfbr uj bkpclh bphyh ajtra cb phfcbolÿj.
Bsë, ac patrÿcah y cb ljvarslÿj ohkarolbc ajtra ac pbës y ac rasth gcuëbj `a juavh, y Ib`bgl
pbsÿ b sar uj klakfrh kâs `a cb ohkujl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc. Aj 6550 vlsltÿ Frusacbs phr
ljvltbolÿj `a cb Qjlÿj Aurhpab y sa raujlÿ ohj ac Bcth Vaprasajtbjta `a cb Qjlÿj pbrb
Bsujths Axtarlhras y Uhcëtlob `a _aiurl`b` phr bquac ajthjoas, Mbvlar _hcbjb. Asa klskh
bòh ac ax-Urlkar Kljlstrh frltâjloh, Phjy Fcblr, vlsltÿ Prëphcl y chs ajouajtrhs ajtra Ib`bgl
y chs cë`aras hool`ajtbcas sa kuctlpclobrhj aj chs bòhs phstarlhras. Ca vlkhs ohj ac ax-
prasl`ajta grbjoìs Jlohcâs _brdhzy (bc qua sa astâ ljvastlibj`h phr raolflr supuastbkajta
`ljarh `a Ib`bgl pbrb cb gljbjolbolÿj `a su obkpbòb acaothrbc), ac ltbclbjh _lcvlh Farcusohjl,
chs aspbòhcas Mhsì Kbrëb Bzjbr y Mhsì Culs Vh`rëiuaz ]bpbtarh, ac ax-objolccar bcakâj
Iarbr` _onr÷`ar, ato. \, obsubcl`b`as `a cb vl`b, chs ohjtrbths `a cbs patrhcarbs hool`ajtbcas
aj Clflb jh pbrbfbj `a bukajtbr.
Ac bklsthsh bkflajta qua brtloucÿ ac astraonbklajth `a cbs racbolhjas aohjÿkloh-
phcëtlobs Clflb-Hool`ajta sa ragcamb aj ac fbòh `a nbcbihs qua raolflÿ Ib`bgl phr pbrta `a
kuonhs chs cë`aras aurhpahs `urbjta chs bòhs bjtarlhras b cb iuarrb `a 6522.
Gljbckajta, aj ac bòh 655< ac Cë`ar nlzh su prlkarb bpbrlolÿj aj cb Bsbkfcab Iajarbc `a
cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs y su `lsoursh jh nlzh htrb ohsb qua bglbjzbr ch qua th`hs yb sbfëbj=
qua jh sa ph`ëbj glbr `a cbs pbcbfrbs y ohj`uotbs `a uj parshjbma tbj `lsohr`bjta ohkhIb`bgl. Qjb vaz kâs, pasa b qua cb juavb atbpb `a ohcbfhrbolÿj ohj Hool`ajta `lsgrbzÿ chs
trb`lolhjbcas l`abcas aohjÿklohs `a cb Vavhcuolÿj bfrbzbj`h cbs phcëtlobs obpltbclstbs, y
pasa b qua tbjth ìc ohkh sus juavhs ohcaibs `a cb ohkujl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc ohj chs qua sa
oh`abfb sa khstrbfbj ajtuslbskb`hs ohj cbs rajhvb`bs y bklsthsbs racbolhjas, ac Iuëb `a
cb Vavhcuolÿj jh `agrbu`ÿ y rabclzÿ ujb ljtarvajolÿj qua brrakatëb `lraotbkajta ohjtrb chs
vastlilhs `ac lkparlbclskh hool`ajtbc.
_aòbcÿ cb ocbrb ohjtrb`loolÿj axlstajta ajtra chs prljolplhs guj`bolhjbcas `a cb HJQ
(Obrtb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs) y ac var`b`arh ph`ar `a ob`b ujh `a chs Astb`hs klakfrhs
aj cb hribjlzbolÿj. Klajtrbs aj chs prlkarhs sa bglrkb cb liubc`b` `a cbs jbolhjas, aj cb
prâotlob cbs ýjlobs `aolslhjas vljoucbjtas shj cbs qua b`hptb ac Ohjsamh `a _aiurl`b`,
ohkpuasth ýjlobkajta phr 21 klakfrhs `a uj thtbc `a 2<?. @a chs 21 ljtairbjtas, 1 shj
parkbjajtas= Astb`hs Qjl`hs, Irbj Fratbòb, Grbjolb, Vuslb y Onljb. _ÿch asths pbësas
tlajaj `araonh b vath, ch qua sa trb`uoa aj qua oubcqularb `a acchs tlaja ac ph`ar `a
pbrbclzbr ujlcbtarbckajta cbs `aolslhjas `ac Ohjsamh. B`akâs, th`bs cbs ka`l`bs qua ìsta
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b`hpta shj `a hfclib`h oukpclklajth pbrb ac rasth `a chs Astb`hs klakfrhs, ouyh pbpac
qua`b racaib`h b cb `aclfarbolÿj aj cb Bsbkfcab Iajarbc.
Aj su `lsoursh bjta cb HJQ ac cë`ar clflh orltloÿ cb busajolb `a ljgcuajolb `ac rasth `a
jbolhjas aj cbs rashcuolhjas b`hptb`bs phr ac Ohjsamh y `agaj`lÿ cb ljohkpbtlflcl`b` `ac
`araonh `a vath ohj chs prljolplhs `a cb Obrtb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs. Bglrkÿ qua –cbs
suparphtajolbs tlajaj ljtarasas kuj`lbcas ohkpcamhs y usbj ac `araonh `a vath pbrb
prhtaiar ashs ljtarasas‛22< y sa `asvljoucÿ (`a pbcbfrb) `a cbs `aolslhjas qua, b pbrtlr `a asa
khkajth, thkbsa ac Ohjsamh `a _aiurl`b`.
Pbkflìj bcu`lÿ b cb ohchjlzbolÿj aurhpab `ac ohjtljajta bgrlobjh pbrb axlilr
lj`akjlzbolhjas b chs pbësas ohchjlzb`hras, tbc ohkh nlolarb Ltbclb aj 655> oubj`h
Farcusohjl ccaih b uj bouar`h ohj Ib`bgl phr ac qua ohkpajsbrëb aohjÿklobkajta ac `bòh
obusb`h b chs clflhs phr cb houpbolÿj ltbclbjb.
Orltloÿ `urbkajta b cb HJQ phr th`bs cbs iuarrbs qua sa nbfëbj hrliljb`h trbs cb
ohjstltuolÿj `a cb hribjlzbolÿj y bousÿ bc Ohjsamh `a _aiurl`b` `a nbfar sakfrb`h ac
tarrhr y bpclob`h sbjolhjas ohjtrb chs prhplhs Astb`hs klakfrhs. Bcu`lÿ bc prljolplh `a jh
ljmarajolb aj chs bsujths `a htrhs pbësas y sa khstrÿ ohjtrbrlh b cbs ljvbslhjas `a Lrbd y
Bgibjlstâj. B tajhr `ac pbpac vltbc qua muiÿ cb HJQ aj cb bfhclolÿj `ac –ib`bglskh‛ ¡qulìj
ca nuflarb `lonh aj asa khkajth qua sus pbcbfrbs jh ph`rëbj sar kâs boartb`bs!
Ac Narkbjh Cë`ar ohjtljubfb orltlobj`h chs kaobjlskhs phcëtloh-aohjÿklohshool`ajtbcas ljocush `urbjta su astraonb racbolÿj ohj Hool`ajta parh, b cb vaz, sa `amÿ
klkbr phr cbs irbj`as ohrphrbolhjas, ibrbjtlzÿ ac sukljlstrh `ac patrÿcah b chs pbësas
hool`ajtbcas (aspaolbckajta Astb`hs Qjl`hs y Aurhpb, ouybs kuctljbolhjbcas sa nlolarhj
ohj ac iruash `ac patrÿcah clflh), raa`lgloÿ Clflb ohj byu`b `a akprasbs axtrbjmarbs a
ljvlrtlÿ aj kuctljbolhjbcas aurhpabs. Aj rasukaj, sa bclÿ ohj su trb`lolhjbc ajaklih qulaj,
ljoltb`h phr ac hchr b oru`h, hfvlÿ cb busajolb bfshcutb `a clfartb`as lj`lvl`ubcas y
ohcaotlvbs b cbs qua Ib`bgl shkatëb b su puafch.
1.0. Cb rabcl`b` `a uj rìilkaj `aoapolhjbjta
Ac fbcbjoa `ac kbj`bth ib`bglstb pbrb ac puafch clflh gua phsltlvh y jaibtlvh. Uhsltlvh
phrqua hthriÿ b chs olu`b`bjhs ujb kamhr obcl`b` `a vl`b qua bjtbòh. Jaibtlvh phrqua
pasa b cbs asparbjzbs qua iajarÿ ac Cë`ar bc ljlolh `a cb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7<, cb rabcl`b` `a
su rìilkaj gua cb busajolb thtbc `a `araonhs y clfartb`as. Klajtrbs tbjth, aj ac âkflth
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axtarlhr Ib`bgl sa ohkphrtÿ ohkh uj jlòh kbcorlb`h, `ambj`h ac `astljh `ac puafch clflh
aj kbjhs `a su obrâotar obprlonhsh, aihoìjtrloh y bjthmb`lzh.
Ubrb raobpltucbr, aj tìrkljhs oubjtltbtlvhs cb \bkbnlrlyb l`ab`b phr Ib`bgl prhphrolhjÿ
b chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs ujhs astâj`bras `a vl`b slijlglobtlvbkajta kbyhras `a chs qua
nbfëbj `lsgrutb`h nbstb ajthjoasxcl. Asth sa trb`umh aj ujb kamhr obcl`b` `a vl`b pbrb cb
kbyhrëb `a cb phfcbolÿj (bujqua phfra aj tìrkljhs oubcltbtlvhs) y, phr aj`a, aj ujb fbsa
bkpclb `a bphyh bc juavh ihflarjh.
Aj th`hs chs bspaoths, ljocul`h ac aohjÿkloh, ac Cë`ar sa phslolhjÿ ohjtrb ac clfarbclskh
hool`ajtbc, ccavbj`h b obfh ujb aohjhkëb pcbjlglob`b y `a guarta ljtarvajolhjlskh astbtbc
`urbjta cbs prlkarbs tras `ìob`bs, nbstb qua cbs jaoasl`b`as aohjÿklobs `ac pbës ca ccavbrhj
b astraonbr vëjouchs ohj sus trb`lolhjbcas ajaklihs.
Aj ac âkflth phcëtloh, brrakatlÿ ohjtrb cbs `akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs hool`ajtbcas phr
ohjsl`arbrcbs `lotb`urbs `lsgrbzb`bs y `agaj`lÿ cb \bkbnlrlyb ohkh ujb var`b`arb
`akhorbolb `lraotb aj cb qua, supuastbkajta, ac puafch amaroëb ac ph`ar slj ljtarka`lbrlhs.
_l Ib`bgl nuflasa sustltul`h ac tìrkljh –puafch‛ phr –yh‛, nuflasa `agljl`h ohj kâs
oartazb cb rabcl`b` `a su ljjhvb`hr Astb`h `a cbs kbsbs. Bc gljbc oraÿ uj Astb`h thtbcltbrlh
y rapraslvh obrajta `a oubcqular hr`aj caibc a ljstltuolhjbc qua ibrbjtlzbrb b chs olu`b`bjhs
ujb këjlkb ljtarvajolÿj aj chs bsujths pýfclohs y kajhs býj cas ohjoa`lasa `araonhs y
clfartb`as lj`lvl`ubcas y ohcaotlvhs, ujh `a chs guj`bkajths fâslohs `a chs slstakbs`akhorâtlohs a ihflarjh.
Ac Narkbjh Cë`ar astbfcaolÿ aj Clflb ujb buthorbolb ka`lbjta uj ohkpcamh ajtrbkb`h
`ac ph`ar phcëtloh obrbotarlzb`h phr cb amaouolÿj `a cbs ÿr`ajas `lraotbs `a Ib`bgl, ac
klstlolskh y cbs guartas ka`l`bs `a pravajolÿj y rapraslÿj `a cb hphslolÿj. Aj phobs
pbcbfrbs, guckljÿ th`b clfartb` phcëtlob a l`ahcÿilob y `htÿ `a chs raourshs aohjÿklohs y
sholbcas jaoasbrlhs b ujb shola`b` trb`lolhjbckajta `asljtairb`b. @a astb kbjarb, cbs
ka`l`bs ravhcuolhjbrlbs `ac Ihflarjh ib`bglstb olkajtbrhj uj ph`ar qua sa trb`umh aj uj
pbtrÿj `a ohj`uotb phr pbrta `a cb phfcbolÿj qua jujob obkflÿxcll= cb suklslÿj thtbc bc
ljlolbckajta bocbkb`h Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj.
xcl Nbfcbkhs `a qua cb sltubolÿj `a chs clflhs kamhrÿ slijlglobtlvbkajta ohj Ib`bgl ohj raspaoth b cb
qua nbfëbj vlvl`h bjtarlhrkajta y, shfra th`h, ohj ac ray L`rlss L. Uarh asth jh slijlglob qua chs
astâj`bras `a vl`b bcobjzbsaj ac jlvac `a cbs phtajolbs hool`ajtbcas, bujqua së phslolhjbrhj b clflb
ajtra chs pbësas `a acavb`h `asbrrhcch y cb ohjvlrtlarhj aj ujh `a chs pbësas bgrlobjhs ohj chs
kbyhras astâj`bras `a vl`b.xcll Nbstb, ocbrh astâ, cb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr `a 6522 qua ouckljÿ ohj ac bsasljbth `a Ib`bgl.
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Cbs tajslhjas ohjtljubs aj ac âkflth `a cb phcëtlob axtarlhr tbkflìj ohjtrlfuyarhj b cb
ohnaslÿj `ac puafch clflh aj thrjh b cb gliurb `a Ib`bgl, yb qua cb tajslÿj axtarjb
`lskljuyÿ cb obrib `a cb tajslÿj ljtarjb `ac pbës, bclkajtbj`h cb parpatubolÿj `a uj slstakb
`a ph`ar qua aj cb prâotlob rasuctÿ `aoapolhjbjta.
Ch qua sufyboa fbmh su hfsaslÿj `a guslhjbr Clflb ohj sus vaoljhs ârbfas prlkarh y
bgrlobjhs `aspuìs, as su pratajslÿj `a axphrtbr su kh`ach l`ahcÿiloh. Uhr ac ohjtrbrlh, ch
qua sufyboa fbmh su prhguj`h obrâotar bjtllkparlbclstb as su pratajslÿj `a ousth`lbr uj
kh`ach l`ahcÿiloh qua ca parkltëb ihfarjbr uj pbës ohkh qulaj b`kljlstrb uj nhibr. @a
bnë qua ac grbobsh `a sus `asahs pbjbrbflstbs y pbjbgrlobjlstbs sa ohjvlrtlasaj aj ujb
lkphrtbjta guajta `a grustrbolÿj y kbcastbr. \ `a bnë qua ac oaroh aohjÿkloh gruth `a su
ajaklstb` ohj Hool`ajta ca hfclibsa, ohjtrb th`h prhjÿstloh, b bfrlr cbs puartbs `ac
kbjbjtlbc patrhcëgarh clflh b bquacchs b chs qua `urbjta tbjths bòhs nbfëb orltlob`h
`urbkajta.
Bc gljbc, y aj tìrkljhs iajarbcas, cb asparbjzb`hrb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< jh gua ch qua
prhkatëb sar y chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs sa vlarhj ajvuacths aj uj slstakb l`ahcÿiloh y phcëtloh
qua cas lkpa`ëb ohjhoar cb rabcl`b` `ac kuj`h aj qua vlvëbj. Cb rapraslÿj phcëtlob, cb
oajsurb ljghrkbtlvb y cb rastrloolÿj `a `araonhs y clfartb`as fâslobs ajoarrbrhj b cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob clflb aj ujb furfumb aj cb qua ac tlakph sa `atuvh `urbjta tras `ìob`bs xclll. Astb
sltubolÿj prhvhoÿ qua chs olu`b`bjhs shch ohjtbsaj ohj cb ljghrkbolÿj qua ac rìilkaj casprhphrolhjbfb, bcih qua, avl`ajtakajta, bgaotÿ `a kbjarb `lraotb b cb ghrkbolÿj `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob.
Aj kl hpljlÿj, cb pbrolbc bparturb `ac `afbta y cb `lsouslÿj aj chs ka`lhs `a
ohkujlobolÿjxclv , qua tuvh cuibr aj chs ýctlkhs bòhs `ac kbj`bth ib`bglstb y qua sa
ohjoajtrÿ ohj aspaolbc ljtajsl`b` aj Ljtarjat (pasa b qua Ib`bgl oajsurbfb kuonhs `a chs
ohjtajl`hs `a cb ra`), ohjstltuya uj naonh kuy slijlglobtlvh aj cb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr, yb
qua ac booash b cb ljghrkbolÿj bccbjb ac obkljh b ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob orëtlob y obpbz `a
ajgrajtbrsa bc ph`ar. Ohkh sa suaca `aolr, ljghrkbolÿj as ph`ar, y aj ac obsh `ac puafch
clflh ac `lonh sa oukpclÿ bc `a`lcch.
xclll Bujqua Ib`bgl sa kbjtuvh kâs `a oubtrh `ìob`bs aj ac ph`ar, cbs tras prlkarbs guarhj cbs `a
kbyhr rastrloolÿj, yb qua `urbjta kâs h kajhs cb ýctlkb `ìob`b ac boarobklajth b Hool`ajta
prhvhoÿ ujb bparturb pbrolbc `ac pbës aj th`hs chs âkflths, `a ch qua `a`uzoh qua gua `urbjta astb
ýctlkb `ìob`b oubj`h chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs pu`larhj astbfcaoar uj ohjtboth kâs oarobjh ohj cb
rabcl`b` axtarjb bc pbës.xclv War pâiljb 01.
