ensayos de investigación en urbanismo y arquitectura vol iv, 2015-1

7/21/2019 Ensayos de Investigacin en Urbanismo y Arquitectura Vol IV, 2015-1

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Ra`vbrsèfe Afc`lafd Futaljf

eb Jx`cl

@ast`tutl eb @aiba`brf

[lsirfel ba Rrmfa`sjl

[lsirfel ba Frqu`tbcturf

[rlcbsls eb fprlp`fcà ebd bspfc`l.

Basfyls eb àvbstìfcà ba

Rrmfa`sjl y Frqu`tbcturf.

^ldujba @^.

Bar`qub Efz-Jlrf, cllreàfelr

Ce. Ra`vbrs`tfr`f, RAFJ, e`c`bjmrb eb =;65


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[rbsbatfcà

Bd prbsbatb elcujbatl àcduyb 66 basfyls eb àvbstìfcà bdfmlrfels plr

j`bjmrls ebd sbjàfr`l t`tudfel Fprlp`fcà y ebstruccà ebd jbe`l fjm`batb qub

cllreàl cljl fsìafturf curr`cudfr eb dls prlirfjfs eb plsirfel ba Rrmfa`sjl y

Frqu`tbcturf ba bd a`vbd eb jfbstrf.

Sb trftf eb basfyls bdfmlrfels mfol j` e`rbccà eurfatb bd sbjbstrb =;62-6.

Df prbpfrfcà eb dls basfyls plr dls j`bjmrls ebd sbjàfr`l t`bab cljl prlps`tl

clfeyuvfr f ebsfrrlddfr sus cfpfcèfebs y gfm`dèfebs friujbatft`vfs, b à`c`frdls ba df

bdfmlrfcà eb elcujbatls c`batn`cls.

Su prleuccà t`bab duifr ba bd jm`tl eb ua fprbae`zfob cldfmlrft`vl, plr dl qub

t`baba ua vfdlr fcfej`cl pbr sb y clast`tuyba, febjs, eftls eurls pfrf dls bstue`ls qub

slmrb bd tbjf ebd fprbae`zfob cldfmlrft`vl rbfd`zl fctufdjbatb ba df cllreàfcà eb

@aiba`brf eb S`stbjfs ebd @ast`tutl eb @aiba`brf.


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ae`cb eb clatbaèl

Fiufyl Mbelddf, [r`sc`dfNrfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels y df sbirbifcà slcl-bspfc`fd baCùefe ebd Cfrjba, Cfjpbcgb. 6

Mfut`stf-Fmrbu, Mrbaef FzfdbfBsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJ pbr`nr`cls ebdE`str`tl nbebrfd cljl bdbjbatls eb n`dtrl vbg`cudfr ==

Cfc`qub ]fjrbz, Jfrf eb df ClacbpcàDf ]bs`d`bac`f Rrmfaf cljl bstrftbi`f pfrf df rbibabrfcà ebcùefebs àeustr`fdbs ba ebcd`vb. 30

Gu`tra Gbraaebz, CfrldàfBd ebtbr`lrl slc`l fjm`batfd ba dfs cldla`fs ebd Cbrrl eb df

Bstrbddf cljl bxprbsà eb df lcupfcà `rrbiudfr eb df t`brrf. 29

OurbzCgvbz, ]lcl Jfrifr`tfLcupfcà y fprlp`fcà ebd bspfc`l pmd`cl plr bd cljbrc`l

ànlrjfd cljl prct`cf urmfaf ba df vèf cltè`faf y bd`jpfctl qub ibabrf ba df `jfiba urmfaf gly ba ef ba bdCbatrl G`str`cl eb df Cùefe eb _fcftbcfs 9>

[ubatb-Alvbdd, FjfeblE`jbas`labs y e`scursls eb df slstba`m`dèfe. Raf crt`cf f dfs

èbldlifs (à)slstba`mdbs ba df vèf cltè`faf. 663

]fjrbz ]lsfs, Faf ]lsfBd `jpfctl eb df sbirbifcà urmfaf ba bd ebsfrrlddl eb dfuaèfe gfm`tfc`lafd cuftrl v`batls, @xtfpfducf, Bstfel ebJx`cl, =;;;-=;63 62;

]`vbrf-Mfrfofs, Be`tg Mbrba`cbBd bspfc`l pmd`cl ua batrfjfel eb sìa`n`cfels?Cljbrc`fatbs ba vf pmd`cf ba df cldla`f Cudturf Jfyf,Udfdpfa =;;0-=;63 69>

Sacgbz Cur`bd, Aftzb Aftzur` Df jfriàfdèfe ba lcgl cùefebs eb df nrlatbrf alrtb ebJx`cl

=;=


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Sltl Sfat`fil, Cgr`st`fa [`brrbFir`cudturf urmfaf y gubrtls urmfals ba v`v`baef urmfaf?cljl rbspubstf v`fmdb gfc`f bd cljmftb eb df plmrbzf y dfsbiurèfe fd`jbatfr`f. ==9

U`pls Gbraaebz, Jfrcl OlaftgfaDf Ebprbefcà ebd tbrr`tlr`l lcfs`lafef plr df jàbrf f c`bdlfm`brtl. Cfsl eb bstue`l j`crlrrbià eb Jbzcdf / RaèfeJàbrf Dls N`dls-Mbrjbofd. =2=


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Nrfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels y df sbirbifcà slcl-bspfc`fd ba Cùefe

ebd Cfrjba, Cfjpbcgb.

"Basfyl bdfmlrfel ba bd jfrcl ebd

Sbjàfr`l eb Bclaljf, [ldt`cf y Fjm`batb

Fprlp`fcà y ebstruccà ebd Jbe`l Fjm`batb =;62-6

llreàfelr! Barùb #f$ Jlrf"

Fiufyl Mbelddf [r`sc`df

%a`&brsèfe 'fc`lafd Futaljf eb J()`cl

"[ls*rfel ba %rmfa`sjl"

f*ufyl+pr`sc`df*jf`d+clj

Ba df prbsbatb à&bst`*fcà sb fmlref bd tbjf eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls

cbrrfels ba ùefe ebd frjba, fjpbc.b/ dls cufdbs .fa tbaèl uaf *rfa

àcèbac`f ba bd crbc`j`batl pbr`(r`cl eb df cùefe+ la su clastruccà sb .f

pr`&ft`$fel bd bspfc`l, rbstrà*`bael bd d`mrb tras`tl y cljua`cfcà eb df

plmdfcà/ y sb .fa *babrfael bspbc`b eb `sdfs urmfafs ub sb *lm`brafa plr

s` sldfs cla sus prlp`fs rb*dfs y d`j`tfatbs+

#b jfabrf ub, cla bstls cljpdbls sb prlp`c`f y fujbatf df b)cdusà y df

sb*rb*fcà slc`fd, yf ub al tlef df plmdfcà t`bab fccbsl f bstls

rfcc`lafj`batls, j`sjls ub bsta e`r`*èls f c`brtl *rupl eb cdfsbs slc`fdbs,

Basfyls eb avbstìfcà ba Rrmfa`sjl y Frqu`tbcturf/Bar`qub Efz-Jlrf, cllreàfelr/=;62-6.

[i. 6Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


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ba bddls sb cubatf cla tlel t`pl eb sbr&`c`ls, j`batrfs ub ba fd*uafs

plrc`labs eb df cùefe al sb prbsbatfa dls sbr&`c`ls ms`cls+

bsudtf eb àtbr(s, fafd`$fr cfusfs y bbctls eb bstb bajbal eb df crbfcà

eb rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels ba ùefe ebd frjba, ub sb .f jfa`bstfel eb

jfabrf `jplrtfatb, ba elaeb dls ftrfct`&ls pràc`pfdbs sla bd jfatbabr ua

stftus slc`fd y df sb*urèfe, &`*`dfac`f y pr`&fcèfe eb df plmdfcà ub dls

.fm`tf+

Ba bd prbsbatb trfmfl sb prbtbaeb ebjlstrfr ub/ df clastruccà eb

rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels *babrf sb*rb*fcà slc`l-bspfc`fd, y pfrf bddl sbprbsbatfr f clatàufcà e`&brsfs plsturfs tbr`cfs ub .fmdfa f cbrcf eb df

sb*rb*fcà, eb df pr`&ft`$fcà ebd bspfc`l y e`&brsls bstue`ls prb&`ls f cbrcf

eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels y dl ub sus futlrbs .fa bstue`fel slmrb

bstls, trftfael s`bjprb eb clatb)tufd`$fr f bstls tbr`cls ba ùefe ebd

frjba+

#b à`c`l eb àtbatf .fcbr ua mrb&b rbclrrèl .`str`cl pfrf batbaebr bd

crbc`j`batl y ebsfrrlddl ub .f tbaèl df ùefe ebd frjba y js febdfatb sb

jubstrfa dfs plsturfs tbr`cfs fatbs jbac`lafefs pfrf àfdjbatb .fddfr s` sb

ebjubstrf ub df clastruccà eb rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels *babrfa

sb*rb*fcà ba df cùefe+

Bd bstfel eb fjpbc.b bs eb dls jbals .fm`tfels ebd pfs, df dlcfdèfe eb

ùefe ebd frjba bs df sb*uaef ba `jplrtfac`f plmdfc`lafd eb df batèfe, df

pr`jbrf bs fjpbc.b 3cfp`tfd ebd bstfel5 cla ==; >9 .fm`tfatbs y ùefe ebd

frjba cla 679 077 eb fcubrel f c`rfs l`c`fdbs ebd basl eb [lmdfcà eb

=;6; 3?'B8?, =;665+ 4fjm`(a bs df `sdf js plmdfef ebd pfs+

ùefe ebd frjba clrrbsplaeb f df cfmbcbrf ebd jua`c`p`l ebd frjba,

fjpbc.b+ Sb dlcfd`$f fd surlbstb eb df pbaasudf eb :ucfta, ba df pfrtb

lccèbatb eb df ?sdf ebd frjba, ub bst s`tufef batrb bd 8ldl eb J()`cl y df

1f*uaf eb 4(rjàls+ #bseb bd puatl eb &`stf bclaj`cl, bs df cùefe js

`jplrtfatb ebd bstfel eb fjpbc.b+




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Nìurf 6 Dlcfd`zfcà eb Cùefe ebd Cfrjba.

ub ebscum`brtf plr dls bspfKldbs, df

.fm`tfmfa àe*bafs jfyf-c.latfd, fs`j`sjl ub ua cbatrl cbrbjla`fd

3Fyuatfj`batl eb ùefe ebd frjba/ =;;9-=;;6=5, dls bspfKldbs df ddfjfrla

`sdf eb 4(rjàls, yf ub, clasèbrfmfa ub f. àfd`$fmf df *rfa `sdf eb

:ucfta, js febdfatb bd aljmrb eb 4(rjàls sb trfaslrj ba 4r`s+

#bseb bd à`c`l eb dfs pr`jbrfs e(cfefs ebd s`*dl , df rb*à ebd frjba brf

js clalcèf plr sus b)plrtfc`labs eb jfebrfs prbc`lsfs y bd c.`cdb, ub plrdf b)pdltfcà ebd pfdl eb fjpbc.b ub plr js eb elsc`batls fKls .fmf

sèl df pràc`pfd fct`&èfe bclaj`cf eb df $laf+ Fd `*ufd ub bd pfdl eb

fjpbc.b, bd c.`cdb ub clalcèl y ut`d`$fel fatbr`lrjbatb plr dls jfyfs

u`babs dl aljmrfrla s`ct y fd rmld yff, bd c.`cdb brf jfst`cfel pfrf d`jp`fr

sus e`batbs 3Mustl, 699>5+




8/276

Fd f*ltfrsb dls rbcursls lrbstfdbs, df plmdfcà eb `sdf ebd frjba baclatr

ltrf fct`&èfe, df pbscf/ (stf e`l à`c`l f ltrf btfpf eb fu*b ba su bclaljf

cla df b)pdltfcà ebd cfjfra 31br`c.b, 6992/ Mustl, 699>5+ Sà bjmfr*l, sub)pdltfcà cljbrc`fd f *rfa bscfdf ub dbatf, yf ub, df pbscf tbaf ua

cfrctbr sbcuaefr`l ba t(rjàls bclaj`cls+

Ba 6907, df pbscf rbfd`$fef plr dls plmdfelrbs sb rbfd`$fmf ba dls rls y

df*uafs pfrf fmfstbcbr fd jbrcfel dlcfd y ba jbalr bscfdf pfrf prl&bbr f

ltrls jbrcfels+ 'l lmstfatb df pbscf tu&l ua pfpbd `jplrtfatb pfrf dls

.fm`tfatbs eb df `sdf ba (plcfs e`c`dbs prl&lcfel plr df slmrbb)pdltfcà eb

dls rbcursls s`d&cldfs plrub s`bjprb sb baclatrfmf f su fdcfacb+ Ba clatrfstbf bddls dls jfyfs fprbc`fmfa y fprl&bc.fmfa dfs rùb$fs ebd jfr+

la df b)pdltfcà eb bspbc`bs pbsubrfs cljl bd cfjfra mdfacl *`*fatb y bd

cfjfra cf(, sb *babrfrla bjpdbls y frjba sb cla&`rt` ba bd sb*uael

cbatrl urmfal js `jplrtfatb ebd bstfel eb fjpbc.b+ 1f pbsubrf ebd

cfjfra &`&` ua pbrlel eb fu*b eurfatb trbs e(cfefs, .fstf ub bjpb$ df

b)pdltfcà pbtrldbrf ba bd fKl 69C7 31br`c.b, 6992/ Mustl, 699>/ Fr`fs b

?rbtf, =;;95+

%a pbscfelr eb fjpbc.b ddfjfel uebsàel fatfrbdd, ebscumr` df $laf js

`jplrtfatb eb pbtrdbl ba J()`cl, rbatb f dfs clstfs eb ùefe ebd frjba+

Ba jfr$l eb 69C6 fatfrbdd àlrj f [btrdbls Jb)`cfals 3[BJB5 eb su

b)`stbac`f, dl ub e`l du*fr f df pbrlrfcà eb pl$ls pbtrldbrls jfràls ba bsf

rbf+ Ba 69C7 cljba$ bd fu*b pbtrldbrl, ba bsb fKl sb fmr` df pr`jbrf

bstructurf ub lrjf pfrtb eb dl ub f.lrf sb clalcb cljl bd ljpdbl

ftfrbdd, elaeb sb clastruy bd pr`jbr pl$l ddfjfel bd .fc 6, db clatàufrlaltrls cljlFhfd y Alglcg (Mustl, 699>5+

