examen ingles bachillerato 2

7/23/2019 examen ingles bachillerato 2

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Reading activity

As you know, although Paco thinks he does not need any help at all,he loves helping people. In fact, he helps some NGOs which sendbasic aid supplies to countries which need some kind of help. "I wish I

could found an NGO", he sometimes thinks. Not only would he like tofound one, he would also love to help all the NGOs worldwide.However, there are too many. But what is an NGO?

NGOs1

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that hasbecome widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons withno participation or representation of any government. In the cases inwhich NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO

maintains its non-governmental status and excludes governmentrepresentatives from membership in the organization. In manyjurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil societyorganizations" or referred to by other names.

The number of internationally operating NGOs is estimated at40,000. National numbers are even higher: Russia has 277,000NGOs. India is estimated to have between 1 million and 2 millionNGOs.

National NGOs go back to antiquity. International non-governmental

organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. It has beenestimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOswere important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement forwomen's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the WorldDisarmament Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmentalorganization" only came into popular use with the establishment ofthe United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role fororganizations which are neither governments nor member states. Thevital role of NGOs and other "major groups"

in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationshipbetween the United Nations and non-governmental organizations.

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance ofNGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation.International treaties and international organizations such as theWorld Trade Organization were perceived as being too centred on theinterests of capitalist enterprises. Some argued that in an attempt tocounterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasizehumanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable

development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forumwhich is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held


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annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World SocialForum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended byrepresentatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. Some have argued thatin forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong topopular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often

imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate ina racialized manner in dominant countries, and that they fulfil asimilar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era. Thephilosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic formof politics. However, this philosophy would suggest that organizationsof indigenous peoples are not represented, which is untrue. Whateverthe case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive.

Answer the following questions:

1. According to the text, why did NGOs become more and more

important last century?

2. According to the text, what do most NGOs devote their efforts to?

In the passage above there are several relative clauses, whoseantecedents are objects.

Try to identify them before filling in the chart.

noun relative pronoun relative clause

term has become widely accepted as...

NGOs send stuff to countries...

organizationsare neither governments nor member

states.

World Social Forum is a rival convention to...

IMPORTANT:

When we want to emphasize a negative adverb, we change thestructure of the sentence and say it as if it were a question (avoidrising intonation).

Find a structure of this kind in the text.


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"I wish" and "If only" are frequently used in English to express wishesand regrets.

Find an example of this structure in the passage above; saywhat tense has been used after it and if it refers to a present

or a past wish.

Imagine you are looking forward to become a member of afamous NGO in your city. Tell a friend of yours how much youdesire it. Use "I wish" or "If only".

Write the following sentence in the forms and tenses asked inthe chart:

'The vital role of NGOs and other 'major groups' in sustainabledevelopment was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21.' (Payattention: the verb is in the passive voice).

Tense and form Answer

Negative

Interrogative negative

FutureInterrogative of the future

Negative of the Present Perfect

Multi-word verbsThe verb "recognize" in the sentence above is not a multi-wordverb, is it? There are a lot of multi-word verbs in English. Remember

that multi-word verbs are verbs made up of more than one word. Doyou remember prepositional verbs in unit 3? As we will mention laterin the unit, prepositional verbs are multi-word verbs. However, thereare other multi-word verbs such as phrasal verbs. It is important thatyou remember that phrasal verbs are mainly used in informal speech.That means that you must avoid using phrasal verbs when writing acomposition or essay unless it is a very informal letter to a friend, forexample.


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Captain Cook's early life1

After visiting the Opera House, Paco wanted to know more aboutwhen, why and who colonized Australia and turned it into a place to

take all kinds of convicts from the British Isles. Thus, he visited theAustralian National Maritime Museum at Sydney's Darling Harbour,where he could read and see documents about the well-known Britishnavigator and explorer, Captain Cook.

Captain James Cook was born in the village of Marton in Yorkshire,which today is a suburb belonging to the town of Middlesbrough, in1728. He was baptised in the local church of St. Cuthbert's wheretoday his name can be seen in the church register. Cook was thesecond of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer, andhis locally born wife Grace Pace from Thornaby on Tees. In 1736, hisfamily moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father'semployer, Thomas Skottowe paid for him to attend the local school,which is a museum nowadays. In 1741, after five years schooling, hebegan to work for his father, who had by now been promoted to farmmanager. For leisure he would climb a nearby hill, RoseberryTopping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cook's Cottage, hisparents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now inMelbourne, having been moved from England and reassembled brickby brick in 1934.

