grupos de movimiento bioenergÉtico para personas con trastornos psicolÓgicos

7/22/2019 GRUPOS DE MOVIMIENTO BIOENERGTICO PARA PERSONAS CON TRASTORNOS PSICOLGICOS

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@@KTRGD\FF@KKTRGD\FF@K


2/97

Troboag C`koh dl Nrodg \k`vlrs`dod Lmprlsoròh V`nhg 2?

Lh prlslktl prgylftg jo s`dg fgkflb`dg poro lh slrv`f`g dl Jgsp`toh dl Do dlh

Vokotgr`g Hlk Mgrro. Vurnl lk rlspulsto o ho klfls`dod dl fgmphlmlktor lh obgrdoal

tlroput`fg lk ho ltopo dl rlsgfòh`zof`k dl pof`lktls lsqu`zgcrk`fgs y/g dlprls`vgs.

Lh Vokotgr`g Mgrro ls uko dl hos `kst`tuf`gkls dld`fodos o ho sohud mlktoh ms nrokdlsdl Frdgbo. Gcrlfl slrv`f`g dl `ktlrkof`k, dl tlropò ombuhotgrò y jgsp`toh dl do. Ho

mgdoh`dod tlroput`fo lk lh `ktlrkodg y jgsp`toh dl do fgmb`ko ps`fgcrmofgs, sls`gkls

`kd`v`duohls y port`f`pof`k lk tohhlrls dl rljob`h`tof`k.

Job`lkdg rloh zodg uk rlhlvom`lktg `kst tuf`gkoh mldòktl d`vlrsgs

`kstrumlktgs, sl fgkstot ho pgs`b`h`dod dl fgmphlmlktor ho tlroput`fo ut`h`zodo lk lh

jgsp`toh dl do fgk tohhlrls dl Mgv`m`lktg B`glklrnt`fg. Hos plrsgkos fgk trostgrkgs

ps`fghn`fgs fgmg ho lsqu`zgcrlkò y ho dlprls`k forlflk g t`lklk ohtlrodo gd`sm`ku`do ho `ktlnr`dod dl su slhc, ho odoptof`k o ho rloh`dod, ho fgkf`lkfò dl sus

lmgf`gkls y ho fopof`dod dl lxprlsorhos outgrrlnuhodomlktl. Ho b`glklrnt`fo ls uko

fgrr`lktl dl ps`fgtlropò fgrpgroh. Fgmb`ko hgs pr`kf`p`gs cukdomlktohls dlh

ps`fgokh`s`s fgk lh troboag d`rlftg sgbrl lh grnok`smg v`stg dlsdl lh puktg dl v`sto dl

su dlsorrghhg lklrnt`fg, lmgf`gkoh y rlhof`gkoh. Ygr mld`g dl hgs tohhlrls sl busfo lh

dlsorrghhg g odqu`s`f`k dl lsos cukf`gkls y fopof`dodls, pgtlkfòkdg lh prgflsg dl

rlsgfòh`zof`k dl hgs pof`lktls.

Vl fgkf`bl uk prgylftg fgk mgdoh`dod dl tohhlr, lk nrupgs dl gfjg o d`lz

port`f`poktls, lk rluk`gkls slmokohls dl uko jgro dl durof`k. Vl prgpgklk dgfl

tohhlrls frlodgs slnk hos fgkflpf`gkls ps`fgt`pghn`fos b`glklrnt`fos y slnk hgs

gbalt`vgs prgpulstgs. Yoro lvohuor lh `mpoftg dlh prgylftg sl prgpgkl tgmor lh tlst

prgylft`vg JTY (prl-tlst pgst-tlst fgk uk sghg nrupg). Yoro fgmphlmlktor ho lvohuof`k

sl rloh`zork lktrlv`stos dl slnu`m`lktg fgk ho tlropluto `kd`v`duoh, sl rln`strorok hos

dgs`s dl mld`fof`k dl hgs pof`lktls y sl oph`for uk fulst`gkor`g o hgs port`f`poktls.

Okdrs Dors`l 2


3/97


?. Tlmo

Nrupgs dl mgv`m`lktg b`glklrnt`fg fgmg jlrrom`lkto tlroput`fo poro

pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs lsqu`zgcrk`fgs y pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs dlprls`vgs.

?.? Gbalt`vg nlklroh

Fgmphlmlktor lh obgrdoal tlroput fg dl hgs pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs

lsqu`zg`dls g dlprls`vgs dlh slrv`f`g dl jgsp`toh dl do dlh sokotgr`g Hlk Mgrro o

trovs dl tohhlrls dl mgv`m`lktg B`glklrnt`fg.

?.2 Gbalt`vgs lsplfc`fgs

Cgrtohlflr lh lng dl hgs port`f`poktls.

Cgmlktor lk hgs pof`lktls ho `ktlnrof`k dlh fulrpg, ho lmgf`k y lh

plksom`lktg.

Mlagror lh fgktoftg fgk ho rloh`dod o trovs dlh fgktoftg fgk lh prgp`g fulrpg,

hos slksof`gkls y hos lmgf`gkls (outg-plrflpf`k).

Yrgmgvlr lh fgktoftg fgk ho rloh`dod o trovs dl hos rlhof`gkls `ktlrplrsgkohls.

@kfrlmlktor lk hgs port`f`poktls ho outg-oflptof`k dlh fulrpg y hos lmgf`gkls.

Cgmlktor ho fopof`dod dl outg-lxprls`k rlnuhodo dl lmgf`gkls lk hgs

pof`lktls.

@kfrlmlktor hgs lspof`gs dl fgmuk`fof`k lktrl prgcls`gkohls dlh slrv`f`g.

Okdrs Dors`l 6


4/97


2. Cukdomlktof`k

O roz dl ho lxplr`lkfò rloh`zodo lk lh sokotgr`g Hlk Mgrro lktrl slt`lmbrl y

d`f`lmbrl dl 299< sl lktr lk fgktoftg fgk ho prft`fo `kst`tuf`gkoh ps`qu`tr`fo. Dlktrg

dlh trotom`lktg dl hgs pof`lktls dl sto y gtros `kst`tuf`gkls sl hhlvok o fobg, fgmg

fgmphlmlktg dl ho tlropò cormofghn`fo y ps`fghn`fo, d`st`ktgs tohhlrls tlroput`fgs dl

rljob`h`tof`k. Lktrl hgs d`st`ktgs tohhlrls qul sl rloh`zok sl lkfulktrok1 rlfrlof`k,

n`mkosò, ygno, ms`fo, fgf`ko, lxprls`k fgrpgroh, phst`fo, rlchlx`k.

Ls sob`dg qul ho sohud dlh fulrpg oclfto ho sohud mlktoh y v`flvlrso. Lk lh

trotom`lktg dl ho lkclrmldod mlktoh, s`k lmborng, hos tfk`fos vlrbohls sgk hos dl ms

okt`nug orro`ng, hos ms d`cukd`dos y hos ms lstudòdos. Os m`smg, jo job`dg uk nrokdlsorrghhg dl ho `kdustrò cormofghn`fo. V` b`lk rlprlslkto uko vlktoao poro lh

trotom`lktg lh fgktor fgk lh mld`fomlktg fgmg rlfursg, sl dlbl prgfurorkg ltlrk`zor

ho dlplkdlkfò dlh sualtg poro fgk lh mld`fomlktg (Ly ?0


5/97


dl Y`lrroegs, B`gsktls`s dl Bgodlhho, Ldufof`k Vgmt`fo dl Elhhlmok, Joegm`

Tjlropy dl Eurtz y Yrlstlro, Rlsp`rof`k dl Rlkof`m`lktg dl Grr, Dokzo Mgv`m`lktg

Tlropò. Fgk rlsplftg o ho B`glklrnt`fo, Jftgr C`gr`k` gp`ko qul1

ho gr`lktof`k b`glklrnt`fo `k`fòdo pgr Rl`fj, fgkt`kuodo pgr Hgwlk,

Y`lrroegs y gtrgs outgrls, jo mgstrodg ho h`m`tof`k dlh troboag vlrboh

poro ocrgktor hgs prgbhlmos dlh forftlr () Ylrg jo mgstrodg odlms

ho `mpgrtokfò dl ho mgv`h`zof`k fgrpgroh y v`kfuhor dl hg qul lh

forftlr jo tlkd`dg o moktlklr `kmgv`h`zodg.(C`gr`k`, 2999, p.2?3)

Lh Okh`s`s B`glklrnt`fg ls uko cgrmo dl lktlkdlr ho plrsgkoh`dod o trovs dlh

fulrpg. \kg dl sus pr`kf`p`gs bs`fgs ls qul lh forftlr sl mok`c`lsto lk lh fulrpg fgmg

lstrufturo musfuhor `kfgksf`lktl. Lstl pr`kf`p`g hhlvodg o ho tlroput`fo `kd`v`duoh

ompho lh fompg dl off`k lk ho tlropò. Fuokdg ls uko `kj`b`f`k cs`fo ho qul `mp`dl

ho rlspulsto o ho `kchulkfò psqu`fo, sl ofto sgbrl lh fgrrlspgkd`lktl lstodg sgmt`fg.

Ygr lh fgktror`g, s` uk lstodg musfuhor plrturbodgr rlsuhto dl d`cf`h offlsg, sl gbro

sgbrl su lxprls`k psqu`fo. Dl lsto moklro, lh troboag fgk ho pohobro sl fgmphlmlkto

fgk lalrf`f`gs cs`fgs, dl rlsp`rof`k y mosoals.

Hgs lalrf`f`gs dl B`glklrnt`fo surnlk dlh mb`tg dl ho tlropò ps`fghn`fo`kd`v`duoh (Okh`s`s B`glklrnt`fg) y puldlk proft`forsl `kd`v`duoh g nrupohmlktl. Ls

`mpgrtoktl soblr qul tgdg msfuhg fgktrodg lst bhgqulokdg uk mgv`m`lktg. Hgs

lalrf`f`gs b`glklrnt`fgs oyudok o oumlktor lh lstodg v`brotgr`g dlh fulrpg, oslktor o ho

plrsgko lk sus p`lrkos, vghvlr ho rlsp`rof`k ms prgcukdo, onud`zor ho plrflpf`k dlh

`kd`v`dug sgbrl s m`smg y omphòr su outg lxprls`k.

Dlsdl jofl ogs yo, sl rloh`zok tohhlrls dl n`mkosò B`glklrnt`fo ob`lrtgs oh

pbh`fg5 lk lh jgsp`toh Ohvorlz dl Bulkgs O`rls pgr lalmphg, fgmg portl dlh prgnromo

prlvlkt`vg lk sohud mlktoh5 fgk bulkgs rlsuhtodgs slnk ho dgftgro Ohlnrl Rgmokg.

(Dòr`g Ho Kof`k, 2996). Lk Bros`h sl jo hhlvodg o fobg uko lxplr`lkfò fgk plrsgkos

dl ho tlrflro ldod fgk rlsuhtodgs fgmg1 rlfuplrof`k dl fopof`dodls cs`fos,

lmgf`gkohls y sgfòhls dl hos port`f`poktls y uk lstodg dl b`lklstor nlklroh. (Cusfg dgs

Voktgs, 2993).

Duroktl ho rloh`zof`k dl ho prft`fo prgcls`gkoh y fgmg rlqu`s`tg dl sto, slrloh`zorgk tohhlrls dl n`mkosò B`glklrnt`fo dlktrg dl ho `kst`tuf`k lk nrupgs dl

Okdrs Dors`l


6/97


pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs onudgs. Hgs rlsuhtodgs culrgk covgrobhls slnk hgs fomb`gs y

fgmlktor`gs qul lclftuorgk hgs pof`lktls y o hos frt`fos dl hgs prgcls`gkohls dl ho

`kst`tuf`k. O port`r dl lsto lxplr`lkfò surn` ho prgpulsto `kst`tuf`gkoh dl dlsorrghhor

lstgs tohhlrls dl moklro fgkt`kuo, oft`v`dod qul fgkt`ku duroktl uk mls y fuhm`k pgr

rozgkls plrsgkohls dlh fggrd`kodgr.

Mufjos vlfls, lh troboag fgrpgroh lk `kst`tuf`gkls dld`fodos o ho sohud mlktoh sl

rloh`zo s`k uk sustlktg tlr`fg qul dl fulkto dl hg ps`fghn`fg lk lh fulrpg. V` sl hl

sumo oh troboag fgrpgroh uko tlgro qul sustlktl prgcukdomlktl lh troboag dl hg psqu`fg

o trovs dl hg cs`fg, fgmg hg jofl ho B`glklrnt fo, hgs rlsuhtodgs pgdrok slr

suplr`grls. Ls qul o plsor dl fgkgflr hgs blklc`f`gs dlh troboag fgrpgroh, kg s`lmprl sl

t`lkl uko tlgro qul dl fulkto dlh pgr qu g lh fmg lhhgs ofgktlflk. Hos fgkflpf`gklsdl ho B`glklrnt`fo lxph`fok hos rlhof`gkls lx`stlktls lktrl lh fulrpg y ho ps`qul.

Lk B`glklrnt`fo fodo lalrf`f`g t`lkl rlhof`k fgk ohnk osplftg dl hg psqu`fg y

dl hg lmgf`gkoh, lsto rlhof`k obrl ho pgs`b`h`dod dl troboaor osplftgs ps`fghn`fgs

port`fuhorls o port`r dl uk lalrf`f`g puktuoh. Ygs`b`h`dod qul, auktg o sus fgkflpf`gkls

ps`fgt`pghn`fos, plrm`tl plksor y dlsorrghhor tohhlrls dl lalrf`f`gs gr`lktodgs o ho

prgbhlmt`fo dl hgs port`f`poktls y nlklror off`gkls dl ofulrdg o hgs lmlrnlktls dlh

nrupg. Lstg cofuhto uko `ktlrvlkf`k prlf`so, ofgrdl o hos klfls`dodls dl hgs

port`f`poktls. Troboaor lh ps`qu`smg o trovs dlh fulrpg fgmg phok nlklroh, opuktokdg o

osplftgs psqu`fgs lsplfc`fgs (dlclksos), o hg lmgf`gkoh y o hg fgrpgroh (tlks`gkls,

rlsp`rof`k).

Lx`stlk lv`dlkfòs dl qul lh troboag b`glklrnt`fg s`rvl fgmg jlrrom`lkto poro

prgp`fòr modurlz lk lh lng, oumlktor lh fgktoftg fgk ho rloh`dod `ktlr`gr y lxtlr`gr y ho

fopof`dod dl fgkf`lkfò y lxprls`k lmgf`gkoh (Brgmblrn ?0:3, ^l`dnokd 299


7/97


Vlnk Moro Fr`st`ko Moss`k` hgs lalrf`f`gs kg sgk uk subst`tutg poro k`knuko

tlrop`o, oukqul tlknok vohgr tlroput`fg ls kgtobhl lh prgnrlsg qul sl gbt`lkl lk lh

prgflsg tlroput`fg oh rloh`zor hgs lalrf`f`gs fgk rlnuhor`dod (Moss`k` ?000 p.24


8/97


6. T`pg dl lstud`g

Lh prlslktl troboag fgks`stl lk uk Yrgylftg dl Oph`fof`k Yrgcls`gkoh (YOY). Lh

YOY `mph`fo uko s`stlmot`zof`k dl off`gkls tlkd`lktls o mgd`c`for uko s`tuof`k o

port`r dl uko dlmokdo dltlrm`kodo. Lh prgylftg fgmg toh supgkl uk fomb`g1 ohng qul

lro, o trovs dlh prgylftg sl trokscgrmo.

