enrique rivva lopez.doc

7/22/2019 ENRIQUE RIVVA LOPEZ.doc

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DURABILIDAD

Y

PATOLOGIA DEL CONCRETO

Enrique Rivva L

2006


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CAPITULO 1

DURABILIDAD Y PATOLOGIA

1.- DURABILIDAD Y PATOLOGIA

1.1.- DURABILIDAD

Ese !i"r# n# es $ni%a&ene' un esu(i# (e !#s (ivers#s a)enes que

aa%an a! %#n%re#' ni se !i&ia a re*erirse a sus %ausas + &e%aniss # a !a

*#r&a en que ,ue(en (aar!# # (esruir!#' sin# que ,!anea ,#si"!es *#r&as (e

%#nr#!' ,r#,#nien(# a!ernaivas (e s#!u%in. Para !#s *ines (e ese ra"a/# se

enien(e ,#r a %#n%re# si&,!e a !a &e3%!a (e %e&en#' a)ua' + a)re)a(#s

*in# + )rues#' sin re*uer3# &e4!i%#5 " ,#r %#n%re# ar&a(# a !a &e3%!a (e

%#n%re# si&,!e + re*uer3# &e4!i%#5 % ,#r %#n%re# ,res*#r3a(# a !a &e3%!a

(e %#n%re# si&,!e + re*uer3# ,re ,#s-ensa(#.

La (ura"i!i(a( (e una esru%ura (e %#n%re# # sea su varia%in en e!

ie&,# sin (i*i%a%i#nes esen%ia!es en su %#&,#ra&ien#7 es (e*ini(a ,#r

e! C#&i8 201 (e! A&eri%an C#n%ree Insiue ACI %# !a 9a"i!i(a( (e!

%#n%re# ,ara resisir !a a%%in (e! ine&,eris' aaques qu:&i%#s' a"rasin'

# %ua!quier #r# i,# (e (eeri#r#7. A!)un#s invesi)a(#res ,re*ieren (e%ir que

es aque!!a ,r#,ie(a( (e! %#n%re# en(ure%i(# que (e*ine !a %a,a%i(a( (e 8se

,ara resisir !a a%%in (e! &e(i# a&"iene que !# r#(ea5 !#s aaques' +a sea

qu:&i%#s' *:si%#s # "i#!)i%#s' a !#s %ua!es ,ue(e esar e;,ues#5 !#s e*e%#s

(e !a a"rasin' !a a%%in (e! *ue)# + !as ra(ia%i#nes !a a%%in (e !a %#rr#sin

+


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L#s invesi)a(#res %#n%!u+en en que !a (ura"i!i(a( es as,e%# esen%ia!

(e !a %a!i(a( (e una esru%ura sien(# an i&,#rane %# !a resisen%ia. L#s

%#s#s (e &aneni&ien# + (e re,ara%in 9a%en a$n &4s i&,#rane un

a(e%ua(# (ise#' e! %ua! e;i)e in*#r&a%in s#"re !as ensi#nes que ,!anea e!

&e(i# a&"iene + (e su e*e%# en e! %#n%re#. En ese ra"a/# n#s #%u,ares

(e !#s (ivers#s as,e%#s e inerre!a%i#nes que ,ue(en %#nri"uir a (is&inuir !a

(ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re#.

1.2.- PATOLOGIA

La Pa#!#):a (e! C#n%re# se (e*ine %# e! esu(i# sise&4i%# (e !#s

,r#%es#s + %ara%er:si%as (e !as en*er&e(a(es7 # !#s (e*e%#s + (a#s7

que ,ue(e su*rir e! %#n%re#' sus %ausas' sus %#nse%uen%ias + re&e(i#s. En

resu&en' en ese ra"a/# se enien(e ,#r Pa#!#):a a aque!!a ,are (e !a

Dura"i!i(a( que se re*iere a !#s si)n#s' %ausas ,#si"!es + (ia)nsi%# (e!

(eeri#r# que e;,eri&enan !as esru%uras (e! %#n%re#.

E! %#n%re# ,ue(e su*rir' (urane su vi(a' (e*e%#s # (a#s que a!eran

su esru%ura inerna + %#&,#ra&ien#. A!)un#s ,ue(en ser %#n)8ni#s ,#r

esar ,resenes (es(e su %#n%e,%in +


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&e(i%i#nes (e %a&,# # ,rue"as n# (esru%ivas.

>.- ?eri*i%a%in (e as,e%#s (e !a &e3%!a (e %#n%re# que ,ue(en

ser i&,#ranes en e! (ia)nsi%#' a!es %# !a %#nsisen%ia

e&,!ea(a5 a&a# &4;i rea! (e! a)re)a(# )rues# e&,!ea(#5

%#neni(# (e aire5 ,r#%es# (e e!a"#ra%in (e !#s es,e%i&enes5

,r#%e(i&ien# (e (eer&ina%in (e !as resisen%ias en

%#&,resin' *!e;in + ra%%in5 veri*i%a%in (e %ara%er:si%as

es,e%ia!es # a(i%i#na!es' se)$n requeri&ien#s.