1f Slaef eb fjpbc.b cubatf cla js eb elsc`batfs pdftflrjfs jfrt`jfs

eb b)trfccà eb pbtrdbl y *fs afturfd+ 1ls .èrlcfrmurls ub sb b)trfba sla

ddb&fels f t`brrf jbe`fatb mljmbl f e`brbatbs ebstàls/ bd cruel bs ddb&fel fd

pubrtl eb #ls Elcfs, 4fmfscl/ y bd *fs afturfd f df pdfatf eb rbmljmbl ba

Ftfstf, fjpbc.b 3Fr`fs b ?rbtf, =;;95+




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Fctufdjbatb ùefe ebd frjba bs bd cbatrl eb lpbrfcà eb bstf dt`jf

àeustr`f, bstb bscbafr`l .f .bc.l ub df cùefe rbu`brf eb sbr&`c`ls

cljpdbjbatfr`ls pfrf dfs fct`&èfebs eb b)pdlrfcà y prleuccà eb cruelub ebsfrrlddf df bjprbsf pfrfbstftfd [BJB+ 4lel bstl .fcb suplabr dfs

rbcljpbasfs ub trfbrf bstf fct`&èfe f df plmdfcà dlcfd elaeb sb ddb&fa f

cfml dfs fct`&èfebs b)pdlrftlr`fs y eb b)pdltfcà pbtrldbrf+ Sà bjmfr*l, bd

usuructl eb dfs $lafs pbtrldbrfs fuaub mbab`c`f df bclaljf afc`lafd

fcfrrbf &fr`ls cfjm`ls ub al sb rbdbfa ebatrl ebd jfrcl eb ua ebsfrrlddl

rb*`lafd slstbaèl+ 35+

J`batrfs df fct`&èfe eb [BJB fujbatf ba bd 8ldl eb J()`cl y sb &ubd&b df

$laf pràc`pfd eb fmfstbc`j`batl eb .èrlcfrmurls ba bd pfs, df fct`&èfe

pbsubrf sb .f &`stl fbctfef ba sus rbfs eb trfmfl fd rbeuc`rsb su supbr`c`b

eb pbscf, yf ub bd *lm`bral bebrfd `jpèb df prct`cf eb fct`&èfebs

pbsubrfs ba 72j`d N`djbtrls cuferfels ub sla rbfs eb prb&bacà y

b)cdusà pfrf df fct`&èfe pbtrldbrf, ba df Slaef eb fjpbc.b, ube

fmslrmèf df rfaf pt`jf eb pbscf ub bs eb > j`d N`djbtrls cuferfels, eb

fcubrel f df lj`sà 'fc`lafd eb Fcufcudturf y [bscf, 3Fr`fs b ?rbtf, =;;9/

I`ddb*fs, =;6=5, dl ub prl&lcf ub dls pbscfelrbs sb àtrleu$cfa jfr febatrl

frr`bs*fael su sb*urèfe, b `jpd`cf jfylrbs *fstls ba cljmust`mdb y ebs*fstb

eb sus bu`pls+ #b bstf jfabrf, df pbscf ebd cfjfra sb .f &`stl fbctfef,

fuafel f df slmrbb)pdltfcà y clatfjàfcà pbtrldbrf+


[i. >Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


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11/276

lrjf ebslrebafef/ y .f prlp`c`fel bd bajbal eb df clastruccà eb

rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels pfrf dfs cdfsbs slc`fdbs jbe`f fdtf y fdtf,

pràc`pfdjbatb pfrf plmdfcà ub trfmff ba bd sbctlr pbtrldbrl, ub .f efeldu*fr f prlcbsls ebsbstfm`d`$felrbs batrb dls ub sb pubeba c`tfr dls eb aeldb

slc`fd cljl jfr*àfcà y sb*rb*fcà, y dls eb aeldb tbrr`tlr`fd y urmfast`cf

cljl sla prlmdbjfs &`fdbs, fdtf eb $lafs eb rbcrbl, crbc`j`batl bspfc`fd

ebslrebafel y crbc`j`batl urmfal sb*jbatfel prlp`c`fel plr df crbfcà eb

rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels, crbfels jfs plr cubstà eb stftusslc`fd js ub

eb sb*urèfe 38frcf y 1pb$, =;;95+

[lr ltrl dfel, fuaub sb bst trftfael eb `jpdbjbatfr prlybctls pfrf uaf$laf turst`cf, y sb bsta db&fatfael pbubKfs sbcc`labs .ltbdbrfs ba dfs

pdfyfs eb df `sdf/ df cufd cljl sb jbac`la cubatf cla ftrfct`&ls afturfdbs y

s`t`ls frubld*`cls, dl ub tfjm`(a lr`*àf prlmdbjfs eb sb*rb*fcà+

fmb sbKfdfr ub bd bajbal eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels sb .f efel ba

tlel bd pfs, al bs pr`&ft`&l eb df $laf eb bstue`l+ F rf$ eb ub sur*ba bstls

ba J()`cl, sb crbfa `sdfs urmfafs ub pr`&ft`$fa bd bspfc`l y sb sustrfba eb df

prbcfr`befe slc`fd y bclaj`cf mràefael sb*urèfe, b)cdus`&èfe y ua bst`dleb &èf clalrtfmdb+

@fstf 69C7 bd fbrlpubrtl rbprbsbatfmf bd mlreb urmfal js dbfal, yf ba dls

al&batfs bstb sb &ubd&b uaf mfrrbrf ub e`&èb df bstructurf urmfaf ba els

sbctlrbs bd lr`batb y bd pla`batb dl ub prl&lcf uaf fdtf eb àtb*rfcà ba df

cùefe+ 3I(fsb `*urf =5

Ba 69>7 sb bstfmdbc` bd pr`jbr [rl*rfjf #`rbctlr %rmfal eb ùefe ebd

frjba, bd ub prlplaf ua crbc`j`batl ba mfsb eb fa`ddls eb df cùefe pbrl

bstb rbsudt àlpbrfatb y sb`s fKls js tfreb ub jle``cfel cla dl cufd sb

lpt plr uaf bstructurf lrtl*lafd+ Ba 699= sb .`$l uaf fctufd`$fcà eb e`c.l

prl*rfjf y sb crb bd [rl*rfjf #`rbctlr %rmfal eb 699+




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N`iurf =. C`uefe ebd Cfrjba, cldla`fs y rfcc`lafj`batls.


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*babrfael fs uaf rf*jbatfcà eb df j`sjf y fujbatfael df sb*rb*fcà

slc`fd+ Sla dj`tbs eb sbpfrfcà cla df cùefe ba bd sbatèl eb df &èf slc`fd,

Hsla dabfs bspfc`fdbs batrb dls *rupls slc`fdbsD cljl jbac`laf J(aeb$,3=;;=5+

1f sb*rb*fcà s`bjprb .f b)`stèl ba b&lducà eb dfs cùefebs, s`bjprb .fa

b)`stèl e`brbatbs jft`cbs, àtbasèfebs y lrjfs ba df cùefe, y cla bstl

s`bjprb sb .f jfatbaèl uaf bstructurf ba df e`str`mucà bspfc`fd eb dls

.fm`tfatbs ub sb e`brbac`fa slc`fdjbatb+

B)`stba e`brbatbs ebà`c`labs pfrf df sb*rb*fcà, ba dfs ub pubebaèbat``cfrsb uaf &fr`befe eb prlmdbjfs y bajbals urmfals fs cljl df

plmrb$f, df e`scr`jàfcà, b)cdusà slc`fd y ebjs bacfjàfel f ebjlstrfr

ebs`*ufdefebs slc`lbclaj`cfs+

fstbdds 369>75, ebàb f df sb*rb*fcà cljl df tbaebac`f f df lr*fa`$fcà

ebd bspfc`l ba $lafs cla ubrtb .ljl*babèfe slc`fd àtbraf b àtbasfs

e`spfrèfebs batrb bddfs, df e`spfrèfe sb ef al sldfjbatb ba t(rjàls eb

e`brbac`f sàl tfjm`(a eb brfruf+ Gtrl futlr, 8rfjbybr 369975, e`stà*ub

f df sb*rb*fcà ba trbs jfabrfs, df pr`jbrf ba sbatèl bstfest`cl, cljl df

ebs`*ufd rbpfrt`cà eb dls *rupls slc`fdbs ba bd bspfc`l+ 1f sb*uaef `jpd`cf df

e`brbac`f ba bd fccbsl sbr&`c`ls y m`babs cldbct`&ls lrbcèls plr df cùefe+ 1f

tbrcbrf .fmdf slmrb df àtbacà eb sbpfrfr, f`sdfr, "sb*rb*fr" ua *rupl slc`fd+

Sfmftà` 3=;;5, t`bab ltrf ebà`cà pfrf df sb*rb*fcà, df cufd pubeb

ut`d`$frsb fcbrtfefjbatb ba bstb trfmfl/ "df sb*rb*fcà bs ua bajbal

bspfc`fd àtbrclabctfel eb jlel cljpdbl cla cfrfctbrst`cfs eb df plmdfcà

ub pubeba sbr eb t`pl slc`lbclaj`cl, cudturfd, (ta`cl, rbsèbac`fd,

lcupfc`lafd u ltrl+"

lasèbrfael df cùefe-bspfc`l slc`fd cljl ua cljpdbl jbcfa`sjl eb

jbe`fcà/ ub bs fd j`sjl t`bjpl lmrf y prleuctl eb *rupls slc`fdbs ba

clad`ctl, y bd rbsudtfel bs e`fd(ct`cl batrb df lrjf y dls clatbaèls eb

bspfc`ls y be``cfc`labs+ Sb trftf eb ua bspfc`l fdtfjbatb clatrfe`ctlr`l,


[i. 6;Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


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elaeb f pbsfr eb dls bsubr$ls plr bstfmdbcbr uaf .ljl*babèfe sb jfat`bab

s`bjprb ua fdtl *rfel eb ebs`*ufdefe slc`fd y cudturfd+ Bspfc`fdjbatb bstf

clae`cà sb jfa``bstf plr df lpls`cà batrb dfs clae`c`labs eb cbatrfdèfeub e`srutfa ebtbrjàfels *rupls y df jfr*àfdèfe ub pfebcba ltrls 3'`Kl,

s5, dàbfj`batls ub sla fpd`cfmdbs fd tbjf eb fad`s`s+

1ls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels ub sb ebd`j`tfa plr mfrrbrfs, rbprbsbatfa ua

cfsl eb sb*rb*fcà &lduatfr`f, yf ub ltrl cljplabatb eb df sb*rb*fcà bs

df fccbs`m`dèfe ebd bspfc`l, bs ebc`r, df fc`dèfe eb àtbrclab)à s`cf eb ua

rbf cla bd rbstl eb df cùefe f trf&(s eb df àrfbstructurf &`fd y df rbe eb

trfasplrtb urmfal+

Gr`*àfdjbatb dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels bsta fslc`fels f df &`ldbac`f y f

df àsb*urèfe urmfaf cljl df cfusf eb su clastruccà+ 1f plmdfcà muscf

bstb t`pl eb &`&`baefs pfrf pbrc`m`rsb ba ua du*fr sb*url y jblrfr su cfdèfe

eb &èf+ Sà bjmfr*l bstb bajbal crbf prlmdbjt`cfs slc`fdbs ebatrl ebd

fsbatfj`batl urmfal cljl bs df b)cdusà, df sb*rb*fcà y df rf*jbatfcà

eb df cùefe+

Sb*a Elure`bu 3699;5, dfs tbas`labs js fdtfs sb prbsbatfa batrb dls *rupls

js cbrcfals y pfrbcèls, pubs bs f. elaeb bd r`bs*l eb HclausàD eb

èbatèfe slc`fd bs jfylr+ Ba *babrfd, df jl&`dèfe slc`fd sb clas`*ub

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trf&(s eb df feu`s`cà eb aub&ls l jblrbs m`babs, crbebac`fdbs beucft &fs l

f trf&(s ebd jftr`jla`l+ Bstb f&facb sbr s`bjprb rbs`stèl plr bd *rupl

supbr`lr, ba bspbc`fd s` bd f&facb bs eb *rfa bscfdf, pubs bd bbctl àfd sbrf

e`du`r bd &fdlr eb df pls`cà slc`fd fjbaf$fef, bd cufd s`bjprb ebpbaeb eb surbdft`&f bscfsb$+

ljl dls fauac`ls eb m`babs rfcbs ub prljub&ba &bcàefr`ls l be``c`ls

Hb)cdus`&lsD, dls *rupls eb bstftus sb clast`tuyba ba uacà eb Hrbstr`cc`labs

eb batrfefD ub clasbr&fa bd pr`&`db*`l y bd cfrctbr b)cbpc`lafd eb df pls`cà+

[lr baeb, cufdu`br jl&`j`batl H.fc`f frr`mfD ebd *rupl àbr`lr prl&lcfr ua

jl&`j`batl bu`&fdbatb ebd *rupl supbr`lr, bd cufd muscfr bd fdbfj`batl




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bdb&fael dls bstaefrbs l rbu`s`tls eb HjbjmrbcfD l èbat``cfcà, yf sbf f

trf&(s eb ua clasujl js labrlsl, crbebac`fdbs js bdb&fefs -cljl

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4lel bstl s`*a``cf, ub df bstructurf eb bstrft``cfcà slc`fd sb `jplab

s`bjprb ebseb frr`mf, bs ebc`r, ub df rf$a pràc`pfd eb ub dls *rupls eb

fmfl al pubeba Hbdb&frsbD sb ebmb usufdjbatb, f dfs rbstr`cc`labs y

jl&`j`batls ebd *rupl ub bst àjbe`ftfjbatb bac`jfsb ebeucb ub ba dfs

slc`befebs jlebrafs .fy uaf tbaebac`f jfrcfef .fc`f df sb*rb*fcà urmfaf

y df clast`tucà eb &bcàefr`ls slc`fd y cudturfdjbatb .ljl*(abls+

Bd j`sjl futlr àe`cf ub bstf sb*rb*fcà pubeb tbabr e`stàtls lr*babs l

cfusfs, uafs js àlcufs ub ltrfs/ pubeb sbr eb t`pl (ta`cl l bclaj`cl,

&lduatfr`f l à&lduatfr`f, prltbctlrf l jfr*àfelrf+ Ba *babrfd, ba aubstrls

t`bjpls, sb clasèbrf ub df sb*rb*fcà bs pls`t`&f s` bs &lduatfr`f y ab*ft`&f

s` bs `jpubstf 3Jfrcusb, =;;25+


16/276

Sb*a Elrf, 3=;;;5 bd bspfc`l pmd`cl pubeb sbr ua àe`cfelr eb cfdèfe, bstb

futlr jbac`laf ub bd bspfc`l pmd`cl cljl ua àstrujbatl pr`&`db*`fel eb df

pldt`cf urmfast`cf pfrf .fcbr cùefe slmrb df cùefe+ @fmdf slmrb dfpr`&ft`$fcà ebd bspfc`l pmd`cl cla aub&ls "prleuctls urmfals" bs ebc`r,

pfrubs tbjt`cls, mfrr`ls cbrrfels, $lafs eb &`&`baefs batrb*fefs plr cdfsbs

slc`fdbs, pdf$fs y jlaujbatls barbfels, btc(tbrf y lmsbr&fjls cla

prblcupfcà cjl sb crbfa mdlubs clasbr&felrbs ba $lafs eb df cùefe+

Elrf jbac`laf ub al bs uaf cubstà t(ca`cf sàl bs ua ebmftb eb &fdlrbs

cudturfdbs df cla&`&bac`f df ust`c`f slc`fd l df ebs`*ufdefe y df `*ufdefe c&`cf+

