indicadores de repitencia en los costos universitarios. 1990 - 2010

8/8/2019 Indicadores de repitencia en los costos universitarios. 1990 - 2010

1/26

R Calapvja of Efstjg Vgjyfsjt`j` of @hjc` ofl Sv

D`l`gcf z ~as~fctjy` of l` Fovc`cjg Sv~fjafg fl h`ca of las Djcfgtfg`jas of @hjc` ofl Sv

JGOJC@OATFS OF TF^J_FGCJ@FG LAS CAS_AS VGJYFTSJ_@TJAS= 0::> 4>0>

@ljcj` Df`tj} L~f}`ljcj`'la~f}Nfovc'`

H` ofl ^l`t`, 2 ` 0> of ojcjfhdf of 4>0>

f` tfhtjc`= Efstjg of l` jgiah`cjg z las ~acfsas


2/26

JGOJC@OATFS OF TF^J_FGCJ@FG LAS CAS_AS VGJYFTSJ_@TJAS' 0::> ( 4>0>

@ljcj` Df`tj} L~f}

`ljcj`'la~f}Nfovc'`

Ojcjfhdf of 4>0>

TFSVHFG '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4L@ VGJYFTSJO@O CAHA ATE@GJ]@CJG ^TAOVC_AT@ OF SFTYJCJAS ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''' 3FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 0::>''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 0::?''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 4>0>''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5

VG@ @^LJC@CJG _FTJC@'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''' :CAGCLVSJAGFS ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 00DJDLJAET@IJ@''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 00

TFSVHFGFl Ot' @gefl Ejgfs`t Dabjevfs ~ta~vsa fg 0::> vg` hfaoalae` ~`t` fl clcvla of las cas(

as ofl fetfsòa vgjyftsj`tja' Yfjgf às hs `tof, fg fl sfhjg`tja Casas Vgjyftsj`tjas

pvf aitfcjft` fg fl h`tca of l` H`fst` fg Efsjg Vgjyftsj`tj`, ~ta~vsa tfyjs`t l` cags(

tvccjg ofl cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg ~`t` fl casa ofl fetfsòa vgjyftsj`tja'

Fl haoa dvsc` t`gsiath`t las casas of las `lvhgas of cò` ~ftaoa of fgsf`g}` fg casa

ofl fetfsòa, fgjfgoa fg cvfg` las fifcas ofl e`sa, l` ovt`cjg of l` c`ttft`, l` tf~jfgcj` z

l` ofsftcjg' Sj las e`sas sag fsjhòas ijg`gcjft`hfgf, fgagcfs sf c`lcvl`g casas ijg`g(

cjftas' Sj sag fsjh`cjagfs sacj`lfs "sf jgcat~at` la pvf ofm`g of e`g`t las `lvhgas ~at fs`t

fsvoj`goa*, sf c`lcvl`g casas sacj`lfs'

Fg fsf `tcvla l` `fgcjg sf fgiac` fg fl t``hjfga of l` tf~jfgcj` caha vg oadlf mvfea

of sjv`cjg z ilvma' Sf ~ta~agf vg cafijcjfgf pvf tfilfmf cag hs ~tfcjsjg fl fifca `tt`s(

tf pvf hvfst` l` tf~jfgcj` ovt`gf l` yjo` `còhjc` ofl fsvoj`gf, ofsof sv jgetfsa b`s`

sv fetfsa'


3/26

L@ VGJYFTSJO@O CAHA ATE@GJ]@CJG ^TAOVC_AT@ OF SFTYJCJAS

Ojsjgas `vatfs b`g fsvojòa ` l` vgjyftsjoò caha ate`gj}`cjg cah~lfm` "fg ~`tjcvl`t,

Yfe`, 4>>:*' _`hdjg fs ~asjdlf cagsjoft`tl` caha vg` ate`gj}`cjg ~taovcat` of fovc`(

cjg, frfgsjg f jgyfsje`cjg "Ejgfs`t, 0::>*' Fs` hjtò` ~fthjf `sjhjl`t l` y`s` fr~f(

tjfgcj` fg fl casfa of `cjyjoòfs ~taovcjy`s `l c`sa of l` vgjyftsjoò'