@.- C#n#%i&ien# (e! (ise# + %4!%u!# (e !a esru%ura5 !#s

&aeria!es e&,!ea(#s5 !as ,r4%i%as %#nsru%ivas5 + !#s

,r#%e(i&ien#s (e ,r#e%%in + %ura(#5 !#s %ua!es s#n *a%#res

(eer&inanes (e! %#&,#ra&ien# (e !a esru%ura en e! ie&,#

6.- C#n#%i&ien# (e! i,#' %ani(a( + &a)niu( (e !#s ,r#%es#s (e

(e)ra(a%in (e !as ar&a(uras (e re*uer3#' !#s %ua!es

(eer&inan' a rav8s (e! ie&,#' !a resisen%ia' ri)i(e3 +

,er&ea"i!i(a( (e !a esru%ura5 re%#r(an(# que sus %#n(i%i#nes

su,er*i%ia!es in*!u+en' + #(# e!!# se re*!e/a en su se)uri(a('

*un%i#na!i(a(' 9er&ei%i(a( + a,arien%ia5 en su&a en su

%#&,#ra&ien# + vu!nera"i!i(a(.

.- ?eri*i%a%in que e! a%er# (e re*uer3# %u&,!a %#n !a resisen%ia

requeri(a ,#r e! In)enier# Esru%ura! (e a%uer(# %#n !as

es,e%i*i%a%i#nes in(i%a(as en !#s ,!an#s + &eria (e %4!%u!#

(e !as esru%uras. C#rres,#n(ien(# a! In)enier# C#nsru%#r + a

!a u,ervisin %#&,r#"ar que se %u&,!an !as N#r&as AT%#rres,#n(ienes.

De"en #&arse &uesras re,resenaivas (e! a%er# (e re*uer3#' (e

a%uer(# a N#r&a' %#n !a *re%uen%ia + a!%an%e in(i%a(#s en !as es,e%i*i

%a%i#nes (e #"ra. Esas &uesras (e"en ser se!e%%i#na(as a! a3ar + se (e*inen

%# un %#n/un# (e "arras # r#!!#s e;ra:(#s a!ea#ria&ene (e un !#e' (e!

que se #"iene !a in*#r&a%in ne%esaria que ,er&ia a,re%iar una # &4s (e !as

%ara%er:si%as' (e &anera (e *a%i!iar !a #&a (e (e%isi#nes s#"re su e&,!e#.Una &uesra se %#nsi(erar4 %# una *ra%%in e;ra:(a (e !a "arra # r#!!# %#n


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una !#n)iu( (e un &er# ,ara ser s#&ei(a a! ensa+#. e re%#&ien(a que !as

&uesras ,ara !#s ensa+#s (e %a!i(a( (e %a(a (i4&er# (e! a%er# e&,!ea(#'

(e"en esar %#n*#r&a(as %uan# &en#s ,#r %in%# uni(a(es (e ,r#(u%#s (e

%ara%er:si%as si&i!ares ,#r %a(a >0 #ne!a(as # %ani(a( in*eri#r5 (#s se

e&,!ear4n en !a e/e%u%in (e ensa+#s ,ara eva!ua%in (e !as ,r#,ie(a(es

&e%4ni%as una ,ara %a(a ensa+# + res ,ara e*e%# (e !#s (e&4s ensa+#s.

De a%uer(# %#n !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes 8%ni%as (e*ini(as ,#r e! In)enier#

Esru%ura!' + %#n !as e;i)en%ias + #!eran%ias (e*ini(as en !as N#r&as AT

NTP' e! %eri*i%a(# (e %a!i(a( (e !as ,r#,ie(a(es + %ara%er:si%as (e %a(a

(i4&er# su&inisra(# (e! a%er# (e re*uer3#' (e"e %#nener %# &:ni !#

si)uiene

.- N#&"re + (ire%%in (e !a #"ra.

.- e%9a (e re%e,%in (e !as &uesras + (e rea!i3a%in (e !#s

ensa+#s.

.- N#r&a "a/# !a %ua! se *a"ri% e! &aeria! + "a/# !a %ua! se

e*e%$an !#s ensa+#s.

.- Pes# ,#r uni(a( (e !#n)iu( (e !a "arra' a!a&"re' &a!!a' # #rn

(e re*uer3# + su %#n*#r&i(a( %#n !as varia%i#nes ,er&ii(as + su

(i4&er# n#&ina!.

.- Cara%er:si%as (e! %#rru)a(#' si !# 9a+.

.- Resu!a(#s e! ensa+# (e ra%%in' in%!u+en(# resisen%ia a !a

*!uen%ia + resisen%ia $!i&a' + ,#r%ena/e (e a!ar)a&ien#

#"eni(# (e! ensa+#.

.- C#n*#r&i(a( %#n !a N#r&a (e a"ri%a%in.

.- N#&"re + *ir&a (e! res,#nsa"!e (e! ensa+# + e! Dire%#r (e!

La"#ra#ri#.