Bstb j`sjl futlr fpuatf ub bd bspfc`l pmd`cl t`baeb uaefjbatfdjbatb f dfjb$cdf slc`fd, .fcbr eb su usl ua ebrbc.l cùefefal eb pr`jbr lreba, fs bd

bspfc`l pmd`cl ebmb *frfat`$fr ba t(rjàls eb `*ufdefe df fprlp`fcà plr

pfrtb eb e`brbatbs cldbct`&ls slc`fdbs y cudturfdbs, eb *(abrl y eb befe+

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ebrbc.l f bbrcbr cljl cùefefal ub t`baba tlels dls ub &`&ba y ub

u`brba &`&`r ba dfs cùefebs+

ljl jbac`laf [fdljfrbs 3=;;>5, bstb bajbal eb rfcc`lafj`batlscbrrfels sb .f judt`pd`cfel plr bd crbc`j`batl eb df àeustr`f àjlm`d`fr`f, y .f

tljfel *rfa rbdb&fac`f ba pfsbs cljl Fr*batàf .`db Erfs`d y J()`cl+

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clrrbsplaeb f e`brbatbs abcbsèfebs slc`fdbs y ub J()`cl, f pbsfr eb sbr ua

pfs ba &fs eb ebsfrrlddl, bs ua bajbal juy `jplrtfatb yf ub su

ebjfaef .f prld`brfel à`c`fdjbatb ba dfs cdfsbs fdtfs cljl ua sjmldl eb

supbr`lrèfe y cljl uaf prltbccà eb dls m`babs+ Jua*frrl 3=;;25, jbac`lafub dls prljltlrbs eb bstfs &`&`baefs y dfs cdfsbs jbe`fs .fa rbtljfel bd

jlebdl ebd rfcc`lafj`batl cbrrfel y àfdjbatb sb bacubatrfa cljuaèfebs

cbrrfefs y e`brbatbs bstrftls slc`fdbs+

Ba ùefe ebd frjba b)`stba dls rfcc`lafj`batls pfrf cdfsb jbe`f fdtf y

pfrf cdfsb fdtf, dls cufdbs sb dlcfd`$fa ba df $laf bstb eb df cùefe j`sjf f df

ub .f èl crbc`bael+




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Bs fu elaeb clj`ba$f df sb*rb*fcà ba dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels cla df

ebs`*ufdefe slc`fd, dl ub lcurrb ebatrl eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels

supubstfjbatb bs df àb)`stbac`f eb pbd`*rls ebatrl eb dls dj`tbs eb bstb,bbjpdl cdfrl plebjls &br cla dls a`Kls ebsbjpdbfels ebatrl eb ua

rfcc`lafj`batl cbrrfel, cljl jbac`lafa 1fa* y #fa`bdsba 3699C5, dls a`Kls

clj`ba$fa f tbabr uaf pbrcbpcà juy ubrtb batrb "dls eb fubrf" y "dls eb

febatrl" ba dfs e`brbac`fs slc`fdbs ub bsta `jpdc`tfs ba bstf e`&`sà+

S&fjpf 3=;;65 fdueb ub df sb*urèfe ba bd àtbr`lr eb ua rfcc`lafj`batl

cbrrfel pubeb ddb*fr f prl&lcfr ua cfsl b)trbjl eb &faefd`sjl àfat`d, yf

ub dls a`Kls t`baba js d`mbrtfe pfrf u*fr d`mrbjbatb sà df prblcupfcà eb

su pferb y bstl sb pubeb trfstlrafr ba uaf jfdf claeuctf f clasbcubac`f eb

uaf fdtf eb dj`tbs eb su cljplrtfj`batl plr pfrtb eb dls pferbs+

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rfcc`lafj`batls bddls j`sjls .fa ebcèèl futl sb*rb*frsb fd &`&`r ba bstfs

clae`c`labs f`sdfels eb df cùefe+ : fd j`sjl t`bjpl pubeb clasèbrfrsb ub

dls rbsèbatbs eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls cbrrfels sla dls ub sb*rb*fa f df

plmdfcà ub sb bacubatrf b)cduèf eb dls mbab`c`ls ub bddls plsbba+

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&`&`baef cla sb*urèfe y uaf b)cdus`&èfe df cufd sb suplab bs ebjfaefef plr

dls .fm`tfatbs eb df cùefe+

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clasèbrfcà eb sb*urèfe+

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clacbatrfel ba rbdfc`labs batrb bstrftls slc`lbclaj`cls sb ebstfcf df




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`jplrtfac`f ebd fctlr slc`lbclaj`cl y eb dfs àbuèfebs b)`stbatbs+

3Sfmftà`, 69995+ Bstb j`sjl futlr slst`bab ub df sb*rb*fcà bs!

Ba trjàls s`jpdbs, sbirbifcà bspfc`fd l rbsèbac`f bs df fidljbrfcà

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su%!bt`&f qub t`bab df ibatb eb dfs e`jbas`labs l%!bt`&fs (dfs els fatbr`lrbs#

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ub .fy &fr`ls *rupls slc`fdbs, ual l js al bst e`spbrsf ba bd tbrr`tlr`l sàl

sb bacubatrf clacbatrfel ba uaf $laf bspbc`cf+

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plmdfcà, y bs elaeb sb bacubatrfa df jfylrf eb dls rfcc`lafj`batls

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: ba clatrfstb, ba df pfrtb pla`batb eb df cùefe bs elaeb sb bacubatrf bd

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t`baefs jbals b)cdus`&fs ub bd eb df pfrtb lr`batb+




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df ub sb pr`&ft`$f ua bspfc`l plr b)cdus`&èfe y al sb pbrj`tb df d`mrb rbdfcà

batrb df plmdfcà+

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bstrft``cfcà slc`lbclaj`cf y df sb*rb*fcà m`lslc`lcudturfd+

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bstue`l+ 3ler*ub$, =;;65 Ba bstb trfmfl sb .fmdf sdl eb df sb*rb*fcà

rbsèbac`fd slc`lbclaj`cf+


[i. 6>Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


20/276

la mfsb ba dl fatbr`lr, yf plebjls èbat``cfr uaf jfrcfef sb*rb*fcà ba df

plmdfcà rbsèbatb ba bd jfrcl eb df cùefe+ 1f plmdfcà eb cdfsb fdtf y

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bd sbctlr lr`batb eb df cùefe y dfs $lafs elaeb bd *rfel eb jfr*àfdèfe bs

jfylrjbatb jbe`l y fdtl bs ba bd sbctlr pla`batb+

Nìurf !. Cùefe ebd Cfrjba, jfriàfcà plr F"#M yrfcc`lafj`batls.


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bstf cdfsb, sb bacubatrfa pbrslafs ub dfmlrfa ba df pfrfbstftfd [BJB y

cubatfa cla fdtls à*rbsls bclaj`cls+

Bd sb*uael t`pl eb sb*rb*fcà ub sb *babrf plr df clastruccà eb

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dbs rbstrà*b bd fccbsl f bstls+ [brl df sb*rb*fcà al sldl bs plr bd bspfc`l

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df cla&`&bac`f batrb dfs e`&brsfs cdfsbs slc`fdbs *babrfael fs uafrf*jbatfcà slc`fd, sb lmstfcud`$f bd d`mrb tras`tl, y sb p`breba c`brtls

ebrbc.ls cùefefals, y tlel bstl pubeb &brsb rbdbfel ba uaf àb`c`batb

pfrt`c`pfcà cùefefaf, dl cufd e``cudtf bd ebsfrrlddl pfrf df cùefe y pfrf

dl*rfr ua m`ba clja eb dls cùefefals+




22/276

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Elure`bu, [+, 3699;5 .gb /li`c ln *rfct`cb, trfasdftbe my `c.fre '`cb+Stfalre! Stfalre %a`&brs`ty [rbss+

fstbdds, J+, 369>75 /f cubstà ur%fafJ()`cl, S`*dl ?

Bspàl, F,+ 3=;;>5 "1f sb*rb*fcà urmfaf! %af mrb&b rb&`sà tbr`cf pfrfurmfa`stfs"ba ;b&`stf eb Frqu`tbcturf, Ild+ 6;, fKl =;;>, pp0-0C


23/276

1fa*, +, y , #fa`bdsba, 3699C5 "8ftbe ljjua`t`bs à Fjbr`cf! Ufddà* Gutt.b UlrdeR" ba 0lusài *ld`cy 3b%ftb, Ild+ >,'l 0, fKl 699C,pp+ >7C->CC+

1br`c.b, 1+, 369925 ?sdf ebd =frjba df g`stlr`f àebc`sf eb ua pubrtlb-plrtfelr" bd cfsl eb df àeustr`f cfjfrlabrf, )84:)1


24/276

S&fjpf, J+, 3=;;65 /ls qub ifafrla /f &èf ba dls cluatr`bs y %frr`lspr`&fels Eubals F`rbs, Fr*batàf+ lasudtf ba ?atbrabt!.ttp!LLL+sc`bdl+cdsc`bdl+p.pRpèYS;=2C676=;;;;>>;;;6;Wscr`ptYsc`frtt

b)tWtda*Ybs

I`ddb*fs, M+, 3=;6=5 /f pbscf frtbsfafd cljl bstrftbi`f eb sl%rb&`&`bac`f" bdcfsl eb dls pbscfelrbs ba =ùefe ebd =frjba, fjpbc.b+


25/276

Bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU] J pbr`nr`cls ebd E`str`tl nbebrfd cljl

bdbjbatls eb n` dtrl vbg`cudfr

Basfyl bdfmlrfel ba bd jfrcl ebd Sbjàfr`l eb Bclaljf, [ldt`cf y Fjm`batb =;62-6Cllreàfelr? Bar`qub Efz-Jlrf

Futlrf? Mfut`stf-Fmrbu Mrbaef FzfdbfRa`vbrsèfe Afc`lafd Futaljf eb Jx`cl

[lsirfel eb Rrmfa`sjlmrbaef.mfut`stf.fmrbuKijf`d.clj


[i. ==


[i. ==Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


26/276

Bstfc`lafj`batls ba CBU]FJ Mrbaef Fzfdbf Mfut`stf Fmrbu

Sb bst`jf qub gfy >;; j`ddlabs eb vbgcudls eb pfsfobrls ba bd juael, ybsb ajbrl fujbatf cfef ef. Ufjmà fujbatf df lnbrtf eb pdfzfs eb

bstfc`lafj`batl eb df U`brrf. Ba fdiuafs cùefebs, dls bstfc`lafj`batlscumrba js eb ua tbrc`l eb df gubddf jbtrlpld`tfaf. Pf bs ln`c`fd? gbjlsfddfafel bd pfrfsl y pus`brla ua bstfc`lafj`batl.(Olsbpg, =;6=)

@

Ef f ef ba bd EN c`rcudfa 3.2 j`ddlabs eb vbgcudls plr df rbe v`fd eb 6; j`d =;; h`djbtrls qubdf àtbirfa, futljlv`d`stfs qub sb trfsdfefa ba futls prlp`ls eb sus cfsfs f su duifr eb trfmfol, fv`s`tfs cla fjìls, eb cljprfs fd cbatrl cljbrc`fd, f duifrbs eb bspfrc`j`batl, f ua sà nà ebduifrbs. Bstls trfybctls e`fr`ls crbfa y fiue`zfa bd trfas`tl vbg`cudfr ba df cùefe, fuafel fd usleb bstfc`lafj`batl qub sb db ef f dfs cfddbs, ibabrfa cland`ctls v`sufdbs, fue`t`vls, irfaebspbreèfs eb t`bjpl y eàbrl. @jplrtfatb bs df clac`bat`zfcà eb df ut`d`zfcà js rfc`lafd ebdfutljv`d y bd jfylr usl ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl ba aubstrls ebspdfzfj`batls cltè`fals. Ral ebdls nfctlrbs qub clfeyuvfa fd prlmdbjf eb claibstà vbg`cudfr bs df irfa cfatèfe eb futls qubc`rcudfa ba df cùefe y dfs irfaebs e`stfac`fs qub bx`stba batrb dfs v`v`baefs y dls cbatrls ebtrfmfols eb dls gfm`tfatbs.

Eb fcubrel fd e`cc`lafr`l eb df ]bfd Fcfebj`f Bspfldf, df pfdfmrf claibstà bs ebnàèf cljlfccà y bnbctl eb claibst`lafr l claibst`lafrsb, ba tfatl qub claibst`lafr sìa`n`cflmstru`r l batlrpbcbr bd pfsl, df c`rcudfcà l bd jlv`j`batl eb fdil, qub ba aubstrl cfsl bs bdtras`tl vbg`cudfr.

Sbia @fa Ugljsla (=;;=?666-665) bd prlmdbjf eb df claibstà lmbebcb f jdt`pdbs nfctlrbs, fclrtl y f dfril pdfzl, ebatrl eb dls pr`jbrls, jbac`laf bd crbc`j`batl plmdfc`lafd, bd fujbatl ynfc`dèfebs pfrf df lmtbacà eb cre`tls pfrf cljprf eb futljv`dbs, àe`nbrbac`f eb dlsfutljlv`d`stfs gfc`f dls clstls bxtbrals qub rbsudtfa ebd usl eb dls futljv`dbs, batrb ltrls, yebatrl eb dls nfctlrbs f dfril pdfzl sb bacubatrfa bd ebn`c`batb bstfel eb dfs v`fdèfebs, bd ebsbleb sbr prlp`btfr`l eb ua futl, df clacbatrfcà eb dls v`fobs y glrfr`ls eb trfmfol.

[frf cljprbaebr bd tbxtl sb rbn`brba fdiuafs c`nrfs lmtbaèfs eb df Bacubstf eb Lrìba y Ebstàl(@ABI@, =;;9)?