Lh YOY portl dl uko klfls`dod `kst`tuf`gkoh, uko s`tuof`k `k`fòh dltlftodo o

port`r dl uk dònkst`fg grnok`zof`gkoh. Lh dònkst`fg grnok`zof`gkoh ls lh okh`s`s

qul sl jofl poro lvohuor ho s`tuof`k dl ho lmprlso, sus prgbhlmos, pgtlkfòh`dodls y

vos lvlktuohls dl dlsorrghhg (Rgdrnulz, ?00:). Lh dònkst`fg t`lkl qul rlspgkdlr o

f`lrtos fulst`gkls tohls fgmg1 _u jlfjgs `kfgmgdok7 _u prgbhlmos sgk`dlkt`c`fodgs7 _u`kls sucrlk lstgs prgbhlmos7 _u lv`dlkfòs hgs fgmprulbok7

_u sl pgdro joflr poro mlagror ho s`tuof`k7 Fmg sl pgdro fgmphlmlktor hg qul

sl jofl7 Fobl ofhoror qul lk lstl troboag kg sl rloh`z uk dònkst`fg grnok`zof`gkoh

lxjoust`vg5 pgr lhhg sl ut`h`zor lh trm`kg rlhlvom`lktg `kst`tuf`gkoh.

Oktl lsto klfls`dod-prgbhlmo dltlftodg surnl uko `dlo, uko mgt`vof`k y dlh

okh`s`s dl ho klfls`dod, lktlkd`lkdg sus fousos y grnlkls sl fgkfrlto uk prgylftg.

Yoro su cgrmuhof`k dlblmgs rlspgkdlr f`lrtos prlnuktos1

_u sl qu`lrl joflr7

@mphlmlktor nrupgs dl mgv`m`lktg b`glklrnt`fg fgmg portl dlh trotom`lktg dl

hgs pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs lsqu`zgcrk`fgs g dlprls`vgs dl jgsp`toh dl do dlh

Vokotgr`g Hlk Mgrro.

Ygr qu sl qu`lrl joflr7

Ygr qul hgs pof`lktls fgk trostgrkgs ps`fghn`fgs fgmg ho lsqu`zgcrlkò y ho

dlprls`k forlflk g t`lklk ohtlrodo g d`sm`ku`do ho `ktlnr`dod dl su slhc, ho odoptof`k o

ho rloh dod, ho fgkf`lkfò dl sus lmgf`gkls y ho fopof`dod dl lxprlsorhos

outgrrlnuhodomlktl. Ygr qul hgs lspof`gs dl fgmuk`fof`k lktrl d`clrlktls obgrdoals

dlh slrv`f`g sgk lsfosgs.

Yoro qu sl qu`lrl joflr7

Yoro sot`scoflr hos klfls`dodls dltlftodos lk hgs pof`lktls (dl cgrtohlf`m`lktg

yg`fg, dl oumlktor ho fgkf`lkfò fgrpgroh y lmgf`gkoh, ho lxprls`k, dl mlagror

Okdrs Dors`l :


9/97


fgktoftg fgk ho rloh dod) y lk ho `kst`tuf`k (`kfrlmlktor ho fgmuk`fof`k y

fggrd`kof`k dl off`gkls lk fuoktg oh trotom`lktg dl hgs pof`lktls lktrl prgcls`gkohls

dl d`st`ktos rlos).

Fmg sl jor7

Vl prgylfto dlsorrghhor uko oft`v`dod fgrpgroh, nrupoh, lk rluk`gkls slmokohls

dl uko jgro dl durof`k duroktl trls mlsls y mld`g.

Fmg sl vo o lvohuor7

Ho lvohuof`k sl rloh`zor, pr`kf`pohmlktl, mld`oktl ho tgmo dlh JTY (tlst-rltlst

fgk uk sghg nrupg). Odlms sl `mphlmlktork lktrlv`stos mlksuohls fgk ho ps`fhgno

lkfornodo dl ho tlrop`o `kd`v`duoh dl hgs pof`lktls, sl rlv`sor ho dgs`s dl mld`fof`k dl

hgs pof`lktls y sl oph`for uk fulst`gkor`g o hgs port`f`poktls oh c`koh`zor lh frgkgnromo

dl tohhlrls.

Okdrs Dors`l 0


10/97

MMORFGORFGTLR@FGTLR@FG


11/97


O. B`glklrnt`fo

O.? Dlc`k`f`k

Yoro Hgwlk (?0:0) ho B`glklrnt`fo ls lh lstud`g dl ho plrsgkoh`dod jumoko lk

cukf`k dl hgs prgflsgs lklrnt`fgs dlh fulrpg y dl ho mlktl. \ko dl sus tls`s

cukdomlktohls ls qul fulrpg y mlktl sgk cukf`gkohmlktl `dkt`fgs1 ls dlf`r qul hg qul

sufldl lk ho mlktl rlchlao hg qul lst sufld`lkdg lk lh fulrpg y v`flvlrso. Lstgs

prgflsgs, o soblr, ho prgduff`k dl lklrno o trovs dl ho rlsp`rof`k y lh mltobgh`smg,

y ho dlsforno dl lklrno lk lh mgv`m`lktg, sgk hos cukf`gkls bs`fos dl ho v`do. Ho

fokt`dod dl lklrno dl qul d`spgknomgs, y lh mgdg lk qul ho ut`h`flmgs, dltlrm`korok

fmg rlspgkdlrlmgs o hos s`tuof`gkls dl ho v`do.

Lh Okh`s`s B`glklrnt`fg ls uk mtgdg ps`fgtlroput`fg dlsorrghhodg o port`r dl

hos tlgros dl ^`hjlhm Rl`fj. Ohlxokdlr Hgwlk cul pof`lktl y ohumkg dl Rl`fj y

dlsorrghh lh mtgdg auktg o Agjk Y`lrroegs. Lh Okh`s`s B`glklrnt`fg sl rlmgkto oh

Ys`fgokh`s`s, posokdg pgr fgkflptgs dl Clrlkfz` y Rl`fj josto dlfoktor lk uko

d`sf`ph`ko ps`fgtlroput`fo fgk tlgro y tfk`fo prgpòs.

O.2 Dlsorrghhg j`str`fg

V`nmukd Crlud cul pr`kf`pohmlktl qu`lk dlsorrghh ho tlgro y tfk`fo

ps`fgokoht`fos. V`k lmborng, ho j`stgrò dlh Ys`fgokh`s`s kg lst dlsprgv`sto dl

plksodgrls y lxplr`mlktodgrls qul trotorgk dl omphòr ho tlgro g opgrtor `kkgvof`gkls

tfk`fos o hos cgrmuhof`gkls dl Crlud. Fgk ho lxplr`lkfò fhk`fo dl ms dl uk s`nhg lh

Ys`fgokh`s`s sl jo vulhtg uko d`sf`ph`ko f`lktc`fo fgmphlto y fgmphlao. Ygsll

dlsorrghhgs tlr`fgs poro dor fulkto dl d`st`ktos potghgnos, qul dlfoktok lk kumlrgsos

jlrrom`lktos poro ho fhk`fo, hos fuohls omphok ho pgs`b`h`dod dl slr oph`fodg lk

d`clrlktls fgktlxtgs, qul dok fulkto dl clkmlkgs kd`v`duohls, nrupohls y sgfòhls.

Vlnk Ohlxokdlr Hgwlk, lk lh h`brg Lh hlknuoal dlh fulrpg (?0


12/97


Ho tfk`fo oft`vo dl Clrlkfz`, fgmg ho phoktlo lk su ortfuhg Yrghgknof`gkls dl

ho tfk`fo oft vo lk Ys`fgokh`s`s, sl boso lk `mpgklr oh pof`lktl ohnuko torlo

port`fuhor, rloh`zor uko dltlrm`kodo off`k.

Tuvl prgktg gfos`k dl `mpgklr o uko pof`lktl torlos qul fgks`stok lk

lstg1 dlbo rlkukfòr o dltlrm`kodos off`gkls onrodobhls qul josto

lktgkfls jobok posodg dlsoplrf`b`dos (lxf`tof`k mosturbotgrò dl hgs

rnokgs nlk`tohls, lstlrlgt`pòs y t`fs, g lxf`tof`gkls dl gtros portls dlh

fulrpg), y dgm`kor su `mpuhsg o rloh`zor lstgs oftgs. Lh rlsuhtodg cul lh

s`nu`lktl1 uk kulvg motlròh mks`fg sl j`zg offls`bhl y lh fursg dlh

okh`s`s rlsuht fhoromlktl oflhlrodg. (Clrlkfz`, ?029)

Fgk rlsplftg o ho tfk`fo oft`vo dl Clrlkfz`, Hgwlk (?0


13/97


b`ghn`fo ho tlgro dl ho h`b`dg. Os, dlsfubr` qul hos oft`tudls musfuhorls y dlh

forftlr dlslmplok hos m`smo cukf`k lk lh oporotg psqu`fg y puldlk `kchu`rsl y

rllmphozorsl mutuomlktl ho fgrozo foroftlrghn`fo y ho fgrozo musfuhor sgk

cukf`gkohlmlktl `dkt`fos (Rl`fj, ?040, p 69)

Lh forftlr fumphl cukf`gkls lfgkm`fos1 lv`tor lh d`sphoflr, obsgrblr lklrnos

rlpr`m`dos, lstobhlflr uk lqu`h`br`g psqu`fg y moktlklrhg y moktlklr rlhof`gkls fgk lh

mukdg lxtlr`gr. (Rl`fj ?040)

Fgkt`kuokdg fgk Hgwlk, lk Lh hlknuoal dlh fulrpg lsfr`bl qul cul lk hgs

trostgrkgs dlh forftlr dgkdl Clrlkfz` dlsfubr` lh vohgr y ho ut`h`dod dl su tfk`fo

oft`vo.

Okdrs Dors`l ?6


14/97


Fuokdg lh yg ls portl `kslporobhl dl ho m`smo lstrufturo qul fgkst`tuyl

lh prgbhlmo cukdomlktoh, lh okh`s`s dlsdl oboag- fgks`nul lv`tor ho

dlclkso qul oquh lr`nl crlktl o hgs otoquls qul sl hl d`r`nlk. () Lh

okh`s`s dlh forftlr t`lkdl uk pulktl lktrl ho ps`fghgno dlh yg pgr

orr`bo y hos tlks`gkls y trostgrkgs sgmt`fgs pgr oboag. () Lh pulktl kg

pgdo slr fgmphltodg lk toktg hos cukf`gkls psqu`fos y sgmt`fos kg

culslk fgktlmphodos fgmg uk s`stlmo uk`tor`g. Hos cukf`gkls dl ho h`b`dg

fgmg lklrno psqu`fo dlbok slr rlhof`gkodos fgk hgs prgflsgs

lklrnt`fgs o k`vlh sgmt`fg. (Hgwlk, ?0 pubh`f uk lstud`g t`tuhodg hocukf`k dlh grnosmg. Lk h prgpgkl ho tlgro dl qul lh grnosmg s`rvl o ho dlsforno dlh

lxflsg dl lklrno slxuoh lk lh grnok`smg. V` lsto dlsforno sl lkfulktro `kj`b`do dl

ohnuko cgrmo, ho lklrno sl ofumuhor prgvgfokdg lstos`s. Lsto lstos`s ls ho culktl dl

lklrno dl hos klurgs`s. V` ho dlsforno ls tgtoh kg jobr lklrno lk lxflsg, kg jobr

oks`ldod. Lh troboag tlroput`fg t`lkl pgr c`koh`dod joflr fgksf`lktl ho slxuoh`dod

rlpr`m`do lh`m`kokdg ho lstos`s slxuoh. Rl`fj trotobo dl rlsghvlr lh prgbhlmo dl qul kg

s`lmprl, oh joflr fgkf`lktl uk fgktlk`dg rlpr`m`dg sl ohfokzobo ho furo dlh pof`lktl,busfobo rlspgkdlr qu jobo qul joflr poro ohfokzorho. Ho furo sl ohfokzo

k`fomlktl s` ho plrfotof`k dl hos lx`nlkf`os `kst`tkt`vos fgrrl porlao fgk ho

fopof`dod dl nrot`c`fof`k grnsm`fo fgmphlto. (Rl`fj ?04: p. 0


15/97


offlsg, oftg sgbrl su lxprls`k foroftlrghn`fo poro dl lstl mgdg

prgduf`r ho rlhoaof`k. (Hgwlk, ?0)

Lk Ho cukf`k dlh grnosmg, Rl`fj lxpgkl qul ochgaokdg ho fgrozo

foroftlrghn`fo sl prgduflk rloff`gkls lk lh s`stlmo vlnltot`vg. Fuktg ms o cgkdg sl

trotok hos oft tudls foroftlrghn`fos auktg fgk hos oft tudls musfuhorls

fgrrlspgkd`lktls, ho `rrupf`k lk lh dgm`k`g vlnltot`vg slr moygr, ms pgtlktl y

fgmphlto.

Hos dlclksos psqu`fos t`lklk uk osplftg sgmt`fg. Ho rlprls`k t`lkl uk

fgkfgm`toktl cs`fg, ho r`n`dlz g lspost`f`dod musfuhor. D`sghv`lkdg ho r`n`dlz lk lh

msfuhg sl h`blro ho lklrno vlnltot`vo y odlms sl trol o ho fgkf`lkfò lh rlfulrdg

rlpr`m`dg. Lsto r`n`dlz musfuhor ls ho bosl dlh mlfok smg dl rlprls`k, kg su

rlsuhtodg. Ho `dlo rlpr`m`do ls ho fgso fgktro ho qul sl hufjo y ho r`n`dlz musfuhor ls

ho cgrmo fgk ho qul sl hufjo. Fodo r`n`dlz musfuhor fgkt`lkl ho j`stgrò y lh

s`nk`c`fodg dl su gr`nlk. Lsto r`n`dlz `kvghufro nrupgs musfuhorls dltlrm`kodgs,

msfuhgs qul cgrmok uk`dodls cukf`gkohls. \k nrupg musfuhor lspst`fg quldo

fgknlhodg lk ohnuko oft`tud kfgksf`lktl. (Rl`fj, ?04:)

Yoro Hgwlk lh trm`kg klurgs`s sl puldl omphòr josto dls`nkor uk trostgrkgfrk`fg dl ho mgt`h`dod koturoh dlh grnok`smg. Lk lstl fosg, ho klurgs`s ls lqu`vohlktl o

uko d`sm`kuf`k g h`m`tof`k dl ho onrls`k lktlkd`lkdg lsto pohobro lk lh slkt`dg

lt`mghn`fg dl mgvlrsl jofò, ovokzor.

Lh forftlr lktgkfls, fgkst`tuyl ho cgrmo lspgktklo dl dlslkvghvlrsl lk lh

mukdg, sl rlchlao lk lh fulrpg lk su cgrmo y mgt`h`dod. Ho sumo dl tgdos hos tlks`gkls

musfuhorls frk`fos `kfgksf`lktls fgkst`tuyl ho lxprls`k fgrpgroh dlh grnok`smg. Ho

lxprls`k fgrpgroh ls lh osplftg sgmt`fg dl ho lxprls`k lmgf`gkoh tp`fo, qul o k`vlh

psqu`fg fgkst`tuyl lh forftlr. (Hgwlk ?0


16/97


gxnlkg. Rlduf`lkdg ho rlsp`rof`k, lh grnok`smg nlklro mlkgs lklrno y pgr hg toktg

mlkgs oks`ldod. V` sl frlo lk lh grnok`smg uko fokt`dod mlkgr dl lklrno, hgs

`mpuhsgs vlnltot`vgs sgk mlkgs `ktlksgs y pgr hg toktg ms cf`hls dl dgm`kor (Rl`fj,

?04: p 249).

Fgk ho fgktlkf`k dl ho rlsp`rof`k sl lh`m`ko ho oks`ldod y sl lh`m`kok tomb`k

gtros slksof`gkls, rlsuhtokdg dl lstg lh dlb`h`tom`lktg dlh tgkg lmgf`gkoh.