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7. CB HULJLßJ UÝFCLOB AJ CLFLB @QVBJPA AC VÌILKAJ
@A IB@BGLxcv
Cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as ac ohrbzÿj `a cb `akhorbolb h, phr `aolrch ohj htrbs pbcbfrbs, as cbghrkb slkfÿclob ocbva pbrb ihfarjbr aj `akhorbolb. \ as qua aj chs raiëkajas
`akhorâtlohs chs cë`aras phcëtlohs ihflarjbj phr ohjsajtlklajth (ohj ac ohjsajtlklajth `a
chs ihfarjb`hs) ka`lbjta ac akpcah `a ghrkbs slkfÿclobs `a ph`ar (cayas, jhrkbs,
ohjvajolhjas sholbcas…) qua th`hs bsuklkhs `a kbjarb jbturbc. Uhrqua cb `akhorbolb jh
as htrb ohsb qua ac ohjtrbth sholbc xcvl , ujb sarla `a ohj`lolhjas qua th`hs chs nhkfras
boaptbkhs lkpcëoltbkajta phr ac naonh `a vlvlr aj ohkujl`b`.
@ajtrh `ac ohjtrbth sholbc, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob sa ohjvlarta aj ac gbothr cailtlkb`hr `ac
ph`ar phcëtloh (`ac pbrtl`h `a turjh) bc acailr b sus raprasajtbjtas aj cbs urjbs. _lj hpljlÿj
pýfclob jh nby `akhorbolb, phrqua aj asta slstakb `a ihflarjh cb shfarbjëb rasl`a, aj
tahrëb, aj ac puafch, qua cb amaroa b trbvìs `a sus raprasajtbjtas. \ as cb hpljlÿj pýfclob, cb
vhz `ac puafch, qulaj aclia b ashs raprasajtbjtas. As phr asth qua bquacchs qua bsplraj b
bsuklr ac ph`ar `ac Astb`h `afarâj tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr.
Uarh, sl cb hpljlÿj pýfclob ohjstltuya chs olklajths ohj chs qua sa ohjstruyaj chs
raiëkajas `akhorâtlohs ¸quì pbpac tlaja ìstb aj chs astb`hs thtbcltbrlhs ohkh ac `a Ib`bgl8
7.2. Cb hpljlÿj `a cb iajta ohkýj y su ljgcuajolb aj ac ph`ar
Oubj`h nbfcbkhs `a hpljlÿj pýfclob jh ph`akhs ohjsuctbr uj kbjubc h ajolochpa`lb `hj`a
ajohjtrbr ujb `agljlolÿj ohjoratb y boaptb`b phr th`hs. _a trbtb `a uj ohjoapth `a `lgëolc
`agljlolÿj phr `hs khtlvhs guj`bkajtbcas= phr uj cb`h, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob nb sl`h
astu`lb`b b ch cbrih `a cb nlsthrlb `as`a kuy `lvarshs âkflths, tbjths, ohkh `lsolpcljbs
bfbrobj su astu`lh (phcëtlob, pslohchiëb, sholhchiëb, aohjhkëb, pufclol b`…)4 phr htrh, astbjholÿj as ljtarpratb`b phr chs ph`arhshs aj fbsa b sus prhplhs ljtarasas, pbrb qua fajaglola
b su ihflarjh, b su ka`lh, ato. \ as qua ac ohjoapth `a hpljlÿj pýfclob astâ astraonbkajta
xcv Ac kbroh taÿrloh-ragarajolbc `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ac qua sa ajoub`rb asta obpëtuch sa fbsb
shfra th`h aj cb hfrb `a Wëothr _bkpa`rh Fcbjoh, oltb`b aj cb flfclhirbgëb, fbmh ac tëtuch Hpljlÿj
pýfclob y `akhorbolb `aclfarbtlvb= ka`lhs, shj ahs y urjbs .
xcvl Ka raglarh bquë bc Ohjtrbth _holbc `a Mabj-Mboquas Vhussabu, aj ac qua bglrkb qua pbrb vlvlr aj
shola`b` chs nhkfras glrkbj uj ohjtrbth sholbc lkpcëolth qua cas hthrib ujb sarla `a `araonhs. Uarhb obkflh `afaj rajujolbr b cb clfartb` `a cb qua `lsphj`rëbj aj ac astb`h jbturbc.
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vljoucb`h bc `a ph`ar . Ohkh bglrkb Oâj`l`h Khjzÿj, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as uj ohjoapth
–ohjgush, ohkpcamh, phclsìkloh y guartakajta ohj`lolhjb`h phr cbs `lstljtbs parspaotlvbs
aj cbs qua sa sltýbj chs astu`lhshs `ac takb‛265.
Aj iajarbc, sa pua`a `agljlr b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob ohkh cb hpljlÿj `a cb iajta ohkýj (jh
shj axparths jl ihfarjbjtas) qua `afa sar tajl`b aj ouajtb phr qulajas amaroaj ac ph`ar h
qularaj amaroarch aj pýfcloh262. \ `afa sar tajl`b aj ouajtb phrqua ohjstltuya ac
guj`bkajth qua cailtlkb b chs phcëtlohs pbrb ihfarjbr aj `akhorbolb. Astbs hpljlhjas `a cb
iajta ohkýj ohjghrkbj cb pujtb `ac loafari `a uj ohjmujth `a pra`lsphslolhjas brrblib`bs
aj ob`b lj`lvl`uh y qua shj ac rasuctb`h `a cb sukb `a sus vbchras, botltu`as y asquakbs
ohijltlvhs (astarahtlphs h ohjvajolhjas). Astbs pra`lsphslolhjas sa vbj ghrmbj`h aj ob`b
ujh `a jhshtrhs b ch cbrih `a juastrb vl`b aj gujolÿj `a chs `lgarajtas ohjtaxths aj chs qua
jhs `asbrrhccbkhs (oucturb, raclilÿj, âkflth gbklclbr, a`uobolÿj, ato.). Cbs hpljlhjas shj,
puas, ac rasuctb`h `a asbs pra`lsphslolhjas qua b su vaz ohjstltuyaj chs phrquìs `a cbs
hpljlhjas.
Bc gljbc, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj su ohjmujth sa trbjsghrkb aj ac aspbolh sholbc `a
`aclfarbolÿj `hj`a sa `afbtaj chs takbs `a ljtarìs ohcaotlvh qua jhs bgaotbj b th`hs.
Pakbs qua sarâj kâs h kajhs vlslfcas saiýj cb lkphrtbjolb qua cas btrlfuybj chs iasthras
`a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob (phcëtlohs, ka`lhs a ljstltuths `a shj`ahs). \ ìsths bslijbrâj ujb
kbyhr h kajhr vlslflcl`b` b chs takbs `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj gujolÿj `a sus prhplhsljtarasas. Uhcëtlohs, ka`lhs a ljstltuths `a shj`ahs iastlhjbj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob phrqua
tlajaj ac ph`ar pbrb astbfcaoar chs takbs `a `afbta phpucbr ka`lbjta cb lkphslolÿj `a
biaj`bs phcëtlobs y ka`lâtlobs, chs prlkarhs, y ka`lbjta cb kbjlpucbolÿjxcvll slstakâtlob ‟
ajtaj`l`b ohkh –`lsthrslÿj `a cb var`b`‟ `a cbs ajouastbs y chs shj`ahs qua raohiaj cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob, chs saiuj`hs.
Cb parspaotlvb ljstltuolhjbc `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as shfra cb qua sa sustajtbj cbs
`akhorbolbs kh`arjbs `a cb botubcl`b` y sa ajouajtrb kuy prÿxlkb b ohjoapths ohkh cb
shfarbjëb, cb vhcujtb` iajarbc, cbs clfartb`as pýfclobs, cb pbrtlolpbolÿj y cb raprasajtbolÿj. \
as qua, tbc y ohkh bglrkbfb @bvl` Nuka, th`h ihflarjh sa fbsb aj cb hpljlÿj= –jb`b
rasuctb tbj shrpraj`ajta (…) qua cb gbolcl`b` ohj qua ujhs phohs ihflarjbj b kuonhs . \ cb
`holcl`b` lkpcëoltb ohj qua chs nhkfras shkataj sus prhplhs sajtlklajths y pbslhjas b chs
xcvll Ohkh sa axpclob aj ac prlkar obpëtuch `ac taxth, cb kbyhrëb `a ajouastbs y shj`ahs qua raohiaj
cb hpljlÿj pýfclob shfra uj takb `atarkljb`h, ra`uoaj cb hpljlÿj `a chs olu`b`bjhs b phroajtbmas,
ch qua `b cuibr b ujb sukb `a hpljlhjas lj`lvl`ubcas biraib`bs qua sa bcambj `a cb hpljlÿj pýfcloborëtlob y rabc `a cb shola`b`.
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`a sus ihfarjbjtas. (…) chs ihfarjbjtas jh tlajaj jb`b qua cas shstajib axoapth cb
hpljlÿj. Ac ihflarjh, puas, sa guj`b sÿch aj cb hpljlÿj‛266 (Nuka, 2<7?).
Bsë, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob sa ohjvlarta aj cb ghrkb slkfÿclob ocbva pbrb ihfarjbr aj
`akhorbolb. As ac acakajth lj`lspajsbfca qua prhphrolhjb b chs ihfarjbjtas
(raprasajtbjtas `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob) ac ohjsajtlklajth `a chs ihfarjb`hs (`a qulajas
akbjb cb shfarbjëb) pbrb qua bquìcchs amarzbj ac ph`ar ka`lbjta cb raprasajtbolÿj `a chs
ljtarasas `a ìsths. As ch qua Kbx Yafar `ajhkljbfb ihfarjbr phr ohjsajtlklajth. \ as qua
kbj`br lkpclob khvlclzbr chs raourshs bmajhs, qua shj prhpla`b` `ac puafch, ac biajta `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob, phr ch qua as jaoasbrlh, bc kajhs, ohjtbr ohj su ohjsajtlklajth26?.
Aj cbs `akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs (cb ghrkb `a ihflarjh kbyhrltbrlb aj cb botubcl`b`)
chs cë`aras phcëtlohs utlclzbj ac ph`ar slkfÿcloh pbrb ihfarjbr. Jhrkbs, cayas y
ohjvajolhjas sholbcas qua chs ihfarjb`hs bsuklkhs `a ghrkb jbturbc y ka`lbjta cbs oubcas
chs ihfarjbjtas shj obpboas `a ljtarvajlr aj ac trbjsoursh `a chs bohjtaolklajths pbrb
ljgculr aj cbs boolhjas `a chs `akâs (`ac puafch) y gbfrlobr rabcl`b`as qua rasphj`arâj b
ujhs ljtarasas `atarkljb`hs. Aj tahrëb, asths ljtarasas `afarëbj ohrrasphj`arsa ohj chs
ljtarasas `ac puafch, parh cb hfsarvbolÿj akpërlob nb `akhstrb`h, b ch cbrih `a cb nlsthrlb,
qua aj cb kbyhrëb `a chs obshs prlkbj chs ljtarasas aohjÿklohs y phcëtlohs shfra chs
ljtarasas olu`b`bjhs.
Uhr tbjth, chs cë`aras phcëtlohs `a cbs `akhorbolbs kh`arjbs `afarâj tajar aj ouajtb b cbhpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr y, pbrb acch, `afaj utlclzbr ghrkbs slkfÿclobs `a ph`ar.
Ìstbs, b su vaz, sa kbtarlbclzbj b trbvìs `a cbs urjbs, chs ka`lhs y chs shj`ahs. Cbs urjbs
ohjvlartaj bc olu`b`bjh aj vhtbjta, as ac slstakb qua prhphrolhjbj cbs `akhorbolbs
raprasajtbtlvbs bc puafch pbrb qua amarzb ac ph`ar, uj ph`ar qua sa trbjsghrkb aj ac
ohjsajtlklajth b chs ihfarjbjtas pbrb qua raprasajtaj chs ljtarasas `a cbs kbsbs.
_liulaj`h chs ohjoapths `a Wëothr _bkpa`rh260 `a –asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc‛ vs –asgarbs
pýfclobs parlgìrlobs‛ y `a –hpljlÿj pýfclob biraib`b‛ vs –hpljlÿj pýfclob `lsourslvb‛, chs
ka`lhs hthribj ac aspbolh `a vlslflcl`b` (asgarb pýfclobxcvlll oajtrbc) b chs takbs qua `afbta cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob, klajtrbs qua chs shj`ahs raohiaj, `a kh`h sasib`h, cbs hpljlhjas `a cb
iajta ohkýj (hpljlÿj pýfclob) shfra chs takbs qua sa nbj `afbtl`h. \ `lih `a kh`h
xcvlll Ac ohjoapth `a asgarbs pýfclobs nboa ragarajolb b aspbolhs, gëslohs h vlrtubcas, `a `aclfarbolÿj
sholbc, aspbolhs `a `afbta ohcaotlvh shfra chs bsujths pýfclohs. Uua`a sar uj fbr `hj`a sa `lsoutaj
ohj chs bklihs cbs ýctlkbs phcëtlobs `ac ihflarjh, ujb obsb `hj`a sa `afbta ohj cb gbklclb oÿkh sa
astâ iastlhjbj`h cb orlsls aj Aurhpb, h uj ghrh aj Ljtarjat `hj`a chs usubrlhs `aglaj`aj ac `araonhb cb a`uobolÿj pýfclob.
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sasib`h phrqua cbs hpljlhjas shj gâolckajta kbjlpucbfcas b trbvìs `a cbs ajouastbs, qua
ra`uoaj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob b phroajtbmas y `ambj `a cb`h chs phrquìs (pra`lsphslolhjas) `a
asbs hpljlhjas.
@a astb kbjarb, bc gljbc jhs ajohjtrbkhs ohj qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob qua trbjskltaj chs
ka`lhs as ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob ra`uol`b y gbcsab`b, ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob ljstltuolhjbclzb`b
qua phoh h jb`b tlaja qua var ohj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `lsourslvb y rabc qua hparb aj cbs
asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs h aspbolhs saouj`brlhs `a `aclfarbolÿj ohcaotlvb. Jhs sltubkhs,
puas, grajta b ujb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc, ac cuibr `hj`a chs ljtarasas ohcaotlvhs b`qularaj
vlslflcl`b` guj`bkajtbckajta b trbvìs `a chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj, y ohj kýctlpcas
asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs, aj cbs qua hparb cb shola`b` olvlc, hribjlzbolhjas, ljstltuolhjas,
bsholbolhjas, ato. iajarb`bs `a ghrkb butÿjhkb ohj raspaoth bc ph`ar y qua jh qularaj
amaroarch sljh ljgculr aj ìc. Cb shola`b` olvlc raprasajtb chs ljtarasas rabcas `a cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob `lsourslvb, iajarb`b b trbvìs `ac `afbta, y hparb aj cbs asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs,
trbtbj`h `a ohcbrsa aj cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc pbrb ibjbr vlslflcl`b`. Bsë, cbs asgarbs
pýfclobs parlgìrlobs `aflarbj jutrlr b cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc pbrb qua chs takbs qua
rabckajta bgaotbj bc puafch b`qularbj vlslflcl`b` aj ac irbj asoajbrlh `a cb shola`b`, cb
asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc.
_lj akfbrih, aj cb rabcl`b`, cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc qua`b aj kbjhs `a chs iasthras `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob, qua utlclzbj raourshs y astrbtailbs pbrb `asvlbr cb btajolÿj `a cbs kbsbsnbolb chs takbs qua b acchs cas ljtarasb qua sa `afbtbj. _liulaj`h b Wëothr _bkpa`rh261, asth
hourra oubj`h cb asgarb sholbc (Astb`h y karob`h, ph`ar phcëtloh y ph`ar aohjÿkloh)
ohchjlzb cb asgarb pýfclob iajarbj`h, raspaotlvbkajta, shola`b`as ohcaotlvlstbs y `a
obpltbclskh sbcvbma. Ac rasuctb`h as qua chs pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs y cbs akprasbs
ljstrukajtbclzbj cbs bsholbolhjas olvlcas, chs ka`lhs y chs shj`ahs `ambj`h cb asgarb pýfclob
oajtrbc aj kbjhs `a cb ocbsa phcëtlob y chs iruphs aohjÿklohs, `a kbjarb qua, ccavb`h bc
axtrakh, sa ohjstruya ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob hglolbc (ljstltuolhjbclzb`b) qua kbriljb cb orëtlob
h cb ohjvlarta aj karobjoëb trlvlbc y ajibòhsb. Asth sa `b ohj uj kbyhr h kajhr jlvac `a
ljtajsl`b` aj cbs `akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs qua ihflarjbj aj cb botubcl`b` cb ljkajsb
kbyhrëb `a chs pbësas, phrqua as ljjaibfca qua aj astb ghrkb `a ihflarjh chs ph`arhshs
utlclzbj th`hs chs raourshs b su bcobjoa pbrb kbjlpucbr b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj gujolÿj `a
ujhs ljtarasas `atarkljb`hs.