Df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf ebd vfddb eb Jx`cl (_J^J) clanlrjfef plr dfs 6> ebdbifc`labs ebdE`str`tl nbebrfd, 20 jua`c`p`ls ebd Bstfel eb Jx`cl y ua jua`c`p`l ebd Bstfel eb Gèfdil- bsgfm`tfef plr fdrbebelr eb =; j`ddlabs eb pbrslafs. Ebatrl eb df _J^J sb rbfd`zfa 50 j`ddlabseb v`fobs eb dls cufdbs bd 23% sla rbfd`zfels ba trfasplrtb pmd`cl, 3;% ba trfasplrtb aljltlr`zfel (pbftlafd y m`c`cdbtfs) y 69% ba futljv`dbs prlp`ls. Ra v`fob prljbe`l fmfrcffdrbebelr eb = glrfs y df vbdlcèfe prljbe`l ba qub stls sla rbfd`zfels bs eb 69 hj/g.


[i. =3


[i. =3Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


27/276

Bstfc`lafj`batls ba CBU]FJ

e`c`bjmrb =;65

Mrbaef Fzfdbf Mfut`stf Fmrbu

Cdcudls clasbrvfelrbs bst`jfa qub fujbatfr, ba prljbe`l, dfs vbdlcèfebs eb dls v`fobs bafutl ba 6 hj/g y dls eb trfasplrtb cldbct`vl ba ;.2 hj/g `jpd`cf uaf rbeuccà eb t`bjpls ebv`fob y eb clstls eb lpbrfcà plr ua vfdlr bqu`vfdbatb f ;.6% ebd [@M (Ugljsla, =;;;m).

Dfs clasbcubac`fs eb df claibstà vbg`cudfr rbcfb al sldl slmrb dls futljlv`d`stfs y pfsfobrls

eb dls vbgcudls qub c`rcudfa, sàl ba dls usufr`ls ebd trfasplrtb cldbct`vl, qub febjs eb vbrsbftrfsfels ba sus ebspdfzfj`batls, vba àcrbjbatfels dls prbc`ls eb dfs tfr`nfs qub pfifa.Febjs eb dls efls qub lcfs`laf pfrf df cfdèfe eb vèf df clatfjàfcà fcst`cf yftjlsnr`cf, efls f df sfdue, batrb ltrls.

Fd prlmdbjf eb df claibstà vbg`cudfr y bd fujbatl ba dls t`bjpls eb v`fob sb db firbif ualjfs, bd eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls. Bd bstfc`lafj`batl bs abcbsfr`l pfrf dls rbsèbatbs, dlsv`s`tfatbs y dls sbrv`c`ls. Fdiuals mfrr`ls gfm`tfc`lafdbs cubatfa cla sun`c`batbs bspfc`ls ebbstfc`lafj`batl pfrf sft`snfcbr dfs abcbsèfebs àtbrafs y eb v`s`tfs y sbrv`c`ls, j`batrfs qubltrls al y dls usufr`ls eb dls futls rbcurrba f àvfe`r bspfc`ls al prbv`stls pfrf tfd nà, cljl dfsmfaqubtfs l cfjbddlabs, elmdbs n`dfs btc. Bd prlmdbjf sb firfvf ba clrrbelrbscljbrc`fdbs y ebln`càfs, bd àvbatfr`l eb bstfc`lafj`batls bs plcl ba cljpfrfcà cla df abcbsèfe eb cfolabsqub sb t`bab, febjs eb qub ebmèl fd prbc`l eb subdl ba bsfs zlafs, dfs cultfs plr glrf l plref rbsudtfa juy fdtfs.

F pfrt`r eb df lmsbrvfcà bjpr`cf, sb èbat`n`cf bd rbcgfzl eb df plmdfcà f ebspdfzfrsb yclaeuc`r futljv`dbs pfrt`cudfrbs ba duifrbs elaeb bx`stb irfa claibstà vbg`cudfr y elaebfebjs rbsudtf cljpd`cfel y cfrl bd usl eb bstfc`lafj`batls pmd`cls, pbrl f pbsfr eb tfdrbcgfzl, dls claeuctlrbs, plr cubstà eb cljleèfe, pràc`pfdjbatb, prbn`brba ut`d`zfr susfutljv`dbs ba duifr ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl pfrf rbfd`zfr e`cgls trfybctls fuaqub bstl al sbtrfeuzcf ba uaf rbeuccà ba t`bjpls eb ebspdfzfj`batl, lcfs`lafael qub dfs pràc`pfdbs cfddbsy fvbaèfs eb df cùefe sb sfturba eb futljv`dbs (qub ba df jfylrf eb dls cfsls sla ut`d`zfelsplr uaf l els pbrslafs) qub sb e`rìba f ua j`sjl ebstàl, ba cuyl trfybctl plr dl ibabrfdclavbriba cla ual l jfs puatls ebd s`stbjf eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl, cljl dls sla tbrjàfdbs ebfutlmusbs y bstfc`labs eb jbtrl l Jbtrlmus.

Slduc`labs pfrf df jlv`dèfe urmfaf y trfasplrtb eb jbrcfacfs gfa bx`stèl ebseb fatbs eb dfddbifef eb dls bspfldbs, cla cufdèfebs y jbe`ls eb trfasplrtb fclreb f dfs abcbsèfebs ycfrfctbrst`cfs eb df plcf. [frf batlacbs sb clatfmf cla 5 cfdzfefs pràc`pfdbs (@ztfpfdfpf,

Ufcumf, Cbatrl y Ubxclcl), pfrf bd trfsdfel eb jbrcfacfs plr dls cfafdbs eb df irfaUbalcgt`tdfa, brfa ut d`zfels dls "fcfdd`s" l cfalfs qub, àcdusl, trfasplrtfmfa cgàfjpfs.Ufjmà bx`stfa dfs "ofaifefs" l mfdsfs eb mfjm ftfefs slmrb cfdfmfzfs pfrf cruzfr dls rls.

Jfs tfreb, cla df ddbifef eb dls bspfldbs y bd à`c`l eb df clastruccà eb df aubvf Cùefe, gfc`f62==, sb e`l à`c`l fd aubvl trfzl urmfast`cl. Bd trfasplrtb ba bd ^`rrbàftl brf f trfvs ebcfmfddls, judfs, clcgbs, cfrrbtfs y ba dls "fcfdd`s" y "ofaifefs". [rlatl, bd cfmfddl clmr nubrzfslmrb df cfalf, ebmèl f su rfpèbz y almdbzf, j`batrfs qub dls murrls y judfs s`rv`brla pfrf bdtrfasplrtb eb cfrif. Df plmdfcà y dfs abcbsèfebs eb trfasplrtb sb gfa gbcgl prbsbatbs ba dfg`stlr`f eb bstf cùefe, bd s`stbjf eb trfasplrtb gf sèl jle`n`cfel y fefptfel ebseb batlacbs,

cljl bd cfjm`l qub sb ibabrl f df ddbifef ebd futljv`d, qub fd plcl t`bjpl sb ut`d`zfmfcldbct`vfjbatb pfrf rbfd`zfr v`fobs cla rutfs nòfs, jfs tfreb, ba dls t`bjpls eb df rbvlducà bs


[i. =5




28/276


`jpdbjbatfel bd nbrrlcfrr`d y cla bd dls mbabn`c`ls eb bstb alvbelsl jbe`l eb trfasplrtb.

Ebseb batlacbs y gfstf fglrf, ba df Cùefe eb Jx`cl sb clacbatrf plcl jfs ebd 0% eb dlsgfm`tfatbs ebd pfs j`batrfs qub su tbrr`tlr`l fpbafs rbprbsbatf bd ;.7% eb df supbrn`c`b tltfd ebdf ]bpmd`cf Jbx`cfaf. Su plmdfcà fsc`baeb f 7.7 j`ddlabs eb gfm`tfatbs y crbcb f ua r`tjl ebd

;.>% faufd (@ABI@, =;6;).

Eb fcubrel f dls eftls bstfest`cls frrlofels plr bd Cbasl eb plmdfcà y v`v`baef (@ABI@, =;6;)...sb cfdcudf qub uals cuftrl j`ddlabs eb pbrslafs qub clanlrjfa df plmdfcà ddfjfef`tàbrfatb, bs ebc`r qub al rbsèba ba bd EN, ddbifa e`fr`fjbatb f trfmfofr l rbfd`zfr e`vbrsfsfct`vèfebs y ut`d`zfa sus sbrv`c`ls pmd`cls, pràc`pfdjbatb bd trfasplrtb. Dl cufd als ebof vbrqub ba cubstà vbg`cudfr, sb rbqu`brb y ut`d`zf trfasplrtb pmd`cl y pr`vfel pfrf qub 5 j`ddlabseb trfmfofelrbs àirbsba e`fr`fjbatb fd E`str`tl Nbebrfd, pràc`pfdjbatb f dfs ebdbifc`labscbatrfdbs (E`fiast`cl eb df jlv`dèfe eb dfs pbrslafs ba df Cùefe eb Jx`cl, N@JB^@C, =;6=).

Dls v`fobs cla lrìba y ebstàl ba dfs Ebdbifc`labs ebd EN, gfa èl e`sjàuybael? pfsfrla ebd>=% ba 6073 fd 29% ba 6005, j`batrfs qub dls jbtrlpld`tfals gfa èl crbc`bael? pfsfrla ebd69% fd ==% ba bd j`sjl pbr`lel. Bstl sb ebmb f qub df plmdfcà gf jle`n`cfel susfsbatfj`batls ba dls dt`jls =; fls, ebspdfzaelsb eb dfs Ebdbifc`labs cbatrfdbs f dfspbr`nr`cfs y gfc`f dls jua`c`p`ls claurmfels ebd Bstfel eb Jx`cl um`cfels fd alrtb eb dfcùefe, fdboaelsb fs eb dfs zlafs jbolr eltfefs eb ànrfbstructurf v`fd y ibabrfael cla bddl,aubvfs ebjfaefs eb trfasplrtb y v`fdèfe. (Jfs e`spbrsà, jfs v`fobs, N@JB^@C, =;6=).

Bd ebspdfzfj`batl ba Bd E`str`tl Nbebrfd s` al sb cubatf cla futl prlp`l, bs pls`mdb yf qub sb

cubatf cla ua fjpd`l s`stbjf eb trfasplrtb y bst e`vèèl ba trfasplrtb iumbrafjbatfd yclacbs`lafel. Ebatrl ebd pr`jbrl sb bacubatrfa bd S`stbjf eb Urfasplrtb Cldbct`vl Jbtrl8 bdSbrv`c`l eb Urfasplrtbs Bdctr`cls SUB8 df ]be eb Urfasplrtb eb [fsfobrls ]U[ y bd Jbtrlmus.Bd clacbs`lafel bst cljpubstl plr trfasplrtb Cldbct`vl (futlmusbs y j`crlmusbs) b àe`vèufd(tfx`s).

Fctufdjbatb bd S`stbjf Cldbct`vl eb Urfasplrtb Jbtrl clast`tuyb df ànrfbstructurf ns`cf, tca`cfy gujfaf js `jplrtfatb cla df qub cubatf bd Ilm`bral eb df Cùefe eb Jx`cl lnrbcbrsbrv`c`ls eb trfasplrtb, dl qub pbrj`tb ebsfglil ba df cfrif eb dfs v`fdèfebs y fjàlrfclasèbrfmdbjbatb bd `jpfctl fjm`batfd plr pfsfobrl trfasplrtfel. Bstb jbe`l eb trfasplrtb

cubatf cla jfs eb =;; h`djbtrls eb vfs elmdbs, ba 65 dabfs (6 f 6= tbjplrfdjbatb sàsbrv`c`l ua trfjl eb dabf 6=- y df dabf F y M), dls cufdbs sla rbclrrèls e`fr`fjbatb plrfdrbebelr eb 3;= trbabs qub clanlrjfa bd pfrqub vbg`cudfr, qub eb fcubrel f df ànlrjfcàlmtbaèf (pfrqub vbg`cudfr, =;63), rbfd`zfa 6 j`dda 629 j`d 50; vubdtfs faufdbs, dl qub sb trfeucbba uaf lnbrtf eb sbrv`c`l eb 3.5 j`ddlabs eb duifrbs faufdbs.Df e`sjàucà ebd ae`cb ibabrfd ebcfptfcà ebd s`stbjf àe`cf rbae`j`batls ebcrbc`batbs, qub ba pfrtb sb bxpd`cfa plrqub sdl dfsdabfs 6, = y 3 cfptfa bd 20% ebd tltfd eb usufr`ls. Ba s`tufcà clatrfr`f sb bacubatrfa dfs dabfs 5y > elaeb bd trfzl eb dfs dabfs al clrrbsplaeba f dls rbqubr`j`batls eb dls usufr`ls.

[lr ltrl dfel, ba bd E`str`tl Nbebrfd sb cubatf cla Cbatrls eb Urfasj`sà Jlefd qub nuac`lafa

àtbrclabctfael v`fobs f trfvs ebd sbrv`c`l eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl. E`cgls bspfc`ls afcba cljlpfrtb ebd S`stbjf eb Urfasplrtb Cldbct`vl Jbtrl y cla df nàfdèfe eb crbfr lreba ba dfs


[i. =2




29/276


e`c`bjmrb =;65


v`fdèfebs cbrcfafs f dfs tbrjàfdbs ebd jbtrl, bstb bspfc`l ns`cl nlrjf pfrtb eb df ànrfbstructurfurmfaf, elaeb clanduyba e`vbrsls jlels eb trfasplrtb tbrrbstrb eb pfsfobrls, ebstàfels fnfc`d`tfr f dfs pbrslafs bd trfasmlrel eb ua jlel f ltrl pfrf clatàufr su v`fob, elaeb febjsplr bd irfa nduol eb pbrslafs qub dl lcupfa e`fr`fjbatb, sb ut`d`zf cljl ua duifr eb prlpfifaefy ba elaeb sb mràefa sbrv`c`ls e`vbrsls cljl fpd`cfcà eb vfcuafs, sfa`tfr`ls, vbatf eb

prleuctls ba dlcfdbs nlrjfdbs l eb jfabrf ànlrjfd.

Bd nuac`lafj`batl eb dls CBU]FJ bs clatàul, fua fatbs eb qub clj`bacb bd sbrv`c`l eb df ]beeb Urfasplrtb Jbtrl, f juy tbjprfafs glrfs sb clj`bazf f v`sdujmrfr uaf eàj`cf qub vfebseb bd fcljlel eb jbrcfacf eb vbaebelrbs ànlrjfdbs, bd dfvfel eb uaèfebs eb trfasplrtbpmd`cl y clacbs`lafel, df bspbrf eb fdiuals f qub clj`bacb bd sbrv`c`l, sbrv`c`l eb mflspmd`cls, btc. Ebseb dfs càcl eb df jffaf dls trbabs clj`bazfa sus v`fobs y ebseb bsf glrfgfstf dfs 6=?;; (ba efs dfmlrfdbs) bs e`nc`d ebofr eb vbr ibatb cfjàfael fprbsurfef l muscfaelfequ`r`r fdia prleuctl l fd`jbatl.