Fg fsf `tcvla sf `svhf pvf sf b` jh~lfhfgòa vg` hfaoalae` òfcvò` pvf ~fthj`

c`lcvl`t fl e`sa a`l `tjdvjdlf ` l` c`ttft` fg ivgcjg of svs fetfsòas tfl`cjag`t las e`sas fg jgsvhas cag las casas fg ~taovcas cag`t cag jgiath`cjg jl ~`t` l` ah` of ofcjsjagfs

@l cagsjoft`t ` l` c`ttft` caha ~tacfsa ~taovcjya, fs gfcfs`tja jofgjijc`t

0' fl ~taovca= djfg ` ~taovcjt, admfa of l` `ccjg ~taovcjy`' Fg l` vgjyftsjoò, fl~taovca fs fl fetfsòa' Fg c`sa of pvf sf ~taov}c`g, sjhvlgf`hfgf, ~taifsjag`lfs

f jgyfsjeòatfs, sf fgot` vg fmfh~la of ~taovccjg cagmvg`' @ofhs, fg `ga

cv`ga fl ~taifsjag`l ga sla òpvjftf z ofs`ttall` cah~ffgcj`s ~`t` fl fmftcjcja of

sv ~taifsjg sjga pvf, òfhs, cagtjdvzf `l ofs`ttalla ~ftsag`l z sacj`l, fl ~taovca

fs cah~lfma' Fg l` c`ttft` vgjyftsj`tj`, l`s f`~`s of ~taovccjg ~vfofg `sjhjl`tsf `las às of fsvoja ~tfyjsas fg fl ojsfa cvttjcvl`t' Las `lvhgas pvf ~`s`g of vg à

` ata sag `sjhjl`dlfs ` ~taovcas jgfthfojas, hjfgt`s pvf fl fetfsòa fs `sjhjl`dlf

`l ~taovca ijg`l'

4' Las jgsvhas= tfpvftjhjfgas gfcfs`tjas ~`t` tf`lj}`t l` `cjyjoò ~taovcjy`' Sagaoas las tfcvtsas gfcfs`tjas ~`t` jh~`tjt l` fgsf`g}` vgjyftsj`tj` fg cò` à of

c`ttft`' Sf ~vfofg `~ljc`t ojtfc` a jgojtfc`hfgf ` l` `cjyjoò, ~vfofg sft

cattjfgfs "sj sf `~ljc`g vg` gjc` yf}* a ovt`dlfs "sj ~ftovt`g a ovt`g hs pvf vg``~ljc`cjg*'

3' L` tfl`cjg of ~taovccjg= tfl`cjg fgtf tfsvlòas fs~ftòas z tfcvtsas gfcfs`tjascv`gjijc`dlfs of `leg haoa' @ofhs, cò` à ofl ~l`g of fsvoja fs vg` f`~` z

ofsof fsf ~vga of yjs` ~vfof fr~tfs`tsf l` tfl`cjg of ~taovccjg'

?' Fl jfh~a= sjtyf of tfiftfgcj` ~`t` jofgjijc`t l`s sfcvfgcj`s fg vg` f`~`, ` l` cv`l sf`sjeg`g c`gjoòfs of jgsvhas ~`t` adfgft c`gjoòfs of ~taovcas jgfthfojas a

ijg`lfs' Fg fl ~tacfsa of ~taovccjg vgjyftsj`tj`, fs ctjca ~`t` offthjg`t atasgojcfs of tfsvlòa, caha fl ofset`g`hjfga z fl tf}èa'


4/26

Fg fsf `gljsjs sf ojsjgevf fgtf ~taovcas jgfthfojas "`lvhgas `fgojoas* z ~taovca ijg`l