Hgwlk, dl ofulrdg fgk lh fgkflptg dl oft`v`dod dl Clrlkfz , p`dl o hgs

pof`lktls qul rlsp`rlk dlsojgnodo y koturohmlktl. Odlms sl hl sun`lrlk oh pof`lktl

f`lrtos oft`v`dodls g sl hl `mpgklk rlstr`ff`gkls poro joflrhl fgkf`lktl dl su cohto dl

mgv`h`dod y dlh `mpuhsg lmgf`gkoh qul ho fgktroff`k lst sgstlk`lkdg. Lh mgv`m`lktg,

ho lxprls`k y ho off`k d`rlfto sgbrl ho r`n`dlz musfuhor, v`lklk o fgmphlmlktor lh

troboag vlrboh. Dl lstl mgdg ls pgs`bhl trolr hgs oclftgs o ho fgkf`lkf`o fgk uko

`ktlks`dod `mpgs`bhl dl ohfokzor o k`vlh vlrboh.(Hgwlk, ?0


17/97


Lk ho cukf`k dlh grnosmg (?04:) Rl`fj lxpgkl qul lk ho motlrò v`vo hos

cukf`gkls mlfk`fos (tlks`k y rlhoaof`k) y hos lhftr`fos (forno y dlsforno) lstk

fgmb`kodos dl uk mgdg lsplfc`fg. Ho tlks`k prgdufl forno lklrnt`fo y ho dlsforno

rlhoaof`k.

Ygr gtrg hodg, fuokdg fuohqu`lr portl dlh fulrpg sl forno dl lklrno, ho otlkf`k

sl d`r`nl jofò lhho, y oumlkto ho fgkf`lkfò dl ho m`smo. Lh fompg dl fgkf`lkfò

dlplkdl dl ho `ktlks`dod dl ho forno. Hos portls plr`cr`fos dlh fulrpg qul lstobhlflk

fgktoftg fgk lh mukdg t`lklk qul lstor fornodos lk tgdg mgmlktg, lk lstodg dl

d`spgs`f`k poro rloff`gkor. Fuokdg lstomgs fornodgs, lstomgs dlsp`lrtgs, otlktgs,

sgmgs fgkf`lktls.

Hos cukf`gkls dl forno (rlsp`rof`k, oh`mlktof`k) sl lkfulktrok lk hgs flktrgs

suplr`grls dlh fulrpg y hos dl dlsforno (mgtgro, slxuoh, lxfrltgro) lk hgs flktrgs

`kclr`grls. Ho rlsp`rof`k ls ho cukf`k pr`mgrdòh o trovs dl ho fuoh lh grnok`smg

gbt`lkl lklrno. Ho moklro dl rlsp`ror `kchuyl lk ho forno lklrnt`fo dlh fulrpg y lk lh

lstodg lmgf`gkoh. Lh potrk rlsp`rotgr`g ls ukg fuokdg lh `kd`v`dug lxplr`mlkto `ro,

gtrg lk ho tr`stlzo. Fuokdg ho plrsgko sl fgknlho dlh sustg ho rlsp`rof`k sl fgrto, sl

fgknlho tomb`k. Oh prgcukd`zor ho rlsp`rof`k lh k`vlh dl lklrno sl lhlvo.

Ho cukf`k pr`mgrdòh dl dlsforno ls ho slxuoh. Vlnk Rl`fj ho culktl dl

lklrno dl hos klurgs`s rls`dl lk lh d`clrlkfòh lktrl ofumuhof`k y dlsforno dl

lklrno slxuoh. (?04:, p. 0


18/97


`nuoh qul ho forno. Hgwlk (?00>) d`fl qul ho plrsgko rldufl su forno lklrnt`fo poro

moktlklr lh lqu`h`br`g lktrl forno y dlsforno.

Oh troboaor fgk lh fulrpg y ho rlsp`rof`k, ho plrsgko fgm`lkzo o fornorsl.

Fuokdg lh `kd`v`dug hhlno o fornorsl puldlk prgduf`rsl fhgk`smgs lk su fulrpg, uk

tlmbhgr g v`brof`k `kvghuktor`o. Lstg sl `ktlrprlto fgmg sloh dl qul f`rfuho pgr lh

fulrpg uko fgrr`lktl dl lxf`tof`k, uko mok`clstof`k dl lklrno vlnltot`vo. Lk

B`glklrnt`fo sl busfo qul lh chuag lklrnt`fg f`rfuhl pgr tgdg lh fulrpg. Fuokdg uko

plrsgko lst v`brokdg sl puldlk gbslrvor puktgs lk dgkdl lh chuag sl fgrto pgr hos

tlks`gkls musfuhorls.

Ho v`brof`k ls uk mgv`m`lktg sut`h qul sl osgf`o oh phoflr dl lstor v`vg. V` joy

bhgqulgs hos v`brof`gkls troboaok lk rlsghvlrhgs y lstg puldl dghlr5 s` kg joy bhgqulgs

lh chuag dl lklrno y hos v`brof`gkls sgk phoflktlros. Gd`ho ^l`dnokd (299


19/97


Yrgkt`tud poro ho off`k, ho rlhoaof`k y lh phoflr.

Yrgcukd`zo ho rlsp`rof`k.

H`blro tlks`gkls dlh tla`dg fgklft`vg.

Ohlnro y lxf`tof`k `ktlkso.

Lktgkfls, lk lh troboag b`glklrnt`fg odlms dl oumlktor ho forno lk ho

plrsgko, sl troboao ho fopof`dod dl lxprls`k pgr mld`g dlh mgv`m`lktg, ho vgz y hgs

gags. Os sl prgduf`r ho dlsforno5 qul nlklror forno kulvomlktl, nlstokdg uk frfuhg

v`rtugsg. Lh fornor sghomlktl nlklro oks`ldod, oh dlsfornor sl nlklro phoflr. Dl lsto

moklro, lh `kd`v`dug puldl sgpgrtor fodo vlz ms forno lk lh fulrpg, v`v`r fgk ms

lklrno. Ho fopof`dod dl v`v`r fgk ms lklrno sl nlklro o trovs dl uk prgflsg

nroduoh. Fuokdg ho fopof`dod dl lxprlsor lmgf`gkls g slkt`m`lktgs lst h`m`todo pgr

culrzos `ktlrkos, sl rldufl ho fopof`dod `kd`v`duoh dl phoflr. Fgks`dlrokdg lh

fgknlhom`lktg lmgf`gkoh y lklrnt`fg frk`fg rlprlslktodg pgr tla`dgs lspst`fgs, lh

mgv`m`lktg v`brotgr`g rlprlslkto uko vulhto o ho v`do. Lstl prgflsg puldl slr dghgrgsg,

yo qul oh chlx`b`h`zor ho fgrozo sl tgmo fgkf`lkfò dl tlks`gkls y lmgf`gkls fgknlhodos

lk lhho. Lh dghgr, v`stg fgmg sloh dl `mpld`mlktg dlh mgv`m`lktg v`toh lk hgs tla`dgs,puldl slr drlkodg5 troboaokdg dlktrg dlh umbroh tghlrobhl pgr ho plrsgko sl cof`h`to ho

h`blrof`k dl tlks`gkls prgvgfokdg oh`v`g y, fgmg fgkslfulkfò, phoflr.

Yoro Hgwlk (?00>) hgs grnok`smgs v`vgs sgk fopofls dl cukf`gkor fuokdg ho

forno y dlsforno lklrnt`fo lstk lqu`h`brodos. Ho lklrno f`rfuho h`brlmlktl y sl

rlkulvo. Os sl mokt lkl uk k`vlh dl lklrno odlfuodg o hos klfls`dodls y

gpgrtuk`dodls prgpòs.

O.4 Rlsp`rof`k

O mld`do qul oumlktl lh slkt`m`lktg lk hos p`lrkos y hgs p`ls, puldl

gbslrvorsl qul lspgktklomlktl ho rlsp`rof`k sl jofl ms prgcukdo. Ho rlsp`rof`k

ls uko cukf`k onrls`vo qul, lk lh oduhtg, dlplkdl dl qul stl tlkno fgktoftg fgk ho

m`tod `kclr`gr dl su fulrpg (Hgwlk ?03>, p 2


20/97


Ho rlsp`rof`k lst osgfòdo oh mgv`m`lktg dl suff`k. Ombos sgk hos moklros

pr`mgrdòhls lk qul lh k`g gbt`lkl lklrno dlh mukdg. Fuohqu`lr trostgrkg dl lstl

mgv`m`lktg rlplrfut r lk ho rlsp`rof`k. Hgwlk (?03>) jofl uko dlsfr`pf`k dl

d`st`ktgs t`pgs dl rlsp`rof`k. Lk ho rlsp`rof`k kgrmoh, ho `ksp`rof`k ls prgduftg dl uk

mgv`m`lktg lxpoks`vg dlh plfjg y lh obdgmlk. Lk pr`mlr hunor lh obdgmlk sl fgktrol

y dlsf`lkdl, fgk hg fuoh lmpuao o hos vsflros obdgm`kohls jofò oboag y odlhoktl. Lk

slnukdg hunor, ho fgktroff`k dlh dòcronmo jofl lhlvor hlvlmlktl hos fgst`hhos

`kclr`grls, onrokdokdg ho portl `kclr`gr dlh plfjg. Os, hgs puhmgkls sl lxpokdlk jofò

oboag y oculro. Lstl t`pg dl rlsp`rof`k sl dlkgm`ko obdgm`koh ls ho qul prgdufl

moygr lktrodo dl o`rl fgk lh mlkgr lsculrzg.

Fuokdg ho plrsgko rloh`zo uko oft`v`dod musfuhor sgstlk`do qul hl lx`nl ukomoygr fokt`dod dl o`rl poro rlspgkdlr o ho tlks`k dlh lsculrzg, sl mgv`h`zok hgs

msfuhgs `ktlrfgstohls. Lstgs oftok fggrd`kodomlktl fgk lh dòcronmo, prgduf`lkdg

uko lxpoks`k dl ho portl suplr`gr dl ho fov`dod tgrf`fo, y lsg br`kdo uk lspof`g

od`f`gkoh poro lh onrokdom`lktg dl hgs puhmgkls. Lsto rlsp`rof`k sl dlkgm`ko fgstoh5

sl ut`h`zo poro fgmphlmlktor ho rlsp`rof`k obdgm`koh lk s`tuof`gkls dl lstrs g

lmlrnlkfò, fuokdg sl rlqu`lrl uko fokt`dod od`f`gkoh dl gxnlkg. V` sl ho uso sgho

plrm`tl gbtlklr uko fokt`dod mk`mo dl o`rl fgk lh mx`mg lsculrzg.

Fuokdg ombgs t`pgs dl rlsp`rof`k sl `ktlnrok, lh dòcronmo sl fgktrol y

rlhoao phlkomlktl, y ho rlsp`rof`k odqu`lrl ho uk`cgrm`dod qul sl vl lk hgs k`gs, hgs

ok`mohls y hgs oduhtgs sokgs. (Hgwlk ?03> p.?:6)

O.< Fulrpg y Hlknuoal

Vlnk Hgwlk (?0>


21/97


f`rfuho pgr lh fulrpg, su `ktlks`dod, s` chuyl g lst bhgqulodo, ho fopof`dod dl

sgpgrtorho, lh flktrom`lktg y lh lkro`zom`lktg (^l`dnokd 299


22/97


Lh flktrg g fgrozk dlh fuoh lmoko lh slkt`m`lktg dl omor y slr omodg.

(Hgwlk ?0>< p. ??6, ??4)

Lk uk pr`mlr mgmlktg lstos dlclksos kg lx`stok y ho lklrno chuo h`brlmlktl

pgr lh fulrpg. Lstg ls hg qul Hgwlk hhomo pr`mlro koturohlzo. Ho fgrozo

foroftlrghn`fo fgkst tuyl uko slnukdo koturohlzo. Ho plrsgko sl dlslkvulhvl

koturohmlktl ofgrozodg y kg sl plrfoto dl hos `kj`b`f`gkls lk sus slksof`gkls y

mgv`m`lktgs. Ls `mpgrtoktl dlstofor qul toktg lh troboag sgbrl ho pr`mlro fopo fgmg lh

troboag fotrt`fg (troboag fgk hgs slkt`m`lktgs rlpr`m`dgs) pgr slporodg sgk

`ksuc`f`lktls poro rlsghvlr ho prgbhlmt`fo qul oclfto oh `kd`v`dug. Oh odqu`r`r uk

fgkgf`m`lktg fgksf`lktl dl hos tlkdlkf`os o ut`h`zor f`lrtos dlclksos, lstl fgkgf`m`lktg

roro vlz rlplrfutl lk ho lstrufturo musfuhor y lk hgs slkt`m`lktgs rlpr`m`dgs. S`lkdglstg, sl jok nlstodg kulvos tfk`fos tlroput`fos gr`lktodos o prgvgfor y h`blror hgs

slkt`m`lktgs rlpr`m`dgs. Lstos tfk`fos sgk `kfgmphltos lk toktg kg prgvllk lh

lktlkd`m`lktg qul opgrto lh troboag sgbrl ho pr`mlro fopo.

Toktg lk ho tlrop`o fgmg lk hgs tohhlrls dl lalrf`f`gs sl troboao sgbrl hos trls

fopos. Oh trotor hos tlks`gkls musfuhorls puldl oyudorsl oh `kd`v`dug o qul lkt`lkdo

fmg su oft`tud ps`fghn`fo lst fgkd`f`gkodo pgr ho ormoduro g r`n`dlz dl su fulrpg y

sl prgvll oh m`smg t`lmpg uk lspof`g poro lxprlsor ho lmgf`k rlpr`m`do. Vl prltlkdl

lstobhlflr fgktoftg lktrl ho lmgf`k y lh fgktlk`dg `dlot`vg. \ko vlz qul sl

lstobhlfl lh fgktoftg y sl lxprlso ho lmgf`k, ho lklrno psqu`fo y musfuhor dl ho

dlclkso quldo d`spgk`bhl poro gtros cukf`gkls.

O.> Ho `monlk dlh fulrpg

Ho `monlk dlh fulrpg ls ho c`nuro dl kulstrg prgp`g fulrpg qul cgrmomgs lk

kulstro mlktl, ls dlf`r, ho cgrmo lk ho fuoh kulstrg fulrpg sl kgs rlprlslkto okgsgtrgs m`smgs (Vfj`hdlr, ?0


23/97


`kd`v`dug sl vl o s m`smg fgmg slr sgfòh (`monlk dl lng) y ho cgrmo lk qul sl vl

fgmg slr cs`fg (`monlk fgrpgroh) ls mk`mo. Ho `monlk fgrpgroh ls uko fgkstruff`k,

sktls`s dl slksof`gkls prgduf`dos pgr `kkumlrobhls fgktoftgs cs`fgs lktrl hgs podrls y

lh k`g. Hos slksof`gkls qul prgduflk phoflr s`rvlk o ho fgkst`tuf`k dl uko `monlk

fgrpgroh fhoro l `ktlnrodo. Hos slksof`gkls d`sphoflktlros fgkduflk o d`stgrs`gkls y

dlc`f`lkfòs dl ho `monlk fgrpgroh.

Lk ho oduhtlz, ho `monlk fgrpgroh fumphl dgs `mpgrtoktls cukf`gkls. \ko dl

lhhos ls qul s`rvl dl mgdlhg poro hhlvor o fobg ho oft`v`dod mgtr`z. Ho plrsgko lksoyo

`kfgksf`lktlmlktl ho oft`v`dod oktls dl `ktlktor rloh`zorho lk cgrmo fgkf`lktlmlktl

d`r`n`do. Lktgkfls, ho `monlk fgrpgroh d`stgrs`gkodo puldl gbstofuh`zor lh dlslmplg

mgtr`z. Ho slnukdo cukf`k t`lkl qul vlr fgk ho fopof`dod dl ub`for ho slksof`k. \k`kcoktl plqulg forlfl dl ho job`h`dod poro ub`for uk dghgr lk uk hunor lsplfc`fg dlh

fulrpg.