Bd S`stbjf eb Urfasplrtb Cldbct`vl Jbtrl bs ual eb dls bn`cfcbs y sbiurls s`stbjfs eb trfasplrtbba bd E`str`tl Nbebrfd, plr dls qub df `jpdbjbatfcà eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJ ebdfs tbrjàfdbs eb stls sui`brb rbeuccà eb t`bjpls fd ebstàl nàfd.

F pfrt`r ebd fad`s`s eb dls nfctlrbs jbac`lafels fatbr`lrjbatb surib df tbs`s eb qub dlsbstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJ clatr`mu`rfa fd ebsclaibst`lafj`batl v`fd ba df _lafJbtrlpld`tfaf y rbeuccà eb clstls y t`bjpls pfrf dls usufr`ls eb bstb bsqubjf. [lr tfd jlt`vl,sb prbtbaeb ebtbrjàfr df nfct`m`dèfe pfrf df `jpdbjbatfcà eb n`dtrls lpc`lafdbs(bstfc`lafj`batls) qub pbrj`tfa f dls claeuctlrbs ebspdfzfrsb f su ebstàl nàfd sà abcbsèfe ebut`d`zfr bd futljv`d. Bd prlps`tl eb bstls bstfc`lafj`batls bs crbfr uaf clac`bac`f ba bd uslàe`scr`jàfel qub sb db ef fd futljv`d, rbeuc`r df claibstà vbg`cudfr ba df zlaf urmfaf,fclrtfr e`stfac`fs batrb duifrbs, fglrrl eb t`bjpl y e`sjàucà sìa n`cft`vf eb df clatfjàfcàfjm`batfd prleucèf plr vbgcudls pfrt`cudfrbs.

Ra bsqubjf juy pfrbcèl bs ut`d`zfel ba jucgfs cùefebs burlpbfs y fs`t`cfs, mfol bd aljmrbeb bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls, ba àids [frh fae ]èb, ba nàdfaebs D``tyatpyshàt`, baalrubil y subcl @anfrtspfrhbrài l @aanfrtspfrhbrài. Bd lmobt`vl pràc`pfd eb bstb s`stbjfseb bstfc`lafj`batls bs, ba pr`jbr duifr, prlvbbr duifr pfrf bstfc`lafj`batl nubrf eb df zlafcbatrfd eb df cùefe y, ba sbiuael duifr, df trfasnbrbac`f fd s`stbjf eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl.

@@

Ba df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf sb t`bab ua prlmdbjf eb slmrbplmdfcà futljlv`dst`cf, qub fd ìufdqub bd eb plmdfcà, sb cljmftb e`sjàuybael bd aujbrl dls futls bx`stbatbs. Bd prlmdbjf qubrbprbsbatf bd trfas`tl vbg`cudfr gly ba ef, fuafel f df nfdtf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba df Cùefe,gfcba abcbsfr`f df fpd`cfcà eb fcc`labs y bstrftbi`fs qub pbrj`tfa f dls gfm`tfatbs rbeuc`rt`bjpls y trfsdfels, fs cljl rbeuc`r bd usl eb gèrlcfrmurls y dfs bj`s`labs qub eb stls

rbsudtfa.


[i. =>


[i. =>Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


30/276


Df e`n`cudtfe sb bacubatrf ba dl qub futljv`d pfrt`cudfr sìa`n`cf pfrf bd usufr`l. Bs bd jbe`l ebtrfasplrtb js bx`tlsl slc`fdjbatb, bd cufd sft`snfcb fspbctls eb df vèf cltè`faf febjs ebprlplrc`lafr bstftus. Su nuacà bs sbrv`r pfrf cufdqu`br t`pl eb ebspdfzfj`batl, àcduybaelv`fobs juy dfrils. Sà bjmfril, su pràc`pfd usl sla dls v`fobs clrtls ba dfs cùefebs, pfrf ddbvfrgòls f df bscubdf, `r eb cljprfs l eìbr`rsb fd duifr eb trfmfol. Fd ebsfrrlddfrsb df bxpfasà

urmfaf glr`zlatfd qub sb vb nfvlrbcèf plr df clastruccà eb cfrrbtbrfs, futlp`stfs urmfafs ysbiuaels p`sls, y fd al `r fpfrbofel bd ebsfrrlddl ebd trfasplrtb pumd`cl jlebral y eb cfdèfe, sbibabrf ua àcrbjbatl ba bd aujbrl eb futls, pfrf trfasplrtfr f dfs pbrslafs eb dfs zlafselrj`tlr`l ba df pbr`nbr`f f dls trfmfols y bscubdfs ba df zlafs cbatrfdbs eb df jbtrpld`.

Ltrl prlmdbjf qub surib ebd irfa aujbrl eb futljv`dbs ba df Cùefe eb Jx`cl sla dls qubt`baba qub vbr cla bd bstfc`lafj`batl ba df vf pmd`cf, cljl sla?

]beuccà eb cfpfcèfe v`fd @avfsà eb rbfs pbftlafdbs

@avfsà eb mfaqubtfs @avfsà eb fccbsls rbsèbac`fdbs @jprlv`sfcà eb prbe`ls pfrf bstfc`lafj`batl Fnbctfcà fd tras`tl pbftlafd @avfsà eb bspfc`ls pmd`cls Lpbrfcà `rrbiudfr eb vfdbt pfrhài [rbsbac`f eb nrfabdbrls y v`bab - v`bab

Cljl rbnbrbac`f fadlif fd bsqubjf qub sb muscf sb gfa bstue`fel jlebdls ba e`nbrbatbs

pfrtbs ebd juael. Dls pr`jbrls cfsls eb bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls, tfjmà clalcèls cljl[frh fae ]èb ([&] l [+]), sb prleuobrla ba df ecfef eb dls 2; ba Bstfels Raèls, cljlzlafs eb bstfc`lafj`batl felsfefs f dfs bstfc`labs eb nbrrlcfrr`d, cla bd pràc`pfd lmobt`vl ebftrfbr js ebjfaef gfc`f bd s`stbjf nbrrlv`fr`l. Jfs tfreb nubrla clast`tuèls f pfrt`r eb dfecfef eb 609; ba Bstfels Raèls cljl jbeèf pfrf rbeuc`r bd usl eb cljmust`mdbs, bstl plrcubstà bclaj`cf, y al eb cfdèfe fjm`batfd y rbeuccà ba bd usl eb rbcursls. Ebsebjbe`fels eb dls 7; sb gfa lmsbrvfel plcls cfjm`ls ba bstb s`stbjf, ebmèl pràc`pfdjbatb f dfbstfm`d`zfcà eb dls prbc`ls ebd pbtrdbl.

Dls bstfc`lafj`batls ba dfs bstfc`labs eb nbrrlcfrr`d sla ua bobjpdl eb stb s`stbjf qub gf sèl

ut`d`zfel ba jucgfs cùefebs fdrbebelr ebd juael. Js rbc`batbjbatb gf crbcèl bd àtbrs ba bdebsfrrlddl eb bstb bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls mfsfels ba bd trfasplrtb urmfal cla futlmusbs,ba bd ]bàl Raèl, plr bobjpdl, pfrf fccbebr f dfs cùefebs g`str`cfs pràc`pfdjbatb.

Ba ibabrfd, bstb jlebdl eb bstfc`lafj`batls s`rvba cljl duifrbs eb tras`tl y pbrj`tba dftrfas`cà batrb bd trfasplrtb eb mfof lcupfcà (ba ibabrfd claeuctlrbs qub v`fofa sldls ba sufutljv`d) y ltrls jlebdls eb fdtf lcupfcà. Sb gf lmsbrvfel qub bstb bsqubjf ebbstfc`lafj`batls, jbe`fatb uaf mubaf pdfa`n`cfcà y ebsfrrlddl eb dls prlybctls, s`rvb cljluaf pdftfnlrjf pfrf nljbatfr bd usl ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl, cla dl qub fujbatf df fct`vèfeidlmfd eb df àstfdfcà. Febjs eb dls futljv`dbs, bx`stba ltrls jlebdls qub pltbac`fdjbatb

pubeba sbr nfvlrbcèls plr dfs àstfdfc`labs eb bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufs`vls, àcduybael?pbftlabs, m`c`cdbtfs, cfrplld (usl cljpfrtèl eb ua futljv`d), bd trfasplrtb eb futlmusbs


[i. =9




31/276


e`c`bjmrb =;65


àtbrurmfals, bd sbrv`c`l eb fbrlpubrtl, bd nbrrlcfrr`d àtbrurmfal, btc., ebpbae`bael eb dfum`cfcà y dfs cfrfctbrst`cfs ebd jlebdl idlmfd eb trfasplrtb ba su zlaf eb àndubac`f.

Eb bstb jlebdl eb bstfc`lafj`batls, sb ebsprbaeba fdiuafs vfr`fatbs, cljl sla bdbstfc`lafj`batl ba cfddbs l bstfc`lafj`batls eb cljbrc`ls fdbefls f bstfc`labs eb trfasplrtb

pmd`cl, bd bstfc`lafj`batl jljbatabl elaeb sb pubeba rbclibr l ebofr f pbrslafs pfrf qubcfjm`ba f ltrl trfasplrtb (h`ss fae rèb) y ual eb dls bsqubjfs qub als àtbrbsf pfrf nàbs ebbstf àvbstìfcà? bd pfrh + rèb, bstb cubatf cla àstfdfc`labs sumurmfafs eb bstfc`lafj`batl,qub sb bacubatrf ba dls mlrebs bxtbr`lrbs eb df zlaf urmfaf y cuyl pràc`pfd lmobt`vl bs rbclibrf dls usufr`ls dl js cbrcf pls`mdb eb su duifr eb lrìba y prlplrc`lafrdbs ua puatl ebtrfasnbrbac`f gfc`f bd sbrv`c`l eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl eb dfril rbclrrèl. Bstfs àstfdfc`labs subdbabstfr mfsfefs ba bd jlebdl eb usl pr`lr`tfr`l ebd futljv`d pr`vfel cljl jlel eb rbclièf ebusufr`ls y subdba sbr nàfac`fels cla àvbrsà pmd`cf, fuaqub ba fdiuals cfsls jfat`bab subxpdltfcà df bjprbsf pr`vfef8 bd ltrl bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batl e`sufs`vl eb aubstrl àtbrssla dls bstfc`lafj`batls pbr`nr`cls, qub clas`stba ba àstfdfc`labs ba df pbr`nbr`f eb dfs cùefebsl cbatrls eb abilc`ls, cla bd nà eb prlplrc`lafr pdfzfs eb bstfc`lafj`batl fe`c`lafdbs js fddebd prlp`l cbatrl. Su pràc`pfd lmobt`vl bs àtbrcbptfr f dls v`fobrls fatbs ebd ebstàl nàfd,fdjfcbafr dls vbgcudls cla ua clstl rbdft`vfjbatb jfs mfol qub ba bstfc`lafj`batls ba zlafscbatrfdbs y elaeb sb cubatf cla jfylrbs bxtbas`labs eb subdl. Dfs zlafs urmfafs subdba rbcurr`rf bstb t`pl eb àstfdfcà cufael bs juy d`j`tfel bd ajbrl eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba bd cbatrl,cufael df claibstà ebd cbatrl bs juy bdbvfef l cufael ba dfs cfddbs eb df zlaf cbatrfd bstd`j`tfel bd usl eb futljv`dbs. Cljl sb jbac`lal fatbr`lrjbatb, cùefebs ba Irfa Mrbtff,àcduybael Mftg, Cfjmrèib, Lxnlre y Plrh, gfa ut`d`zfel cla x`tl àstfdfc`labs pbr`nr`cfs ysumurmfafs eb bstfc`lafj`batl e`sufslr`l pfrf prbsbrvfr bd cfrctbr g`str`cl eb sus cùefebs.

Fs pubs, bstb prlybctl sb banlcf ba df crbfcà eb ua bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls fdrbebelreb dls pràc`pfdbs s`stbjfs eb trfasplrtb eb df cùefe eb Jx`cl, s`tuaelsb pfrf bstl ba dlscbatrls eb trfasnbrbac`f jlefd (CBU]FJ) dlcfd`zfels ba dfs pbr`nbr`fs eb df Cùefe eb Jx`cl, ebbstf jfabrf, dls gfm`tfatbs qub sb ebspdfzfa f duifrbs fdbofels eb bstls jbe`ls eb trfasplrtbtbaifa df lpcà eb trfsdfefrsb eb sus v`v`baefs fd bstfc`lafj`batl qub jfs db clavbaif yfrt`cudfr su v`fob cla bd trfasplrtb pumd`cl l clacbs`lafel f sus cbatrls eb trfmfol, eb beucfcàl batrbtba`j`batl eb jfabrf jfs rpèf y bn`cfz, sà df abcbsèfe eb ut`d`zfr su futljv`d pfrfddbifr f su ebstàl nàfd, rbirbsfael eb ìufd jfabrf fd bstfc`lafj`batl pfrf e`rì`rsb f dfs zlafsgfm`tfc`lafdbs.

Bstue`ls ebjubstrfa qub bd usl ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl sb trfeucb ba fglrrls clasèbrfmdbs babspfc`l y, plr dl tfatl, bd jbolrfj`batl eb df cfpfcèfe eb dls s`stbjfs. Eb fcubrel f dfnuac`lafdèfe, trfasplrtfr f uaf pbrslaf ba ua futljv`d pr`vfel clasujb 2; vbcbs js bspfc`lqub s` ut`d`zfrf bd trfasplrtb pmd`cl ([ldt`cfs b àstrujbatls eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl jfs`vl pfrfirfaebs cùefebs, =;;3). Eb fg df abcbsèfe eb àv`tfr f df plmdfcà, jbe`fatb s`stbjfs qub alclasèbrba jpls`t`vls, f ut`d`zfr bd trfasplrtb pumd`cl cltè`fafjbatb.

Ba df àvbstìfcà rbfd`zfef plr ][S pdfaàipfrf bd Nlrl eb [ubmdls G`str`cls pfrf ebjlstrfr dfbn`cfc`f ebd bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls, bd 05% eb dls pbqubls pubmdls g`str`cls

àscr`tls gfmfa crbfel dfs àstfdfc`labs cla bd lmobt`vl eb rbeuc`r df claibstà vbg`cudfr. Ba Dlsaibdbs sb gfa tfjmà `jpdbjbatfel, df pràc`pfd rfza bs pfrf jbolrfr df fccbs`m`dèfe y df


[i. =7




32/276


cfdèfe ebd f`rb. Ltrls pubmdls ebcdfrfel qub febjs sb gf àtrleucèl bstb bsqubjf cljlbstrftbi`f pfrf ibabrfr mbabn`c`ls bclaj`cls.