La i&,#ran%ia (e! aaque (e"i(# a ,r#%es#s %#rr#siv#s /usi*i%a un

raa&ien# es,e%ia! (e !as %ausas + %#nse%uen%ias (e! &is' as: %# (e su

*#r&a (e %#nr#!' !# que se ver4 en (ea!!e en e! Ca,:u!# %#rres,#n(iene. E!

va!#r &:ni (e re%u"ri&ien# %#n %#n%re# ,ara !a ,r#e%%in (e !as

ar&a(uras (e"e ser (e ,#r !# &en#s =@ &&. Para e!!# (e"en res,earse !as

N#r&as que 9a%en re*eren%ia a !#s requisi#s (e re%u"ri&ien# (e! re*uer3#

%#nven%i#na! + (e en(#nes (e re*uer3# n# a(9eri(#s. Una re%#&en(a%in*ina! &u+ i&,#rane es que %uan(# se requiere ,r#e%%in (e! a%er# (e


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re*uer3# %#nra e! *ue)#' !#s re%u"ri&ien#s (e"en in%re&enarse.

2.- ?IDA PRE?ITA Y ?IDA UTIL

2.1.- ?IDA PRE?ITA

e enien(e ,#r vi(a ,revisa (e una esru%ura (e %#n%re# a! ,er:#(#

,ara e! %ua! es (isea(a + %#nsru:(a a *in (e que sais*a)a e! %#n/un# (e

requisi#s arquie%ni%#s' *un%i#na!es' esru%ura!es' (e (ura"i!i(a(' (e

%#&,#ra&ien# + (e se)uri(a(' sin que se )eneren %#s#s ines,era(#s ,#r

&aneni&ien# # ,#r re,ara%in. Para esru%uras %#nven%i#na!es !a vi(a

,revisa ,ue(e ser (e @0 a#s. Para #"ras (e in*raesru%ura' (e 100 a#s

&4s. Re%u8r(ese que e! Panen (e A(rian# es una esru%ura r#&ana en

*#r&a (e "ve(a que iene 2000 a#s (e ani)ue(a( + es4 en ,er*e%as

%#n(i%i#nes + que e! A%ue(u%# (e e)#via iene &4s (e 1@00 a#s.

De"e esu(iarse' si es4 8%ni%a + e%#n&i%a&ene /usi*i%a(# e! %#s#

que )arani3a !a ,er&anen%ia en e! ie&,# (e !as %#n(i%i#nes #ri)ina!es'

ana!i3an(#' en un esu(i# %#&,araiv#' si es &4s a,r#,ia(# re,arar' (e!er #

re%#nsruir !a esru%ura. E;ise un *uere va%:# en !#s %#n#%i&ien#s s#"re !#s

(ivers#s as,e%#s (e !a (ura"i!i(a( + ,a#!#):a (e! %#n%re# ,#r ,are (e !#s

in)enier#s ,r#+e%isas' !#s arquie%#s +' es,e%ia!&ene' !#s %#nraisas' !#

%ua! %#nri"u+e a a%#rar !a vi(a (e !as #"ras. Nevi!!e 9a (es%ri# esa *a!a (e

%#n#%i&ien#s en e! 4rea (e !a Dura"i!i(a( (e! C#n%re#' + !a ari"u+e a !a

,#"re aen%in (e !as a%u!a(es (e In)enier:a Civi! en !a ensean3a (e

varia(#s + via!es as,e%#s (e !a Te%n#!#):a (e! C#n%re#' si se !a %#&,ara

%#n e! ie&,# (e(i%a(# a !a ensean3a (e! (ise# esru%ura!.

2.2.- ?IDA UTIL

e (e*ine %# vi(a $i! (e! ,r#+e%#7 a! ,er:#(# ,revis# ,ara que un

&e%anis (e (a#' # un a)ene a)res#r' (8 ini%i# a! (eeri#r# (e! %#n%re#'

9a"i8n(#se ven%i(# !a "arrera (e ,r#e%%in' ,er# sin que a$n se 9a+a

ini%ia(# e! (e"i!ia&ien# (e !a esru%ura. e (e*ine %# vi(a $i! (e

servi%i#7 a! ,er:#(# (es(e !a e/e%u%in (e !a esru%ura 9asa que se %#&,!ee

un nive! a%e,a"!e (e (eeri#r#. Ese ie&,# es &u+ varia"!e en *un%in (e!nive! (e a%e,a%in (e! ,r#+e%#. e (e*ine %# vi(a $i! #a!7 # !:&ie (e


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*ra%ura7 a! ,er:#(# que va (es(e que se ini%ia !a e/e%u%in (e !a esru%ura

9asa que se ,resena un %#!a,s# #a! # ,ar%ia! %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !#s

&e%aniss (e (a#. La vi(a $i! resi(ua!7 %#rres,#n(e a! ,er:#(#' %#na(# a

,arir (e !a *e%9a (e !a su,ervisin' en que !a esru%ura #(av:a es %a,a3 (e

(ese&,ear sus *un%i#nes. E! ,!a3# *ina! ,ue(e ser e! !:&ie (e! ,r#+e%#' (e

!as %#n(i%i#nes (e servi%i#' # (e *ra%ura' (4n(#se #ri)en a res vi(as $i!es

resi(ua!es.