Uhr tbjth, aj cbs `akhorbolbs raprasajtbtlvbs ac ph`ar amarol`h phr ac puafch sa ra`uoa b
cbs hpljlhjas pýfclobs biraib`bs (sukb`bs) y kbtarlbclzb`bs aj cbs urjbs, b trbvìs `a cbs
oubcas chs olu`b`bjhs hstajtbj cb buthrl`b` pbrb `astltulr `a su obrih b bquacchs cë`aras
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phcëtlohs qua jh nbybj vacb`h phr chs ljtarasas ohcaotlvhs. As phr asta klskh khtlvh phr ac
qua chs ihfarjbjtas jaoasltbj tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob y utlclzbj ac ph`ar
slkfÿcloh pbrb ljgculr aj accb gbfrlobj`h rabcl`b`as qua rasphj`aj b ljtarasas bmajhs b chs
`ac puafch.
Jh hfstbjta, `afakhs tajar aj ouajtb qua aj bciujbs hobslhjas cb shola`b` olvlc chirb
lkphjarsa aj cb asgarb pýflob oajtrbc phjlaj`h aj avl`ajolb cb botubolÿj `a chs ph`aras y
`astbpbj`h asoâj`bchs qua `bj bc trbsta ohj chs pcbjas `a qulajas jhs ihflarjbj. _a trbtb
`ac kh`ach `a ph`ar `ajhkljb`h acltlskh ljstltuolhjbc , aj ac qua axlsta uj booash `asliubc `a
chs `lgarajtas iruphs sholbcas b cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc, yb qua cbs ghrkbs slkfÿclobs `a
ph`ar prlvlcailbj b chs ph`arhshs qua tlajaj kâs raourshs pbrb booa`ar b chs ka`lhs y
nboarsa vlslfcas lkphjlaj`h sus ljtarasas. Uarh aj asta kh`ach axlstaj irlatbs phr cbs qua,
aj hobslhjas, asobpbj irbj`as `hsls `a rabcl`b` qua cbs ìcltas jh pua`aj ohjtrhcbr y shj
bsukl`bs `a kbjarb `lraotb phr cb hpljlÿj pýfclob. Uhr tbjth, axlsta uj –ph`ar racbtlvh `a
chs iruphs sholbcas pbrb oajtrbr ac `afbta aj takbs `a su ljtarìs‛267.
Bnhrb flaj, sl cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as cb ghrkb slkfÿclob ocbva pbrb ihfarjbr aj
`akhorbolb, ¸quì hourra ohj chs raiëkajas thtbcltbrlhs ohkh ac `a Ib`bgl8 ¸Ìc tbkflìj
tuvh qua tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr8 ¸Axlsta cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj
uj rìilkaj buthorâtloh ohkh ac ib`bglstb, aj ac qua jh nbfëb pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs jl clfartb`
`a ljghrkbolÿj8 \, `a sar bsë ¸oÿkh ljgcuyÿ cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ac kbjtajlklajth `acph`ar `a Ib`bgl y, kâs tbr`a, aj su `arrhtb8
7.6. Cb hpljlÿj pýfclob raprlkl`b
Grajta b chs buthrltbrlskhs y thtbcltbrlskhs, aj uj slstakb `akhorâtloh `a ihflarjh ac
ph`ar qua amaroaj chs raprasajtbjtas (ihfarjbjtas) shfra ac puafch (ihfarjb`hs) qua`b
cailtlkb`h aj cbs urjbs. B trbvìs `ac vhth cbs kbsbs prhphrolhjbj ac ohjsajtlklajth b chs
cë`aras phcëtlohs pbrb qua hstajtaj ac ph`ar qua hrliljbckajta ca ohrrasphj`a bc _hfarbjh,
bc puafch (as ac ohjtrbth sholbc `a Vhussabu). _lj akfbrih, –chs `lotb`hras tbkflìj
parkbjaoaj btajths b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob, raprlklaj`h cb hphslolÿj pýfclob h ra`uolìj`hcb b
`lsajtlklajth prlvb`h, btrbyìj`hsa b chs iruphs `a hpljlÿj kâs ph`arhshs ohkh bclb`hs y
ohkprbj`h cb suklslÿj `ac rasth. Aj obsh ohjtrbrlh, sa brrlasibj b uj cavbjtbklajth
phpucbr h b uj ihcpa `a Astb`h‛269. Ohkh varakhs, asth as, praolsbkajta, ch qua nlzh
Ib`bgl `urbjta su kbj`bth aj Clflb.
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Ohkh sa nb axpclob`h bjtas, sl cb shola`b` olvlc raprasajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob rabc y
`lsourslvb, qua trbtb `a ljgculr aj ac ph`ar pbrb vacbr phr chs ljtarasas `a chs `lgarajtas
iruphs sholbcas qua jh tlajaj chs raourshs jaoasbrlhs pbrb nboarsa vlslfcas aj cb asgarb
pýfclob oajtrbc, ph`akhs `a`uolr qua aj cb Clflb `a Ib`bgl jh nbfëb shola`b` olvlc h, bc
kajhs, parkbjaoëb houctb, aj cb ka`l`b aj qua nbfëb ujb busajolb thtbc `a ljstltuolhjas y
hribjlzbolhjas qua clkltbrbj ac ph`ar `ac Narkbjh Cë`ar h pu`larbj slqularb amaroar uj
këjlkh bflskh `a orëtlob.
Cb phcëtlob rapraslvb `a Ib`bgl prhnlfëb, phr cay, oubcqular orëtlob b chs vbchras `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< y th`b vhz hphslthrb arb, ohkh nakhs vlsth, raprlkl`b phr cb guarzb
ka`lbjta cb thrturb, ac ajobroacbklajth a ljocush cb pajb `a kuarta. Aj ohjtrbphslolÿj bc
ihflarjh phr ohjsajtlklajth, Ib`bgl ihfarjbfb phr shkatlklajth, ka`lbjta ac raoursh b cb
guarzb qua sa kbtarlbclzb aj cb rapraslÿj y cb vlhcajolb. As cb ghrkb `a ihflarjh tëplob `a chs
raiëkajas thtbcltbrlhs.
Cbs rastrlotlvbs ka`l`bs thkb`bs phr ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj aj ac âkflth `a chs
`araonhs y clfartb`as, tbjth lj`lvl`ubcas ohkh ohcaotlvhs, sa trb`umarhj aj ujb busajolb `a
iasthras `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob. Cb prhnlflolÿj `a chs pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs y cb jbolhjbclzbolÿj
`a chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj, mujth ohj cb busajolb thtbc `a clfartb` ljghrkbtlvb, `ambrhj
ac ph`ar phcëtloh aj kbjhs `a cb ìclta (Ib`bgl y su oërouch kâs oarobjh) y slrvlarhj bc
rìilkaj ohkh narrbklajtb pravajtlvb b oubcqular hphslolÿj l`ahcÿilob. @aspuìs, cbrapraslÿj phr cb guarzb y cb oajsurb ljghrkbtlvb ajtarrbrhj cb clfartb` `a axpraslÿj `a ujb
hpljlÿj pýfclob qua hfclibthrlbkajta tuvh qua parkbjaoar saoratb pbrb ac ph`ar phcëtloh y
qua, `a kbjlgastbrsa, ch nbrëb axocuslvbkajta aj ac âkflth prlvb`h (asgarb prlvb`b).
Uhr tbjth, bjta cb busajolb `a shola`b` olvlc y `a asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs `a
`aclfarbolÿj ohcaotlvb jhs ajohjtrbkhs ohj ujb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc shkatl`b
ëjtairbkajta b chs ljtarasas `a cb asgarb sholbc (Astb`h y karob`h) qua, ohj Ib`bgl,
guslhjbfb chs ph`aras phcëtloh y aohjÿkloh aj kbjhs `a cb klskb parshjb. Bsë puas, chs
takbs `a `afbta `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob qua`bfbj ra`uol`hs bc ljtarìs `ac cë`ar, qua phsaëb uj
ohjtrhc thtbc shfra chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj.
As ac kh`ach `a ph`ar `ajhkljb`h acltlskh purh y qua, b `lgarajolb `ac acltlskh ljstltuolhjbc ,
sa `aglja phrqua cb vl`b phcëtlob y chs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj astâj ohjtrhcb`hs aj uj
olaj phr olajth phr chs ph`aras phcëtloh y aohjÿkloh, `a kbjarb qua slakpra shj cbs ìcltas
cbs qua lkphjaj chs takbs shfra chs qua `afbta cb hpljlÿj pýfclob (aj ac acltlskh
ljstltuolhjbc ac ohjtrhc `a cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc phr pbrta `a cbs ocbsas `lrliajtas jh as
thtbc, sljh qua aj hobslhjas cb shola`b` olvlc chirb lkphjarsa a ljgculr aj ac ph`ar).
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_lj akfbrih, ¸jh astbfcaoëb cb \bkbnlrlyb aj ac Clfrh War`a `a Ib`bgl ujb `akhorbolb
`lraotb ohkh ghrkb `a ihflarjh aj Clflb8 ¸Jh arbj cbs bsbkfcabs phpucbras ac cuibr `hj`a
sa thkbfbj cbs `aolslhjas shfra chs bsujths phcëtlohs `ac pbës8 ¸Uh`akhs `aolr ajthjoas
qua aj Clflb th`hs chs olu`b`bjhs ljtarvajëbj aj cb thkb `a `aolslhjas (bsukëbj ac ph`ar)
b trbvìs `a cbs bsbkfcabs phpucbras y chs ohkltìs `ac puafch8
As olarth qua Ib`bgl `agaj`ëb cb `akhorbolb `lraotb (`akhorbolb iajuljb h jbturbc,
ohkh ìc cb `ajhkljbfb) aj ohjtrbphslolÿj b cb `akhorbolb raprasajtbtlvb `a Hool`ajta y
bglrkbfb qua cbs `aolslhjas shfra chs takbs ohcaotlvhs sa thkbfbj aj asbs psau`h-
ljstltuolhjas phcëtlobs qua `ajhkljÿ bsbkfcabs phpucbras, ohkltìs `ac puafch y Ohjirash
Iajarbc `ac Uuafch. B `lgarajolb `a cb `akhorbolb raprasajtbtlvb, qua prlkb cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob biraib`b (sukb `a cbs hpljlhjas lj`lvl`ubcas) btaj`laj`h b cb kbyhrëb (raicb `a cb
kbyhrëb aj cbs `akhorbolbs), cb `akhorbolb `lraotb ohjoa`a ac prhtbihjlskh b cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob `lsourslvb qua suria `ac `afbta olu`b`bjh y tlaj`a b ohjsajshs bjtaphjlaj`h ac
ljtarìs pýfcloh y/h ohcaotlvh b chs ljtarasas lj`lvl`ubcas, bcih qua jh hourra ohj cbs
`akhorbolbs hool`ajtbcas qua sa fbsbj axocuslvbkajta aj cb sukb `a hpljlhjas lj`lvl`ubcas
aj cbs qua pravbcaoa ac ljtarìs prhplh.
Ajthjoas, sl cbs rashcuolhjas shfra chs bsujths pýfclohs aj cb Clflb `a Ib`bgl jboëbj `ac
ohjsajsh olu`b`bjh aj cbs bsbkfcabs phpucbras qua lkpclob, jaoasbrlbkajta, uj prhoash `a
`afbta, `a `aclfarbolÿj, `afarëbj phr tbjth axlstlr asgarbs pýfclobs saouj`brlbs `a `afbtasholbc aj cbs qua sa `lsoutlrëbj chs takbs `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob qua phstarlhrkajta sa
ccavbrëbj b cbs bsbkfcabs y ohkltìs phpucbras pbrb, gljbckajta, kbtarlbclzbrsa aj ghrkb `a
cailscbolÿj aj ac Ohjirash Iajarbc. Jhs ajohjtrbrëbkhs ajthjoas bjtas uj kh`ach `a
ph`ar aj ac qua chs takbs `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob sa iajarbrëbj b trbvìs `a uj prhoash qua
ohklajzb aj cbs asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs y ouckljb aj cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc (cbs
prlkarbs jutraj b cb saiuj`b). Aj ac obsh `a Clflb, asb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc astbrëb
ohjstltul`b phr cbs bsbkfcabs, chs ohkltìs y ac Ohjirash Iajarbc.
Uhr tbjth, sl ac Cë`ar clflh lkpcbjtÿ ujb `akhorbolb `lraotb aj ac pbës, ¸oÿkh as phslfca
qua jh nuflasa shola`b` olvlc, jl asgarbs pýfclobs parlgìrlobs, jl iasthras `a cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob8 Uhrqua, `as`a cuaih, ujb `akhorbolb `lraotb lkpclob cb axlstajolb `a ujb shola`b`
olvlc qua hpara aj cbs asgarbs pýfclobs saouj`brlbs, qua botýa `a ghrkb lj`apaj`lajta ohj
raspaoth b chs ph`aras, pbrb qua chs olu`b`bjhs pua`bj booa`ar b uj tlph `a ljghrkbolÿj
bcamb`b `a cb ljstltuolhjbc, `a cb hglolbc, uj tlph `a ljghrkbolÿj orëtlob b pbrtlr `a cb oubc
pua`b iajarbrsa ac `afbta sholbc. Cb raspuastb astâ ocbrb, cb `akhorbolb `lraotb `a Ib`bgl
gua, aj cb prâotlob, uj grbu`a thtbc.
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Bjta cb busajolb `a shola`b` olvlc, bjta cb prhnlflolÿj `a pbrtl`hs phcëtlohs (clfartb`
l`ahcÿiloh-phcëtlob) y bjta cb gbctb `a clfartb`as `a axpraslÿj y prajsb ¸ohj quì ljghrkbolÿj
ohjtbfb cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb pbrb `afbtlr chs bsujths ohcaotlvhs8 Uuas ýjlob y
axocuslvbkajta ohj cb qua ca prhphrolhjbfbj cbs guajtas hglolbcas. @a astb kbjarb, buj
pbrtlaj`h `a cb nlpÿtasls `a qua rabckajta cbs `aolslhjas ohcaotlvbs surilasaj `ac `afbta
olu`b`bjh aj cbs bsbkfcabs phpucbras, ¸oÿkh ph`rëbj chs clflhs thkbr `aolslhjas prhplbs
ohj ujb ljghrkbolÿj tbj rastrljil`b8
_lkpcakajta jh ph`rëbj. Astb as cb prlkarb olroujstbjolb, cb rastrloolÿj ljghrkbtlvb
suril`b `a cb oajsurb y ac ohjtrhc ka`lâtloh, qua `akuastrb qua Clflb, fbmh ac kbj`bth `a
Ib`bgl, jh pu`h gujolhjbr ohkh ujb var`b`arb `akhorbolb, jl `lraotb, jl `a htrb ocbsa,
phrqua pbrb qua axlstb `akhorbolb `afa axlstlr uj gcumh ohjtljuh y natarhiìjah `a
ljghrkbolÿj qua ohjstltuya ujb fbsa lkprasolj`lfca pbrb cb ragcaxlÿj shfra oubcqular takb.
Ac saiuj`h naonh, saòbcb`h pâiljbs btrâs, as qua aj cb prâotlob cbs bsbkfcabs y chs
ohkltìs phpucbras jh gujolhjbfbj tbc y ohkh sa prasajtbfbj aj ac Clfrh War`a . B`akâs `a
qua cbs `aolslhjas lkphrtbjtas jujob sa thkbfbj aj asths hribjlskhs, astbfbj ohhptb`hs
phr chs raprasajtbjtas trlfbcas y chs olu`b`bjhs `a b pla jl slqularb sbfëbj, kuonbs vaoas,
quì slijlglobfb h pbrb quì sarvëb asta h bquac ohkltì. Chs raprasajtbjtas trlfbcas arbj chs
cë`aras `a cbs trlfus, qua jaiholbfbj ohj ac ph`ar phcëtloh cbs ohj`lolhjas kâs vajtbmhsbs
pbrb chs suyhs y arbj chs ýjlohs qua ljgcuëbj `a bciujb kbjarb aj cbs `aolslhjas quab`hptbfb ac Narkbjh Cë`ar. @a kbjarb qua bc gljbc ujb paquaòb ìclta arb cb qua `aol`ëb
shfra chs bsujths pýfclohs, klajtrbs qua bc rasth sa ca bsaiurbfb astbr vlvlaj`h fbmh uj
slstakb phcëtloh `a butìjtlob `akhorbolb y jh ohkh cbs `akhorbolbs hool`ajtbcas qua shj,
aj pbcbfrbs `a Ib`bgl, `lotb`urbs qua sa houctbj fbmh uj `lsgrbz `akhorâtloh.
