facultad de derecho de la universidad de buenos aires: su legado histÓrico

7/22/2019 FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES: SU LEGADO HISTRICO.

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Amùjtmf fi Firi`nkfi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris87-911>fpudjg`mHfiri`nk.udm.mrwww.firi`nk.udm.mr/pudjg`m`gkeis

GPDE 72>-7>2-79226-7-0

Vkfks jks firi`nks risirvmfks, 48=0

Egebuem pmrti fi istm kdrm puifi sir riprkfu`gfm k trmesogtgfm ie umjqugir akrom k pkrùmjqugir okfk iji`treg`k k oièg`k, ge`juyiefk aktk`kpgmfk, brmdm`ge k ùmjqugirktrk sgstiom fi mr`ngvk y riùpirm`ge fi geakrom`ge sge ij privgk pirogsk pkr is`rgtkfij ifgtkr.

@krri``ge< Jg`. Omrgijm Jifk, Jg`. Jugsm Tkymek y If. Om`mriem fi @mrgm

Gombie fi tmpm< Ourmj fij Pmje Mzuj fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk fi jm YDM, kdrm fijm prkaiskrm \ujom Bmr`m @uirvm, m`rjg`k skdri pmrif è`mvm fi 7 x 0 o. Fis`rgdi jmngstkrgm fi jm Amùjtmf m trmvs fi jks sgbjks y ouistrm jks fgstgetks ifg`gks qui kùp.Pi rimjgz ie ij omr`k fi jks aistilks pkr jks sisietm mks fij ifg`gk m`tumj fi jm Amùjtmf.

]uifm ni`nk ij fipsgtk qui fgspkei jm Jiy ==.240

Goprisk ie Mrbietgem

Krtgz, Vujgk

Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris < su jibmfkngstrg`k . - =m if. - @gufmf Mutekom fi Duieks Mgris < Fipmrtmoietkfi Xudjg`m`gkeis fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk y @gie`gms Pk`gmjis fi jmYegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris, 48=0.

491 p. 3 4=x=9 ò.

GPDE 72>-7>2-79226-7-0

=. Ngstkrm fi jm Amùjtmf. G. Vtujk. @FF 02>.887

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Mutkrgfmfis fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk

fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris

Fi`mem

Oeg`m Xgetk

Qgìfi`mek

Mjdirtk L. Duiris

@kesilk Fgri`tgvk fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk

@

@kesilirks Vgtujmris Xrkaiskris

Mtgjgk M. Mjtirgeg () //Dimtrgz P. Crko/ Lkrbi J. Cgijomekvg`n /Omrgk I. M`cirome / Omrìjk Bidnmrft / Omry Dijkaa /

Jus O. Biekvisg / Fmrk A. Tg`nmrti

@kesilirks Pupjietis

Mjdirtk Duiris / Iergqui E. \ujitm Xuìgrk / Istidme @ietmemrk /Mjarifk I. Pktk / Fgibk I. @nmog /Ifumrfk Dmrdmrks`n /

Omrìjk I. Nmgssgeir/ Lkrbi Dirdiri Fijbmfk

@

@kesilirks Vgtujmris

Jimefrk Ireistk Nmjpirge/ Oeg`m Dmjomìfm /Xmdjk Mefrs Wmeegdijjg / Pidmstge Mjilmefrk Tiy


Bgsijm @mefmrji / @mrjks Mbums / Mjfk @jmufgk Bmjjkttg /Jgsmefrk Omrgmek Viszcgiwg`z

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@

@kesilirks VgtujmrisVkos Bkezjiz Qirm / Ju`gmem Bmjjmrfk/ Ju`ms Jmbks/ Lujge Nkaiji


Fgibk @krtisi / Jimefrk Out`ngeg`c/ @mrjks Xjmzm/@mogjk Mjilmefrk Jpiz

Pi`ritmrgm M`mfog`m


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efgì

Xriam`gk ................................................................................................ 7

V K

Jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok ........... ==V K

Tifflixgkeis m oifgk sgbjk fij `msk Oijiem .......................................... 97I D

Fkìe`gm y prkaisgkemjgsok< ue puetk fi pmrtgfm ngstrg`kfi jm ùistge ...................................................................................... >7

Q J B

Jm gbumjfmf ieJm Dgdjgkti`mfi Xmuj Brkussm`< piesmefkij pmsmfk y prkyi`tmefk ij auturk ........................................................ =87O M. V

Gopkrtme`gm fi jm iesimezm fij Firi`nk Tkomek ie ij geg`gkfi jks istufgks fi mdkbm`m. Ij `msk pmrtgùjmr fi jm Amùjtmffi Firi`nk fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris .................................... =0=

I X @

Ogbuij Istivis Pmbu. Lurgstm fi jks tgiopks fi Tksmsy jm Krbmegzm`ge Em`gkemj ................................................................. =97P K X

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Yem mprkxgom`ge mj piesmogietk fi Tkfkjak Tgvmrkjm

skdri ij rbgoie pkjtg`k mrbietgek m trmvs fi jm Tivgstm Mrbietgemfi @gie`gms Xkjtg`ms ............................................................................ =70M M. @

Xksgtgvgsok dgkjbg`k ie jm ek`ge fij fijge`uietifij Vrmtmfkfij Xrkaiskr Iusidgk Boiz (=707) ................................... 40=T T-D

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Xriam`gk

Euistrm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk, em`gfm `ke jm Xmtrgm, pirk metirgkr m jmTipdjg`m Mrbietgem y m jm ùjogem`ge fi jms Buirrms fi jm Gefipiefie`gm,

eks kùpm fisfi nmì vmrgks mks.@kesiùie`gm fi fgvirsks prkyi`tks YDM@WV, `ke ij skpkrti i`keog`k

fi sus sudsgfgks, mlustmfks pirk gopris`gefgdjis, jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk fi jmYegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris, si nm `kevirtgfk, ie ij fiviegr fi jks tgiopks,ie kdlitk fi euistrk istufgk `kok sulitk fi jm ngstkrgm mrbietgem, os mjj fisus vg`gsgtufis, `ketrmfg``gkeis y pk`ms m`gmbms. Ek si `kestgtuyi skjmoieti,`kok skstieioks, ie ue odgtk qui ixpgfi fgpjkoms nmdgjgtmetis, eg ie oirm`mlm fi riskeme`gm, sgek ie prktmbkegstm k tistgbk getijgbieti fi euistrm ngstkrgm.

Ie isti fiviegr fi mjbuems f`mfms, nioks trmesgtmfk ie uem suirti firitrkmjgoietm`ge fij pjmek em`gkemj mj getirem`gkemj, pmrm firgvmr ie jmBjkdmjgzm`ge ie sus fgstgetms itmpms y ie jm bistm`ge fij Istmfk Em`gk-emj, `keskjgfmfk nm`gm jks mks >8 fij sgbjk ^G^. Em`gfm, `kok fi`m `kemetirgkrgfmf, m fg`nk okoietk ngstrg`k, jm suirti fij Fipmrtmoietk fi

Lurgsprufie`gm y juibk fi su suìskrm, jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk y @gie`gmsPk`gmjis, nm `kixgstgfk `ke pk`ms fi fgstgetk sgbek, ometiegiefk sus `mrm`-tirstg`ms fi pkjk fi ge`jusge sk`gmj, fi mrtgùjm`ge fi `jmsis y fi auieti fi

riairietis ek skjk lurfg`ks sgek tmodge pkjtg`ks y ùjturmjis.Ie isti prkìsk ie jks uodrmjis fi jm ogtmf fij sgbjk metirgkr ij gopm`-

tk fi jm Buirrm Ouefgmj y ij mubi fi gfims `ketrmfg`tkrgms `ke uem trmfg`geripudjg`mem y jgdirmj si ng`girke sietgr ie ij sgstiom uegvirsgtmrgk mrbietgek.Jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk ek pkfm is`mpmr fi ism sgtum`ge y ijjk aui kdlitkfij prgoir `mptujk, m og `mrbk.

Ism trmfg`ge ie`mremfm ie jks pjmeis fi istufgk kn, urgksgfmf, ek auigetirruopgfm pkr jms `keìp`gkeis ie dkbm ie jks mks 68 y 98. Jk pruidm ij

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=8 | priam`gk

istufgk y eiìsgfmf fij Firi`nk Tkomek qui nm sgfk memjgzmfm pkr Istiamem

@uijjk ie ij sibuefk `mptujk. Ie rimjgfmf, fisfi jm f`mfm fij 28 fij sgbjk^G^ nmstm ==8 mks fispus, jm vgsge sgstog`m fi jks pjmeis fi istufgk auisgogjmr. Pg jm getirrup`ge fi ism jeim ngstrg`m aui k ek pksgtgvm, sirm kdlitkfi ktrk istufgk.

Jm ktrm jeim fi gevistgbm`ge qui sibugoks si riiri m jks brmefis nko-dris fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk. Ie jk qui is uem jgstm pr`tg`moieti gjgogtmfm,nioks `kesgfirmfk m mjbe ixpkeieti fi jm pk`m fi Tksms y pkstirgkr sgiefk,euivmoieti, Pmefrk Kjmzm Xmjjirk qugie skoiti m mbufk mejgsgs jm pirskem

y kdrm, istm viz, fi Ogbuij Istviz Pmbu.Wm ie jks tgiopks fij @ietiemrgk, jm burm fi Tkfkjak Tgvmrkjm jjmom

jm mtie`ge pkr su prktmbkegsok gestgtu`gkemj pirk tmodge pkr su ixtiesmkdrm ùjturmj. Nm sgfk Mbuste @rfieis qugie eks drgefm su pirspi`tgvm ieij `mptujk rispi`tgvk.

Ie ùmetk m burms ibribgms, Iusidgk Boiz tme kjvgfmfk nky, `kokjks metirgkris is mbufmoieti istufgmfk ie su kdrm y jkskam pksgtgvgstm pkrTg`mrfk Tmdgekvg`n-Dircome.

Jm prkyi``ge gfikjbg`m fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk tmodge is ge`ke-oiesurmdji. Fi jm grrmfgm`ge fi sus burms oujtgam`tg`ms ie jm ifu`m`ge sikùpm, `kok ie kdrms metirgkris, Qireg`m Jis`mek Bmjmrfg.

@ketgeumefk `ke jm prisie`gm fi jks nkodris fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nkie ue `kek ujturmj fi eis fij sgbjk G^, kok jk auiJm Dgdjgkti`mfi XmujBrkussm`, Omrte Vistm memjgzm m jm gbumjfmf kok gfim auirzm, fgsimfkrm figestgtu`gkeis pirieeis.

Ifumrfk Dmrdmrks`n ivk`m, `ke pri`gsge, jks suìsks qui ùjogemrke `ke

jm ouirti fi Ekrom Dimtrgz Oijiem ie mbkstk fi =714. Pus rifflixgkeis tgieiepiromeieti vgbie`gm y nmìe pmrti fi jm rioiokrm`ge qui rimjgz ij PiogemrgkXiromeieti skdri ngstkrgm fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk fi mquij ju`tuksk ni`nk.

Ek pritiefi isti jgdrk mbktmr, eg sgqugirm pmr`gmjoieti, jms tiotg`msixpuistms. Pkjk getietm drgefmr ue ijioietk os m `kesgfirm`ge fi tkfksie jm jmrbm tmrim fi suomr omtirgmjis m`krfis `ke jm trmfg`ge y auturk fi jmAmùjtmf fi Firi`nk fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris.

V K

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Jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgrisie jks tgiopks fij Xirkegsok

Xrijgogemr m jm ùistge

V K*

Ij tiom oiriì, ie rimjgfmf, uem gevistgbm`ge qui tkfmvm ek si

nm ni`nk.

(Ajgx Juem,Xire y su tgiopk G. Jm Mrbietgem irm uem istm, p. 0>>).

Xmjmdrms getrkfu`tkrgms

Isti `mptujk is gefipiefgieti, pirk prisupkei, fi mjbe okfk, jks quiauirke mpmri`giefk ie jks metirgkris jgdrks pudjg`mfks pkr jks suìsgvks iqug-pks fi gevistgbm`ge=qui, dmlk og `kkrfgem`ge, si kùpmrke fi jm tiotg`m(Krtgz, 48== y 48=4).

Nmdmoks `koiezmfk `ke jm ngptisgs, ie euistrk `rgtirgk, m istm mjturmvirg`mfm, (Krtgz, 48==), ie ij sietgfk fi qui jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk y @gie-`gms Pk`gmjis fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris, (fi mnkrm ie oms AF@P),ek nmdm sgfk uem sgopji gestgtu`ge fij Istmfk, os k oieks mutekomsibe jms pk`ms, qui iogtm ttujks nmdgjgtmetis fi `mr`tir prkaisgkemj, sgektmodge ue odgtk akromfkr fi ue brupk sk`gmj qui `mrm`tirgzdmoks `kokgetijjgbietsgmietiefgfm `kok getiji`tumjis `ke ge`gfie`gm skdri ij pkfir pk-jtg`k y tmodge fi riairietis sk`gmjis.

=. Jks suìsgvks Xrkyi`tks fi Gevistgbm`ge fietrk fij omr`k fi jms prkbrmom`gkeis YDM@yV,

`kogiezme m prge`gpgks fi jks mks 78.

* Xrkaiskr Vgtujmr Iorgtk fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris. Qgìfi`mek fi jm Amùjtmf fi

Firi`nk fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris (4881-48=8).

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=4 | jm uegvirsgfmf fi duieks mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok

Ij sibuefk mspi`tk qui jm mrm`tirgzmdm, is qui tmj rkj, fietrk fi jm sk`gi-

fmf em`gkemj, istuvk esgtk fisfi su auefm`ge ie =>4=, ym qui is pmtieti ijprktmbkegsok mfqugrgfk fisfi jks tgiopks fi sus priùrskris y auefmfkris,tmjis `kok Piez k Tgvmfmvgm.

Jk ùmj jjivm m jm eiìsmrgm `ke`jusge fi qui ij Xjme, qui si puifi k ekmtrgdugr m Mjdirfg (Jivmbbg, 48==3 @uijjk, 48==), fi `mr`tir prgogbiegk,priixgsti m jm `jidri @mrtm m Ju`ms Bkezjiz (Mjdirfg, =>>>3 Krtgz, 48==)y, pkr supuistk, m jm mpmrg`ge fi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk y @gie`gms Pk`gmjis`kok `kesiùie`gm fi jm Tiakrom @kestgtu`gkemj Dkemiriesi fi =>20 y su

sudsgbugieti fi`ritk fi omrzk fij mk sgbugieti qui jm irgbi. Qmji fi`gr quiirm genirieti mj okoietk fi su `rim`ge ij rkj ngstrg`k qui nmdrm fimsuogr y qui, ie tkfk `msk, ij Xjme fi Mjdirfg k fij prkaiskr arme`s, aui uemrimrom`ge fi su `mr`tir fi odgtk `rimfkr fi ijgtis pkjtg`ms y sk`gmjis. Mek sir, `jmrk, qui mjbugie skstuvgirm jm piribrgem gfim fi qui jm AF@P is ueieti fgairieti mj Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm y ek su emturmj `ketgeum-`ge, `kok jk is ie rimjgfmf.4

Xmrm omykr mduefmogietk, ri`krfmoks qui ij rkj riairgfk si mìetumdm m

pmrtgr fi jm keskjgfm`ge fij Istmfk Okfirek, istk is jm iri``ge fij XmrtgfkMutkekogstm Em`gkemj `kok pmrtgfk pkjtg`k qui msuog ij bkdgirek m pmrtgrfi =>>8, `keakromfk pkr nkodris fi jm AF@P. Fi gbumj omeirm, nmdmoksvirg`mfk qui su mettisgs, k sim jk qui juibk si jjmomrm rmfg`mjgsok y metisYege @vg`m, istuvk `kestgtugfm pkr ibrismfks y istufgmetis qui, ie su ok-oietk, nmdme fmfk krgbie m jm Yege @vg`m fi jm Luvietuf, metiìskrm fitkfks ijjks (Krtgz, 48==).

Ek ie vmek, ij Xm`tk Grgbkyie-Piez Xim, juibk si rifflilmrm ie jm jiy qui

tkom su ekodri fij sibuefk. Vmj pm`tk, fi`moks, aui kdrm fi fks nkodrisqui nmdme trmesgtmfk pkr jks ogsoks pmsgjjks uegvirsgtmrgks.

