funabashi fisheries cooperative sea perch (lateolabrax … · 2016-11-17 · document: msc...

MSCPRE-ASSESSMENTREPORT�

FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeSeaPerch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)PurseSeineFishery�

3-20-7-205Minato-cho,Funabashi-shi

ChibaPrefecture,JapanMr.KazuhikoOhnoKaikoBussanCo.Ltd.� �

http://www.daidenmaru.com

Preparedby:� Dr.JocelynDrugan,Consultant� Dr.ReikoOmoto,Consultant�

SustainableSeafood

NaturalResourcesDivision+1.510.452.6392

[email protected]

DATEOFREPORTMarch28,2016

2000PowellStreet,Ste.600,Emeryville,CA94608USA+1.510.452.8000main|+1.510-452-8001fax

www.SCSGlobalServices.com

Document: MSC Pre-Assessment Reporting Template v2.0 page 2

SCS Global Services Report

Contents� � Glossary..................................................................................................................................................3

1. Executivesummary........................................................................................................................4

2. Introduction...................................................................................................................................6

2.1 Aims/scopeofpre-assessment...........................................................................................6

2.2 Constraintstothepre-assessmentofthefishery..............................................................7

2.3 Unit(s)ofAssessment.........................................................................................................7

2.4 TotalAllowableCatch(TAC)andCatchData......................................................................8

3. Descriptionofthefishery...............................................................................................................9

3.1 ScopeofthefisheryinrelationtotheMSCprogramme....................................................9

3.2 Overviewofthefishery....................................................................................................10

3.3 PrincipleOne:Targetspeciesbackground.......................................................................11

3.4 PrincipleTwo:Ecosystembackground.............................................................................20

3.5 PrincipleThree:Managementsystembackground..........................................................27

4. EvaluationProcedure...................................................................................................................31

4.1 Assessmentmethodologiesused.....................................................................................31

4.2 Summaryofsitevisitsandmeetingsheldduringpre-assessment...................................31

4.3 Stakeholderstobeconsultedduringafullassessment...................................................32

4.4 HarmonisationwithanyoverlappingMSCcertifiedfisheries..........................................32

5. Traceability(issuesrelevanttoChainofCustodycertification)...................................................33

5.1 EligibilityoffisheryproductstoenterfurtherChainsofCustody....................................33

6. Preliminaryevaluationofthefishery...........................................................................................33

6.1 Applicabilityofthedefaultassessmenttree....................................................................33

6.1.1 ExpectationsregardinguseoftheRisk-BasedFramework(RBF).................................34

6.2 Evaluationofthefishery...................................................................................................35

6.2.1 Otherissuesspecifictothisfishery.................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

6.3 SummaryoflikelyPIscoringlevels...................................................................................35

References............................................................................................................................................40



Glossary

Blim LimitreferencepointforspawningstockbiomassCAB ConformityAssessmentBodycm CentimeterCPUE CatchPerUnitEffortDAT DefaultAssessmentTreeETP Endangered,ThreatenedorProtectedFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization[oftheUnitedNations]FCA FisheriesCooperativeAssociationFCR FisheriesCertificationRequirements[MSC]g Gram(0.001kg)IPI InseparableorPracticallyInseparableIUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNaturem meterMAFF MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries[Japan]mm millimetermt metrictonMSC MarineStewardshipCouncilNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationPI PerformanceIndicatorPRI PointofRecruitmentImpairmentPSA ProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysisRBF RiskBasedFrameworkSCS ScientificCertificationSystemsSG scoringguidepostSICA ScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysisUS UnitedStatesVME VulnerableMarineEcosystemWWF WorldWildlifeFund



1. Executivesummary

ThisreportdisclosestheresultsofaMarineStewardshipCouncilpre-assessmentofoneUnitofAssessment(UoA):JapaneseSeaPerch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)harvestedbypurseseineinthegeographicregionofTokyoBay,Japan,aspermittedbytheChibaPrefectureandmanagedbytheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.Thepre-assessmentwasundertakenbyanSCSGlobalServicesexpertteamviathefisheryclient,KaikoBussanCo.Ltd.,basedoutofFunabashi,ChibaPrefecture,Japan.Toourknowledge,thisisthefirsttimethatanycomponentoftheJapaneseseaperchfisheryhasundergonepre-assessmentagainsttheMSCstandard.

Table1:Descriptionofthefishery’sUnitofAssessment.

Stock/Species

(FCRV2.07.4.7.1)

MethodofCapture

(FCRV2.07.4.7.2)

Fishingfleet

(FCRV2.07.4.7.3)

TokyoBayJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)

Theremaybetwostocks,oneintheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.However,thereisnostock-specificmonitoringofabundanceorcatch,sowesuggestincludingbothstockswithinthisUoA.

Purseseines TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeoperatingoutofChibaprefectureoversees6purseseinevesselsthatharvestseaperchinTokyoBay.These6vesselscomprisetheUoA.

Theclientforthispre-assessmentisKaikoBussan,afishingoperatorwith4purseseinevesselsthattargetseaperch,amongotherspecies(SeeOverviewoftheFisherySection3.2).KaikoBussanisamemberoftheNorthernTokyoBayPurseSeineAssociation,whichisinturnamemberoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativemanagesseveralfisheriesoriginatingfromChibaPrefecture,includingtheoperationof6ChibaPrefecturepurseseinevesselstargetingseaperchintheTokyoBay,includingthoseofKaikoBussan.

InadditiontotheFunabashiCooperative-managedvessels,thereare10otherregisteredpurseseinevesselsregisteredtofishcommerciallyforseaperchinTokyoBay,aswellasothertargetedseaperchfishingbytrawlvesselsandrecreationalfishers.OnlypurseseinevesselsregisteredasamemberoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeareconsideredaspartoftheUoAforthepurposesofthispre-assessmentastheFunabashiFisheryCooperativehasdistinctvoluntarymanagementmeasuresthatwereevaluatedbytheassessmentteamhere.Inaddition,theteamevaluatedcatchdatafromFunabashiFisheriesCooperativevessels.

Therefore,theUnitofAssessmentconsidersall6vesselsintheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TheUnitofCertificationhasnotbeendeterminedatthispoint,butmayencompasstheentireUoA,ora



subsetofvessels(e.g.KaikoBussan-ownedvesselsonly).ThisassessmentwasprimarilyconductedbyDr.JocelynDruganandDr.ReikoOmotoundertheguidanceofSCSGlobalServices.TheassessmentwascarriedoutusingtheMSCCertificationRequirementsv2.0(EffectiveApril1,2015)andtheassociatedV2.0reportingtemplate.

Activitiesconductedforthepre-assessmentincludedon-sitemeetingsheldonFebruary18and19,2016.Theonsitemeetingswereheldatfouragencies/industrywiththefollowingattendees;ChibaPrefecturalOfficewithMr.AyumuNAGANO,FunabashiFisheriesCooperativewithMr.KojiMATSUMOTOandMr.FumioWANOUCHI,ChibaPrefecturalTateyamaExtensionOfficewithMr.NorihikoSHOJIandKaikoBussanwithMr.KazuhikoOHNO(theclient).AllmeetingswerealsoattendedbyMr.Ohno,ShinichiMatsurraandMr.MakotoSuzukiofMSCJapan(onlythe2ndday).Thepre-assessmentteamalsohadregularconversationswiththeclient,KaikoBussan,Ltd.,toaskquestionsaboutthefisheryandobtaindocumentation,facilitatedbyclientliaison,Shin-IchiMatsuura,ofFisheriesTechno-servicesCO.,Ltd.(FIT).

SummaryofFindings

Overall,theFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeJapaneseseaperchfisherydoesnotyetappeartobecompatiblewithachievingapassingscoreagainsttheMSCstandard.Basedonthecurrentstateofthefisheryandevidenceprovidedtotheassessmentteam,thefisherywouldnotpresentlypassanyofthethreeMSCPrinciples(1,2,&3).IneachPrinciplethereisatleast1PerformanceIndicator(PI)thatfallsbelowSG60,representingapre-conditiontocertification.

InordertoachievecertificationafisherymusthavezeroPIsthatfallunderSG60,andeachoneandallofthethreePrinciplesmustscoreanaverageof80orhigher.

ForPrinciple1,fisherystrengthsincludethestockstatusofseaperch,whichappearstobeatlowriskofhavingpoorstatus.However,thereissomeuncertaintybecauseseaperchabundanceandproductivityindicatorsarenotregularlymonitoredorusedformakingmanagementdecisions.Anotherstrengthisthattheclientfisherymakeseffortstoavoidharvestingjuvenileseaperchandreleasingthosethatareincidentallycaught.OnemajorissuethataffectsscoringofPrinciple1PIsisthelackofprecautionaryharvestcontrolstrategiesthatrespondtothestateoftheseaperchstock,whichislinkedtothelackofstockstatusmonitoring.TwoPIsscoredatthe60to80level,whilethreePIsscoredbelowthe60level.

ForPrinciple2,positivesincludethequantitativecatchinformationcollectedonprimaryspeciesstocks,suchasJapanesesardine,whichareregularlyassessedbytheFisheriesResearchAgency.However,thelackofdocumentedmanagementmeasuresorharveststrategiesforprimary,secondary,andETPspeciesloweredscoresofmanagement-relatedPIs(PIs2.1.2,2.2.2,2.3.2).LimitedmonitoringofencounterswithETPspeciesandfishedhabitatsledtolowerscoresforPrinciple2PIsrelatedtoinformationavailability.NinePIsscoredatthe60to80level,whilefivePIsscoredbelowthe60level.WehadinsufficientinformationtoscorePI2.5.1,forwhichrisk-basedframework(RBF)toolsmaybeemployedinfullassessment.ForthePrinciple3,thefisheryhasstrengthsinthatallpurse-seinevesselsoperatingunderFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeareclearlyidentifiedanddefined.Howeverduetotheperceivedabundanceofseaperch,thefisheryislackingprecautionarymeasuresorrulesessentialforalignmentwithsustainablefisheriesmanagementaccordingtotheMSCstandard.AmongPlsunder



P3,6PIsscoredbetween60-80and1PIsfellbelow60.AllofthePIsscoredbelow60andmanyofbetween60-80dealswithfisheryobjectivesespeciallylong-termobjectivesandmonitoring/surveillancemechanismtomakesuretheobjectivesareachievableinprecautionaryfashion.However,severalofthosePIsbelow60havepotentialstoearnhigherscoresiftheclientandrelatedstakeholdersarecooperativeenoughtoassemblealltheexistinginformalpracticesintoexplicitandtransparentforms.AllscoresandrationalesprovidedareconsideredpreliminaryandarenotbindingtoscoringandrationalesinfuturefullMSCassessment.

2. IntroductionThisreportsetsouttheresultsofaMarineStewardshipCouncilpre-assessmentoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativepurseseinefisheryforJapaneseseaperchinTokyoBay,ChibaPrefecture.ThisassessmentreferstotheMarineStewardshipCouncil’s(MSC)PrinciplesandCriteriaforSustainableFishing(the‘MSCstandard’).ProductsoriginatingfromMSCcertifiedfisheriesareeligibletocarrytheblue-eco-labeloftheMSC.Theblueeco-labelisasymbolthatiseasilyrecognizedbyconsumerssothattheycanbeconfidentthattheyarepurchasingaseafoodproductthatoriginatesfromasustainablesource.Thispre-assessmentwillaidindeterminingwhetherthisfisherymaybepreparedforanMSCassessment.Thereportcanprovideguidanceonlyandtheoutcomeofafullassessmentwillbethesubjectofdeliberationbyanassessmentteam.AfullMSCassessmentwouldnotnecessarilybeinfluencedbytheresultsofthispre-assessment.IntheMSCassessmentprocess,theburdenofproofisonthefishery.Theassessmentteammayonlyconsiderinformationthatisalsoavailabletothepublicanditistheclient’sresponsibilitytoassembleaninformationpackagefortheassessmentteam.TheMSCassessmentprocessisalsoapublicprocesswherethepublicisinvitedtoengageincontributingtotheassessment.

2.1 Aims/scopeofpre-assessmentTheprincipalaimofthepre-assessmentistodetermine,onthebasisofinformationmadeavailablebytheclient,thepositionofthefisheryinrelationtotheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)PrinciplesandCriteria.Inparticular,thepre-assessmentwill:

• Outlinethekeycomponentsofthefisheryanddeterminethescopeofthemaincertification• Identifyanyobstaclesorproblemsforcertification• Providearecommendationonwhetherornotthefisherymaybereadytoproceedwith

MSCcertificationItshouldbenotedthatnoverificationofinformationorcontactingofstakeholdershastakenplaceatthisstage.ThiswouldbepartofafullMSCassessmentwhichisopentopublicscrutinyandcomment.Thisreportsetsout:

§ Speciesbiologyanddescriptionofthefishery

§ Geographicrange

§ Life-cycleandreproduction

§ Roleofthefishspeciesintheecosystem

§ Stocksinthearea



§ TheUnitofCertificationinPre-Assessment

§ Historicalbackgroundofthefisheryandresearch

§ Descriptionoffisherymanagement

§ Otherfisheriesinthevicinity

§ Dispositionoftheproduct

§ Stakeholders

§ PreliminaryevaluationofthefisheryagainsttheMSCPrinciplesandCriteria

§ ObstaclesorproblemstocertificationforthefisheryintheformofpotentialConditionstomeetbeforeenteringfullassessment

§ Arecommendationastowhetherornotthefisheryshouldmovetomainassessmentatthistime

§ DescriptionofnextstepsintheCertificationprocess

2.2 Constraintstothepre-assessmentofthefisheryThefisheryclientandstakeholdersweconsultedweregenerousinsharingavailableinformation,butonelimitationwasthatabundanceofthetargetspeciesisnotregularlymonitoredorassessed.Japan’sMinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(MAFF)collectsandreportscatchdata,butcatchinformationaloneisinsufficientforevaluatingstockstatus.TheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalResearchconductssurveysinTokyoBayandestimatesCPUEforseaperch,soweincludedthatinformationinthisreport.

2.3 Unit(s)ofAssessmentTheclientcompany,KaikoBussan,harvestsJapaneseseaperchinTokyoBayusingmid-sizedroundhaulnets,whicharealsocalledpurseseines.TherearethreefisheriescooperativesinChibaprefecturethatincludepurseseinevesselstargetingseaperch:theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,theFuttsuFisheriesCooperative,andtheTateyamaFisheriesCooperative.KaikoBussanbelongstotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,whosemembershipincludesatotalof6purseseinevessels,4ofwhichbelongtoKaikoBussan.TheFuttsuandTateyamaFisheriesCooperativesoversee4and2purseseinevessels,respectively.ThusinChibaprefecture,thereareatotalof12purseseinevesselstargetingseaperch.WethereforedefinedtheUnitofAssessment(UoA)asdescribedinTable2.3.Table2.3:DescriptionofthefisheryUoA.Thereis1unitforconsideration.

Stock/Species

(FCRV2.07.4.7.1)

MethodofCapture

(FCRV2.07.4.7.2)

Fishingfleet

(FCRV2.07.4.7.3)

TokyoBayJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)

Theremaybetwostocks,one

Purseseines TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeoperatingoutofChibaprefectureoversees6purseseinevesselsthat



intheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.However,thereisnostock-specificmonitoringofabundanceorcatch,sowesuggestincludingbothstockswithinthisUoA.

harvestseaperchinTokyoBay.These6vesselscomprisetheUoA.

InMSCassessments,theUnitofCertification(UoC)mayencompasstheentireUoA,orincludeonlyasubsetoffishingvessels.Theclientmaydeterminethisatthetimeofenteringfullassessment.IfthisoccursthentheUnitofCertificationwouldbesmallerthantheUnitofAssessment,andtherewillbe“othereligiblefishers”–vessels/operators/fisherswhoseimpactshavebeenassessedintheUnitofAssessment,butwhoarenotallowedbytheclienttobe“onthecertificate”andthereforeeligibletohavetheirproductcarrytheMSCecolabel.TheUnitofCertification(UoC)hasnotyetbeendefined,butislikelytobecomposedoftheKaikoBussanfleetoffourpurseseinevessels.TwoadditionalpurseseinevesselsbelongtotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeandareconsideredpartoftheUoA,buttheirownermaynotbeinterestedincertification.OutsideoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,therearetenpurseseinevesselsthatharvestseaperchinTokyoBay.ThreeprefecturesborderTokyoBay:Chiba,Kanagawa,andTokyo.WithinChibaprefecture,2vesselsbelongtotheTateyamaFisheriesCooperative,and4vesselsbelongtotheFuttsuFisheriesCooperative(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.03/15/16).WithinKanagawaprefecture,therearetenlicensedsmallpurseseinevesselsthattargetseaperch(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.03/15/16).Tokyoprefectureharvestssmallerquantitiesofseaperch(141mtcaughtbyallgeartypesin2014,accordingtoMAFF),andthemetropolitangovernmentdoesnotissuelicensesfortrawlersorpurseseinevessels(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment,pers.comm.,03/26/2016).HarvestsforTokyoprefecturearetypicallyfromgillnetfishers,whodonotrequirelicenses(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment,pers.comm.,03/26/2016).Eachprefecturehasitsownfisheriesmanagementscheme,andmanagementmeasuresmayvaryamongcooperativesaswell.Thus,thesetenpurseseinevesselsarenotconsideredeligiblefishers.TokyoBayseapercharealsoharvestedbyothergeartypes(e.g.trawlsandgillnets)andbyrecreationalfishers,butthesefisheriesshouldnotbeincludedintheUoAbecausegearimpactsdifferandarenotassessedunderthecurrentUoAscope.TheremaybetwoseaperchstockswithinTokyoBay,butwedonotrecommenddefiningaseparateUoAforeachstockduetolackofstock-specificmonitoring.

2.4 TotalAllowableCatch(TAC)andCatchDataThereisnoTACorofficialcatchlimitforseaperch.However,catchinformationfromtheclient,theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,andMAFFisshowninTable2.4.TheclientfisheryisbasedinFunabashi,acitywithinChibaprefecture.Recreationalcatchesarenottypicallymonitored,sothereisinformationforonlyoneyearwhenastudywasconducted(MAFF2008).CatchstatisticsforChiba,KanagawaandJapantotalincludeanotherseaperchspecies(Lateolabraxlatus)andaquacultureproduction.BasedoncatchdatafromtheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,UoAseaperchharvestsaveraged436mtperyearfrom2003to2014,whileclient(KaikoBussan)harvestsaveraged279mtperyearfrom2007to2014(Table2.4).Theclientcatchthereforerepresentsabout64%ofUoAcatch.KaikoBussanusespurseseinevesselsthatare13tonnes.