In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles (32 km) to thefishing village of Staithes to be apprenticed as a shop boyto grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson. Historians havespeculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the seawhile gazing out of the shop window.

After 18 months, not proving suitable for shop work, Cook travelledto the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends ofSanderson's, John and Henry Walker who were prominent local ship-owners and Quakers, and were in the coal trade. Their house is nowthe Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as

a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet ofvessels plying coalalong the English coast.

As part of this apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study ofalgebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy, all skillshe would need one day to command his own ship.

His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working ontrading ships in the Baltic Sea. He soon progressed through themerchant navy ranks, starting with his 1752 promotion to Mate(officer in charge of navigation) aboard the collier brig Friendship. In1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, hevolunteered for service in the Royal Navy, as Britain was re-arming


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for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need tostart back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised hiscareer would advance more quickly in military service and enteredthe Navy at Wapping on 7 June 1755.

He died on February 14, 1779.


1. According to the text, why did Captain Cook have the chance toattend school at Great Ayton?

2. According to the text, what happened to Cook's Cottage?

3. Why did Captain Cook enter the Navy in 1755?

Let's have a look at some sentences from the passage abovewhich contain a relative clause:

Thus, he visited the Australian National Maritime Museum at

Sydney's Darling Harbour, where he could read and seedocuments about the well-known British navigator and explorer,Captain Cook.

Captain James Cook was born in the village of Marton inYorkshire, which today is a suburb belonging to the town ofMiddlesbrough, in 1728.

Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introducedto friends of Sanderson's, John and Henry Walker who wereprominent local ship-owners and Quakers.


1. There are four relative clauses in the sentences, which ones?

2. Which are defining and which ones non-defining?

3. Can you recognize the relative pronouns in each of them?

4. And how about the antecedents of those pronouns?


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As you can see in the passage, relative clauses are very frequentlyused in all languages, since they provide extra information aboutnouns. Remember that defining relative clauses are essential tounderstand who, what or where we are referring to (that is why nocommas are added), whereas non-defining relative clauses are not so

necessary to understand the main clause, that is, to know who, whator where we are talking about (that is why they are placed betweencommas within a sentence).

Let's concentrate on defining relative clauses for a while. In order todo so, surf the web to find a good English definition for thefollowing words from the passage:

Imagine a friend of yours wants to join the navy because hedoesn't know what else he/she could do for a living. Tellhim/her not to do so giving him/her a good reason.

Write the following sentence in the forms and tenses asked inthe chart:

"For leisure he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoyingthe opportunity for solitude."


Future

Present Perfect Continuous

Interrogative of the Present Perfect

Present Continuous

Interrogative negative

Interrogative of the Past Simple

convict (n.) - navigator - suburb - farm


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The Internet1

After visiting Melbourne Park and enjoying the fantastic visit to thecourts where the Australian Open is held, Paco feels like visiting oneof the most famous universities in Melbourne, Swinburne University

of Technology, which has six campuses in the state of Victoria andone in Malaysia. This university, founded in 1908 by GeorgeSwinburne, who was a famous engineer and politician, is one of thebest ones in the state. In fact, there exists a guide in Australia knownas Good Universities Guide of Australia which ranked SwinburneUniversity of Technology the best in Melbourne for teaching quality,equal best for graduate satisfaction, along with a five-star rating forcultural diversity in 2009.

Among all the Faculties, he visited the Faculty of Information and

Communication Technologies. As soon as he entered the mainbuilding he picked up a pamphlet lying on the floor which talkedabout the Internet, which brought back to his mind how usefulcomputers and the Internet are. Paco, who loves new technologies,as we already know, couldn't avoid reading it at that very moment:

The Internet is a global system of interconnectedcomputer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite(TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network ofnetworks that consists of millions of private and public, academic,

business, and government networks of local to global scope that arelinked by a broad array of electronic and optical networkingtechnologies. The Internet carries a vast array of informationresources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertextdocuments of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure tosupport electronic mail.

Most traditional communications media, such as telephone andtelevision services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologiesof the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over InternetProtocol (VoIP). The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation

of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging,Internet forums, and social networking sites.