4. Vkfmvm emfgi, ie og `kek`gogietk, nm skstiegfk tmj, pirk ske ou`nks mue qui, meti jm pribue-

tm skdri jm auefm`ge fi jm AF@P, ketistme simjmefk m =>26 kok ij mk fi jm auefm`ge, jk

ùmj gopjg`m eiìsmrgmoieti, k fis`kekìr jks `geùietm mks fij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgspru-

fie`gm, k dgie supkeir qui emfm tuvk qui vir `ke jm m`tumj AF@P. Irrkris supgeks, ie modks

`msks.

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| =0

Msgogsok, jks `ketrmfg`tkris ixtireks mj krfie `kesirvmfkr-rmfg`mj ie-

`ketrmrke brmefis riairietis ie ij ogsok odgtk (burms `kok Xmjm`gk3 Fijm Vkrri3 Fij Qmjji Gdirjuìm3 Fi Vkomsk, k os mfijmeti, Lmurit`ni3 Omezg3Ybmrti, it`.).

Istm goprketm qui `mrm`tirgz m jm AF@P, omegaistmfm, ietri ktrms `ksms,pkr jm `ketgeugfmf fij Xjme fi Istufgks m trmvs fi jms f`mfms furmeti `msg==8 mks0, pmri`g ek tkomr ie ùietm jms fgstgetms `kyueturms ngstrg`msgetirems y ixtirems qui mtrmvis ij pms. Pgiefk ietkeìs jibtgok pribue-tmrsi òk mtrmvis jm pk`m jjmomfm pirkegstm, prkoifgmefk ij sgbjk ^^, y

ùjis auirke jks mvmtmris qui ji pirogtgirke ometieirsi ie pgi m pismr fi jmsfgùjtmfis fi tkfk tgpk qui fidg mtrmvismr ie mquijjks tgiopks, pirk qui,ie bieirmj, ietiefioks, skrti ombgstrmjoieti.

Xmrm ietiefir jk qui sgbeg` ij ieùietrk ietri jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Dui-eks Mgris, ispi`gmjoieti fi jm AF@P, y ij pirkegsok fi jks prgoirks tgiopks,`kesgfirmoks qui fidmoks rioketmreks m jks mks >8 fij sgbjk ^G^ pmrmfiektmr mqu jm ùjturm sk`gmj y pkjtg`m prifkogemeti ie jm ùmj em`g y siakro ij auefmfkr fij pirkegsok, mpjg`mefk ij omr`k tirg`k fi jm Vikrm

Bieirm`gkemj qui `kesgfirmoks mprkpgmfm.

Ie isti fiviegr, qui `kogiezm ek ie jm `msm pmtirem sgek ie jm skjmrgibmfi sus mduijks, qui `ketgem ie ij @kjibgk fi Kjgvks y `ke`juyi ie ij @kjibgkOgjgtmr, getietmr simjmr mqujjks vmjkris y `riie`gms rois y mìptmfms pkrjm `kouegfmf qui rkfimdm mj auturk prisgfieti Pire ijjks qugieis omr`mregefijidjioieti (`kok m `msg tkfk ij ouefk) su pirskemjgfmf, pkr omykrisqui auirme sus ùmjgfmfis ivkjutgvms y mfmptmtgvms qui ixgstgirke, sge jubmrm fufms.

Jm nky AF@P pmrtg`gp, ie akrom prktmbeg`m, fi jm ngstkrgm em`gkemjogietrms Xire pmsmdm su itmpm fi akrom`ge. Pke jms tris, puis, jms vmrgmdjis

0. Ij Xjme fi Istufgks fi jm f`mfm fij 28 fij sgbjk ^G^ pirfur nmstm jks mks >8 fij sgbjk

sgbugieti. @ke vmrgmetis y mfmptm`gkeis, su istru`turm dsg`m trmesùrrg furmeti jks tgiopks

`kesirvmfkris, rmfg`mjis y pirkegstms, mtrmvis fiok`rm`gms y fg`tmfurms. Jks jtgoks auirke ij

>/90 y ij 44/14 prkfu`tk fi jks riboiseis metirgkris y pkstirgkris m 99. Jm riakrom fi =7>2

ek skjk jk `modg sgek qui trmlk ktrms ekvifmfis `kok jm Fipmrtmoietmjgzm`ge y ij makrtu-

emfmoieti gearu`tuksk getietk fi suprgogr jms @tifrms.

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qui nmy qui vgeùjmr, umj sg auirme kjuoems pmrmjijms, Em`ge, Yegvirsgfmf

y Bieirm`ge. K sim, dus`mrioks jm akrom fi rimjgzmr ue rijmtk qui vgeùji mjks tris prktmbkegstms fi istm ngstkrgm.

Fisfi juibk, ek si jgogtmr isti `mptujk m istufgmr jks ni`nks `rkekj-bg`ks sgek qui trmtmrioks fi rifflixgkemr skdri ijjks `ke jm pirspi`tgvm quifm ij trmesùrsk fij tgiopk y, skdri tkfk, jk m`mi`gfk fispus fi =799, quiis ij okoietk ie qui isti `mptujk `ke`juyi. Euistrm getie`ge is trmir m`kjm`ge ue ieakqui os skdri jm prgoirm ogtmf fij sgbjk ^^, tkomefk `kokprktmbkegstm m jm AF@P y su bieti, m qugieis si jk fifg`moks.

Emì jm YDM. Ij ouefk y jm Mrbietgem fi ietkeìs.Ij omr`k rgvmfmvgmek. Piez, ij prgoir Ti`tkr. Petisgspksgdji

]u fgairieti irm ij ouefk fi nmì `msg fks`gietks mks, ie mbkstk fi=>4=. Jms okemrqums rigemdme ie Iurkpm y nmdme ri`nmzmfk ie tkfms pmrtism jm Tivkju`ge. Empkjie nmdm ouirtk ie Pmetm Ijiem nm`m tris oisis. Pi

ìrem jm moiemzm fi jm Pmetm Mjgmezm gopirmeti qui pjmeimdm riùpirmr jksfkogegks ispmkjis ie Morg`m. Ie tkfms pmrtis, jm @ketrmrrivkju`ge trgue-amdm. Pkjmoieti si ometiem ie pgi ue jilmek tirrgtkrgk sufmoirg`mek jjmomfkjms Xrkvge`gms Yegfms, ekodri qui nmdm tkomfk ij metgbuk Qgrrigemtk fijTk fi jm Xjmtm, k oilkr fg`nk quisi nmdme jjmomfkjms Xrkvge`gms Yegfmspuis fisfi ij mk metirgkr ek ixgstme mutkrgfmfis ri`kek`gfms ie tkfk ijtirrgtkrgk fi jk qui nky si fiekogem Tipdjg`m Mrbietgem, qui eg fi ni`nkeg fi firi`nk, me ixgstm.

Jk qui nmdm, pkr ietkeìs, irm ue `keluetk fi prkvge`gms vgeùjmfms pkrpm`tks qui ribujmdme getirisis koueis, prge`gpmj pirk ek ix`juyietioieti,`koir`gmjis. Yem fi ijjms irm jm Xrkvge`gm fi Duieks Mgris qui, tirg`moieti,mdmr`mdm tkfm jm m`tumj Xmtmbkegm, pirk qui, ie jm pr`tg`m, ek gdm os mjj fijTk Pmjmfk. Ie jms Gsjms Omjvgems fflmoimdm mue jm dmefirm ìjisti y djme`m, jms`mjjis fi Duieks Mgris irme fi tgirrm y si tkremdme getrmesgtmdjis jks fms fijjuvgm. Xkr jm virifm fi jm Gbjisgm fi Pme Gbem`gk pmsmdme jms viefifkrms fiiopmemfms (jms ogsoms fi jm g`kekbrmam is`kjmr), pmrm jjibmr m Vuùoe si

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tmrfmdm oisis, ek nmdm eg juz, eg tijbrmak. Jms `mjjis me ometieme jm gju-

ogem`ge fi jks tgiopks fij Qgrriy Qrtgz y mvieturmrsi ie ijjms pkr jm ek`ni,sge ue akregfk bumrfmispmjfms qui pkrtmrm uem metkr`nm, ek irm `keviegieti.

Jks uegtmrgks si nmdme gestmjmfk ie ij Auirti y si pripmrmdme pmrm ge-tietmr krbmegzmr ij pms `ke jks risujtmfks iaoirks y jmoietmdjis qui nky`kekìoks. Jks bugmdm jm gfim dkrdeg`m fiJms Juìs. Xkfme sir `gvgjis k`jrgbks, siùjmris k ribujmris. Ietri ijjks istmdm Metkegk Piez, fk`tkr geutrkqui luriij Xriùrskr - Auefmfkr, qugie nmdm vktmfk pkr jm ìsmetm fi@gseirks, keì mks mtrs, y romfk ij M`tm fi jm Gefipiefie`gm fi jms Xrk-

vge`gms Yegfms ie =>=1, mpiems `ge`k mtrs, Vme furk `kok Tgvmfmvgm (quinmdm ausgjmfk m jmbm ie jks tgiopks fij Vrguevgrmtk) mj pifgr Piez fksausgjmogietks fi ispmkjis pkr `mfm uek fi jks prkpgks furmeti jm buirrm fijm Gefipiefie`gm (nmy qui ri`krfmr qui tirogemrm tris mks fispus fi jmauefm`ge).

Piez sirm ij prgoir Ti`tkr fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris (fisfimnkrm YDM), y prgoir @me`gjjir (Fi`mek) fij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgspru-fie`gm, qui ms si jjmomdm jm nky AF@P (Amskjgek, =71>). Ie ij ùmfrk fi

Bkezjiz Okriek, si jks vi m Tgvmfmvgm y m Piez, `kok jk istuvgirke ie ijpmsmfk, modks, fitrs fi jm `ke`ri`ge fij vgilk prkyi`tk fij smìrfkti, jkùmj iopiz, ie og `rgtirgk, jm prisuetm rgvmjgfmf qui, ietgiefk, is `ksm fi jksnmìfkris fi rijmtks gopribemfks `ke vgsge dgemrgm y omegquim. Jms riakromsrgvmfmvgmems, ie omtirgm i`jisgmj, nky eks pmriìe tme gekìetis qui ùistm`riir qui ie su pk`m nudgirm nmdgfk qugieis, fi nmdir pkfgfk, jk nudgirmeietribmfk mj drmzk siùjmr pmrm su ixpgm`ge, privgm `kefiem. Ie e, Piez,m su viz, `ketgeu sgiefk ue ij `mtjg`k y ourg `kok tmj, muequi nky su

prkpgm briy pmriì nmdirjk kjvgfmfk ue tmetk.

Jm Amùjtmf metis fi ms jjmomrsi. Jms ridijgkeisistufgmetgjis. Ij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm sitrmesakrom ie jm AF@P

Ietkeìs fidi msuogrsi qui kùrrgirke ni`nks ouy gopkrtmetis metisfi =>26. ]ui ie isi os fi oifgk sgbjk ie qui jm Tipdjg`m `koiez m

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ixgstgr, ij metgbuk Fipmrtmoietk prktmbkegz uem ngstkrgm rg`m y vmrgmfm,

pk`k `kek`gfm ie bieirmj, ym qui jks istufgks rimjgzmfks, os si riirie m jmsmsgbemturms qui si fg`tmdme, prkaiskris, it`. qui m jm prisie`gm fij Fipmrtm-oietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm ie ij `ketixtk sk`gmj fi su pk`m, tiom qui bumeuistrms gefmbm`gkeis.

Ie isti mspi`tk, qugirk ri`krfmr jks suìsks fi =>2= qui trmt ie ktrmpmrti (Krtgz, 488=3 Krtgz y P`kttg, 48==) y skdri jks ùmjis quifme me ms-pi`tks qui prkauefgzmr. Pge fufm, jm ridijge ie`mdizmfm pkr \idmjjks, jksTmoks Oilm, Mrmtm, it`. tuvgirke ripirùsge ou`nk os mjj fij odgtk

fij Fipmrtmoietk y fi jm prkpgm Yegvirsgfmf y ek skjk pkr jm trmsìefie`gmsk`gmj fij ni`nk frmotg`k qui jm pri`gpgtm,6sgek tmodge pkr ij gopm`tk iejm @kevie`ge Tiakromfkrm (riuegfm fisfi ij mk metirgkr) ie jks mrtùjksfifg`mfks m jm ùistge uegvirsgtmrgm y mj emturmj `krkjmrgk `memjgzmfk ie ijFi`ritk fi omrzk fi =>26 qui istmdjiì ij sgstiom fi amùjtmfis, fmefk krg-bie m jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk y @gie`gms Pk`gmjis.

Jks suìsks fi =>2= istuvgirke ouy iopmrietmfks `ke jm `rim`ge fi jm@tifrm fi Oifg`gem Jibmj, ùym tgtujmrgfmf aui kdtiegfm pkr ij Fr. Vkos

Xire, mduijk fij auturk prisgfieti, y riairieti akromtgvk fi sti. W istk auims pkrqui ij Okvgogietk =0 fi Fg`giodrinmdrm istmfk gevkju`rmfk ie ue ùis-tgkemogietk mj prkaiskr Xire qugie nmdrm sgfk kdlitmfk pkr jks istufgmetisqui emjoieti nmdrme jkbrmfk qui rieue`gmrm9(@utkjk, =790).

Jk ùmj jk `kjk`mrm mj Okvgogietk =0 fi fg`giodriie ue m`tgvgsok qui auios mjj fi jm rim``ge meti ij `msk fij sug`gfgk fi Tkdirtk Pe`niz y ij ùis-tgkemogietk m jks prkaiskris fi Firi`nk Tkomek qui jk nmdme mpjmzmfk iemquij e fi ùrsk fij mk =>2=. Jmrbm tmrim me quifm pkr ri`krrir skjmoieti

ie isti puetk, pmrm gevistgbmfkris fij auturk.

Mue ietrmefk ie ij pjmek istrg`tmoieti m`mfog`k gestgtu`gkemj, quifmepuetks ksùrks fi mquijjks jilmeks mks. Xkr iliopjk, me si fidmti quge

6. Ti`krfioks qui ij sug`gfgk fij istufgmeti Tkdirtk Pe`niz, mj sir mpjmzmfk ie ij ixmoie fi

Firi`nk Tkomek, fisie`mfiem istm prgoirm riakrom uegvirsgtmrgm.

9. Qg ieti @ (@utkjk, tisgs) ri`kekì ij ùistgkemogietk pirk skstgiei qui Xire jjib m

tkomr pksisge fi jm @tifrm muequi rieue`gm mj mk sgbugieti, mjibmefk oktgvks fi smjuf.

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aui ij prgoir prkaiskr fi Firi`nk Getirem`gkemj Xrgvmfk, k os mue fmfms

jms auirtis `keektm`gkeis ngstrg`ms pkjtg`ms qugie jk aui fi Firi`nk @kes-tgtu`gkemj. Vioms qui pkefrme ie ue driti m jks prkaiskris m`tumjis fi istmsomtirgms meti jm geivgtmdji (muequi, mfogtk, goprkdmdji) pribuetm fi mjbeistufgmeti `ke firi`nk m smdir mjbk tme ijioietmj.

Ktrks mspi`tks qui iste ie jms pieuodrms fij tgiopk, is ij rkj fi jksistufgmetis y ibrismfks ie suìsks pkjtg`k ogjgtmris ektkrgks fi mquijjms f-`mfms. Vmjis `kok jm Buirrm fij Xmrmbumy ie jm ùmj, sibe riairie`gms, nmdrmixgstgfk fietrk fi jm Bumrfgm Em`gkemj fi Duieks Mgris ue Dmtmjje getibrm-

fk eg`moieti pkr bieti fij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm, `komefmfkspkr ij Bieirmj Qgjjibms, niromek fij ietkeìs Fi`mek, Pgxtk Qgjjibms (@utkjk,=72=). ]ugeis jk getibrmrke;, qu dmlms nudk;, fefi `kodmtgirke; Pkjksi smdi, y ouy mj pmsmr, mjbuem ektg`gm fij rkj fi Jimefrk Mjio ie isi trgsti`kefflg`tk y, pirfgfmoieti, fi mjbe ktrk.