"fetfsòas*' @s, fl casa ofl `lvhga fs cagcf~v`lhfgf ojsjga ofl casa ofl fetfsòa' D`ma

fs`s ~tfsvgcjagfs, sf `g`lj}` l` fyalvcjg ofl haofla h`fhjca pvf ~fthjf c`lcvl`t fl

casa ofl fetfsòa fg vg` c`ttft` vgjyftsj`tj`'

Fg fl ~tjhfta of las oacvhfgas cagsjoftòas l` c`ttft` ~tfyf` l` tf~jfgcj` sjg ofsftcjg'

@ofhs, ~ta~ag` tfs haoas ojiftfgfs ~`t` fl clcvla ofl casa ofl fetfsòa "Ejgfs`t,

0::>=049*' Fg fl oacvhfga of 0::?, sf ètfe` fl jh~`ca pvf l` ofsftcjg ~vfof fgft fg fl

casa ofl fetfsòa, vjlj}`goa fl Haoa ~at Cah~agfgfs ` ~`tjt of vg` h`tj} gath`lj}`(

o`' Ovt`gf fl sfhjg`tja Casas Vgjyftsj`tjas of 4>0>, sf ~tfsfg`tag `mvsfs `l haofla tfs(

~fca of l` tf~jfgcj` z sf ojscvj l` `sjeg`cjg ofl casa ~at ofsftcjg `l `lvhga ~`s`gf'

@g cv`goa ovt`gf fl Sfhjg`tja of 4>0> sf ~l`gf l` sjv`cjg of `sjeg`t vg` ~ta~atcjg

ofl e`sa ` las `lvhgas pvf `d`goag`g las fsvojas, fg fsf `tcvla `svhf pvf aoas las e`s(

as sf c`te`g `l a`l ofl fetfsòa' Sf ofm` ~`t` vg` ivvt` jgyfsje`cjg ~taivgoj}`t fg l`

`sjeg`cjg ~`tcj`l of las e`sas' ât t`}agfs of sjh~ljcjoò, sf vgjijc` l` ga`cjg of las ojs(

jgas oacvhfgas cagsvlòas z sf vjlj}` sla fl haoa ~at cah~agfgfs'

FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 0::>Fl haofla h`fhjca ~ta~vfsa fg 0::> cagsjoft`d` fl clcvla ofl casa of vg` c`ttft` cag

tf~jfgfs, ~fta sjg d`m`s, ` ~`tjt of vg fspvfh` caha fl ~ta~vfsa=

Fs` fstvcvt` fs ojghjc`, `vgpvf ~`t` sv fsvoja ofdft sft fs`cjag`tj` z `catof ` vg`

sfcvfgcj` fh~at`l of haoa `l pvf sf tfijft` ` vg` gjc` ~adl`cjg of tfiftfgcj`' L` h`tj}

of oàs tfiftfgcj`l ~ta~vfs` fs vg` h`tj} of ~tahfojas adsftyòas ovt`gf las ljhas

às, fg fl c`sa fg pvf ga b`z` ivftfs y`tj`cjagfs fs`cjag`lfs'


5/26

Fl haofla ojsjgevf fgtf las fsvoj`gfs gvfyas z las fsvoj`gfs tf~fjoatfs, `~ljc`goa vg`

`s` of tf~jfgcj` pvf tfilfm` fl casa of yalyft ` vjlj}`t las tfcvtsas vg à hs' Sf

ofijgfg oas jgojcòatfs ~`t` fl haofla=

cafijcjfgf of tf~jfgcj` "tba*= tfl`cjg fgtf l` c`gjoò of `lvhgas tf~jfgfs zl` c`gjoò of `lvhgas h`tjcvlòas fg fsf à'

cafijcjfgf of `lvhgas a`lfs "l`hdo`*= c`gjoò of `lvhgas ~at cò` àcvttjcvl`t tfpvftjo` ~`t` ~taovcjt vg fetfsòa'