Efel qub df `jpdbjbatfcà eb bstls bstfc`lafj`batls gf fujbatfel, sb gf prbsbatfel uajfylr a`vbd eb crt`cf y bx`stba lpà`labs baclatrfefs eb sus `jpfctls. Cdfrh (Iufre`fa, =;;2)

fn`rjf qub "dls pdfabs eb bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls gfa sèl plpudfrbs ebseb df ecfef eb607; y sla febcufels pfrf cùefebs g`str`cfs cla cfddbs bstrbcgfs." Df mfsb eb clalc`j`batlsslmrb bd Ebsfrrlddl Slstba`mdb eb U`brrfs Rrmfafs y usl ebd trfasplrtb (HLASRDU, plr sus sìdfsba àids) (=;;0) sui`brb qub df pràc`pfd rfza pfrf df felpcà eb bstb jlebdl ebbstfc`lafj`batls bs rbeuc`r df claibstà vbg`cudfr ba dls fdrbebelrbs eb dls cbatrls eb dfcùefe. Ra bstue`l rbfd`zfel plr Fthàs y bd EBU] (6007 c`tfel ba HLASRDU, =;;0) baclatr qubgfmf mbabn`c`ls ba trjàls eb rbeuccà eb trn`cl y h`djbtrls tltfdbs rbclrrèls plr dlsvbgcudls cla dls bsqubjfs eb pfrh fae rèb.

[frf df àclrplrfcà eb bstb jlebdl, sb prbtbaeb fprlvbcgfr dfs àstfdfc`labs y supbrn`c`bs ebfdiuals eb dls 52 Cbatrls eb Urfasnbrbac`f Jlefd cla qub sb cubatf y qub sb bacubatrfae`str`muèls fdrbebelr eb tlef df Cùefe, plr dl qub pfrf bd bstue`l y prlpubstf eb ua bsqubjfeb bstfc`lafj`batls sb àtbirfa fqubddls qub dlcfd`zfels cbrcf eb df pbr`nbr`f l ba elaeb sbibabrba js v`fobs ba futljv`d.

Bd usufr`l fd qub sb e`rìb bstb s`stbjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJ ebd E`str`tl Nbebrfd,bs fqubd qub v`vf ba df pbr`nbr`f eb df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf y qub su duifr eb trfmfol sb dlcfd`cb badfs cbatrfdèfebs eb df Cùefe l jfs fdd eb stfs. Bs ebc`r, f fqubddf plmdfcà qub rbfd`zftrfsdfels f trfvs eb dfs futlp`stfs y cfrrbtbrfs qub clabctfa fd EN cla bd rbstl ebd pfs y,bspbc`fdjbatb cla df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf. Df jfylr prlplrcà eb dls àtbrcfjm`ls (batrfefs-sfdèfs) fctufdbs sb prleucb plr df futlp`stf Jx`clUlducf cla 32.5% eb dls v`fobs, ba sbiuaelduifr bst df Jx`cl[ubmdf cla => %8 sbiuèf plr df Jx`cl[fcgucf y df Jx`clCubrafvfcfcla 6=.2% y 6=.>% rbspbct`vfjbatb, nàfdjbatb f trfvs eb df Jx`cl Vubrtfrl sb vbr`n`cfa0.=%69. 5. [lr dl qub clatbjpdfael bstls eftls sb ebtbrjàf df um`cfcà eb dls CBU]FJ jfscbrcfals f bstfs zlafs pfrf df `jpdbjbatfcà eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls.

Eb fcubrel cla df prlpubstf eb fpd`cfcà eb fpfrcfj`batls e`sufs`vl ba bd jua`c`p`l eb ^ìl(=;;0) bd jbrcfel eb usufr`ls sb pubeb ebnà`r cljl?

...bd àe`cfelr js t`d bs df prlplrcà eb pfsfobrls ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl qub gfaut`d`zfel dls fpfrcfj`batls e`sufslr`ls nrbatb f tlels dls usufr`ls ebd trfasplrtb pmd`cl ybd plrcbatfob eb usufr`ls eb fpfrcfj`batls e`sufslr`ls nrbatb fd tltfd eb pbrslafs qub sbtrfsdfefa e`fr`fjbatb f su duifr eb trfmfol. Ba jucgfs cùefebs, dfs àstfdfc`labs eb [ &] sb ut`d`zfa cfs` bxcdus`vfjbatb plr dls trfmfofelrbs qub sb trfsdfefa fd cbatrl eb dfcùefe. Bd àe`cfelr febcufel ba bstls cfsls bs bd plrcbatfob eb usufr`ls eb [ & ] nrbatbfd tltfd eb v`fobrls qub sb trfsdfefa f su cbatrl eb trfmfol ba df cùefe.

[frf bd usufr`l eb bstb bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls, bd t`bjpl eb v`fob bs ual eb dls nfctlrbsjs `jplrtfatbs pfrf su ut`d`zfcà8 df fccbs`m`dèfe f df àstfdfcà8 bd t`bjpl eb tras`tl ebseb

qub ebofjls bd vbgcudl ba bd àtbr`lr ebd fpfrcfj`batl gfstf clibr bd trfasplrtb pmd`cl (qubebpbaebr eb df nrbcubac`f eb dls sbrv`c`ls eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl) y dls t`bjpls eb v`fob ba bd


[i. =0




33/276


e`c`bjmrb =;65


trfasplrtb pmd`cl gfstf bd ebstàl nàfd, sla dls pràc`pfdbs nfctlrbs ebd t`bjpl tltfd eb v`fob ebdls usufr`ls.

Sbia eftls frrlofels plr bd [frh fae rèb? Cgfrfctbr`st`cs fae ebjfae nlrbcfstài(Gfj`dtla y^àcbat, =;;9) ba Fustrfd`f bstb bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls sla jfylrjbatb ut`d`zfels ba dfs

ebaljàfefs glrfs p`cl, ut`d`zfels plr ua 62% eb df plmdfcà qub ut`d`zf bd nbrrlcfrr`d y jbalsebd 2% eb usufr`ls eb futlmusbs, plr ltrl dfel, ba Dlaerbs, bd s`stbjf bs ut`d`zfel plr gfstf bd=6% eb pfsfobrls qub vfa fd cbatrl ba sbrv`c`ls nbrrlv`fr`ls, j`batrfs qub ba bstfels Raèls ebFjr`cf dfs rutfs cla ua d`j`tfel a`vbd eb dfs àstfdfc`labs eb bstfc`lafj`batls t`pl pfrh faerèb, batrb bd 5% y bd 5;% eb dls usufr`ls eb futlmusbs fccbe` ba clcgb.

Fs j`sjl, cla bd bstue`l eb dls v`fobs prleucèls ba df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf, sb plera ebnà`r ybvfdufr dls s`t`ls ba qub sb rbqu`brb df `jpdbjbatfcà eb bstb bsqubjf eb n`dtrfel vbg`cudfr, plrbobjpdl, ba bd E`str`tl Nbebrfd, dfs ebdbifc`labs cla jfylr cfatèfe eb v`fobs prleucèls yftrfels sla @ztfpfdfpf, Cufugtjlc, Iustfvl F. Jfebrl y Clylfca. Ba Cufugtjlc, dfcfatèfe eb v`fobs ftrfels plr trfmfol 52.2%8 sb bxpd`cf plrqub fdd sb bacubatrfa 6>.3% eb dfsuaèfebs bclaj`cfs cfptfefs ba bd EN plr dls Cbasls Bclaj`cls (=;;5), ebatrl eb bstfebdbifcà sb dlcfd`zf bd Cbatrl G`str`cl eb df Cùefe eb Jx`cl, irfa aujbrl eb ln`càfsiumbrafjbatfdbs, ua trfjl `jplrtfatb eb df Fv. [fsbl eb df ]bnlrjf (elaeb sb clacbatrfa irfaaujbrl eb ln`càfs pumd`cfs y pfrt`cudfrbs), batrb ltrls. Ba df j`sjf ebdbifcà, dls v`fobsprleucèls pfrf rbirbsfr fd glifr sìa`n`cfa >2.0%, y dls ftrfels 69.5%. Ba @ztfpfdfpf -dfebdbifcà jfs plmdfef ebd E`str`tl Nbebrfd (ba bstf ebdbifcà sb clacbatrf fdrbebelr eb uafquàtf pfrtb eb dls gfm`tfatbs ebd EN) y uaf eb dfs qub cubatf cla trfsplrtb jfs ebn`c`batb- dlsv`fobs ftrfels plr rbirbsl fd glifr rbprbsbatfa 26% ebd tltfd.. Fd j`sjl t`bjpl, ==.5% eb dlsv`fobs qub ftrfb t`baba cljl prlps`tl `r fd trfmfol. Ba df ebdbifcà Iustfvl F. Jfebrl, ebdtltfd eb v`fobs prleucèls, df jfylr pfrtb clrrbsplaeba fd rbirbsl fd glifr cla 5>%. Bd sìu`batbprlps`tl ba `jplrtfac`f bs `r fd trfmfol cla =2.5% eb dls v`fobs. 2 Bd jfylr ajbrl eb v`fobsftrfels plr cbatrls cljbrc`fdbs sb prbsbatf ba dfs ebdbifc`labs Cufugtjlc, @ztfpfdfpf y

^baust`fal Cfrrfazf, cla 367 j`d, 607 j`d y 6;> j`d v`fobs, rbspbct`vfjbatb. Nàfdjbatb, df jfylrclacbatrfcà eb v`fobs cla ebstàl f df bscubdf ba bd EN bst ba? Clylfca (3;2 j`d), Iustfvl F.Jfebrl (=9> j`d) y Cufugtjlc (6>7 j`d).

F pfrt`r eb bstfs c`nrfs y ebd pbrn`d ebd usufr`l eb bd bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJebd E`str`tl Nbebrfd, sb prlplab qub df um`cfcà eb stls sbf ba dls cbatrls eb trfasj`sà

jlefd qub cubatba cla sbrv`c`l eb df ]be eb Urfasplrtb Jbtrl qub sb dlcfd`cba ba dfs pbr`nbr`fseb df ebdbifcà @ztfpfdfpf, Iustfvl F. Jfebrl y Udgufc, pràc`pfdjbatb.

Dls CBU]FJ f àtbrvba`r sb prlplab sbfa dls sìu`batbs?

Iustfvl F. Jfebrl

CBU]FJ "@ae`ls ^brebs" Fvbaèf @asuribatbs Alrtb, Bsquàf Fvbaèf U`clja, Cldla`f]bsèbac`fd _fcftbacl. Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qub clavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vl Jbtrl bstfcà df@ae`ls brebs, pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels, tfx`s, Jbtrlmus bstfcà @ae`ls brebs.


[i. 3;


[i. 3;Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


34/276


CBU]FJ "Df ]fzf" Fvbaèf @asuribatbs Alrtb Batrb Ilefre, Mrfgjfs P Nrfac`scl Jlrbal,Cldla`f Iufefdupb ^`ctlr`f. Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qub clavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vl Jbtrl bstfcàdf ]fzf, pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels, tfx`s, pbsbrls y cljm`s.

CBU]FJ "Jfrta Cfrrbrf" Fvbaèf Sfa Oufa Eb Frfia, P Fvbaèf Nbrrlcfrr`d Gèfdil, Cldla`f

Jfrta Cfrrbrf. Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qub clavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vl Jbtrl Jfrta Cfrrbrf,pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels, tfx`s.

@ztfpfdfpf?

CBU]FJ "Sfatf Jfrtgf" E`str`muèlrf Sfatf Jfrtgf, Cfrrbtbrf D`mrb Jx`cl-[ubmdf, Cldla`fSfatf Jfrtgf Fcft`tdf. Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qub clavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vl Jbtrl Dabf M,pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels, tfx`s, futlmusbs nlrabls cla rutf f [ubmdf y Bstfel ebJx`cl.

CBU]FJ "Clast`tucà 6069" Cfdzfef Brj`tf @ztfpfdfpf, Batrb Glrtbas`f P Cfafd Eb Ifrfy,Cldla`f Dls aibdbs, Ebdbifcà @ztfpfdfpf. Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qub clavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vlJbtrl bstfcà Clast`tucà eb 6069, pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels, tfx`s (Jbtrlmus bapdfabs)

Udgufc?

CBU]FJ "Udgufc" (fd tbrjàfr lmrfs eb rbpfrfcà y jfatba`j`batl) Urfasplrtb pumd`cl qubclavbrib? S`stbjf Cldbct`vl Jbtrl bstfcà Udgufc, pfrfebrl eb futlmusbs clacbs`lafels,tfx`s.

Df prlpubstf eb bsls pfrfebrls sb rbspfdef cla dls rbsudtfels eb df Bacubstf eb lrìba y ebstàl(@ABI@, =;;9).

Sbia df Fjbr`cfa Fsslc`ft`la ln Stftb Gìgwfy fae Urfasplrtft`la Lnn`c`dfs (FFSGUL), dfsàstfdfc`labs eb bstfc`lafj`batl e`sufslr`l sumurmfal sla fqubddfs àstfdfc`labs qub sbbacubatrfa batrb >,5 y 57,3 h`djbtrls ebd ebstàl nàfd y qub prlplrc`lafa ua sbrv`c`làtbrjlefd pfrf cfjm`fr eb jbe`l eb trfasplrtb.

F trfvs eb df `jpdbjbatfcà eb bstb bsqubjf eb bstfc`lafj`batls ba dls CBU]FJ sb muscf dfrbeuccà eb df clatfjàfcà prleucèf plr vbgcudls futljltlrbs pfrt`cudfrbs, sbia bstue`ls,dls vbgcudls jltlr`zfels sla uaf eb dfs pràc`pfdbs nubatbs eb clatfjàfatbs ftjlsnr`cls ba dfsirfaebs cùefebs. Dls vbgcudls jltlr`zfels prlpudsfels plr jltlrbs eb cljmustà àtbrafprleucba ba ibabrfd trbs t`pls eb bj`s`labs clatfjàfatbs? dfs bj`s`labs plr bd tuml eb bscfpb,dls ifsbs, y bd dbvfatfj`batl eb pldvl eb dfs cfddbs(Mudd, =;;9?6>=), plr dl tfatl sb ibabrf dfjfylr prlplrcà eb df bj`sà eb dls Ifsbs eb Bnbctl @avbrafebrl (IB@) ba df _J^J. Ebfcubrel fd @avbatfr`l eb Bj`s`labs =;;>, bd tltfd eb vbgcudls jltlr`zfels ba c`rcudfcà ba dfcùefe, bj`tba 2;% eb dfs cfs` 53.2 j`ddlabs eb tlabdfefs eb IB@ qub sb prleucba faufdjbatbba df jbtrpld`, dls cufdbs prlv`baba pràc`pfdjbatb eb df qubjf eb ifsldàf. Ba bd cfsl ebd

trfasplrtb tbrrbstrb, bd 00% eb bstfs bj`s`labs clrrbsplaeba fd M`xèl eb Cfrmlal (CL=).