]u pms `ke ij ogsok Dmtmjje ie jm Buirrm @gvgj fi =>>8; Os mjjfi mjbe jilmek riùirfk `kok ij fi Mfkjak Pmjfms (Pmjfms, =7=8) y jm jgstmqui Butgrriz oie`gkem ie su sipujtmfk jgdrk tilifkrgstm(Butgrriz, =>>0).

Pge oie`gkemr jks tgiopks fi jm Piìsge, ij Pgtgk fi Duieks Mgris, jmsdmtmjjms fi @ipifm y Xmve. ]u rkj tuvgirke jks istufgmetis fi jm M`mfi-ogm; Jivis pgstms ixgstie pkr ij okoietk puis pmri`girm sir qui isti mspi`tkfij gufmfmek-skjfmfk fi ietkeìs ek getirism omykroieti (Omjmvir, =>>0).

@uetks `myirke ie jm ju`nm `ketrm jm Agidri Momrgjjm, mfios fi TkquiXriz;

Ge`jusk fi jks tgiopks rksgstms, mfios fi jks rijmtks skdri ij Pmje Jg-

tirmrgk y sgogjmris, nudk mjbuem risgstie`gm prkpgmoieti fg`nm fietrk fijFipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm;, k si jgogtmdme jks istufgmetis m memjgzmrsu ridijfm ie oirms istufgmetgems `kok jms qui rijmtm Qgìeti Agfij Jpizie sus oiokrgms; (Jpiz, =>71).

Ek pkfioks eibmr, puis, qui mj emìr jm YDM istmdme ie vgbie`gm, ie ij`rùjk uegtmrgk, jms gfims mebjksmlkems, mj gbumj qui jm `riie`gm ie jm dkefmffij `ketm`tk istri`nk fi euistrk pms `ke jm i`kekom fi jm ym prgoirm pk-tie`gm ouefgmj. Xkr iefi, ek is fi ixtrmmr qui tmjis gfims auirme ij prgoir

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=> | jm uegvirsgfmf fi duieks mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok

odgtk getiji`tumj qui ie ijjm ixgstg. Dmstmrm ri`krfmr qui jm @tifrm fi

Firi`nk @gvgj, os qui uem msgbemturm qui si kùpmrm fi jms jiyis fij Firi-`nk Xrgvmfk si prkpusgirm fgauefgr fgri`tmoieti jms gfims dietnmogmemsie jmsùmjis si gespgr ij jgdrk fij prkaiskr Pkoijjirm (@utkjk, tisgs). Ie `modgk,jm ktrm omtirgm fg`tmfm pkr Piez y fifg`mfm mj Firi`nk Emturmj ek sibumjms gfims metirgkris m jm ùmj si mairrmdm Gebjmtirrm pmrm ixpmefgr su `koir`gkie tkfk ij ouefk. Xkr ij `ketrmrgk, `kok riùirfm Amskjgek su fk`trgem aui`rgtg`mfm `kok oifgivmj.

Dmlk isti sgbek fi jm `kevgvie`gm fi gfims fgsogjis em`g jm Yegvir-

sgfmf fi Duieks Mgris y ms piromei`g ogietrms tuvk vgbie`gm ij brupkbkdiremeti krgbgemj. K sim qui fismpmri`gfk sti, `myirke mqujjms.

Juibk fi mjbuems mjtiremtgvms fi jm ju`nm fispgmfmfm ietri jks fks dmefks,jjib jm pk`m rksgstm y uem euivm irm pmrm jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris,`ketrkjmfm ìjksmoieti, `kok jms ristmetis krbmegzm`gkeis istmtmjis pkr jmpkjtg`m fij Tistmurmfkr qugie ngzk kdjgbmtkrgk ij usk fi jm `getgjjk puez yij lurmoietk fi fijgfmf fi jks ibrismfks m jks prge`gpgks fi jm Aifirm`ge(Krtgz, 4886).

Pge pritiefir ietrmr ie ij tiom, nmy qui ri`kekìr tris `ksms. Ie prgoirjubmr, qui jm pkjtg`m k`gmj tuvk gelirie`gm ie jm Yegvirsgfmf, gopkegiefk jmfk`trgem Tksgstm y sus sodkjks `kok kdjgbmtkrgks, `kok nioks riairgfk. Iesibuefk jubmr qui pms ue trmeì fga`gj ie jk i`keog`k m pmrtgr fi =>0>, mrmz fij djkquik arme`s, jk ùmj ripirùtg fgri`tmoieti ie ij mrmeìjmogietkfi jm iesimezm, pirfgiefk ms jm krgbgemj brmtugfmf qui skjk sirm ristmdji`gfmpkr jks vieìfkris fi @msirks (Krtgz, 4886).

Agemjoieti, m pismr fi ijjk y fi jm vk`m`ge y sm`rg`gk fi jks prkaiskrisqui skdrivgvme (sge `kdrmr ie ou`nks `msks jks mrmeìjis), jm Yegvirsgfmfprkfulk uem sirgi fi drgjjmetis ibrismfks qui juibk sirme riairietis pkj-tg`ks y sk`gmjis pkr vmrgms f`mfms.1Is fi`gr, qui ek aui ij prmok qui jks

1. Pge nmìr uem jgstm kopjitm, ekodrmefk m jks qui tiefrme mjbuem rijivme`gm pkstirgkr< =>0901< Ifumrfk Mìvifk3 Xmtrg`gk KBkrome3 Lks Tkqui Xriz. =>02< Diegtk @mrrms`k3 Og-

buij Istviz Pibu3 Qgìeti Agfij Jpiz3 Lks ]ugrkbm fi jm Tksm3 Lm`getk Tkfrbuiz Xim3

@mrjks Vilifkr. =>0>< Gsgfkrk Dmvgk, Omrìjgek @mrdmjjgfk3 Pmetgmbk Qgkjm. =>07< Omeuij

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metgrksgstms suijie fiekstmr, eg tmopk`k, fisfi juibk, ue ìetrk fi riairie-

`gm geixùsmdji ie ij ouefk ùjturmj fi ietkeìs, `kok sirm os mfijmeti.Pkdrivgvg fgbemoieti, fgrmoks, pirk pkr su prkpgk isie`gm, ek brm`gms mTksms, sgek m pismr fi j. Dmstmrm pmrm prkdmr isti msirtk jm ektmdji jgstm fiibrismfks (Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris, =727), fi ietkeìs k dgie, `koksimjm Kjmzm Xmjjirk (48=4), ij egvij fi jms tisgs fk`tkrmjis.

Ixgstg ue Xjme Auefm`gkemj os mjj fi jkistrg`tmoieti m`mfog`k; Ie `msk pksgtgvk emì `ke ijFipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm k is pkstirgkr;

Jk qui oi getirism simjmr, `kok fi`moks os mrrgdm, `ke rijm`ge m jmsprgoirms f`mfms fij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm2is qui ym istmdm esgtmie su kdlitgvk jm akrom`ge fi jm `jmsi fgrgbieti pkjtg`m y sk`gmj fi jk qui nkyis jm Mrbietgem. Dmstm ripmsmr jks ibrismfks fisfi =>4= m =>26, mk m pmrtgrfij ùmj si mpjg` ij Xjme fi Mjdirfg k ij fij Ogegstrk fi Gestru``ge Xdjg`m

M`kstm3 Ogbuij Grgbkyie. =>68< Xmtrg`gk Emrvmlm. =>6=< Qieturm Mbugjmr3 Aijgpi @krkeij.

=>64< Xifrk Xmrrms. =>60< Iogjgk Mbrijk3 Tuek fi Ijgzmjfi3 Fije Nuirbk3 Diremrfk fi

Grgbkyie3 Aifirg`k Xgeifk3 Omeuij Tgvirk3 Jugs Piez Xim. =>66< Metkegk fi @mstrk3 Omeuij

fi Is`mjmfm3 Lks D. Bkrkstgmbm. =>69< Lks Metkegk M`kstm3 Fmegij @mze. =>61< Lume Lks

jvmriz3 Omeuij Bmr`m. =>62< Lks Bmsè3 Arme`gs`k Egcjgske3 Ogbuij Tgbjks. =>6>< Vk-

oms fi Me`nkriem3 Aifirg`k Meigrks3 Ifumrfk @kstm3 Istmegsjmk Bkezjiz Okriek3 Arme`gs`k

Omlist3 Ogbuij Emvmrrk Qgkjm3 Iusidgk K`mopk3 Omeuij Xmz3 Ksvmjfk Xgirk3 Arme`gs`k

Pibu. =>67< Arme`gs`k fi Ijgzmjfi3 Lume Mbuste Bmr`m3 Lume A. Okebugjjkt3 Dielmoe Qg`-

tkrg`m. =>98< Xifrk Dijustibug3 Mjarifk Jmngtti3 Metkegk Kdjgbmfk3 Qgìeti ]uismfm, Lume

Arme`gs`k Pibu. =>9=< Ajkrie`gk Bmrrgbs3 Lks Arme`gs`k Jpiz3 Pgxtk Qgjjibms. =>94< Mfkjak

Mjsgem3 Omeuij @mstmk3 Lume @mrjks Boiz3 Pmdgegmek Cgir3 Omeuij Jmebienigo3 Iziqugij

Xiriyrm3 Lm`getk Pusvgijm3 Lks Ivmrgstk Yrgduru3 Aifirg`k \mpgkjm. @kok si kdsirvmr, ie jm

jgstm mpmriìe fks prisgfietis3 bkdiremfkris3 is`rgtkris3 ngstkrgmfkris3 ogegstrks3 prkaiskris

uegvirsgtmrgks y bieti tmj viz skjk ri`kek`gdji pmrm jks ispi`gmjgstms pirk fi rijivme`gm. Ge`jusk

ue auturk Kdgspk, Omeuij Meigrks.

2. @kevgiei ri`krfmr qui ie ij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm skjk si ktkrbmdm ue ttujk m`m-

fog`k qui ek nmdgjgtmdm pmrm ilirìr kok mdkbmfk. Ijjk si jkbrmdm sg trms jks istufgks ie ij

Fipmrtmoietk, ij fk`tkrmfk gebrismdm m jm M`mfiogm fi Lurgsprufie`gm (=>=6-=>24) fkefi,

juibk fi tris mks y ue ixmoie ouy ixgbieti, pkfm pifgr jm ges`rgp`ge kok mdkbmfk ie jm

@omrm fi Mpijm`gkeis (O, =>>>, K, 4886).

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48 | jm uegvirsgfmf fi duieks mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok

fi Arme`gm Emr`gssi M`ngjji @kefi fi Pmjvmefy (=>62), tmj `kok mrom Ji-

vmbbg (48==),>

pmrm ietiefir qui, ie iai`tk, ùmefk mpmri`g tmj pjme (=>98)nm`m trigetm mks qui ij Fipmrtmoietk ùopjm `ke isti kdlitgvk fi akromrm jks auturks nkodris fistm`mfks.

Jm Vikrm fi jms Bieirm`gkeis y su vgbie`gm. Mpjg`m`ge

Mfs`rgdk m jm tikrm fi jms bieirm`gkeis ie ùmetk omr`k tirg`k pmrmietiefir jks pujsks ngstrg`ks. Ij fiviegr fij tgiopk, m is`mjm nuomem, si

fismrrkjjm `keakroi m jks pujsks bieirm`gkemjis. @mfm bieirm`ge pkrtm uem`ksokvgsge, gfims y `riie`gms, `kefu`tms, istgjks, okfgsoks y uem ouy ari-ùieti `riie`gm ie jm uegvirsmjgfmf fi su pirspi`tgvm (uegfm m uem siesm`gefi qui jm ngstkrgm `koiez `ke ijjm).

Xkr ijjk, eks pmriì kpkrtuek risimr jm `ksokvgsge bieirm`gkemj mj ok-oietk fi emìr y ifu`mrsi jm Bieirm`ge fi Xire Jm ^, k sim jm fi jksem`gfks ietri =>>> y =784 sibe jm tmdjm fi Xirrgmux (=728).7Ijjk eks jjivmfi jm omek mj >8 y su ouefk, `kok fgrm Lgtrgc (Lgtrgc, =71>).

Auirti `kevg``ge ie jm eiìsgfmf fi `kevirtgr m jm Mrbietgem ie ue pmsIurkpik, ge`jusge ie ij sgstiom gopirgmj drgteg`k ie ùmetk mj `koir`gk,ie`mefgjmogietk pkr jm ùjturm armeìsm y pkr ij ilir`gtk prusgmek. Ij fi-ekogemfkXrkbrmom fij >8,pjmso jms mjoms fi jks mrbietgeks, m trmvs fij

>. Muequi ouy prufietioieti m`jmrm qui Metis fi isk, mfogtmoks qui jm pritiefgfm pmtireg-

fmf pufk ixgstgr, is fi`gr, qui jm ngptisgs ek is mdsurfm. Xkr qu; Xkrqui sg dgie jm `mrtm ie

ùistge irm prgvmfm, ij ogsok Mjdirfg si kùp fi nmìrjm pdjg`m m trmvs fi jm goprietm fi

Ij Oirùrgk fi Qmjpmrmsk, kok quif fg`nk, y pkrqui Lume Omrm Butgrriz, etgok mogbk

fi Mjdirfg, prisieti ie Qmjpmrmsk ie =>98, Ti`tkr fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris ietri

=>1= y =>20, dgie pufk nmdirsi prkpuistk jjivmrjk m jm pr`tg`m.

7. Pibe Xirrgmux, jm Bieirm`ge ^ (k Bieirm ge fi Xire, `kok j jm fiekogem m pismr suyk),

jm itmpm fi egiz `krrispkefi mj pirgkfk =>79-=7=8, jm fi Luvietuf m =7=8-=749, ij fi

Bistm`ge =749-=768 y ij fi Bistge m =768-=799. Ktrks `mefgfmtks m ipegoks, `kok jks

fiekogem, ske Mtgjgk Fijj Krk Omgeg3 Aifirg`k Xgeifk3 Lkrbi Jugs Dkrbis, it`. Pgbui juibk

uem jmrbm jgstm fi fistm`mfks getibrmetis. Isti sgstiom jk jjiv m Xirrgmux nmstm jm Bieirm`ge

^G (=7=>-=704), jtgom qui `kesgfirm puis su jgdrk aui pudjg`mfk ie =728.

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| 4=

sgstiom ifu`mtgvk y fi jm Jiy =648 (Krtgz, =7>2). Tipudjg`meks ke ue tgeti

gjustrmfk k dkrdeg`k. @ketgeumfkris fi jks uegtmrgks ie ou`nks mspi`tks,pirk ivgtmefk `mir ie jks ogsoks irrkris, su drmzk pkjtg`k aui ij XME y susauefmfkris `msg tkfks prkvieme fi jm AF@P, `kok dgie pruidm OmrmPiez ]uismfm (=724) y fi su metiìskr, ij Fipmrtmoietk fi Lurgsprufie`gm.@riyirke ie uem utkpm y jm jjivmrke m `mdk nmstm fkefi pufgirke. Jm Buirrmfi =7=6 `ke`juy `ke su pjme iurkpigzmeti pirk filmrke auirtis rmìs. Ieisti modgieti si `rg ij egk Xire.

Fisìefgieti fi amogjgms iurkpims pkr jm vm pmtirem y fi Xuidjks Krgbg-

emrgks pkr jm omtirem (Xmve Xiriyrm, =7>8), Xire ie`mre, ie sus prgoirksmks, jm brmefizm y jgogtm`gkeis fi jm `jmsi oifgm `ri`gieti qui kùpmdm ijrim rgkpjmtiesi fij @kek Pur. Fiamogjgm fi pksgdjis, kok fi`me jks metgbuksispmkjis, `ke mjbk fi ngfmjbk pkdri, su geame`gm aui bugmfm pkr su mduijmpmtirem, fkm Fkogebm Futiy, tpg`m omtrkem fi e fi sgbjk, qui sm`m mjegk fi jms omeks jmdkrgksms y irrtg`ms fi sus pmfris pmrm pkeirjm dmlk jmmfvk`m`ge fi su mduijk Vkos, m qugie Lume Fkogebk eue`m `kek`g pirk mqugie gevk`mdm piromeietioieti ie sus jtgoks mks fi vgfm ie euistrk pms.