Uhr tbjth, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj Clflb `urbjta ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl parkbjaolÿ
guartakajta raprlkl`b. \ as qua slj iasthras `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob (phcëtlohs y ka`lhs), slj
shola`b` olvlc, slj asgarbs pýfclobs saouj`brlbs, slj clfartb` `a ljghrkbolÿj jl axpraslÿj y
ohj ujb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc aj kbjhs `ac ph`ar phcëtloh, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob orëtlob y rabc
`a ujb shola`b` jh tlaja ka`lhs pbrb axprasbrsa jl nboar vlslfca bflartbkajta.
Wakhs, puas, qua aj chs ihflarjhs thtbcltbrlhs chs cë`aras phcëtlohs tbkflìj tlajaj qua
tajar aj ouajtb, bujqua aj kajhr ka`l`b qua aj cbs `akhorbolbs, b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb
ihfarjbr, aspaolbckajta pbrb pravajlr cavbjtbklajths phpucbras h ihcpas `a Astb`h. Uarh
tbkflìj `afaj parkbjaoar btajths b accb pbrb raprlklr b cb hphslolÿj, btrbar b chs iruphs
kâs ph`arhshs ‟ aj ac obsh `a Clflb asta iruph ch raprasajtbj chs cë`aras trlfbcas ‟ y
ohkprbr cb suklslÿj `ac rasth ‟ ch qua Ib`bgl nlzh ka`lbjta cb prhpbibj`b `ac rìilkaj ‟ .
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_l cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh `urbjta ac kbj`bth `a Ib`bgl astuvh tbj
guartakajta shkatl`b bc `hkljlh phcëtloh ¸Uhr quì jh sa prh`umh ujb rafaclÿj phpucbr
bjtas `ac 65228
7.?. Cb parpatubolÿj `a uj rìilkaj
_hj `lvarshs chs gbothras qua parkltlarhj bc Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj kbjtajarsa aj ac ph`ar
`urbjta tbjth tlakph. Ph`hs acchs astâj, aj kbyhr h kajhr ka`l`b, vljoucb`hs b cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs. Uhrqua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob as ac acakajth qua
sustajtb cbs `akhorbolbs, parh tbkflìj `afa sar tajl`b aj ouajtb aj chs raiëkajas
thtbcltbrlhs pbrb sbcvbiubr`br ac hr`aj phcëtloh `a th`b sufcavbolÿj phpucbr. \ ash gua,
praolsbkajta, ch qua ohjsliulÿ Ib`bgl b ch cbrih `a sus kâs `a oubtrh `ìob`bs `a
buthorbolb, ibrbjtlzbr ac kbjtajlklajth `a uj slstakb `a ihflarjh ouyhs chirhs ljlolbcas
olkajtbrhj uj pbtrÿj `a ohj`uotb phpucbr qua tbr`ÿ kuonhs bòhs aj rafacbrsa ohjtrb cb
kbjh tlrâjlob `ac Cë`ar.
Aj prlkar cuibr nby qua `astbobr chs gbothras nlstÿrlohs. Vaohr`akhs qua clflb nb sl`h
slakpra uj asoajbrlh `a ohjgcloths y sus olu`b`bjhs nbj tajl`h qua cuonbr ohjtrb
ljvbslhjas y houpbolhjas axtrbjmarbs `as`a nboa slichs. @a naonh, Clflb ohkh pbës
lj`apaj`lajta jh tlaja kâs `a 76 bòhs. As cÿiloh, phr tbjth, qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob saajtraibsa b uj Cë`ar qua raprasajtbfb b cb Clflb lj`apaj`lajta, ujb Clflb qua nbfëb astb`h
trb`lolhjbc y slstakâtlobkajta shkatl`b bc ph`ar phcëtloh `a pbësas axtrbjmarhs.
Aj saiuj`h cuibr, cb pufclol`b` y prhpbibj`b `ac rìilkaj aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh, ohj
cbs kamhrbs sustbjolbcas aj cbs ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b `a cb phfcbolÿj aj iajarbc, parkltlÿ bc
Cë`ar raobfbr ujb bkpclb fbsa `a bphyh ljlolbc qua sa kbjtaj`rëb shch aj pbrta b ch cbrih
`ac tlakph yb qua, ohkh varakhs kâs b`acbjta, ac `asohjtajth sholbc ohj ac rìilkaj sa
nlzh vlslfca aj ac cavbjtbklajth `a 6522.
Htrh gbothr `a sukb lkphrtbjolb qua `aglja b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh y qua
vajlkhs kajolhjbj`h b ch cbrih `ac taxth as cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc. Ìstb astbfcaoa jukarhsbs
ohjvajolhjas sholbcas qua ljgcuyaj aj cb kbjarb qua tlajaj chs clflhs `a ajgrajtbrsa bc
trbjsoursh `a chs bohjtaolklajths. Uhr amakpch, ac shkatlklajth bc cë`ar trlfbc h cb
prlhrlzbolÿj `a chs ljtarasas ohcaotlvhs shj `hs acakajths `a cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc qua
`aflarhj ljgculr jhtbfcakajta aj cb `holcl`b` `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb ohj raspaoth b cb
hpraslÿj ib`bglstb.
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Asth sa sukb bc ljtrljob`h slstakb `a ph`ar phcëtloh ljtarjh `a cb \bkbnlrlyb, rh`ab`h
`a klstlolskh y sufyuib`h `a kbjarb axocuslvb bc mulolh `ac cë`ar, ch qua nlzh qua ac pbës
vlvlarb kbrob`h phr cb ljoartl`ukfra y qua sus nbfltbjtas astuvlarbj ohkpcatbkajta
`asprhtail`hs bjta ac bfush `ac ph`ar y obrajtas `a `araonhs y clfartb`as phr cb busajolb `a
ibrbjtëbs cailscbtlvbs h ljstltuolhjbcas. Ac ihflarjh phr shkatlklajth `a Ib`bgl, fbsb`h aj
cb rapraslÿj y cb vlhcajolb, ohj`ajÿ b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb b vlvlr aj uj astb`h `a tarrhr
ohjstbjta qua lkpl`lÿ ac `asbrrhcch `a oubcqular `a oubcqular asgarb pýfclob `a `aclfarbolÿj
ohcaotlvb guarb `a cb hglolbc, `a kbjarb qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob orëtlob ohj ac ph`ar gua
ljaxlstajta h, bc kajhs, saoratb.
Gruth `a astb phcëtlob ljtarjb rapraslvb, cb jbolhjbclzbolÿj `a chs ka`lhs `a
ohkujlobolÿj y cb gìrrab oajsurb ljghrkbtlvb (qua ljocuëb cb prhnlflolÿj `a ka`lhs
ljtarjbolhjbcas aj ac pbës) rasuctbrhj aj uj vboëh `a ljghrkbolÿj guarb `a cb hglolbc, `a
kbjarb qua chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs ohjtbfbj ohj uj ohjholklajth `ac kuj`h `akbslb`h
rastrljil`h y kbjlpucb`h ohkh pbrb ph`ar ghrkbrsa hpljlhjas clfras.
_liulaj`h ac âkflth `a cb phcëtlob ljtarjb, uj gbothr guj`bkajtbc qua ljtarvljh aj ac
kbjtajlklajth `ac ph`ar ib`bglstb b ch cbrih `a oubtrh `ìob`bs gua cb jaiholbolÿj ohj chs
cë`aras trlfbcas. Uhrqua Clflb astâ ajtra cbs jbolhjas aj cbs qua cbs trlfus nbj muib`h uj
pbpac sholbc y phcëtloh oajtrbc `urbjta slichs26>. Uhr uj cb`h, btrbmh cb bklstb` `a chs cë`aras
trlfbcas qua trbtbfbj `a jaiholbr cbs kamhras ohj`lolhjas pbrb sus raspaotlvhs ocbjas, `akbjarb qua sa iajarÿ uj gbothr `a ohkpatajolb rh`ab`h `a tajslhjas y rlvbcl`b`as qua
Ib`bgl bprhvaonÿ ohkh ujb narrbklajtb kâs `a ohjshcl`bolÿj ljtarjb `a su rìilkaj26<.
@a naonh, `a cbs 205 trlfus qua sa obcoucb vlvaj aj Clflb, shch uj pbr `a `aoajbs `a accbs
shj cbs qua botýbj ohkh khthr trlfbc `ac pbës2?5.
B asth nby qua bòb`lr htrh gbothr `a ohkpatajolb ajtra trlfus ghkajtb`h phr Ib`bgl
`urbjta th`h su kbj`bth= cb ohjoaslÿj `a prlvlcailhs b cbs trlfus `a Prëphcl grajta b cbs `ac
asta `ac pbësxclx. Ìstbs slakpra sa nbj rasajtl`h phr cb ljgcuajolb y chs prlvlcailhs qua Ib`bgl
nb hthrib`h b qulajas ca rh`abj aj Prëphcl2?2. @a naonh, as aj cb zhjb `a Prëphcl `hj`a
Ib`bgl tamlÿ sus ra`as trlfbcas y aj cb qua ohjoajtrÿ sus asguarzhs `a `asbrrhcch.
Cbs trlfus tbkflìj raprasajtbrhj uj pbpac asajolbc aj cb ohjstruoolÿj `ac Astb`h
ib`bglstb aj cb ka`l`b aj qua ohjstltuëbj chs iruphs `a praslÿj phcëtlob bc Cë`ar. \ as qua
chs cë`aras trlfbcas ohhptbfbj cbs bsbkfcabs y ohkltìs phpucbras, `a kbjarb qua arbj chs
ýjlohs qua ph`ëbj ljgculr këjlkbkajta aj ac ph`ar. Ubrb ac rasth `a cb phfcbolÿj asth sa
xclx
B asth sa sukb ac pbpac qua `asbrrhccÿ cb zhjb `a Olrajblob ohkh lkpucshrb `a cb lj`apaj`ajolbohchjlbc ltbclbjb.
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trb`umh aj qua, pasa b cb tahrlzb`b `akhorbolb `lraotb `ac Astb`h `a cbs kbsbs, cb
`aclfarbolÿj shfra chs bsujths ohcaotlvhs `ac pbës rasphj`ëb kâs b chs ljtarasas `a chs
`lgarajtas ocbjas trlfbcas qua b chs `a th`b cb phfcbolÿj aj su ohjmujth, `a kbjarb qua chs
olu`b`bjhs jh tajëbj jljiýj tlph `a ljgcuajolb aj ac ph`ar (acltlskh purh), jl slqularb ob`b
oubtrh bòhs, ohkh aj cbs `akhorbolbs hool`ajtbcas.
Uhr ýctlkh, tbkflìj gua slijlglobtlvh ac pbpac `a cb phcëtlob axtarlhr ib`bglstb aj ac
kbjtajlklajth `a cb \bkbnlrlyb. Urlkarh, chs slstakâtlohs ohjgcloths iajarb`hs ohj sus
pbësas vaoljhs rasuctb`h `a cbs bjslbs `a guslÿj `ac cë`ar qua, ujl`hs bc ajgrajtbklajth ohj
Hool`ajta `urbjta cbs prlkarbs tras `ìob`bs `a su kbj`bth, tuvlarhj uj agaoth obckbjta aj
ac âkflth ljtarjh, yb qua cb tajslÿj parkbjajta ohj ac axtarlhr `ac pbës ra`umh cb tajslÿj aj
ac ljtarlhr2?6. _aiuj`h, phrqua `urbjta cb ýctlkb `ìob`b `a cb Clflb `a Ib`bgl, oubj`h ìsta
sa bprhxlkÿ b chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas, chs ljtarasas patrhcarhs `a chs saiuj`hs botubrhj
ohkh cailtlkb`hr `a cb rapraslÿj ljtarjb b cb qua vlvëbj shkatl`hs chs olu`b`bjhs `ac pbës.
Aj rasukaj, chs bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës y cb prhpbibj`b ljlolbc `ac rìilkaj
nlolarhj qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob raolflarb ohj chs frbzhs bflarths bc Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj.
@aspuìs, cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc gua bprhvaonb`b phr Ib`bgl qua ohjvlrtlÿ cb jaiholbolÿj ohj
chs cë`aras `a cbs trlfus aj ujb narrbklajtb `a ohkpatajolb qua byu`ÿ b cb ohjshcl`bolÿj `a
su rìilkaj. B asth sa sukb ujb phcëtlob ljtarjb klstarlhsb y rapraslvb, ch qua iajarÿ
ljoartl`ukfra y kla`h ajtra chs olu`b`bjhs lkpl`lìj`hcas axprasbrsa pýfclobkajta. Bcih bch qua ohjtrlfuyÿ cb gìrrab oajsurb ljghrkbtlvb, qua `ambfb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob b axpajsbs
`a cb ljghrkbolÿj hglolbc. Uhr ýctlkh, chs ohjgcloths parkbjajtas ohj ac axtarlhr bkbljbrhj
cb tajslÿj ljtarjb y, trbs su boarobklajth b chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas, ìsths hfvlbrhj cb
hpraslÿj b cb qua vlvëb shkatl`b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj Clflb aj `atrlkajth `a su ljtarìs phr
ac patrÿcah `ac pbës.
Bsë, th`hs asths gbothras ohjtrlfuyarhj aj kbyhr h kajhr ka`l`b b bglbjzbr ujb
buthorbolb qua kbjtuvh b cb phfcbolÿj clflb sukl`b aj ujb furfumb. Qjb furfumb qua
ajoarrÿ b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac pbës aj uj aspbolh tbj clkltb`h qua cbs ohjsaouajolbs `a su
axpchslÿj guarhj liubc `a obtbstrÿglobs pbrb ac Iuëb `a cb Vavhcuolÿj ohkh l`ëclob nbfëb
sl`h su ccaib`b bc ph`ar.
7.0. Ac astbccl`h `a cb furfumb clflb
Aj gafrarh `a 6522 astbccb aj Clflb uj cavbjtbklajth phpucbr ohjtrb ac ihflarjh ib`bglstb.
B pbrtlr `a asta khkajth cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh sa sufcavb ohjtrb uj rìilkaj
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qua irbj pbrta `a chs olu`b`bjhs jh nbfëb ouastlhjb`h nbstb ac klskh ljstbjta aj qua sus
ohkpbtrlhtbs sa aonbrhj b cb obcca pbrb axlilr ac gljbc `a cb tlrbjëb `ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj.
Chs sufcavb`hs `akbj`bfbj obkflhs aj cb phcëtlob ljtarlhr `ac pbës, bsë ohkh aj ac
tarrajh aohjÿkloh. Uarh, ¸phr quì bnhrb8 ¸Uhr quì tbr`ÿ cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb oubrajtb
bòhs aj `aolr fbstb8 ¸Ruì nlzh qua chs saiul`hras `a Ib`bgl, qua arbj kuonhs, ca `larbj cb
aspbc`b b su Narkbjh Cë`ar8 @as`a kuonhs ka`lhs `a ohkujlobolÿj sa nb `b`h b
ajtaj`ar qua ch qua pa`ëbj chs clflhs arb ujb trbjslolÿj bc ihflarjh `akhorâtloh, parh
ohkh varakhs bnhrb asth jh as `ac th`h olarth aj cb ka`l`b aj qua guarhj vbrlbs cbs obusbs
qua cas ccavbrhj b rafacbrsa, nbolaj`h phslfca cb `arrhtb `a uj butÿorbtb ljbkhvlfca.
Aj prlkar cuibr, ac agaoth ohjtbilh gua guj`bkajtbc. Ohkh axpclob Bcfarth Broa 2??,
parlh`lstb aspbòhc qua sa `aspcbzb b Klsrbtb (cb taroarb olu`b` `ac pbës) oubj`h astbccb cb
iuarrb, kuonhs `a chs olu`b`bjhs clflhs jh nbfëbj puasth jujob aj `u`b ac rìilkaj `a
Ib`bgl y par`larhj ac kla`h `a uj `ëb pbrb htrh bc var cb ljlolbtlvb qua thkbrhj chs
prlkarhs qua sa btravlarhj b `asbglbrch. \ ìsths qua hsbrhj bczbr ac irlth phpucbr ohjtrb ac
Cë`ar sa vlarhj ljgcuajolb`hs shfrakbjarb phr ac ohjtaxth `a cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa. Urlkarh
aj Pýjaz y `aspuìs aj Ailpth chs olu`b`bjhs sa cavbjtbrhj ohjtrb ujhs raiëkajas qua
shobvbrhj y hprlklarhj cb clfartb` l`ahcÿilob y phcëtlob `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `urbjta
`ìob`bs. As cÿiloh pajsbr, puas, qua chs clflhs sa sljtlasaj l`ajtlglob`hs y sa obribsaj `a
vbchr pbrb ajgrajtbrsa b Ib`bgl, buj oubj`h kuonhs `a acchs sbfëbj qua sarëb uj nuash`urh `a rhar. \ `a naonh, `akhstrÿ sarch bjocâj`hsa bc ph`ar nbstb ac gljbc `a sus `ëbs.
Uhr acch, cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa, aj iajarbc, y cb rafaclÿj clflb, aj pbrtloucbr, b`qularaj ujb
irbj slijlglobolÿj aj ac ohjtaxth `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a chs puafchs ârbfas, qua
trb`lolhjbckajta –sa nbfëbj bohstukfrb`h b boaptbr y sugrlr su suarta ohj raslijbolÿj‛2?0.