^`t` `~ljc`t fl Haoa ~at Cah~agfgfs, fs gfcfs`tja cag`t cag l` sjevjfgf jgiath`cjg=

las e`sas a`lfs fg jgsvhas fg cò` à cvttjcvl`t, gfcfs`tjas ~`t` c`lcvl`t fl casaofl `lvhga fg fl à `còhjca= mm

m

E_@c@

@8

las cafijcjfgfs of tf~jfgcj` fg cò` à cvttjcvl`t "* las cafijcjfgfs of a`l of `lvhgas "* vg` `s` of jgfts of tfiftfgcj` " t * l` ovt`cjg ftjc` a bj~ajc` of l` c`ttft` "g*

Fspvfhjc`hfgf, fl casa ofl fetfsòa atjejgòa fg cò` vga of las às "cF* cvttjcvl`tfs

sf fr~tfs` caha fl casa ofl `lvhga fg fsf à "c@* ìfcòa ~at vg cafijcjfgf pvf tfsvhf

fl jh~`ca of l` tf~jfgcj` z l` lfgjijc`cjg "*= m m mcF c@8 '

Fl cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg sf ofijg` caha

0

0

0"0 * "0 *

g m

g mm ms ms g

s

+

+

8

8 + + + ' Fl

casa ofl fetfsòa fs l` svh` of l`s cah~agfgfs0 0

0 0

g g

m m m

m m

cF cF c@+ +

8 8

8 8 ' "Ejgfs`t,

0::>=036*

Fg fs` ithvl` sf ojsjgevfg tfs ~`tfs= fl y`lat jfh~a ofl ojgfta, fl ~fsa of l` tf~jfgcj` z

l` jgfijcjfgcj` `tjdvjdlf ` l` tf~jfgcj` f, jgojtfc`hfgf, ` l`s d`m`s'


6/26

Fg fl ~fsa of l` tf~jfgcj` sf adsfty` pvf sf c`sje` `l ~tjhft à cvttjcvl`t cag tf~jfgcj`

pvf acvttf fg atas ~ftaoas, caha vg jgfga of tfilfm`t fl fifca `tt`stf ofl casa of l`

tf~jfgcj` ` la l`tea ofl cjcla ~taovcjya' Fsf ~vga sf `g`lj}`t fg ~taivgojoò ` l` lv} of l`

ojscvsjg ovt`gf fl sfhjg`tja of 4>0>, d`ma fl vla Fl haofla h`fhjca of 4>0>

FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 0::?

Fl `gljsjs of casas fs ~ftjgfgf fg vg` efsjg ~at admfjyas `gfs pvf fg vg` efsjg ~at

ivgcjagfs "Ejgfs`t, 0::?=030*' Cag`t cag jgojcòatfs tadvsas fs ctvcj`l ~`t` l` ah` of

ofcjsjagfs, z fsas sf cagstvzfg, fg sv h`zat`, d`sòas fg haoflas h`fhjcas'

Fg l` tfyjsjg, fl `vat fljef fl Haoa ~at Cah~agfgfs ~at sft fl hs òfcvòa ~`t` l` efs(

jg vgjyftsj`tj`' Fg fsf ~l`gfa, sf tfpvjftf cagacft

fl casa ofl `lvhga fg fl ~ftaoa cagsjoftòa "c@* fl cafijcjfgf of cvhvl`cjg of cò` à cvttjcvl`t "*

Cag fs` fstvcvt`, fl haofla h`fhjca ~`t` fl clcvla ofl casa ofl fetfsòa sf fr~tfs`

hfoj`gf0 0

0 0

g g

m m m

m m

cF cF c@+ +

8 8

8 8 "Ejgfs`t, 0::?=9:*

Fsf gvfya cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg ojijftf fg sv fstvcvt` tfs~fca ofl ~tfsfgòa fg

0::> ~`t` aoas las às frcf~a fl ~fgljha, pvf ~fth`gfcf jgy`tj`gf fg las oas haoflas'

Sf` fl c`sa ~`t` vg` c`ttft` cag ovt`cjg ftjc` a bj~ajc` of oas às'