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the UnitedStates funded research projects of its military agencies tobuild robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. Thisresearch and a period ofcivilian funding of a new U.S. backbone bythe National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation inthe development of new networking technologies and led to thecommercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, andresulted in the following popularization ofcountless applications invirtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated


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quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet, whichturns it into the most useful and quickly way of communicating andgetting information.

The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological

implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituentnetwork sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions ofthe two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocoladdress space and the Domain Name System, are directed by amaintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Namesand Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning andstandardization of the core protocols is an activity of the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization ofloosely-affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with bycontributing technical expertise.


1. According to the text, does the Internet consist of the hypertextdocuments of the WWW and the infrastructure to support electronicmail?

2. According to the text, has the Internet changed humaninteractions?

3. Who governs the Internet?

In the text, we can find a lot of relative clauses.

1. Identify all the defining relative clauses you can find in it.Underline the antecedent they modify in red.

2. Identify all the non-defining relative clauses in it. Underline theantecedent they modify in blue.

3. There are also three "reduced relative clauses". Identify them andunderline the antecedent they modify in black. How would you saythe whole relative clause?

4. There are also two "sentential relative clauses", that is, tworelative clauses which modify or refer to a whole previous sentence.Identify them in green.


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Imagine a friend of yours isn't sure of how useful the Internetis and that is why he/she isn't an Internet user yet. Convincehim or her to begin using the Internet. Give him or her a goodreason for doing so.

Write the following sentence in the forms and tenses asked inthe chart: "An estimated quarter of Earth's population uses theservices of the Internet."


Negative interrogative

Future simple


Negative of the Past Simple

Interrogative

Turn the following sentences into the passive voice.

a. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources andservices.

b. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new formsof human interactions through instant messaging.

c. An estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of theInternet.

Turn the following sentence into the reported speech:

"After visiting Melbourne Park and enjoying the fantastic visit to thecourts where the Australian Open is held, Paco feels like visiting oneof the most famous universities in Melbourne"

The narrator said...


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Join the following pairs of sentences by means of a relativeclause. Remember to decide if they are defining or non-defining.

a. Paco visited all the courts at Melbourne Park. It is in the north of

the city.

b. He was helped by a guide. The name of the guide was Phillip.

c. He got astonished when he saw the Rod Laver Arena court. RafaNadal was training there.

Reading activity

Hardly ever has Paco read about this fantastic library. So, he decidesto sit down in a comfortable armchair next to a window and goes onreading about the Library of Alexandria.

A research institution1

No sooner was the Letter of Aristeas discovered than scholarsknew the library of Alexandria had initially been organizedby Demetrius of Phaleron, a student of Aristotle, under the reign of

Ptolemy Soter.

Built in the style of Aristotle's Lyceum, in service of the Musaeum (aGreek Temple or "House of Muses", hence the term "museum"), notonly did the library consist of a reading room, lecture halls andmeeting rooms, but also gardens, and a room for shared dining.However, the exact layout is not known. This model's influence maystill be seen today in the layout of university campuses. The libraryitself is known to have had an acquisitions department, and acataloguing department. The hall contained shelves for the collections

of scrolls (as the books were at this time on papyrus scrolls), knownas bibliothekai(). It was rumored that had you looked atthe wall above the shelves, a famous inscription could have beenread: The place of the cure of the soul.

The first known library of its kind to gather a serious collection ofbooks from beyond its country's borders, the Library at Alexandriawas charged with collecting all the world's knowledge. It did sothrough an aggressive and well-funded royal mandate which involvedtrips to the book fairs of Rhodes and Athens. They hung on to theoriginal texts and made copies to send back to their owners. This

detail is informed by the fact that Alexandria welcomed trade fromthe East and West, and soon found itself the international hub for


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trade, as well as the leading producer of papyrus and, soon enough,books.

Not only did the library collect books from the past, it was also hometo a host of international scholars, well-patronized by the Ptolemaic

dynasty with travel, lodging and stipends for their whole families. Asa research institution, the library filled its stacks with new works inmathematics, astronomy, physics, natural sciences and othersubjects. It was at the Library of Alexandria that the scientific methodwas first conceived and put into practice, and its empirical standardsapplied in one of the first and certainly strongest homes for serioustextual criticism. As the same text often existed in several differentversions, comparative textual criticism was crucial for ensuring theirveracity. Once ascertained, canonical copies would then be made forscholars, royalty and wealthy bibliophiles the world over, this

commerce bringing about income to the library.Read the text carefully. Answer the following questions:

1. According to the text, where does the word "museum" come from?

2. Why can the model of the Library of Alexandria be seen inuniversity campuses nowadays?

3. According to the texts, why did so many scholars go to live inAlexandria?

In the passage you can find, at least, four sentences which donot follow the common word order of English statements:Subject + verb. Identify them and say why they do not followthat structure.