Aj saiuj`h cuibr y b jlvac ljtarjh, cb phcëtlob gìrrab `a Ib`bgl y cbs ka`l`bs aohjÿklobs
`a ohrta jahclfarbc qua ccavÿ b obfh trbs su boarobklajth b Hool`ajta sa ohjvlrtlarhj aj ac
iarkaj `ac `aspartbr `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb. Ohkh shstlaja2?1 ac @r. Kbfrhdb bc-Yargbccl
aj su clfrh Uhcltlobc Bclajbtlhj lj Clfyb , phr uj cb`h, ac oucth ljlolbc b cb parshjbcl`b` `a
Ib`bgl sa vlh shobvb`h phr cb rapraslÿj l`ah-phcëtlob, qua prhkhvlÿ ac kajhsobfh `ac
bphyh phpucbr y `a cb ohjglbjzb aj ac rìilkaj, ch qua ouckljÿ aj cb pìr`l`b `ac tarrajh
l`ahcÿiloh qua nbfëb lkpuasth ac Cë`ar.
Uhr htrh cb`h, ac obrâotar thtbcltbrlh qua `lh pash b ujb `akhorbolb `lraotb grbu`ucajtb y
ohjtrhcb`b phr ujb paquaòb ìclta, iajarÿ cb vlslÿj phpucbr `a qua ac rìilkaj arb ac ýjloh
bothr phcëtloh rabc. As `aolr, qua trbs kâs `a oubrajtb bòhs `urklaj`h, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob
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clflb `aspartÿ `a su catbrih pbrb axlilr cb clfartb` l`ahcÿilob y, shfra th`h, cb pbrtlolpbolÿj
phcëtlob.
\ as qua cb prlkarb Ajouastb Jbolhjbc `a Clflbc, rabclzb`b ajtra `lolakfra `a 6522 y
ajarh `a 6526 b kâs `a 6.555 olu`b`bjhs clflhs, ravacÿ 2?7 qua, aj ac pcbzh `a oljoh bòhs, ac
?1% `a cb phfcbolÿj th`bvëb pragarlrëb uj cë`ar h ujhs cë`aras guartas pbrb ac pbës, klajtrbs
qua ac phroajtbma `a olu`b`bjhs qua sa `aobjtbrëbj phr ujb `akhorbolb ohkh bctarjbtlvb
`a ihflarjh arb `ac 6<%. Ohkh axpclob ac @r. Onrlsthpn _bnk 2?9, `lraothr `ac Hxghr`
Vasabron Ljtarjbtlhjbc , ac puafch clflh jh nb `asbrrhccb`h býj cb ohjglbjzb aj chs pbrtl`hs
phcëtlohs y praglaraj ac rathrjh bc ihflarjh `a uj shch nhkfra. \, asth ch `lih yh, asb
`asohjglbjzb sa `afa b qua kuonhs `a acchs jh ohjhoaj htrb bctarjbtlvb `a ph`ar b cb
kbjh tlrâjlob `a Ib`bgl.
Uasa b acch, cb ajouastb tbkflìj `asvacÿ ujb botltu` phpucbr kuy phsltlvb ohj raspaoth bc
guturh `ac pbës y, asth as kuy lkphrtbjta, ac 7<% `a chs ajouastb`hs ljslstlarhj aj qua chs
olu`b`bjhs `a b pla `afarëbj tajar vhz b cb nhrb `a `aol`lr oÿkh sa `afarëb `asbrrhccbr
Clflb b pbrtlr `a cb obë`b `ac ihflarjh `ac Cë`ar. Ch qua, b kl pbraoar, `akuastrb qua chs
clflhs qularaj tajar uj rhc phcëtlobkajta botlvh aj ac guturh `a su pbës pbrb qua cb hpljlÿj
pýfclob pua`a akariar `as`a su asohj`lta nbstb cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc.
Aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh cbs ka`l`bs `a ohrta jahclfarbc ljtrh`uol`bs phr Ib`bgl
`urbjta cb ýctlkb `ìob`b lkpclobrhj –phcëtlobs pýfclobs qua obkflbrhj slijlglobtlvbkajtakuonbs `a cbs raghrkbs qua nbfëb rabclzb`h aj chs prlkarhs bòhs `a su kbj`bth‛2?>. Ajtra
accbs, ohkh sa nb saòbcb`h pâiljbs btrâs, ac ghkajth `a cb prlvbtlzbolÿj `a ohkpbòëbs
prh`uothrbs y `lstrlful`hrbs `a patrÿcah y ac astëkuch `a cb ljvarslÿj axtrbjmarb. Astbs
prlvbtlzbolhjas bcobjzbrhj cb kbyhrëb `a cbs akprasbs pýfclobs2?<, ch qua tuvh qua bgaotbr
jaoasbrlb y `lraotbkajta b chs olu`b`bjhs aj tbjth aj oubjth ac 15% `a acchs trbfbmbfb aj ac
saothr pýfcloh. Ohkh axpclob Wloajé Jbvbrrh205, astbs ka`l`bs, bphyb`bs phr ac Ghj`h
Khjatbrlh Ljtarjbolhjbc (GKL), `bòbrhj –kuy sarlbkajta b cbs ocbsas phpucbras y b cb ocbsa
trbfbmb`hrb‛ phrqua –`atarkljbrhj cb sufl`b `a chs praolhs `a chs bclkajths y cb
aclkljbolÿj `a chs sufsl`lhs pýfclohs‛. Astbs arbj, praolsbkajta, kuonbs `a cbs quambs `a
chs sufcavb`hs ohjtrb ac rìilkaj, cbs phcëtlobs aohjÿklobs prh-hool`ajtbcas qua
kajhsobfbrhj su obcl`b` `a vl`b.
c Urhkhvl`b phr ac Ljstltuth `a Olajolbs Nukbjbs `a cb Qjlvarsl`b` `a Hxghr` y ac Hxghr` Vasabron
Ljtarjbtlhjbc , aj ohcbfhrbolÿj ohj cb Qjlvarsl`b` `a Fajibsl, y rabclzb`b shfra ujb kuastrbraprasajtbtlvb `a kâs `a 6.555 olu`b`bjhs clflhs.
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B th`h asth nby qua bòb`lr ac rapbrth `asliubc `ac patrÿcah, ohjvartl`h aj ujb
narrbklajtb `a ohkpatajolb ajtra trlfus. Ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb –sa sarvëb `ac patrÿcah pbrb
`astljbr irbj`as sukbs b uj iruph `a acakajths `a cb ìclta, y phr ch tbjth `a cb oýspl`a `a
cbs trlfus‛202, ch qua iajarÿ ujb ljmustb `lstrlfuolÿj `a chs raourshs ajtra trlfus boajtubj`h
cb `asliubc`b` ajtra rlohs y phfras.
Aj taroar cuibr, ac naonh `a qua ujb irbj pbrta `a cb phfcbolÿj clflb sab mhvaj botuÿ
ohkh `athjbjta `a cbs ravuactbs, yb qua asta iruph sa ajohjtrbfb ajtra chs kâs
`asohjtajths y kuastrb ujb taj`ajolb biu`b nbolb cb bclajbolÿj phcëtlob a l`ahcÿilob `ac
rìilkaj206. Asth rasuctb cÿiloh, puas chs kâs mÿvajas jh ph`ëbj astbr tbj brrblib`hs bc
slstakb ib`bglstb ohkh bquacchs qua nbfëbj vlvl`h shkatl`hs b ìc `urbjta kâs `a oubtrh
`ìob`bs.
Uhr ýctlkh, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `ac puafch clflh tbkflìj bczbfb cb vhz ohjtrb cb
ohrrupolÿj `ac rìilkaj qua ajrlquaolÿ b chs klakfrhs `a cb gbklclb Ib`bgl20?.
Ac agaoth ohjtbilh `a cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa, cb pìr`l`b `a bphyh bc rìilkaj `arlvb`b `a cb
gìrrab phcëtlob ljtarjb y `a cbs phcëtlobs aohjÿklobs prh-hool`ajtbcas `a chs ýctlkhs bòhs, ac
rapbrth `asliubc `a chs raourshs ajtra trlfus, cb oartazb `a qua ac rìilkaj arb ac ýjloh bothr
phcëtloh rabc…th`h asth, sukb`h b cbs bjslbs `a clfartb` l`ahcÿilob y pbrtlolpbolÿj phcëtlob
`a cb phfcbolÿj, praj`lÿ cb onlspb `ac cavbjtbklajth phpucbr `a 6522.
@a astb kbjarb, cb sufcavbolÿj `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb ohjtrb ac rìilkaj ib`bglstb gua`asajob`ajb`b phr cb sukb `a `lvarshs khtlvhs `a rbëoas natarhiìjabs y jh
axocuslvbkajta phr cbs bjslbs `a clfartb` `akhorâtlob `a chs olu`b`bjhs, ohkh suiarëbj chs
ka`lhs a ohkujlobolÿj.
7.1. _ufcavbolÿj clflb= uj naonh axoapolhjbc
Ubrb ohjoculr asta obpëtuch, raohr`akhs qua pasa b qua cb obpbol`b` `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb
ljgculr aj ac ph`ar bcobjzb su kâxlkb axpraslÿj aj chs raiëkajas `akhorâtlohs (buj slaj`h
astb axpraslÿj këjlkb), chs cë`aras phcëtlohs `a chs raiëkajas thtbcltbrlhs ohkh ac `a Ib`bgl
tbkflìj tlajaj qua tajar aj ouajtb b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb ihfarjbr. \ as qua, `a naonh,
ac ihflarjh `ac Cë`ar `a cb Vavhcuolÿj ohjstltuya uj ocbrh amakpch `a astb bglrkbolÿj. Ìc
tuvh qua parkbjaoar btajth b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob pbrb raprlklrcb, btakhrlzbrcb y ajibòbrcb
ohj ac hfmatlvh `a parpatubr su rìilkaj.
Uarh trbs kâs `a oubrajtb bòhs akarilÿ sýfltbkajta ujb hpljlÿj pýfclob orëtlob qua sa
ohcÿ b cb guarzb aj cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc y b`qulrlÿ ujb vlslflcl`b` rapajtljb tbjth aj ac
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ljtarlhr ohkh aj ac axtarlhr `ac pbës. \ ac praolh qua ac Cë`ar tuvh qua pbibr phr lijhrbr b
cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb gua su prhplb vl`b.
Ib`bgl ihfarjÿ phr shkatlklajth ka`lbjta ac raoursh b cb vlhcajolb sakfrbj`h ac tarrhr
ajtra chs olu`b`bjhs `ac pbës. @as`a cb parspaotlvb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob, su rìilkaj sa
`aglja ohkh ac kh`ach `a ph`ar `ac acltlskh purh, aj ac qua cbs ìcltas khjhphclzbj ac `afbta
sholbc shfra chs bsujths ohcaotlvhs qua bgaotbj bc puafch, `a kbjarb qua slakpra shj chs
ph`arhshs qulajas lkphjaj chs takbs `a cb asgarb pýfclob oajtrbc (aspbolh `a vlslflcl`b`)
raprlklaj`h ac booash `a chs olu`b`bjhs b cb klskb y bjucbj`h oubcqular ljgcuajolb `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob rabc aj ac ph`ar.
Uarh, ohkh nakhs vlsth, ac ohkpcamh slstakb `a ph`ar phcëtloh ljtarjh a`lglob`h phr ac
Cë`ar pbrb ph`ar ihfarjbr b su bjthmh nlzh cbs vaoas tbjth `a gbothr `a parpatubolÿj `a cb
tlrbjëb ib`bglstb ohkh `a gbothr `asajob`ajbjta `a cb ravuactb. Urlkarh, chs olu`b`bjhs
btarrhrlzb`hs, raprlkl`hs y gbcths `a ljghrkbolÿj aj th`hs chs bspaoths khstrbrhj ujb thtbc
bpbtëb l`ahcÿilob y phcëtlob `urbjta kâs `a oubrajtb bòhs. @aspuìs, ac agaoth ohjtbilh
`lfumÿ ac asoajbrlh `a ujb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr qua ouckljbrëb aj ujb iuarrb olvlc y aj cb
`arrhtb `ac butÿorbtb. Bc gljbc, cb rapraslÿj l`ah-phcëtlob frutbc `ac rìilkaj, tbj agaotlvb
`urbjta oubtrh `ìob`bs, sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj ujh `a chs gbothras ljoaj`lbrlhs `a su obë`b.
B asth sa sukb, trbs bòhs `a prhkasbs `akhorâtlobs ljoukpcl`bs, cb avl`ajolb `a qua ac
rìilkaj arb ac ýjloh bothr phcëtloh rabc y `a qua chs olu`b`bjhs jh tajëbj jljiýj tlph `aljgcuajolb aj ac ph`ar, ch qua ohjtrlfuyÿ b cb pìr`l`b `a tarrajh l`ahcÿiloh `ac Cë`ar.
@aspuìs, cb prhpbibj`b aohjÿklob ljlolbc `ac rìilkaj y cbs ka`l`bs qua kamhrbrhj cb
obcl`b` `a vl`b `a chs clflhs ohjstruyarhj ujb bkpclb fbsa `a bphyh sholbc. Uhr ash chs
clflhs jh vaëbj ohj fuajhs hmhs cbs juavbs ka`l`bs `a ohrta jahclfarbc b`hptb`bs aj cb
ýctlkb atbpb `ac rìilkaj y qua nbfëbj kljb`h su obcl`b` `a vl`b.
Uhr htrh cb`h, su ohjoaslÿj `a prlvlcailhs b `atarkljb`hs cë`aras trlfbcas rasuctÿ sar uj
brkb `a `hfca glch= ca slrvlÿ ohkh narrbklajtb phcëtlob pbrb raobfbr bphyhs parh b cb vaz
prhkhvlÿ ac kbcastbr `a kuonhs olu`b`bjhs qua sa ohjsl`arbfbj kajhspraolb`hs y
bukajtÿ cb fraonb ajtra rlohs y phfras.
Ph`h acch, aj uj ohjtaxth sholbc `agljl`h phr cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc y chs bjtaoa`ajtas
nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës, `lh cuibr b ujb sltubolÿj iajarbc `a kbcastbr olu`b`bjh `urbjta chs
ýctlkhs bòhs `ac rìilkaj qua `asakfhoÿ aj uj cavbjtbklajth phpucbr, ouyh slijlglob`h as
kuy racavbjta pbrb cb nlsthrlb `ac pbës aj cb ka`l`b aj qua ohjstltuya uj naonh axoapolhjbc
`a rafaclÿj `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb ohjtrb su trb`lolhjbc hpraslÿj phcëtlob, qua nbstb
ajthjoas nbfëb bsukl`h ohj raslijbolÿj.
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9. OHJOCQ_LHJA_
Ib`bgl gua slakpra uj biltb`hr `a kbsbs `a parshjbcl`b` ohkpcamb y `lgëolc. _u prhguj`h
sajtlklajth jbolhjbclstb, brrblib`h aj cb trb`lolÿj gbklclbr, ca ccavÿ b `lsaòbr uj Astb`h qua
`a nbfar rasphj`l`h aj cb prâotlob b sus prljolplhs taÿrlohs nbfrëb obkflb`h ac prhplh
`astljh `ac Cë`ar. _lj akfbrih, cb rabcl`b` `a cb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7< as qua gua, ohkh
lj`lob Bcfarth Broa, ujb –ravhcuolÿj trblolhjb`b‛200, yb qua b ka`l`b qua Ib`bgl sa bjocbfb
bc ph`ar y pbsbfbj cbs `ìob`bs sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj trbl`hrb `a chs prljolplhs qua cb iulbrhj.
Ohkh ohjsaouajolb, y slakpra `ajtrh `ac ohjtaxth `a cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa, suria aj
6522 ujb ravhcuolÿj phpucbr qua raprasajtb uj naonh axtrbhr`ljbrlh aj cb nlsthrlb `ac pbës
y suilara uj obkflh lkphrtbjta aj cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb, qua sbca phr prlkarb vaz `a su
asohj`lta pbrb orltlobr b uj rìilkaj ljgcaxlfca. Ohkh sa nb lj`lob`h, irbj pbrta `a asb
hpljlÿj pýfclob thkb ohjolajolb `a su rapraslvb sltubolÿj aj ac klskh ljstbjta `ac
cavbjtbklajth, trbs nbfar astb`h oubtrh `ìob`bs slj ouastlhjbr cb botubolÿj `ac ph`ar
phcëtloh. As phr asta klskh khtlvh qua, saiýj ac asorlthr kbrrhquë Pbnbr Faj Macchuj201, cb
ravhcuolÿj clflb gua ujb ravhcuolÿj asphjtâjab y slj cë`aras. Uhr tbjth, slj ac agaoth
ohjtbilh `a sus pbësas vaoljhs, qulzâ ac Cë`ar clflh saiulrëb býj bgarrb`h bc ph`ar y cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob ohjtljubrëb vlvlaj`h btarrhrlzb`b y houctb.