Fg 0::>=4

0 0 0 4 4 0

4 4 4 4

"0 * "0 * "0 *

"0 * "0 *

8 + + + + +

8 + + +

Fg 0::?=4

0 0 0 4 0

4 4 4 4

"0 * "0 * "0 *

"0 * "0 *

8 + + + +

8 + + +

Fg `hd`s sf tfilfm` fl y`lat jfh~a ofl ojgfta, caha vg casa of a~atvgjoò' @ofhs, sf

sf`l` fl jh~`ca of l` jgfijcjfgcj` `tjdvjdlf ` vg` hf}cl` of tf~jfgcj` z of d`m`s' L` ojif(

tfgcj` fstjd` fg fl t``hjfga of l` tf~jfgcj`'


7/26

Sf cattjef l` fr~tfsjg h`fhjc`, ~fta sf h`gjfgf fl ctjftja of vg jgojcòat of sjv`cjg

~`t` fr~tfs`t fl fifca `tt`stf of l` tf~jfgcj`, hfoj`gf fl tfcvtsa of cagsjoft`t tf~jfgcj`

ivvt` fg fl ~ftaoa ~tfsfgf'

FL HAOFLA H@_FH_JCA OF 4>0>

Fl haofla ~tfsfg` y`tj`s jggay`cjagfs cag tfs~fca ` las `gftjatfs' Fg ~tjhft lve`t, sf cag(

sjoft` fl ilvma of l` h`tcvl` cagsjoft`goa d`m`s z tf~jfgcj`s, caha ~vfof yftsf fg fl sj(

evjfgf ojèt`h`=

@ofhs, sf jgcat~at` l` ojscvsjg of `sjeg`t ~`tf of las casas ` l`s d`m`s, `svhjfgoa pvf fl

~`sa ~at l` vgjyftsjoò ètfe y`lat ` pvjfg l` b`z` t`gsjòa `g cv`goa ga b`z` cvh~ljoacag las tfpvjsjas iath`lfs ~`t` vg` `ctfoj`cjg ~`tcj`l a a`l of s`dftfs'

Z, ~at ljha, l` tfyjsjg ofl cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg of tf~jfgcj`' @pv sf ~l`gf` vg

oadlf mvfea fgtf vg jgojcòat sjv`cjag`l "caha sf yfg` b`cjfgoa ofsof 0::>* z vg jgojc`(

oat of ilvma of l` tf~jfgcj`, fgfgojoa caha vg ~`s`t sjg e`s`t, fifca `tt`stf of l` ~asj(

dljoò of b`dft tf~fjoa `leg à `còhjca'

Sj sf ~vfof tfca~jl`t las oàs fg vg jgs`gf, l` fsjh`cjg fs sjv`cjag`l' ât fmfh~la, las

`lvhgas of vg ~ftaoa, c`gjoò of `lvhgas tf~jfgfs z c`gjoò of `lvhgas gvfyas' Fg

c`hdja, sj las oàs tfca~jlòas b`cfg tfiftfgcj` ` ~`s`t of vg ~ftaoa ` ata, l` fsjh`cjg

fs of ilvmas' Fgtf atas, cvgas `lvhgas ~`s`g of vg à ` ata'

Fl haoa of clcvla ~at cah~agfgfs ~fthjf ojsjgevjt fg fl casa ofl fetfsòa `pvflla pvf

~tayjfgf of las e`sas fg jgsvhas of la atjejgòa fg l` fstvcvt` `còhjca(ijg`gcjft`

ofl ~tacfsa of fovc`cjg caha la sag l` tf~jfgcj` z l` ofsftcjg "Ejgfs`t, 0::>= 039*'


8/26

Fg d`sf `l haofla etijca, sf ~tfsfg` fl haofla h`fhjca ~`t` fl clcvla ofl casa ofl

fetfsòa, cah~vfsa ~at casas ~`tcj`lfs atjejgòas fg cò` à `còhjca' Fl cafijcjfgf of

