ingles de jorge

8/3/2019 Ingles de Jorge

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Ingles

how to use a dictionary

how that you are in the advanced course, you will have to get used to consulting a dictionary. thedictionary will be your while you learn english. there, you will find all the words

that you do not know.

a dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order and you know the alphabet, you will be able to find

the words that you are looking for, very quickly. if you look at any page in your dictionary, you will

find that it is divided into two or three columns. at the top of each page, there are two words that

are called guide words ---one over the left hand column which is the first word on that page, and

one the right hand column which is the last word on the same page. the guide words are for you

to know whwthwr or not the word that you want is on that particular page.

the division of words in english is made by syllables, and the dictionary does it for you. a word that

is pronounced as a single syllable cannot be separated. you will notice that in the dictionary, the

syllable of a word are separated by hyphens or periods. for example. pro-jec-tor. you will also

notice the accent mark on the syllable that is stressed when the word is pronounced.

words of many syllables may have more than one stressed syllable. for example: pro-leta-rian. the

syllable that has a dark accent mark receives the strongest stress. the one that has light accent

mark receives an intermediate stress.the unmarked syllables receive the weakest stress in the

word.

beside each word, you will find its phonetic spelling. at the beginning of your dictionary, there is a

section called., that you must study to become familiar with the marks

used. this will enable you to produce the correct pronunciation. in english, some sondonants have

several sounds, and all the vowels have more than one sound.

immediately following the pronunciation, you will find symbols which indicate the parts of

speech:-n. for a noun, adj. for an adjetive; v. for a verb; adv. for an adverb; etc. there are words

that may be more than one part of speech, depending on how we use them often, a word hasmore than one definition or is defined by synonyms. when you look up the meaning of a word, you

should choose the definition which agrees with the use that you want to give to that particular

word.


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the dictionary indicates the plural of irregular nouns which do not follow any rules. for example: if

you look up the pliral of the word goose, you will find it as follows: ps. geese.

we hope that these helpful clues on how to use a dictionary, will lead you to a better cpmmand of

the english language.

questions

are you used to consulting a dictionary?

is it difficult for you to use a dictionary? why or why not?

how are the words in the dictionary arranged?

wha do you see at the top of each page in a dictionary?

how do they help you?

how are words divided in english?

name some ways in which the dictionary can help us?

what can we find at the beginningof the dictionary and what is it for?

what comes after it?

questions

how are the syllable of a word separated in a dictionay?

is it possible to consult the pronunciation of a wordin the dictionary? if so, explain how.

do the words in english have only one meaning? explain.

what should we do when we look up the meaning of a word?

when learning ESL, should a bilingual or an english dictionary be used? why?

how does a dictionary help you when learning a foreign language?


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grammar

adjective + -ity =noun

humid + -ity = humidity

elastic + -ity = elasticity

note: a) if the adjective ends in able, the noun is formed with -ability: advisable - advisability

b) some words have other spelling changes before - ity: curious---curiosity

nouns in-NESS: sadness

the suffix -NESS changes an adjetive to a noun meaning


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BUY + -ER = buyer (one who buys)

some other verbs add -OR to form nouns

verb + -OR = NOUN

invent + - or = invetor ( person who invents)

esit + - or = editor ( one who edits)

nouns in - ence , - ance: difference, appearance

the suffix - ence, - ance change verbd to nouns meaning >:

verb + - ence = noun

differ i - ence = difference

insist + -ence = insistence

verb + ance = noun

appea + - ance = appearance

maintain + -ance = maintainance

nouns in -ure : departure

the suffix -ure changes some verbs to nouns:

verb + -ure =noun

depart + - ure =departure

expose + -ure =exposure

nouns in- Ment : payment

the suffix - ment changes verbs to nouns:


