impacto ambiental de detergentes

8/9/2019 Impacto Ambiental de Detergentes

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Detergentes Impacto Ambiental.

First, surfactants and phosphates, as the main components of detergent formulationsand cleaning products, have been the subject of longstanding and ongoingdetergent regulation and legislation. Second, ecient management has been imposedon sewage treatment, which is being updated continuously. A better understanding of

this multidimensional inputoutput interaction is needed.

!he ecacy of a sewage treatment is evaluated by di"erent parameters, such as # $%D &biochemical o'ygen demand(, which registers the biodegradable organicmatter present

# )%D &chemical o'ygen demand( # !%) &total organic carbon(

*owever, the most signi+cant parameter is the direct measurement of the pollutantlevels, mainly surfactant and phosphate concentrations.*ighly sensitive analytical test methods have been developed for the accuratedetermination of surfactant concentration -,/. Anionic surfactants are determined as00methylene blue1active substances22 &3$AS( by a method based on a modi+ed 4pton

two5phase titration. 6onionic surfactants are determined as bismuth5active substances&$iAS( after passage through cation and anion e'change columns.)ationic surfactants are determined as 00disul+de blue1active substances22&DS$AS(.Strict implementation of detergent regulations combined with e"ective sewagetreatment hes led to low surfactant concentrations in large rivers, such as those in the7hine, which currently are as follows 8/9Anionic surfactants, about :.:; mg< 3$AS &linear al=ylben>ene sulfonates(Anionic surfactants, less than :.:? mg<


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the total level of degradation by which a test substance is consumed by microorganismsto produce carbon dio'ide, water, mineral salts, and constituents of microbe cells &biomass(.7eady biodegradability is an arbitrary classi+cation for chemical compounds thatsatisfy immediate biodegradability tests. !he severity of the tests &biodegradationand acclimation time( ensures that such compounds will degrade

@uic=ly and completely in an a@uatic environment under aerobic conditions.

$iodegradabilidad re@uerimientos y metodos de prueba.

Separation of anionics and nonionics from a detergent com5 position is re@uired prior tobiological testing to eliminate artifacts or interfering interactions.

!he results are reported asE&loss( 3$AS for anionics andE&loss( $iASfor nonionic. !he disappearance of the speci+c analytical species corresponds to theloss of sign+cant ecological surface activity.

!he ecological concerns of the ?G:s are reHected in the following @uotationfrom )ouncil Directive G-:44) ?-/9

!he pollutant e"ects of detergents on waters, namely the formation of foam inlarge @uantities, restricts contact between water and air, renders o'ygenationdicult, causes inconvenience to navigation, impairs the photosynthesisnecessary to the life of a@uatic Hora, e'ercises unfavorable inHuence on thevarious stages of processes for the puri+cation of wastewaters, causes damageto wastewater puri+cation plants, and constitutes an indirect microbiologicalris= due to the possible transference of bacteria and viruses.

In ?G-, two biological tests were approved and mandated by the %4)D&%rgani>ation for 4conomic )ooperation and Development( for establishing biodegradability?-,?/9?. %4)D Screening !est8. %4)D )on+rmatory !est

!he 3$AS or $iAS losses are compared with two reference surfactants9 the readilybiodegradable


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which the high5biodegradation5rate plateau is maintained by the readily biodegradablesubstance.

!ypical primary surfactant biodegradations found by the %4)D )on+rmatory !est as 3$AS$iASDS$AS for anionicnonioniccationic surfactants are given in

impacto ambiental de detergentes

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