=.- OBTENCION DE LA DURABILIDAD

=.1.- APECTO GENERALE

Una esru%ura (ura"!e ,ue(e %#nse)uirse si se %#nsi(era #(#s !#s

,#si"!es *a%#res (e (e)ra(a%in + se a%$a %#nse%uene&ene en %a(a una

(e !as *ases (e ,r#+e%#' e/e%u%in + us# (e !a esru%ura. E! in%re&en# (e !a

(ura"i!i(a( (e"e ener en %#nsi(era%in que en una esru%ura ,ue(e 9a"er

(i*erenes e!e&en#s ,#ranes s#&ei(#s a (isin#s i,#s (e a&"ienes' #

(iversas *#r&as (e aaques.

En #(#s !#s %as#s e! In)enier# Pr#+e%isa (e"e re%#r(ar que !a

(ura"i!i(a( n# in%u&"e s!# a !#s e!e&en#s esru%ura!es' (a(# que' &u%9as

ve%es' s#n !#s e!e&en#s n# esru%ura!es !#s que %#n!!evan ,r#"!e&as

i&,#ranes. Es#s ,r#"!e&as ,ue(en %#nsisir en e! (eeri#r# (e! ,r#,i#

e!e&en# ,#r e/e&,!# !a (e)ra(a%in (e !as a%eras (e !#s ,uenes' # ,ue(en

ser !a %#nse%uen%ia (e un %#&,#ra&ien# ina(e%ua(# (e! &is ,#r

e/e&,!#' &a! *un%i#na&ien# (e! (rena/e.

=.2.- LA DURABILIDAD EN LA AE DEL PROYECTO

E! ,r#+e%# (e una esru%ura (e %#n%re# (e"e in%!uir !as &e(i(as

ne%esarias ,ara que !a esru%ura a!%an%e su vi(a $i! esi&a(a' (e a%uer(#

%#n !as %#n(i%i#nes (e a)resivi(a( a&"iena! + %#n e! i,# (e esru%ura. Para

e!!# se (e"e in%!uir una esrae):a (e (ura"i!i(a(' in%!u+en(# !a a)resivi(a( a

!a que esar4 s#&ei(a !a esru%ura' !a %ua! se i(eni*i%ar4 ,#r e! i,# (e

a&"iene.

En !a &eria se in%!uir4 !a /usi*i%a%in (e !as %!ases (e e;,#si%in


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%#nsi(era(as ,ara !a esru%ura. As: &is' en !#s ,!an#s se re*!e/ar4 e! i,#

(e a&"iene ,ara e! que se 9a ,r#+e%a(# %a(a e!e&en#. E! ,r#+e%# (e"er4

(e*inir *#r&as + (ea!!es esru%ura!es que *a%i!ien !a eva%ua%in (e! a)ua +

sean e*i%a%es *rene a !#s ,#si"!es &e%aniss (e (e)ra(a%in (e! %#n%re#.

L#s e!e&en#s (e equi,a&ien#' a!es %# a,#+#s' /unas' (rena/es'

e%. ,ue(en ener una vi(a &4s %#ra que !a (e !a ,r#,ia esru%ura ,#r !#

que' en su %as#' se esu(iar4 !a a(#,%in (e &e(i(as (e ,r#+e%# que *a%i!ien

e! &aneni&ien# + susiu%in (e (i%9#s e!e&en#s (urane !a *ase (e us#.

En !a ,r#e%%in *rene a !#s aaques qu:&i%#s a)resiv#s' !as &e(i(as

,revenivas sue!en ser !as &4s e*i%a%es + &en#s %#s#sas. P#r e!!#' !a

(ura"i!i(a( es una %ua!i(a( que (e"e enerse en %uena (urane !a rea!i3a%in

(e! ,r#+e%#' esu(ian(# !a naura!e3a e inensi(a( ,#en%ia! ,revisi"!e (e!

&e(i# a)resiv# + se!e%%i#nan(# !as *#r&as esru%ura!es' !#s &aeria!es' !as

(#si*i%a%i#nes + !#s ,r#%e(i&ien#s (e ,uesa en #"ra &4s a(e%ua(#s en

%a(a %as#.

La i(eni*i%a%in (e! &e(i# a&"iene (e"er4 ener en %uena !a

e;isen%ia (e un %#n/un# (e *a%#res que s#n %a,a%es (e (i*i%ar e! )ra(#

(e a)resivi(a( que' a ,ri#ri' ,#(r:a %#nsi(erarse %# %ara%er:si%# (e !a

3#na )e#)r4*i%a en !a que se en%uenra !a esru%ura. As:' !#%a!i3a%i#nes

re!aiva&ene ,r;i&as ,ue(en ,resenar (isinas %!ases (e e;,#si%in en

*un%in (e !a a!iu( #,#)r4*i%a' !a #riena%in )enera! (e !a esru%ura' !a

naura!e3a (e !a su,er*i%ie' !a e;isen%ia (e 3#nas ur"anas' !a ,r#;i&i(a( a

%urs#s (e a)ua' e%.

=.=.- LA DURABILIDAD EN LA AE DE EECUCION

La "uena %a!i(a( (e !a e/e%u%in (e !a #"ra +' es,e%ia!&ene' (e!