V`k uko odlfuodo `monlk fgrpgroh ho mlktl kg puldl `ktlrprltor fgrrlftomlktl

hgs jlfjgs dlh fulrpg. Ho d`sfrlpokfò lktrl ho `monlk fgrpgroh y ho dlh lng do fulkto

dl uko lsf`s`k lktrl lng y fulrpg. Lk toktg y lk fuoktg sl `mp`dl oh fulrpg tgdo

plrflpf`k, hos slksof`gkls sl v`vlk fgmg ohng lxtrog y otlrrodgr. Ygr lalmphg, ho

dlsplrsgkoh`zof`k ls uk mlfok`smg qul `kj`bl ho rlsp`rof`k y lh mgv`m`lktg. Lsto

`kj`b`f`k ls uko dlclkso fgktro uk slkt`m`lktg dl tlrrgr. \ko vlz prgduf`do ho

dlsplrsgkoh`zof`k, lh lng sl lsf`kdl dlh fulrpg y sl prgdufl uk frfuhg v`f`gsg.

Yoro hgnror fhor`dod l `ktlnr`dod lk ho `monlk fgrpgroh ls prlf`sg mgv`h`zor lh

slkt`m`lktg fgrpgroh tgtoh. Joy qul br`kdor o ho plrsgko ohnk mgdg lk qul puldo

lxplr`mlktor su fulrpg, ohlktor lh mgv`m`lktg y ho rlsp`rof`k.

O.: Nrgukd`kn

Lh nrgukd`kn g lkro`zom`lktg ls uk prgflsg lklrnt`fg lk qul lh chuag dl

lxf`tof`k rlfgrrl tgdg lh fulrpg, dlsdl ho foblzo josto hgs p`ls. Lstl fgkflptg cul muy

dlsorrghhodg pgr Hgwlk omphòdg pgr slnu`dgrls y oph`fodg lk mufjgs mb`tgs.

Hgwlk (?0>


24/97


tlks`gkls ms qul o ho lktrlno o hgs slkt`m`lktgs slxuohls. Lh troboag fgk lalrf`f`gs

lstokdg dl p`l prgmgvo slksof`gkls lk hos p`lrkos y v`brof`gkls, qul h`blrobok hos

tlks`gkls frk`fos. Os kof` ho plrflpf`k fgrpgroh dl fgklx`k fgk lh sulhg, ls dlf`r,

lh lkro`zom`lktg. Lstl prgvgfobo lk Hgwlk slkt`m`lktgs dl slnur`dod.

Oh troboaor fgk pof`lktls Hgwlk fgmprgbobo qul tgdgs forlfok dl ho slksof`k

dl tlklr hgs p`ls c`rmlmlktl phoktodgs sgbrl lh sulhg. Lstg fgrrlspgkdo o qul

lstobok lk lh o`rl y culro dlh fgktoftg fgk ho rloh`dod (Hgwlk ?0>< p. 6:).

Hgwlk osgfò lh tlklr hgs p`ls lk lh sulhg fgk sustlktor lh lspof`g prgp`g, hgs

`dlohls, hos gp`k`gkls, lh tlklr uk hunor lk ho com`hò y lk lh mukdg, tgmor pgs`f`k poro

dlclkdlr uk puktg dl v`sto g uko fouso. Lstor lk hgs prgp`gs p`ls s`nk`c`fo slr

`kdlplkd`lktl. Tgmor t`lrro ls lstor b`lk porodg5 lk fgktoftg fgk lh sulhg, fgk ho

rloh`dod, fgk lh fulrpg, fgk hos lmgf`gkls5 ho plrsgko sobl dkdl lst porodo, sobl

qu`k ls. Lh lkro`zom`lktg ls hg qul plrm`tl mgvlrsl, dlsphozorsl fgk slnur`dod lk lh

mukdg. Lh k`g ls tgtohmlktl dlplkd`lktl lk uk pr`kf`p`g. Vus mgv`m`lktgs sgk

`kfggrd`kodgs y ls hhlvodg lk brozgs pgr su modrl. O mld`do qul frlfl sl `ktlnrok hgs

mgv`m`lktgs y hos cukf`gkls. Lh `kcoktl fgm`lkzo o lxplr`mlktor ohlaorsl dl ho modrl5

pr`mlrg ohlaor ho foblzo jof`lkdg p`k`tg. Ms tordl hos p`lrkos sl vulhvlk culrtls

fgmg poro plrm`t`r ho hgfgmgf`k. Os lh k`g puldl lxplr`mlktor ohlaorsl y oflrforsl

o nustg.

Lk B`glklrnt fo lstor lkro`zodg lk ho t`lrro ls slr `kdlplkd`lktl, lstor

`dlkt`c`fodg fgk lh fulrpg, fgkf`lktl dl ho slxuoh`dod prgpò y gr`lktodg jofò lh phoflr.

Moblh Lhswgrtj Tgdd, f`todo lk Lalrf`f`gs dl B`glklrnt`fo d`fl qul1

Lh jgmbrl sl jo v`stg obsgrb`dg fgk hos pgrf`gkls suplr`grls dl sufulrpg lk torlos `ktlhlftuohls, y lk lh dlsorrghhg dl tohlktgs dl ho mokg y

lh jobho. Lstg () jo troksclr`dg su slkt`dg dlh pgdlr dlsdl ho bosl o ho

f`mo dl su lstrufturo. Oh ut`h`zor os ho portl suplr`gr dlh fulrpg poro

rloff`gkls dl pgdlr, jo `kvlrt`dg ho fgstumbrl ok`moh, y jo plrd`dg lk

nrok mld`do toktg ho c`ko fopof`dod slksgròh dlh ok`moh fgmg su fgktrgh

dlh pgdlr flktrodg lk hgs msfuhgs `kclr`grls dl ho fghumko y lk hgs

msfuhgs phv`fgs (Hgwlk & Hgwlk ?0:0 p. 22).

Okdrs Dors`l 24


25/97


Hgwlk (?0>


26/97


Yoro prgmgvlr lh lkro`zom`lktg g oslktom`lktg sl jok dlsorrghhodg mufjgs

lalrf`f`gs. Lkro`zom`lktg, lkro`zom`lktg `kvlrt`dg y orfg sgk hgs cukdomlktohls poro

dlsorrghhor lh lkro`zom`lktg pgsturoh. Tgdos lstos pgsturos oumlktok hos gkdos

rlsp`rotgr`os y ho lxf tof`k nlklroh dlh grnok`smg. Lh chuag lklrnt`fg puhso

mgv`kdgsl plkduhormlktl dlsdl hgs p`ls josto ho foblzo. Fuohqu`lr bhgqulg lk

fuohqu`lr slnmlktg dlh fulrpg `mp`dl lsl chuag.

V`nu`lkdg o ^l`dnokd (299


27/97


suplr`gr ls ho rln`k dl ho nhoblho, lktrl hgs gags, y hos portl `kclr`gr, hgs

nlk`tohls. Lh puktg suplr`gr dl fgkchulkf`o `kfhuyl hgs gags ho bgfo y hos

mokgs. Lh `kclr`gr, ho rln`k fgmprlkd`do lktrl lh okg, hgs nlk`tohls y hgs

p`ls. (Hgwlk ?0


28/97


pgr lh `kchuag dlh s`stlmo plrflpf`k-fgkf`lkf`o pgr uk hodg5 pgr lh gtrg lh yg dlr`vo dl

hos slksof`gkls fgrpgrohls, pr`kf`pohmlktl hos qul portlk dl ho suplrc`f`l dlh fulrpg.

Hgwlk (?0


29/97


Hgwlk (?03>) lxph`fo qul lh lng ls `ktlrmldòr`g lktrl lh mukdg `ktlr`gr y

lxtlr`gr. Vus cukf`gkls sgk ho outgfgkf`lkfò, outg-oflptof`k, outg-lxprls`k y outg-

rrlnuhof`k.

Ho outgfgkf`lkfò lsto rlhof`gkodo fgk lh rlfgkgf`m`lktg dl hos klfls`dodls y

slksof`gkls fgrpgrohls.

Ho outg-oflptof`k t`lkl qul vlr fgk qul lh yg oflptl hgs slkt`m`lktgs dlh

fulrpg. Lh slkt`m`lktg ls uko rloff`k b`ghn`fo dlh fulrpg, qul kg gbldlfl o hgs

d`ftodgs dlh lng. Ho cukf`k dlh lng ls plrf`b`r lh slkt`m`lktg, plrg kg auznorhg k`

rlpr`m`rhg. Lh frlf`m`lktg sl prgdufl koturoh y lspgktklomlktl fuokdg sl pgsll

lklrno. Ylrg s` sl nostok hos lklrnos lk ho hufjo fgktro kulstrg forftlr, kodo quldo

poro lh frlf`m`lktg g poro lh prgflsg dl furof`k koturoh. Tok prgktg ohnu`lk sl oflpto

o s m`smg sl prgdufl uk fomb`g s`nk`c`fot`vg lk sus slkt`m`lktgs, su fgmpgrtom`lktg

y su plrsgkoh`dod (Hgwlk, ?0:9).

Ho outg-lxprls`k fgmprlkdl hos oft`v`dodls h`brls, koturohls y lspgktklos

dlh fulrpg (?0>< p. 2 p. 690).

Lh lng frlfl, fuokdg plrf`bl l `ktlnro, pgr uk hodg, ho slksof`k dlh fulrpg, ypgr lh gtrg, ho lxprls`k dlh slkt`m`lktg. V` oh k`g sl hl `kj`bl ho lxprls`k dl

slkt`m`lktg y sl hg odgftr`ko fgk dlblros y kg dlblros, sl hg ldufo poro qul

sot`scono uko `monlk porlktoh, su lng sl vghvlr tgrtugsg y su `dlkt`dod fgkcuso. Lh

k`g subvlrt`r su fulrpg y mok`puhor lh omb`lktl qul hg rgdlo poro moktlklr uko

`monlk5 odgptor uk rgh bosodg lk lso `monlk y lqu`poror su `dlkt`dod fgk lsl rgh

(Hgwlk ?03>). Lsto outg-`monlk d`fto hgs `mpuhsgs qul dlblk lxprlsorsl. Lk uk

pr`kf`p`g sl `kj`blk lxprls`gkls dl moklro fgkf`lktl5 sto t`lkl pgr c`koh`dod lv`tor

Okdrs Dors`l 20


30/97


fgkch`ftgs y dghgrls. Ho `monlk dlh lng mgdlho lh fulrpg y hl do cgrmo pgr mld`g dlh

fgktrgh qul lh lng lalrfl sgbrl ho musfuhoturo vghuktorò.

Fuokdg ho `kj`b`f`k dl ohnk slkt`m`lktg dlbl slr moktlk`do `kdlc`k`domlktl

ho rls`stlkfò oh `mpuhsg sl tgrko `kfgksf`lktl o trovs dl uko fgktroff`k frk`fo. Dl

lsto moklro lh `mpuhsg ls supr`m`dg, yo kg sl s`lktl lh dlslg. Gtro fgkslfulkfò ls ho

d`sm`kuf`k mltobh`fo dlh grnok`smg. Ojgro, ho s`tuof`k cs`fo mgdlho ho `monlk y lh

plksom`lktg, sl lv`tork s`tuof`gkls qul puldok lvgfor slkt`m`lktgs rlpr`m`dgs. Lh

lng puldl plrdlr dl v`sto qul hg `mpgrtoktl ls lh fulrpg y kg ho `monlk qul h troto dl

prlslktor. Lk ho plrsgko soko, hos cukf`gkls dlh lng qul sgk1 frlor uko outg-`monlk

odlfuodo, klnor hg `rrof`gkoh lk kgmbrl dl ho rozk y ho hn`fo y fgktrghor ho mgt`h`dod

dlh fulrpg5 sl mokt`lklk lk lqu`h`br`g o trovs dl ho culrzo gpgs`tgro qul ls lh fulrpg ysus slkt`m`lktgs. Lh forftlr fgk su mok`clstof`k lk ho fgrozo musfuhor ls uko

fgkstruff`k dlclks`vo oh slrv`f`g dlh lng fgrrlspgkd`lkdg oh cohsg slhc. Lh cohsg slhc sl

d`sgfò dlh fulrpg pgr mld`g dl ho vghuktod.

Po sl lxpusg qul oh fornor uko portl dlh fulrpg oumlkto ho plrflpf`k dl lsto.

Oh `kvlrsg, s` sl prlsto otlkf`k o f`lrto portl dlh fulrpg lsto sl fornor. Os, lh fompg

dl fgkf`lkfò dlplkdl dl ho `ktlks`dod dl lso forno. Oh `kfrlmlktorsl ho forno oumlkto

ho tlks`k, o moklro dl uk lstodg v`vg y pgs`t`vg qul fgkdufl o ho h`blrof`k y

mgv`m`lktg. Ls lstor prlporodg poro ho off`k. Hgwlk d`fl qul oukqul pgdlmgs

pghor`zor kulstro otlkf`k fgk uk oftg dl ho vghuktod, hg fuoh supgkl qul lh lng

fgktrgho ms g mlkgs ho fgrr`lktl dl lklrno qul chuyl lk lh fulrpg, ho moygr portl

dlh t`lmpg kulstro otlkf`k lst foptodo pgr ohnk jlfjg lxtlrkg g `ktlrkg (?00> p.

699). Ho vghuktod ls uk mlfok`smg dl lmlrnlkfò. Fuokdg hos rloff`gkls sgk

lspgktklos, hos portls plr`cr`fos dlh fulrpg lstk ms g mlkgs fornodos lk tgdg

mgmlktg, lk uk lstodg dl d`spgs`f`k poro rloff`gkor.

Vlnk Hgwlk (?00>) lx`stlk d`vlrsgs k`vlhls dl fgkf`lkfò. Ho fgkf`lkfò dl

hgs prgflsgs fgrpgrohls ls lh k`vlh ms prgcukdg. Yrgflsgs fgmg ho rlsp`rof`k, lh

lstodg v`brotgr`g dl ho musfuhoturo, off`gkls `kvghuktoròs y lspgktklos, slksof`gkls

f`rfuhoktls y ho lxpoks`k y fgktroff`k puhsoktl dlh s`stlmo ford`gvosfuhor lktrok lk

lsto fotlngro. Vhg sgmgs fgkf`lktls dl lstl k`vlh lk hgs lstodgs dl ohto lxf`tof`k, lk

lh lstodg dl m`st`f`smg g lk lh dl fgkf`lkfò `kcokt`h. Ho fgkf`lkfò `kcokt`h y ho

Okdrs Dors`l 69


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fgkf`lkfò mst`fo sl d`clrlkfòk lk qul ho ht`mo t`lkdl jofò ho d`clrlkfòf`k dlh yg

y ho pr`mlro sl gr`lkto jofò su `kd`clrlkfòf`k.

Lh s`nu`lktl k`vlh dl fgkf`lkfò ls lh dl ho plrflpf`k dl lmgf`gkls lsplfc`fos.

\k blbl plqulg kg s`lktl `ro, tr`stlzo, m`ldg k` clh`f`dod. Lstos lmgf`gkls dlplkdlk

ms g mlkgs dl ho fgkf`lkfò dlh mukdg lxtlr`gr. Ho `ro ls uk lsculrzg d`r`n`dg fgktro

uko culrzo lxtlrko. Lh blb puldl hufjor plrg sus off`gkls forlflk dl d`rlff`k.

Lh s`nu`lktl k`vlh sl rlhof`gko fgk lh plksor fgkf`lktlmlktl. Oh porlflr dl

Hgwlk ho fgkf`lkfò dl plksor lst rlhof`gkodo fgk lh usg dl pohobros. Fgmg hos

pohobros surnlk lk hos rlhof`gkls sgfòhls, lh dlsorrghhg dl lstl k`vlh dl fgkf`lkfò vo

ofgmpoodg fgk uk fgkgf`m`lktg frlf`lktl dlh mukdg sgfòh. Oh omphòrsl lstl

mukdg, d`sm`kuyl lh lspof`g prgp`g pgr fgmporof`k, y sl vo dlc`k`lkdg ms ho

pgs`f`k dlh lng g dlh `kd`v`dug.

Okdrs Dors`l 6?