Fi jm Isùijm Getirem`gkemj fi Kjgvks y su omistrk Arme`gs`k @nmrm,nmstm su pmsk pkr ij @kjibgk Ogjgtmr fi jm Em`ge fkefi gopirmdm ij prusgm-egsok y su oietkr, ij brme istrmtibm fi jm Buirrm, Qke @jmusiwgtz, m qugieXire nmdm istufgmfk y tmodge `gtmrm ou`nms viìs. Ye omr`k pirai`tky krfiemfk< ij fi jm ogjg`gm fi Tg``ngirg fietrk fij Krfie @kesirvmfkr mjùmj su mduijk nmdm pirtiei`gfk (Fgputmfk =>2>-=>>8), `ke uem gestgtu`geogjgtmr mfs`rgptm mj pkfir `gvgj y bmrmetm fi ue auturk siburk.

Qmjkris y sodkjks fij >8 mdskrdgfks pkr Xire y subieirm`ge

Jms `riie`gms dsg`ms fi uem pirskem, qui ske ekromjoieti jks fi su bi-eirm`ge, si omegistme ie `kefu`tms qui, m su viz, `rgstmjgzme ie sodkjks.

Jm Mrbietgem okfirem fidg, pmrm `keskjgfmrsi, istmdjiìr ek skjmoietiie akrom jk os `jmrm pksgdji jks egvijis fi m``ge pkjtg`m ie omtirgm getir-

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em`gkemj i getirem, sgek tmodge `keskjgfmr ij sgstiom fi `riie`gms m trmvs

fij sgstiom ifu`mtgvk mrbietgek.@kok nioks vgstk metirgkroieti (Krtgz, 48==), ij rijmtk ngstrg`k aui,

ie isti sietgfk, auefmoietmj tkfm viz qui ek skjk ueg`mdm ie ij gombgemrgk`kji`tgvk uem jgstm fi burms m vieirmr y ni`nks m `keoiokrmr, sgek qui tmo-dge sgrvg fi auefmoietk fi jibgtgogfmf m su prkpgk sgstiom pkjtg`k dmsmfkie jm @kestgtu`ge fi =>90, mj lustg`mr jks prisupuistks pkjtg`ks fi stm.

Xirk, mfios, fidgirke `rgstmjgzmr ij sgstiom sgodjg`k em`gkemj (Dirtkeg,4880), fiegiefk jks `kjkris fi jm dmefirm, ij fgsik fij Isùfk, jm vir-sge k`gmj fi Ngoek Em`gkemj, m`ktmfm ie tgiopk y sumvgzmfm fij isprgtumetgispmkj qui `mrm`tirgzmdm jm virsge prgogtgvm, ie e, `rimr jm `jidrig`kekbrmam is`kjmr. Pme Omrtge ie prgoir jubmr ie ij Xmetie fi jks nrkis,juibk fi jm jjibmfm fi sus ristks ie =>>8, ie pjiem buirrm `gvgj (ni`nk utgjg-zmfk istrmtbg`moieti pkr ij ietkeìs ùistgkemfk prisgfieti Mvijjmeifm).

Ktrm fi jms mfqugsg`gkeis fij Istmfk Okfirek Mrbietgek aui ij sirvg`gkogjgtmr kdjgbmtkrgk qui uem m sus kdlitgvks fi fiaiesm em`gkemj jm tmrim figetibrmr m jks nmdgtmetis fi jm em`gieti ripdjg`m dmlk ue ogsok gfgkom,dmefirm y `keluetk fi `riie`gms, gopkegiefk jm gestru``ge prgomrgm o-egom `kesgstieti ie ue usk fij jiebumli y fi jms kpirm`gkeis omtiotg`msgopris`gefgdjis, mfios fij usk fi jks ùdgirtks y lmde, ie k`msgkeis. @keij tgiopk firgvmrm ie am`tkr fi pkfir, ispm`gk fi uem kjgbmrqum ogjgtmr yemjoieti ie rimfkrm fi jks broieis qui jm jjivmrme m ue ogjgtmrgsok quiistmdm ie jms metpkfms fi qugieis jk nmdme `keìdgfk `kok drmzk fi pkfir`gvgj.

Ktrk aieoiek prkpgk fij ouefk egsiùjmr aui jm mpmrg`ge fij Vmebkqui, pkr ou`nk tgiopk, aui jm osg`m qui `mrm`tirgz m jks rgkpjmtiesis yfiem, `ke `fgbks ouy `jmrks, uem pirtieie`gm em`gkemj y pkpujmr qui jjibm jm `jmsi mjtm pkr kdrm fij Dmre fi Omr`ng.

Ij ogsok yirek fi Tk`m aui brme gopujskr fij Ppkrt, ekvifmf rpgfm-oieti mfkptmfm pkr jm `jmsi mjtm y juibk pkr jks istmoietks pkpujmris. Xirkùyks mj`meìs pkjtg`ks sk`gmjis auirke rpgfmoieti msgogjmfks. Jms burmsfi Fi Omr`ng, si `kelubme `ke jms fi Mjvimr3 \udgmur3 Omeuij ]ugetmem

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(n). Ek is `msumjgfmf qui \udgmurri getibrmrm ij prgoir @kogt Kjopg`k

Getirem`gkemj pkr gevgtm`ge fi su mogbk ij Dmre fi @kudirtge. Xuis, ieiai`tk, nmy qui mfogtgr qui ij fipkrti aui, ie sus krbieis egsiùjmris, ix-`jusgvk fi jks os amvkri`gfks sk`gmjoieti. Xirk mquijjks tuvgirke ie ogrm,y akoietmrke su rpgfm mfkp`ge pkr jms `jmsis pkpujmris m iai`tks fij oilkr`ketrkj fi istms, `kelubmefk ij fipkrti `ke jm gfim fij `gufmfmek skjfmfk,smek fi ùirpk y fi isprgtu.

Agemjoieti, nmy qui ri`krfmr qui ij getietk fi `rimr ue @fgbk fij Vrm-dmlk y fi ue Fipmrtmoietk mpmriì, pkr mquijjks tgiopks, ie pmrti pkr kdrm

fi jms rigvgefg`m`gkeis fi sk`gmjgstms y meis, pirk tmodge pkr kevg``ge fijms pmtrkemjis ie jm `keviegie`gm fi ue kdrirk smek y `ketrkjmfk qui ùistgk-emefk mj sgstiom ie akrom pijgbrksm. Oujtgtuf fi `judis fi autdkj qui jjibmem euistrks fms surbgirke pkr geg`gmtgvms k mpkyks pmtrkemjis, ge`jusgvi fi jksairrk`mrrgjis fi prkpgifmf fi jks gebjisis.

Istm skoirm risim ek puifi tieir `kok `ke`jusge os qui uem skjm.Xire, ie su itmpm fi mfkjisìeti y fi mfujtk lkvie, vgvg isti `jgom fi ì-jidrm`gkeis pmtrgms, smetg`m`ge fi jks nrkis em`gkemjis, mfkrm`ge mj tmebk

y ùjtk mj fipkrti. Vkfk jk ùmj aui ek skjk utgjgzmfk pkr su prgoir bkdgireksgek tmodge jjivmfk m ue pmrkxgsok fi ixmjtm`ge pmtrgtg`m fga`gj fi kj-vgfmr pmrm qugieis jk vgvgirke y `msg gopksgdji fi `kopriefir ie ij ouefkpksokfirek m`tumj, jqugfk y aubmz, fistru`tkr sutgj fi tkfk jk qui riùirfiij istgjk fij Istmfk Okfirek.

Ij `kogiezk fij iefgksmogietk fi Bmrfij aui kdrm fij Bieirmj Lustk fiqugie Xire aui `kjmdkrmfkr fi gopkrtme`gm ie ij Ogegstirgk fi Buirrm. Iejm g`kekbrmam pirkegstm fi jm prgoirm nkrm irm usumj ij Xire bmrfijgmek,

pigemfk m jm bkogem y `ke uem skergsm godmtgdji.

Mj ogtk fi Pme Omrte, fisfi juibk, ek jk geviet Xire. Xirk ij `jomxjkbrmfk ie ij @ietiemrgk fi su amjji`gogietk, ie =798, ek aui supirmfk metiseg jk sirm fispus. Fisfi jm `jidri ges`rgp`ge kdjgbmtkrgm ie ùmetk pmpij`grùjmdm, pmsmefk pkr sijjks pkstmjis3 okeifms3 `mjjis3 pjmzms y okeuoietks.Ie tkfk jmtm ij sudjgogemj `fgbk qui jjivmdm mj pmrmjijgsok ietri jks fksbieirmjis.

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Vmopk`k okfg` Xire jm g`kekbrmam is`kjmr. Fi ni`nk jm `jidri ri-

vgstm Dgjjgcie fij biromejk Jgek Xmjm`gk, `kek`g su pk`m fi krk ie ijpirkegsok. Mn Pmrogietk sibum sgiefk ij Xmfri fij Mujm, mj gbumj qui iejks `kjibgks pdjg`ks.

@kok Pmrogietk aui ij ekodri fij em`gkemjgzmfk Airrk`mrrgj fij Kisti, yTk`m fij metgbuk Airrk`mrrgj Puf, it`. Ie egebe okoietk si pjmeti jjmomrjks`ke ekodris qui ivk`mrme m jks ieiogbks fi Pmrogietk, ek nudk eg sgqugirmue rmomj qui si jjmomrm ]ugrkbm, Ximjkzm k Fkrribk, eg ou`nk oieks Tksms.

Iste ie jk `girtk jks qui mrome qui mquij pirkegsok tuvk mjbk fi Dk-empmrtgsok, pirk tmodge tuvk fi jk qui si fiekogemrm ij `kesirvmfkrgsokpkpujmr, oiz`jm sgebujmr fi pmtiremjgsok, rgbkr y fgvirsge. Xk`k mai`tk mfgsqugsg`ge getiji`tumj y prkpiesk m kefu`tms qui nky si mjg`mrme, furm-oieti, fi om`ngstms (Akjgek, =72=).=8

Ij surbgogietk fi jm osg`m akjcjrg`m mrbietgem is metirgkr mj pirkegs-ok. Fi ni`nk, fke Mefrs @nmzmrritm nmdm jkbrmfk istmdjiìrsi ie DuieksMgris ueks vigeti mks metis. Xirk eue`m metis eg fispus ij akjcjkri mj`mezij ispjiefkr fi jks oifgmfks fij sgbjk ^. Fi ni`nk, ou`nms burms siirmsauirke tgjfmfms fi mfg`tms mj Tbgoie y pirsibugfms trms su `mfm. Os me,`kok is smdgfk, si nmdme fg`tmfk ekroms prkti`tkrms fi jm fgausge fi jm o-sg`m em`gkemj pkr jms rmfgkiogskrms qui fidme `ketiopjmr ue ùpk oegokpmrm qui jjibmrme m jks kyietis jks skeis `rgkjjks. Ek amjtme qugieis skstgieiequi ij kogiezk fi jm fi`mfie`gm fij tmebk y fij akjcjkri si puifi iopmjomr`ke jks oifgmfks fi jks mks 98.

Jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk ie jms jtgoms f`mfmsfij sgbjk ^G^

Ogietrms si keskjgfmdm ij Istmfk Em`ge, y tmj viz, `kesiùie`gm fi ijjk,jm AF@P si gestmj ie su prgoir ifg`gk prkpgk fi Okriek 098, `kestrugfm

=8. Ie istm kdrm si kdsirvm jm `jsg`m aktk fkefi Lume Tubbgirk mpmriì mdrmzmefk m @mrjks Bmr-

fij. Isti y Tmzzmek ie jm `mopmm fi =7=1 getibrme ij fiekogemfk Vrie @kesirvmfkr qui

ri`krrm jm prkvge`gm fi Duieks Mgris `ke jks fgrgbietis.

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pkr jm ge`mesmdji bistge fi Lks Omrm Okriek y ij mrti fi Xifrk Diekgt.

Ij euivk Xjme fi Istufgks, gestmurmfk ie =>29 fmrm akrom m jk qui @kssgk(=762) jjmomdm jm aue`ge sk`gmj fi jms Isùijms fi Mdkbm`m, mroefksijm tiefie`gm m bieirmr uem `jmsi fgrgbieti sk`gmj y pkjtg`m fi prgoir egvij.Auirke mks fi istufgk y fi ridijfm puis jm prgoirm rim``ge `ketrm ij Yeg-`mtk surbgrm fij jgfirmzbk fi Arme`gs`k Dmrrkitmvim y fi qugieis jk sibumefi jm AF@P. Jm Yege @vg`m fi jm Luvietuf is su nglm prifgji`tm y jm Yege@vg`m fisìefgieti jbg`m y aiùefm, ie sus rmoms fgvirsms, jks @vg`ks y jksTmfg`mjis. Brmefis burms sk`gmjgstms `kok Xmjm`gks y fij Qmjji Gdirjuìm

ibrismdme fi sus mujms, `kok tmodge Mjilmefrk Duebi, uek fi jks gespgrm-fkris fij em`gkemjgsok i`keog`k pirkegstm.

Jks Xire irme os meis mj Tbgoie (mj ùmj austgbmdm Wrgbkyie)qui m jm @musm, fmfk qui ij Fr. Vkos Xire nmdm tiegfk ue pmsk pkr jmpkjtg`m fietrk fij ogtrgsok,==sgiefk fgputmfk ie jm Xrkvge`gm fi DuieksMgris (=>1>-=>17). Mj gebrismr ie ij @kjibgk Ogjgtmr Xire kdsirvmrm `keklks fi auturk ogjgtmr jms mefmezms ridijfis fi jks sibugfkris fi Wrgbkyie.Ibrismefk ie =7==, ogietrms ij pms trmesùrrm pkr jm trmesg`ge ietri ij

Qgilk Tbgoie y jm @musm.Ek si puifi skstieir `ke sirgifmf qui Xire nmym getirviegfk ie jm

auirti riprisge fi jm Piomem Vrbg`m,=4supkegiefk qui si puifm nmìr uemgoputm`ge fi rispkesmdgjgfmf m ue lkvie k`gmj. Eg tmopk`k pmrtg`gp ie jmgetirvie`ge fij Ilr`gtk ie jm Xmtmbkegm, `kok jk ng`girm ij ietkeìs lkvieIjdgk @. Memym, m qugie Xire ie`ketrmrm juibk fi luegk fi =760 ie jkssuìsks qui, m pmrtgr fi ietkeìs, `modgmrme ij pms.

==. Mrom @utkjk qui Xire irm mogbk pirskemj fij Bieirmj Ogtri (@utkjk, =790), qugie, ek

kjvgfioks, tiroge m`krfmefk ke Tk`m, fispus fi =>78.

=4. Istm virsge `kogiezm m pmrtgr fi uem ietrivgstm fij ois fi mdrgj fi =717 qui jm ietkeìs

ouy jifm rivgstm Xrgoirm Xjmem iai`tm m Fgibk Mdmf fi Pmetgjje qugie, `kok sg jk istuvgirm

vgiefk, jk mrom ketuefietioieti. M pmrtgr fi mn, kogiezm ij rijmtk qui jjivm m Vkoms Ijky

Omrteiz m ekvijmr sibugfk pkr ktrks fgvujbmfkris ri`gietis. Vmj viz jm pksg`ge fi Ekrdirtk

Bmjmssk sim jm os kesgstieti (Bmjmssk, 4889), m`krfi ke jm sirgifmf qui mrm`tirgzm ie bieirmj

m su kdrm.

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Xire ie jks mks 08

Jm prgoirm pruidm ainm`gieti fij metgrmfg`mjgsok fi Xire (fij ùmj sinmdrm jmoietmfk pkstirgkroieti), is ie jm `kek`gfm pmrtg`gpm`ge ie ij bkjpifi =708, pkr prkpgm `keaisge fitmjjmfm fi jm bistge, `ke`ri`ge y fi ueprktmbkegsok qui si mutkmflufg`mdm (Xire, =710). Jk ùmj risujtm `knirieti`ke su pirtieie`gm m jm @msm Ogjgtmr, ie ij bkdgirek fi am`tk ie`mdizmfk pkrij Brmj. Yrgduru.