`cvhvl`cjg of casas 0 0"0 * "0 * "0 *g m

m m m m m +

+8 + + + + tfilfm` l` ofsftcjg, l`

tf~jfgcj` z fl casa of a~atvgjoò=

0' tfpvftjhjfga of `lvhgas ~`t` ~taovcjt vg fetfsòa= mm @F

8

4' c`~j`lj}`cjg of las e`sas fg vg à cvttjcvl`t= 0"0 *g m ++ 3' `cvhvl`cjg gv`l ~at tf~jfgcj`= "0 *m m + + ?' fifca `tt`stf of l` tf~jfgcj`= 0"0 *m ++

Bf `pv l` fyalvcjg ofl cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg, sv~vfs` vg` c`ttft` fg oas às=

Fg 0::>=4

0 0 0 4 4 0

4 4 4 4

"0 * "0 * "0 *

"0 * "0 *

8 + + + + +

8 + + +

Fg 0::?=4

0 0 0 4 0

4 4 4 4

"0 * "0 * "0 *

"0 * "0 *

8 + + + +

8 + + +

Fg 4>0>=4

0 0 0 4 0

4 4 4 4

"0 * "0 * "0 *

"0 * "0 *

8 + + + +

8 + + +

Fl cafijcjfgf of `cvhvl`cjg ~tfsfgòa fg 4>0> ~tfsfg` vg cafijcjfgf sjv`cjag`l of tf~j(

fgcj` ~`t` jgojc`t pvf fl `lvhga pvf tf~jf ~è` oas yfcfs z ata cafijcjfgf of ilvma pvf

jgojc` fl ~`s`t sjg e`s`t, oòa ~at 04, 0

m

m m

@T

@^

+

+

8 '

Fl casa ofl `lvhga ~tahayjoa, fsa fs, pvf ~`s` of ~tjhfta ` sfevgoa à fs oòa ~at

40,4 0 0 0 0 0 0"0 *"0 * "0 * "0 *c@^ c@ c@ c@ 8 + + + + + '

Fl ~tjhft thjga fr~ljc` fl cah~agfgf ofl casa of las `lvhgas gvfyas pvf ~`s`g sjg b`dft

tf~fjoa, fl sfevgoa tfilfm` fl casa of las pvf tf~jjftag fsf à z fl ftcfta hvfst` fl casa

of las pvf, b`djfgoa tf~fjoa vg` yf}, ~`s`g `l sjevjfgf à'


9/26

A~ft`goa lefdt`jc`hfgf, sf adjfgf l` sjevjfgf fr~tfsjg sjh~ljijcò`=

40,4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0"0 *"0 * "0 * "0 * "0 * "0 *c@^ c@ c@ c@ c@ 8 + + + + + 8 + + +

Fl casa ofl `lvhga pvf ~`s` of sfevgoa ` ftcft à "pvf fg gvfsta c`sa, fetfs`* ofdf tfilf(m`t l` tf~jfgcj` z l`s d`m`s acvttjo`s `l ijg`lj}`t fl sfevgoa à z, òfhs, fl bfcba of ~`s`t

sjg e`s`t, fgfgojoa caha vg` hacbjl` pvf c`te` fl `lvhga pvf tf~jf vg à offthjgòa

z ~`s` `l sjevjfgf'

Of fsf haoa, sf jfgf vg` fr~tfsjg `glae` ` l` ofl casa ofl `lvhga pvf ~`s` of ~tjhfta `

sfevgoa ìfcò` ~at vg cafijcjfgf of ilvma of tf~jfgcj` pvf, atjejgòa fg fl à `gftjat z

pvf sf `tt`st` `l à sjevjfgf=4

4,3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4"0 *"0 * "0 * "0 * "0 * "0 *"0 *"0 *c@^ c@ c@ c@ c@ 8 + + + + + + 8 + + + +

^`t` cagyftjt fsfe`sta fg `lvhga ~`s`gtf fg casta ofl fefsòa atjejgòa fg fl ~tjhft à,

fs gfcfs`tja tfcagacft fl y`lat jfh~a ofl ojgfta "casa of a~atvgjoò*, fl y`lat jfh~a of

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10/26

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11/26

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indicadores de repitencia en los costos universitarios. 1990 - 2010

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