ThetwomaingeartypesusedbytheUoAtoharvestseapercharepurseseineandtrawl,particularlysince2008(seeTable2.4).Asmentionedpreviously,16purseseinevesselsbasedinChibaandKanagawaprefecturestargetseaperchinTokyoBay.AccordingtotheChibaandKanagawaprefecturalgovernments,thereare239smalltrawlers(eachvessel<15tons)inChibaand93smalltrawlersinKanagawathatarelicensedtofishinTokyoBay(KatanoandKato,pers.comm.,03/16/16).However,notalllicenseholdersfish.OutofTokyoPrefecture,therearenolicensedpurseseineortrawlvessels,butthereisanactivegillnetfishery.Table2.4Seaperchcatchdata(inmetrictons).‘MAFF’referstodatafromMAFF,whichcovercommercialcatches,while‘rec.’referstorecreationalcatches.Sources:catchrecordsfromKaikoBussan,FunabashiFisheriesCooperative,andallPrefectureleveldata(Chiba,Kanagawa,andTokyo)arefromMAFF.

Year

KaikoBussan(seine)

FunabashiFCA(seine)

FunabashiFCA(trawl)

FunabashiCity(total)

Chiba(MAFF)

Chiba(rec.)

Kanagawa(MAFF)

Tokyo(MAFF)

Japantotal(MAFF)

2003 376 329 2000 686 105 101362004 494 202 833 1964 814 123 100522005 517 365 1138 2426 844 152 105782006 468 439 1532 2887 955 141 114422007 305 490 422 1529 2803 756 159 107662008 305 439 586 1033 2659 19 674 134 102512009 238 361 5296 871 2140 723 114 89502010 288 424 5206 950 2316 561 109 89682011 277 390 4336 841 2053 678 95 84122012 250 377 440 822 2158 630 117 85182013 296 476 475 891 1978 503 131 78012014 272 429 401 2168 711 141 8065

3. Descriptionofthefishery3.1 ScopeofthefisheryinrelationtotheMSCprogrammeTheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative JapaneseSeaPerch fisheryhasbeen foundtomeetscope requirements(FCRv2.07.4)forMSCfisheryassessmentsasit

§ Does not operate under a controversial unilateral exemption to an international agreement, usedestructive fishingpractices, targetamphibians,birds, reptilesormammalsand isnotoverwhelmedbydispute;(FCR7.4.1.1,7.4.1.2,7.4.1.3,7.4.2)

§ Thefisherydoesnotengageinsharkfinning,hasmechanismsforresolvingdisputes(FCR7.4.2.1),andhasnotpreviouslypre-conditionedassessmentorhadacertificatewithdrawn.

§ Isnotanenhancedor IPIfishery, isnotbasedonan introducedspecies(FCR7.4.3,7.4.4,7.4.13-15).Although aquaculture of sea perch is still practiced in some parts of Japan, there has been noaquacultureorjuvenilereleasesinTokyoBayforatleastthepasttenyears.

§ DoesnotoverlapwithanotherMSCcertifiedorapplicantfishery(7.4.16),

§ Anddoesnotincludeanentitysuccessfullyprosecutedforviolatingforcedlaborlaws(7.4.1.4)



Duringfullassessment,theUnitofAssessment,theUnitofCertification,andeligiblefisherswillbeclearlydefined,traceabilityriskscharacterized,andtheclientwillgiveaclearindicationoftheirpositionrelativetocertificatesharing(7.4.6-7.4.12).

3.2 OverviewofthefisherySeaperchareaculturallyimportantfishthathavehistoricallybeenusedasreligiousofferings(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Theyarehighlydesirableforhumanconsumption,andinadditiontobeingfishedcommercially,seaperchareapopulartargetspeciesforrecreationalfishermen.Recreationalharvestsaresmallcomparedtocommercialharvests(Table2.4).TokyoBay(Figure1)producesthelargestproportionofJapan’stotalwildcaptureseaperchharvestinChibaprefecture(averageof85%from1958to1997;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Seapercharecaughtusinggillnets,smallbottomtrawls,purseseines(includingroundhaulnets),poleandline,andsetnets.Seaperchmayalsobecaughtonlonglines,althoughlonglinecatchesarerelativelysmall(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2016).Theassessmentteamreceiveddataonclientpurseseinecatches,FunabashiFisheriesCooperativecatches(purseseineandtrawl),aswellastotalcommercialcatchesforFunabashiCityandChibaprefecture.SomegillnetfishingtakesplaceunderChibaprefecturalmanagement,andsmall-scalepoleandlinefishingmayoccuraswell.Informationonallgeartypesused,includingrecreationalgeartypes,andtheirlandingswouldrequireverificationinfullassessment.TherelativeimportanceofseaperchtoTokyoBayfisherieshasincreasedovertime,ascatchesofsomeotherspecies(e.g.marbledsoleandmantisshrimp)havedecreased(IshiiandKato2005).

Figure1.MapofTokyoBayarea,includinglocationsandgeographicfeaturesrelevanttothefishery.Someeditsmadetooriginalimagefromhttp://www.geo4u.net/jpkanynb.html



Theclientfisheryunderassessmentusesmediumsizepurse-seinevesselstargetingmainlyseaperchoperatingunderlicensesissuedbytheGovernorofChibaPrefecture.TheclientvesselsbelongtotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,whichisoneof32fisheriescooperativeassociations(FCAs)underChibaPrefecturalmanagement(knownastheFisheriesFederation).FunabashiFCA’smembershipencompassesmultiplefishingactivitiesandincludesthefollowingindividualhumanmembers:43fromtrawlfisheries,3frompurseseinefisheries,16fromseaweed(nori)cultivation,52fromshellfishproduction,3fromclamproduction,and41youngergenerationmembers(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.,03/24/2016).Theyoungergenerationmembersarefishermenunderage60whomeettodiscussthefutureofthefishery.Theyarenotaffiliatedwithaspecificgeartype.Threeindividualpurse-seineoperatorsunderFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeformedtheTokyoBayNorthernPurseSeineOperators’Cooperative(Tokyo-wanHokubuMakiamiJigyoKyoudoukumiai)(FunabashiFCA).TwooftheseoperatorscompriseKaikoBussan:Mr.KazuhikoOhno(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels)andMr.Nakamura(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels).Thethirdoperator,Mr.KazutoshiOhno(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels),isnotpartofKaikoBussanbutisincludedintheUnitofAssessment.TheTokyoBayNorthernPurseSeineOperators’Cooperativeisthedirectmanagementgroupofthefisheryinscope,butitmainlydealswiththemanagementofsharedshipwaysandmooringposts.Fisheriesmanagementishandledprimarilybythehighmanagementauthority:theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TokyoBaypurseseinefisheriestargetseaperch,Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus,マイワシ),dottedgizzardshad(Konosiruspunctatus,コノシロ),chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus,マサバ),andJapanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus,マアジ),althoughcatchesofchubmackerelandjackmackerelarerelativelysmall(Table3.4.1).Otherspeciesthatarenottargetedbutareretainedincludeflatheadgreymullet(Mugilcephalus,ボラ),redbarracuda(SphyraenapinguisGunther,カマス),silvercroaker(Pennahiaargentata,シログチ),spotnapeponyfish(Nuchequulanuchalis,ヒイラギ),Japaneseblackseabream(Acanthopagrusschlegeli,クロダイ),andJapaneseamberjack(Seriolaquinqueradiata,ブリ).

3.3 PrincipleOne:Targetspeciesbackground

BackgroundBiology

ThespeciesunderassessmentisJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus;alsocommonlycalledJapaneseseabass),hereafterreferredtoasseaperch.InJapan,seapercharedistributedincoastalareasfromsouthernHokkaidoandsouthward.TheycanbefoundonoffthecoastintheEastChinaSea,aroundreefs,andwithinbays(KatoandIkegami2004).SeapercharealsofoundaroundtheKoreanpeninsula,Taiwan,andChina(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).AnotherLateolabraxspecies,blackfinseabass(L.latus),isalsofoundinJapan.Nationalfisheriesstatisticsincludebothspecies,butmostoftheseaperchcatchinTokyoBayisL.japonicus.Accordingtotheclient,seaperchandblackfinseabasscanbeeasilydistinguishedbybodyshape,sothesearenotlikelytobeinseparableorpracticallyinseparable(IPI)species.Japanesenomenclatureforseaperchvariesbyfishsize,roughlyasfollows:koppa(fry),hakura(lessthan15cm),seigo(15-40cm),fukko(40-60cm),andsuzuki(>60cm).Malesmatureatage3aroundabodylengthof24.5cm,whilefemalesmatureatage4atalengthof34to37cm(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Seaperchareprotandrous,withmalesturninginto



femalesastheybecomeolderandlarger(FroeseandPauly2015).Themaximumobservedsizeisabout90cm,andthemaximumage7years.Atalengthof51-61cm,femalefecundityis177,000to233,000eggs(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Thetrophiclevelis3.4accordingtoFishbase.org(FroeseandPauly2015).Japaneseseaperchcantoleratevaryingsalinityfromopenoceantofreshwater,andtheysometimesinhabitrivers(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).AccordingtotheKanagawaFisheriesResearchInstitute,seaperchspawnfromautumntowinterincoastalreefareas.Spawningfemalesreleaseeggsatdepthsof30to40m.Eggsarebuoyantandhatchinaboutfourtofivedaysatawatertemperatureof14°C.Hatchedlarvaefloatforabouttwomonthsbeforedevelopingintoseigo,whentheyenterseagrassbedsand/ornearshoreriverstorear.Fryconsumezooplanktonsuchascopepodsandcladocerans,polychaetes,andlarvalshrimp.Adults(>20cminbodylength)consumeayu(Plecoglossusaltivelis),Japaneseanchovy(Engraulisjaponicus),Japanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus),Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus),chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus),Japanesetigerprawn(Marsupenaeusjaponicus),andJapanesehalfbeak(Hyporhamphussajori).Adultseaperchalsoconsumecrustaceans.Seaperchfryarepreyeduponbyacyprinid(��,Hemibarbusbarbus),Japanesedace(��,Tribolodonhakonensis),spinygoby(��,Acanthogobiusflavimanus),andlargerconspecifics(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Informationonpredatorsofadultseaperchwasnotprovided,buttheyarelikelyconsumedbylargerpiscivorousspeciessuchassharks(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).InTokyoBay,mostspawningisthoughttooccurnearthemouthofthebay.Inaddition,eggshavebeenobservedoffthecoastsofMiurapeninsula,Uchibou,Futtsumisaki,andKannonzaki.Fromspringtofall,fishfromthebaymayinhabitthelowerreachesofriversincludingtheTamaRiver,ArakawaRiver,andEdoRiver.Seaperchhavebeenobservedasfaras154kmupstreamoftheToneRiverestuaryattheToneDam(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).JuvenilesrearintheBanzutidalflatsandeelgrassbedsoftheFuttsutidalflats.AccordingtoahabitatstudyconductedinTokyoBay,seaperchusefreshwater,tideland,sandy,reef/rocky,anddeephabitats,withthelattertwohabitattypesusedforspawning(Akiyamaetal.2014).TokyoBayseaperchhavebiologicalcharacteristicsthatsuggestsomeresiliency(maturingatlessthanfiveyearsofage,highfecundity),butavailabilityofrearinghabitatandpreyspeciesmayconstrainproductivity.Additionally,TokyoBayseaperchstockshavebeensubjectedtohighlevelsofexploitationforsometime.Althoughthestocksappearsuitableforcommercialharvest,itisimportanttomonitorabundancetoavoidoverfishing.

Stockstatus

TherearethoughttobetwoseaperchstocksinTokyoBay,oneintheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.Thetwostocksshowsomephysicaldifferencesincolorationandbodyshape,withtheouterbaystocklookingsomewhatsimilartoblackfinseabass,butthereappearstobenopreferentialharvestofonestockovertheother.TheTokyoBayseaperchstockshavenotbeenassessedinrecentyears,andChibafisherymanagementandresearchagencieshavenotconsistentlymonitoredabundance.Forthepurposesofthepre-assessment,thestockshavebeenconsideredtogether,butinafullassessmentpotentialdifferentialimpactsofthefisheryonthetwostocksmaybeevaluated.TheMinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(MAFF)collectsandpublishesnationalandprefecturalcatchstatistics.MAFFcollectsinformationbyhiringstatisticsinvestigatorswhodistributequestionnairesandgatherresponses,typicallyfromFCAs.MAFFstatisticsaggregatecatchesofthe



twoLateolabraxspeciesfoundaroundJapan,Japaneseseaperch(L.japonicus)andblackfinseabass(L.latus),butseaperchcatcheswithininnerTokyoBayarealmostall(~99%)L.japonicus(Shoji,Norihiko,pers.comm.02/19/2016).AlthoughChibagovernmentagenciesdonotmonitorseaperchabundancedirectly,theNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalStudiesconductsresearchsurveysofmanyspecieswithinTokyoBay,includingseaperch.ProfessorMakotoShimizuofTokyoUniversitystartedthesurveyprogramin1977andcontinuedituntilhisretirementin1995.Therewasabreakinsamplinguntil2002,whenthesurveyprogramwastakenoverbytheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.Surveyorssample20locationswithinTokyoBayfourtimesperyear:onceinthespring,summer,fall,andwinter.Theyuseabeamtrawlthatis5.5mwideand0.6mhigh,withameshsizeof3cminthecodend.Theytrawlfor10minutesataspeedoftwoknots,collectingfish,crustaceans,molluscs,andurchins(NationalResearchInstitute2015).Theythenestimatecatchperuniteffort(CPUE)foreachspecies,inbothnumbersandweight.CPUEestimatessuggestedthatseaperchabundancewashighin2004and2007,butthenstarteddecreasingin2012(Fig.2).Thesurveysalsosuggestthatsomecrustaceanspecies,whichareimportantpreyforseaperch,havedeclinedsharplyinabundanceafterthe1990s.

Figure2.CPUEofseaperchinTokyoBaybasedonresearchsurveys.TheyellowbarsrepresentCPUEinnumbersoffish(numbercaughtper10minutesoftrawling;lefty-axis),andthereddotsrepresentCPUEinvolume(gcaughtper10minuteoftrawling;righty-axis).Yearsareshownonthex-axis.Source:NationalResearchInstitute2015.

Thesesurveysdonotfocusonseaperchspecifically,andtheCPUEdatadonotappeartobeusedforseaperchmanagementbecausetheChibagovernmentgenerallyclaimsthatabundancesappearhighandstable.However,thesesurveydataarequitevaluablebecausetheyaretheonlyabundance-relatedinformationavailablethathasbeencorrectedforfishingeffort.Duetothelimitedabundanceinformationandlackofstockreferencepoints,weevaluatedTokyoBayseaperchstockstatususingtheProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysis(PSA)protocoldescribedinMSC’sRiskBasedFramework(RBF).ThePSAlooksattwomainelements,productivityandsusceptibility,eachofwhichisscoredbasedonrisktothestockinvolved.Productivityreflectstheabilityofaspeciestoreproducesuccessfully.Theassessmentteamusesstakeholderinputtoscoretheproductivityofeachdata-deficientspeciesonathree-pointriskscale:low(1),medium(2)orhigh(3),usingthecut-offsinthetablebelow.



Table 2. PSA Productivity Attributes and Scores. Source MSC FCR V2.0: Table PF4.

Susceptibilityconsidersthevulnerabilityoffishtocaptureandmortalityfromfishing.Theteamscoresthesusceptibilityofeachdata-deficientspeciesusingfoursusceptibilityattributes(arealoverlap(availability),encounterability,selectivity,andpost-capturemortalityona3-pointriskscale:high(3),medium(2)orlow(1),usingthecut-offsshowninthebelow.

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Document: Process Annexes and Guidance page 83 Date of issue: 1st October 2014 © Marine Stewardship Council 2014

Table PF4: PSA Productivity attributes and scores

Productivity determinant High productivity (Low risk, score=1)

Medium productivity (medium risk, score=2)

High productivity (high risk, score=3

Average age at maturity <5 years 5-15 years >15 years

Average maximum age <10 years 10-25 years >25 years

Fecundity >20,000 eggs per year

100-20,000 eggs per year

<100 eggs per year

Average maximum size (not to be used when scoring invertebrate species)

<100 cm 100-300 cm >300 cm

Average size at maturity (not to be used when scoring invertebrate species)

<40 cm 40-200 cm >200 cm

Reproductive strategy Broadcast spawner Demersal egg layer Live bearer

Trophic Level <2.75 2.75-3.25 >3.25

Density dependence

‼ (to be used when scoring invertebrate species only)

Compensatory dynamics at low population size demonstrated or likely

No depensatory or compensatory dynamics demonstrated or likely

Depensatory dynamics at low population sizes (Allee effects) demonstrated or likely

PF4.4 PSA Step 2: Score the susceptibility attributes ◙

PF4.4.1 The team shall score the susceptibility of each data-deficient species. ‼

PF4.4.2 The team shall score 4 susceptibility attributes (areal overlap (availability), encounterability, selectivity and post-capture mortality) on a 3-point risk scale: high (3), medium (2) or low (1), using the cut-offs in Table PF5.

PF4.4.2.1 The team shall enter the 3-point scores into the “MSC RBF Worksheet” to calculate the overall susceptibility score.

PF4.4.2.2 Where there is limited information available to score a susceptibility attribute, the more precautionary score shall be awarded.

PF4.4.3 When scoring susceptibility, the team shall take into account the impacts of fisheries other than the UoA according to the following requirements:

PF4.4.3.1 When scoring PI 1.1.1, all fisheries impacting the given target stock shall be identified and listed separately. ◙

PF4.4.3.2 When scoring PI 2.1.1, all MSC UoAs impacting each main primary species shall be identified and listed separately. ◙

PF4.4.3.3 When scoring PI 2.2.1, if the UoA has main species with catches at 10% or more of the total catch by weight of the UoA, all MSC UoAs having a catch of the same species that is 10% or more of the total catch of the UoAs shall be identified and listed separately. a. If the UoA does not have main species with catches at 10% or more of



Table3.PSASusceptibilityAttributesandScores.SourceMSCFCRV2.0:TablePF4.

OverallscoringofthePSA:oncethescoreshavebeendetermined,theteamusesanExcel-basedspreadsheetavailablefromMSC(the‘MSCRBFWorksheetv2)tocalculatea‘PSAScore’andthenconverttoaMSCscoreasfollows:Score Assessmentoutcome Risk 0–59 Fail High 60–79 Pass(withconditions) Medium 80–100 Pass(noconditions) Low ToscorethePSA,weusedavailableinformationgatheredduringthesitevisits.Forafullassessment,scoringwouldrequiremoreexplicitstakeholderinputandassistance(seeFCRPF4.2).Althoughtheremaybemorethanonestockofseaperchwithinthebay(innerbayandouterbaystocks),wegroupedthemforthisanalysisduetothelackofstock-specificinformation.ForthesusceptibilityportionofthePSA,weconsideredthepurseseineandbottomtrawlfisheriesconductedoutofFunabashi,becausetheyrepresentthetwomajorgeartypesusedtoharvestseaperchcommercially,andtheircombinedcatchesmakeupthethetotalUoAcatch(Table2.4).PSAscoresandrationalesaredescribedinTable3.3.

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Document: Process Annexes and Guidance page 84 Date of issue: 1st October 2014 © Marine Stewardship Council 2014

the total catch by weight of the UoA, the team may elect to conduct the PSA on the UoA only.

PF4.4.3.4 When scoring PI 2.3.1, only the UoA shall be taken into account.