32/97


Oh plksor fgkf`lktl y gbalt`vomlktl, surnl ho fgkf`lkfò dlh lng, lh s`nu`lktl

k`vlh. Vl vl ukg o s m`smg fgmg oftgr fgkf`lktl lk lh mukdg, fgk gpf`k o

fgmpgrtorsl dl dltlrm`kodo moklro. Ho plrsgko ls o ho vlz sualtg y gbaltg, fgk

fgkf`lkfò dl slr oftgr, plrg tomb`k dl slr gbaltg dl off`k. Lk lstl k`vlh ho

fgkf`lkfò ls dgbhl plrg kg lst d`v`d`do.

Oh `r ho fgkf`lkfò o hgs k`vlhls suplr`grls, kg sl lxpoks`gko, s`kg qul sllstrlfjo poro ofrlflktor su fgkflktrof`k y fopof`dod dl d`sfr`m`kor. Fuokdg

dlsf`lkdl o hos lmgf`gkls, slksof`gkls y prgflsgs fgrpgrohls qul hos prgduflk, sl jofl

ms omphò y lxtlks`vo.

\k gbalt`vg dlh troboag b`glklrnt`fg ls `ktlnror ho fgkf`lkfò dlh lng fgk ho

fgkf`lkfò dlh fulrpg. Vlnk Hgwlk ho fgkf`lkfò dlh fulrpg gfupo uk hunor

`ktlrmld`g lktrl ho fgkf`lkfò dlh lng y lh `kfgksf`lktl, pgr hg fuoh s`rvl poro

Okdrs Dors`l 62

C`nuro ?. K@SLHLV OVFLKDLKTLV DL FGKF@[email protected] Hgwlk ?0>< p. 692


33/97


gr`lktorkgs fgk hos culrzos m`stlr`gsos dl ho koturohlzo. Lh `kfgksf`lktl ls lh osplftg dl

kulstros cukf`gkls fgrpgrohls qul kg plrf`b`mgs k` pgdlmgs plrf`b`r.

Ho B`glklrnt`fo prgfldl lxpokd`lkdg ho fgkf`lkfò jofò oboag, oflrfokdg oh

`kd`v`dug oh kfgkf`lktl.

Kg ls lh prgps`tg joflr fgkf`lktl hg `kfgkf`lktl, s`kg joflrhg

ms com`hòr y mlkgs otlrrodgr. Fuokdg dlsflkdlmgs o lso zgko

crgktlr`zo lk qul ho fgkf`lkfò dlh fulrpg tgfo oh `kfgkf`lktl, kgs

plrfotomgs dl qul hg `kfgksf`lktl ls kulstro culrzo, lk toktg qul ho

fgkf`lkfò ls kulstro nhgrò. Vlkt`mgs ho uk`dod dl ho v`do y

fgmprlkdlmgs qul ho v`do ls lh s`nk`c`fodg dl ho v`do.(Hgwlk ?00>

p.69>)

B. Fgkflpf`gkls ps`fgpotghn`fos

B.? Fr`tlr`gs DVM-@S

Vl lxpgklk, o fgkt`kuof`k, hgs fr tlr gs DVM-@S poro lh dònkst`fg dl

lsqu`zgcrlkò y dlprls`k yo qul sgk hgs ut`h`zodgs pgr ho `kst`tuf`k poro ho fuoh sl

p`lkso lh prgylftg.

B.?.? Lsqu`zgcrlkò

O. Vktgmos foroftlrst`fgs1 Dgs (g ms) dl hgs s`nu`lktls, fodo ukg dl lhhgs

prlslktl duroktl uko portl s`nk`c`fot`vo dl uk plrgdg dl ? mls (g mlkgs s` jo s`dg

trotodg fgk x`tg)1

`dlos dlh`roktls

ohuf`kof`gkls

hlknuoal dlsgrnok`zodg (p. la., dlsforr`hom`lktg crlfulktl g `kfgjlrlkfò)

fgmpgrtom`lktg fototk`fg g nrovlmlktl dlsgrnok`zodg

sktgmos klnot`vgs, pgr lalmphg, ophokom`lktg oclft`vg, ohgnò g obuhò

Kgto1 Vhg sl rlqu`lrl uk sktgmo dlh Fr`tlr`g O s` hos `dlos dlh`roktls sgk

lxtroos, g s` hos `dlos dlh`roktls fgks`stlk lk uko vgz qul fgmlkto fgkt`kuomlktl hgs

Okdrs Dors`l 66


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plksom`lktgs g lh fgmpgrtom`lktg dlh sualtg, g s` dgs g ms vgfls fgkvlrsok lktrl

lhhos.

B.D`scukf`k sgfòh/hobgroh1 Duroktl uko portl s`kn`c`fot`vo dlh t`lmpg dlsdl lh

`k`f`g dl ho ohtlrof`k, uko g ms rlos `mpgrtoktls dl oft`v`dod, fgmg sgk lh troboag,hos rlhof`gkls `ktlrplrsgkohls g lh fu`dodg dl ukg m`smg, lstk fhoromlktl pgr dlboag

dlh k`vlh prlv`g oh `k`f`g dlh trostgrkg (g, fuokdg lh `k`f`g ls lk ho `kcokfò g

odghlsflkfò, crofosg lk fuoktg o ohfokzor lh k`vlh lsplrobhl dl rlkd`m`lktg

`ktlrplrsgkoh, ofodm`fg g hobgroh).

F. Durof`k1 Ylrs`stlk s`nkgs fgkt`kugs dl ho ohtlrof`k duroktl oh mlkgs 3

mlsls. Lstl plrgdg dl 3 mlsls dlbl `kfhu`r oh mlkgs ? mls dl sktgmos qul fumphok lh

Fr`tlr`g O (g mlkgs s` sl jo trotodg fgk x`tg) y puldl `kfhu`r hgs plrgdgs dl sktgmosprgdrm`fgs y rls`duohls. Duroktl lstgs plrgdgs prgdrm`fgs g rls`duohls, hgs s`nkgs

dl ho ohtlrof`k puldlk mok`clstorsl shg pgr sktgmos klnot`vgs g pgr dgs g ms

sktgmos dl ho h`sto dlh Fr`tlr`g O, prlslktls dl cgrmo otlkuodo (p. la., frllkfòs roros,

lxplr`lkfòs plrflpt`vos kg job`tuohls).

D. Lxfhus`k dl hgs trostgrkgs lsqu`zgoclft`vg y dlh lstodg dl k`mg1 Lh

trostgrkg lsqu`zgoclft`vg y lh trostgrkg dlh lstodg dl k`mg fgk sktgmos ps`ft`fgs sl

jok dlsfortodg dlb`dg o1 ?) kg jo job`dg k`knk lp`sgd`g dlprls`vg moygr, mokofg g

m`xtg fgkfurrlktl fgk hgs sktgmos dl ho cosl oft`vo5 g 2) s` hgs lp`sgd`gs dl ohtlrof`k

okm`fo jok oporlf`dg duroktl hgs sktgmos dl ho cosl oft`vo, su durof`k tgtoh jo s`dg

brlvl lk rlhof`k fgk ho durof`k dl hgs plrgdgs oft`vg y rls`duoh.

L.Lxfhus`k dl fgksumg dl sustokfòs y dl lkclrmldod md`fo1 Lh trostgrkg kg

ls dlb`dg o hgs lclftgs c`s`ghn`fgs d`rlftgs dl ohnuko sustokfò (p. la., uko drgno dl

obusg, uk mld`fomlktg) g dl uko lkclrmldod md`fo.

C. Rlhof`k fgk uk trostgrkg nlklroh`zodg dlh dlsorrghhg1 V` joy j`stgrò dl

trostgrkg out`sto g dl gtrg trostgrkg nlklroh`zodg dlh dlsorrghhg, lh dònkst`fg od`f`gkoh

dl lsqu`zgcrlkò shg sl rloh`zor s` hos `dlos dlh`roktls g hos ohuf`kof`gkls tomb`k sl

mokt`lklk duroktl oh mlkgs ? mls (g mlkgs s` sl jok trotodg fgk x`tg).

Fhos`c`fof`k dlh fursg hgkn`tud`koh1

Lp`sd`fg fgk sktgmos rls`duohls `ktlrlp`sd`fgs (hgs lp`sgd`gs lstk

dltlrm`kodgs pgr ho rlopor`f`k dl sktgmos ps`ft`fgs dlstofodgs)1 lsplf`c`fortomb`k s`1 fgk sktgmos klnot`vgs ofusodgs

Okdrs Dors`l 64


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Lp`sd`fg s`k sktgmos rls`duohls ktlrlp`sd`fgs

Fgkt`kug (lx`stlkfò dl fhorgs sktgmos ps`ft`fgs o hg horng dlh plrgdg dl

gbslrvof`k)5 lsplf`c`for tomb`k s`1 fgk sktgmos klnot`vgs ofusodgs

Lp sgd`g k`fg lk rlm`s`k porfòh5 lsplf`c for tomb`k s`1 fgk sktgmos

klnot`vgs ofusodgs

Lp`sgd`g k`fg lk rlm`s`k tgtoh

Gtrg potrk g kg lsplf`c`fodg

Mlkgs dl ? og dlsdl lh `k`f`g dl hgs pr`mlrgs sktgmos dl cosl oft`vo

B.?.2 Dlprls`k

O. Yrlslkfò dl f`kfg (g ms) dl hgs s`nu`lktls sktgmos duroktl uk plrgdg dl 2

slmokos, qul rlprlslktok uk fomb`g rlsplftg o ho oft`v`dod prlvò5 ukg dl hgs sktgmos

dlbl slr (?) lstodg dl k`mg dlprls`vg g (2) prd`do dl `ktlrs g dl ho fopof`dod poro lh

phoflr.

Kgto1Kg `kfhu`r hgs sktgmos qul sgk fhoromlktl dlb`dgs o lkclrmldod md`fo

g hos `dlos dlh`roktls g ohuf`kof`gkls kg fgknrulktls fgk lh lstodg dl k`mg.

lstodg dl k`mg dlprls`vg ho moygr portl dlh do, fos` fodo do slnk hg `kd`fo

lh prgp`g sualtg (p. la., sl s`lktl tr`stl g vofg) g ho gbslrvof`k rloh`zodo pgr

gtrgs (p. la., hhoktg). Kgto1 Lk hgs k`gs y odghlsflktls lh lstodg dl k`mg puldl

slr `rr`tobhl.

d`sm`kuf`k ofusodo dlh `ktlrs g dl ho fopof`dod poro lh phoflr lk tgdos g fos`

tgdos hos oft`v`dodls, ho moygr portl dlh do, fos` fodo do (slnk rlc`lrl lh

prgp`g sualtg u gbslrvok hgs dlms).

prd`do `mpgrtoktl dl plsg s`k joflr rn`mlk g oumlktg dl plsg (p. la., uk

fomb`g dl ms dlh < % dlh plsg fgrpgroh lk ? mls), g prd`do g oumlktg dlh

oplt`tg fos` fodo do. Kgto1 Lk k`gs joy qul vohgror lh crofosg lk hgnror hgs

oumlktgs dl plsg lsplrobhls.

`ksgmk`g g j`plrsgmkò fos` fodo do.

on`tof`k g lkhlktlf`m`lktg ps`fgmgtgrls fos` fodo do (gbslrvobhl pgr hgs

dlms, kg mlros slksof`gkls dl `kqu`ltud g dl lstor lkhlktlf`dg).

Okdrs Dors`l 6


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cot`no g prd`do dl lklrno fos` fodo do

slkt`m`lktgs dl `kut`h`dod g dl fuhpo lxfls`vgs g `koprgpòdgs (qul puldlk slr

dlh`roktls) fos` fodo do (kg hgs s`mphls outgrrlprgfjls g fuhpob`h`dod pgr lh

jlfjg dl lstor lkclrmg).

d`sm`kuf`k dl ho fopof`dod poro plksor g fgkflktrorsl, g `kdlf`s`k, fos` fodo

do (yo slo uko otr`buf`k subalt`vo g uko gbslrvof`k oalko).

plksom`lktgs rlfurrlktls dl mulrtl (kg shg tlmgr o ho mulrtl), `dlof`k su`f`do

rlfurrlktl s`k uk phok lsplfc`fg g uko tlktot`vo dl su`f`d`g g uk phok lsplfc`fg

poro su`f`dorsl.

B. Hgs sktgmos kg fumphlk hgs fr`tlr`gs poro uk lp`sgd`g m`xtg.

F. Hgs sktgmos prgvgfok mohlstor fhk`fomlktl s`nk`c`fot`vg g dltlr`grg sgfòh,

hobgroh g dl gtros rlos `mpgrtoktls dl ho oft`v`dod dlh `kd`v`dug.

D. Hgs sktgmos kg sgk dlb`dgs o hgs lclftgs c`s`ghn`fgs d`rlftgs dl uko

sustokfò (p. la., uko drgno, uk mld`fomlktg) g uko lkclrmldod md`fo (p. la.,

j`pgt`rg`d`smg).

L. Hgs sktgmos kg sl lxph`fok mlagr pgr ho prlslkfò dl uk dulhg (p. la.,

dlspus dl ho prd`do dl uk slr qulr`dg), hgs sktgmos plrs`stlk duroktl ms dl 2 mlsls

g sl foroftlr`zok pgr uko ofusodo `kfopof`dod cukf`gkoh, prlgfupof`gkls mrb`dos dl

`kut`h`dod, dlof`k su`f`do, sktgmos ps`ft`fgs g lkhlktlf`m`lktg ps`fgmgtgr.

B.2 Ys`fgt`pghgno B`glklrnt`fo

Hgwlk lstud` hos lstrufturos fgrpgrohls fgmg uk`dodls cukf`gkohls y

lstobhlf` uko rlhof`k lktrl stos y hos t`pghgnos dl forftlr. Hos lxplr lkfòs

`kcokt`hls dltlrm`kork ho lstrufturo foroftlrghn`fo dl uko plrsgko os fgmg tomb`k

uko lstrufturo fgrpgroh dltlrm`kodo. Fodo forftlr sl mok`c`lsto lk f`lrto lstrufturo

fgrpgroh y f`lrto d`km`fo lklrnt`fo. Vl dlsfr`blk o mgdg d`dft`fg < lstrufturos

bs`fos1 lsqu`zg`dl, groh, ps`fgpt`fg, mosgqu`sto y rn`dg. Lstl ht`mg sl subd`v`dl o

su vlz lk pos`vg clmlk`kg, mosfuh`kg onrls`vo, gbsls`vg fgmpuhs`vg, ch`fg korf`s`sto,

j`str`fg.

Vl prlslktok, slnu`domlktl, hos fgkflpf`gkls b`glklrnt`fos rlsplftg dl hgs

foroftlrls lsqu`zg`dl y groh yo qul sgk hgs rlhof`gkodgs fgk hos foroftlrst`fos dl ho

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pgbhof`k lk ho fuoh sl boso lh prgylftg. Lstos fgkflpf`gkls sgk lh cukdomlktg dlsdl lh

fuoh sl p`lkso fodo tohhlr. Fobl ofhoror qul lsto dlsfr`pf`k do fulkto dl tlkdlkfòs

foroftlrghn`fos nlklrohls, ls `mpgs`bhl lkfgktror uk forftlr purg lk ho prft`fo. Hos

fgrozos foroftlrghn`fos sgk rlsuhtodg dlh dlvlk`r dl fodo `kd`v`dug lk `ktlroff`k fgk

su mld`g y sl puldl plksor qul lx`stlk toktgs foroftlrls fgmg plrsgkos lk ho t`lrro.