Jh hfstbjta, y `a cb klskb kbjarb qua htrhs cë`aras ârbfas, Ib`bgl orayÿ nbfar naonhch kamhr pbrb su pbës y jh ajtaj`ëb cb orëtlob pýfclob rapajtljb ohjtrb su rìilkaj y su
parshjb. Uarh b `lgarajolb `a htrhs butÿorbtbs qua pbsbrhj phr su klskb sltubolÿj, ohkh
Faj Bcl aj Pýjaz y Nhsjl Kufbrbd aj Ailpth, Ib`bgl sa bjocÿ bc ph`ar y ch bobfÿ pbibj`h
ohj su prhplb vl`b.
Aj racbolÿj b cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa, nby qua saòbcbr, phr ýctlkh, qua cbs ravuactbs qua
ccavbrhj b chs olu`b`bjhs ârbfas b cuonbr ohjtrb sus raspaotlvhs cë`aras tlrbjhs pua`aj
obclglobrsa `a ravhcuolhjas phrqua –bjta th`h y shfra th`h, cbs bjlkbj ralvlj`lobolhjas `a
hr`aj ìtloh y khrbc‛207. Uarh, y asth ch bòb`h yh, `afakhs tajar praobuolÿj b cb nhrb `a
`agljlrcbs ohkh ravhcuolhjas aj ac sajtl`h `a –obkflh vlhcajth aj cbs ljstltuolhjas phcëtlobs,
aohjÿklobs h sholbcas `a ujb jbolÿj‛209 phrqua th`bvëb jh sa nbj prh`uol`h
trbjsghrkbolhjas prhguj`bs aj cbs ljstltuolhjas `a asths pbësas qua rasphj`bj b cbs
ralvlj`lobolhjas a cb phfcbolÿj.
Aj ac obsh ohjorath `a Clflb ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl gua ujb gbrsb jbolhjbc. Bc prljolplh `a
su kbj`bth cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb, aj iajarbc, bphybfb ac juavh ihflarjh `ac Cë`ar `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj. Cb hpljlÿj `a chs olu`b`bjhs aj bquac khkajth astbfb guartakajta
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ohj`lolhjb`b tbjth phr chs bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs `ac pbës, obrbotarlzb`h phr ohjtljuhs
ohjgcloths qua nbfëbj iajarb`h uj sajtlklajth `a raonbzh b Hool`ajta a ljtajslglob`h ac
jbolhjbclskh, ohkh phr cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc, qua astbfcaoa ohjvajolhjas sholbcas kuy
prasajtas aj cb khrbc y ìtlob phpucbras. @a astbs ohjvajolhjas nlstÿrlobs qua `agljaj cb
vl`b aj cbs trlfus `a Clflb suriaj aj irbj pbrta cbs pra`lsphslolhjas (raohr`akhs, chs
vbchras, botltu`as y asquakbs ohijltlvhs) qua ohjstltuyaj chs phrquìs `a cbs hpljlhjas, `a
kbjarb qua guarhj asths `hs gbothrascl, bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs y trb`lolÿj trlfbc, chs qua
`lfumbrhj ac asoajbrlh `a ujb ccaib`b bc ph`ar l`ëclob pbrb Ib`bgl.
Bsë, `urbjta chs bòhs aj chs qua ac Cë`ar olkajtbfb su juavh Astb`h `a cbs kbsbs, cb
\bkbnlrlyb, raobfÿ uj bkpclh bphyh phpucbr aj `hs tarrajhs. Urlkarh, aj ac tarrajh
l`ahcÿiloh b trbvìs `a cb prhpbibj`b `a chs prljolplhs taÿrlohs `a cb Vavhcuolÿj `a 2<7<
qua Ib`bgl axprasÿ aj su Clfrh War`a . Cb Paroarb Pahrëb Qjlvarsbc trbarëb cb shcuolÿj b
th`hs chs prhfcakbs `ac pbës, `a kbjarb qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob jh `aflÿ nboar htrb ohsb
qua ohjglbr aj uj Cë`ar qua nbfcbfb `a `akhorbolb, `a liubc`b` `a iìjarh, `a sholbclskh
aohjÿkloh, `a vhcujtb` `lraotb `ac puafch y, aj iajarbc, `a prljolplhs qua trbarëbj cb
var`b`arb clfartb` bc pbës.
_aiuj`h, aj ac tarrajh aohjÿkloh, ohj cb kamhrb `a cbs ohj`lolhjas `a vl`b `a cb
phfcbolÿj iajarbc suril`bs `a cb phcëtlob aohjÿklob ljtarvajolhjlstb qua bpcloÿ Ib`bgl aj
cbs prlkarbs `ìob`bs `a su kbj`bth. Asth tbkphoh pu`h nboar htrb ohsb qua ljorakajtbrcb slkpbtëb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob nbolb cb gliurb `ac Cë`ar.
Uhr htrh cb`h, cb `urb phcëtlob ljtarjb, obrbotarlzb`b phr ac ush `a cb vlhcajolb (ihflarjh
phr shkatlklajth) ka`lbjta cb bpclobolÿj `a agloboas ka`l`bs pravajtlvbs (oajsurb
ljghrkbtlvb, busajolb `a `araonhs olvlcas, ato.) y guartas ka`l`bs rapraslvbs
(ajobroacbklajth, thrturb, pajb `a kuarta, ato.), ohj`ajÿ b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob b vlvlr aj cb
shkfrb. B`akâs, ac klstlolskh qua rh`abfb bc Cë`ar y su obprlonhsb vhcujtb` iajarbrhj uj
ohjtaxth `a ljoartl`ukfra qua kbjtuvh b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb bohjihmb`b. Uhr ýctlkh,
cb gbctb `a ljstltuolhjas, bsë ohkh cb busajolb `a `araonhs y clfartb`as lj`lvl`ubcas y
ohcaotlvhs, prhvhobrhj cb `asprhtaoolÿj `a chs olu`b`bjhs bjta chs bfushs `ac ph`ar.
Ohkh ohjsaouajolb, cb phcëtlob ljtarjb `a Ib`bgl `lvl`lÿ b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb aj `hs
`lraoolhjas= cb `a chs olu`b`bjhs qua jh ph`ëbj axprasbrsa phr kla`h b cbs raprasbclbs y cb
cl Ohkh sa nb kajolhjb`h pâiljbs btrâs shj vbrlhs chs gbothras qua parkltlarhj bc Cë`ar nboarsa
ohj ac ph`ar `ac pbës ohj gbolcl`b`. Chs `hs qua kajolhjh bquë shj chs kâs racavbjtas `as`a cb
parspaotlvb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob, parh tbkflìj nby qua jhkfrbr cb busajolb `a hphslolÿj y ac`asohjtajth iajarbc ohj ac ray L`rls L.
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`a bquacchs htrhs qua jl slqularb sa ouastlhjbfbj cb cailtlkl`b` `ac rìilkaj jl cb botubolÿj
`ac Cë`ar. Pbkflìj nby qua saòbcbr uj taroar iruph `a olu`b`bjhs ouyb hpljlÿj shfra cb
gliurb `a Ib`bgl slakpra gua phsltlvb.
Bsë, ajtra chs clflhs qua ch bphybfbj y chs qua jh ph`ëbj axprasbrsa, yb guarb phr kla`h
h phr lijhrbjolb, Ib`bgl pu`h ihfarjbr b su bjthmh. Uarh cb `arrhtb `ac rìilkaj `aspuìs `a
oubtrh `ìob`bs push aj avl`ajolb cb `akhorbolb grbu`ucajtb l`ab`b phr Ib`bgl y qua nbfëb
rastrljil`h phr ohkpcath cb ljgcuajolb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ac ph`ar phcëtloh. Aj phobs
pbcbfrbs, ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl ohjstltuyÿ ujb gbrsb jbolhjbc. \ cbs ohjsaouajolbs `a asta
grbu`a guarhj `asbstrhsbs pbrb ac Cë`ar.
@urbjta chs ýctlkhs bòhs `a su kbj`bth ohkajzÿ b nboarsa avl`ajta ac rapbrth `asliubc
`a chs fajaglolhs `ac patrÿcah ajtra trlfus, ch qua ljtajslgloÿ cb ohkpatajolb yb iajarb`b
ajtra cbs klskbs phr ac trbth `lgarajta qua raolfëbj phr pbrta `ac Cë`ar. Bsë, cb ohjoaslÿj `a
prlvlcailhs b ujhs së y b htrhs jh ljorakajtÿ cb fraonb ajtra rlohs y phfras a nlzh qua
kuonhs olu`b`bjhs sa sljtlarbj kajhspraolb`hs, `a kbjarb qua asta trbth `asliubc
ohjstltuyÿ ujh `a chs gbothras ljoaj`lbrlhs `a cb sufcavbolÿj `a 6522.
B asth sa sukÿ cb avl`ajta busajolb `a pbrtlolpbolÿj phcëtlob `a chs clflhs trbs kâs `a
oubrajtb bòhs `a prhkasbs ljoukpcl`bs qua, mujth ohj cb bpclobolÿj `a ka`l`bs
aohjÿklobs jahclfarbcas aj cb ýctlkb `ìob`b qua kljbrhj su obcl`b` `a vl`b, iajarÿ uj
sajtlklajth `a kbcastbr ajtra cb hpljlÿj pýfclob qua `arlvÿ aj ujb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr sljpraoa`ajtas. Qjb sufcavbolÿj ohjtrb ac rëil`h ph`ar ib`bglstb qua, aj kl hpljlÿj, jujob
nuflarb sl`h phslfca slj ac agaoth ohjtbilh `a cb Urlkbvarb Ârbfa. \ as qua, aj asta
ohjtaxth, ac agaoth ohjtbilh sa prh`umh b `hs jlvacas= prlkarh cb akpbtëb ohj sus vaoljhs
prhvhoÿ ac `aspartbr `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a uj puafch guartakajta shkatl`h bc `hkljlh
l`ahcÿiloh `ac cë`ar, ch qua `aspuìs hrliljÿ cb pìr`l`b rapajtljb `ac kla`h bc rìilkaj.
Aj asta obkljh nbolb ac `aspartbr `ac puafch clflh cb ohkujl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc y
aspaolbckajta chs pbësas hool`ajtbcas raprasajtbrhj uj pbpac guj`bkajtbc. Cbs racbolhjas
axtarlhras `a Clflb `urbjta ac ihflarjh `a Ib`bgl, jh axocuslvbkajta parh së aspaolbckajta
ohj Hool`ajta, sa `agljaj phr chs ljtarasas patrhcarhs. Ac patrÿcah sa ohjvlrtlÿ aj uj
acakajth `a parklslvl`b` ljtarjbolhjbc. Ohkh axphja Faj Macchuj20> aj su clfrh Cb
Urlkbvarb Ârbfa= ac `aspartbr `a cb `lijl`b` , –(…) cb parspaotlvb `a muihshs ohjtrbths y
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jaiholhs karaoëb nboar cb vlstb ihr`b aj ch qua bc raspath b chs `araonhs nukbjhs sa
raglara‛cll, phrqua –(…) chs hool`ajtbcas klrbj pbrb htrh cb`h oubj`h vaj jaiholhs (…)‛.
Uhr su pbrta, ac ljasparb`h vlrbma `a Ib`bgl nbolb Hool`ajta aj cb ýctlkb atbpb `a su
kbj`bth raprasajtb uj asguarzh pbrb hftajar ac raohjholklajth ljtarjbolhjbc y kamhrbr su
sltubolÿj `a tbc kbjarb qua pu`larb ohjtljubr amarolaj`h su buthrl`b` slj ljtruslhjas
axtarjbs. Uhr ch qua ac boarobklajth b sus trb`lolhjbcas ajaklihs gua tbkflìj rasuctb`h `a
cb praslÿj axtarjb y jh shch `a cbs jaoasl`b`as aohjÿklobs `ac pbës. Uhr tbjth, ac trbjsoursh
`a cbs racbolhjas `lpchkâtlobs Clflb-Hool`ajta ohjstltuya uj ocbrh amakpch `a oÿkh chs
ljtarasas phcëtloh-aohjÿklohs sa sltýbj phr ajolkb `a chs ljtarasas phpucbras.
Ubrb ohjoculr, raohr`akhs qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb ohjtrlfuyÿ `a kbjarb `lraotb
tbjth bc kbjtajlklajth `ac ph`ar ib`bglstb ohkh b cb `arrhtb `ac rìilkaj. Aj ac prlkar
obsh, cbs pra`lsphslolhjas olu`b`bjbs `arlvb`bs `a cb trb`lolÿj trlfbc, cb busajolb `a
shola`b` olvlc, cb rapraslÿj l`ahcÿilob y phcëtlob, cb ljaxlstajolb `a asgarbs pýfclobs `a `afbta
sholbc, cb oajsurb y ac ohjtrhc ljghrkbtlvhs, ac astb`h `a tarrhr aj ac qua vlvëbj chs clflhs,
ato. hprlklarhj y slcajolbrhj b cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a tbc kbjarb qua ac Cë`ar `a cb
Vavhcuolÿj pu`h ihfarjbr b su bjthmh. Aj ac saiuj`h obsh, cb ljgcuajolb `a cb Urlkbvarb
Ârbfa, ac `asohjtajth iajarb`h phr cb pìr`l`b `a obcl`b` `a vl`b `a chs olu`b`bjhs y ac
`asliubc rapbrth `a chs raourshs `ac pbës prhvhobrhj cb pìr`l`b rapajtljb `ac kla`h `a cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob clflb b axprasbrsa. Ph`h asth suilara qua, bc glj y bc obfh, cb ljgcuajolb `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj ac `avajlr
`a chs raiëkajas thtbcltbrlhs as býj kâs guarta `a ch qua aj prljolplh obfrëb asparbr. \ jh
slakpra pbrb flaj, phrqua `a cb klskb kbjarb qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj `akhorbolb
cailtlkb b qulajas amaroaj ac ph`ar phcëtloh, cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj buthorbolb clll cailtlkb, yb
sab phr bphyh, kla`h h ljohjsolajolb, ac ph`ar `a chs cë`aras thtbcltbrlstbs. _lj akfbrih, cb
`lgarajolb ajtra asths `hs kh`achs `a ph`ar, acltlskh ljstltuolhjbc aj ac prlkar obsh y
acltlskh purh aj ac saiuj`h, as qua aj `akhorbolb chs raprasajtbjtas `ac puafch lijhrbj cbs
ralvlj`lobolhjas `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob phrqua su ph`ar phcëtloh as cailtlkb`h aj cbs urjbs,
klajtrbs qua aj buthorbolb cb ohjsaouajolb `a hprlklr cb vhz `ac puafch pua`a sar kuonh
kâs `asbstrhsb= cb sufcavbolÿj phpucbr.
cll Ohj astb oltb Faj Macchuj sa raglara aj su clfrh `a kbjarb iajarbc b chs pbësas prhtbihjlstbs `a cb
Urlkbvarb Ârbfa y jh axocuslvbkajta b Clflb, parh sa trbtb `a ujb bglrkbolÿj qua ajobmb
pargaotbkajta ohj ch qua hourrlÿ aj asta pbës aj ohjorath.
clll
Nbfch `a buthorbolb phrqua as cb ghrkb aj qua ihfarjÿ Ib`bgl su pbës, parh astb bglrkbolÿj ph`rëbaxtaj`arsa b oubcqular rìilkaj thtbcltbrlh aj iajarbc.
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Wakhs, b`akâs, qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob ohjsl`arb`b ohkh uj th`h as `ljâklob y jh
astâtlob. Avhcuolhjb ohj ac tlakph, sa trbjsghrkb y astâ guartakajta ohj`lolhjb`b phr
kuctltu` `a gbothras tbjth ljtarjhs ( pra`lsphslolhjas, hpljlhjas…) ohkh axtarjhs
(rìilkaj phc ëtloh, bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs…). @a naonh, ac obsh `a Clflb kuastrb oÿkh cb
hpljlÿj pýfclob tuvh pbpacas `atarkljbjtas aj `hs naonhs hpuasths= ac kbjtajlklajth y cb
`arrhtb `ac ph`ar ib`bglstb, uj ocbrh amakpch `a cb irbj ljgcuajolb `a astb –ajtl`b`‛ qua as
cb hpljlÿj pýfclob aj th`hs chs ÿr`ajas `a cb vl`b aj shola`b`.
Cb ljghrkbolÿj raohil`b aj ac prasajta trbfbmh ljvltb, puas, b ujb ragcaxlÿj shfra cb
lkphrtbjolb `a cbs hpljlhjas y chs boths lj`lvl`ubcas ohkh sufacakajths `ac ohjmujth qua
`ajhkljbkhs hpljlÿj pýfclob. \ as qua sl cb hpljlÿj pýfclob `a uj pbës pua`a `atarkljbrclv ac
`astljh `a sus nbfltbjtas, chs olu`b`bjhs `afakhs thkbr ohjolajolb `a juastrh prhplh
ph`ar y utlclzbrch `a kbjarb agaotlvb pbrb hfclibr b bquacchs qua amaroaj cb buthrl`b` phcëtlob
aj juastrh jhkfra b rasphj`ar b cbs `akbj`bs `a cb hpljlÿj pýfclob kâs bccâ `a cbs
obkpbòbs acaothrbcas.
clv @lih –pua`a `atarkljbr‛ phrqua ohjsl`arh qua cb hpljlÿj pýfclob tlaja obpbol`b` pbrb
ljtarvajlr aj ac suoa`ar `a chs bohjtaolklajths `a uj pbës, bujqua aj cb rabcl`b` jh suaca nboarch, ybsab phr bpbtëb, lijhrbjolb u hpraslÿj.