Table PF5: PSA Susceptibility attributes and scores

Susceptibility attribute Low susceptibility (Low risk, score=1)

Medium susceptibility (medium risk, score=2)

High susceptibility (high risk, score=3

Areal overlap (availability) Overlap of the fishing effort with a species concentration of the stock

<10% overlap 10-30% overlap >30% overlap

Encounterability The position of the stock/species within the water column relative to the fishing gear, and the position of the stock/species within the habitat relative to the position of the gear

Low overlap with fishing gear (low encounterability)

Medium overlap with fishing gear

High overlap with fishing gear (high encounterability) Default score for target species (P1)

Selectivity of gear type Potential of the gear to retain species

a Individual < size at maturity are rarely caught

a Individuals < size at maturity are regularly caught

a Individuals < size at maturity are frequently caught

b Individuals < size at maturity can escape or avoid gear

b Individuals < half the size at maturity can escape or avoid gear

b Individuals < half the size at maturity are retained by gear

Post-capture mortality (PCM) The chance that, if captured, a species would be released and that it would be in a condition permitting subsequent survival

Evidence of majority released postcapture and survival

Evidence of some released postcapture and survival

Retained species or majority dead when released Default score for retained species (P1 or P2)

PF4.4.4 Where the impacts of fisheries other than the UoA are taken into account each fishery affecting the given stock shall be identified and listed separately. ◙

PF4.4.4.1 To account for impact of other fisheries on a given stock the team shall determine the contribution of each fishery on the total catch of the given stock. a. If precise catch data are available, weights for each fishery shall be

assigned according to known proportions of total catch of the given stock. ◙

b. If catch data are not available, a qualitative information-gathering process shall be used and documented to apply a weight to each fishery according to



Table3.3.InformationusedtoconductProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysisforseaperch.PInumber1.1.1 StockStatus

A.ProductivityScoringelement(species)

Attribute Rationale ScoreAverageageatMaturity

3.5years.Seaperchmalestypicallymatureatage3,afterwhichtheymayturnintoadultfemalesaroundage4(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)

1

Averagemaximumage

7years(FroeseandPauly2015) 1

Fecundity Estimatesoffemalefecundityrangefrom177,000to233,000eggs.Iftotallifespanisintherangeof7years,andfemalesmatureatage4,theywilllikelyreleaseatleast30,000eggsperyear(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)

1

Averagemaximumsize

90cm(FroeseandPauly2015) 1

AveragesizeatMaturity

Malesmaturearoundabodylengthof24.5cm,whilefemalesmatureatalengthof34to37cm(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)

1

Reproductivestrategy

Seaperchspawnfromautumntowinterincoastalreefareas.Eggsarebuoyantandhatchinaboutfourtofivedaysatawatertemperatureof14°C(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Thisinformationsuggestsbroadcastspawning.

1

Trophiclevel Thetrophiclevelis3.4basedonfooditems(FroeseandPauly2015). 3

DensitydependenceNotapplicable --

B.Susceptibility

Fisheryonlywherethescoringelementisscoredcumulatively

WhenscoringPI1.1.1,allfisheriesimpactingthegiventargetstockshallbeidentifiedandlistedseparately[FCRPF4.4.3].

Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,weconsideredallmajorcommercialgeartypesusedtoharvestseaperchinFunabashi(purseseine,bottomtrawl).

Fishery Funabashipurseseinefisheryforseaperch

Attribute Rationale Score

ArealOverlap

ThepurseseinefisherytargetsseaperchwithinTokyoBay,likelywithatleast30%arealoverlapbetweenfishingeffortandthestock.

3

Encounterability Purseseinesaretypicallyoperatedat10to30mdepth(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.02/18/2016),whileseaperchareoftenfoundatdepthsofatleast5m.Thereislikelyhighoverlapwithfishinggear.

3

Selectivityofgeartype

Juveniles(<20cminbodylength)areregularlycaught,butthefishers 2



releasethem(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.02/18/2016).

Postcapturemortality

Therearenoquantitativeestimatesofpost-capturesurvival,butsomeofthereleasedindividualslikelysurvive.

2

Catch(weight)onlywherethescoringelementisscoredcumulatively

Averagecatchwas436mtfrom2003to2014(basedonFunabashiFisheryCooperativecatchrecords).

--

Fishery Funabashibottomtrawlfisheryforseaperch

Attribute Rationale Score

ArealOverlap

ThebottomtrawlfisherytargetsseaperchwithinTokyoBay,likelywithatleast30%arealoverlapbetweenfishingeffortandthestock.

3

Encounterability Thereislikelyhighoverlapbetweenthefishinggearandseaperchwithinthewatercolumn.

3

Selectivityofgeartype

Juvenilesaresometimescaughtintrawls,andtheclienthasheardthatfishersreleasethem.Verificationofreleaseswouldbeneededforafullassessment.

2

Postcapturemortality

Therearenoquantitativeestimatesofpost-capturesurvival,butsomeofthereleasedindividualslikelysurvive.

2

Catch(weight)onlywhere�thescoringelementisscoredcumulatively

Averagecatchwas428mtfrom2003to2014(basedonFunabashiFisheryCooperativecatchrecords).

--

ThePSAscoringworksheetgaveascoreof90forTokyoBayseaperch,whichsuggestslowriskandapre-assessmentscoreof≥80forPI1.1.1(seeAnnex1).Overall,itappearedthattheTokyoBayseaperchstockislikelyresilient,butthedecliningCPUEobservedinrecentyears(Figure2)isaconcern.Inthecaseofafullassessment,thefullRBFwouldbeappliedtothefishery,includingbothaconsequenceanalysis(CA)andaPSA.TheCABconductingtheassessmentwouldusestakeholderinputtocomplementanyavailablefishery-specificdataandscientificliteratureforscoringtheseanalyses.FormorebackgroundontheMSCRiskBasedFramework,seeSection6.1.1andtheMSCwebsite:https://www.msc.org/about-us/standards/fisheries-standard/msc-risk-based-framework.

PresentdayfisherymanagementTokyoBayproducesthelargestproportionofChiba’stotalwildcaptureseaperchharvest(averageof85%from1958to1997;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Seapercharecaughtusinggillnets,smallbottomtrawls,purseseines(includingroundhaulnets),poleandline,andsetnets.Seaperchmayalsobecaughtonlonglines,althoughlonglinecatchesarerelativelysmall.TherelativeimportanceofseaperchtoTokyoBayfisherieshasincreasedovertime,ascatchesofsomeotherspecies(e.g.marbledsoleandmantisshrimp)havedecreased(IshiiandKato2005).



SeapercharecurrentlyharvestedinTokyoBaybycommercialandrecreationalfisheries.Recreationalharvestsaresmallcomparedtocommercialharvests(seeTable2.4),andasignificantproportionofrecreationalfishers(perhapsabout50%)practicecatchandrelease,especiallyforsmallerseaperchlessthan30-40cminlength(OzakiandShoji2001;Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2916).Therearenoofficialcatchlimitsforseaperch,althoughsomefishers,includingtheclient,attempttoreleasesmalljuveniles(Shoji,Norihiko,pers.comm.02/19/2016).Fishershaveexpressedinterestinmaintainingabundanceofseaperch,possiblythroughrestrictionsonfishingeffort(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2016).FishingareaswithinTokyoBayareshowninFigure3.RelevantfisherycooperativesmanagefishingactivitieswithinthesetnetandjointfisheriesrightsareasforallfisheriesinTokyoBay(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).LicensedfishersthatbelongtoChibaprefecturecanoperatewithintheChibaharborboundariesontheeastsideofTokyoBay,whilefishersthatbelongtoKanagawaprefecturecanoperatewithinKanagawaharborboundariesonthewestsideofTokyoBay(seeFigure3).Fisherswithalicensefromeitherprefecturecanfishinthemiddleofthebayundertherespectivefishingregulationsstipulatedbytheirlicense,prefecture,localfisherycooperativeassociation(FCA)(e.g.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativevesselscontinuetofishviaChibaPrefecturelicenserequirementsandtheCooperativemanagementplanregulationswhileinfishingoutsideofChibaPrefecturewaters)(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).TheclientfisheryhaspurseseinelicensesfromChibaprefectureandcanfishinthemiddleandeasternpartsofTokyoBay.Somefishersintheclientcompanykeeplogbooks,recordinginformationsuchasvesseldeparture/arrivaltime,fishinglocations(areadescriptionsratherthanGPScoordinates),catchvolumes,weatherinformation,andnumberofnetcasts(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).Logbooksarenotmandatory,andtherearenoofficiallogbookregulations(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).Logbookdataarenotverifiedbyexternalparties.TheChibaandKanagawaprefecturalgovernmentsoverseeTokyoBayfisheriesbasedonnationallegalframeworksandareresponsibleforissuingfishinglicenses.TheKantoAgriculturalAdministrationBureau(KantoNoseiKyoku),whichistheKantoarea’sbranchofMAFF,isresponsibleforcollectingcatchstatisticsbygeographicarea,speciesandgeartype.ThisbureaucollectsstatisticsfromeachFCA,whileFCAscollectdatafromtheirwholesalers.Howevertheremaybesomemissingcatchdatabecausetherearesomefishermenwhoselltoothersupplychains,suchasdirectsalesthoughtheinternet(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.02/18/16).MAFFcollectsfisheriesinformationbyhiringstatisticsinvestigatorswhodistributequestionnairesandgatherresponses.



Figure3.MapofareasallottedfordifferentfisheryrightswithinTokyoBay.Source:JapanCoastGuard.Demarcatedfisheryrightsandsetnetareasarenotrelevanttothepurseseineseaperchfishery.Purseseinescanbeoperatedinjointfisheriesrightsareas,butbecausepurseseinescannotbeusedinwatershallowerthan8m,theycanbeusedinonlyalimitedportionofthosejointareas(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,03/28/2016).

Seaperchareactivelycultured,andartificiallyproducedjuveniles(referredtoasseedlings)usedtobereleasedinTokyoBay,ontheorderof60,000to300,000seedlingsperyearfrom1983to2003



(Shojietal.2002).Ingeneral,FisheriesPromotionFoundations(KouekiZaidanHoujinSuisanKinkouKyoukai),whichareaffiliatedwithprefecturalgovernments,manageseedlingreleases.ChibahasaFisheriesPromotionFoundationthatcurrentlyreleasesredseabreamandflounderseedlings(ChibaFisheriesPromotionFoundation2015).However,seaperchseedlingshavenotbeenreleasedinTokyoBaywithinthepasttenyearsbecausecatcheshavebeenstableevenwithoutstocking.SeapercharestillculturedinsomeareasofJapan,butinmanycasestheculturedseaperchareafastergrowerlineagefromChinacalledbyadifferentname(tairikusuzuki).Itisimportanttonotethatshouldanyenhancementactivitiesrecommencethefisherywouldbeconsideredan“EnhancedFishery”undertheMSCStandardandwouldberequiredtoa)befoundincompliancewithspecialscopingrequirements(FCRV2.0Table1),andifso,thenb)beassessedunderamodifiedassessmenttreeinaccordancewithFCRV2.07.7.4).TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehasitsownmanagementplanthatmembersareencouragedtofollow(FunabashiFisheriesCooperative2011).Participants’names,vessels,vesselnumbers,andfishinglicensenumbersareregisteredandtrackedeachseason.ManagementmeasuresforpurseseinefisheriesrelevanttoPrinciple1include:

• nofishinginFebruary• releaseofseabreamandflounderjuvenilesproducedviaaquaculture

ThefisheryclosureinFebruaryismotivatedbythepoorerfleshquality(andhencelowervalue)ofseaperchcaughtduringthatmonth,butitalsofallsduringthetailendoftheseaperchspawningseasoninTokyoBay,whichrunsfromtheendofOctobertotheendofFebruary(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Sotheclosuremayhelpreduceimpactsonspawners,butonlyontheproportionthatsurvivesuntilFebruary.Bothofthesemeasuresarevoluntaryandarenotgovernmentrequirements.Theplanspecifiesthatthefisherycooperativewilltakeappropriateactionsifparticipantsdonotcomplywiththesemeasures.

3.4 PrincipleTwo:Ecosystembackground

AllspeciesthatareaffectedbytheUnitofAssessment,whetherornottheyarepartoftheUnitofCertification,areconsideredunderPrinciple2(P2).Thisincludesspeciesthataremanagedviabiologicalreferencepoints(assessedunderPerformanceIndicator2.1),notactivelymanagedviabiologicalreferencepoints(PerformanceIndicator2.2),andspeciesthatareconsideredendangered,threatenedorprotectedbythegovernmentinquestion(Japan)orarelistedbytheConventionofInternationalTradeofEndangeredSpecies(CITESAppendixI)(PerformanceIndicator2.3).ThissectioncontainsanevaluationofthetotalimpactofthefisheryonallcomponentsinP2andincludesbothobservedandunobservedfishingmortality.Unobservedmortalitymayoccurfromillegal,unregulatedorunreported(IUU)fishing,biotathatareinjuredandsubsequentlydieasaresultofcomingincontactwithfishinggear,ghostfishing,waste,orbiotathatarestressedanddieasaresultofattemptingtoavoidbeingcaughtbyfishinggear.Thissectionalsoconsidersimpactsonmarinehabitats(PerformanceIndicator2.4)andtheecosystemmorebroadly(PerformanceIndicator2.5).

ScopeofP2

TheanalysisforP2ismadeconsideringthattheUoAisdefinedasFunabashiFisheriesCooperativepurseseinefisheriestargetingseaperchinTokyoBay.TheclientprovidedannualcatchdataforallsixFunabashiFCApurseseinevesselsfrom2003to2014.Thedataincludedcatchvolumesforsea



perch,Japanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andgizzardshard,whicharecommerciallyvaluable.Theclientdescribedapproximatecatchvolumesforothernon-targetspecies(suchasflatheadgreymulletandsilvercroaker)inthefisheryapplicationtoSCS,butatimeseriesofcatchvolumesforthesenon-targetspecieswasnotprovided.Ifcatchvolumesofnon-targetspeciesareregularlymonitored,thosedatawouldneedtobeprovidedinafullassessment.

HarmonizationandCumulativeImpacts

ToensurethatthecumulativeimpactofallMSCfisheriesiswithinsustainablelimits,aUoAassessedagainststandardV2.0mayneedtoconsiderthecombinedimpactofitselfandotheroverlappingUoAs.ThisdeterminationwillincludeotherUoAsassessedagainstearlierversionsoftheCR(e.g.,V1.3).UoAsassessedusingdefaulttreespriortoCRv2.0wouldnothavetomakethisevaluation.

V2.0oftheMSCstandardrequiresthatanyfisheryunderassessmentthathasspatialoverlapwiththeUnitsofAssessmentofanyotherMSCcertifiedfisheries,beexplicitlyconsideredinPrinciple2.

‘OverlappingUoAs’areassessedatdifferentlevelsdependingonwhichPIisevaluated.ForP2primaryspecies,teamsneedtoevaluatewhetherthecumulativeimpactofoverlappingMSCUoAshinderstherecoveryof‘main’primaryspecies.Forsecondaryspecies,cumulativeimpactsonlyneedtobeconsideredincaseswheretwoormoreUoAshave‘main’catchesthatare‘considerable’,definedasaspeciesbeing10%ormoreorthetotalcatch.ForETPspecies,thecombinedimpactsofMSCUoAsneedstobeevaluated,butonlyincaseswhereeithernationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetcatchlimitsforETPspecies.

AlloftherequirementsforcumulativeimpactsforspeciesareapplicabletotheirrespectiveOutcomePIs.Forhabitats,incontrast,cumulativeimpactsareevaluatedinthemanagementPI(2.4.2).Therequirementshereaimtoensurethatvulnerablemarineecosystems(VMEs)aremanagedsuchthattheimpactofallMSCUoAsdoesnotcauseseriousandirreversibleharmtoVMEs.

Therearenooverlapping,previouslyassessedUoAswithinTokyoBay.Thusharmonizationandassessmentofcumulativeimpactswithotherfisheriesdoesnotappearnecessary.

Overviewoftheaquaticecosystem

ThefisherytakesplaceinTokyoBay,whichconnectstothePacificOceanviatheUragaChannel(Figure1).TokyoBayhasadepthofabout50minitsdeepestparts,butthesouthernportionofthechannelhassubmarinecanyonsmorethan500mdeep(EncyclopediaofJapan2012).Thesurfaceareaofthebayisabout1500squarekm(EncyclopediaofJapan2012).TheTokyoBayenvironmenthasbeenconsiderablytransformedbyanthropogenicactivitieswithinthepastfiftytosixtyyears.About8000hectaresofTokyoBaytidalflatshavebeenlostduetolandreclamation,reducingavailablehabitatto1/8ofthelevelinthe1950s(Akimoto2013).TheBanzu,Sanbanze,andFuttsutidalflatsaresomeoftheonlynaturalportionsremainingofTokyoBay’s170kmcoastline,makingtheflatsvaluablehabitatforcoastalorganisms(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Riverinflows,whichincludewastewaterandagriculturalrunoff,havereducedwaterqualityandledtoincreasedpollution,eutrophication,andhypoxia.Hypoxicwatermassesareanotableconcernbecausemostfish,includingseaperch,cannotsurvivelowoxygenconditionsand



willmovetoescapethesemasses(IshiiandKato2005).Hypoxiaisanevengreaterproblemforsessileorganisms,suchasclams,whichdiewhentheycannotescapehypoxicconditions.Landreclamationmayhaveledincreasedpersistenceofhypoxicwatermassesbycreatingareaswithdrasticdepthchangesthatexperiencelesswaterturnover.Damsandweirshavebeenconstructedonmanyrivers,reducingoreliminatingupstreamhabitatformanyspecies,includingthreatenedspeciessuchasayu(Plecoglossusaltivelis)andJapaneseeel(Anguillajaponica;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Thedamshavealsoreducedriverflowratesintothebay,contributingtoeutrophication(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).AnotherenvironmentalconcerninTokyoBayisincreasingoccurrenceofhighwatertemperatures,whichmayaffectcirculationpatterns,seaweedcultivation,andhypoxia(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).Trashandghostfishingfromlostfishinggeararealsoproblems(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).ThepreviouslymentionedresearchsurveysconductedbytheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalstudieshavebeenveryusefulforevaluatingchangesinpopulationdynamicswithintheTokyoBayecosystem(Horiguchi2005).Until1987,abundances(measuredasCPUE)ofmarbledflounder(Pseudopleuronectesyokohamae),dragonet(Repomucenusvalenciennei),andmantisshrimp(Oratosquillaoratoria)wereincreasing,butthentheydeclinedsharplydueatleastinparttoheavyfishingpressure.Mantisshrimppopulationshavenotrecovereddespitefishermen’svoluntaryeffortstostopcatchingthemsince2005(Kodama2014).Incontrast,seaperchabundancestartedincreasinginthe1990s,andabundancesofotherspecies,suchasskates(Okamejeikenojei)andcardinalfish(Apogonlineatus),havebeenrelativelyhighinrecentyears(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012,NationalInstituteofEnvironmentalStudies2015).Theincreasingabundanceoflargerpredatorssuchasskatesandsharkmayaffectdynamicsoftheirpreypopulations,includingseaperch(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).