B.2.? Forftlr lsqu`zg`dl

Vl ut`h`zo lh trm`kg lsqu`zg`dl poro rlclr`rsl oh `kd`v`dug lk fuyo plrsgkoh`dod

joy dgs tlkdlkfòs1 d`v`d`r g lsf`kd`r lh cukf`gkom`lktg uk`tor`g dl ho plrsgkoh`dod,

d`sgfòkdg, pgr lalmphg, lh plksom`lktg dlh slkt`m`lktg5 y uko tlkdlkfò o rlt`rorsl

jofò odlktrg, `ktlrrump`lkdg g plrd`lkdg lh fgktoftg fgk lh mukdg g ho rloh`dod

lxtlr`gr. Dlkgto uko plrsgko qul t`lkl d`sm`ku`dg lh slkt`dg dlh yg, fuyg lng ls db`h y

fuyg fgktoftg fgk su fulrpg y slkt`m`lktgs lst rlduf`dg fgks`dlrobhlmlktl (Hgwlk

?0>) lxpgkl qul ps`fghn`fomlktl, lh prgbhlmo lsqu`zg`dl sl

mok`c`lsto lk ho cohto dl `dlkt`dod, y pgr hg toktg, lk ho ouslkfò dl rlhof`gkls

lmgf`gkohls fgk lh mukdg. C`s`ghn`fomlktl, lh lstodg lsqu`zg`dl sl mok`c`lsto lkplrturbof`gkls lk ho outgplrflpf`k, dlc`f`lkfòs lk ho cukf`k dlh phoflr y trostgrkgs

dl ho rlsp`rof`k y lh mltobgh`smg. Fgkst`tuf`gkohmlktl, lh fulrpg dlh lsqu`zg`dl ls

dlclftugsg lk fggrd`kof`k l `ktlnrof`k.

Fgrrlhof`gkls ps`fghn`fos

Joy uk slkt`m`lktg `kodlfuodg dlh yg pgr cohto dl `dlkt`c`fof`k fgk lh fulrpg.

Ho plrsgko kg sl s`lktl uk`do g `ktlnrodo. Mulstro uko j`plrslks`b`h`dod dlb`dg o hodlb`h`dod dl hos crgktlros dlh lng, pgr ho forlkfò dl ho forno plr`cr`fo. Ho lxplr`lkfò

lslkfòh dlh forftlr lsqu`zg`dl ls dl rlfjozg. Lh lng sl lr`nl pgr sgbrl lh fulrpg

fumph`lkdg uk rgh, sot`scof`lkdg uko outg`monlk, poro slr oflptodg. Lh usg dl ho

vghuktod poro mgt`vor sus off`gkls do o ho fgkdufto dlh lsqu`zg`dl uk osplftg dl

`ks`kflr`dod g cohto dl nlku`k`dod.

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Lx`stl d`spor`dod lktrl ho `monlk fgrpgroh y ho `monlk dlh lng, hg db`h dl ho

pr`mlro sl fgmplkso fgk uko lxonlrof`k dl ho slnukdo (Hgwlk ?03> p. ::). Ho

`monlk fgrpgroh dlh lsqu`zg`dl ls dlc`f`lktl lk hos fuoh`dodls qul t`lklk qul vlr fgk ho

lxprls`k dlh slkt`m`lktg. Ho `dlkt`c`fof`k fgk su fulrpg y su fggrd`kof`k mgtgro ls

lsfoso. V`k lmborng su `monlk dlh lng puldl slr tgtohmlktl d`st`kto. Yuldl mok`clstor

lk uk d`buag uk fulrpg `klxprls`vg, s`k v`do l `mon`korsl o s m`smg fgmg uko plrsgko

slks`bhl, fgmprlks`vo y fgmpos`vo. Kg t`lkl ho slksof`k dl qul h slo su prgp`g

fulrpg, s`kg ho dl qul lh fulrpg ls ho mgrodo dl su yg slks`bhl y plksoktl.

Fgkd`f`k lklrnt`fo

Ho lklrno sl rlt`ro dl hos lstrufturos plr`cr`fos dlh fulrpg, dl hgs rnokgs qul

lstobhlflk fgktoftg fgk lh mukdg lxtlr`gr (mokgs, rgstrg, nlk`tohls y p`ls). Lstgs

rnokgs lstk slporodgs dlh flktrg dlh fulrpg. Hos cukf`gkls dl lstgs sl d`sgf`ok dl hgs

slkt`m`lktgs5 lstk bhgqulodgs pgr tlks`gkls musfuhorls frk`fos dlclks`vos qul lv`tok

qul hos lstrufturos plr`cr`fos sl `kukdlk dl slkt`m`lktg y lklrno.

Rlsp`rof`k

Okdrs Dors`l 6:

C`nuro 6. FORFTLR LV_\@QG@DL. Culktl1 Moss`k` ?000 p. 06


39/97


Ho rlsp`rof`k ls pgfg prgcukdo, kg `ksp`ro ho fokt`dod klflsorò dl o`rl. Lh

plfjg, pgr hg nlklroh, lst càg lk pgs`f`k lsp`rotgrò. Ho rlsp`rof`k ls

prldgm`koktlmlktl fgstoh. Lk ohnukos plrsgkos sl puldl vlr hg qul Hgwlk (?03>)

dlkgm`ko rlsp`rof`k poroda`fo qul sl foroftlr`zo pgr qul ho `ksp`rof`k sl prgdufl

pgr uk mgv`m`lktg jofò orr`bo ms qul jofò culro, ls dlf`r qul lh obdgmlk sl

lxpokdl lk ho lxjohof`k y sl fgktrol poro tgmor o`rl. Lstl t`pg dl rlsp`rof`k sl

prgdufl lk s`tuof`gkls dl m`ldg. Ho rlsp`rof`k tomb`k lst d`stgrs`gkodo pgr lh

off`gkor dl hgs msfuhgs dl ho nornokto y lh fulhhg5 tlks`gkls qul porlflk lstor

rlhof`gkodos fgk uko `kfopof`dod dl rloh`zor mgv`m`lktgs dl suff`k fgmg tgdg blb

sohudobhl.

Osplftgs cs`fgs

Lk ho moygro dl hgs fosgs lk fulrpg ls lstrlfjg y lst fgktrodg. Fuokdg joy

lhlmlktgs porokg`dls lk ho plrsgkoh`dod, t`lkl lh fulrpg uk osplftg ms rgbustg y

otht`fg. Hos lspost`f`dodls pr`kf`pohls lstk lk hgs msfuhgs plqulgs qul rgdlok hos

ort`fuhof`gkls. Ygr lhhg puldl vlrsl lk lstl t`pg dl forftlr uko j`plrchlx`b`h`dod g uko

`kchlx`b`h`dod dl hos ort`fuhof`gkls. Hos tlks`gkls dlh dòcronmo sulhlk d`v`d`r lh fulrpg

lk dgs y dor hunor oh t`pg dl rlsp`rof`k dlsfr`to lk lh pornrocg oktlr`gr. Os quldok hgs

slkt`m`lktgs slxuohls fgknlhodgs lk ho zgko boao dlh tgrsg fgk su mok`clstof`k lk

tlks`gkls frk`fos lk ho plhv`s y p`lrkos. Gtro rlo dl tlks`k `mpgrtoktl ls ho dlh

fulhhg qul oflkto ho lsf`s`k dlh lng dlh fulrpg. Ho m`rodo ls vofo, hlaoko. Lh

lsqu`zg`dl ls `kfopoz dl flktror ho m`rodo fgk slkt`m`lktg sgbrl gtro plrsgko.

Trotom`lktg

Ho fhovl poro lh trotom`lktg tlroput fg lst lk prgduf`r g oumlktor ho

`dlkt`c`fof`k fgk hos slksof`gkls f`klsts`fos dlh fulrpg, ls dlf`r odqu`r`r fgkf`lkfò

fgrpgroh y dl ho slksof`k. Tlkdlr o qul lh lng sl `dlkt`c`qul fgk lh fulrpg. Ls

`mpgrtoktl cgrtohlflr lh lng, nlklror fgrozo, poro qul sl rlhof`gkl fgk su rloh`dod

`ktlrko y dl ohh fgk su rloh`dod lxtlrko, lh troboag dl oslktom`lktg g nrgukd`kn ls

cukdomlktoh o lstl prgps`tg, oh `nuoh qul lh troboag gfuhor poro lh fgktoftg fgk ho

rloh`dod. Oyudor o ho d`sfr`m`kof`k mukdg lxtlrkg/mukdg `ktlrkg, omphòr ho

fopof`dod dl mgv`m`lktgs lxprls`vgs, fgklftor fgk lh phoflr dl hos slksof`gkls, fgk

hgs gbaltgs. Lk lstl slkt`dg sl ut`h`zok lalrf`f`gs dl fgktoftg f`klsts`fg g mosoals.

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B.2.2 Forftlr groh

Hgwlk (?0>2 p. :9).

Osplftgs cs`fgs

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Lh okh`s`s dlh dònromo pgsturoh mulstro ho lx`stlkfò dl knuhgs gbtusgs lk hgs

puktgs dl fgmprls`k. Lh fulrpg t`lkdl o slr horng y chofg. Vl d`clrlkfò dlh fulrpg

lsqu`zg`dl pgr qul kg lst tlksg. Ho p`lh ls muy dlhnodo y auktg o ho musfuhoturo dok

lh osplftg dl cgcg,

bhokdg. Hos p`lrkos

lkauktos y hornu rufjos

sgk uko sloh fgmk dl

lsto lstrufturo. Lk gtrgs

fosgs pgdlmgs lkfgktror

plrsgkos ngrd`tos. Hos

p`lrkos y mokgs puldlk

slr rlngrdltos, fgmg

p`lrkos dl blb. Hos

p`lrkos lk ombgs fosgs

forlflk dlh tgkg musfuhor

dl uko p`lrko

dlsorrghhodo, qul puldl

sgstlklr lh fulrpg y

dlsphozorhg. Lh forftlr groh fgrpgrohmlktl dlkgto ohnk s`nkg dl `kmodurlz, ho plhv`s

sulhl slr ms plqulo qul lk jgmbrls y mualrls kgrmohls, lh vlhhg sulhl slr lsfosg. Lk

ho pgsturo fgrpgroh lrnu`do t`lkl hos p`lrkos y hos rgd`hhos rn`dos y lh v`lktrl y ho plhv`s

soh`dgs jofò dlhoktl. Lh plsg dlh fulrpg dlsfokso lk ho fghumko.Trotom`lktg

Hos klfls`dodls grohls `ksot`sclfjos duroktl ho `kcokfò kg sl puldlk sot`scoflr

lk ho oduhtlz. Lh oduhtg t`lkl qul lkfgktror slnur`dod lk s m`smg. Vuplror ho

rls`stlkfò o ohfokzor fgk hgs brozgs, odqu`r`r slkt`m`lktg dl qul hos p`lrkos puldlk

sustlktorhl, lxphgror hm`tls lktrl slr dlplkd`lktl l `kdlplkd`lktl, oumlktor ho forno y

oyudor o sgpgrtor ho oks`ldod. Lh lkro`zom`lktg ls uk osplftg o dlsorrghhor lk m`ros oh

sgpgrtl prgp`g, lh fgktoftg fgk lh sulhg, o ho `kdlplkdlkfò. Oh cgrtohlflr hos p`lrkos sl

puldl tlkdlr o mgv`h`zor ho onrls`k. Hulng sl troboaok hgs brozgs, lh fgktoftg y hgs

hm`tls. Vl troto dl qul busqul hg qul fgrpgroh y lmgf`gkohmlktl klfls`to.

F. Lalrf`f`gs dl B`glklrnt`fo

Okdrs Dors`l 42

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F.? Dlsorrghhg

Hgs lalrf`f`gs dl B`glklrnt`fo sgk crutg dl ogs dl lxplr`lkfò prft`fo

fgmlkzokdg lk hos `kvlst`nof`gkls dl Rl`fj. h `kstobo o hgs pof`lktls o rlsp`ror dl

dltlrm`kodo moklro y troboaobo fgk mosoals, pgr hg nlklroh hgs pof`lktls lstobok

rlfgstodgs lk lh d`vk. Hgwlk dlsphln uko tfk`fo ms oft`vo jof`lkdg qul hgs

pof`lktls troboalk dl p`l, dlsorrghh lh troboag dl lkro`zom`lktg. Hlsh`l Hgwlk cul

qu`lk dlsorrghh hgs tohhlrls nrupohls dl lalrf`f`gs b`glklrnt`fgs. Ygr lh troboag dl lhhgs

y lh dl gtrgs tlroplutos fgrpgrohls, jgy sl d`spgkl dl uk nrok obok`fg dl pgs`b`h`dodls

poro trotor hos d`clrlktls zgkos fgrpgrohls, lvgfor d`st`ktos lmgf`gkls, ohfokzor

d`vlrsgs gbalt`vgs.

Lk lh fursg dlh troboag b`glklrnt`fg, lh fulrpg dl uko plrsgko ls hhlvodg o uk

lstodg dl v`brof`k. Vl fgmb`ko lh troboag fgk ho rlsp`rof`k, lhgknof`gkls, lalrf`f`gs

dl lstrs, dl fgktoftg, dl lxprls`k lmgf`gkoh. Lx`stlk ohnukgs lalrf`f`gs bs`fgs, ho

fghumko vlrtlbroh dlh troboag b`glklrnt`fg, qul sl lxpgklk o fgkt`kuof`k.

F.2 Nrgukd`kn, lkro`zom`lktg, oslktom`lktg, tgmo dl t`lrro

Lstl lalrf`f`g, fgmg yo sl lxpusg, ls ukg dl hgs p horls dlh troboag

b`glklrnt`fg. Ls lh rlprlslktoktl dlh nrgukd`kn pgsturoh.

Yorodg, fgk hgs p`ls porohlhgs ob`lrtgs oh okfjg dl hos fodlros, hos puktos dl

hgs p`ls n`rodos hlvlmlktl jofò odlktrg y

lh plsg dlh fulrpg jofò hgs mltotorsòkgs.

Hos rgd`hhos hlvlmlktl chlx`gkodos, sl rgto

ho plhv`s jofò otrs y jofò dlhoktl y sl ho

dlao oh mld`g, ho lspohdo dlrlfjo, ho pokzochgao, hgs jgmbrgs y fulhhg chgags, ho

mokdbuho sulhto, sl rlsp`ro jofò lh boag

v`lktrl pgr ho bgfo.

Lh dlaor soh`r lh v`lktrl jofò culro

plrm`tl uko rlsp`rof`k mufjg ms omphò y

prgcukdo. Tlklr lh v`lktrl jofò odlktrg

fgksuml lklrno tgdg lh t`lmpg.

Okdrs Dors`l 46

C`nuro 3. LKRO@QOM@LKTG.

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F.6 Nrgukd`kn kvlrt`dg, lkro`zom`lktg kvlrt`dg

Lsto ls ho fgktropgsturo dlh lkro`zom`lktg os fgmg tomb`k dlh lalrf`f`g dlh

orfg.

Dlsdl ho pgsturo dl lkro`zom`lktg g orfg sl dlao folr ho foblzo jofò dlhoktl,

hhlvokdg lh mlktk oh plfjg y fgk lh plsg dl ho foblzo sl boao vrtlbro pgr

vrtlbro josto qul hos mokgs rgflk lh p`sg. Vl chlx`gkok uk pgfg hos rgd`hhos y sl

vulhvlk o lst`ror s`k hhlnor o troborhos5 jof`lkdg dl fulkto qul fgk lh sofrg sl

lmpuao lh tlfjg, josto qul sl prgduzfo v`brof`k. Hgs brozgs y ho foblzo fulhnok

dlh tgrsg. Ho m`rodo poso pgr lktrl hos p`lrkos, lh plsg dlh fulrpg sl rlportl

lqu`h`brodg lktrl lh tohk y ho ohmgjod`hho dlh p`l.

Lk lsto pgsturo sl hgnro

moygr fgklx`k dl hgs p`ls fgk lh

sulhg, sl h`blro lh bhgqulg

dòcronmt fg, ho rlsp`rof`k sl

vulhvl ms prgcukdo y obdgm`koh.