Furmeti jm prisgfie`gm fi Mbuste X. Lustk, Xire aui Pi`ritmrgk fij Og-

egstrk fi Buirrm, Brmj. Omeuij Tkfrbuiz (=704-=701), dmlk isti rbgoie,`kok ie ij metirgkr, si prkfulirke jms rivkju`gkeis rmfg`mjis, furmoieti riprg-ogfms, `kok jm prgsge y `keemogietk fi jks prge`gpmjis fgrgbietis rmfg`mjisie Ysnumgm. Jm jimjtmf fij ilr`gtk fi Orquiz gopgfg ij ritkrek fi jksrmfg`mjis oifgmeti su prkpgk okvgogietk `vg`k ogjgtmr.

@kok is ektkrgk, nm`gm =769 mpmriìe jks rmfg`mjis qui mpkyme m Xire=0qui usmdme jm `kesgbem Mjio-Wrgbkyie-Xire. Aui jm prgoirm viz qui sijjiv m jks ni`nks uem `kesgbem qui si gopusgirm m pmrtgr fi Omeuij Bjviz,

ie jm f`mfm metirgkr. Nmdm em`gfk ms uem jeim ngstrg`m< Wrgbkyie-Xire.

Tifflixge fk`trgemrgm< Pkdri jm ixgstie`gm fi jeimsngstrg`ms

Xirk ek sirm sgek nmstm jks mks sisietm fij sgbjk ^^ ùmefk si `koie-zmr m nmdjmr fi jm prisuetm ixgstie`gm fi tmjis jeims ngstrg`ms. Pkdri jmsùmjis fgrioks mjbuems pmjmdrms.

Mfijmetk og kpgege ie ij sietgfk fi qui si trmtmrm fi ue prisupuistk fieuistrk `kek`gogietk. Jm ngstkrgm is uem suìsge fi ni`nks fij pmsmfk, emrrm-fks oifgmeti ue rijmtk virdmj k is`rgtk, os k oieks irtirk. Fisfi juibk quijm nkeistgfmf getiji`tumj fij qui jk fgsim is auefmoietmj, puis jk qui ek sipuifi filmr fi ri`kekìr is qui jm ksokvgsge fij mutkr fij rijmtk getirpritm

=0. Auirke fks brupks fgstgetks. Xkr uem pmrti, fgrgbietis trmfg`gkemjis fij mpmrmtk rmfg`mj tmjis

`kok @kjko3 @itr3 Dusquit3 Pgrg, ij prkpgk ]uglmek. Ij sibuefk brupk aui ij fi jks akrlgs-

tms, tmjis `kok Lmurit`ni3 P`mjmdrgeg Krtgz3 N`tkr Omym, it`.

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y rigetirpritm piromeietioieti jks ni`nks fij pmsmfk tmjis `kok nme jjibmfk

m su `kek`gogietk y qui tkfk ijjk ist gopribemfk pkr mquijjm `ksokvgsge,`kestgtugfm pkr gfims3 `riie`gms3 prilug`gks3 risietgogietks3 utkpms, it`., ksim tkfk jk qui `kestgtuyi jm dmsi fij m`tumr rm`gkemj fi jks siris nuomeks.

Vmopk`k si puifi gbekrmr qui jks okvgogietks rivkju`gkemrgks, ie tk-fms jms pk`ms, nme getietmfk jibgtgomr sus mspgrm`gkeis fi pkfir oifgmetijm istrmtibgm fi riùrrgr mj pmsmfk ie fkefi istmrme sus auietis prgogbiegmsy rmze fi sir y fi tmj okfk jibgtgomr su pritiesge. Ms si getiet fisfijm Tivkju`ge Armeìsm, (riùrrgiefk m jm metgbum Tipdjg`m Tkomem) nmstm

ij Cnoir Tkubi fi @modkym, pmsmefk pkr jks rivkju`gkemrgks pirumeks fiPiefirk Juogeksk, jks Oketkeirks, it`. Ge`jusgvi jm prkpgm Tivkju`ge fiOmyk y jm @me`ge Xmtrgmfi Jpiz y Xjmeis gevk`mdme m jks ixtgebugfks Ge`ms.

Fisfi juibk, prkdmr jm `ketgeugfmf auirm ùjturmj, smebueim k fi ùmj-qugir tgpk ietri istks prisuetks meìstrks y jks rivkju`gkemrgks is tme am`tgdji`kok mflufg`mr m jks ibgp`gks `ketiopkreiks jm fisìefie`gm fi jks Amrmkeisk m jks brgibks m`tumjis, (pkr jks ùmjis ourg Dyrke), uem jgm`ge krgbgemfmie ij Pgbjk fi Krk fi jm Njmfi.

K sim, rm`gkemjoieti is gopksgdji prkdmr k virg`mr tmjis `ke`jusgkeis.Xirk ek si puifi fufmr qui m`tme pksgtgvmoieti fisfi ij puetk fi vgstmpkjtg`k, auisi ie omeks fi jks pkitms, jms ijgtis k, emjoieti, fi jms omsms.Pke grrm`gkemjgfmfis kpirmtgvms qugz pkrqui ie pkjtg`m (`kok ie jm vgfm`ktgfgmem), `kok dgie kdsirvmdm Xmritk, jks risgfuks ske ou`nks os auirtisqui jms firgvm`gkeis.

Is getirismeti fistm`mr qui, pri`gsmoieti, (tmj `kok nmdm kùrrgfk ue

sgbjk metis ùmefk Jpiz y Xjmeis mflufg`mdme m jks djme`ks ispmkjis fi Dui-eks Mgris jm msìefie`gm fi jks sikris fij @uz`k), jm jgm`ge ietri Wrgbkyiey Xire jm simj pkr viz prgoirm ue nkodri fi jitrms, euistrk ibrismfk ijFr. Omeuij Bjviz.=6

M pmrtgr fi ietkeìs, `ke suirti fgspmr, jm rijm`ge jgmj aui sudrmymfmu kjvgfmfm (ùmefk Wrgbkyie, `kok ie jm m`tumjgfmf, pms m sir pmtrgokegk

=6. P (4884, =90) mrom qui ij prgoir is`rgtk fi Bjviz, ie tmj sietgfk, is ue mrtùjk

pudjg`mfk ie mbkstk fi =766 ie ij fgmrgk mtjg`k Ij Xuidjk.

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4> | jm uegvirsgfmf fi duieks mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok

ix`jusgvk fi jks rmfg`mjis). Muequi aui ij jtgok Xire, qugie ri`kek`girm jm

jgm`ge, tmj `kok jk riùirfm Pidrijg (4880, =92->).Xirk niti mqu qui jks rivijmfkris fi jeims ngstrg`ms (oitm`giet`ms,

pirk kpirmtgvms), `kok jks simjmfks, ek si jgogtme m sudrmymr jm ixgstie`gmfi uem sgek fi fks jeims, ie uem ispi`gi fi luibk fgmj`tg`k nibijgmek quieiìsgtm gopris`gefgdjioieti fi uem mettisgs qui jibgtgoi jm tisgs. Ms em-`g jm fk`trgem fi jms fks jeims ngstrg`ms qui prkìfie fisfi =>=8 y, sibemjbueks, fi vmrgks sgbjks metis, is fi`gr, mrome tieir m`ìsk mj `kek`gogietkfi uem virfmf qui trms`giefi mj oirk ni`nk fi jm ixgstie`gm fij Istmfk mr-

bietgek y qui ge`jusk jk metiìfi, y qui priixgstgrm m pmrtgr fi ue okoietkgefitirogemfk ie ij pmsmfk (k qugz fisfi sgiopri).=9

W ni mqu ij sibuefk ijioietk qui si mbribm mj luibk nibijgmek< sirmefks auirzms qui ie`mreme ij iqugvmjieti ngstrg`k pkjtg`k fi jms vgilms tisgspirsms fumjgstms ixprismfms ie jks omegquiks, jks bestg`ks y ktrks brupkssgogjmris qui priixgstie ek skjk m euistrk pms sgek ge`jusgvi m jm prkpgm `g-vgjgzm`ge k ùjturm `giet`k tièkjbg`m.

Ie ktrms pmjmdrms, ek is pksgdji fgju`gfmr `giet`moieti ij tiom sgeriùrrgr m prisupuistks jks`ks k rijgbgksks jk ùmj jk `kevgirti ie mjbk tmegemsgdji `kok pktie`gmjoieti fijg`mfk pmrm jm `kevgvie`gm tkjirmeti fi jmssk`gifmfis.

Fi tkfks okfks, jm prisuetm ixgstie`gm fi jms fks jeims ngstrg`ms, ie-`mremfms dgemrgmoieti pkr fks ngstkrgms, fks pmetikeis, fks si`tms, it`. tuvk,m pismr fi tkfk ijjk, ue smjfk pksgtgvk, fisfi og pmriìr, y isk aui jk quipkfrmoks jjmomr jm `rim`ge fi ue fidmti fi mjtk vuijk getiji`tumj ie qui

jks jjmomfks Tivgsgkegstms tuvgirke ixprisgkeis `mjg`mfms, m jm mjturm fi suskpkeietis. @jmrk, qui, kpgek, isti fidmti aui prkpgk fi uem Mrbietgem ok-firem qui quif ie ij pmsmfk, `kok ij prkpgk fidmti ie s ogsok, pmrm sir

=9. Lks Omrm T (=726) y ktrks mutkris, ieùietrme jm ixgstie`gm fi uem jeim ngspeg`m mtjg`m

metirgkr m jm ixgstie`gm fi jm Tivkju`ge fi Omyk. Ijjm tiefrm ketgeumfkris ie jks suìsgvks

okoietks fi jm ngstkrgm pmtrgm. Xmrm ixtriomr ij iliopjk ij mutkr `gtmfk ieùietrm ie ij brupk

fi jks jjmomfks Dieiorgtks fij sgbjk ^QGG jm rmz fi jm `krrgieti ngstrg`m `rgkjjm, pkpujmr y

aifirmj qui ie`mremrme jks @mufgjjks ie ij sgbjk ^G^ (kd. `gt.G, =7>). Ie gbumj sietgfk @

(=76>).

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riopjmzmfk pkr jm sudrkbm`ge fi jm vgsge ngstkrg`gstm (qui `kopmrtme jks

fks dmefks), pkr uem sgopji gestmetmeigfmf ie qui jks brmefis rijmtks nmesgfk riopjmzmfks pkr piquiks ngstkrgms pmsmtgstms, mfiùmfms pmrm bmemrfgeirk m `kstm fi jm fi`mfie`gm ùjturmj (Krtgz, 48=4).=1

Jks suìsks fij 6 fi luegk fi =760. Emturmjizm.@mrm`tirstg`ms.

Xmrm mjbueks ue bkjpi, pmrm ktrks, uem Tivkju`ge, nky eg jks prkpgks pi-

rkegstms riùirfme ij ivietk `kok auefm`gkemj. ]u pms `ke jm Tivkju`geLuegmem; `kok jm jjmomdm Tkfrbuiz Jmoms (=7>0).

Fisfi juibk qui, pmrm uem ùjturm tme pibmfm m jms pmjmdrms `kok is jmeuistrm, (qugz uem fi jms nirie`gms fi jm jiebum omtirem), is ouy gopkrtmetismdir sg jks suìsks qui `koiezmrke ie luegk fi =760 auirke uem rivkju`ge kue bkjpi fi Istmfk, uistge qui eks pmriì tktmjoieti mrtg`gmj i gopksgdjifi `ketistmr kdlitgvmoieti tkfm viz qui jm prgoirm ie`girrm ie bieirmj uem`keektm`ge gfikjbg`moieti pksgtgvm, ie tmetk qui jm sibuefm ixprisge

oiriì ij ripufgk ueegoi y is sgeegok fi mvieturirgsok pkjtg`k y ogjgtmrfi eiamstms `kesiùie`gms.

Pg dgie is girtk qui eg jks tirg`ks fi jms rivkju`gkeis si pkeie fi mùir-fk ke ij sgbeg`mfk fij trogek ie umetk m sg gopjg`m k ek vgkjie`gm, sg istmfidi sir prkfu`tk fi ue mjzmogietk pkpujmr k siji`tgvm, tmj `kok skstiemejks memrqugstms rivkju`gkemrgks iopmrietmfks `ke jks egngjgstms. Vmopk`k qui-fm `jmrk sg ijjm si jgogtm mj fispjmzmogietk fi jks qui iste ie ij pkfir k sgpuifi mdmr`mr ktrms isairms fi efkji bieirmj (ms si nmdj fi jm Tivkju`ge

@ujturmj fi Omk k dgie fi jm rivkju`ge sixumj, it`.). Ek amjtme tmopk`k jksqui tkoefkji pkr pksgtgvk, ji fme vuijtm ij sgbeg`mfk ietiefgiefk qui jms

=1. @mdi ri`krfmr qui jm jeim ngstrg`m si `kopjitm `ke jm burm fi Tksms qui nmdmsgfk tmodge simjmfk pkr Bjviz kok priùrskr fi Wrgbkyie (P, 4884). Fiomeirm qui, pkr `mr`tir trmesgtgvk, quifmdm lmfm getiji`tumjoieti jm `ketgeugfmfietri Tksms - Wrgbkyie y Xire, (qui isti jtgok nmdm mìptmfk m emjis fi jks mkssisietm, `kok vgoks).

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virfmfirms ske mquijjms qui prkfuìe ue ritkrek k ristmurm`ge fi jms `ksms

m ue krfie metirgkr, it`. (Egsdit, =7>8).Qkjvgiefk m Luegk fij =760, mfios fij kjvgfk prifg`nk pkr pmrti fi jks

pirkegstms, tmodge ixgsti ue mùirfk bieirmjgzmfk, nky ie fm, ie qui jksbkjpis k rivkju`gkeis ie euistrk pms nme tiegfk ue `mr`tir `vg`k-ogjgtmr,os k oieks mìetumfk sibe jks `msks. Jk ùmj jjivm, m su viz, m jm gfim fiqui jks bkjpis (sg dgie arustrmfks) ske metirgkris m =708, ieuoirefksi, nm`gmmtrs ie ij tgiopk, m jks fi =789, =>70 y =>78, pmrm riairgreks skjk m jm irmokfirem, pmtrgokegk tkfks fi jks rmfg`mjis, m ixìp`ge fij jtgok prknglmfk

pkr sus metiìskris, jks @vg`ks.=2

Ie og kpgege, ij pirgkfk geg`gmfk ie luegk fij =760 ist `mrm`tirgzmfkpkr uem mutetg`m mtgpg`gfmf ie ùmetk m qui, ij Bkjpi, puis ms fidi jjm-orsijk, aui bistmfk y `ke`ritmfk ix`jusgvmoieti pkr ue brupk fi k`gmjissifg`gksks sge mpkyk `gvgj mjbuek. Xirk, tmodge piesmoks qui, `ke ij fiviegrfij tgiopk, ij @umrtijmzk aui kevgrtgefksi ie uem virfmfirm rivkju`ge. Jkùmj ek eks puifi skrpriefir puis dmstm `ke kdsirvmr su ivkju`ge ij ùmj eksjjivm m `ke`jugr qui ij prkìsk tuvk okfg`m`gkeis fi gopkrtme`gm fietrk fi

s ogsok, (virfmfirms itmpms qui grioks vgiefk), `kok pkr jks mrbuoietksfi `mr`tir tirg`k qui vgieie fi tme jilks `kok jk ske jks prkviegietis fijks metgbuks jskaks pkjtg`ks oifgivmjis qugieis nmdme mfvirtgfk skdri jmgopkrtme`gm fi fgstgebugr jks riboieis sibe ij ttujk(krgbie) y su ilir`g`gk(sibe su ivkju`ge pkstirgkr). Fk`trgem ouy mopjgm ie sus `kesiùie`gms yqui irm mpjg`mdji m jm fk`trgem fi jms Vgrmem (fi metgbum prksmpgm mrgstktjg`m).Fgstgebugiefk `ke lustm rmze ij okoietk fij m`ìsk mj pkfir, fij ilir`g`gkiai`tgvk fi isti, qui puifi fiviegr ie ktrm `ksm. Xkr isk `riioks qui ij ok-

vgogietk fi luegk fi =760 aui ue bkjpi purmoieti ogjgtmr ie su krgbie, quifivgek ie uem rivkju`gem pkstirgkrg.

Ij ogsok Xire mfogtg=>(mj gbumj qui su ispksm) qui ij pirkegsok nmdmem`gfk ie mquijjks fms fi luegk fi =760, fg`tmoie qui, ie bieirmj, ek is tk-omfk ie ùietm pkr jm omykrm fi sus sibugfkris qui sudrmyme jm gopkrtme`gm

=2. Pi pkfrm mopjgmr jm jgstm `ke jms getietkems rmfg`mjis m pmrtgr fi =70=.