[i. 36




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e`c`bjmrb =;65


[lr ltrf pfrtb y eb fcubrel cla ànlrjfcà eb df Bacubstf Lrìba-Ebstàl =;;9(BLE-;9)(@ABI@, =;;9? 39), ebd tltfd eb futljv`dbs rbi`strfels ba df _laf Jbtrlpld`tfaf65, =.79 j`ddlabspbrtbabcba f glifrbs y sb e`str`muyba eb df sìu`batb nlrjf? 6.57 j`ddlabs bd EN y 6.30 ba bdBstfel eb Jx`cl. Ba tfatl, eb dfs 7.3 j`ddlabs eb jltlc`cdbtfs e`spla`mdbs ba glifrbsjbtrlpld`tfals, >2.3 % pbrtbabcba f gfm`tfatbs eb dls jua`c`p`ls ebd Bstfel eb Jx`cl y 35.9%

f glifrbs ebd EN.

Sbia bd cljua`cfel ebd Nèb`clj`sl pfrf bd jbolrfj`batl eb dfs vfs eb cljua`cfcà ebdE`str`tl Nbebrfd (N@JB^@C, =;;5)?

...df sfturfcà eb dfs vfs pr`jfr`fs cljl Fa`ddl [br`nr`cl, Udfdpfa, C`rcu`tl @atbr`lr, y Cfdzfef@iafc`l _frfilzf, batrb ltrfs, gf prlvlcfel qub df vbdlcèfe eb ebspdfzfj`batl ba df cùefeba ibabrfd sb gfyf rbeucèl erst`cfjbatb, ba bnbctls clacatr`cls, gfstf ddbifr f dls 62 Hj.plr glrf ba prljbe`l, sà clasèbrfr qub ba glrfr`l p`cl df vbdlcèfe e`sjàuyb gfstf ba >Hj. plr glrf. Bstl fev`brtb eb ua nbajbal elaeb df sfturfcà àvfeb f dfs v`fdèfebscbrcfafs, sbfa pr`jfr`fs l sbcuaefr`fs. Dls fad`s`s eb dls nduols vbg`cudfrbs ba glrfs ebjx`jf ebjfaef (GJE) àe`cfa ua mfol a`vbd eb sbrv`c`l qub sb trfeucb ba sfturfcà eb dfsv`fdèfebs, ba jfylr t`bjpl eb rbclrrèl ba dls ebspdfzfj`batls, ba uaf irfa preèf ebglrfs- gljmrb lcupfels ba bd trn`cl, jfylrbs clasujls eb cljmust`mdb b `jplrtfatbsa`vbdbs eb clatfjàfcà fd jbe`l fjm`batb ebr`vfels eb df mfof vbdlcèfe v`fd.

Ba ua fad`s`s eb fnlrls rbfd`zfefs pfrf dfs v`fdèfebs pr`jfr`fs ebd EN plr df Clj`sàJbtrlpld`tfaf eb Urfasplrtb y ^`fdèfe (CLJBU]F^@) sb clacduy qub bd 72% eb dfs v`fdèfebspr`jfr`fs tbafa jfdf nduèbz, plr dl qub dfs vbdlcèfebs fdcfazfefs sb bst`jfmfa eb batrb dls =;y =6 hj/gr., j`batrfs qub dls vbgcudls eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl sb ebspdfzfmfa f 69 hj/gr. Sldl bd62% eb dfs v`fdèfebs rbstfatbs sb clasèbr tbafa uaf nduèbz bstfmdb. [lr ltrl dfel, sb ebtbctqub s`stbjfs cljl bd jbtrl y Jbtrlmus df vbdlcèfe eb ebspdfzfj`batl bs ba prljbe`l eb 3;.;y 5;.; h`djbtrls plr glrf rbspbct`vfjbatb, plr dl qub bd v`fob ba bstls jbe`ls als ef uafclasèbrfmdb vbatfof eb t`bjpl y usl eb cljmust`mdbs fatb bd usl ebd futljv`dbs pfrt`cudfrbs(SBU]F^@, =;;9).

[frf `dustrfr bd usl eb bstls bstfc`lafj`batls tljfrbjls cljl bobjpdl fd suobtl Fqub v`fof ebsu cfsf ba futljv`d pfrt`cudfr (pfrf bv`tfr ut`d`zfr trfasplrtb pumd`cl clacbs`lafel cljl cljm`sy j`crlmusbs, bd cufd ebmbrf tljfr 2;; jbtrls eb su cfsf y bspbrfr fdrbebelr eb 2 jàutls f

qub pfsb) fd bstfc`lafj`batl um`cfel f plcls pfsls eb df tbrjàfd ebd jbtrl, sb trfsdfef gfc`f sutrfmfol qub sb bacubatrf cbrcf eb df tbrjàfd clatrfr`f f df j`sjf dabf ba qub bjpbz bdrbclrrèl, tbrjàf su olrafef dfmlrfd, sb e`rìb cfjàfael fd jbtrl, dl tljf y ddbif fdbstfc`lafj`batl elaeb ebol su futl ba df jffaf, sb rbt`rf ebd duifr y jfabof ba e`rbccà f suv`v`baef, eb bstf jfabrf bv`t bd pbsfel trn`cl eb dfs glrfs p`cl, ebsàclrplr su futl eb dfsfvbaèfs sfturfefs plr df claibstà vbg`cudfr, fglrr ifsldàf, rbeuol df bxpls`cà ebclatfjàfatbs fd jbe`l fjm`batb, v`fo ba ual eb dls jbe`ls jfs sbiurls eb trfasplrtb y bv`tdfs n`dfs y t`bjpls pbreèls ba pfrfebrls pfrf tljfr j`crlmusbs qub db fcbrquba f su cfsf.

Eb bstf jfabrf sb bv`t qub bd v`fob ebatrl eb dfs fvbaèfs jfs trfas`tfefs eb df cùefe y sb g`zl

usl ebd s`stbjf cldbct`vl eb trfasplrtb. Clasèbrfael qub bstf jbeèf sbf fefptfef plr j`dbseb futljlv`d`stfs, bd trfasplrtb pumd`cl y clacbs`lafel sb banrbatfrf f df abcbsèfe eb mràefr


[i. 3=


[i. 3=Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


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ua jbolr sbrv`c`l f dls usufr`ls. Cljl yf sb gf jbac`lafel fatbr`lrjbatb, sb gf ebjlstrfelqub ual eb dls bdbjbatls js `jplrtfatbs qub fnbctf f df ebjfaef eb dls bstfc`lafj`batlse`sufslr`l bs df nrbcubac`f y glrfs eb sbrv`c`l eb dls trfasplrtbs pmd`cls. [lr dl qub sb clasèbrfnuaefjbatfd bd ebsfrrlddl y fpd`cfcà eb uaf rbe eb sbrv`c`ls eb trfasplrtb febcufels f cfefàstfdfcà pfrf qub bd s`stbjf nuac`lab eb jfabrf bn`cfz. Bs ebc`r, uaf jfylr prbsbac`f ebd

trfasplrtb pmd`cl y uaf jbalr ut`d`zfcà ebd vbgcudl pr`vfel, jbolrfael y nljbatfael bd usljudt`nuac`lafd eb bspfc`ls y eb dfs tbcaldlifs fctufdbs.

Fs j`sjl, sb clatbjpdf qub dls bstfc`lafj`batls sbfa eltfels sbrv`c`ls qub fd`batba f dlsusufr`ls f ut`d`zfrdls tfatfs vbcbs cljl v`fobs sb rbfd`cba, plr dl qub sb ebmb mràefr cbrtbzf ebqub sus futljv`dbs sb bacubatrfa ba ua duifr sbiurl, yf qub pbrjfabcbra ebatrl eb bstlsdlcfdbs ua prljbe`l eb 6; glrfs e`fr`fs, clasèbrfael qub dfs olrafefs dfmlrfdbs sla eb 7 glrfse`fr`fs.

Cla df fyuef ebd ilm`bral ebd E`str`tl Nbebrfd y bjprbsfs qub nàfac`ba bd prlybctl sbprlplrc`lafrfa tfr`nfs f dls usufr`ls qub pubstfs eb jfabrf ibabrfd sbr`fa jfs mfofs qub dlsclstls ebr`vfels plr cljmust`mdbs y jfatba`j`batl eb sus futljv`dbs, tfr`nfs qub plerfa sbrpfifefs plr ef, glrf l jbs. Dfs supbrn`c`bs y cfpfcèfebs eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls sbraebtbrjàfefs ba nuacà f dls ae`cbs eb jlv`dèfe ba df cùefe, bs ebc`r, sb banlcfrfa ba zlafseb jfylr ebspdfzfj`batl, qub pràc`pfdjbatb sb bacubatrfa ba dfs zlafs pbr`nr`cfs eb dfcùefe. Sb prlplab tfjmà, bd ebsfrrlddl eb pldt`cfs clgbrbatbs slmrb df cbsà eb dfsrbsplasfm`d efebs y df ebnà`cà prbc`sf eb e`cgfs rbsplasfm`dèfebs.

[frf bv`tfr dls tp`cls bstfc`lafj`batls ba elmdb n`df y jbolrfr df c`rcudfcà v`fd, df Sbcrbtfrf ebUrfasplrtbs y ^`fdèfe ebd EN t`bab ua pdfa pfrf qub sb clastruyfa sb`s bstfc`lafj`batlssumtbrrabls ba dfs cldla`fs Claebsf, [ldfacl y bd Cbatrl G`str`cl, dl cufd al ftfcfrf bdprlmdbjf ebd trfas`tl ba bsfs zlafs, pubstl qub jfs qub zlafs gfm`tfc`lafdbs sla zlafs elaebsb bacubatrfa cbatrls eb trfmfol y batrbtba`j`batl, s`bael qub cbrcf eb tlefs bsfs zlafsàeuefmdbjbatb sb bacubatrf fdiuaf bstfcà eb jbtrl y Jbtrlmus.

Dls jlels eb trfasplrtb ba df cùefe al sdl sb bacubatrfa e`stlrs`lafels, sàl febjsebsàtbirfels. Df rbe eb trfasplrtb eb fdtf cfpfcèfe, bs ebc`r, bd jbtrl, dls futlmusbs y dlstrldbmusbs, ebmba sbr df cldujaf vbrtbmrfd, j`batrfs qub bd sbrv`c`l clacbs`lafel eb j`crlmusbsebmbrf bstfr lr`batfel f df fd`jbatfcà eb bstf cldujaf. (N@^FE@C, =;;3)

Ba jstbrefj baclatrfjls ua bsqubjf pfrbcèl fd prlpubstl, cla df e`nbrbac`f ba qub stbbstf banlcfel jfylrjbatb df plmdfcà turst`cf eb df cùefe, bd [frh & ]èb ([ + ])bs df lpcàcla qu cubatfa dls claeuctlrbs eb bstfc`lafr su futljv`d y ebspdfzfrsb gfc`f bd cbatrl eb dfcùefe eb jstbrefj. Bstls bstfc`lafj`batls bsta s`tufels ba dfs futlp`stfs jfs cbrcfafs f dfcùefe y cubatf cla bxcbdbatbs clabx`labs eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl, fglrrfael t`bjpl y rbcurslseb dls v`s`tfatbs.

Eb fcubrel fd [frh-fae-]èb/[lld (Uuramudd, H.N., [rftt, ].G., Bvfas @^, O.B., y Dbvàsla, G.S.,=;;5) ba Sbfttdb y Ubxfs, dls usufr`ls eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls prlcbeba ba su

jfylrf eb glifrbs s`tufels dbols eb df àstfdfcà y slmrb ua bob qub dbs uab cla bd cbatrl eb dfcùefe. Sb bst`j qub bstls bstfc`lafj`batls brfa ut`d`zfels pràc`pfdjbatb ba bd rbf


[i. 33




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e`c`bjmrb =;65


jbtrlpld`tfaf eb Sbfttdb plr usufr`ls qub v`vfa clacbatrfels ba bspfc`ls c`rcudfrbs ebfdrbebelr eb =,2 j`ddfs eb bob pràc`pfd ba e`rbccà fd cbatrl eb df cùefe, cla uaf plstbr`lrfjpd`fcà eb fdrbebelr eb 6; j`ddfs fiuf frr`mf (bs ebc`r, fprlx`jfefjbatb 6= j`ddfs batltfd).

Ba ua bstue`l rbfd`zfel ba 6002 sb cubst`lafmf f dls usufr`ls eb bstb bsqubjf ebbstfc`lafj`batls ([frhgurst, I. 6002. [frh fae rèb - clude `t dbfe tl fa àcrbfsb à cfr trfnn`c


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febjs eb qub sb prlplab, ba cfsl eb al clatfr cla uaf supbrn`c`b febcufef, df`jpdbjbatfcà eb bstfc`lafj`batls sumtbrrabls.

Ba cufatl f df um`cfcà eb e`cgls bstfc`lafj`batls, sb prlplaba dls CBU]FJ dlcfd`zfels ba dfpbr`nbr`f eb dfs cùefebs y eaeb bd fad`s`s ebtbrjàb jfylr àirbsl eb futljv`dbs fd E`str`tl

Nbebrfd. Dfs prbv`s`labs eb ebjfaef eb cfef àstfdfcà bstfra efefs plr bd e`sbl clacbptufdy bdbjbatls bstructurfdbs y frqu`tbcta`cls qub rbqu`brfa sbr àclrplrfels fd e`sbl nàfd. Sbrabcbsfr`l crbfr tfjmà ua prlirfjf eb pfrt`c`pfcà cùefefaf ba bd batlral eb cfefum`cfcà.

"Alsltrls usfjls bstfc`lafj`batls, y dls le`fjls", e`cb Mba-Olsbpg (=;6=) "Sà bjmfril, slapfrtb eb df vèf cltè`faf y tbabjls qub dè`fr cla bsl. Gfy cubst`labs cudturfdbs y ps`cldi`cfsfdrbebelr eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls, y jucgf fas`befe fcbrcf eb cjl sb cljplrtfa dfs pbrslafsy dls futljv`dbs ba bddls. Ubabjls qub pbasfr ba bstls bspfc`ls cljl uaf pfrtb `jplrtfatb ebaubstrf vèf cltè`faf ".