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9. GQAJPA_ \ FLFCLHIVBGËB
2 Uhroajtbma obcoucb`h b pbrtlr `ac `bth prhphrolhjb`h aj ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB,
Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì. Prlfus, brkbs, patrÿcah. Irbjb`b= Bciÿj A`lthras, 6522. Uâi. 0<. L_FJ=
<9>->0-<?>059-6-?.6 CBUL@Q_, L.K. Prlfas bj` _tbta Ghrkbtlhj lj Lscbklo Nlsthry , aj DNHQV\, Unlclp _.4 DH_PLJAV,
Mhsapn (a`s.). Prlfas bj` _tbta Ghrkbtlhj lj tna Kl``ca Abst. Fardacay, Chs Âjiacas, Hxghr`= Qjlvarslty
hg Obclghrjlb Urass, 2<<5. Uâi. 67, oltb`h aj= ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4
MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì. Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 69.
? DBUQ_OLJ_DL, Vyszbr`. Ìfbjh. Hrzaszad, Bibtb (trb`.). Fbroachjb= Bjbirbkb, 6555. Uâi. 91.
0 @bth hthrib`h phr Nbjspatar Kbttar ‟ axparth aj Clflb ‟ oltbj`h bc nlsthrlb`hr clflh Gbrbm B.
Jbmk, aj `aocbrbolhjas pbrb ac sakbjbrlh iarkbjh @ar _plaiac . VAQPAV_/AC UBË_. Ac `astljh `a
Ib`bgl, aj kbjhs `a chs cë`aras trlfbcas Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 6? `a gafrarh `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/56/6?/botubcl`b`/26<>021720X>15621.ntkc.
1 DBUQ_OLJ_DL, Vyszbr`, hp. olt., pâi. 91.
7 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 6>.
9 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 2<-99.
> WL@BC UBCHKLJH, Mhr`l. – Bciujbs ohjsl`arbolhjas aj thrjh b cb gliurb `ac cë`ar trlfbc obc`ah
(_.L^- WLL b.O.)‛. Iarlÿj Taj cëjab[. 6559, vhc. 61, jýk. 2, pâi. 20, oltb`h aj ILC GQAJ_BJPB,
Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 6?.< ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 6?.
25 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 61.
22 Lfë`ak .
26 _KLPN, Vlonbr` C. –Ynbt Nbppaja` th tna Bjolajt Clfybjs8 Onbslji _huroas borhss tna _bnbrb
grhk Narh`htus th Lfj Dnbc`uj‛. Mhurjbc hg whr`c Nlsthry = 655?, vhc. 20, jýk. 0, oltb`h aj Lfë`ak .
2? IQKB FLCB]L, Khnbkb`. Clflb b olaj bòhs `a cb houpbolÿj ltbclbjb Taj cëjab[. Uarlh`lstbs aj
aspbòhc.hri= 29 a hotufra a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.fact.as/brtlouchs/NHKA6Xbrtlouch.bsp8l`;<6<6. 20 Lfë`ak .
21 OLUVÌ_ VHLI, Mhria. –Cb shola`b` ohchjlbc aj cb Clflb ltbclbjb (2<67-2<06). Qj astu`lh b trbvìs
`a chs jhtlolbrlhs y houkajtbcas oljakbthirâglohs CQOA.‛ Bwrbq. Astu`lhs shfra ac kuj`h ârbfa a
lscâkloh ohjtakphrâjah. 6552-6551, vhc. ^^LL, pâi. 61. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.baol`.as/ibcarlbs/pufclobolhjas/`asobribs/BYVBRXWHCX^ LLX6552X51.p`g .
27 OLUVÌ_ VHLI, Mhria, hp. olt., pâi. 00.
29 OLUVÌ_ VHLI, Mhria, hp. olt., pâi. ?>.
2> DBUQ_OLJ_DL, Vyszbr`, hp. olt., pâi. 2-206.2< ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. ?2.
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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97
65 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 65.
62 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. ?6.
66 CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj. Cb narajolb ohchjlbc y htrbs kbc`lolhjas . Pbfuyh, Kbrëb4 Cÿpaz Biustëj
(trb`.). Fbroachjb= _axth Ulsh, 6526. Uâi. 6?1. L_FJ= <9>->0-21752-59-0.6? Ichfbca`ia. Clfyb= Nlsthry Taj cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ichfbca`ia.ksu.a`u/ohujtrlas/clfyb/nlsthry .
60 Ib`bgl `arrhob bc Vay L`rls y sa nboa ohj ac ph`ar aj Clflb Taj cëjab[. Bjtajb?.ohk= Tohjsuctb`h ac
2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.bjtajb?.ohk/aspaolbcas/jhtlolbs/aj-uj-kas-
`a/saptlakfra/ib bgl-`arrhob-ray-l`rls-nboa-ph`ar-clflbX65225>255551?.ntkc.
61 VAQPAV_/AC UBË_. Ac `astljh `a Ib`bgl, aj kbjhs `a chs cë`aras trlfbcas Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 6? `a
gafrarh a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/56/6?/botubcl`b`/26<>021720X>15621.ntkc. 67 BFFB_, Jbzbr. Cb vl`b aj cb Clflb `a Ib`bgl Taj cëjab[. Fchi `a Klrdh _aj`b= 61 `a kbrzh `a 6526
Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//clflb-shs.fchispht.ohk.as/6526/5?/cb-
vl`b-aj-cb-clflb-`a-ib`bgl.ntkc#.QCt\nHPYl_h.
69 CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 6?7.
6> YA_PHJ, Gra`. Cb jbturbcazb `ac rìilkaj `a Ib`bgl. Jhtbs shfra sus bjtaoa`ajtas nlstÿrlohs Taj cëjab[. Lj
`agajoa hg Kbrxlsk= 5> `a bfrlc `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.kbrxlst.ohk/jbturbcazb-railkaj-ib`bgl.ntk.
6<
_AIQVB L KB_, Bjthjl. Ac Kbiraf= `ac ohchjlbclskh bc lscbklskh. Fbroachjb= Qjlvarsltbt `aFbroachjb, 2<<0, pâi. 2>0. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//fhhds.ihhica.as/fhhds8l`;tn_hCrNBnK>OπUB2>0&cpi;UB2>0&`q;ohjsamh+`ac+
kbj`h+`a+cb+ravhcuolhj+ib`bgl&shuroa;fc&hts;FYopWMnQk1&sli;BNwRrx7<fDfCMHubp
jYmRa<O]qs&nc;as&sb;^&al;zWb9QLvmHKXptRf]t0Nh@R&va`;5OAAR7BAwBw#v;hja
pbia&q;ohjsamh%65`ac%65kbj`h%65`a%65cb%65ravhcuolhj%65ib`bgl&g;gbcsa.
?5 Uhpucbtlhj @lvlslhj hg tna @apbrtkajt hg Aohjhklo bj` _holbc Bggblrs hg tna Qjlta` Jbtlhjs
_aoratbrlbt. Yhrc` Uhpucbtlhj Urhspaots= Pna 6525 Vavlslhj Taj cëjab[. Hjclja `btbfbsa= Uhpucbtlhj
Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//asb.uj.hri/ujp`/wpp/ujpp/pbjacXphpucbtlhj.ntk.
?2 Ichfbca`ia. Clfyb= Nlsthry Taj cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ichfbca`ia.ksu.a`u/ohujtrlas/clfyb/nlsthry .
?6 _AIQVB L KB_, Bjthjl, hp. olt., pâi. 2>0.
?? OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb. Kubkkbr bc-
Ib``bgl Taj cëjab[. @houkajtbolÿj= Flhirbgëbs `a cë`aras phcëtlohs. Botubclzb`h ac 6< `a kbyh `a
652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.ol`hf.hri/as/`houkajtbolh/flhirbglbsXcl`arasXphcltlohs/bgrlob/clflb/kubkkbrXbcXi b``bgl.
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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99
?0 Ljghrkbolÿj `a asta pârrbgh shfra cb hphslolÿj bc rìilkaj clflh fbsb`b aj AONAWAVVËB
MA_Ý_, Obrchs. –Ubjhrbkb iahphcëtloh `a chs ohjgcloths 6522‛ Taj cëjab[. Ljstltuth Aspbòhc `a Astu`lhs
Astrbtìilohs (laaa). Kljlstarlh `a `agajsb= jhvlakfra `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[, pâi. 67.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//www.laaa.as/Ibcarlbs/glonarh/pbjhrbkbs/UbjhrbkbXiahphcltlohX6522.p g .
?1 WBJ@AYBCCA, @lrd. B nlsthry hg kh`arj Clfyb Taj cëjab[. Juavb \hrd= Obkfrl`ia Qjlvarslty
Urass, 6557, pâi. 65-62. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//as.sorlf`.ohk/`ho/179>5717/B-Nlsthry-
hg-Kh`arj-Clfyb.
?7 BC RB@@BGL, Kubkkbr. Pna Iraaj Fhhd Taj cëjab[. Bòh 2<9<. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.iaholtlas.ohk/Btnajs/>900/rab`if.ntk.
?9 Lfë`ak.
?>
OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt. ?< IHJ]ÂCA], Ajrlo. Ac glj `a 05 bòhs a `lotb`urb Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 6? `a bihsth `a 6522
Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. Vaphrtbma= ac ohjgcloth clflh. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//acpbls.ohk/`lbrlh/6522/5>/6?/ljtarjbolhjbc/2?20515022X>15621.ntkc.
05 WBJ@AYBCCA, @lrd, hp. olt., pâi. 2>.
02 VBFFLB, Jhakë. Ocbrhsourhs `a cb Vavhcuolÿj Clflb Taj cëjab[. Guj`bkajtbr= bjâclsls phcëtloh,
aohjÿkloh a ljtarjbolhjbc= ?2 `a bihsth `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.guj`bkajtbr.ohk/lj`ax.pnp/brtlouchs/a`lthrlbc/ltak/027-ocbrhsourhs-`a-cb-
ravhcuolhj-clflb. 06 Clfybj cab`ar Whws Glitn Ph Ghroa Prhhp Yltn`rbwbc Taj cëjab[. Jaw \hrd Plkas= < `a jhvlakfra `a
2<7< Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. Plkaclja= Ohc. Kubkkbr ac-Rb``bgl. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.jytlkas.ohk/ljtarbotlva/6522/56/60/whrc`/kl``caabst/65225660Xqb``bglXtlkaclja.
ntkc.
0? OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt .
00 Ichfbca`ia. Clfyb= Nlsthry Taj cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ichfbca`ia.ksu.a`u/ohujtrlas/clfyb/nlsthry .
01
OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt .07 OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt .
09 Pna Yhrc`'s 61 Fliiast Hlc Ohkpbjlas Taj cëjab[. Ghrfas.ohk= Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.ghrfas.ohk/ploturas/kag01ldm`/jht-must-tna-usubc-suspaots-
26/.
0> OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt .
0< WBJ@AYBCCA, @lrd, hp. olt., pâi. 2>.
15 OLFH@, Oajtrh `a Astu`lhs y @houkajtbolÿj Ljtarjbolhjbcas `a Fbroachjb, hp. olt .
12
Ichfbc Olvlclbjs Ghr Uaboa Lj Clfyb. Pna _tbj`br` hg Clvlji lj Clfyb ‟ ohkplcbtlhj hg `btb, stu`las,brtlocas bj` vl`ahs Taj cëjab[. < `a jhvlakfra `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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9>
Ljtarjat= nttp=//ichfbcolvlclbjsghrpaboa.whr`prass.ohk/6522/22/5</tna-stbj`br`-hg-clvlji-lj-
clfyb/.
16 FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 5> `a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h
ac 20/52/6520[. Fbsa a bths= –Yhrc` @avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
1? Ljorakajth phroajtubc `a cb phfcbolÿj obcoucb`h b pbrtlr `a `bths `a Lfë`ak .
10 UJQ@, Urhirbkb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch. Nukbj @avachpkajt Vaphrt 652? Taj
cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. Uhpucbtlhj traj`s. Uâi. 2<1. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//n`r.uj`p.hri/sltas/`agbuct/glcas/raphrts/20/n r652?XajXohkpcata.p`g .
11 Lfë`ak .
17
HK_, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`. Ohujtry Ohhparbtlhj _trbtaiy ghr YNH bj` tna Clfybj Brbf Mbkbnlrlyb 6525 ‟ 6521 Taj cëjab[. Bòh 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[, pâi. 20-21. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.wnh.ljt/ohujtryghous/ohhparbtlhjXstrbtaiy/oosXcfyXaj.p g .
19 @bths `a asta pârrbgh shfra bcgbfatlzbolÿj axtrbë`hs `a FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj
cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 5> `a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. Fbsa `a `bths= –Yhrc`
@avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
1>
@bths `a asta pârrbgh shfra ëj`loa `a a`uobolÿj axtrbë`hs `a UJQ@, Urhirbkb `a cbs JbolhjasQjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch. Ljghrka shfra `asbrrhcch nukbjh 652? Taj cëjab[. Ihhica Uufclo @btb
Axpchrar= fbsa a `bths. TOhjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ihh.ic/PBk2tt.
1< HO@A, Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Ohhparbolÿj y ac @asbrrhcch Aohjÿklohs, at bc . Bgrlobj Aohjhklo
Hutchhd. Clfyb 6526 . TOhjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[, pâi. 22. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.bgrlobjaohjhklohutchhd.hri/glcab`klj/upchb`s/bah/U@G/Clfyb%65Gucc%65U@G%
65Ohujtry%65Jhta.p`g .
75
Qjasoh. Pna `avachpkajt hg A`uobtlhj. Jbtlhjbc raphrt hg Clfyb (Urasajta` th Pna LjtarjbtlhjbcOhjgarajoa hj A`uobtlhj, sasslhj 0>) Taj cëjab[. Prëphcl= 6> `a jhvlakfra `a 655> Tohjsuctb`h ac
69/52/6520[, pâi. 26. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.lfa.ujasoh.hri/JbtlhjbcXVaphrts/LOAX655>/clfybXJV5>.p`g .
72 HK_, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`, hp. olt., pâi. 21.
76 OLB, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a Ljtacliajolb. Pna whrc` Gbotfhhd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h sakbjbckajta
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Âgrlob= Clflb. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttps=//www.olb.ihv/clfrbry/pufclobtlhjs/tna-whrc`-gbotfhhd/iahs/cy.ntkc.
7?
HO@A, Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Ohhparbolÿj y ac @asbrrhcch Aohjÿklohs, at bc ., hp. olt., pâi. 22.
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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9<
70 @bths `a asta pârrbgh y ac `a kâs bfbmh shfra cb –asparbjzb `a vl`b bc jboar‛ y ac –rbtlh `a
khrtbcl`b` ljgbjtlc‛ axtrbë`hs `a FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 5>
`a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. Fbsa a `bths= –Yhrc` @avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
71 @bths `a asta pârrbgh shfra ëj`loa `a sbcu` axtrbë`hs `a UJQ@, Urhirbkb `a cbs Jbolhjas
Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch. Ljghrka shfra asbrrhcch nukbjh 652? Taj cëjab[. Ihhica Uufclo @btb
Axpchrar= fbsa `a `bths. TOhjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ihh.ic/PBk2tt.
77@bths `akhirâglohs `a asta pârrbgh axtrbë`hs `a FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj cëjab[.
Botubclzb`h ac 5> a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. Fbsa `a `bths= –Yhrc`@avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
79 @bths `a asta pârrbgh y ac sliulajta shfra booash b sbjabklajths y biub phtbfca axtrbë`hs `a
Lfë`ak .
7> HO@A, Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Ohhparbolÿj y ac @asbrrhcch Aohjÿklohs, at bc., hp. olt., pâi. 22.
7< HK_, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`, hp. olt., pâi. 6?.
95
@bths shfra ac booash b guajtas `a biub kamhrb`b axtrbë`hs `a FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc`@btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 5> `a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Fbsa `a `bths=
–Yhrc` @avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs
92 HK_, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`, hp. olt., pâi. 6>.
96 @bths `a asta pârrbgh shfra suparglola ouctlvbfca axtrbë`hs `a FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc`
@btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 22 `a muclh `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Fbsa `a `bths=
–Bgrlob @avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;bgrlob-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
9? HK_, Hribjlzbolÿj Kuj`lbc `a cb _bcu`, hp. olt., pâi. 6>.
90 UJQ@, Urhirbkb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch. Nukbj @avachpkajt Vaphrt 652? Taj
cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. Nukbj @avachpkajt Lj`ax traj`s, 2<>5 ‟ 6526. Uâi. 20<.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//n`r.uj`p.hri/sltas/`agbuct/glcas/raphrts/20/n`r652?XajXohkpcata.p`g .
91
HO@A, Hribjlzbolÿj pbrb cb Ohhparbolÿj y ac @asbrrhcch Aohjÿklohs, at bc ., pâi. 2?.97 Lfë`ak .