=>. Oiesmli rmfgmj fij 9 fi lujgk fi =799 jjmomefk m jm pm`g`m`ge, fmefk pkr `ke`jugfm jm Ti-

vkju`ge.

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fi`gsgvm fij =2 fi K`tudri.=7@uistge qui ek is atgj sgek qui ie`girrm jm

brme ùistge skdri ij krgbie ogjgtmr k pkpujmr fij okvgogietk qui omrùe metis y ue fispus ie jm ngstkrgm fij sgbjk ^^.

Ij omr`k ouefgmj. Geffluie`gm skdri jks suìsksmrbietgeks. Itmpms fi jm Pibuefm Buirrm Ouefgmj

Jm ujtirgkr ùistge fi brme gopkrtme`gm pmrm ietiefir jk qui ji pmskm euistrk pms, is ij omr`k getirem`gkemj, sgbemfk pkr jm Pibuefm Buirrm

Ouefgmj.Jm Mrbietgem, pms pirgarg`k k ixètrg`k pkr metkekomsgm `ke rijm`ge

m jms brmefis `krrgietis fi nkodris i gfims, nm istmfk ie fks kpkrtuegfmfismj`mezmfm ie akrom prkauefm, pkr jks suìsks ouefgmjis. Jm prgoirm viz mjprkfu`grsi jm `rgsgs ispmkjm fi =>8> qui jjiv mj firruodi fi jm OkemrqumDkrdeg`m (y fks mks fispus mj `kogiezk fij prkìsk gefipiefietgstm ie ijQgrrigemtk fij Tk fi jm Xjmtm, y sgoujteimoieti qui ie ij ristk fij gopirgkispmkj). Jm Tivkju`ge fi Omyk y mks sgbugietis eue`m nudgirme sgfk tmj

`kok jks `kekìoks sg ek nudgirm kùrrgfk ie ij ìetrk fij sgstiom jk quinky smdioks. Fisfi juibk, tmrfi k tioprmek, jks pmsis moirg`meks nudgirme`koiezmfk ue prkìsk gefipiefietgstm, pirk isti nudgirm tiegfk ue sietgfky sgbeg`mfk `msg gegombgemdji.

Jm sibuefm viz qui ij fflugr fi jks suìsks ouefgmjis gopm`t nkefmoietiie euistrk pms aui m rmz fi jm GG Buirrm Ouefgmj. Pge ijjm, istgok, ij bkjpisi nudgirm prkfu`gfk, pirk jks diei`gmrgks nmdrme sgfk, prkdmdjioieti jksrmfg`mjis,48qugz ij pirkegsok ek nudgirm ixgstgfk y su jubmr kùpmfk pkr

auirzms fi jk qui pkfrmoks jjmomr uem sk`gmj fiok`rm`gm mtiopirmfm.

Xkr ktrm pmrti, jm buirrm ouefgmj ek tuvk ue fiviegr uegakroi y privg-sgdji mj prge`gpgk. Pg supirmoks jm auirzm qui skdri eksktrks ilirì jm ji`turmfi jm ngstkrgm f`mfms fispus, pkfioks `ke`jugr kdlitgvmoieti qui pmrm

=7. Jk ùmj mdri ij fidmti, m su viz, mue ek ìrrmfk, skdri jm beisgs fi jks suìsks fi mquij fm.

48. ]ui `kok ripgtie tkfks jks jgdrks fi ngstkrgm, ji nmdme kari`gfk mj Bieirmj Xmdjk Tmoriz

(Ogegstrk fi Buirrm fi @mstgjjk) jm mefgfmturm.

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prge`gpgks fi =76=, ij pkrviegr irm ge`girtk y nmstm mjbueks pkfme supkeir

qui Mjiomegm ek gdm m jjivmr jm pikr pmrti, ek amjtmefk qugieis piesmrme ieue euivk krfie fgstrgdugfk ietri Istmfks Yegfks, Mjiomegm y Lmpe, `kokqugie fgrm uem ispi`gi fi pmrgfmf k dmjmeì fi pkfir.4=

Xkr isk ek si ietgiefi jm vgsge fij BKY prk`jgvi m ue eiutrmjgsok y/kbiromegsok ie =760 ùmefk ùmjqugir kdsirvmfkr pkfm `kjibgr qui, mk osk mk oieks, jm suirti istmdm i`nmfm pmrm ij Ili. Xirk jk ùrgksk is qui aui jmogsom qui skstuvk Xire, os geixpjg`mdjioieti me, ie ij jidri fgsùrskgemuburmefk jm Isùijm fi Fiaiesm Em`gkemj, ie lujgk fi =766!44

Fisfi juibk fi nmdirsi ùopjgfk jm prkai`m fi Durnmo, Mrbietgem nu-dgirm pmsmfk m sir ue pms mjgeimfk `ke jm Iurkpm biroeg`m, `kok metis jknmdm sgfk `ke jm fi Gebjmtirrm y su Ietieti @krfgmji.

@g`jks fi jm Tivkju`ge fi luegk fi =760

Jk ke`ritk aui qui m oifgfm qui ij Ili ritrkìfm, jk ogsok kùrrm keij bkdgirek ogjgtmr, jk ùmj ie`mefgj m jm fgrgbie`gm trmfg`gkemj qui supuskqui `mfk Dirje, mqu kùrrgrm mjbk pmri`gfk `ke ij em`gieti pirkegsok yqui m jks bkjpgstms fi =760 nmdm qui trmtmrjks `kok m jks emzgs jks trmtmrmeie Eriodirb. Istk ek skjk ixmìrd ij iearietmogietk, sgek qui mfioskdjgb m istri`nmr jms m jks bkjpgstms y am`gjgtmr m Xire su trgueak, pkr ktrkjmfk geùistgkemdji, fi =761.

Xkr jk tmetk, jm Tivkju`ge fij 60 tuvk, mj oieks tris itmpms. Jm prg-oirm fisfi luegk m siptgiodri, omr`mfm pkr jks vmgvieis y jm gefi`gsge. Jmsibuefm fisfi mquij ois fi =760 nmstm m ieirk fi =766 y, jm pkstrirm fisfiietkeìs, nmstm k`tudri fi =769, ùmefk si ietrmrm ie su jgqugfm`ge k ip-jkbk, metismjm fij trgueak pirkegstm fij 46 fi aidrirk. Pge fufm jm sibuefmaui jm os tpg`m, prkpgm y eue`m ripitgfm `kok kpkrtuegfmf pmrm `rimr uemripdjg`m ogjgtmr sustietmfm ie jm getirpritm`ge `kestmetgegmemfi jm rijgbge

4=. ]ui aui jm tisgs fi Lmois Durnmo ie =76= (D, =712).

44. Isti fgsùrsk, virfmfirm pgizm fk`trgemrgm i getiji`tumj, si puifi jiir ie ij Mpefgì fij V. ^G

fi jm Ngstkrgm Mrbietgem fi Lks Omrm T (=7>8).

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@mtjg`m. Qmji fi`gr jm iri``ge fi uem Tipdjg`m @mtjg`m ùyk okfijk os

qui ij ams`gsok fi Ousskjgeg irme jks riboieis ie dkbm fi Arme`k y Pmjmzmr.

Jm Yegvirsgfmf ie jks tgiopks fi jm @ke`krfme`gm

Jks mks 08 nme sgfk, ie bieirmj, `kefiemfks `ke bruisks iptitks, ijos `kek`gfk is ij fi F`mfm Geamoi, ixprisge qui os mfijmeti si fgs-putmrme, ie ij jxg`k gfikjbg`k, ktrms f`mfms. Os sumvioieti si nmdjm fijm ristmurm`ge `kesirvmfkrm k jks tgiopks fi jks `kesirvmfkris. Ktrks sge

`mjg`mrjm fistm`me jks m`girtks i`keog`ks, qui pirogtgirke supirmr jm Brme@rgsgs fi =747, fgairie`gefkjm fi jks irrkris pkjtg`ks riairietis mj armufi,vktk `metmfk, prks`rgp`gkeis, `keemogietks y ktrms akroms fi durjmr jm fi-ekogemfm Jiy Piez Xim, m jm ùmj ek si megomrke m firkbmr.

Ie rimjgfmf, bkdire uem mjgmezm fi tris pmrtgfks prge`gpmjis qui prkvi-eme fij ispi`trk fi jms firi`nms `kok si fi`m ietkeìs, mj gbumj qui ieIspmm, (sge m`jmrmrsi eue`m ij pkr qu fij pjurmj).

Ge`jusgvi, sg memjgzmoks jks prisgfietis qui si suìfgirke, m pmrtgr fi=704, tieioks qui jks fks prgoirks prkvgegirke fij rmfg`mjgsok (nmdme sgfkogegstrks fi Mjvimr) y ij tirìrk, ij Fr. Tmoe P. @mstgjjk (`kesirvmfkr), jjibmie vgrtuf fi jm ieairoifmf y ouirti juibk fi su metiìskr, Tkdirtk O. Krtgz.Jks ogegstirgks istmdme os k oieks ripmrtgfks ietri jms tris auirzms qui irmejms ogsoms qui nmdme mpkymfk ij fiekogemfk Arieti eg`k fij mk =74>y qui iearietmrm, vmemoieti, mj rmfg`mjgsok pirskemjgstm fi Wrgbkyie. K simqui jm @ke`krfme`gm istuvk getibrmfm pkr ij rmfg`mjgsok Metgpirskemjgstm,jks sk`gmjgstms gefipiefgietis y jks `kesirvmfkris (qui tuvgirke jm amtmjgfmf

fi `mrbmr `ke ij pmsgvk ie akrom tktmj).

Jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris, (fkefi jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk tuvkuem geffluie`gm eue`m riùpirmfm ie tgiopks os k oieks fiok`rtg`ks),irm `kefu`gfm pr`tg`moieti pkr jks ogsoks nkodris qui bkdiremdme ijpms.40@mdi ri`krfmr, uem viz os, jm mìrtmfm riairie`gm fi Gomz (=716),

40. Jks Fi`meks fi jm AF@P ie jks mks 08 auirke @jkfkogrk \mvmjm (=70=-=701), Mbuste Omtgiezk

(=701-=768) y Fgoms Bkezjiz Bkwjmef (=768-=760). (Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk. YDM, ==1-==2).

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qui sgiopri `gtmoks, ie ùmetk m qui su Pmjm fi Xrkaiskris (pkr ietkeìs ie

jm Mv. Jms Nirms), irm uem ispi`gi fi geviremfirk fi Ogegstrks y aue`gkemrgksixpi`tmdjis. Jm prisie`gm riakrogstm, pristgbgmfm pkr brmefis burms prkvi-egietis fij sk`gmjgsok, fij rmfg`mjgsok y, ie oiekr oifgfm, fij `kouegsok,qui skjm tieir ie jks ìetrks fi istufgmetis su prge`gpmj auirzm fi `nkqui,fidm `keakromrsi `ke ilirìr uem kpksg`ge drgjjmeti pirk gearu`tuksm. Qge-fksi, ge`jusgvi, ipgskfgks fi getkjirme`gm kok ij fi =706 umefk ij @kesilkFgri`tgvk sipmr mj prkaiskr Lks Xi`k pkr `kesgfirmrjk mbieti skvgtg`k.46

Jm eg`m `kge`gfie`gm em`g m pmrtgr fi jm Buirrm ùmefk jm omykrm prk-

aiskrmj y jks ìetrks si mjgeimrke `ke jms fiok`rm`gms, `kevirbie`gm m jm ùmjmfnirgrm ij si`tkr riakrogstm `kouegstm ùmefk ie lujgk fi =76= jm YTPP auimtm`mfm pkr Mjiomegm. Istm uegfmf, metirgkr, pkr iefi, mj Bkjpi fi =760, pri-ixgstg pirk si mìetu ektmdjioieti `ke jm mpmrg`ge fi jks uegakromfks qui,pkr ktrm pmrti, emfm nm`me pmrm kùjtmr sus sgopmtms nm`gm ij eiutrmjgsokk nm`gm ij Ili. Qmji fi`gr, ie jm YDM y ie pmrtgùjmr ie jm AF@P, prkaiskris,istufgmetis y brmfumfks, ie brme omykrm istmdme `ke jks Mjgmfks. Jk ùmj ix-pjg`m qui ie siptgiodri fi =769, jm Omr`nm fi jm @kestgtu`ge y jm Jgdirtmf,

qui ym virioks, istuvgirm ie`mdizmfm pkr jks sk`gks fi jm @ke`krfme`gm y suskpksgtkris getireks, ogietrms qui jm AYDM okvgjgzmdm sus nuistis ie`kjuo-eefksi omsgvmoieti. Jm sgopjg`m`ge ams`gsok-metgams`gsok, `mj`mfm fijokjfi iurkpik, ek pir`gdg jks omtgìs eg ij `modgk qui si istmdm bistmefkfisfi jm Mrbietgem gevgsgdji.49

Is ouy sgbeg`mtgvk qui jks fks brmefis Ti`tkris fi jm YDM auirke ijFr. Qgìeti Bmjjk (=704-=76=) y ij Fr. @mrjks Pmmvifrm Jmoms (=76=-=760).Modks ibrismfks fi jm AF@P, auirke burms prkogeietis fi jm @ke`krfme-

`gm. Bmjjk nmdm m`kopmmfk m Jikpkjfk Oijk (`kespgùk fij k`gmjgsok fijks mks 08) ie jm akroujm fi jm Y@T Metgpirskemjgstm qui, `kok vgoks, aui

46. P (=726, >7, 47)3 N F (=714, =91). Ie k`tudri fi =760, Xi`k

sirm uek fi jks rometis fi jm `kek`gfm ektm qui riairgrioks os mfijmeti (Q. e. 47). Ti`ge

vkjvirm m jm AF@P fispus fi siptgiodri fi =799.

49. Xkr ietkeìs irme tris jks @ietrks fi Istufgmetis qui, fi mjbuem omeirm, riprisietmdme mj

istufgmetmfk fi jm AF@P (udg`mfks auirm fi su sifi fisfi jm ixpujsge fi =70=) tmj `kok jk

riiri Mjilmefrm Boiz (=771, 91). Ie ij @kesilk tieme riprisietm`ge sibe ij Istmtutk fi

=704 qui jis mflufg`mdm, pkr viz prgoirm, riprisietm`ge fgri`tm (Krtgz, 4886).

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firrktmfm pkr Wrgbkyie ie =74>. Ie umetk m Pmmvifrm Jmoms, dmstm ri`krfmr

qui aui Ogegstrk fi Tijm`gkeis Ixtirgkris fi Mbuste X. Lustk furmeti jk os`rgtg`mdji fi jm F`mfm. M tkek `ke jks ri`tkris ekodrmfks, jms mutkrgfmfisfi jm AF@P pirtiei`me mj ogsok brupk `mrm`tirgzmfk pkr ue metgyrgbkyi-egsok omr`mfk y ij ri`nmzk m jm Tiakrom Yegvirsgtmrgm k dgie, su ritgìetimìptm`ge.

Ie istm pk`m, `mdi m`ktmr, `koiez jm fiekfmfm ju`nm fij prkaiskr Fr.Lkrbi Ifumrfk @kjj pmrm irgbgr ue euivk ifg`gk jgfgmefk, ie prgoir jubmr,`ke sus prkpgks `kjibms, qui priairme Jms Nirms, `ketrm jm durk`rm`gm budir-

emoietmj y emjoieti ketrm pmrjmoietmrgks riogsks m qugieis kevie`g ieuem sisge fi omfrubmfm.41Ie =707 `koiez m irgbgrsi ij ametstg`k ifg`gkm`tumj qui, mj fi`gr fi Nmjpirge Fkebng, (=714, =16), aui tkomfk `kokokfijk pkr jm mrqugti`turm pirkegstm qui prketk jjibmrm.42Jm pmrmfklm quitkfk ijjk aui prkfu`tk fi jms bistgkeis fi @kjj ìsmetimfk pkr ij pirkegsoki gopksgdgjgtmfk pkr iefi pmrm msgstgr m jm gemuburm`ge, fgiz mks fispus.