@ @ @

Clacdus`labs

S` m`ba bd usl ebd futljv`dbs bs pfrf v`fobs e`rbctls lrìba-ebstàl, dfs clae`c`labs ebc`rcudfcà ba fdiuafs zlafs urmfafs ddbvfa f dls claeuctlrbs f ebsbfr ebofr su vbgcudl bamubafs clae`c`labs eb rbsiufrel pfrf sbiu`r su rbclrrèl ba trfasplrtb cldbct`vl. Bstf s`tufcà,s` fua al bs juy e`nuaeèf ba df Cùefe eb Jx`cl, sà bjmfril bs uaf abcbsèfe qub vf

crbc`bael y ebmbrf ddfjfr df ftbacà eb dfs futlrèfebs f df glrf eb pdfabfr fdtbraft`vfsftrfct`vfs ba bd trfasplrtb jfs`vl pfrf lnrbcbr duifrbs eb bstfc`lafj`batl ba puatls ebtrfsmlrel bstrfti`cls.

Bd prlps`tl eb bstls bstfc`lafj`batls bs crbfr uaf clac`bac`f ba bd usl àe`scr`jàfel qub sb dbef fd futljv`d, rbeuc`r df claibstà vbg`cudfr ba df zlaf urmfaf, fclrtfr e`stfac`fs batrbduifrbs, fglrrl eb t`bjpl y e`sjàucà sìa`n`cft`vf eb df clatfjàfcà fjm`batfd prleucèfplr vbgcudls pfrt`cudfrbs.

Fuaqub bx`stba jucgls bstue`ls, dfs bxpbr`bac`fs àtbrafc`lafdbs, gfstf df nbcgf, al gfa ebnàèlua claouatl eb alrjfs ua`vbrsfdjbatb fcbptfefs qub ebtbrjàba dfs pls`m`dèfebs eb x`tl ebbstls bstfc`lafj`batls. Sà bjmfril, sb pubeb v`sdujmrfr slmrb dls mbabn`c`ls qub bd usl eb dlsbstfc`lafj`batls e`sufslr`ls ba dfs pbr`nbr`fs urmfafs mràefa f df cùefe y f df cljuaèfeusufr`f. Df claibstà ebd trn`cl pfrbcb uaf c`rcuastfac`f ms`cf pfrf bd x`tl eb dlsbstfc`lafj`batls, pbrl bd x`tl ebpbaeb, ba rbfdèfe, eb df prlpubstf eb jbeèfs tfdbs cljl uasbrv`c`l eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl eb cfdèfe pfrf crbfr ua s`stbjf eb trfasnbrbac`f judt`jlefd qubsbf ftrfct`vl pfrf dls futljlv`d`stfs.

Eb bstf jfabrf sb bspbrf qub pfrf bd ebsfrrlddl eb dls bstfc`lafj`batls sb pubefa crbfr

àjubmdbs qub pbrj`tfa f dls gfm`tfatbs eb df cùefe trfasplrtfrsb rpèfjbatb y sbat`rsb


[i. 32




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e`c`bjmrb =;65


sft`snbcgls cla dls sbrv`c`ls qub sb mràeba ebatrl eb bddls, fclreb cla dls pfrjbtrls qubbstfmdbcba dls pdfabs y rbidfjbatls.

S` dls bspfc`ls pmd`cls bsta clrrbctfjbatb clabctfels fd trfasplrtb pmd`cl, ftrfbra fe`vbrsls usufr`ls eb e`stfac`fs js dbofafs, crbfael fs ua fjm`batb js judt`cudturfd. Fs`j`sjl,

df clabxà f trfasplrtb pmd`cl rbeuc`r df abcbsèfe eb v`fofr ba futl pfrf ddbifr f bstlsbspfc`ls pmd`cls. Df cfdèfe urmfaf bs `jplrtfatb pfrf df sbiurèfe y m`babstfr eb dfscljuaèfebs, yf qub dls fjm`batbs firfefmdbs àsp`rfa uaf rbsplasfm`dèfe eb jfatbabrdlsd`jp`ls, sbiurls y ftrfct`vls. Df tblrf eb dls vèr`ls rltls eb 60>0, qub à`c` bd [rln. [g`d`p_`jmfrel ba df Ra`vbrsèfe eb Stfanlre cljprubmf qub uaf vbz qub sb pbrj`tb bd ja`jlebtbr`lrl y pfsf fpfrbatbjbatb ebsfpbrc`mèl8 sb àcrbjbatf bxplabac`fdjbatb y s` al bsàtbrvbaèl f t`bjpl, tbrjàf ba v`ldbac`f y ebdàcubac`f.

[lr dl tfatl y f trfvs eb bd elcujbatl prbsbatb, sb clacduyb qub s` m`ba bd bsqubjf ebbstfc`lafj`batls pbr`nr`cls ba dls CBU]FJ al rbndbofrfa ua cfjm`l àjbe`ftl ba df rbeuccàeb df claibstà vbg`cudfr, f dfril pdfzl sb pubeba lmtbabr irfaebs mbabn`c`ls, rbsudtfel eb dfclastfac`f y e`nusà eb bstb jlebdl qub prbtbaeb mbabn`c`fr ebseb bd futljlv`d`stf usufr`l, fdpumd`cl usufr`l eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl (fd jbolrfr su sbrv`c`l), f dls futljlv`d`stfs qub clatàbac`rcudfael ba dfs ebdbifc`labs cbatrfdbs ebd EN (fd baclatrfrsb pfudftàfjbatb cla jbalraujbrl eb futls), y ba ibabrfd f tlels fqubddls qub rbfd`cba trfsdfels y qub lmtbaifa cljlrbsudtfel uaf rbeuccà clasèbrfmdb eb t`bjpls.


[i. 3>


[i. 3>Xae`cb eb clatbaèlZ


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]bnbrbac`fs

Ugljsla, @. y Mudd, F., (=;;=) Df claibstà ebd tras`tl urmfal? cfusfs y clasbcubac`fsbclaj`cfs y slc`fdbs ba ]bv`stf eb df CB[FD, aujbrl 9>, Fmr`d =;;=, pp. 6;0-6=6.

Mudd, F., (=;;3) Claibstà eb tras`tl, bd prlmdbjf y cljl banrbatfrdl Sfat`fil, Cg`db,Cufebrals eb df CB[FD

[frel, Cfrdls N., (=;;0). Dls cfjm`ls ba dls s`stbjfs àtbirfels eb trfasplrtb jfs`vl ba dfspràc`pfdbs cùefebs eb Fjr`cf Dftàf XBa DabfZ. Nbmrbrl =;;0, Sfat`fil eb Cg`db, e`spla`mdbba? gttp?//www.cbpfd.lri/pumd cfc`labs/xjd/6/323>6/dcw==0b.pen XFccbsfel bd =; eb lctumrb eb=;63Z

CBU]FJ., (=;65). Cbatrls eb trfasnbrbac`f jlefd ba Cùefe Jx. XBa dabfZ. Jx`cl, e`spla`mdbba? gttp?//www.cbtrfj.en.ilm.jx/cbtrfjs/ifjfebrl.pgp XFccbsfel bd ef =3 eb lctumrb eb

=;65Z

Cdfrh, F. (=;;2) [frh fae rèb '`s ruàài rurfd dfae. Ugb Iufre`fa. XBa dabfZ E`spla`mdb bagttp?//www.iufre`fa.cl.uh/slc`bty/=;;2/oua/;7/bav`rlajbat.trfasplrtàtgbuh XFccbsfel 6=e`c`bjmrb =;65Z

^fdbelr el Cèfea., (=;;0) Fpfrcfj`batls e`sufslr`ls. [rlpubstf eb fpd`cfcà ba bd jua`c`p`leb ^ìl. XBa dabfZ. Ifd`c`f, Bspff, e`spla`mdb ba?gttp?//glxb.vìl.lri/pen/vfdbelrcèfefa/FL\3.pen XFccbsfel ;9 e`c`bjmrb =;65Z

Mucgfafa, C., (=;6;) Iuf pfrf df `jpdfatfcà eb fpfrcfj`batls e`sufslr`ls ba Faefducf baClasbrobrf ebd jbe`l fjm`batb, ouatf eb Faefducf. XBa dabfZ E`spla`mdb bagttp?//www.ouatfebfaefduc`f.bs/jbe`lfjm`batb/plrtfd\wbm/wbm/tbjfs\fjm`batfdbs/jbe`l\fjm`batb\urmfal/jbe`l\fjmàtb\urmfal\aubvl/jlv dèfe/Iu`f\fpfrcfj`batls\e`sufslr`ls.penXFccbsfel ;3 alv`bjmrb eb =;65Z

@ABI@., (=;;9). Bacubstf lrìba ebstàl. XBa dabfZ. Jx`cl, e`spla`mdb ba?gttp?//www.àbi`.lri.jx XFccbsfel bd ef 6= eb e`c`bjmrb eb =;65Z

[`chbtt, J., y Irfy, S.,(=;;0) Ugb Bnnbct`vbabss fae Sustfàfm`d`ty ln [frh fae ]èb XBa dabfZ.

Bstfels Raèls, e`spla`mdb ba?gttp?//www.g`stlr`ctlwasnlruj.lri/n`dbs/elcujbats/clasudtft`la\elcujbats/Ugb\bnnbct`vbabss\fae\Sustfàfm`d`ty\ln\[frh\fae\]èb.pen XFccbsfel bd ef 66 eb alv`bjmrb eb =;65Z

_rrfif, C., (=;66) @a`c`ft`vf eb dby eb bstfc`lafj`batls pmd`cls y bstfc`lafj`batl clatrldfelba vèf pumd`cf ebd e`str`tl nbebrfd, y eb rbnlrjf f e`vbrsfs e`spls`c`labs eb df dby lria`cf eb dffejà`strfcà pmd`cf ebd e`str`tl nbebrfd, eb df dby eb trfasplrtb y v`fdèfe ebd e`str`tl nbebrfd yeb df dby eb bstfmdbc`j`batls jbrcfat`dbs ebd e`str`tl nbebrfd, ba jftbr`f eb bstfc`lafj`batls.Ba ifcbtf pfrdfjbatfr`f eb FDEN XBa dabfZ. Fmr`d =;66, Jx`cl, e`spla`mdb ba?gttp?//www.fden.ilm.jx/frcg`vl-5fefb2bc5m>;6n=;nf;590=096b>32cb.pen XFccbsfel bd ef 67

eb e`c`bjmrb eb =;65Z


[i. 39




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e`c`bjmrb =;65


SBU]F^@ (=;65) [rlirfjf @atbirfd eb trfasplrtb y ^`fdèfe =;63-=;67 XBa dabfZ. Jx`cl,vgttp?//www.fden.ilm.jx/frcg`vl-530053>ee2fe69en=bb>n032252505f;.pen XFccbsfel bd ef 67eb e`c`bjmrb eb =;65Z

^àcbat, J. y Gfj`dtla, F. (=;;9) [frh fae rèb? Cgfrfctbr`st`cs fae ebjfae nlrbcfstài ba

Dfae Urfasplrt Abw _bfdfae XBa dabfZ. Fustrfd`f, Aubvf _bdfaef,gttp?//www.aztf.ilvt.az/rbslurcbs/rbsbfrcg/rbplrts/3=7/elcs/3=7.pen XFccbsfel bd ef ;2 ebe`c`bjmrb eb =;65Z

RAFJ. (=;;3) [ldt`cfs b àstrujbatls eb trfasplrtb pmd`cl jfs`vl pfrf irfaebs cùefebsEbpfrtfjbatl eb S`stbjfs / EB[N@


[i. 37




42/276

Df ]bs`d`bac`f Rrmfaf cljl bstrftbi`f pfrf df rbibabrfcà eb cùefebsàeustr`fdbs ba ebcd`vb.

Basfyl bdfmlrfel ba bd jfrcl ebdSbjàfr`l eb Bclaljf, [ldt`cf y Fjm`batb

Fprlp`fcà y Ebstruccà ebd Jbe`l Fjm`batb =;62-6

Cllreàfelr? Bar`qub Efz-Jlrf

FutlrCfc`qub ]fjrbz, Jfrf eb df ClacbpcàRa`vbrsèfe Afc`lafd Futaljf eb Jx`cl

[lsirfel eb Frqu`tbcturf/Rrmfa`sjljfclcfrfKijf`d.clj

Df prbsbatb àvbstìfcà fmlref bd fad`s`s eb ua tbjf bsbac`fd pfrf df vèf j`sjf y df

eb aubstrfs cùefebs, v`v`jls ba ua juael cfef vbz js urmfa`zfel, fctufdjbatb js

eb df j`tfe eb df plmdfcà juae`fd rbsèb ba rbfs urmfafs qub ftrfv`bsfa plràaujbrfmdbs clae`c`labs eb cr`t`cèfe8 cla fnbctfc`labs f a`vbd slc`fd, bclaj`cl y

tbrr`tlr`fd, plr tfatl, df prblcupfcà plr baclatrfr bstrftbi`fs qub dbs pbrj`tfa

rbcupbrfrsb eb sus bnbctls, rbv`tfd`zfr su bclaljf, rbbstructurfr su tboèl slc`fd, rbalvfr

sus bspfc`ls ebtbr`lrfels y fprbaebr eurfatb bd prlcbsl. Bsl bs df rbs`d`bac`f urmfaf.

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Df rbs`d`bac`f bs ua trjàl rbdft`vfjbatb aubvl qub v`bab f cljpdbjbatfr fd ebdf slstba`m`dèfe. Df rbs`d`bac`f bs ba s uaf cfpfcèfe eb rbspubstf, al sb rbn`brb f quà

rbsplaeb js rpèl l jbolr, sb trftf eb bstfr clasc`batb eb dl qub sb bs y eb fqubddl

cla dl qub sb cubatf, eb aubstrfs vudabrfm`dèfebs y nlrtfdbzfs. Df rbs`d`bac`f al bs

bxcdus`vf ebd urmfa`sjl, bd trjàl gf sèl fpd`cfel pfrf e`nbrbatbs e`sc`pdàfs cljl df

ps`cldlif, df bcldlif, df àiba`brf, btc. Cljajbatb bs fslc`fef fd nbajbal ebd

cfjm`l cd`jt`cl, sà bjmfril, dl qub fqu als ftfb bs fdil js cljpdbol y t`bab qub

vbr cla bd t`bjpl, bd bspfc`l y df fccà gujfaf. [lr bddl bs `jplrtfatb cl

ensayos de investigación en urbanismo y arquitectura vol iv, 2015-1

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