,r#%es# (e %ura(#' ienen una in*!uen%ia (e%isiva ,ara %#nse)uir una

esru%ura (ura"!e. P#r e!!#' !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes re!aivas a !a (ura"i!i(a(

(e"er4n %u&,!irse en su #a!i(a( (urane !a *ase (e e/e%u%in. N# (e"er:a

,er&iirse %#&,ensar !#s e*e%#s (eriva(#s (e! in%u&,!i&ien# (e a!)unas (e

e!!as. La esrae)ia (e (ura"i!i(a( (e"er4 in%!uir' a! &en#s' !#s si)uienes

as,e%#s


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.- e!e%%in (e *#r&as esru%ura!es a(e%ua(as

.- C#nse%u%in (e una %a!i(a( a(e%ua(a (e! %#n%re# +' en

es,e%ia! (e su %a,a e;eri#r.

.- A(#,%in (e un es,es#r (e re%u"ri&ien# a(e%ua(# ,ara !a

,r#e%%in (e !as ar&a(uras.

.- C#nr#! (e! va!#r &4;i (e a"erura (e *isuras.

.- Dis,#si%in (e ,r#e%%i#nes su,er*i%ia!es en e! %as# (e

a&"ienes &u+ a)resiv#s.

.- A(#,%in (e &e(i(as %#nra !a %#rr#sin (e !as ar&a(uras

.- Dis&inu%in a! &4;i (e !a ,er&ea"i!i(a(.

En e! ,r#+e%# (e"er4n (e*inirse esque&as esru%ura!es' *#r&as

)e#&8ri%as + (ea!!es' que sean %#&,ai"!es %#n !a %#nse%u%in (e una

a(e%ua(a (ura"i!i(a( (e !a esru%ura' en *un%in (e! en#rn# en que e!!a 9a (e

esar u"i%a(a. e ,r#%urar4 eviar e! e&,!e# (e (ise#s esru%ura!es que sean

es,e%ia!&ene sensi"!es *rene a !a a%%in (e! a)ua5 + se en(er4 a re(u%ir a!

&:ni e! %#na%# (ire%# enre !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# + e! a)ua.

e (isear4n !#s (ea!!es (e! ,r#+e%# ne%esari#s ,ara *a%i!iar !a r4,i(a

eva%ua%in (e! a)ua' ,revien(# !#s sise&as a(e%ua(#s ,ara su %#n(u%%in +

(rena/e. En es,e%ia!' se ,r#%urar4 eviar e! ,as# (e! a)ua s#"re !as 3#nas (e

/unas + se!!a(#s. I)ua!&ene' en !a &e(i(a (e !# ,#si"!e' se eviar4 !a

e;isen%ia (e su,er*i%ies s#&ei(as a sa!,i%a(uras # en%9ar%a&ien# (e a)ua5

+ se ,r#%urar4 !i&iar a un &:ni !#s ,#r#s %a,i!ares. Cuan(# !a esru%ura

,resene se%%i#nes %#n a!i)era&ien#s u #que(a(es inernas' se ,r#%urar4

(is,#ner !#s sise&as ne%esari#s ,ara su veni!a%in + (rena/e. e (e"er4

,rever' en !a &e(i(a (e !# ,#si"!e' e! a%%es# a #(#s !#s e!e&en#s (e !a

esru%ura' esu(ian(# !a %#nvenien%ia (e (is,#ner sise&as es,e%:*i%#s que*a%i!ien !a ins,e%%in + e! &aneni&ien# (urane !a *ase (e servi%i#.

Un ,rin%i,i# "4si%# ,ara e! !#)r# (e una esru%ura (ura"!e %#nsise en

#"ener' en !a &e(i(a (e !# ,#si"!e' e! &4;i (e ais!a&ien# res,e%# a!

a)ua. La &a+#r:a (e !#s aaques que su*re e! %#n%re# es4n re!a%i#na(#s %#n

8sa. As:' en a!)un#s %as#s' ,r#vienen (e susan%ias (isue!as que ,eneran a

rav8s (e! %#n%re#' %as# (e !#s aaques qu:&i%#s. En #ras #%asi#nes' es !a

,r#,ia a)ua !a que ,r#v#%a e! (eeri#r# &e%aniss (e 9ie!#-(es9ie!#.ina!&ene' 9a+ ve%es que si "ien e! a)ua n# es !a %ausa $ni%a # su*i%iene' si


10/917

es un e!e&en# ne%esari# ,ara que se (esarr#!!en !#s ,r#%es#s (e

(e)ra(a%in %#rr#sin.

=.>.- ACTORE FUE AECTAN EL PROCEO DE DETERIORO

E! (eeri#r# (e! %#n%re# se ,ue(e ver a(i%i#na!&ene a*e%a(# ,#r e!

e*e%# (e res *a%#res !a 9u&e(a(' !a e&,eraura' + !a ,resin. E! *a%#r

,rin%i,a! es !a 9u&e(a( en e! %#n%re# + n# en !a a&s*era %ir%un(ane'

aunque 8sa $!i&a %#nri"u+e %#n !#s *en&en#s (e (eeri#r# en !a &e(i(a

que se ,resenan %i%!#s (e 9u&e(e%i&ien# + se%a(# en e! %#n%re#. E! e*e%#

(e !a e&,eraura es &u+ i&,#rane ,#r %uan# e!!a in%i(e en !a ve!#%i(a( %#n

!a %ua! ,ue(en #%urrir !#s *en&en#s (e (eeri#r# en e! %#n%re#. Las

rea%%i#nes qu:&i%as se a%e!eran %#n e! au&en# (e !a e&,eraura'

%#nsi(er4n(#se que un au&en# (e !a e&,eraura (e 10C (#"!a !a ve!#%i(a(

(e !a rea%%in. L#s %!i&as r#,i%a!es se %#nsi(eran &4s a)resiv#s que #r#s.