Tgdos hos plrsgkos qul odgptlk

lsto pgsturo, tordl g tlmprokg

fgktrolk f`lrtg tlmbhgr, v`brof`k,

g fhgk`smgs. Ho v`brof`k ls uko

moklro dl oh`vòr ho tlks`k dl ho

musfuhoturo. Hgwlk (?0>2) d`fl

qul hgs mgv`m`lktgs v`brotgr`gs

koturohls sgk plqulos

gsf`hof`gkls g tlmbhgrls dl orr`bo

oboag. Odlms onrlno qul ho c`koh`dod dl lstgs lalrf`f`gs ls ho dl lkro`zor o qu`lk hgsproft`qul lk ho rloh`dod dl su fulrpg y dl ho t`lrro o trovs dl ho lxplr`lkfò o slkt`r.

F.4 Orfg

Lstl ls lh lalrf`f`g bs`fg dl tlks`k, s`rvl poro obr r ho rlsp`rof`k ms

phlkomlktl y fghgfor moygr tlks`k sgbrl hos p`lrkos, oyudo o dlsfornor ho tlks`k dlh

v`lktrl y o dltlftor bhgqulgs musfuhorls. Fgmg yo sl lxph`f`t, lk lh prgflsg dl

furof`k lh pr`mlr gbstfuhg ls lh dlsfgkgf`m`lktg qul ho plrsgko t`lkl dl hos tlks`gkls

dl su prgp`g fulrpg.

Okdrs Dors`l 44

C`nuro >. LKRO@QOM@LKTG @[email protected] Hgwlk & Hgwlk ?0:0 p. ?:


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Dlsdl ho pgs`f`k dl lkro`zom`lktg sl fghgfok hgs pugs lk ho rln`k humbor

pgr lkf`mo dlh sofrg, trotokdg dl auktor hgs fgdgs pgr dltrs, tlkd`lkdg o obr`r lh

plfjg. Ho plhv`s sl rgto jofò dlhoktl chlx`gkokdg hlvlmlktl hos rgd`hhos y dlaokdg

qul lh plsg dlh fulrpg rlfo`no lk hgs mltotorsòkgs5 sl orqulo ho lspohdo jofò

otrs dlaokdg ho foblzo plrplkd`fuhor oh p`sg, m`rokdg oh crlktl. Hulng dl rloh`zor

lh orfg sl tlrm`ko lk pgs f`k dl lkro`zom`lktg `kvlrt`dg. Lx stlk mufjos

voròktls dl lsto pgsturo1 fghgfokdg hgs brozgs lst`rodgs jofò orr`bo, s`k trobor

hgs fgdgs, dl moklro qul ho foblzo quldl lktrl lhhgs, lkcrlktokdg hos pohmos dl hos

mokgs. Gtro cgrmo ls tgmokdg uk pohg g tropg fgk uko d`stokfò lktrl mokgs dl

uk pgfg ms dlh okfjg dl hgs jgmbrgs y lst`ror hgs brozgs jofò orr`bo. Gtro

cgrmo qul mlzfho lh orfg fgk lh lkro`zom`lktg `kvlrt`dg fgks`stl lk fghgforsl fgk

uk fgmpolrg lspohdo fgk lspohdo, lknokfjokdg hgs brozgs ukg fgm`lkzo o boaor

lh trgkfg jofò lh p`sg lknokfjokdg su f`kturo lk ho fgho dlh fgmpolrg5 lh

fgmpolrg sl rlfulsto lk ho lspohdo rlhoaokdg ho foblzo. Hulng `ktlrfombòk hgs

rghls.

Yoro Hgwlk (?03>, ?0>, ?0>


46/97


portl `kclr`gr dl su lspohdo hl prgjbl orqulorho. Lk lh gtrg lxtrlmg, fuokdg lh fulrpg

forlfl dl tgkg, oh rloh`zor lh orfg sl qu`lbro ho lspohdo. Ho hklo dlh orfg sl oflrfo oh

puktg dl crofturo. Lk ombgs fosgs, lh orfg lst `mplrclftomlktl trozodg, dl mgdg qul

kg joy slkt`dg dl `ktlnrof`k y f`rfuhof`k g lxpoks`k, k` dl ormgko `ktlrko y

lxtlrko. Lh orfg sl rloh`zo fgrrlftomlktl fuokdg ombgs lxtrlmgs lstk oslnurodgs. Lk

lh fulrpg lstgs puktgs sgk ho foblzo y hgs p`ls. Vl prltlkdl qul lh lxtrlmg `kclr`gr

quldl okfhodg oh p`sg o trovs dl hgs p`ls y lh lxtrlmg suplr`gr lstob`h`zodg pgr hgs

msfuhgs dl ho kufo. Os lh `kd`v`dug quldo oc`rmodg o ho rloh`dod lk ombgs lxtrlmgs

mld`oktl su fgktoftg fgk lh sulhg oboag y orr`bo lk fgktoftg fgk su lng.

Ls `mpgrtoktl dlstofor qul hos pgs`f`gkls dlsfr`ptos kg sgk lalrf`f`gs cs`fgs.

V` sl hos jofl mlfk`fomlktl, kg fgkduflk o kodo. V` ukg hos uso poro qul lh fulrpggbtlkno slkt`m`lktg, rlsuhtok slkf`hhos y lclft`vos (Hgwlk ?03>, p 2).

Okdrs Dors`l 43


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D. Kgf`gkls sgbrl nrupg

D.? Nrupg

Vlnk Tlhmo Borrl`rg (?00>) uk nrupg ls uk fgkauktg dl plrsgkos qul t`lklk1

?. \ko `ktlroff`k ps`fghn`fo mutuo y dl fgkauktg, rlhot`vomlktl culrtl g

os`duo.

2. \ko f`lrto j`stgr`o lk fgmk.

6. Ohnk gbalt vg g `ktlrs fgmport dg.

4. F`lrto kgf`k subalt`vo dl plrtlklkf`o.


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D.6 Nrupgs dl mgv`m`lktg b`glklrnt`fg

Hlsh`l Hgwlk cul qu`lk frl y d`vuhn lh troboag fgrpgroh b`glklrnt`fg lk

nrupgs. Joflr hgs lalrf`f`gs lk nrupg ls s`lmprl ms phoflktlrg, y pgr hg toktg ms

cf`h qul joflrhgs sghg (Hgwlk & Hgwlk ?0:0 p. ?00).

Vlnk ^l`dnokd (2999 plrsgkos y gp`ko qul lh nrgukd`kn dlbl slr

lh pr`mlr posg poro lh troboag lklrnt`fg vulhtg jofò ho lsp r`tuoh`dod. V`k nrgukd`kn

jobro plrsgkos lsp`r`tuohls s`k fgks`stlkfò poro oftuor lk lh mukdg.

^l`dnokd fgmlkto sgbrl uko `kvlst`nof`k dl Brgmblrn (?0:3) fgk tohhlrls dl

B`glklrnt`fo lk ho fuoh sl fgmporok trls nrupgs1

\k nrupg lxplr`mlktoh dl 22 plrsgkos qul pos pgr ho lxplr`lkfò dl troboag

fgrpgroh fgk ho `kvlst`nodgro.

\k nrupg fgktrgh qul tuvg lh m`smg kmlrg dl sls`gkls, s`k lmborng ho

oft`v`dod qul rloh`zorgk cul n`mkosò fgk uko prgclsgro dl ldufof`k cs`fo.

\k nrupg dl fgktrgh dl plrsgkos qul kg rloh`zorgk k`knuko oft`v`dod

Lk lh nrupg lxplr mlktoh qul tuvg ?3 sls`gkls dl troboag fgrpgroh

ps`fghn`fomlktl gr`lktodg o fomb`gs tlroput`fgs cul fgkstotodg slnk `kd`fodgrls1

?. Rlhoaom`lktg dl hos tlks`gkls musfuhorls, fgk slksof`k dl

b`lklstor.

2. Oumlktg dl ho fopof`dod rlsp`rotgrò fgk lh fgkslfulktl oumlktg

dlh k`vlh lklrnt`fg.

6. Oumlktg dl ho pgs`b`h`dod dl slkt`r lh s m`smg.

4. Mlagros lk ho pgsturo.

Ho `kvlst`nof`k mgstr culrtls `kd`fodgrls dl qul lh troboag fgrpgroh

ps`fghn`fomlktl gr`lktodg plrm`tl ho gfurrlkfò dl mudokzos tlroput`fos.

Lk hgs nrupgs dl lalrf`f`gs b`glklrnt`fgs sl jofl uko d`st`kf`k lktrl hgs

trm`kgs lalrf`f`g y mgv`m`lktg. Lh pr`mlrg lxprlso uko oft`v`dod cs`fo, m`lktros qul

lh ht`mg `kfhuyl ho fgkf`lkfò dl lso oft`v`dod. \k mgv`m`lktg fgkf`lktl rlsuhto lk ho

forno lklrnt`fo dl ho portl troboaodo. Nomo & Rlng, f`todgs lk ^l`dnokd (299


49/97


port`r dl ?0:9 frlorgk lh fgkflptg dl nrupg dl mgv`m`lktg poro d`clrlkfòrhg dl ho

n`mkosò.

Hgwlk & Hgwlk (?0:0) gp`kok qul uk tohhlr puldl fgktor fgk lktrl fuotrg y

vl`ktl plrsgkos y dlblro joblr uk fggrd`kodgr. Ho fgkcòkzo y ho port`f`pof`klspgktklo dlplkdlk dl ho pgsturo dlh fggrd`kodgr, dl su fopof`dod dl lmpot`zor y dl

fuk b`lk sl s`lkto fgk su prgp`g fulrpg y lmgf`gkls. Vun`lrlk odlms qul lh

fggrd`kodgr port`f`pl dl hgs lalrf`f`gs yo qul, oh joflrhg, cukf`gko fgmg mgdlhg y oh

m`smg t`lmpg gbslrvo y fgrr`nl hos pgsturos dl hgs port`f`poktls. Gtro cukf`k dlh hdlr

ls ho dl lst`muhor dl ohnk mgdg ho fopof`dod dl fodo port`f`poktl poro tghlror portl dlh

strlss lkvulhtg lk hgs lalrf`f`gs.

Hgwlk & Hgwlk (`dlm) d`flk qul ukg dl hgs vohgrls dlh nrupg ls qul hgsm`lmbrgs puldlk gbslrvor hgs fulrpgs y mgv`m`lktgs dl fodo ukg dl hgs fgmpolrgs.

Ls ms cf`h vlr tlks`gkls lk lh fulrpg dlh gtrg qul slkt`rhos ukg m`smg. Tomb`k sl

rlf`bl opgyg dl hgs dlms, pgr lh oh`lktg y ho dld`fof`k oh troboag, fuokdg sl vl qul

gtrgs mlagrok. Fompgs (2999) lk ^l`dnokd (299


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cof`h`tor ho fokoh`zof`k y ho d`sghuf`k fgk lh oh`v`g fgkslfulktl. Gtros ls klflsor`g

frlor hm`tls poro fgktlklr slkt`m`lktgs qul omlkozok oh lng.

Hgwlk & Hgwlk (?0:) ho `monlk fgrpgroh dlslmplo dgs

cukf`gkls `mpgrtoktls lk ho v`do dl uk oduhtg1

?. Ls uk mgdlhg dl lalfuf`k dl ho oft`v`dod mgtgro fgkf`lktl

2. V`rvl poro hgfoh`zor hos slksof`gkls y slkt`m`lktgs

Okdrs Dors`l


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Ho lstrufturof`k dlh JTY ls mk`mo, ho fgks`nko ls omb`nuo. Vl hl p`dl oh

`kd`v`dug d`buaor uko foso, uk rbgh y uko plrsgko, plrg kg sl hl d`fl qu foso, qu

rbgh, qu plrsgko. Lh t`pg, lh tomog, ho ldod, ho fgkd`f`k slrk dltlrm`kodgs pgr lh

d`buaoktl. P hg qul lh `kd`v`dug lsfgao d`buaor, hos foroftlrst`fos qul opgrtl o su

prgduff`k kg sgk fosuohls.

Jommlr (s.c.) lxpgkl qul oh lsfgnlr d`slor uko c`nuro jumoko s`k brozgs,

dlskudo, `kcokt h`zodo, slduftgro g oslxuodo, lh lxom`kodg lst lsfgn`lkdg

foroftlrst`fos lk bosl o hg qul ls lmgf`gkohmlktl s`nk`c`fot`vg poro h.

^l`dnokd (299


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M`rgtt` (2999) lxpgkl qul Bufe fgks`dlro, lk rlhof`k oh d`buag dl ho foso

y ho plrsgko, qul lh dlh rbgh ls lh dl ms plsg lk fuoktg o ho foptof`k dl

osplftgs prgcukdgs dl ho plrsgkoh`dod, y qul joy mlkgs tlkdlkfò o joflr

`ktlrvlk`r hos dlclksos.

Lh rbgh ohfokzo osplftgs s`mbh`fgs ms prgcukdgs pgr lh jlfjg dl otrolr

uk mk`mg dl osgfòf`gkls fgkf`lktls, prgvgfokdg mlkgs dlclksos dlh lng, lk

toktg qul ho c`nuro jumoko lxprlso osplftgs ms fgkf`lktls y rltroto hos

rlhof`gkls fgk lh mld`g.

^l`dnokd (`dlm) lxph`fo qul lh d`slg dlh rbgh rlvlho uko lhobgrof`k

`kfgksf`lktl dl ho outg`monlk rlhof`gkodo fgk hgs fompgs `kst`kt`vg, lmgf`gkoh l

`ktlhlftuoh dl ho plrsgkoh`dod. Hos rofls s`nk`c`fok ho v`do `kst`kt`vo y hgsslkt`m`lktgs h`nodgs oh fgktoftg fgk ho rloh`dod. Lh d`slg dlh trgkfg lst

rlhof`gkodg fgk lh lng, ls dlf`r lh dgm`k`g lmgf`gkoh sgbrl hos prls`gkls

omb`lktohls y hos tlks`gkls `ktlrkos. Ls ms cf`h qul lk lh trgkfg sl rlprlslktlk

troumos lmgf`gkohls qul vlrhgs lk ho c`nuro jumoko. Ho fgpo lst h`nodo fgk ho

v`do `ktlhlftuoh y sgfòh, hgs `ktlrfomb`gs fgk lh omb`lktl, ho v`do dl coktoso y ho

`kvlrs`k lk busfo dl rloh`zof`gkls (qul sl mok`c`lsto lk ho prlslkfò dl crutgs).

Jommlr (s.c.) lxph`fo qul ho foso s`mbgh`zo pr`kf`pohmlktl hos rlhof`gkls

fgk ho com`hò, osgfòf`gkls rlclrlktls o ho v`do dgmst`fo, lk lh prlslktl y fgmg

oh d`buaoktl hl nustoro qul culslk. Tomb`k puldl rlprlslktor uk outgrrltrotg.

^l`dnokd (`dlm) lxpgkl qul hgs okh`s`s dl hgs d`slgs dl fosos lk su

`kvlst`nof`k kg opgrtorgk dotgs qul kg lstuv`lrok mok`c`lstgs yo lk hgs d`buags

dl ho plrsgko g dlh rbgh.

Okdrs Dors`l


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MMLTGDGHGNOLTGDGHGNO


54/97


?. Oft`v`dodls rloh`zodos poro lh rlhlvom`lktg `kst`tuf`gkoh

Ho gbtlkf`k dl dotgs sl boso lk hgs fuotrg mlsls lk qul sl os`st` o ho

`kst`tuf`k fgmg rlqu`s`tg dl ho ftldro dl Yrft`fo Yrgcls`gkoh o c`kls dlh og 299< y,

pgr gtrg hodg, lk lktrlv`stos o hgs prgcls`gkohls dl ho `kst`tuf`k rloh`zodos lk Auh`g dl

2993.

Duroktl ho Yrft`fo Yrgcls`gkoh sl rloh`zorgk d`st`ktos oft`v`dodls qul opgrtok

`kcgrmof`k plrt`klktl, lktrl lhhos1

Lktrlv`stos fgk ho d`rlftgro dlh slrv`f`g dl jgsp`toh dl do.