Primary,secondary,andETPspeciesAccordingtoMSCrequirementsforPrinciple2(FCR,SA3.1),primaryspeciesaredefinedas“specieswheremanagementtoolsandmeasuresareinplace,intendedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedineitherlimitortargetreferencepoints.”Secondaryspeciesaredefinedas“speciesinthecatchthatarewithinthescopeoftheMSCprogrambutarenotconsideredprimaryorendangered,threatened,and/orprotected(ETP)species.”Non-targetspeciesarefurthercategorizedas‘main’iftheycomprisemorethanacertainproportionofthecatch(>2%forlessresilientspecies,>5%formoreresilientspecies).Inresponsetoinformationrequests,thefisheryclientprovidedalistofnon-targetspeciesareretainedorusedorsoldforbait(seeTable3.4.1).TheyalsoprovidedFunabashiFCApurseseinecatchdatafrom2003to2014forthecommerciallyimportantspecies(Japanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andgizzardshad).Formostoftheremainingnon-targetspecies,theclientprovidedanannualcatchestimateonthefisheryapplicationtoSCS.Theexceptionwasspotnapeponyfish,whichwasmentionedonlywhentheassessmentteamaskedaboutspeciesthatthefishersrelease.Whencalculating%oftotalcatch,atotalcatchof1307.5mtwasused,whichwastheaveragetotalcatchvolumeofcommerciallyimportantspeciesfrom2003to2014,pluscatchvolumesprovidedonthefisheryapplication.Table3.4.1.Classificationofprimaryandsecondaryspeciesforthepurposeofthepre-assessment.Catchvolumes(inmetrictons)and%catchinformationareforFunabashiFCApurseseinevessels.Forthefirstfourspecies,catchinformationwasaveragedfrom2003to2014.Fortheremainingspecies,catchdatawereprovidedinthefisheryapplicationtoSCS.



Table 4. Overview of Non-target Catch in the UoA from 2003-2014 (data from Funabashi FCA).

Species Catchvolume(mt)

%oftotalcatch Classification

Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus)

312.5 24.0 Mainprimary

Chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus)

68.5 5.2 Mainprimary

Japanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus)

27.8 2.1 Minorprimary

Japaneseamberjack(Seriolaquinqueradiata)

0.4 <0.1 Minorprimary

Dottedgizzardshad(Konosiruspunctatus)

240.2 18.4 Mainsecondary

Flatheadgreymullet(Mugilcephalus)

15.5 1.2 Minorsecondary

Redbarracuda(Sphyraenapinguis)

11 0.84 Minorsecondary

Silvercroaker(Pennahiaargentata)

7.2 0.55 Minorsecondary

Japaneseblackseabream(Acanthopagrusschlegeli)

0.8 <0.1 Minorsecondary

Spotnapeponyfish(Nuchequulanuchalis)

-- -- Minorsecondary

WeevaluatedonlythemainprimaryandsecondaryspeciesforPIs2.1.1and2.2.1.Gizzardshadjuvenilesaregenerallyretainedduetotheircommercialvalue,butgreymulletjuvenilesarereleased.Clientfishersalsoattempttoreleaselivejuvenileredbarracuda,silvercroaker,andspotnapeponyfish,butthesespeciesapparentlyhavelowpost-capturesurvival.Recordsarenotkeptonnumbersofjuvenilesreleased.Inafullassessment,amorecohesivedatasetofnon-targetcatchofbothcommerciallyvaluableandnon-valuablespecieswouldberequired.PrimarySpeciesAlthoughJapandoesnotmanageitsfisheriestomeetspecifictargetreferencepoints,economicallyimportantspeciesareassessedannually,andscientistsestimateanallowablebiologicalcatch(ABC)fortheseassessedspecies.TheABCisusedtodetermineatotalallowablecatch(TAC)forsomespecies,includingJapanesesardine,Japanesejackmackerel,andchubmackerel.TACisusedasguidanceanddoesnotmeanthatcatchlimitsarestrictlyimposed,althoughtheJapanFisheriesAgencymaynotifyindividualfisheriesiftheircatchesarehigh.Wecategorizedtheseassessedspeciesasprimary.Forthisfishery,theonlymainprimaryspecieswereJapanesesardineandchubmackerel.JapanhastwostocksofJapanesesardine,oneintheJapanSeaandoneinthePacificOcean.ThePacificOceanstockisdistributedthroughoutthePacificOceanofftheJapancoastandisalsofoundinTokyoBay(Kawabataetal.2014a).Japan’scatchesofthisstockwerehighinthe1980s(wellover2millionmtannually),butfishingpressurewashigh(estimatedannualfishingmortalityrangedfrom20to60%),andcatchesfelldramaticallystartingaround1990.Since2000,nationalcatcheshavegenerallybeenlessthan150,000mt.Scientistsestimatetotalbiomassandspawningstockbiomassofthestockeachyearthroughcohortanalysis(Kawabataetal.2014a).Theirestimatessuggestthatbiomasshasbeenincreasingslightlysince2010,whenestimatedannualfishingmortalitywasreducedto15-20%(Kawabataetal.2014a).Thereisalimitreferencepointforspawningstockbiomass(Blim),definedasahistoricallylowestimateofspawningstockbiomass(221,000mt)thatwas



observedin1996(Kawabataetal.2014a).The2013spawningstockbiomassestimateexceededtheBlimat484,000mt.The2014stockassessmentratedthePacificOceansardinestockas‘medium’statuswithanincreasingtrendwithinthepastfiveyears,basedonthe2013biomassestimate(714,000mt)inrelationtohistoricalbiomassestimates(Kawabataetal.2014a).Japanhastwostocksofchubmackerel,oneinthePacificOceanandonethatinhabitstheSeaofJapanandEastChinaSeaaroundtheTsushimaWarmCurrent.ThePacificOceanstockisdistributedthroughoutthePacificOceanofftheJapancoastandisalsofoundinTokyoBay(Kawabataetal.2014b).Scientistsestimatetotalbiomassandspawningstockbiomassofthestockeachyearthroughcohortanalysis(Kawabataetal.2014b).The2013biomassestimatewas1,360,000mt,whilethe2013spawningstockbiomassestimatewas41,000mt,whichwasbelowtheBlimof45,000mt.Blimisdefinedasahistoricallylowestimateofspawningstockbiomass,whichwasobservedin1985(Kawabataetal.2014b).The2014stockassessmentratedthePacificOceanchubmackerelstockas‘low’statuswithanincreasingtrendwithinthepastfiveyears,basedonthe2013spawningstockbiomassestimatebeingbelowBlim(Kawabataetal.2014b).Forthesetwomainprimaryspecies,theassessmentteamassumedtheBlimwasroughlyequivalentthepointbelowwhichrecruitmentmaybeimpaired(PRI).Overall,itappearsthatstockstatusandmanagementofprimaryspeciescanbeimproved.SecondarySpeciesWeevaluatedmainsecondaryspeciesunderPI2.2.1usingPSAduetothelackofstockstatusinformation.Forexample,whentheassessmentteamaskedaboutdottedgizzardshadduringsitevisits,stakeholdersmentionedthatabundancesarenotmonitored.Weobtainedinformationaboutbiologicalattributes(seeTable3.4.2)fromFishbase.org.Forsomeproductivitytraits,weusedrangesofestimatesfromcloselyrelatedspecieswithinthesamescientificfamily(Clupeidaefordottedgizzardshad).Wegenerallyassumedthatsusceptibilitytothefisherywashigh,andwhenscoringselectivity,consideredthatjuvenilegizzardshadaretargetedbecausetheyaremorecommerciallyvaluablethanadults.Whenjuvenilesarepreferentiallytargeted,productivityofthestockisnegativelyaffected,sothismaybeanissuethatwillbeinvestigatedfurtherinafullassessment.Wherenoinformationwasavailable,weusedthemoreprecautionaryscore.Overall,thePSAsuggestedthatPI2.2.1wouldscoreinthe60-79rangeforgizzardshad(Table3.4.2).Table3.4.2.Speciesbiologicalattributesformainsecondaryspecies.

Species Avgageatmaturity(years)

Avgmaxage

Fecundity(eggs)

Avgsizeatmaturity(cm)

Avgmaxsize(cm)

Reprod.strategy

Trophiclevel

Dottedgizzardshad

2 -- >100eggsperyear

15 32 broadcastspawner

2.9

Table3.4.3.PSAscoringtableformainsecondaryspecies.



Thereappearstobelimitedinformationonabundancetrendsingizzardshad.GizzardshardwasnotmentionedintheTokyoBayresearchsurveymaterialsweobtainedfromtheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalResearch.Theclientfisherykeepsrecordsonvolumesofgizzardshadtheycatch,butthisinformationrevealslittleaboutabundancetrendsorsustainabilityofcurrentharvestlevels.Endangered,Threatened,andProtectedSpeciesAccordingtotherelevantMSCCertificationrequirements(FCRV2.0),ETPspeciesincludethoselistedas:SA3.1.5.1 SpeciesthatarerecognisedbynationalETPlegislation;SA3.1.5.2: Specieslistedinthebindinginternationalagreementsgivenbelow:

a.Appendix1oftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES),unlessitcanbeshownthattheparticularstockoftheCITESlistedspeciesimpactedbytheUoAunderassessmentisnotendangered.b.BindingagreementsconcludedundertheConventiononMigratorySpecies(CMS),including:

i.Annex1oftheAgreementonConservationofAlbatrossandPetrels(ACAP);ii.Table1ColumnAoftheAfrican-EurasianMigratoryWaterbirdAgreement(AEWA);iii.AgreementontheConservationofSmallCetaceansoftheBalticandNorthSeas(ASCOBANS);iv.Annex1,AgreementontheConservationofCetaceansoftheBlackSea,MediterraneanSeaandContiguousAtlanticArea(ACCOBAMS);v.WaddenSeaSealsAgreement;vi.AnyotherbindingagreementsthatlistrelevantETPspeciesconcludedunderthisConvention.

SA3.1.5.3 Speciesclassifiedas‘out-ofscope’(amphibians,reptiles,birdsandmammals)thatarelistedintheIUCNRedlistasvulnerable(VU),endangered(EN)orcriticallyendangered(CE).InJapanthereisaRedDataBookthatidentifiesETPspeciesfoundwithinJapan(MinistryoftheEnvironment2015).Intermsofnationallegislation,JapanhasaLawfortheConservationofEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(LawNo.75)thataimstoensuretheconservationofendangeredspeciesandcontributetoconservationofthenaturalenvironment(MinistryoftheEnvironment2016).ThereisalsoaWildlifeProtectionandHuntingLaw(LawNo.32)thataimstoprotectbirdsandmammalsbyplacingrestrictionsonhuntingandestablishingwildlifeprotectionareas(MinistryoftheEnvironment2016).NoneoftheseprotectedareasislocatedinTokyoBay.EachprefecturehasaRedListthatisincludedintheRedDataBook.ForChiba,Tokyo,andKanazawaprefectures,nomarinespeciesarelisted.However,theMinistryoftheEnvironmentdoesnotholdjurisdictionovermarineareas.TheJapanFisheriesAgencypublishesalistofaquaticorganismsthatarerelativelyrare,butthesearenotincludedintheRedDataBook(JapaneseFisheriesResourceConservationAssociation1998).SpeciesinTokyoBaythatappearintheabovementionednationallegislationand/orCITESAppendix1andIUCNRedlistspeciesinaccordancewithSA3.1.5.3wouldbeevaluatedforpotentialUoAimpactinfullassessment.NorecordsarekeptofincidentalcatchesofETPspecies.Birdsarereportedlycaughtonceortwiceayearwhentheroundhaulnetsareliftedfromthewater,anddolphinsorwhalesenterthenetsonrareoccasions.Onetimeaseaturtlewascaughtinthenet.Fishersattempttoreleaseanymarinemammalsorturtlesthatareincidentallycaughtandstillalive.Duringthesitevisits,weaskedaboutETPspeciesoccurringinTokyoBay,butnonewereidentified.Forafullassessment,amorethoroughevaluationshouldbeundertakenofanyETPspeciesencounteredinthefishery.



Habitats

ForthepurposesofMSCassessment,mainhabitatsarethosethatareconsidered‘commonlyencountered’and/orvulnerablemarineecosystems(VME).‘Mainencountered’habitatsaccordingtoMSCFCRV2.0GSA3.13.3.1aredefinedas:“Commonlyencounteredhabitatswouldlikelyincludethosethatthetargetspeciesfavours,thattheUoA’sgearisdesignedtoexploit,and/orthatmakeupareasonableportionoftheUoA’sfishingarea.”VME’smaybecharacterizedbyuniquenessorrarity,functionalsignificance,fragility,life-historytraitsofcomponentspecies,andstructuralcomplexity(FCRGSA3.13.3.2).TheTokyoBayareahasbeenhighlyimpactedbyanthropogenicactivityanddevelopment.TheBanzu,Sanbanze,andFuttsutidalflatsaresomeoftheonlynaturalcoastlineareasremaining,makingthemimportantfortheTokyoBayecosystem.Vulnerablemarineecosystems(VMEs)suchascoldwaterreefsarenotthoughttooccurwithinthebay,butnotmuchresearchonVMEshasbeenconducted(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,02/18/2016).Seagrassbedsareimportantareasforspawningorrearingfish,andfisherymanagementaimstomaintainexistinghabitat(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,02/18/2016).However,itisnotclearwhetherdetailedinformationonhabitatdistributionandhealtharecollected,andsuchinformationwasnotprovidedtotheassessmentteam.Officialprotectionsdonotappeartobeinplace.Accordingtotheclient,theareastheyseinetypicallyhavesoft,sandybottoms,andpurseseinessometimescontacttheseafloor(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.01/20/2016).Rockyormuddyseafloorhabitatsmayalsobeencountered.Netssometimesgetstuckonrocks,resultinginlostgearandpotentialghostfishing,althoughfisherswithintheclientfisheryattempttorecovernetswheneverpossible(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).Intheclientfishery,roundhaulnetsaretypicallyusedatdepthsof10to30m.Netsarenotoperatedinwaterdepthsoflessthan8morwithin80mofnoriseaweedcultivationareas(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).Becauselimitedhabitatinformationwasprovided,theassessmentteamusedtheRBFandaConsequenceSpatialAnalysis(CSA)toscorePI2.4.1.Weidentifiedandevaluatedtwomainhabitattypesbasedonavailableinformation:1)sandormudflatsand2)flatswithlargerrocks.WefollowedscoringguidelinesinFCRPF7,relyingonsurrogatescoresforcaseswheredatawerenotavailable.Table3.4.4.ScoringjustificationforhabitatsCSA. Sandormudflats SedimentflatswithrocksRegenerationofbiota Nodata,usedsurrogatescoreforinner

shelf(25-100mdepth)Nodata,usedsurrogatescoreforinnershelf(25-100mdepth)

Naturaldisturbance Fishingatoccursat30-50m,wherenaturaldisturbancesarelikely

Fishingatoccursat30-50m,wherenaturaldisturbancesarelikely

Removabilityofbiota Nodata,usedprecautionaryscore Nodata,usedprecautionaryscoreRemovabilityofsubstratum Sedimentparticlesize<6cm,usedscore

forDanishseine(mostsimilargeartypelistedinFCRscoringguidelines)

Sedimentparticlesize6cmto3m,usedscoreforDanishseine

Substratumhardness Unconsolidatedsediments UnconsolidatedsedimentsSubstratumruggedness Flat,simplesurface,usedscoreforDanish

seineLowreliefsurfacewithsmallboulders,usedscoreforDanishseine

Seabedslope Innershelf,expectedtobelowslope Innershelf,expectedtobelowslopeGearfootprint UsedscoreforDanishseine UsedscoreforDanishseineSpatialoverlap Nodata,assumedmoderateoverlap Nodata,assumedmoderateoverlapEncounterability Nodata,assumedmoderate

encounterabilityNodata,assumedmoderateencounterability

TheCSAratedgearimpactsasmediumforbothsandflatsandflatswithrocks(Table3.4.5).



Overall,habitatdamagefromtheseinesisexpectedtobeminimalbecausemostofthebottomhabitatissoftsediment,andthenetsdonotcontacttheseafloorforprolongedperiods.However,fishinggearimpactsonseafloorhabitathavenotbeenquantifiedandshouldbefurtherevaluatedinafullassessment.AfullassessmentwillalsorequirestakeholderinputforscoringtheCSAifaCSAisused.FormoreinformationonCSAscoringforhabitatPIs,pleaseseePF7intheFCR.Table3.4.5.CSAscoringtableforhabitats.

Informationregardingecosystemimpactsfromfishingislimited.Inafullassessment,theassessmentteamwouldlikelyneedtoconductaScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysis(SICA)undertheRBFtoscorePI2.5.1,whichconsiderstheoutcomeofecosystemimpacts(seePF8intheFCR).TheSICAconsidersthespatialandtemporalscalesoffishingactivityandthepotentialforfishingtoimpacttheecosystem,aswellastheconsequencesoffishingactivityonthemostvulnerableecosystems.TokyoBaysurveydatafromtheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalResearchwilllikelyberelevant.SICArequiresstakeholderinputandisnottypicallyconductedatthepre-assessmentstage,sothePI2.5.1scorewillbedeterminedinafullassessment.

3.5 PrincipleThree:Managementsystembackground

NationalFisheriesManagementinJapan

TheprimarylawthatregulatesJapanesefisheriesistheFisheriesLaw(1949,revisedin1962),whichdealswithseveralkindsoffishingrightsandlicensingstructures,andisthebasisofJapanesefisheries(Makino2013).TheLawisadministeredbytheMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(MAFF)incooperationwiththeprefecturegovernmentsforpracticalenforcement,asmuchofJapanesecoastalwaterisadministratedbyadjacentprefectures.TheFisheriesCooperativeAssociationLaw(1948withconsecutiveamendments)formsthebasisofthelegalframeworkforlocalFisheriesCooperativeAssociations(FCAs)toactastheinstitutionsthatcarryoutresourcemanagementatoperationallevel.Therefore,thislawandtheFisheriesLawmentionedabovearethetwomostimportantlegalframeworksforJapanesefisheriesmanagement(Makino2013).TheareaadministratedbyaFCAvariesdependingonlocalconditions.TheresponsibilityofalocalFCAisthemanagementofparticulargeographicalareaandthegovernanceisbasedonthemembershipoffishersoperatingwithinthearea.AnFCAdevelopsitsownregulationswithinnationallegislativeframeworks,however,someoftheregulationsmaybecreatedbytheFCAuniquelyforthefishery/iesoperatingundercontroloftheFCA.Theeverydayoperationsareessentiallyself-managedbytheFCAsorfederationsofFCAs.Japanesemarinefisheriescanbedividedintothreecategories(areas);coastalfisheries,off-shorefisheries(withinEEZ)anddistantwaterfisheries.Coastalfisheriesandoff-shorefisheriesaresmall-scalefisheriesdivideddependingonthesizeofboats(lessormorethan10tons)(Makino2013).StockassessmentconductedatNationallevelincludes52specieswith84stocks(MAFF).TheTotalAllowableCatch(TAC)isseton7particularspecies,namelyPacificsaury,WalleyePollock,Japanese



jackmackerel,Japanesesardine,Chubmackerelandspottedchubmackerel,Japanesecommonsquidandsnowcrab(MAFF).SeaperchisnotincludedeitherinthenationalstockassessmentnortheTAC.Thefisherypermitsforindividualvesselsoccurviatwoseparatelicensingstructures:MinistryPermits(MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries)andPrefecturalGovernorPermitsdependingonthesizeofvesselsandtargetedresources.Also,thejurisdictionsforCommonfisheryrightsaregiventoFCAsforfisheriestargetingnon-migratoryspecies.