La ,resin as*8ri%a + e! r8)i&en (e vien#s ienen in%i(en%ia s#"re

!a (ura"i!i(a( a! %#nri"uir a! (eeri#r# (e"i(# a !a er#sin (e ,ar:%u!as

arrasra(as ,#r e! vien#5 que ,ue(en ,r#ver !#s %i%!#s (e 9u&e(e%i&ien#

+ se%a(#5 # a*e%ar !#s %i%!#s (e en*ria&ien# + %a!ena&ien# (e !a su,er*i%ie

(e !a ierra. La a%%in (e !a ,resin (e! &e(i# !:qui(#' s!i(#' # )ase#s# en

esru%uras su&er)i(as en e! sue!# # a)ua ,ue(e ser &u+ i&,#rane ,#r

%uan# se ,r#&ueve !a ,enera%in (e e!e&en#s que ,ue(en ,er%#!ar e!

%#n%re#.

[email protected] COTO DE LA DURABILIDAD

E! in)enier# (e"e ener ,resene e! %#n%e,# (e (ura"i!i(a( en #(as!as ea,as (e! ,r#+e%#' e!e%%in (e !#s &aeria!es' ,r#%es# (e ,uesa en #"ra'

a%a"a(#s + &aneni&ien# (e una esru%ura (e %#n%re#. En e! an4!isis (e

una #"ra n# se ,ue(e ni se (e"e (e/ar (e ana!i3ar e! !!a&a(# %#s# (e !a

(ura"i!i(a(' e! %ua! se ,ue(e as#%iar %#n un a9#rr# a !ar)# ,!a3#. La siua%in

i(ea!' ser:a !#)rar un &aeria! que' %#n e! &en#r %#s# ,#si"!e' n#s ,er&ia

sais*a%er !as %#n(i%i#nes (e servi%i#' (urane #(a !a vi(a $i! (e !a esru%ura.

Esa %#n%e,%in eri%a n# sie&,re se %u&,!e en !a vi(a rea!. Basa ver!as esru%uras (aa(as (e"i(# a !a n# a,!i%a%in (e! %#n%e,# (e (ura"i!i(a(.


11/917

L# *un(a&ena! ,ara eviar es#s ,r#"!e&as es ener una i(ea %!ara' (e qu8 +

,ara qu8 se es4 %#nsru+en(# !a #"ra que se n#s 9a en%#&en(a(#. Ese

%#n%e,# es *un(a&ena! ,ara ,re(e%ir e! *un%i#na&ien# (e !a esru%ura'

(urane #(a su vi(a $i! (e servi%i#. Di*erenes %#nr#!es sur)en (e a%uer(# a

!a u"i%a%in (e !a esru%ura ,r#+e%a(a' as: %# a&"i8n (e! i,# (e

&aeria!es que se e&,!een ,ara !a e!a"#ra%in (e! %#n%re#.

C#n re*eren%ia a !a (ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re# res,e%# a !a u"i%a%in (e

!a esru%ura' se (e"e ener en %uena !#s ,#si"!es aaques en (isinas

a&s*eras' aaques qu:&i%#s e;ern#s a! %#n%re#' ,r#"!e&as (e *isura%in +

a%%i#nes *:si%as. C#n res,e%# a !#s &aeria!es e&,!ea(#s' 9a+ que ener en

%uena !as ,#si"!es rea%%i#nes (e!e8reas inernas' !a esru%ura (e !#s ,#r#s +

!#s &e%aniss (e rans,#re (e *!u:(#s (enr# (e !a &asa (e %#n%re#. Ca(a

siua%in e;,uesa iene su s#!u%in' !a %ua! (e"e ser ana!i3a(a (es(e !a

%#n%e,%in (e !a esru%ura' +a que !a a,ari%in (e !#s ,r#"!e&as )enera

%#s#s sea ,#r *a!!a esru%ura!' ,8r(i(a (e !a %a,a%i(a( (e servi%i#'

a*ea&ien# e;ern#' e% &u%9# &4s a!#s ,ara su re,ara%in' !#s %ua!es

9u"ieran si(# &ini&i3a(#s si se 9u"iesen ana!i3a(# en e! &en# a(e%ua(#.

Es ,#r e!!# ne%esari#' + e!!# ser:a una ,ri&era + &u+ i&,#rane

re%#&en(a%in' e! que !as N#r&as Peruanas (e Dise# Esru%ura!' a! !a(# (e

!a resisen%ia' ,r#,ie(a( que n# se (is%ue' (en i)ua! i&,#ran%ia a !a

(ura"i!i(a(' inr#(u%i8n(#!a %# e!e&en# ,ri&ari# (e eva!ua%in ,ara e!