Imagine a friend of yours spends more than eight hours a daystudying in a library every day. Tell him or her not to do soand give him a good reason not to do so.


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Write the following sentence in the forms and tenses asked inthe chart: "The hall contained shelves for the collections of scrolls."

Tense and form AnswerNegative interrogative

Negative


Negative of the Present Simple

Interrogative of the Future

Reading activity

The big red and white ship which links Tasmania and the mainland,The Spirit of Tasmania, is docking at Hobart, the capital city. On thisoccasion, before going to the hotel he will stay in, Paco must go tothe centre of the city to buy a new mobile phone, since his old mobilehad fallen into the sea. As he walks, he notices all the houses inHobart are of different shapes and colours. 'I wish I had a house likethat', he thinks when he sees a tall square red house on the right.

He enters the shop and asks the shop assistant for a mobile phone.He buys a modern small black mobile ('This is the third mobile I buythis year, If only I had been more careful', Paco says to himself).While the kind shop assistant is preparing the bill, Paco asks himabout the beautiful houses he has seen. The man says thatTasmanian people are very individualist and continues...

One way Australians express their individuality is through the homesin which they live. Houses come in a great variety of shapes, sizesand colours, some with very interesting architecture, and virtually no

two houses are alike. Houses built on level ground rarelyhave basements, but of course those thousands that are built onthe steep hillsides of Tasmania have two or more levels. Houses intown tend to be very close together. Fences are found along almostevery border between houses, as Australians value their privacy.Most houses have a ceramic tile or corrugated tin roofvirtually noother types ofroofing are seen in Tasmania. Many Australians wholive in city or suburban areas also have a shack or vacation home inthe mountains or by the beach. An Aussie holiday shack is usually afully-equipped home.1

The vast majority of homes do not have central heat. Many use woodheaters (wood stoves), but electric heat is also very popular. Most


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electrical power comes from a network of hydroelectric power stationsfound all over the state. Gas heaters and heat pumps are sometimesinstalled...

The shop assistant was going to continue speaking, but Paco,

amazed, tells him he is in a hurry. He thanks the shop assistant forboth the service and the perfect explanation about Tasmanian housesand leaves the shop. At the street, he says: 'I wish I hadn't askedhim about the houses...'

Read the passage carefully. Then answer the followingquestions.

1. What does Paco regret in the shop?

2. According to the text, what do Australians appreciate?

In the passage above, Paco expresses some wishes andregrets. What are the sentences he uses to express that?

As you can see Paco uses either "I wish" or "If only" plus Past simpleto express a wish for the present or the future and plus Past Perfectto express a regret in the past.

How would you express the following wishes or regrets with asimilar structure?

1. What a beautiful mobile! I wish...

2. I didn't phone Andrs last week. If only...3. I didn't tell my teachers I was going on a long trip. I wish...

4. I hope my friends are waiting for me at the airport when I arrive inMadrid. If only...

5. Nobody came to wave me goodbye when I left. I wish...

Imagine a friend of yours is thinking of buying a veryexpensive house. Tell him or her not to do so, as you think he

or she doesn't need such a big and expensive house.


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1. Write the following sentence in the forms and tenses askedin the chart: 'Most electrical power comes from a network ofhydroelectric power stations found all over the state.'

Verb tenses Answer

Future

Interrogative

Negative of the past simple

Interrogative negative of the past simple

Negative of the present perfect

2. Transform the following sentence into the passive:'While the kind shop assistant is preparing the bill, Paco asks him

about the beautiful houses he has seen.'

3. Transform the narrator's words into the indirect speech:'On this occasion, before going to the hotel he will stay in, Paco mustgo to the centre of the city to buy a new mobile phone, since his oldmobile had fallen into the sea.'

The narrator said...

4. Join the following pair of sentences by means of a non-defining relative clause:

'Paco is in a hurry. He thanks the shop assistant for both the serviceand the perfect explanation about Tasmanian houses.'

examen ingles bachillerato 2

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