FisherySpecificManagementfortheTokyoBaySeaPerchPurseSeineFishery

TheseaperchfisheryinTokyoBayusesseveralfishinggearsincludingpurseseine,trawling,gillnetandsetnet.InTokyoBay,seaperchisalsoapopularfishforrecreationalfishers.Twofishingvessels-17thDaidenmaru(13tons)and18thDaidenmaru(13tons)-aretheround-haul(orpurseseine)fisheryboatsownedbyKaikoBussan.ThefisherybykaikoBussanalsousescarryingvessels51thDaidenmaru(19tons)and2ndDaidenmaru(19tons).TheareaoffishingisshowninFigure2.

LicensingandPermittingThefisheryislicensedbasedeitheraMinister(ofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries)-issuedlicenseorGovernor(ofeachprefecture)-issuedlicensedependingonthesizeoffishingvesselsandgearused.InChibaPrefecture,vesselsmorethan15tonswestoftheNojimazakiLighthouseinBosoPeninsulaandmorethan40tonsintheeasternpartofTokyoBayrequirethe“LargeandMedium-sized”purseseinelicenseissuedbytheMinister.PurseseinefishingoperatingbytheGovernorpermitsarecategorizedassmallpurse-seine(>5t)andmediumsizepurse-seine(<5t)(Nagano,Ayumu.Pers.Comm.02/26/16).Asoperatorsareissuedlicensesasinglelicensemayincludemorethanonevessel.InChibaPrefecture,themedium-sizedpurseseinelicencesbytheGovernorhaveamaximumallowablevesselnumberperoperatingareas(threedividedareas).Thelicensesneedtoberenewedeverythreeyearsanddependingonthearea,andonlythoseoperatorswhohavefishingrecordscanbeissuedlicenses.Thisreflectsthemeasureforresourcemanagementbymaintainthefishingeffortsatthecurrentlevel.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithanyevidencethatthenumberofpermitsisdirectlyrelatedtothestatusoftheseaperchstock.ChibaPrefecturecurrentlyhasissued6fishinglicensesformedium-sizedpurse-seinefisheries.Theyconsistof3licensesinFunabqashiFCA(threepairsofvessels(6intotal)fortwinvesselpurseseinopration),2licensesinFuttsuFCA(againtwopairsofvessels(4intotal),1licensesinTateyamaFCA(twovessels).Forexample,aspecificfisherypermitissuedon1August,2015foroneofclient’svessels(No17Daudenmaru)isvaliduntiltheendofJuly,2018.ThefisherygroundallocatedtoallvesselsintheUoAviaGovernorpermitincludestheChibaPrefecturewatersnorthofthelinebetweentheSuzakilighthouseinTateyama-city,ChibaandJogasakilighthouseinMiura-city,Kanagawa(FisheryPermitissuedin2015Likewise,theother5licensesinChibaPrefectureoperatebasedonthesametypeoflicenceinthesamewaters.Inaddition,inordertoavoidtheconflictwithotherfishingmethodincludingpole&linefisheriesandgillnetfisheries,medium-sizedpurseseinefishingsetsrestrictedfishingground(Nagano.Ayumu,pers.Comm.02/26/16).

Inaddition,anyfisheriesoperatingneedtobeamemberofaregionalfisheriescooperative,suchastheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,inordertobegrantedthefishingrightsbygovernors.ThissamestockistargetedbyfisheriesbelongingtothreedifferentprefecturesborderingTokyoBay:Kanagawa,TokyoandChiba.Otherfisherieswithdifferentgeartypes,especiallytrawlandgillnetfishing,alsotargetseaperchinTokyoBay.Forexample,trawlfisheriesfromtheAssociationofTokyoInnerBaytrawlfisheries(NorthofTomizuCape)hasoverlappedfishinggroundwiththefisheryinscope.



FisherySpecificManagementPlansandRegulationsThereisnogovernmentalmanagementplanspecifictotheTokyoBayseaperchfisheryforeitherthetrawlorpurseseinefleet(besidesgovernor’slicensingsystem).However,alloffisheriesoperatingwithinChibaprefecturewaterneedtofollowtheChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules(Chibakenkaimengyogyouchouseikisoku).TheFunabashiFisheryCooperativedoeshaveanoriginalmanagementplan,whichisbasedonChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules,forallpurse-seineoperatorsbelongtoFunabashiFisheryCooperativeincluding:1)[vessels]shouldnotoperateswatershallowerthan8m(Article43ofChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules),2)[vessels]shouldnotoperatenearseaweedfarmscloserthan80m(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.02/18/16).

ClosuresInadditiontotheaboveregulationsbasedontheChibaPrefectureregulations,TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehasincludedvoluntaryclosuresinitsmanagementplan:AllpurseseinefisheriesbelongingtoFunabashiFisheryCooperativetakeallofFebruaryassuspensionoftheseaperchfishery.Therationalesforthismeasurementare:1)thefishmovesfarsouth(FunabashilocatestheNorthoftheBay)thereforethefishinggroundisfar(morecostforoil),2)Februaryistheendofspawningseasonandthefishhasnotyetrecoverintermsofqualityofflesh3)duetoreason2,themarketplaceisbetterinMarch.ThisistheautonomousmeasurebythefisheryunderthemanagementofFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.Inaddition,thedaybeforeSundayandnationalholidays,thereisnotfishingduetothemarketcloseonSundayandholidays.Therearenotrestrictionsonthesizeoffishthatcanbecaughtandretained,althoughsomefishersreportreleasingjuveniles.Sofar,therearenoexplicitlong-termorshort-termobjectivesorresearchplansforthefisheryandstockinscopeofassessment.However,thereisongoingdiscussionregardingfisherysuspensionbeforethespawningseasonwithinthecooperative.AccordingtoFunabashiFisheryCooperative(pers.comm.02/18/16),thereisanongoingdiscussionregardingmonitoringofseaperchlandings.Currentlythesalesofseaperchisdonethroughindividualtransactions(notthroughmarketauctions).Thismakesitdifficultforthecooperativetotrackalltheseaperchlandingsandtransactions.ThereisnotperiodicinternalorexternalrevieworauditoftheFunabashiFisheryCooperativemanagementplantodate,andtheassessmentteamisnotawareofanyrequirementsorplansforsuchareview.ConsultationsandStakeholderOutreachRegardingarrangementsforon-goingconsultationwithinterestgroups,noofficialconsultationhasbeenobservedinthescopedfishery.Thereissomehistoryofvoluntaryparticipationbytheclientinacademicresearch,andtheassessmentteamwastoldofastudyrecentlydonebyastudentofTokyoUniversity,thatmightresultinmanagementdecisionsforfurtherfishingmanagementandcontrol.TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperativeholdssomeseminarsandtrainingsessionsformembers.Thethemesvarytimetotimeincludingcooperativemanagementbuthavenotbeenspecifictoresourcemanagementsofar.

Asanon-fisheryuserinTokyoBay,someindustriesoperatinginTokyoBayshoresitesmayinfluencethefisheryintermsofwaterquality.Also,fisheriesneedtocoordinatewithseaweedcultivators



regardingsharedfishinggrounds,whichiscurrentlyregulatedviatheChibaPrefectureRegulationfornofishingwithin80mfromseaweedfarm.Decision-makingProcessesIntermsofdecisionmakinginthefishery,TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative(threemembers)isthedirectmanagementgroupofthefisheryinscope.However,thiscooperativemainlydealswiththemanagementofsharedshipwaysandmooringposts.FunabashiFisheryCooperativeisthehighermanagementorganizationforfisheries-specificregulationandhasproducedafisherymanagementplanforseaperch.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedanyinformationregardingdecision-makingprocessesinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.ComplianceandEnforcementEnforcementoccursprimarilyviamutualmonitoringamongfishers,althoughtheJapaneseCoastGuardhasenforcementauthorityonthewaters.TheassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithinformationonspecificsanctionssetbyeitherFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeorTokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperativelevels,noranyrecordsofenforcementbytheJapaneseCoastGuard.



4. EvaluationProcedure4.1 AssessmentmethodologiesusedThisassessmentutilizedversion2.0(April2015)oftheCertificationRequirementsandversion2.0ofthereportingtemplate.Theassessmentwascompletedbytwoexternalconsultants:Dr.JocelynDruganandDr.ReikoOmoto.Dr.JocelynDrugan-OceanOutcomes,Principle1&2JocelynisafisheriesscientistwithOceanOutcomes,aglobalfisheryimprovementorganizationthatprovidestechnicalsupporttofisheriesaimingtoimprovetheirsustainability.ShehashasaB.S.inEcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyfromYaleUniversityandaM.S.andPh.D.inFisheriesSciencefromtheUniversityofWashington.ShewasalsoapostdoctoralresearchassociateattheNOAAAlaskaFisheriesScienceCenterinSeattle.Jocelynhasco-authoredMSCpre-assessmentsoftwoRussiansalmonfisheriesandassessedthesustainabilityofelevenfisheryspeciesinJapan,includingmackerels,tuna,andJapaneseflyingsquid.InadditiontonativeproficiencyinEnglish,JocelynhaslanguageskillsinJapaneseandMandarinChinese.Dr.ReikoOmoto,ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature,Principle3Dr.OmotoisaprojectresearcheratResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature,Kyoto,JapanandconductingresearchspecializedinresourcemanagementcertificationschemesincludingorganiccertificationforshrimpinVietnamandMSCandASCcertificationinJapan.ShehasB.A.andM.A.inPolicyStudiesfromKwanseiGakuinUniversity,JapanandPhDinGeographyfromUniversityofWaterloo,Canada.SheistheformerFisheriesManagerofMSCJapanfor3.5yearsuntilMarch2013responsibletofisheryoutreach,fundingapplications,anddocumenttranslationsfrom/toEnglishto/fromJapanese.

4.2 Summaryofsitevisitsandmeetingsheldduringpre-assessmentDr.ReikoOmotoconductedanonsitevisiton18-19February2016inFunabashitomeettheclientsandotherinformantsaslistedbelow.Dr.JocelynDruganattendedmeetingsviaconferenceline.Theassessmentteamwasfurtheraccompaniedbyclientliaison,Shin-ichiMatsuura,ofFiT(FisheriesTechino-servicesCo.,Ltd.IT).Table5.Summaryofonsitemeetingon18-19Feburuary2016.

ThursdayFebruary18thFrom To Attendees Location Topics&Comments1:00pm 2:15pm Mr.Nagano(Chiba

Prefecture)Mr.Ohno(Client/fishery)Dr.OmotoDr.Druganjoinedviaconferencecall)

ChibaPrefecturalGovernment

Governmentalresourcemanagementmeasuresforseaperch

3:00pm 4:30pm Mr.Wanouchi(FunabashiFisheryCooperative)Mr.Matsumoto(FunabashiFisheryCooperative)

FunabashiFisheryCooperative

Principle3:includingfisheryspecificmanagementsystem,decisionmakingprocesses,harvestingrules,andcomplianceandenforcement,



Mr.Ohno(Client)Dr.Omoto

aswellasmarketstructure.

FridayFebruary19th9:30am 12:00pm Mr.Shoji(Tateyama

FisheryExtensionOffice)Mr.Suzuki(MSCJapan)Mr.Ohno(Client)Dr.OmotoDr.Druganjoinedviaconferencecall)

TateyamaFisheryExtensionOffice

Principle1and2relatedmattersincludingstockassessmentdata,geartypesandtheecosystem.

3:00pm 4:00pm Mr.Ohno(Client)SCSAssessmentTeamMr.Suzuki(MSCJapan)Dr.Omoto

KaikoBussanOffice

Clarificationontheassessmentapplicationsubmittedbytheclient.

4.3 StakeholderstobeconsultedduringafullassessmentIntheTokyoBayseaperchfishery,thelistofstakeholdersincludesbutisnotlimitedto:1.Governmentaloffices:

§ ChibaPrefecture

§ TateyamaFisheryExtensionOffice

2.§ FunabashiFisherycooperative

§ TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative

§ OtherChibaPrefectureFCAs

§ KanagawaFCAs(purseseineandothergeartypes)

§ TokyoFCAs

3.NGOs:§ MSCJapan

§ OceanOutcomes

§ WWFJapan

4.UniversityandResearchInstitutes:§ UniversityofTokyo

§ NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies

4.4 HarmonisationwithanyoverlappingMSCcertifiedfisheries

TherearecurrentlytwoMSCcertifiedfisheriesinJapan:

1)theJapanSeaDanishseinefisheryforflatheadflounderlocatedoffshoreofKyotoprefectureand

2)theJapanesescallophangingandseabedenhancedfisheriesinHokkaidoprefecture.

ThereisalsoaJapanesepoleandlineskipjackandalbacoretunafisheryundergoingMSCassessment,whichislocatedoffShiogamaCityinMiyagiprefecture.Noneofthesefisheriesoverlapsgeographicallywiththisseaperchfishery,noraretheycatchingthesametarget,primaryor



secondaryspecies.ThusharmonizationandassessmentofcumulativeimpactswithotherfisheriesdoesnotappearnecessaryforP1orP2.

5. Traceability(issuesrelevanttoChainofCustodycertification)5.1 EligibilityoffisheryproductstoenterfurtherChainsofCustodyIngeneral,anyproducteligibletocarrytheMSClabelmusthavetraceabilitysystemsinplacethatcanbeverifiedtoassurethatproductwithintheUnitofCertificationissegregatedandisnotbeingmixedwithproductfromoutsidetheUnitofCertification,regardlessofwhetheritcomesfromwithintheUnitofAssessment.Thislevelofmixingwouldbeabusinessconcerntotheclient,whocontrols“who”(productfromdesignatedvessels)isallowedtousetheMSCecolabel.Fromtheperspectiveofsustainability,anyproductfromwithintheUnitofAssessmentforafisheryholdingacertificate,hashaditsimpactsconsideredinscoring,andisthereforetheoreticallyeligibletocarrythelabel.Infullassessmenttheexpertteammemberswilldeterminethepointatwhichthechainofcustodybegins.Wheretranshipment,processingatsea,oranyriskofmixingoccursonthewater,chainofcustodyprocesseswillneedtodemonstratethatqualitysystemsareinplace,andcapableofcontrollingmixingrisksthatcouldoccuratsea.Mixingrisksthatmayoccuronthewatercouldincludesubstitutionoflook-alikespecieswheretheseoccur,orriskofmixingofthetargetspeciesbetweenproductcaughtbyvesselswithintheUoCwithproductcaughtbyvesselsoutsidetheUoC–andmostsignificantlyfromvesselsoutsidetheUoA.IfproductfromvesselsoutsidetheUoAenterchainsdestinedforuseofthelabel,thefullimpactsofthefishery,whilepotentiallyencompassedinoverallscoresfortheP1targetspecies,wouldnotbeappropriatelyconsideredforPrinciple2scoring.Chainofcustodytothevessellevelisalsorequiredifvesselsusemultiplegears,whereonegeartypeispursuingcertificationandanotherisnot,butbothlandthespeciesdefinedastheUoC:thispresentsalevelofriskthatwouldrequirehold-leveltraceabilitysystems.ThefishingvesselsincludedintheUoAemployasinglegearmethod:purseseine,andthevesselsdonotfishforseaperchoutsideoftheareaandstockassessedwithintheUoA.Further,thereisnotconsideredtobelook-alikespeciesthatmaybemistakenforthespeciesunderassessment.ThereisnotranshipmentbyvesselsintheUoA.Forthesereasons,mixingatthepointofcaptureandwhileatseaisconsideredlow.Theclientofthefisheryisawholesaledealerformedbytwofisheryenterprises.InmanyfishingportsinJapan,fishlandedissoldthroughauction.However,seaperchcaughtandlandedbytheclient’sfisheryisalldealtbyasinglewholesaledealer,whichmakesthetraceabilityoflandingssimpler.However,thewholesalersalsopurchaseseaperchfromothervesselswithotherfishinggears(i.e.trawlgear)inthesamefishingareaofTokyoBay.Therefore,therewillneedtobeatraceabilitysysteminplaceatlandingtominimizeriskofmixingofproductfromvesselsandgearnotincludedintheUnitofCertification.Asthispointwillalsorepresentthefirstpointoftransferofownership,theassessmentteampreliminarilyconcludesthatthecertificatemayextendtothepointoflanding,atwhichpointtheeligibleproductwouldenterthechainofcustody,requiringachainofcustodycertificatetobeeligiblefortheecolabel.

6. Preliminaryevaluationofthefishery

6.1 Applicabilityofthedefaultassessmenttree



Thedefaultassessmenttreeappearsapplicableforthisfishery.Thefisherydoesnothavespecialcharacteristicsthatwouldwarrantrevisingthetree.

6.1.1 ExpectationsregardinguseoftheRisk-BasedFramework(RBF)TheRBFgivestheassessmentteamastructuredoutlinetoassesstheriskthatafisheryishavinganimpactonspecies,habitatsandthesurroundingecosystemsindata-deficientenvironmentsthatprecludeuseofthedefaultassessmenttree.AccordingtoMSC’swebsite(https://www.msc.org/about-us/standards/fisheries-standard/msc-risk-based-framework):“TheRBFreliesonconsultationwithfisherystakeholdersthroughinformation-gatheringworkshops,aswellasanydatathatiscurrentlyavailablefromthefishery.Therearefourmethodsusedtoassessdifferentaspectsofthefishingactivity:

§ ConsequenceAnalysis(CA)-usesanyavailabledatatoassesstrendsinthetargetstocksofafishery

§ ProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysis(PSA)-assesseshowlikelyastockistorecoverwhendepleted,aswellashowlikelyaspeciesistointeractwithfishinggear

§ ConsequenceSpatialAnalysis(CSA)-aimstoidentifyhowhabitatsmaybeaffectedbyfishingactivity

§ ScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysis(SICA)-assessesthelikelihoodthatafisheryhasaneffectonthewiderecosystem

Eachofthesemethodsproducesascore,whichisthenconvertedtoallowcomparisonwiththedefaultassessmentmethod.”

Mostofthetargetandnon-targetspeciescaughtinthisfisherywouldbeconsidereddata-deficient,andPIs1.1.1,2.2.1,and2.3.1wouldlikelyneedtobescoredwiththeRBF(seeTablebelow).TheremaybesufficienthabitatandecosysteminformationtoscorePIs2.4.1withouttheRBF,but2.5.1(ecosystemimpacts)willlikewiselikelyrequireuseoftheRBF.