%4!%u!# (e Esru%uras (e C#n%re# Ar&a(#.

=.6.- RECOENDACIONE OBRE EL CONCRETO

Una esrae)ia en*#%a(a a !a (ura"i!i(a( (e una esru%ura (e"e raar(e %#nse)uir una %a!i(a( a(e%ua(a (e! %#n%re#' en es,e%ia! (e !as 3#nas &4s

su,er*i%ia!es (#n(e se ,ue(en ,r#(u%ir !#s ,r#%es#s (e (eeri#r#. P#r un

%#n%re# (e %a!i(a( a(e%ua(a se enien(e aque! que %u&,!e !as si)uienes

%#n(i%i#nes

.- e!e%%in (e &aerias ,ri&as a%#r(e %#n !as N#r&as.

.- D#si*i%a%in a(e%ua(a.

.- Puesa en #"ra %#rre%a

.- Cura(# a(e%ua(# (e! %#n%re#.


12/917

.- Resisen%ia a%#r(e %#n e! %#&,#ra&ien# esru%ura! es,era(#

+ %#n)ruene %#n !#s requisi#s (e (ura"i!i(a(.

.- C#&,#ra&ien# a%#r(e %#n !#s servi%i#s que se es,eran (e !a

esru%ura.

De"e "us%arse ie&,#s (e rans,#re %#r#s5 %#!#%a%in ,#r &e(i# (e

sise&as 4)i!es5 vi"ra%in a,r#,ia(a. De"e re%#r(arse que e! )ra(# (e

%#&,a%a%in iene un ,a,e! i&,#rane en e! ,es# uniari# + en !a %a!i(a( (e!

%#n%re# %#!#%a(# + que un a!# )ra(# (e %#&,a%a%in )enera una "a/a

re!a%in (e va%:#s +' ,#r an#' una "a/a ,er&ea"i!i(a( %#n a!# )ra(# (e

uni*#r&i(a( + resisen%ia' sien(# #(# e!!# es,e%ia!&ene i&,#rane en !a

%a,a (e re%u"ri&ien#.

E! %ura(# a rav8s (e su in*!uen%ia en !a ,#r#si(a(' !a ,er&ea"i!i(a( + !a

9er&ei%i(a( (e! %#n%re#' iene un ,a,e! &u+ i&,#rane en !a (ura"i!i(a(. E!

%#n%re# (e"e &a(urar "a/# %#n(i%i#nes a,r#,ia(as (e 9u&e(a( +

e&,eraura ,ara (esarr#!!ar #(as sus %ara%er:si%as + ,r#,ie(a(es. Un

%ura(# a(e%ua(# ase)ura que e! %#n%re# ser4 resisene' en)a "a/a

,er&ea"i!i(a(' se en%uenre !i"re (e *isuras +' ,#r !# an#' sea (ura"!e.

Durane !a ea,a ini%ia! (e! ,r#%es# (e ,uesa en #"ra (e"e enerse

%ui(a(# (e !#s si)uienes as,e%#s

.- Ase)urarse que !#s ,r#%es#s (e *ra)ua(# + en(ure%i&ien# sean

!#s &4s a(e%ua(#s ,ara !as %#n(i%i#nes a&"iena!es (e #"ra' !a

e%n#!#):a (is,#ni"!e' + e! ie&,# rans%urri(#. Es (e%ir' que e!

va%ia(# (e! %#n%re# (e"er4 e*e%uarse (e a! &anera que se

a!%an3en un#s nive!es (e resisen%ia (eer&ina(#s en ie&,#sa&"i8n (eer&ina(#s' (e &anera que se evie !a *#r&a%in (e

*uuras *isuras.

.- Ase)urarse que e! %#n%re# n# se vea a*e%a(# ,#r !a

,r#"a"i!i(a( (e #%urren%ias (e 9e!a(as e&,ranas' !# %ua! es

,r#,i# (e %!i&as *ri#s # &u+ *r:#s. E! %#n%re# su*re (a#s

,er&anenes en e! %as# que se ,resenen 9e!a(as (urane !as

,ri&eras 2> 9#ras. E! &8#(# (e %ura(# e!e)i(# (e"e )arani3arque e! %#n%re# n# se 9e!ar4 9asa que #"en)a un (eer&ina(#


13/917

)ra(# (e en(ure%i&ien#.

Las )ra(ienes 8r&i%as que n#r&a!&ene se ,resenan en !a

se%%in ransversa! (e un e!e&en# (urane su *ra)ua(# +


14/917

%#n sue!#s a)resiv#s. e (e*ine %# a&"ienes &u+ sever#s a !as 3#nas (e

sa!,i%a(uras # su&er)i(as en e! a)ua (e! &ar %#n una %ara e;,uesa a! aire5

e!e&en#s en aire saura(# (e sa!5 a&"ienes %#n a)ua (e &ar + 9ie!#5

e;,#si%in (ire%a a !:qui(#s %#n ,equeas %ani(a(es (e 4%i(#s' a&"ienes

sa!in#s # a)uas *uere&ene #;i)ena(as5 )ases a)resiv#s # sue!#s

,ari%u!ar&ene a)resiv#s5 + a&"ienes in(usria!es &u+ a)resiv#s.