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verb + - ment =noun

pay + -ment =payment

agree + -ment = agreement

nouns in - ION (- TION, - SION,- ITION, - ATION): selection, discussion, proposition, representation,

the suffix -ION changes verbs to nouns meaning :

a) many verbs ending in -t or - the form nouns with the suffix - (T) ION

verb + - ion = noun

predict + - ion = prediction

react + - ion = reaction

exceptions: verbs ending in - M IT

emit + - ion = emission

permit + - ion = permission

b) verbs ending in - CE often drop the E and ADD t before - ion

introduce + - ion =introduction

produce + - ion = production

c) verbs ending in - S, -D, OR -DE OFTEN HAVE NOUN FORMS WITH - ( s) ION

oppress + - ion = oppression

extend + - ion = extension

provide + - ion = provision


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exception: intend + - ion = intention

d) some verbs form nouns with - ition

propose + - ition = proppsition

add + - ation = addition

e) other verbs form nouns with - ation

amagine + - ation = imagination

admire + - ation = admiration


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anguage is the human act or manner of speaking or writing. it enables man to communicate with

others and to express his thoughts and ideas. language comes from the latin word

which means tongue. in every place where man exists, there is language; even the monst

primitive human being speaks a language.

many studies have been made concerning the origin of language. exprerts believe that primitive

men had to use their voice in an effort to communicate with each other when gestures couldn't be

used, as in case of darkness. at first, this ability was perhaps exploited by imitating sounds such as

groans, grunts and barks. or it might have been an accompaniment to gestures or other body

motions.

the best way to learn a language is by listening adn imitating. this is the natural method by which

children gradually learn to speak. at first, they imitate sounds made by older persons. the, theylearn to connect individual words with objects, ideas and actions. later they also learn by

imitation, to arrange the words in certain ways and finally, they get to schieve certain effec and

communicate their ideas.

this is also the way in which modern methods to learn a foreign language work. the students learn

by listening and imitating, and by associating sounds withobjects. grammar patterns are simplified

and to enable him to acquire fluency.

by learning a foreign language, a person has the opportunity to increase his general stock of

information because he learns about the customs and ways of life of other nations another

advantage of learning a foreign language is that it increases the range of communication. in

addition there are many job opportunities for those who speak more than one language.

for a long time, people have been interested in having an international anguage that could be

spoken throughout the world. perhaps. someday there will be an international lenguage. until the,

international communication will have to depend on people who speak more,. than one language


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questions

what do experts believe concerning the origin of language?

which is the best way tolearn a foreing language?

does it take long for children to learn to speak?

what do you understand by language?

explain in your own words the importance of language in every aspect of life?

how has language developed?

have foreing language influenced the business field? what's your opinion?

how does the natural method to learn a language work?

is it importante to master more than one language? if so, explain why.

in what have people been interested for a long time?

describe the relation between language and culture?

what would happen if we used an existing language as an international language?

name two advantages of learning english

try to explain in your own words how the knowledge of a foreingn language may act as self-

confidence source?

is it possible for people who don't follow a specific profession, but master the english language, to

make a good amount of money per month? give a complete opinion thereon.


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grammar

adjectives in -ous: dangerous

the siffix -ous changes nouns to adjetives:

noun + - ous = adjetive

danger + - ous = dangerous

humor + - ous = humorous

some nouns ending in-ce change the E to l before -ous

grace + - ous = gracious

space + - ous = spacious

change -y (preceded by a consonant) to l before -ous

industry + - ous = industrious

victory + - ous = visctorious

adjectives in - T: VIOLENT

MANY (BUT NOT ALL) nouns ending in - CE or -CY have an adjetive from ending -T:

-CE / - CY noun T adjective

violence - violent

frequency - frequent

adjectives in- FUL: colorful

the suffix - ful changes a noun to an adjective meaning

Noun + - FUL = adjective

color + - ful = colorful ( full of color)


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law + - ful = lawful ( full of law)

the suffix -full may be added to some nouns to form other nouns

these nouns usually indicate amount, size, or measurement

Noun + - ful = noun

spoon + - ful = spoonful ( a full spoon)

arm + - ful = armful ( a full arm)

hand + - ful = handful ( a full hand)

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