Performanceindicator(s) Criteria Criteriamet?Y/N

UseRBF?Y/N

1.1.1Stockstatus Stockstatusreferencepointsareavailable,derivedfromeitheranalyticalstockassessmentorempiricalapproaches

N Y

2.1.1Primaryspeciesoutcome&2.2.1Secondaryspeciesoutcome

Stockstatusreferencepointsareavailable,derivedfromeitheranalyticalstockassessmentorempiricalapproaches

Yfor2.1.1,Nfor2.2.1

Nfor2.1.1,Yfor2.2.1.

2.3.1ETPspeciesoutcome

CantheimpactofthefisheryinassessmentonETPspeciesbeanalyticallydetermined?

N Y

2.4.1Habitatsoutcome Arebothofthefollowingapplicable:(i)Informationonhabitatsencounteredisavailable;and(ii)informationofimpactoffisheryonhabitatsencounteredisavailable?

N Y



2.5.1Ecosystemoutcome Isinformationavailabletosupportananalysisoftheimpactofthefisheryontheecosystem?

N Y

6.2 Evaluationofthefishery

6.3 SummaryoflikelyPIscoringlevelsKeytolikelyscoringlevelinTable6.3

DefinitionofscoringrangesforPIoutcomeestimates Shadingtobeused

InformationsuggestsfisheryisnotlikelytomeettheSG60scoringissues.

Pre-condition(<60)

InformationsuggestsfisherywillreachSG60butmaynotmeetallofthescoringissuesatSG80.Aconditionmaythereforebeneeded.

PasswithCondition(60-79)

InformationsuggestsfisheryislikelytoexceedSG80resultinginanunconditionalpassforthisPI.FisherymaymeetoneormorescoringissuesatSG100level.

Pass(≥80)

Version 1-0 (July 2012) | © SCS Global Services of 4


Table6.3SimplifiedScoringsheet

Principle Component PI PerformanceIndicator

RBFrequired?(y/n)

Likelyscoringlevel

Rationale/Keypoints

1

Outcome

1.1.1 Stockstatus y ≥80ThePSAsuggestedthatTokyoBayseaperchstocksarelowrisk.

1.1.2 Stockrebuilding -- n/a NoscoreneededifRBFisusedtoscorePI1.1.1.

Management

1.2.1 Harveststrategy -- <60

AlthoughtheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehassomeharvest

measuresinplace,abundancemonitoringislimited.Thusthe

harvestmeasuresmaynotberesponsivetothestateofthestock,

andefficacyofthosemeasurescannotbedetermined.

1.2.2Harvestcontrol

rulesandtools-- <60

Therearenospecificharvestcontrolrulesortoolsforseaperch

stocks.Inputcontrolsexist,suchasalicensingsystemanda

voluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary.However,thesecontrolsdo

notreduceexploitationinresponsetostockdepletionindicators.

1.2.3Informationand

monitoring-- <60

Someinformationonstockstructureandfleetcompositionis

available,butstockabundanceandproductivityarenotmonitored.

1.2.4Assessmentof

stockstatus-- 80

ThisPIreceivedadefaultscoreof80becauseRBFisexpectedtobe

usedtoscorePI1.1.1.

NumberofPIslessthan60 3

2 PrimarySpecies

2.1.1 Outcome N 60-79

Pacificsardineandchubmackerelbeenidentifiedasmainprimary

species.Basedonthestockassessmentsconductedin2014,Pacific

sardinearehighlylikelytobeabovethePRI,whereaschub

mackerelarelikelynotabovePRI.

2.1.2 Management -- <60

MainandminorprimaryspeciesincludeJapanesesardine,chub

mackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andJapaneseamberjack.

ManagementmeasuresformaintainingstocksabovePRIappear

minimalandmaybeneededforchubmackerel.




RBFrequired?(y/n)

Likelyscoringlevel

Rationale/Keypoints

2.1.3 Information -- ≥80

Quantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassessthe

impactoftheUoAonmainandminorprimaryspecies.This

informationcanQuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequate

toassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainandminorprimary

species.Thisinformationcanalsobeusedtosupporta

managementstrategyforprimaryspecies.

Secondary

species

2.2.1 Outcome y 60-79

Mainsecondaryspeciesincludedottedgizzardshad.Abundancesof

gizzardshadarenotmonitored,soweconductedaPSA,which

suggestedthatgizzardshadareatmediumrisk.


Therearenomeasuresinplaceexpectedtomaintainornothinder

rebuildingofmainsecondaryspecies.Suchmeasuresmaybe

necessary,especiallyforgizzardshad.

2.2.3 Information -- 60-79

InformationappearsadequateforconductingaPSAbutnot

necessarilyforsupportingapartialorfullmanagementstrategyfor

mainsecondaryspecies.

ETPspecies

2.3.1 Outcome N 60-79

NoETPspecieswithinTokyoBaywereidentifiedbythefishery

clientorbyexpertsconsultedduringtheon-sitevisits.UoAeffects

arelikelywithinlimitssetforETPspecies,butthereissome

uncertainty.


Fishermenattempttoreleaseincidentallycaughtmarinemammals

orturtles,buttherearenodocumentedmeasuresforensuringthat

thefisherydoesnothinderETPspeciesrecovery.

2.3.3 Information -- <60

Thereisnosysteminplaceforcollectinginformationonfishery

encounterswithETPspecies.Encountersarereportedlyminimal,

butconfirmationisneeded.




RBFrequired?(y/n)

Likelyscoringlevel

Rationale/Keypoints

Habitats

2.4.1 Outcome Y 60-79

WeconductedaCSAusingthelimitedinformationavailable,and

theresultssuggestedthattheUoAhasmediumriskoffishinggear

impactsonhabitat.

2.4.2 Management -- 60-79

Therearesomemeasuresinplaceforregulatinghabitatimpacts.

Theyareconsideredlikelytowork,buthabitatimpactsarenot

monitored.

2.4.3 Information -- <60

Theclientmentionedthatmuchofthebottomhabitatinfished

areasissoftandsandy,butqualitativeinformationwasnot

adequatetoestimatetypesanddistributionsofmainhabitats,or

consequenceandspatialattributesofmainhabitats.

Ecosystem

2.5.1 Outcome y --

Informationonecosystemimpactsislimited,soaSICAwilllikely

needtobeconductedinafullassessment.TheSICAwilldetermine

thePIscore.

2.5.2 Management -- 60-79

Therearenomanagementmeasuresthatspecificallytakefishery

impactsontheecosystemintoaccount,thoughharvest-related

measuresexist.Thesemeasuresarelimitedinscopeandmaynot

effectivelylimitnegativeecosystemimpacts.

2.5.3 Information -- 60-79

Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandkeyecosystem

elements,butimpactsfromtheUoAontheseelementshavenot

beeninvestigatedindetail.Theredoesnotappeartobeadequate

monitoringinplacefordetectingincreasesinecosystemrisklevel.

NumberofPIslessthan60: 5

3Governance&

policy

3.1.1 Legaland

customary

framework

-- 60-79

Theminimumlegalmanagementsystemisinplace.Howeverthe

managementsystemdonotincorporatelegaldisputessolutionin

cleartermsspecifictothefisheryinscope.

3.1.2 Consultation,

rolesand

responsibilities -- 60-79

Organizationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocess

havebeenidentifiedandfunctionsandrolesseemtobegenerally

understood.Nosystematicconsultationprocesshasbeen

practiced.Occasionalindividualconsultationwithrelated

managementbodiesandresearcherscanbeobserved.




RBFrequired?(y/n)

Likelyscoringlevel

Rationale/Keypoints

3.1.3 Longterm

objectives

-- 60-79

MAFFhasbeenpromotingthesustainableresourcemanagement

ontheirwebsite.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeexplicitly

expressestheneedofappropriateresourcemanagementwith

specificregulationsinitsFunabashiFisheryCooperative’sresource

managementplan.However,thesestatementsarenotexplicitly

andcohesivelyalignedwithMSCPrinciples1and2.

Fisheryspecific

management

system

3.2.1 Fisheryspecific

objectives-- 60-79

FunabashiFisheriesCooperative’sresourcemanagementinclude

thestatementaboutresourcemanagementfollowedbyspecific

regulations,buttherearenotexplicitobjectivesalignedwithMSC

Principles1and2.

3.2.2 Decisionmaking

processes

-- 60-79

Therearegeneralandcustomarydecision-makingprocessesin

placehoweverthosearenotexplicitorspecifictothefishery.The

assessmentteamdidnotseeevidenceofdecision-makingaligned

withtheprecautionaryprincipleorexplanationofmanagement

actions.

3.2.3 Complianceand

enforcement-- <60

Thereisnomonitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanisms

ensurethemanagementmeasuresinthefisheryareenforcedand

compliedwith.Sanctionstodealwithnon-compliancearenotset

andthereisnoevidencethattheyareapplied.

3.2.4 Management

performance

evaluation

-- 60-79Therearenoformalmechanismsinplacetoevaluatefishery-

specificmanagementsystem.

NumberofPIslessthan60: 1



ReferencesAkimoto,S.2013.CatchcharacteristicsofthecommercialfisheriesintheInnerPartofTokyoBay.InFisheriesandoceanographyinTokyoBaybytheNationalResearchInstituteofFisheriesScienceandNationalResearchInstituteofAquaculture.(InJapanese.)Akiyama,Y.B.,Iseri,E.Okada,T.2014.Classificationoffishesinaninnerbaybasedontheirhabitatfeaturesandlifestyles.AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans(�� ),affiliatedwiththeJapaneseFisheriesAgency.2015.Reportonecologicalknowledgeofthedevelopmentalstageofthemaintargetorganisms.PostedAugust13,2015.http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/gyoko_gyozyo/g_thema/pdf/sub40b.pdf(InJapanese.)ChibaFisheriesPromotionFoundation.2015.http://www.chisuikou.jp/(InJapanese.)ChibaPrefecture,ChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrule(ChibakenKimenGyogyoChouseiKisoku).https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/suisan/tetsuzuki/450/index4.html.Retrievedon22March,2016.(InJapanese)TheFisheryPermitissuedon1August,2015bytheChibaPrefectureGovernorMr.Suzuki.EncyclopediaofJapan.2012."TokyoBay.”Tokyo:Shogakukan.2012.Froese,R.andD.Pauly.Editors.2015.FishBase.WorldWideWebelectronicpublication.www.fishbase.org,(10/2015)FunabashiFisheriesCooperative.2011.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeResourceManagementPlan.(InJapanese.)FunabashiFisheriesCooperative.CooperativememberorganizationsinAnnualReport2015.(InJapanese)Ishii,M.andMasato,K.2005.Relationshipbetweenoxygen-deficientwatermassandcatchingpointofseabassLateolabraxjaponicusofsmallscaletrawlinTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesResearchCenter,4:7-15.(InJapanese.)JapaneseFisheriesResourceConservationAssociation.1998.DatabookonrarewildaquaticorganismsofJapan.(InJapanese.)http://rnavi.ndl.go.jp/mokuji_html/000002727294.htmlKato,M.,andIkegami,N.2004.RecenttrendofstockanddistributionoffishinggroundofsmallscaletrawlforJapaneseSeaBassLateolabraxjaponicus(CUVIER)inTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesResearchCenter,3:17-30.(InJapanese.)Kawabata,A.,Watanabe,C.,Uemura,Y.,Akamine,T.,andMito,K.2014a.StockassessmentofthePacificOceanstockofJapanesesardine.(InJapanese.)



http://abchan.fra.go.jp/digests26/details/2601.pdfKawabata,J.,C.Watanabe,Y.Uemura,K.Nashita,andK.Mito.2014b.StockassessmentofthePacificOceanstockofbluemackerel.(InJapanese.)http://abchan.fra.go.jp/digests26/details/2605.pdfKodama,K.2014.EffectsofpooroxygenwatermassonthebottomdwellingfishandshellfishofTokyoBay.NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.(InJapanese.)https://www.nies.go.jp/risk/mei/mei005_5.htmlMakino,M.2013.TheanalysisonJapaneseFisheries-thefisheriesmanagementandecosystemconservation(NihonGyogyonoSeidoBunseki),FRA(FisheriesResearchAgency),Tokyo.(InJapanese)MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries.2008.Seaperchrecreationalharvestamountbyprefecture,2008.(InJapanese.)MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries.http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/sigen/151030.html,retrieved22March,2016.MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(b).http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/kikaku/wpaper/h22_h/trend/1/t1_1.html,retrieved24March,2016.MinistryoftheEnvironment.2015.StateofJapan'sEnvironmentataGlance:ExtinctandEndangeredSpeciesListedintheRedDataBook.https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/biodiv/reddata.htmlMinistryoftheEnvironment.2016.WildlifeProtectionSystemandHuntingLaw:WildlifeConservationinJapan.https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/biodiv/law.htmlNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.2015.Resultssummaryof2015surveysofbottomdwellingfishspeciesandenvironmentalconditionsinTokyoBay,andresearchprogress.(InJapanese.)OceanPolicyResearchFoundation.2012.Researchontheapplicationofbio-loggingoncomprehensivecoastalzonemanagement.(InJapanese.)Ozaki,M.,andShoji,N.2001.EstimatesofthetotalvolumeofJapaneseseabasscaughtbyrecreationalpartyboatsinTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesExperimentalStation:57:173-179.(InJapanese.)Shoji,N.,Sato,K.,Ozaki,M.Distributionandutilizationofthestock.InTemperatebassandbiodiversity:newperspectiveforfisheriesbiology.Eds.M.TanakaandI.Kinoshita.(InJapanese.)



1 Annex1. Pre-assessmentevaluationtables

1.1 Principle1

Component Outcome

PI1.1.1-Stockstatus

Thestockisatalevelwhichmaintainshighproductivityandhasalowprobabilityofrecruitmentoverfishing

Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100

a.Stockstatusrelativetorecruitmentimpairment

Itislikelythatthestockisabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired(PRI).

ItishighlylikelythatthestockisabovethePRI.

ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthestockisabovethePRI.

b.StockstatusinrelationtoachievementofMaximumSustainableYield(MSY)

ThestockisatorfluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSY.

ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthestockhasbeenfluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSYorhasbeenabovethisleveloverrecentyears.

Justification/Rationale

TherearenoestimatesforPRIorMSYindicatorsforTokyoBayseaperchstocks,norhaveabundancesbeenconsistentlymonitored.ThusweusedtheRBFandconductedaPSA,whichsuggestedthatstockstatusoutcomeislowrisk(scoreof≥80).

RBFRequired?(P/O/)

ü LikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

Passwithcondition

Component Outcome

PI1.1.2StockRebuilding

Wherethestockisreduced,thereisevidenceofstockrebuildingwithinaspecifiedtimeframe.




a.Rebuildingtimeframes

Arebuildingtimeframeisspecifiedforthestockthatistheshorterof20yearsor2timesitsgenerationtime.Forcaseswhere5generationsislessthan5years,therebuildingtimeframeisupto5years.

Theshortestpracticablerebuildingtimeframeisspecifiedwhichdoesnotexceedonegenerationtimeforthedepletedstock.

b.Rebuildingevaluation

Monitoringisinplacetodeterminewhethertherebuildingstrategiesareeffectiveinrebuildingthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.

Thereisevidencethattherebuildingstrategiesarerebuildingstocks,oritislikelybasedonsimulationmodelling,exploitationratesorpreviousperformancethattheywillbeabletorebuildthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.

Thereisstrongevidencethattherebuildingstrategiesarerebuildingstocks,oritishighlylikelybasedonsimulationmodelling,exploitationratesorpreviousperformancethattheywillbeabletorebuildthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.


ThisPIwasnotscoredbecausetheRBFwasusedtoscorePI1.1.1.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)

ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

N/A

Component Harveststrategy(management)

PI1.2.1Harveststrategy

Thereisarobustandprecautionaryharveststrategyinplace


a.Harveststrategydesign

TheharveststrategyisexpectedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinPI1.1.1SG80.

TheharveststrategyisresponsivetothestateofthestockandtheelementsoftheharveststrategyworktogethertowardsachievingstockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinPI1.1.1SG80

Theharveststrategyisresponsivetothestateofthestockandisdesignedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinthetargetandlimitreferencepoints.



b.Harveststrategyevaluation

Theharveststrategyislikelytoworkbasedonpriorexperienceorplausibleargument.

Theharveststrategymaynothavebeenfullytestedbutevidenceexiststhatitisachievingitsobjectives.

Theperformanceoftheharveststrategyhasbeenfullyevaluatedandevidenceexiststoshowthatitisachievingitsobjectivesincludingbeingclearlyabletomaintainstocksattargetlevels.

c.Harveststrategymonitoring

Monitoringisinplacethatisexpectedtodeterminewhethertheharveststrategyisworking.

d.Harveststrategyreview

Theharveststrategyisperiodicallyreviewedandimprovedasnecessary.

e.Sharkfinning Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace

Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace

Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.

f.Reviewofalternativemeasures

TherehasbeenareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstock.

ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstockandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.

ThereisabiannualreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstock,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.




a.Thefisheryclient’svoluntaryharveststrategyinvolvesaonemonthfisheryclosureduringtheseaperchspawningseason(inFebruary)andreleaseofjuvenileslessthan20cminlengthorlessthan200ginweight.Thisstrategyisexpectedtomeetstockmanagementobjectivesbutisnotresponsivetoquantitativestockstatusindicators.b.Thestrategyislikelytohelplimitfishingimpactsonthestock,buttherearenospecificobjectivestoevaluateitagainst.c.Monitoringisnotinplacetodeterminewhethertheharveststrategyisworking.Althoughcatchesaretracked,stockabundanceisnot.d.TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeperiodicallyreviewsitsmanagementplan.e.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.f.Therehasnotbeenareviewofalternativemeasures.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


pre-condition

Component Harveststrategy

PI1.2.2Harvestcontrolrulesandtools

Therearewelldefinedandeffectiveharvestcontrolrules(HCRs)inplace


a.HCRsdesignandapplication

GenerallyunderstoodHCRsareinplaceoravailablethatareexpectedtoreducetheexploitationrateasthepointofrecruitmentimpairment(PRI)isapproached.

WelldefinedHCRsareinplacethatensurethattheexploitationrateisreducedasthePRIisapproached,areexpectedtokeepthestockfluctuatingaroundatargetlevelconsistentwith(orabove)MSY,orforkeyLTLspeciesalevelconsistentwithecosystemneeds.

TheHCRsareexpectedtokeepthestockfluctuatingatoraboveatargetlevelconsistentwithMSY,oranothermoreappropriateleveltakingintoaccounttheecologicalroleofthestock,mostofthetime.



b.HCRsrobustnesstouncertainty

TheHCRsarelikelytoberobusttothemainuncertainties.

TheHCRstakeaccountofawiderangeofuncertaintiesincludingtheecologicalroleofthestock,andthereisevidencethattheHCRsarerobusttothemainuncertainties.

c.HCRsevaluation

ThereissomeevidencethattoolsusedoravailabletoimplementHCRsareappropriateandeffectiveincontrollingexploitation.

AvailableevidenceindicatesthatthetoolsinuseareappropriateandeffectiveinachievingtheexploitationlevelsrequiredundertheHCRs.