Jm ktrm pmrmfklm aui, `kok fi`moks, qui jm Tivkju`ge fij =760 jkbrpkeir fij ogsok jmfk m `kesirvmfkris y `kouegstms, riakrogstms y metgri-

akrogstms qui, kjvgfmefk vgilks iearietmogietks, istri`nmrke jms, `kok jknmrme =799 pmrm vkjvir.

Ij Bkdgirek fi Am`tk y jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris.Jms tris getirvie`gkeis

Fiegtgvmoieti, jm rijm`ge ietri jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris y fi jmAmùjtmf fi Firi`nk4>`ke ij bkdgirek fi am`tk auirke ouy `kefflg`tgvms. Mue-

41. N (4882) rijmtm fitmjjmfmoieti jks pirsivirmetis y tgteg`ks isauirzks fi @kjj, su

vgbgjme`gm fi jm kdrm y nmstm ij fgsik fi `girtks ouidjis, qui mue nky ixgstie.

42. Nmjpirge Fkebng si mjgeim `ke jks pk`ks `rtg`ks fij istgjk fi jm m`tumj AF@P, `mrm`tirgzmfk

pkr su vm`m ijkùie`gm eik`jsg`m, sibe fgì.

4>. Fisfi ij bkjpi fi =760 nmstm lujgk fij mk sgbugieti si suìfgirke fgiz fijibmfks getirvie-

tkris (Mjarifk fi Jmdkubji3 Lks Kfirgbk3 Mtgjgk fij Krk Omgeg3 Lks Kfirgbk euivmoieti3

N`tkr Piez y ]uismfm3 Jkriezk Dutijir3 Eg`kjs Omtgiezk3 Nubk Mjsgem3 Aifirg`k Dkirk

y Ifumrfk Rgjjgmos. Ti`ge ie omyk fi =769 (m rmz fij jivmetmogietk fi jm getirvie`ge y

jm iji``ge fi mutkrgfmfis istmtutmrgms) auirke ijibgfks fi`meks (Nkrm`gk Tgvmrkjm y Tmoe

Krtgz[48=0.geff 09 40/=8/=0 =8


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qui ek fisfi ue prgoir okoietk ie qui pmri`m qui jks rgvmjis si istufgmdme

k nm`me etms. Os mue, ie jks prgoirks oisis, uem ixtrmm kevgvie`gm ngzk`riir m jks oieks mvgsmfks ie qui si pkfrm `kixgstgr sge omykris `ketrmtgio-pks. @rmsk irrkr.

Ij prgoir sgbek mjmrometi kùrrg ùmefk, ie k`tudri fi =760, uem fiji-bm`ge fi prkaiskris uegvirsgtmrgks, ie`mdizmfks pkr ij auturk Xriogk Ekdij,Fr. Diremrfk Nkussmy, si ietrivgst `ke ij prisgfieti Tmoriz qugie jks ri`g-dg y pmri`g mjietmr jm pksturm fiok`rtg`m y mjgmfjm fi jks uegvirsgtmrgks.Istks, `ke ue brme `mefkr, `riyefksi rispmjfmfks pkr mquj pudjg`mrke ue

Omegistk fkefi pifme ij ristmdji`gogietk fiok`rtg`k ke pjiem vgbie`gmfi jm @kestgtu`ge Em`gkemj y ij ùopjgogietk fi jm skjgfmrgfmf getirmoi-rg`mem.47Jm rispuistm drutmj aui jm ìsmetm fi jks rometis. Isti aui ij mvgskfi jk qui viefrm.

Mjsgem, suìsgvmoieti). Ie omyk fi =769 m rmz fi jm euivm getirvie`ge rimpmriì jm burm

fij Fijibmfk Getirvietkr (Lks Mrgms, Mbuste Ekris Omrteiz y @mrjks Jms`mek). Wm ie

vgbie`gm jm jiy =0.8=0, si prkìfg m ijibgr euivms mutkrgfmfis keakroi m sus ekroms sgiefk

fisgbemfk @mrjks Jms`mek (=76>-=794) qugie is suìfgfk pkr Lume M. Qgjjkjfk kok Fijibmfk

Getirvietkr furmeti fks oisis. Agemjoieti, ie mbkstk fi =794, surbi ij jtgok Fi`mek fi

jm pk`m pirkegstm, Lks Aireefiz Okriek, qugie istmrm nmstm jks suìsks fi siptgiodri fi

=799. (Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk. YDM, 4887, ==1/=2).

47. Ij tixtk kopjitk puifi jiirsi ie nttp


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| 02

Jms ìsmetms istuvgirme priìfgfms pkr ue `koueg`mfk fij bkdgirek fi

am`tk (ie ij ùmj si mutktgtujmdm rivkju`gkemrgk) fkefi si jks tgjfmdm m jksrometis fi pkjtg`ks `mfu`ks y sge ispirmezms, m ktrks (iopmrietmfks `ke jmgzqugirfm) si jks jjmomdm ijioietks metgsk`gmjis, it`., tmodge si nmdjmdm fijkrgbie ixtrmelirk fi mjbe rometi, y ie fiegtgvm, si ri`nmzmdm ùmjqugirritkrek m jm vgbie`gm `kestgtu`gkemj (Omebkei y Rmrjiy, =7>6).

Jks rometis auirke< Tg`mrfk @. Mjfmk3 Arme`gs`k Myirzm3 Tmoe Mrmem3 Tg`mrfk Mrkz3 Lks

E. Metijk3 Lujgk X. Mrmoduru3 Jkriezk Momym, ebij Mùm3 Qgìeti Fmegij Mjms`gk3 Tkfkjak

Mj`krtm3 Lks Mbugrri @omrm3 Lume Omrte Mjjiefi3 Mfkjak Dgky3 Ifumrfk Dujjrg`n3 Omrgk

Drmvk3 Nkrm`gk Di``mr Qmrijm3 Xmdjk Dmrfge3 Pmouij Dks`n (nglk)3 Lkrbi Dujjrg`n3 Mfrge L.

Diebkjim3 ebij B. Dkrjiebng3 Lks Dielmoe Dmrrks3 Eg`kjs Disgk Okriek3 Lujgk L. Dusm-

eg`ni3 Iergqui A. Dmrrks3 Lks Mdijmrfk Drusm3 Tmamij Mubustk Dujjrg`n3 Ifumrfk Direms`keg

@rmoir3 Ogbuij Mjarifk Dieifgt3 Lks Omrm @metgjk3 Omrgmek T. @mstix3 Mjilmefrk @idmjjks3

Diegtk L. @mrrms`k3 Lume Lks @mstrk3 Xmdjk @mjmtmyuf3 Lks Omrm @ujjie3 Aijgpi @mrrmezm3

Tmamij M. @rispk3 Jugs @. @mbbgmek3 Arme`gs`k @idmjjks3 Mbuste @migrk3 Lume Lks Fmz Mrmem3

Mtjetg`k Fgmefm3 @upirtgek fij @mopk3 Nkrm`gk Fmogmekvg`n3 @mrjks FuXket3 Diremrfk

Fijko3 Lks O. Fi`mvg3 Ireistk Fmuoms3 Tkfkjak M. Fgitrg`n3 Tkdirtk Fijjipgmei Tmwske3

Lume fi Omttg3 Pmjvmfkr FijjMbugjm3 @mogjk Fmrtnis3 Diremrfk Ispgj3 Omeuij O. Ijg`mdi3 Jugs

Agkri3 Ireistk Adribm3 Iziqugij Aigbge3 Tkfkjak Agtti3 Pmetgmbk @. Amssg3 Morg`k Bngkjfg3

Lksu Bkjjme (nglk)3 Mjarifk Bkezjiz Bmrmk3 N`tkr Bkezjiz Grmomge3 Tkdirtk A. Bgustg3

Omrgmek M. Buirrirk3 Mjdirtk Bir`nuekaa3 Bugjjirok Bmrdmrgeg Gsjms3 Lks Pmetks Bkjjme,

Vrgste I. Buivmrm3 Q`tkr Fmegij Bkytgm3 Aifirg`k R. Befmrm3 Iergqui Bgj, D. Bkezjiz

Mrrgjjg3 Diremrfk M. Nkussmy3 Ifumrfk L. Nijbuirm3 Mvijgek Nirrirm3 Iergqui Nirogtti3

Lume Jugs Nkur`mfi3 Lks A. Nirrirm3 Mrturk Gjjgm3 Xifrk Ge`nmuspi3 Lks Gturrmt3 Vkoms M. Ji

Drite3 Mfkjak Jmes3 Lume V. Jiwgs3 Xifrk M. Jm`mu3 Ireistk Ogbemquy3 Iergqui O. Oks`m3

Ju`gmek A. Okjgems3 Metkegk Oifgem Mjjiefi, Mremjfk Omsskei3 Tmj Okesibur3 Jugs Q.

Ogbekei3 Tkfkjak Okjtifk3 Luviemj Om`nmfk Fkeìj3 Xmdjk Okriek3 @mogjk L. Ouegmbu-

rrgm3 Lkmque Omeudies @mjvit3 Iergqui Omrteiz Xmz (nglk)3 Mfkjak Ogtri3 Lume Metkegk3

Omfmrgmbm3 Nkrm`gk Okymek Emvmrrk3 Lujgk M. Ekdji3 Lkrbi M. Eiz3 Lujgk Ek3 Metkegk

Emvmrrk3 Ogbuij \. K Amrrijj3 Mjarifk Krbmz3 Ks`mr Krms3 Lkrbi Krbmz3 Mjdirtk L. Xmz3 Die-

lmoe Xmjm`gk3 Bustmvk Xuiyrrife3 Lks Xi`k3 Arme`gs`k Xriz Jigrs3 @krtis Xgm3 @mrjks M.

Xgtm, Lume @mrjks Xmjm`gks3 Lujgk I. Xmyr3 @mroijk X. Xgifrmduiem3 Fkogebk Xmbmeg3 Eg`kjs

Tipittk3 Omeuij Tkfrbuiz Mrmym3 Eg`kjs Tkomek3 Jugs Tigssgb3 Fgibk Tgdms3 Lmgoi Tk`m3

Mubustk Tkfrbuiz Jmrritm3 Buoirsgefk Pmymbk3 Lm`kdk Pmsjmvscy3 Ifouefk Pmget Tmamij3

M. Pibu, Qgìeti Pkjmek Jgom3 Fmvgf Ptmairg3 Tg`mrfk Piez Nmyis3 Lume Metkegk Pkjmrg3

Jugs Pkjir3 Vkos L. P`mbjgm3 Mjarifk Pmudgfit Dgjdmk3 Dmutgstm Pmget Lime3 Ifumrfk Vigssmgri3

Nkrm`gk T. Vnify3 Lks Q. Viskrgirg3 Qg`tkrgmek Qgjjmogj3 Medmj Qgjjmr3 Lume P. Qmjombbgm3

Metkegk Qmquir3 Gsgfkrk \mjmzmr Xrgebjis y Lujgk \idmjjks.

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0> | jm uegvirsgfmf fi duieks mgris ie jks tgiopks fij pirkegsok

Fi geoifgmtk, ij Ogegstrk Omrteiz \uvgrm krfiemrm ij ùopjgogietk

fi jms ìsmetms.Mjbueks si eibmrke m mpjg`mrjms, `kok Mjarifk Xmjm`gks ie jm Yegvirsgfmf

fi Jm Xjmtm, y ktrks ji fgirke jmrbms mj msuetk. Jmdkubji (qui `kok Qgìrri`tkrnmdm riopjmzmfk m Pmmvifrm Jmoms) pgfg jgìe`gm pkr `musm fi ieairoifmf.08

Meti ijjk, si prkfulk jm getirvie`ge @msmris m jm ùmj oi riairgr osmdmlk.

Ie iai`tk, jk qui nmdm kùrrgfk, m pmrtgr fi ois fi k`tudri is qui, nm-

dgiefk sgfk `kpmfk ym ij rbgoie pkr jks mfg`tks m uem ripdjg`m ogjgtmr y`keaisgkemj,0=si jmez sti m m`ìfir prgoirk jm Yegvirsgfmf fij Jgtkrmj, juibkjm fi Jm Xjmtm, `ke getirvietkris ijis m `riie`gms mutkrgtmrgms, fi tkjirme`gmìrk. Agemjoieti ji jjibmrm ij turek m jm YDM y, pkr iefi, m jm Amùjtmf fiFiri`nk, istmoks ie k`tudri fi =760. Mj arieti fi mqujjm aui puistm ij Fr.Vkos @msmris y fi jm AF@P ij Fr. Mtgjgk fij Krk Omgeg, fgstgebugfks ripri-sietmetis fij piesmogietk @mtjg`k.

Istm getirvie`ge pirfur nmstm jm `mfm fij brupk ujtrmoketmek, mj mk

sgbugieti (aidrirk fi =766),04

jk umj ek gopgfg m qui jms `jmsis prksgbugirmeie akrom ekromj, m pismr fi jm risgstie`gm kpuistm pkr ij @ietrk fi Istu-fgmetis, `ke dieipj`gtk t`gtk fi prkaiskris, mue fi mqujjks mjilmfks m jmspksg`gkeis riakrogstms. @kok nioks vgstk, istk si fidg m jm ixgstie`gm fi ueieiogbk `koe y mj furk bkjpi qui nmdme sgbeg`mfk jms ìsmetms.

08. Xmrm N F, (=714, =11) ji fgk vgstm m jks Fi`meks pmrm qui jm ùo-pjgirme, m rmz fi jk ùmj ij Fi`mek fi Oifg`gem ìsmeti m Nkussmy.

0=. Jks os `kek`gfks fi jks riairietis em`gkemjgstms `mtjg`ks auirke Omrteiz \uvgrm, Bietm,

Kjoifk, @msmris, it`. Jm jgstm `kopjitm fi jks getibrmetis fi istks ùmfrks si puifi jiir ie

X J (4882, =88 y ss.).

04. N F (=714,=20) jk fiekogem pmretisgs mjbk brktis`k.

Krtgz[48=0.geff 0> 40/=8/=0 =8


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| 07

Virogemfk ij jmpsk fi jks ujtrms,00y ym dmlk jm prisgfie`gm fi Amrrijj, pkr

iefi, fi jm `ri`gieti geffluie`gm fi Xire,06

ij bkdgirek jivmet jm getirvie`ge(aidrirk fi =769), `kevk`mefk m iji``gkeis pmrm ijibgr Ti`tkr y fi`meks. Fiistm `kopujsm surbg jm vg`tkrgm fi jm mjgmezm fiok`rtg`m qui jjiv mj Fr.Nkrm`gk Tgvmrkjm mj ri`tkrmfk (qugie trguea skdri Nkussmy),09Yem euivm

00. Jms oifgfms os gopkrtmetis m egvij em`gkemj tkomfms ie ij jmpsk fi vgbie`gm fij brupk ujtrm-

`mtjg`k auirke jm gopjmetm`ge fi jm iesimezm rijgbgksm ie jms isùijms prgomrgms em`gkemjis

(qui ie`ketrmdm ue metiìfieti ie vmrgms prkvge`gms, ietri ijjms, jm fi Omeuij Aris`k ie Duieks

Mgris). @kok, msgogsok, jm fgskju`ge fi jks pmrtgfks pkjtg`ks, jm rim`ge fi jm Pudsi`ritmrgm

fi Xriesm y Fgausge y jm fgskju`ge `jmusurm y `kes`m`ge fi dgieis fi msk`gm`gkeis Xrk

Mjgmfms, 64 ie tktmj, `kok simjm X J (4882, ==8).

06. Pibe N F (=714, 429), Xire ietr ie `ketm`tk `ke ij ix Ti`tkr, Fr. Lks

Mrì qugie ji gefg` ùj irm jm oilkr pkjtg`m `ke rijm`ge m jm YDM. Jk ùmj `keromrm jm

`keixge ietri modks qui J (=729) simjm `kok efgì fi jm duiem rijm`ge fi mquj `ke

jks si`tkris kesirvmfkris fi jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris.

09. Ti`tkris fij pirkfk< ie :nttp-89-=766 (Getirvietkr).

Fr. @mrjks Kdjgbmfk< =7-89-=766 m 0=-8>-=766 (getirvietkr).

Fr. Eg`kjs Omtgiezk< =-87-=766 m 08-=8-=766 (Pi`ritmrgk Bieirmj m `mrbk).