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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>5
99 LHC, Ljtarjbtlhjbc Cbfhur Hribjlzbtlhj. Ohujtrlas ohvara`. Clfyb Taj cëjab[. 22 `a muclh `a 6526
Tohjsuctb`h ac 20/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.lch.hri/pufclo/ajiclsn/railhj/bgprh/oblrh/ohujtrlas/clfyb.ntk.
9>
UJQ@, Urhirbkb `a cbs Jbolhjas Qjl`bs pbrb ac @asbrrhcch. Ljghrka shfra `asbrrhcch nukbjh 652? Taj cëjab[. Ihhica Uufclo @btb Axpchrar= fbsa `a `bths. TOhjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//ihh.ic/PBk2tt.
9< FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 5> `a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h
ac 20/52/6520[. Fbsa a `bths= –Yhrc` @avachpkajt Lj`lobthrs‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;whrc`-
`avachpkajt-lj`lobthrs.
>5 FK, Fbjoh Kuj`lbc. Yhrc` @btbFbjd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h ac 6< `a ajarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h
ac 69/52/6520[. Fbsa `a `bths= –Uhvarty bj` Ljaqubclty @btbfbsa‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//`btbfbjd.whrc`fbjd.hri/`btb/vlaws/vbrlbfcasacaotlhj/sacaotvbrlbfcas.bspx8shuroa;phvarty-
bj`-ljaqubclty-`btbfbsa.
>2 OLB, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a Ljtacliajolb. Pna whrc` Gbotfhhd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h sakbjbckajta
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Âgrlob= Clflb. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttps=//www.olb.ihv/clfrbry/pufclobtlhjs/tna-whrc`-gbotfhhd/iahs/cy.ntkc.
>6 OLB, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a Ljtacliajolb. Pna whrc` Gbotfhhd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h sakbjbckajta
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Âgrlob= Clflb. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttps=//www.olb.ihv/clfrbry/pufclobtlhjs/tna-whrc`-gbotfhhd/iahs/cy.ntkc. >? OLB, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a Ljtacliajolb. Pna 655> OLB Yhrc` Gbotfhhd Taj cëjab[. 61 `a mujlh `a 655<
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Uâi. 272<. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat pbrb asobrib=
nttp=//kbjyfhhds.jat/tltcas/usolb6<6??6<6??->.ntkc.
>0 U hvarty parslsts lj Clfyb `asplta hlc rlonas Taj cëjab[. Pna Jbtlhjbc. ? `a kbyh `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h
ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.tnajbtlhjbc.ba/jaws/whrc`/bgrlob/phvarty-
parslsts-lj-clfyb-`asplta-hlc-rlonas.
>1 VBA, Vabc Bob`aklb Aspbòhcb `a cb Cajiub. @loolhjbrlh `a cb cajiub aspbòhcb Taj cëjab[. Wliìslkh
saiuj`b a`lolÿj. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.rba.as/rba.ntkc. >7 BC RB@@BGL, Kubkkbr, hp. olt .
>9 CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 6?2-6?6.
>> Ph`bs cbs `aocbrbolhjas oltb`bs, ajtraohklccb`bs h jh, raohil`bs phr Bj`arshj aj ac taxth sa nbj
axtrbë`h `a CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 66<-67?.
>< CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 606.
<5 CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 605.
<2 AONAWAVVËB MA_Ý_, Obrchs, hp. olt ., pâi. 67.
<6
UBVA@A_ OBCCB, Mblka. Nlsthrlb `a Clflb y Kubkbr Ib`bgl qua jh ta ohjtbrhj Taj cëjab[. 67 `ahotufra a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Fchi –Olu`b`bjëb y phcëtlob‛. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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>2
nttp=//olu`b`bjhmblkapbra`as.fchispht.ohk.as/6522/25/nlsthrlb-`a-kubkbr-ib`bgl-qua-jh-
ta.ntkc.
<? CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 609.
<0
Axpclobolÿj `a chs naonhs hourrl`hs aj cb Qjlvarsl`b` `a Fajibsl aj 2<97 axtrbë`hs `a KA_BIBVOËB, Fabtrlz. Cb bzbrhsb trbjslolÿj aj Clflb Taj cëjab[. Ljstltuth Aspbòhc `a Astu`lhs
Astrbtìilohs. 67 `a kbrzh `a 6526 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[.Uâi. 0. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.laaa.as/Ibcarlbs/glonarh/`hosXhpljlhj/6526/@LAAAH67-
6526XBzbrhsbPrbjslolhjClflbXFabtrlzKasb.p`g .
<1 @A PAVÂJ, Lijbolh Iutlìrraz y ÂCWBVA]-H__HVLH, Lijbolh. Ljghrka shfra cbs ravuactbs ârbfas .
A`lolhjas `ac hrlajta y `ac ka`ltarrâjah. Oltb`h aj Lfë`ak .
<7 @A PAVÂJ, Lijbolh Iutlìrraz. Cb ravuactb clflb y cbs ljoÿijltbs `a cb trbjslolÿj Taj cëjab[.
Uâiljb bflartb= ajarh-gafrarh `a 6526 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[, j½ 62>. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//www.pajsbklajthorltloh.hri/lijiut5626.ntk.
<9 BL, Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc. Clflb. Wlhcbolhjas irbvas `a `araonhs nukbjhs ajtra ac saorath y ac blscbklajth
Taj cëjab[. _aoratbrlb`h Ljtarjbolhjbc. Valjh Qjl`h= mujlh `a 2<<9 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.bkjasty.hri/as/clfrbry/bssat/K@A2</55>/2<<9/as/ab06fg5<-ab9o-22``-f51`-
71270f66>2<2/k`a2<55>2<<9as.ntkc .
<> NVY, Nukbj Vlints Ybton. Yhrc` Vaphrt 6522 Taj cëjab[. Qjlta` _tbtas hg Bkarolb= bòh 6522
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Uâi. 170. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//www.nrw.hri/sltas/`agbuct/glcas/raphrts/wr6522.p`g .
<< UAVAILC, Grbjolsoh. Chs rafac`as bsaiurbj nbfar ajohjtrb`h chs rasths `a cb kbyhr kbtbjzb `a
Ib`bgl Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 61 `a saptlakfra `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/5</61/botubcl`b`/2?27<52750X>15621.ntkc.
255 BL, Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc, hp. olt.
252 Clflb= Aj btkÿsgarb rapraslvb, paquaòbs kamhrbs Taj cëjab[. NVY, Nukbj Vlints Ybton= 26 `a
`lolakfra a 655< Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Jhtlolbs. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//www.nrw.hri/as/jaws/655</26/27/clflb-aj-btk-sgarb-rapraslvb-paqua-kamhrbs.
256 UAVAILC, Grbjolsoh. Chs rafac`as bsaiurbj nbfar ajohjtrb`h chs rasths `a cb kbyhr kbtbjzb `a
Ib`bgl Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 61 `a saptlakfra `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/5</61/botubcl`b`/2?27<52750X>15621.ntkc.
25? UAVAILC, Grbjolsoh. –Cb kbtbjzb `a Bfu _bclk gua ac hrliaj `a astb ravhcuolÿj‛ Taj cëjab[. Ac
Ubës= 6< `a saptlakfra `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Chs rhstrhs `a cb juavb Clflb.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/5</6</botubcl`b`/2?296><795X669722.ntkc.
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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>6
250 UAVAILC, Grbjolsoh. Chs rafac`as bsaiurbj nbfar ajohjtrb`h chs rasths `a cb kbyhr kbtbjzb `a
Ib`bgl Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 61 `a saptlakfra `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/5</61/botubcl`b`/2?27<52750X>15621.ntkc. 251 NVY, Nukbj Vlints Ybton. Yhrc` Vaphrt 6522 Taj cëjab[. Qjlta` _tbtas hg Bkarolb= bòh 6522
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Uâi. 176-179. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.nrw.hri/sltas/`agbuct/glcas/raphrts/wr6522.p`g .
257 NVY, Nukbj Vlints Ybton. Yhrc` Vaphrt 6522 Taj cëjab[. Qjlta` _tbtas hg Bkarolb= bòh 6522
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Uâi. 176. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.nrw.hri/sltas/`agbuct/glcas/raphrts/wr6522.p`g .
259 BL, Bkjlstëb Ljtarjbolhjbc, hp. olt.
25> Lfë`ak .25< CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 617.
225 PB\CHV, Uatar. Ac ajibòh qua prhvhoÿ cb iuarrb `a Lrbd Taj cëjab[. FFO Kuj`h= 2< `a kbrzh `a
652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.ffo.oh.ud/kuj`h/jhtlolbs/652?/5?/2?5?2>XlrbdXiuarrbXasplbsXajibjhXjk.sntkc.
222 CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 61>.
226 HUAO, Hribjlzbtlhj hg tna Uatrhcauk Axphrtlji Ohujtrlas. HUAO _nbra hg Yhrc` Oru`a Hlc
Vasarvas 6526 Taj cëjab[. TOhjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. @btb / Irbpns= HUAO Hlc Vasarvas.
@lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.hpao.hri/hpaoXwaf/aj/`btbXirbpns/??5.ntk. 22? Ac ohjgcloth aj Clflb ajobraoa ac oru`h parh jh bgaotb bc sukljlstrh kuj`lbc Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës, Aohjhkëb=
62 `a kbrzh `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//aohjhklb.acpbls.ohk/aohjhklb/6522/5?/62/botubcl`b`/2?557<7?>?X>15621.ntkc.
220 ALB, Q._. Ajariy Ljghrkbtlhj B`kljlstrbtlhj. Hvarvlaw `btb ghr Clfyb Taj cëjab[. Ýctlkb
botubclzbolÿj gafrarh `a 652? Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Ohujtrlas= Clfyb. Uatrhcauk= Phtbc Hlc
Urh`uotlhj. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.alb.ihv/ohujtrlas/ohujtry-
`btb.ogk8glps;C\&trd;k#pat.
221
HUAO, Hribjlzbtlhj hg tna Uatrhcauk Axphrtlji Ohujtrlas. Bjjubc _tbtlstlobc Fuccatlj 6525/6522Taj cëjab[. Bòh 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. HUAO Kakfars“ oru`a hlc axphrts fy
`astljbtlhj. Uâi. 09. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.hpao.hri/hpaoXwaf/stbtloXglcasXprhmaot/ka`lb/`hwjchb`s/pufclobtlhjs/B_F6525X6
522.p`g .
227 OLB, Biajolb Oajtrbc `a Ljtacliajolb. Pna whrc` Gbotfhhd Taj cëjab[. Botubclzb`h sakbjbckajta
Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Ohujtry Ohkpbrlshj= Oru`a Hlc Axphrts. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttps=//www.olb.ihv/clfrbry/pufclobtlhjs/tna-whrc`-gbotfhhd/rbjdhr`ar/6606rbjd.ntkc.
229
Ljghrkbolÿj `a asta pârrbgh axtrbë`b `a CAA BJ@AV_HJ, Mhj, hp. olt., pâi. 6?>.
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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>?
22> HUAO, Hribjlzbtlhj hg tna Uatrhcauk Axphrtlji Ohujtrlas. Clfyb gbots bj` gliuras Taj cëjab[.
TOhjsuctb`h ac 6>/52/6520[. Kakfar Ohujtrlas= Clfyb. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.hpao.hri/hpaoXwaf/aj/bfhutXus/277.ntk.
22< BC IB@@BGL NBFCB. @aocbrbolÿj `ac Narkbjh Cë`ar bjta cb Bsbkfcab Iajarbc `a cbs JbolhjasQjl`bs Taj cëjab[. 2 `a hotufra `a 655< Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.bcib``bgl.hri/bcib``bglnbfcb-aspbjhcaspbhc/bc-ib`bgl-nbfcb---`aocbrbolhj-`ac-
narkbjh-cl`ar-bjta-cb-bsbkfcab-iajarbc-`a-cbs-jbolhjas-ujl`bs---bc-ib``bgl-nbfcb---aspbjhc-aspbhc.
265 KHJ]ßJ, Oâj`l`h. Hpljlÿj pýfclob, ohkujlobolÿj y phcëtlob . Paojhs, 6557.
262 _BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr. Hpljlÿj pýfclob y `akhorbolb `aclfarbtlvb= ka`lhs, shj`ahs y
urjbs. Kb`rl`= Lstkh, 6555. L_FJ= >0-95<5-?>6-<
266 Oltb`h aj JHACCA-JAQKBJJ, Aclsbfatn= Cb asplrbc `ac slcajolh. Ubl`ÿs, 2<<1.
26?
_BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr, hp. olt., pâi. 62.260 _BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr, hp. olt.
261 _BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr, hp. olt., pâi. 01.
267 _BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr, hp. olt., pâi. 0<.
269 _BKUA@VH FCBJOH, Wëothr, hp. olt., pâi. 62.
26> VAQPAV_/AC UBË_. Ac `astljh `a Ib`bgl, aj kbjhs `a chs cë`aras trlfbcas Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 6?
`a gafrarh a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/56/6?/botubcl`b`/26<>021720X>15621.ntkc.
26<
@A PAVÂJ, Lijbolh Iutlìrraz, hp. olt. 2?5 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 1>.
2?2 VAQPAV_/AC UBË_. Ac `astljh `a Ib`bgl, aj kbjhs `a chs cë`aras trlfbcas Taj cëjab[. Ac Ubës= 6?
`a gafrarh a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//ljtarjbolhjbc.acpbls.ohk/ljtarjbolhjbc/6522/56/6?/botubcl`b`/26<>021720X>15621.ntkc.
2?6 VBFFLB, Jhakë. Ocbrhsourhs `a cb Vavhcuolÿj Clflb Taj cëjab[. Guj`bkajtbr= bjâclsls phcëtloh,
aohjÿkloh a ljtarjbolhjbc= ?2 `a bihsth `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 2?/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.guj`bkajtbr.ohk/lj`ax.pnp/brtlouchs/a`lthrlbc/ltak/027-ocbrhsourhs-`a-cb-
ravhcuolhj-clflb. 2?? BVOA, Bcfarth. Klsrbtb Obcclji . Kb`rl`= Clfrhs ac D.H., 6526. L_FJ= <9>->0-<?<??7-?-5.
2?0 FAJ MACCHQJ, Pbnbr4 AKFBVAD CßUA], Kbcldb (trb`.). Cb prlkbvarb ârbfa . Kb`rl`=
Bclbjzb A`lthrlbc, 6522. Uâi. ?9. L_FJ= <9>->0-657-1?12->.
2?1 BF@QCCBN, ]ucbldnb. Uhcltlobc Bclajbtlhj lj Clfyb= Bssasslji Oltlzajs' Uhcltlobc Bttltu`a bj` Fanbvlhur
Taj cëjab[. Pna Prlphcl Uhst= 9 `a hotufra `a 6526 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.trlphclphst.ohk/brtloca`atblc.bsp8o;21&l;<692.
2?7 Vasuctb`hs `a cb prlkarb Ajouastb Jbolhjbc `a Clflb axtrbë`hs `a Jbtlhjbc survay ravabcs Clfybjs
whuc` pragar hja-kbj-ruca hvar `akhorboy Taj cëjab[. Qjlvarslty hg Hxghr`= 21 `a gafrarh `a 6526
7/21/2019 La opinión pública en Libia durante el régimen de Gadafi. Cómo influyó en el mantenimiento del poder gadafista …
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Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. Ka`lb= Jaw racabsas ghr mhurjbclsts. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat=
nttp=//www.hx.bo.ud/ka`lb/jawsXracabsasXghrXmhurjbclsts/265621.ntkc.
2?9 @aocbrbolhjas axtrbë`bs `a Lfë`ak .
2?>
JBWBVVH, Wloajé. Ib``bgl, jahclfarbclskh, ac GKL y chs ihflarjhs supuastbkajta `agajshras `a chs `araonhsnukbjhs Taj cëjab[. Ac Ucurbc= 6> `a gafrarh `a 6522 Tohjsuctb`h ac 69/52/6520[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.vjbvbrrh.hri/8p;1?<7.
2?< Lfë`ak.
205 Lfë`ak .
202 ILC GQAJ_BJPB, Masýs4 CHVOB, Bcambj`rh4 MBKA_, Brlac Mhsì. Mhsì, hp. olt., pâi. 12.
206 BF@QCCBN, ]ucbldnb. Uhcltlobc Bclajbtlhj lj Clfyb= Bssasslji Oltlzajs' Uhcltlobc Bttltu`a bj` Fanbvlhur
Taj cëjab[. Pna Prlphcl Uhst= 9 `a hotufra `a 6526 Tohjsuctb`h ac 52/59/652?[. @lsphjlfca aj
Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.trlphclphst.ohk/brtloca`atblc.bsp8o;21&l;<692. 20? Lfë`ak .
200 BVOA, Bcfarth, hp. olt., pâi. 2<.
201 FAJ MACCHQJ, Pbnbr, hp. olt .
207 FAJ MACCHQJ, Pbnbr, hp. olt ., pâi. 21.
209 VBA, Vabc Bob`aklb Aspbòhcb `a cb Cajiub. @loolhjbrlh `a cb cajiub aspbòhcb Taj cëjab[. Wliìslkh
saiuj`b a`lolÿj. @lsphjlfca aj Ljtarjat= nttp=//www.rba.as/rba.ntkc.
20> FAJ MACCHQJ, Pbnbr, hp. olt ., pâi. 05-02.