EvidenceclearlyshowsthatthetoolsinuseareeffectiveinachievingtheexploitationlevelsrequiredundertheHCRs.


a,b.TherearenospecificHCRsortoolsforseaperchstocks.Inputcontrolsexist,suchasalicensingsystemandavoluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary.However,thesecontrolsdonotreduceexploitationinresponsetostockdepletionindicators.c.Thereissomeevidencethatthefisheryclosurehelpsreduceexploitation,becausetherearenocatchesinFebruary.Recordsarenotkeptonjuvenilereleases.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition

Component Harveststrategy

PI1.2.3Information/monitoring

Relevantinformationiscollectedtosupporttheharveststrategy




a.Rangeofinformation

Somerelevantinformationrelatedtostockstructure,stockproductivityandfleetcompositionisavailabletosupporttheharveststrategy.

Sufficientrelevantinformationrelatedtostockstructure,stockproductivity,fleetcompositionandotherdataareavailabletosupporttheharveststrategy.

Acomprehensiverangeofinformation(onstockstructure,stockproductivity,fleetcomposition,stockabundance,UoAremovalsandotherinformationsuchasenvironmentalinformation),includingsomethatmaynotbedirectlyrelevanttothecurrentharveststrategy,isavailable.

b.Monitoring StockabundanceandUoAremovalsaremonitoredandatleastoneindicatorisavailableandmonitoredwithsufficientfrequencytosupporttheharvestcontrolrule.

StockabundanceandUoAremovalsareregularlymonitoredatalevelofaccuracyandcoverageconsistentwiththeharvestcontrolrule,andoneormoreindicatorsareavailableandmonitoredwithsufficientfrequencytosupporttheharvestcontrolrule.

Allinformationrequiredbytheharvestcontrolruleismonitoredwithhighfrequencyandahighdegreeofcertainty,andthereisagoodunderstandingoftheinherentuncertaintiesintheinformation[data]andtherobustnessofassessmentandmanagementtothisuncertainty.

c.Comprehe-nsivenessofinformation

Thereisgoodinformationonallotherfisheryremovalsfromthestock.


a.Someinformationonstockstructureandfleetcompositionisavailable,butstockproductivityisnotmonitored.b.Stockabundanceisnotmonitored,althoughUoAremovalsare.c.Informationonotherfisheryremovalsappearsgood,withtheexceptionofrecreationalfisheryremovals.However,recreationalfisheryremovalsareexpectedtobeasmallproportionoftotalremovals(<5%;MAFF2008).

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition



Component HarvestStrategy

PI1.2.4Assessmentofstockstatus

Thereisanadequateassessmentofthestockstatus.


a.Appropriatenessofassessmenttostockunderconsideration

Theassessmentisappropriateforthestockandfortheharvestcontrolrule.

TheassessmenttakesintoaccountthemajorfeaturesrelevanttothebiologyofthespeciesandthenatureoftheUoA.

b.Assessmentapproach

Theassessmentestimatesstockstatusrelativetogenericreferencepointsappropriatetospeciescategory.

Theassessmentestimatesstockstatusrelativetoreferencepointsthatareappropriatetothestockandcanbeestimated.

c.Uncertaintyintheassessment

Theassessmentidentifiesmajorsourcesofuncertainty.

Theassessmenttakesuncertaintyintoaccount.

Theassessmenttakesintoaccountuncertaintyandisevaluatingstockstatusrelativetoreferencepointsinaprobabilisticway.

d.Evaluationofassessment

Theassessmenthasbeentestedandshowntoberobust.Alternativehypothesesandassessmentapproacheshavebeenrigorouslyexplored.

e.Peerreviewofassessment

Theassessmentofstockstatusissubjecttopeerreview.

Theassessmenthasbeeninternallyandexternallypeerreviewed.


ThisPIreceivedadefaultscoreof80becauseRBFisexpectedtobeusedtoscorePI1.1.1,butnotethatnostockassessmenthasbeenconductedwithinatleastthepasttenyears.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pass



1.2 Principle2

Component Primaryspecies(outcome)

PI2.1.1OutcomeStatus

TheUoAaimstomaintainprimaryspeciesabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired(PRI)anddoesnothinderrecoveryofprimaryspeciesiftheyarebelowthePRI.


(a)Mainprimaryspeciesstockstatus

MainprimaryspeciesarelikelytobeabovethePRIORIfthespeciesisbelowthePRI.theUoAhasmeasuresinplacethatareexpectedtoensurethattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding

MainprimaryspeciesarehighlylikelytobeabovethePRIORIfthespeciesisbelowthePRI,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryorademonstrablyeffectivestrategyinplacebetweenallMSCUoAswhichcategorisethisspeciesasmain,toensurethattheycollectivelydonothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.

ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatmainprimaryspeciesareabovePRIandarefluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSY.

(b)Minorprimaryspeciesstockstatus

ForminorspeciesthatarebelowthePRI,thereisevidencethattheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryandrebuildingofminorprimaryspecies.


a.Japanesesardineandchubmackerelwereidentifiedasmainprimaryspecies.Basedonthemostrecentstockassessmentsavailable,whichwereconductedin2014,sardinearehighlylikelytobeabovethePRI(Blim).However,chubmackereldonotappeartobeabovethePRI.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)

RBFnotnecessaryLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

Passwithcondition



Component Primaryspecies(management)

PI2.1.2Primaryspeciesmanagementstrategy

Thereisastrategyinplacethatisdesignedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofprimaryspecies,andtheUoAregularlyreviewsandimplementsmeasures,asappropriate,tominimisethemortalityofunwantedcatch.


(a)Managementstrategyinplace

TherearemeasuresinplacefortheUoA,ifnecessary,thatareexpectedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofthemainprimaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharelikelytoabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired.

ThereisapartialstrategyinplacefortheUoA,ifnecessary,thatisexpectedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofthemainprimaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobeabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired.

ThereisastrategyinplacefortheUoAformanagingmainandminorprimaryspecies.

(b)Managementstrategyevaluation

Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/species).

Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved.

Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved.

(c)Managementstrategyimplementation

Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.

Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsoverallobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).

(d)Sharkfinning

Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.

Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.

Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace



(e)Reviewofalternativemeasures

ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspecies.

ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.

ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofallprimaryspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.


a.MainandminorprimaryspeciesincludeJapanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andJapaneseamberjack.Anallowablebiologicalcatch(ABC)isestimatedforstocksofallofthesespecies.TheABCisusedtodetermineatotalallowablecatch(TAC)forsardine,chubmackerel,andjackmackerel,butnotforamberjack.TACmaybeconsideredamanagementmeasureformaintainingstocksabovePRI,andsuchmeasuresarenecessaryforstockssuchasPacificOceanchubmackerel.b,c.ItisunclearwhethertheTACmeasureisworkingorlikelytowork,becausecatchlimitsdonotappeartobestrictlyenforced.Thusfarthereisnoevidenceofsuccessfulimplementation.d.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.e.Weassumethereisnotanyunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspecies,becausetherewasnomentionofreleasingthesespeciesinthefishery’smanagementplan.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition

Component Primaryspecies(information)

PI2.1.3Primaryspeciesinformation

InformationonthenatureandextentofprimaryspeciesisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanageprimaryspecies




(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonmainspecies

QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonthemainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.1.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainprimaryspecies.

SomequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonthemainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.1.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainprimaryspecies.

QuantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintytheimpactoftheUoAonmainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.

(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonminorspecies

SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.

(c)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy

Informationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagemainprimaryspecies.

InformationisadequatetosupportapartialstrategytomanagemainPrimaryspecies.

Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallprimaryspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.


a.QuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainprimaryspecies,thoughcatchdataarenotindependentlyverified.Fisherstypicallymonitorcatchesofcommerciallyimportantspecies,whileMAFFtracksJapanesecommercialfisherycatchesatabroaderlevel.b.SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorprimaryspecies,becausecatchesaretracked.c.Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallprimaryspeciesandevaluatewhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.



RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pass

Component Secondaryspecies(outcome)

PI2.2.1Secondaryspeciesoutcome

TheUoAaimstomaintainsecondaryspeciesaboveabiologicalbasedlimitanddoesnothinderrecoveryofsecondaryspeciesiftheyarebelowabiologicalbasedlimit.




(a)Mainsecondaryspeciesstockstatus

MainSecondaryspeciesarelikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimits.ORIfbelowbiologicallybasedlimits,therearemeasuresinplaceexpectedtoensurethattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.

MainsecondaryspeciesarehighlylikelytobeabovebiologicallybasedlimitsORIfbelowbiologicallybasedlimits,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryorademonstrablyeffectivepartialstrategyinplacesuchthattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.ANDWherecatchesofamainsecondaryspeciesoutsideofbiologicallimitsareconsiderable,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryora,demonstrablyeffectivestrategyinplacebetweenthoseMSCUoAsthatalsohaveconsiderablecatchesofthespecies,toensurethattheycollectivelydonothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.

Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatmainsecondaryspeciesarewithinbiologicallybasedlimits.

(b)Minorsecondaryspeciesstockstatus

Forminorspeciesthatarebelowbiologicallybasedlimits’,thereisevidencethattheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryandrebuildingofsecondaryspecies


Mainsecondaryspeciesincludedottedgizzardshad.Abundancesofgizzardshadarenotmonitored,soweconductedaPSA,whichsuggestedthatgizzardshadareatmediumrisk.Oneconcernisthatjuvenilegizzardshadaretargetedduetotheirhighcommercialvaluerelativetoadultgizzardshad.



RBFRequired?(P/O/)

�LikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

Passwithcondition

Component Secondaryspecies(management)

PI2.2.2Secondaryspeciesmanagementstrategy

ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingsecondaryspeciesthatisdesignedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofsecondaryspeciesandtheUoAregularlyreviewsandimplementsmeasures,asappropriate,tominimisethemortalityofunwantedcatch.



Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessary,whichareexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimitsortoensurethattheUoAdoesnothindertheirrecovery.

Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,fortheUoAthatisexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimitsortoensurethattheUoAdoesnothindertheirrecovery.

ThereisastrategyinplacefortheUoAformanagingmainandminorsecondaryspecies.


Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarUoAs/species).

Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orspeciesinvolved.

Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orspeciesinvolved.



Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).

(d)Sharkfinning

Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.

Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.

Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.



(e)Reviewofalternativemeasures

ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspecies.

ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.

ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofallsecondaryspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.


ab,c.Therearenomeasuresinplaceexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspecies.Suchmeasuresmaybenecessary,especiallyforgizzardshad,becausestockstatusisuncertain,andjuvenilesaretargeted.d.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.e.Thereisnoreviewofalternativemeasures,butweassumedthereisnotanyunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspecies.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition

Component Secondaryspecies(information)

PI2.2.3Secondaryspeciesinformation

InformationonthenatureandamountofsecondaryspeciestakenisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanagesecondaryspecies.




(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonmainspecies

QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonthemainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.2.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies.

SomequantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.2.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies.

QuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintytheimpactoftheUoAonmainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.

(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonminorsecondaryspecies

SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus

(c)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy

Informationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagemainsecondaryspecies.

Informationisadequatetosupportapartialstrategytomanagemainsecondaryspecies.

Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallsecondaryspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.


a.Informationappearsadequateforestimatingproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies,althoughadditionalquantitativeinformation(e.g.averagemaximumage,fecundity,andavailability)wouldbeusefultohave.b.Somequantitativeinformationoncatchesofminorsecondaryspeciesiscollected,whichwouldbeadequateforestimatingimpactoftheUoAonthosespecies.c.Informationappearsadequateforsupportingmanagementmeasuresrelatingtomainsecondaryspeciesbutnotnecessarilyapartialstrategy.Informationthatisconsistentlycollectedincludescatchesandfishingperiods.



RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

Component ETPspecies(outcome)

PI2.3.1ETPspeciesoutcome

TheUoAmeetsnationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies

TheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryofETPspecies


(a)EffectsoftheUoAonpopulation/stockwithinnationalorinternationallimits,whereapplicable

Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,theeffectsoftheUoAonthepopulation/stockareknownandlikelytobewithintheselimits.

Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,thecombinedeffectsoftheMSCUoAsonthepopulation/stockareknownandhighlylikelytobewithintheselimits.

Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthecombinedeffectsoftheMSCUoAsarewithintheselimits.

(b)Directeffects

KnowndirecteffectsoftheUoAarelikelytonothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.

KnowndirecteffectsoftheUoAarehighlylikelytonothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.

ThereisahighdegreeofconfidencethattherearenosignificantdetrimentaldirecteffectsoftheUoAonETPspecies.

(c)Indirecteffects

Indirecteffectshavebeenconsideredandarethoughttobehighlylikelytonotcreateunacceptableimpacts.

ThereisahighdegreeofconfidencethattherearenosignificantdetrimentalindirecteffectsofthefisheryonETPspecies.


a.NoETPspecieswithinTokyoBaywereidentifiedbythefisheryclientorbyexpertsconsultedduringtheon-sitevisits.Recordsofincidentalcatchesarenotsystematicallykept,butbirdsarereportedlycaughtonceortwiceayear,anddolphinsorwhalesenterthenetsonrareoccasions.Onetimeaseaturtlewascaughtinthenet.NoinformationaboutlimitsforETPspecieswasprovided.b.Basedonthisanecdotalinformation,theUoAisnotasubstantialcontributortoETPspeciesmortalityandislikelytonothinderETPspeciesrecovery.c.IndirecteffectsonETPspecieshavenotbeenconsidered.



RBFRequired?(P/O/)

OLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

Passwithcondition

Component ETPspecies(management)

PI2.3.2ETPspeciesmanagementstrategy

TheUoAhasinplaceprecautionarymanagementstrategiesdesignedto:

• meetnationalandinternationalrequirements;• ensuretheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.

Also,theUoAregularlyreviewsandimplements


(a)Managementstrategyinplace(nationalandinternationalrequirements)

TherearemeasuresinplacethatminimisetheUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies,andareexpectedtobehighlylikelytoachievenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.

ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingtheUoA’simpactonETPspecies,includingmeasurestominimisemortality,whichisdesignedtobehighlylikelytoachievenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.

ThereisacomprehensivestrategyinplaceformanagingtheUoA’simpactonETPspecies,includingmeasurestominimisemortality,whichisdesignedtoachieveabovenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.

(b)Managementstrategyinplace(alternative)

TherearemeasuresinplacethatareexpectedtoensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies.

ThereisastrategyinplacethatisexpectedtoensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies.

ThereisacomprehensivestrategyinplaceformanagingETPspecies,toensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies

(c)Managementstrategyevaluation

Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/species).

Thereisanobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orthespeciesinvolved.

Thestrategy/comprehensivestrategyismainlybasedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved,andaquantitativeanalysissupportshighconfidencethatthestrategywillwork.



(d)Managementstrategyimplementation

Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.

Thereisclearevidencethatthestrategy/comprehensivestrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a)or(b).

(e)ReviewofalternativemeasurestominimizemortalityofETPspecies

ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies.

ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.

ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityETPspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.


a,b.Anecdotally,fishersreleasemarinemammalsorturtlesthatareincidentallycaught,whichwillhelpminimiseUoAmortalityofETPspecies.However,therearenodocumentedmanagementmeasuresrelatedtoETPspeciesandnotenoughinformationtoknowwhethermeasuresarenecessary.c,d.Therearenodocumentedmanagementmeasuresinplace,sotheseSGsdonotpassthe60level.Thatsaid,releasingETPspeciesislikelytoworkbasedonplausibleargument,butthereisnoobjectivebasisforconfidencebecauserecordsonencounterswithETPspeciesarenotkept.e.ThereisnoreviewofalternativemeasuresforminimizingUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies,butitisnotclearwhethertheyareneeded.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition

Component ETPspecies(information)

PI2.3.3ETPspeciesinformation

RelevantinformationiscollectedtosupportthemanagementofUoAimpactsonETPspecies,including:

• Informationforthedevelopmentofthemanagementstrategy;• Informationtoassesstheeffectivenessofthemanagementstrategy;and

InformationtodeterminetheoutcomestatusofETPspecies




(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpacts

QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheUoArelatedmortalityonETPspecies.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.3.1fortheUoA:QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesforETPspecies.

SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassesstheUoArelatedmortalityandimpactandtodeterminewhethertheUoAmaybeathreattoprotectionandrecoveryoftheETPspecies.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.3.1fortheUoA:SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesforETPspecies.

QuantitativeinformationisavailabletoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintythemagnitudeofUoA-relatedimpacts,mortalitiesandinjuriesandtheconsequencesforthestatusofETPspecies.

(b)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy

InformationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagetheimpactsonETPspecies.

InformationisadequatetomeasuretrendsandsupportastrategytomanageimpactsonETPspecies.

Informationisadequatetosupportacomprehensivestrategytomanageimpacts,minimizemortalityandinjuryofETPspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherastrategyisachievingitsobjectives.


a.WedidnotestimateUoAmortalityonETPspeciesorusetheRBFbecausenoETPspecieswereidentified.Ifspecieswereidentified,however,weexpectthatqualitativebutnotquantitativeinformationwouldbeavailableforestimatingUoAimpacts.b.ThereisnosysteminplaceforcollectinginformationoninteractionswithETPspecies.Basedonhearsay,thefisheryrarelyencountersETPspecies.However,ifencountershappen,informationwouldnotbeadequateforsupportingmeasuresformanagingETPspeciesimpacts.WescoredthisPIerringonthesideofcaution.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition



Component Habitatsoutcome

PI2.4.1Outcomestatus

TheUoAdoesnotcauseseriousorirreversibleharmtohabitatstructureandfunction,consideredonthebasisofthearea(s)coveredbythegovernancebody(s)responsibleforfisheriesmanagement.


(a)Commonlyencounteredhabitatstatus

TheUoAisunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

TheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

(b)VMEhabitatstatus

TheUoAisunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

TheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.

(c)Minorhabitatstatus

ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheminorhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.


Littlequantitativeinformationwasprovidedonhabitatsinfishedareas,sotheassessmentteamconductedaCSAtoscorethisPI.Theresultssuggestedthatthefisherylikelyhasmediumhabitatimpacts.Roundhaulnetssometimescontacttheseafloor,whichismostlysandybutmayalsobemuddyorrocky.Thisgeartypeisnotexpectedtobeverydamagingtohabitat,butadditionalinformationonfishedhabitatsandgearimpactswillbeneededforafullassessment.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)

PLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

Passwithcondition

Component Habitatsmanagementstrategy



PI2.4.2Managementstrategy

ThereisastrategyinplacethatisdesignedtoensuretheUoAdoesnotposeariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtothehabitats.



Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessary,thatareexpectedtoachievetheHabitatOutcome80levelofperformance.

Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,thatisexpectedtoachievetheHabitatOutcome80levelofperformanceorabove.

ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingtheimpactofallMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheriesonhabitats.


Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarUoAs/habitats).

Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orhabitatsinvolved.

Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orhabitatsinvolved.


Thereissomequantitativeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.

Thereisclearquantitativeevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjective,asoutlinedinscoringissue(a).

(d)CompliancewithmanagementrequirementsandotherMSCUoAs’/non-MSCfisheries’measurestoprotectVMEs

ThereisqualitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithitsmanagementrequirementstoprotectVMEs.

ThereissomequantitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithbothitsmanagementrequirementsandwithprotectionmeasuresaffordedtoVMEsbyotherMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheries,whererelevant.

ThereisclearquantitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithbothitsmanagementrequirementsandwithprotectionmeasuresaffordedtoVMEsbyotherMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheries,whererelevant.




a.Therearesomemeasuresinplaceforregulatinghabitatimpacts.Netsarenotoperatedinwaterdepthsoflessthan8m,noraretheyusedwithin80mofnoriseaweedcultivationareas(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).b.Thesemeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,butthereisnoobjectivebasisforconfidenceintheirefficacybecausehabitatimpactsarenotmonitored.c.Thereisnoquantitativeevidencethatthemeasuresarebeingsuccessfullyimplemented,thoughitshouldbepossibletoobtainsuchevidencefromthefishersbecausetheytypicallykeeprecordsontheareastheyfish.d.ItisnotclearwhethertherearemanagementrequirementstoprotectVMEs,butagain,fishinglocationrecordsmaybeusedasqualitativeevidenceofcompliance,ifrelevant.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

Component Habitatsinformation

PI2.4.3Informationmonitoring

InformationisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedtothehabitatbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanageimpactsonthehabitat.




(a)Informationquality

Thetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitatsarebroadlyunderstood.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatethetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitats.

Thenature,distributionandvulnerabilityofthemainhabitatsintheUoAareaareknownatalevelofdetailrelevanttothescaleandintensityoftheUoA.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoestimatethetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitats

Thedistributionofallhabitatsisknownovertheirrange,withparticularattentiontotheoccurrenceofvulnerablehabitats.

(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpacts

Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandthenatureofthemainimpactsofgearuseonthemainhabitats,includingspatialoverlapofhabitatwithfishinggear.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofthemainhabitats.

InformationisadequatetoallowforidentificationofthemainimpactsoftheUoAonthemainhabitats,andthereisreliableinformationonthespatialextentofinteractionandonthetimingandlocationofuseofthefishinggear.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofthemainhabitats

Thephysicalimpactsofthegearonallhabitatshavebeenquantifiedfully.

(c)Monitoring

Adequateinformationcontinuestobecollectedtodetectanyincreaseinrisktothemainhabitats.

Changesinhabitatdistributionsovertimearemeasured.




a.LittleinformationwasprovidedontypesanddistributionsofmainhabitattypesinTokyoBay.Theclientmentionedthatmuchofthebottomhabitatinfishedareasissoftandsandy,butqualitativeinformationwasnotadequatetoestimatetypesanddistributionsofmainhabitats.b.Qualitativeinformationwasnotadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofmainhabitats.c.Theredoesnotappeartoberegularmonitoringofrisktohabitats.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition

Component Ecosystemoutcome

PI2.5.1Outcomestatus

TheUoAdoesnotcauseseriousorirreversibleharmtothekeyelementsofecosystemstructureandfunction..


(a)Ecosystemstatus

TheUoAisunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.

TheUoAishighlyunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.

ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.


a.Themainecosystemimpactthisfisherymighthaveisoverharvestofmaintargetspecies.TheassessmentteamdeterminedthattherewasinsufficientinformationtoscorethisPIwithoutusingtheRBF.ASICAshouldbeconductedinafullassessmenttoobtainthescore.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)

PLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)

N/A

Component Ecosystemmanagementstrategy

PI2.5.2Managementstrategy

TherearemeasuresinplacetoensuretheUoAdoesnotposeariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtoecosystemstructureandfunction





Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessarywhichtakeintoaccountthepotentialimpactsofthefisheryonkeyelementsoftheecosystem.

Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,whichtakesintoaccountavailableinformationandisexpectedtorestrainimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystemsoastoachievetheEcosystemOutcome80levelofperformance.

Thereisastrategythatconsistsofaplan,inplacewhichcontainsmeasurestoaddressallmainimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystem,andatleastsomeofthesemeasuresareinplace.


Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/ecosystems).

Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/ortheecosysteminvolved

Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orecosysteminvolved



Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).


a.Therearenomanagementmeasuresthatspecificallytakefisheryimpactsontheecosystemintoaccount,buttherearesomemeasuresrelatingtoharvest.b.Thesemeasuresmayhelpthefisheryavoidoverharvest,buttheyarelimitedinscope.Thuswecannotbeconfidentoftheirefficacyinlimitingnegativeecosystemimpacts.c.Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasuresarebeingimplementedsuccessfully,becauseTokyoBayseaperchstocksdonotappeardepletedcurrently.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

Component Ecosysteminformation



PI2.5.3Informationmonitoring

ThereisadequateknowledgeoftheimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystem.


(a)Informationquality

Informationisadequatetoidentifythekeyelementsoftheecosystem.

Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandthekeyelementsoftheecosystem.

(b)InvestigationofUoAimpacts

MainimpactsoftheUoAonthesekeyecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,buthavenotbeeninvestigatedindetail.

MainimpactsoftheUoAonthesekeyecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,andsomehavebeeninvestigatedindetail.

MaininteractionsbetweentheUoAandtheseecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,andhavebeeninvestigatedindetail.

(c)Understandingofcomponentfunctions

Themainfunctionsofthecomponents(i.e.,P1targetspecies,primary,secondaryandETPspeciesandHabitats)intheecosystemareknown.

TheimpactsoftheUoAonP1targetspecies,primary,secondaryandETPspeciesandHabitatsareidentifiedandthemainfunctionsofthesecomponentsintheecosystemareunderstood.

(d)Informationrelevance

AdequateinformationisavailableontheimpactsoftheUoAonthesecomponentstoallowsomeofthemainconsequencesfortheecosystemtobeinferred.

AdequateinformationisavailableontheimpactsoftheUoAonthecomponentsandelementstoallowthemainconsequencesfortheecosystemtobeinferred.

(e)Monitoring

Adequatedatacontinuetobecollectedtodetectanyincreaseinrisklevel.

Informationisadequatetosupportthedevelopmentofstrategiestomanageecosystemimpacts.




a.Academicandgovernmentscientists(e.g.attheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalResearch)haveconductedresearchontheTokyoBayecosystem,andinformationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandkeyecosystemelements.b.MainimpactsfromtheUoAontheseelementscanbeinferredbuthavenotbeeninvestigatedindetail.c.Mainfunctionsofecosystemcomponentsareknown.d.InformationfromresearchstudiesisavailabletoallowforsomeinferenceofUoAimpactsontheecosystem.e.Theredoesnotappeartobeadequatemonitoringinplacefordetectingincreasesinecosystemrisklevel.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

1.3 Principle3

Component GovernanceandPolicy

PI3.1.1Legaland/orcustomaryframework

Themanagementsystemexistswithinanappropriatelegaland/orcustomaryframeworkwhichensuresthatit:• IscapableofdeliveringsustainabilityintheUoA(s);and• Observesthelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomof

peopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihood;and• Incorporatesanappropriatedisputeresolutionframework.


(a)Compatibilityoflawsorstandardswitheffectivemanagement

Thereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandaframeworkforcooperationwithotherparties,wherenecessary,todelivermanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2

Thereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandorganisedandeffectivecooperationwithotherparties,wherenecessary,todelivermanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2.

ThereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandbindingproceduresgoverningcooperationwithotherpartieswhichdeliversmanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2.



(b)Resolutionofdisputes

Themanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoamechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesarisingwithinthesystem.

ThemanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoatransparentmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputeswhichisconsideredtobeeffectiveindealingwithmostissuesandthatisappropriatetothecontextoftheUoA.

Themanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoatransparentmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesthatisappropriatetothecontextofthefisheryandhasbeentestedandproventobeeffective.

(c)Respectforrights

ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtogenerallyrespectthelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.

ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtoobservethelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.

ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtoformallycommittothelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodandlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.


a)ThereisnationallegalfisherylicensingsystemandfisherymanagementsystemasfisheriescooperativeswhichenablecooperationwithotherpartiesasoutlinedinnationallegislationandimplementedviatheNationalandPrefecturalgovernmentsandlocalfisherycooperatives.(b)ThereisincorporatedmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesatFunabashiFisheryCooperativelevelwritteninitsstatute.Yetitwasnotdeterminedandnotprovidedthecertaindocumentsatthesitevisitthatthemechanismiseffectivelyworking.(c)Themanagementsystemisconsistentwithanyoflegalframeworkorrightsforpeopledependonfisheriesforfoodandlivelihood,notinginparticulartheJapaneselegislationsupportingcommunitybasedmanagementviaFCAs.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition


PI3.1.2Consultation,rolesandresponsibilities

Themanagementsystemhaseffectiveconsultationprocessesthatareopentointerestedandaffectedparties.

Therolesandresponsibilitiesoforganisationsandindividualswhoareinvolvedinthemanagementprocessareclearandunderstoodbyallrelevantparties




(a)Rolesandresponsibilities

Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesaregenerallyunderstood.

Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesareexplicitlydefinedandwellunderstoodforkeyareasofresponsibilityandinteraction.

Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesareexplicitlydefinedandwellunderstoodforallareasofresponsibilityandinteraction.

(b)Consultationprocesses

Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatobtainrelevantinformationfromthemainaffectedparties,includinglocalknowledge,toinformthemanagementsystem.

Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatregularlyseekandacceptrelevantinformation,includinglocalknowledge.Themanagementsystemdemonstratesconsiderationoftheinformationobtained.

Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatregularlyseekandacceptrelevantinformation,includinglocalknowledge.Themanagementsystemdemonstratesconsiderationoftheinformationandexplainshowitisusedornotused.

(c)Participation

Theconsultationprocessprovidesopportunityforallinterestedandaffectedpartiestobeinvolved.

Theconsultationprocessprovidesopportunityandencouragementforallinterestedandaffectedpartiestobeinvolved,andfacilitatestheireffectiveengagement.


(a)Organizationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocessaregenerallyidentifiedwiththeirrolesandresponsibilities.Therearesomeoccasionalconsultationprocessesoccurringatlocal(FCA)andprefecturallevelstoobtainrelevantinformationfromrelatedparties(provedattheon-sitemeetingofthisassessment).Duetothelackofnationalregulationsspecifictothetargetedspecies,theconsultationprocessisnotasrelevantatthenationallevel.(b)Thereisevidenceofconsultationprocesses,particularlythroughcollaborationwithacademicresearchinstitutions.However,consultationappearstobeoccasionalandisnotsystematicinregularlyseekingandacceptinginformation.(c)Themechanismtoprovideopportunityforallinterestedandaffectedpartieswasnotobservedatalllevelsofmanagement.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition




PI3.1.3Longtermobjectives

Themanagementpolicyhasclearlong-termobjectivestoguidedecision-makingthatareconsistentwithMSCfisheriesstandard,andincorporatestheprecautionaryapproach.


(a)Objectives

Long-termobjectivestoguidedecision-making,consistentwiththeMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproach,areimplicitwithinmanagementpolicy.

Clearlong-termobjectivesthatguidedecision-making,consistentwithMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproachareexplicitwithinmanagementpolicy.

Clearlong-termobjectivesthatguidedecision-making,consistentwithMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproach,areexplicitwithinandrequiredbymanagementpolicy.


MAFFhasbeenpromotingtheresourcemanagementbyexplainingthedifferent‘appropriateresourcemanagement’methodsontheirwebsitefromtheperspectiveofsustainablefishingpracticesandfoodprovisioning(MAFFb).FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeexplicitlyexpressestheneedofappropriateresourcemanagementwithspecificregulationsinitsFunabashiFisheryCooperative’sresourcemanagementplan.However,thereisnoexplicitstatementaligninglongtermobjectivesanddecisionswiththeprecautionaryapproach.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

Component FisherySpecificManagementSystem

PI3.2.1Fishery-specificobjectives

Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemhasclear,specificobjectivesdesignedtoachievetheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2.




(a)Objectives

Objectives,whicharebroadlyconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areimplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.

Shortandlong-termobjectives,whichareconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areexplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.

Welldefinedandmeasurableshortandlong-termobjectives,whicharedemonstrablyconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areexplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.


FunabashiFisheriesCooperative’sresourcemanagementplanbeginwiththestatementofimportanceofresourcemanagementonspeciesincludingseaperchandsardine.Thestatementisfollowedbyspecificregulationsandthereforeitcanbesaidthatthereareobjectivesforsustainablefisheriesmanagementimplicitinthemanagementsystem.However,therearenoshorttermobjectives,andregulationsdonotstronglyalignwithPrinciples1and2,thereforethisisconsideredtopasswithacondition.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


passwithcondition


PI3.2.2Decision-makingprocesses

Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemincludeseffectivedecision-makingprocessesthatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievetheobjectives,andhasanappropriateapproachtoactualdisputesinthefishery.


(a)Decision-makingprocesses

Therearesomedecision-makingprocessesinplacethatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievethefishery-specificobjectives.

Thereareestablisheddecision-makingprocessesthatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievethefishery-specificobjectives.



(b)Responsivenessofdecision-makingprocesses

Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoseriousissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakesomeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.

Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoseriousandotherimportantissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.

Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoallissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.

(c)Useofprecautionaryapproach

Decision-makingprocessesusetheprecautionaryapproachandarebasedonbestavailableinformation.

(d)Accountabilityandtransparencyofmanagementsystemanddecision-makingprocess

Someinformationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisgenerallyavailableonrequesttostakeholders.

Informationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisavailableonrequest,andexplanationsareprovidedforanyactionsorlackofactionassociatedwithfindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingfromresearch,monitoring,evaluationandreviewactivity.

Formalreportingtoallinterestedstakeholdersprovidescomprehensiveinformationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionsanddescribeshowthemanagementsystemrespondedtofindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingfromresearch,monitoring,evaluationandreviewactivity.

(e)Approachtodisputes

Althoughthemanagementauthorityorfisherymaybesubjecttocontinuingcourtchallenges,itisnotindicatingadisrespectordefianceofthelawbyrepeatedlyviolatingthesamelaworregulationnecessaryforthesustainabilityforthefishery.

Themanagementsystemorfisheryisattemptingtocomplyinatimelyfashionwithjudicialdecisionsarisingfromanylegalchallenges.

Themanagementsystemorfisheryactsproactivelytoavoidlegaldisputesorrapidlyimplementsjudicialdecisionsarisingfromlegalchallenges.




(a)Thereisaregularmeetingamongfisheriesoperatingusingsamegeartypes(TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative),andwithintheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.(b)TheassessmentteamwastoldthereisdecisionmakingprocessforseriousissuesandimportantissuesatFunabashiFisheriesCooperativelevel,partiallyevidencedbythedevelopmentofafisheriesmanagementplanwithvoluntaryFCA-levelmeasures.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithanydetailsregardingdecisionmakingprocesses.(c)precautionaryapproachisnotobservedbecausethereisnoharvestcontrolrulethatlimitsremovalsbasedonstockstatus,andseveralmanagementmeasuresinplacepertaintomarketinterestsratherthansustainabilitygoals.(d)Informationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisavailableonrequest,andtheclienthasstatedthatitisreadytoprovideforanyactionsorlackofactionassociatedwithfindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingifnecessary.(e)Theassessmentteamhasnoreasontobelievethatmanagementsystemorfisherywouldnotattempttocomplyinatimelyfashionwithjudicialdecisionsarisingfromanylegalchallenges.Therehavebeennolegalchallengestoprovethisthough.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition


PI3.2.3Complianceandenforcement

Monitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanismsensurethemanagementmeasuresinthefisheryareenforcedandcompliedwith.


(a)MCSimplementation

Monitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanismsexist,andareimplementedinthefisheryandthereisareasonableexpectationthattheyareeffective.

Amonitoring,controlandsurveillancesystemhasbeenimplementedinthefisheryandhasdemonstratedanabilitytoenforcerelevantmanagementmeasures,strategiesand/orrules.

Acomprehensivemonitoring,controlandsurveillancesystemhasbeenimplementedinthefisheryandhasdemonstratedaconsistentabilitytoenforcerelevantmanagementmeasures,strategiesand/orrules.

(b)Sanctions Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexistandthereissomeevidencethattheyareapplied.

Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexist,areconsistentlyappliedandthoughttoprovideeffectivedeterrence.

Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexist,areconsistentlyappliedanddemonstrablyprovideeffectivedeterrence.



(c)Compliance

Fishersaregenerallythoughttocomplywiththemanagementsystemforthefisheryunderassessment,including,whenrequired,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.

Someevidenceexiststodemonstratefisherscomplywiththemanagementsystemunderassessment,including,whenrequired,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.

Thereisahighdegreeofconfidencethatfisherscomplywiththemanagementsystemunderassessment,including,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.

(d)Systematicnon-complianceprocess

Thereisnoevidenceofsystematicnon-compliance.


(a)Themostvolumeofseaperchlandingcanbemonitoredthroughtherecordofwholesales;however,thereareothersupplychainforsmallvolumesuchasdirectsalesthroughtheInternet.Therearenologbookrequirements,ordataverificationsystems(e.g.observerprograms)inplace.ThereisnosystemtoverifiablymonitordiscardsatseaorinteractionswithETPspecies.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyconsistentenforcementatseaforexistingfisheryregulations(e.g.spatialpurseseinefishingarearestrictions),andinformalenforcementwithintheFCAdoesnotappearstrong.(b)Legalprocedureregardingtheviolationoffisheryrightsintermsofoperationareaexist(includingpatrolbyJapanCoastGuard,thoughtheyaremorefocusontrafficsafetyandrescue).AlthoughthereareafewlinesregardingsanctionsintheFCA’smanagementplan,theyare‘appropriatesanctionsmaybeapplied’withoutanydetailsandtheassessmentteamsawnoevidencethattheyareapplied.(c)Fishersaregenerallythoughttocomplywiththemanagementsystemforthefisheryunderassessment,andfishersalsoregularlyparticipateinnon-mandatedpracticessuchascollectionoffisherydatainlogbooks,voluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary,andreleaseofjuvenileseaperch.(d)Noevidenceofsystematicnon-compliance,butwithoutenforcementonthewateroratlandingsthiscannotbeverified.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Pre-condition




PI3.2.4Monitoringandmanagementperformanceevaluation

Thereisasystemofmonitoringandevaluatingtheperformanceofthefishery-specificmanagementsystemagainstitsobjectives.

Thereiseffectiveandtimelyreviewofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.


(a)Evaluationcoverage

Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluatesomepartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.

Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluatekeypartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem

Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluateallpartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.

(b)Internaland/orexternalreview

Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttooccasionalinternalreview.

Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttoregularinternalandoccasionalexternalreview.

Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttoregularinternalandexternalreview.


(a)ThereisoccasionalevaluationonspecificmatterswithintheNorthernTokyoBayPurseSeineAssociationwhenrequired(i.e.,thereparingcommonequipmentattheport)howeverthereisnoclearmechanismforhowoftenandwhatneedstobeevaluated.(b)Fishery-specificmanagementsystemisexpressedintheFunabashiFisheryCooperativeManagementplanforseaperch.Theassessmentteamisnotawareofanyformalinternalorexternalreviewmechanisms,however.

RBFRequired?(P/O/)


Passwithcondition

funabashi fisheries cooperative sea perch (lateolabrax … · 2016-11-17 · document: msc...

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