Fr. @mrjks Rmjfkrp< 08-=8-=766 m =1-84-=769 (getirvietkr).

Fr. Metkegk Dietiz< =2-84-=769 m =6-80-=769 (@kogsgkemfk Em`gkemj).

Fr. Pmjvmfkr Krm< =9-80-=769 m 41-86-=769 (Qgìrri`tkr m `mrbk).

Fr. Nkrm`gk Tgvmrkjm< 42-86-=769 m 4-89-=761 (Ti`tkr).

Fr. Eg`kjs Omtgiezk< 4-89-=761 m 4-89-=761 (Pi`ritmrgk Bieirmj m mrbk).

Fr. Ks`mr Gvmegssivg`n< 6-89-=761 m 9-81-=767 (Getirvietkr).

Fr. Airemefk Dustks< 1-8>-=761 m 4-87-=761 (Qgìrri`tkr Getirvietkr).

Fr. Mbuste Ekris Omrteiz< 0-87-=761 m 48-87-=761 (pkr fijibm`ge fij getirvietkr).

Fr. Airemefk Dustks< 4=-87-=761 s 46-8=-=762 (Qgìrri`tkr Getirvietkr).

Geb. Mbr. @mrjks Ioiry< 0-84-=762 m =7-8>-=762 (Qgìrri`tkr getirvietkr).

Krtgz[48=0.geff 07 40/=8/=0 =8


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itmpm fi akrzmfm `kevgvie`gm, omtgzmfm `ke tkoms fi istmdji`gogietks, sus-

piesge fi ixoieis, m`tks ìjidrmtkrgks (`kok ij fi jm ietrmfm fi jks Mjgmfksie Xmrs), it`., ng`girke fi ijjm ue ngtk qui, furmeti f`mfms, jks oiokrgksksivk`mdme `ke tme brmefi ekstmjbgm qui jks jjivmdm m iqugpmrmr ij m``gkemruegvirsgtmrgk emfm oieks qui `ke jm Tisgstie`gm ie Arme`gm.

Mjbk pk`k `kek`gfk, ie bieirmj, is qui Xire, qui ym pkr ietkeìs irmfuik fij pkfir, fgrgbg ue fgsùrsk rmfgmj m jks istufgmetis getietmefkbmemrsi su duiem vkjuetmf.01Jiyefkjk nky pmri`girm pjmbmfk fi duiemsgetie`gkeis qui, fi nmdirsi ms getirpritmfk, nudgirme mjjmemfk geegfmf fi

fgùjtmfis auturms. Iopirk, ek irm jm nkrm fij fgmjkbk y jm rispuistm ks`gjietri jm furizm y ij smr`msok.02

Xmrm siptgiodri fi =769, trms jm mfm fi Mjiomegm y jm riefg`ge fij Lm-pe, jks uegvirsgtmrgks riskjvgirke mpkymr y `kkrfgemr jm fiekogemfm Omr`nmfi jm @kestgtu`ge y fi jm Jgdirtmf, uyk bgbmetgsok kevie`g m jks pmrtgfkspkjtg`ks qui istmdme ie jk `girtk, ie ùmetk m virsi `kok jm ixprisge eg`mfij puidjk. Ie ijjm, fisfi juibk, jm prisie`gm fi jks istufgmetis fi jm AF@P,luetk m ktrks ogjis, ji fgk rgtok y `kjkr.

Irm ij okoietk gefg`mfk pmrm iopulmr m jks ogjgtmris ie ritgrmfm, ietrme-fk ie `ketm`tk `ke si`tkris jgdirmjis fij ilr`gtk, fgspuistks m jgdrmrsi fi sus

Mrq. Lujgk Ktmkjm< 48-8>-=762 m 9-81-=767 (Qgìrri`tkr getirvietkr).

Mrq. Lujgk Ktmkjm< 1-81-=767 m =4-81-=794.

Fr. @mrjks Dme`mjmrg< =0-81-=794 m =1-=8-=790.

Fr. Lks Aireefiz Okriek< =2-=8-=790 m 0-==-=790 (Qgìrri`tkr m `mrbk).

Fr. Lkrbi Vmgmem< 6-==-=790 m 0-81-=799.

Fr. Ireistk @rmoir< 6-81-=799 m 0=-82-=799.

Fr. Ireistk @nkjvgs< =-8>-=799 m 41-87-=799.

Luetm fi Bkdgirek Xrkvgskrgm (AYDM)< 42-87-=799 m 08-87-=799.

01. 4> fi mbkstk fi =769.

02. Ij fgsùrsk aui jifk pkr rmfgk. Xmrti fi su trmes`rgp`ge istmrm ie ij `jsg`k fi J (=729,

=2= y ss.) qui geixpjg`mdjioieti ek `gtm jm auieti. Pgogjmr, muequi sgetitgzme mj metirgkr,

kùrri `ke @ P (=71>). Fisfi juibk, fisfi sus vgsgkeis, ij fgsùrsk istmdm

fifg`mfk mj arm`msk. Ek kdstmeti, jks mutkris ri`kekìe qui Xire getiet uem ispi`gi fi

oim ùjpm pkr jk kùrrgfk metirgkroieti ietri su bkdgirek y ij si`tkr uegvirsgtmrgk. Juem,

jk mjg`m fi pmjgekfgm.

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| 6=

kpkeietis y mrribjmr `ke jks pmrtgfks.0>Meti ijjk, ij bkdgirek rispkefg rko-

pgiefk jm tribum y krfiemefk jm fitie`ge fi tkfks jks ri`tkris uegvirsgtmrgks,`myiefk ie jm rifmfm ij prkpgk Ti`tkr fi jm YDM, Fr. Nkrm`gk Tgvmrkjm07metijk ùmj, ij @kesilk Pupirgkr fi jm YDM, riskjvg suspiefir jms m`tgvgfmfis jkqui aui `ketistmfk fi geoifgmtk, pkr ij Ogegstrk Dietiz `ke jm getgom`gepmrm jm rimpirturm, jk ùmj is fiskfm.68

Jks istufgmetis, ie Duieks Mgris y ie ktrms uegvirsgfmfis, eu`jimfks ie jmAYDM, rispkefgirke tkomefk jks ifg`gks (jm kùpm`ge fi jm AF@P aui ueni`nk ouy oie`gkemfk pkr jks fgmrgks fi jm pk`m qui, ie su brme omykrm

rispkefme m jks pmrtgfks pkjtg`ks trmfg`gkemjis).6=Istk sgbeg` uem euivmgetirvie`ge, ij 9 fi k`tudri64jm Xkjg`m Aifirmj fistrkz jms puirtms fi jmAF@P y fituvk m tkfks jks prisietis nmdrme sgfk mrristmfks 480 istufgme-

0>. Pi trmtm fi uem getietkem qui tuvk m Tmwske kok jfir y qui gdm m istmjjmr ij 46 fi siptgiodri

m pmrtgr fi @rfkdm, fkefi ij iaoirk prisgfieti si nmdm trmsjmfmfk (T, =7>8, =0- =69).

07. Mfios fi jks fi @rfkdm, ij Jgtkrmj, it`.

68. Ie istks fms si prkfuì ij ipgskfgk qui rijmtm J (=7>1, 60>) riairgfk mj jmoietmdji prgoir

ieùietrk ietri Ivgtm (pkr ietkeìs Omrm Ivm Fumrti) y jks istufgmetis fi jm AF@P. Fgì ij

mutkr< Ie isks fms skodrks, mj fgrgbgrsi ie tmxoitrk m mjbe jubmr fi jm `gufmf, ij `nkair

brgtm m ue brupk fi istufgmetis qui ist arieti m jm Amùjtmf fi Firi`nk Ogrie m qugie

jjivk! Is jm Fumrti! Jks istufgmetis rkfime ij `k`ni, jm gesujtme y pmriì qui ji jmstgomrke

ue drmzk. Ij ipgskfgk, pk`k `kek`gfk, aui rijmtmfk pkr Ivgtm m Qgìeti Pgirrm, ue pmr fi mks

fispus, y tmodge nmdrm filmfk uem omr`m gefijidji. Nmstm mqu Juem.

Jm prisuetm auieti tistgokegmj, ij ngstkrgmfkr Qgìeti Pgirrm, jm nmdrm ri`gdgfk Ajgx Juem,

fi sibuefm omek, ie uem `kevirsm`ge qui tuvk `ke Tg`mrfk Bumrfk ie =7>4, sibe riiri

ie jm p. 188, prrmak emj fi jm dgdjgkbrmam `krrispkefgieti mj @mp. G^ fij V G. Eks film sge

smdir fefi ist ribgstrmfm tmj ietrivgstm, jm k`msge ie qui si iai`tu, it`.

6=. Ij pkr ietkeìs mrripietgfk J (=729, 4=8)) ogegogzm jm gopkrtme`gm, jm `ksm tiem ue mgri

pg`mris`k, fgvirtgfk, koietm. @urgksm mrom`ge fi qugie pmrtg`gp ie mquijjks suìsks. Ie

`modgk Fkogebk Tkomek, gtmfk pkr Boiz (=771, 16), ji mflufg`m uem brme auirzm sgod-

jg`m y sirgifmf. Pibe fg`nm mutkrm, Tkomek ek skjk nmdrm pmrtg`gpmfk sgek qui nmdrm sgfk

ij mutkr fi jm gfim. Xkr su pmrti Diremrfk C (=716, p.14), ji fm ue brme sgbeg`mfk m

jks suìsks, ktkrbefkjis ue sietgfk prkbrisgstm geiquvk`k.

64. Ij fm metirgkr nmdm `mfk Mmre Pmjoe Aiglkk qugie furmeti ou`nk tgiopk sirgm sodkjk

fi jks istufgmetis uegvirsgtmrgks.

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tis ie tktmj (Boiz =771, p.16)60qui ek kari`girke risgstie`gm mjbuem.66

Jm sibuefm getirvie`ge aui tme geispirmfm `kok iaoirm, puis fur mpiemsueks fms, (si jivmet ij =9). Me si fgsùti sg istk pri`gpgt jm fitie`ge fiXire, kùrrgfm fms fispus, pirk jk `girtk fi qui jm ìr`mem `ke ij =2 fik`tudri, is os qui subistgvm.

Vrms ij gefudgtmdji trgueak fi Xire, ie aidrirk fi =761 y mprkvi`nmefk,sge fufm, jm pkstrm`ge amtmjgstm ie jm ùmj `my meog`moieti ij ouefk ueg-virsgtmrgk69(y ij mr`k kpksgtkr ie bieirmj), ij bkdgirek fi am`tk, `kok m`tk fi`krtism nm`gm ij euivk bkdgirek, getirvgek pkr tirìrm viz jm Yegvirsgfmf, `ke

uem sirgi fi mrbuoietks fk`trgemrgks y riairie`gms ngstrg`ms geoifgmtms fisuok getirs, msuogiefk ie omyk ij euivk getirvietkr, Ks`mr Gvmegssivg`n.61

Jm mrbuoietm`ge fij Ftk. Jiy =4.=79/61, fij 08 fi mdrgj fi =761, istmixprismfm ie jm ixpksg`ge fi oktgvks< Ie prgoir jubmr, sir ri`krfmdm qui jmomefm istmdji`gfm ie =760 mj okoietk fi getirviegrsi, pkr viz prgoirm, mjms uegvirsgfmfis, ie ij sietgfk fi okfg`mr jks Istmtutks, ek nmdm sgfk ùo-pjgfm, trmesùrrgiefk ij tgiopk ie vmek. Juibk mrbuoietmdm qui ie fgvirsks@kebrisks `giet`ks, qui ek `gtm, si nmdm ri`kek`gfk jm ixgstie`gm fi ue

prkdjiom uegvirsgtmrgk y qui nmdm jjibmfk ij okoietk fi skju`gkemrjk. Ietmj sietgfk si `gtm ij jgdrk Ij prkdjiom uegvirsgtmrgk mrbietgek (qui nmdmsgfk is`rgtk pkr Pmjvmfkr Fmem Oketmk, muequi ek si jk ekodrm). Ie j sumutkr, fiekogem armufi uegvirsgtmrgk mj sgstiom gestgtu`gkemj ixgstieti. Vmj`mjg`m`ge, is mfkptmfm pkr ij fi`ritk getirvgegieti. Os mfijmeti riùirfmqui jm Yegvirsgfmf fi Duieks Mgris ym nmdm getirviegfk sus fks prge`gpmjisAmùjtmfis, k`msge ie qui jm priesm nmdm nmdjmfk fi jm brmvi sgtum`ge ixgs-

60. C (=716,94) `mjùjm ue tktmj fi 288 jks istufgmetis fi jm YDM qui tirogemrke ij

Fipmrtmoietk @ietrmj fi Xkjg`m fkefi nmdrme sgfk furmoieti bkjpimfks mj pmsmr pkr uem

fkdji jm fi uegakromfks.

66. @ P (=71>) `kge`gfie ie ij `mstgbk asg`k prkpgemfk m qugieis tkomrke jms

amùjtmfis. N F (=714), riiri nirgfks y fij trmsjmfk pkstirgkr m jms `rìjis,

vmjkrmefk jm risgstie`gm fi jks uegvirsgtmrgks

69. Tijmtmfm ombgstrmjoieti pkr Fmvgf Qgms ie Pkjks jks Nuisks, ie rivgstm @ietrk, E =8 fi

Piptgiodri fi =799, `gt. pkr O R (=7>6, p.>4 y ss.).

61. Ie O R (=7>6, >7 y ss.) si trmes`rgdi ij tixtk fij Ftk. Jiy =4.=79/6 fij 08

fi mdrgj fi isi mk.

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| 60

tieti (`rgsgs brmvi y prkauefm jm fiekogem). Juibk mrom qui is eiìsmrgm

uem mdskjutm eiutrmjgfmf pkjtg`m ie jms mujms uegvirsgtmrgms pmrm msiburmr ijrgbkr `giet`k, ie tmj sietgfk riùirfm qui ij mk metirgkr (=769) jms ueg-virsgfmfis filmrke fi ùopjgr sus eis ispi``ks.

Os mfijmeti si riiri m jm eiìsgfmf fi akromr jm `ke`gie`gm em`gkemjie ij ùjtk fi jm ngstkrgm pmtrgm. @ke rispi`tk m jm mutkekom uegvirsgtmrgm,`kesgfirm qui ek gopkrtm ue auirk ispi`gmj, prkngdgfk pkr jm @kestgtu`geym qui jm Yegvirsgfmf `kestgtuyi ue krbmegsok fij Istmfk, ek fidgiefkpirogtgrsi mrom os mfijmeti jm ixgstie`gm fi ue Istmfk fietrk fi ktrk

Istmfk.Agemjoieti mfuì qui, ie nkrm fi brmefis trmesakrom`gkeis em`gkemjis

i getirem`gkemjis, jms uegvirsgfmfis fidie sir rifflilk fi ue ri`jmok fi jm`ke`gie`gm em`gkemj, mprkxgoefksi mj puidjk.

Ij 6 luegk fi =761 `koiezmdm ij pirkegsok m bkdiremr, `ke jm Yegvirsg-fmf getirviegfm. Ij gopirmtgvk pmrm jks uegvirsgtmrgks metgpirkegstms (qui, sgefufm, irme omykrm) aui risgstgr k mfmptmrsi, ispirmefk qui jjibmrme oilkristgiopks.

Jm Yegvirsgfmf ie ij prgoir bkdgirek pirkegstm.Getirvie`ge pripmrmtkrgm fij Bkdgirek fi Am`tk.Tieue`gms y ìsmetms

Jm tirìrm getirvie`ge aui m`kopmmfm pkr uem jjuvgm fi ìsmetms yrieue`gms qui `keokvgirke prkauefmoieti m jks oifgks uegvirsgtmrgks y m jmkpgege pdjg`m metgpirkegstm qui, jietmoieti, si gdm ri`kdrmefk fij bkjpi fiaidrirk fij =761. Juem (=7>1) `mjùjm qui, mjrififkr fi ue tir`gk fij ùirpkfkìeti fi jms uegvirsgfmfis mrbietgems, fidg mjilmrsi.62

62. YDM< Tieue`gmetis< ==1, @ismetis< 043 @rfkdm< Tieue`gmetis 419, @ismetis, 103 Jm Xjmtm1, G,

p.0>>). Jm jgstm

facultad de derecho de la universidad de buenos aires: su legado histÓrico

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