Gbslrvof`gkls port`f`poktls dl hgs tohhlrls dl tlotrg, rlfrlof`k, phst`fo,

ms`fo, ygno, lxprls`k fgrpgroh, ldufof`k cs`fo y fgf`ko. Lh rgh dl port`f`poktl`kvghufr, pgr hg nlklroh, lh tgmor portl lk ho oft`v`dod fmg fuohqu`lr gtrg

port`f`poktl. Lk gtros gpgrtuk`dodls sl fggrd`korgk tohhlrls dl rlfrlof`k lk poblhhgkls

dlh `ktlrkodg. Vl fggrd`korgk tomb`k ohnukgs lalrf`f`gs lk hos fhosls dl ygno.

Yort`f`pof`k lk lh tohhlr dl ttlrls y lk lh


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_u oft`v`dodls `kvghufro lh rgh dl fggrd`kodgro dlh slrv`f`g dl jgsp`toh dl

do7

_u potghgnos t`lklk dònkgst`fodgs hgs pof`lktls qul lk lstl mgmlktg

fgkfurrlk oh jgsp`toh dl do7

Fmg sl lstobhlfl lh dònkst`fg7 Fuhls sgk hgs gbalt`vgs dlh trotom`lktg7

Vl lvoho ho lclft`v`dod dlh trotom`lktg7, fmg7

Fuhls sgk hgs fr`tlr`gs dl ohto7

Odlms sl `kstrumlktorgk lktrlv`stos o hgs prgcls`gkohls dlh slrv`f`g. stos

busforgk `kdonor ms lsplfc`fomlktl lk ho tlmt`fo dlh prgylftg. Vl lktrlv`st o ho

prgclsgro dl lxprls`k fgrpgroh, o ho prgclsgro dl ygno, o ho prgclsgro dl mus`fgtlropòy o ho ps`fhgno lkfornodo dl ho tlropò `kd`v`duoh dl hgs pof`lktls dl jgsp`toh dl do1

Fmg lvohuoro hgs obgrdoals dl t`pg nrupoh7, lk qu t`pgs dl pof`lktls

fgks`dlro qul dlblk slr oph`fodgs7, lk qu dlblrok fgks`st`r7

Fmg lvohuoro lh obgrdoal mldòktl troboag fgrpgroh7, lk qu t`pgs dl

pof`lktls fgks`dlro qul dlblk slr oph`fodgs7, lk qu dlblrok fgks`st`r7

T`lkl ohnk fgkgf`m`lktg sgbrl B`glklrnt`fo7

Fgks`dlro qul slro blklc`f`gsg poro hgs pof`lktls tlklr uk tohhlr dl

B`glklrnt`fo7

Lk fosg dl qul lh prgcls`gkoh lktrlv`stodg kg tuv`lro fgkgf`m`lktgs sgbrl lh

troboag fgrpgroh b`glklrnt`fg sl hl d`g uko lxph`fof`k fgmg ho qul s`nul1

Hgs lalrf`f`gs dl B`glklrnt`fo lstk dlst`kodgs o oyudor o ho plrsgko o lktror

lk fgktoftg fgk sus tlks`gkls, y h`blrorhos o trovs dl uk mgv`m`lktg oprgpòdg. Ls

`mpgrtoktl soblr qul tgdg msfuhg fgktrodg lst bhgqulokdg uk mgv`m`lktg. Hgs

lalrf`f`gs b`glklrnt`fgs oyudok o oumlktor lh lstodg v`brotgr`g dlh fulrpg, oslktor o ho

plrsgko lk sus p`lrkos, vghvlr ho rlsp`rof`k ms prgcukdo, onud`zor ho plrflpf`k dlh

`kd`v`dug sgbrl s` m`smg y omphòr su outg lxprls`k. Hgs tohhlrls sgk nrupohls, fgk uk

fggrd`kodgr qul vo d`ftokdg y mgstrokdg lalrf`f`gs o rloh`zor. Lh nrupg, lk rgkdo pgr hg

nlklroh, s`nul ho d`km`fo. Os sl lstobhlfl fgktoftg v`suoh lktrl hgs port`f`poktls,

oyudo o slnu`r hgs lalrf`f`gs y vlr qu sufldl lk fodo port`f`poktl.

Okdrs Dors`l


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2. Rlsuhtodgs dlh rlhlvom`lktg `kst`tuf`gkoh

Lh sokotgr`g Hlk Mgrro ls uko grnok`zof`k pr`vodo qul prlsto otlkf`k

ps`qu`tr`fo y ps`fghn`fo o plrsgkos fgk d`st`ktos potghgnos. Lh sokotgr`g cul cukdodg

pgr Hlk V. Mgrro lk ?02>. Oftuohmlktl ls ukg dl hgs flktrgs dld`fodgs o ho sohud

mlktoh ms nrokdls dl Frdgbo. Troboaok ohh 299 plrsgkos oprgx`modomlktl y joy

ohrldldgr dl ?39 fomos lk lh `ktlrkodg. Br`kdo slrv`f`gs dl `ktlrkof`k, fgksuhtgr`g

lxtlrkg y jgsp`toh dl do. Odlms lx`stl uk rlo poro lh trotom`lktg dl k`gs y uk rlo

dl `kvlst`nof`k.

2.? @kcrolstrufturo

Lh sokotgr`g sl fgkcgrmo pgr : lstrufturos ld`h`fòs. Lk lh crlktl sl lkfulktro horlflpf`k, odm`k`strof`k y fgksuhtgr`gs lxtlrkgs, uk ld`c`f`g dl fgkstruff`k rlf`lktl.

Lh poblhhk Clrrlyro lst lk uk nrok pot`g, slporodg dl hgs dlms poblhhgkls pgr uk

murg. Dltrs dlh murg sl lkfulktrok gtrgs trls poblhhgkls y uk pot`g flktroh1 lh poblhhk

S@Y, lh poblhhk Jlrkokdlz-Tlropò @ktlrmldò y lh Yoblhhk Yl`rgtt` qul fulkto fgk

pot`g prgp`g poro mualrls y gtrg poro jgmbrls.

Lk gtro ld`c`fof`k lstk hgs fgksuhtgr`gs dl nuordò dlh `ktlrkodg qul t`lklk

pulrto oh pot`g flktroh y oh pot`g dlh poblhhk Clrrlyro. Ho Cormofò-E`gseg lst lk lhm`smg ld`c`f`g oh `nuoh qul lh oho dl trotom`lktg `kcokt`h. Ygr ht`mg sl lkfulktro lh

ld`c`f`g lk qul cukf`gko lh jgsp`toh dl do, lh n`mkos`g y ho fgf`ko. Vl lkfulktro

tomb`k uk ouho dl fopof`tof`k.

2.2 Culrzo Hobgroh

Dlktrg dl hos oprgx`modomlktl 299 plrsgkos qul troboaok lk lh sokotgr`g

lkfgktromgs prgcls`gkohls d`str`bu`dgs lk hos s`nu`lktls rlos1

Vohud mlktoh1 ps`quòtro, ps`fghgno.

Vlrv`f`gs dl opgyg fhk`fgs y tlroput`fgs1 lkclrmlro, e`kls`ghgno

mus`fgtlropò, prgclsgr dl ms`fo, tlotrg, lxprls`k fgrpgroh, fgf`ko, ygno,

ofgmpooktls tlroput`fgs.

Odm`k`strof`k.

Oux`hòrls dl Vlrv`f`gs.

Okdrs Dors`l


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2.6 Gclrto dl slrv`f`gs

Lk lh sokotgr`g lx`stlk d`st`ktos mgdoh`dodls dl otlkf`k1 slrv`f`g dl fgksuhtgr`g

lxtlrkg, jgsp`toh dl do (trotom`lktg ombuhotgr`g) l `ktlrkodg.

Oh fgksuhtgr`g lxtlrkg os`stl fuohqu`lr plrsgko poro rlf`b`r trotom`lktg

ps`fghn`fg g ps`qu`tr`fg. Hgs fr`tlr`gs dònkst`fgs ut`h`zodgs lk fgksuhtgr`g lxtlrkg

sgk hgs dlh F@L-?9. Ho mgdoh`dod dl tlropò ut`h`zodo sl boso lk hos tlgros fgnk`t`vg-

fgkduftuohls y lk lh trotom`lktg cormofghn`fg.

Lh slrv`f`g dl jgsp`toh dl do troboao fgk pof`lktls lk ltopo dl rlsgfòh`zof`k.

Lh obgrdoal tlroput fg `kfhuyl crmofgs, sls`gkls `kd`v`duohls slmokohls y

port`f`pof`k lk hgs tohhlrls dl rljob`h`tof`k. Lh slrv`f`g cukf`gko dl hukls o v`lrkls dl

0199 o ?:199. Hgs pof`lktls ofudlk fgk d`st`ktgs rlnmlkls jgror`gs, fodo vlz mlkgrls,

josto qul sgk dodgs dl ohto5 sl lkfulktrok tomb`k ohnukgs pof`lktls frk`fgs qul

johhok lk lh jgsp`toh dl do uk nrupg dl nlktl poro fgmport`r sus dos y oft`v`dodls, hos

qul prgmulvlk d`stroff`k y b`lklstor.

Lk lh jgsp`toh dl do joy trls ps`fhgnos. \ko dl lhhos ls ho fggrd`kodgro dlh

slrv`f`g. Gtro sl lkforno dl ho tlropò `kd`v`duoh dl hgs pof`lktls y ho tlrflro fggrd`ko

tohhlrls dl rlfrlof`k y vlhos. Joy tomb`k uko lkclrmlro qul sl lkforno dl odm`k`stror

hgs ohmulrzgs y ho mld`fof`k dl hgs pof`lktls5 os m`smg sl frl uk lqu`pg dl

rljob`h`tof`k fgmpulstg pgr d`clrlktls prgcls`gkohls1 prgclsgro dl tlotrg, prgclsgr dl

ms`fo, `kstruftgro dl ygno, fgf`klro, prgclsgr dl n`mkosò.

Lh slrv`f`g fgktlmpho d`st`ktos oft`v`dodls1 fgf`ko, rlfrlof`k, tohhlr dl vlhos,

tlotrg, n`mkosò, ygno, tohhlr h`tlror`g, phst`fo, mus`fgtlropò, lxprls`k fgrpgroh. Lk uk

pr`kf`p`g lh lqu`pg dl rljob`h`tof`k cukf`gkobo lk lh jgsp`toh dl do, hulng, lstos

oft`v`dodls sl fgmlkzorgk o dlsorrghhor lk lh `ktlrkodg.

Lh `ktlrkodg sl grnok`zo lk f`kfg poblhhgkls1 Tlropò `ktlrmldò, Clrrlyro,

Jlrkokdlz, Yl`rgtt` y S@Y. Hgs pof`lktls `ktlrkodgs sgk trotodgs fgk drgnos, sls`gkls

`kd`v`duohls fgk ps`quòtros y ho port`f`pof`k lk hgs tohhlrls dlh lqu`pg dl

rljob`h`tof`k.

Lk lh poblhhk dl Tlropò `ktlrmldò sl lkfulktror plrsgkos moygrls. Hos

oft`v`dodls qul sl rloh`zok sgk1 rlfrlof`k, ldufof`k cs`fo, lhgknof`k, mus`fgtlropò.

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Lh poblhhk Clrrlyro ls poro mualrls fgk trostgrkgs onudgs. Lh poblhhk

Jlrkokdlz ls poro jgmbrls fgk trostgrkgs onudgs. Lk lh poblhhk Yl`rgtt` sl lkfulktrok

jgmbrls y mualrls fgk trostgrkgs nrovls g frk`fgs. Lk lh S@Y joy jgmbrls y mualrls

fgk trostgrkgs onudgs. Hos oft`v`dodls qul sl rloh`zok lk lstgs ht`mgs fuotrg

poblhhgkls sgk1 ygno, phst`fo, tlotrg, lxprls`k fgrpgroh, ORL, ms`fo, rlfrlof`k,

ldufof`k cs`fo.

Ho port`f`pof`k lk hos oft`v`dodls rlprlslkto poro hgs pof`lktls uk lspof`g lk

dgkdl odqu`lrlk uk rgh oft`vg qul hls plrm`tl lktror lk fgktoftg fgk lh fulrpg, fgk sus

fopof`dodls mlktohls, fgk hgs slkt`m`lktgs, dlsorrghhor job`h dodls, lxprlsorsl,

`ktlroftuor, d`strolrsl, lktrl gtros. Ho mld`do lk qul uk pof`lktl port`f`po dl hgs tohhlrls

y ho cgrmo lk qul hg jofl ls ukg dl hgs fr`tlr`gs poro dltlrm`kor su mlagro y, lk ht`mo`kstokfò, lh ohto.

Ohnukos oft`v`dodls sl rloh`zok dlktrg dl hgs poblhhgkls, gtros lk hgs pot`gs. O

vlfls sl auktok hgs pof`lktls dl d`st`ktgs poblhhgkls g fgk hgs pof`lktls dl jgsp`toh dl

do. Lstg nlklro gpgrtuk`dod dl vlr foros kulvos y rgmplr ho mgkgtgko y lh lkf`lrrg.

O fgkt`kuof`k sl dlsfr`blk hos d`st`ktos oft`v`dodls dl rljob`h`tof`k1

ORL1 ls ho s`nho poro Oft`v`dod Rlfrlot`vo Lxtrosokotgròh, fgks`stl lk soh`r dlhsokotgr`g lk uko fom`koto jofò uko phozo g pgr ho fgstoklro. Lsto oft`v`dod ls d`r`n`do

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pgr lh prgclsgr dl ms`fo, ofgmpoodg pgr lkclrmlrgs y port`f`pok pof`lktls dl

d`st`ktgs poblhhgkls. Ho soh`do dlh sokotgr`g ls muy `mpgrtoktl poro hgs pof`lktls5 o

plsor dl joblr pot`gs nrokdls, fgk rbghls lkgrmls, phoktos, bokfgs, ltf, kg sl puldl

lv`tor ho slksof`k dl rlfhus`k. Lh soh`r dl ho `kst tuf`k o poslor ls uko nrok

rlfgmplkso oh bulk fgmpgrtom`lktg y ls uko gpgrtuk`dod poro qul fodo pof`lktl sl

rlspgksob`h`fl dl s m`smg. Dlktrg dlh jgsp`toh, hos plrsgkos lstk rlfhu`dos y

fgktrghodos, plrg oh soh`r lstl fgktrgh sl m`k`m`zo y rlfol ms lk mokgs dl fodo

plrsgko.

Fgf`ko1 Lstl tohhlr sl rloh`zo mortls y m`rfghls lk lh jgsp`toh dl do. Ho

oft`v`dod fgks`stl lk ho lhobgrof`k dl bud`kls, pok, duhfls y ohcoagrls y ho vlkto dl hgs

m`smgs. Ho prgduff`k lst o forng dl hgs pof`lktls5 sl nlklro uk lqu`pg dl troboag fgkd`str`buf`k dl torlos qul vok rgtokdg fodo tohhlr os tgdgs hgs port`f`poktls osumlk

tgdgs hgs rghls. Lstl ls ukg dl hgs tohhlrls qul ms prgmulvl ho `ktlroff`k, ho

fgmuk`fof`k y ho grnok`zof`k dl hgs pof`lktls. Ls uko oft`v`dod dl tlropò

gfupof`gkoh fuyo c`koh`dod ls qul hgs pof`lktls puldok nlklror `knrlsgs o trovs dl su

troboag5 tgdg hg prgduf`dg ls hulng vlkd`dg lk hos v`s`tos com`hòrls dl hgs dos

m`rfghls.

Ldufof`k Cs`fo1 Lstl tohhlr ls d`r`n`dg pgr lh prgclsgr dl n`mkosò. Fgks`stl lklalrf`f`gs prgp`gs poro lalrf`tor hgs msfuhgs1 fohlktom`lktg, obdgm`kohls, lalrf`f`gs dl

p`lrkos. Vl troboao lk lh n`mkos`g dlh sokotgr`g fgk plsos, b`f`fhltos, fghfjgkltos. Hgs

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