@.- ACCIONE Y RECOENDACIONE

Para a,!i%ar a! (eeri#r# ,#r *a!!as en !a (ura"i!i(a( un raa&ien#

a(e%ua(#' es %#nveniene se)uir !as in(i%a%i#nes (e! ACI =6>.1R que a

%#ninua%in se in(i%an

a anener !a esru%ura en su %#n(i%in ,resene + %#nrarresar

,#seri#res (eeri#r#s.

" Resa"!e%er !#s &aeria!es' !a *#r&a # !a a,arien%ia que en:a !a

esru%ura en una 8,#%a (eer&ina(a.

% Ree&,!a3ar # %#rre)ir &aeria!es' %#&,#nenes # e!e&en#s (e !a

esru%ura' !#s %ua!es se en%uenran (eeri#ra(#s' (aa(#s #

(e*e%u#s#s.

( Re,arar # (i*i%ar !a esru%ura 9asa !!evar!a a una %#n(i%in

(esea(a.

e In%re&enar !a %a,a%i(a( (e !a esru%ura # (e una ,are (e e!!a ,ara

resisir %ar)as.

6.- UETREO Y ACEPTACION DEL CONCRETO

C#n !a *ina!i(a( (e eviar *uuras *a!!as en e! e!e&en# esru%ura! e!%#n%re# %# &aeria! (e"e (e %u&,!ir %#n #(#s !#s requisi#s in(i%a(#s

,#r e! Pr#+e%isa. La #&a (e &uesras (e %#n%re# ,ara %#&,r#"ar si !a

%a!i(a( (e! &is %#rres,#n(e a !as ne%esi(a(es (e !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes es

as,e%# *un(a&ena! en e! %#nr#! (e !a (ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re#.

Las &uesras (e %#n%re# (e"en #&arse %u&,!ien(# %#n !# in(i%a(#

en !as res,e%ivas N#r&as AT # NTP + esar %#&,uesas (e ,#r%i#nes (e

(isinas ,ares (e! v#!u&en que %#n*#r&a !a ,#r%in %enra! (e !a (es%ar)a(e! %#n%re# &uesrea(#' + nun%a (e !a ,#r%in ini%ia! # *ina! (e !a (es%ar)a.


15/917

La &uesra (e"e #&arse (e una s#!a an(a' ,r#e)erse (e! s#! + e! vien#' + su

v#!u&en (e"e ser su*i%iene ,ara e*e%uar #(#s !#s ensa+#s s#!i%ia(#s

in%!u+en(#

.- Deer&ina%in (e !a e&,eraura (e! %#n%re# *res%#' e!

asena&ien# + e! %#neni(# (e aire.

.- E!a"#ra%in (e seis ,r#"eas es4n(ar (e 1@ ; =0 %&s. D#s ,ara

ensa+# a !#s (:as' (#s ,ara ensa+# a !#s 2J (:as + (#s %#

esi)#s. T#(as (e"i(a&ene &ar%a(as + %ura(as.

.- Para !a resisen%ia en *!e;in se e!a"#rar4n seis vi)ueas

es4n(ar (e 1@;1@;@0 %&s. D#s ,ara !#s (:as' (#s ,ara !#s 2J

(:as' + (#s %# esi)#s. T#(as (e"i(a&ene &ar%a(as +

%ura(as.

Las &uesras ,ara ensa+#s (e resisen%ia se #&ar4n n# &en#s (e una

ve3 ,#r (:a' ni &en#s (e una ve3 ,#r %a(a >0 &= (e %#n%re#' # una ve3 %a(a

200 &2 (e 4rea (e ,!a%as # &ur#s. A(i%i#na!&ene' si e! v#!u&en #a! (e

%#n%re# es a! que !a *re%uen%ia (e !#s ensa+#s (a !u)ar a &en#s (e @

ensa+#s (e resisen%ia ,ara una &is&a %!ase (e %#n%re#' !as &uesras

(e"er4n #&arse (e ,#r !# &en#s @ &e3%!as se!e%%i#na(as a! a3ar' # en %a(a

&e3%!a si se usan &en#s (e @.

e enien(e ,#r ensa+#7 e! va!#r in(ivi(ua! (e resisen%ia a !a

%#&,resin (e (#s ,r#"eas (e !a &is&a e(a(' e!a"#ra(as (e !a &is&a

&e3%!a. E! C#nsru%#r + !a u,ervisin (e"er4n !!evar un re)isr# ri)ur#s# +

a(e%ua(# (e %a(a &uesra (e %#n%re#' que in%!u+a !a si)uiene in*#r&a%in

.- e%9a + 9#ra (e !a #&a (e &uesras.

.- I(eni*i%a%in (e !as ,r#"eas # vi)ueas e!a"#ra(as.

.- Ti,# (e %#n%re#.

.- U"i%a%in (e !#s e!e&en#s va%ia(#s %#n e! %#n%re# (e !a

&uesra.

.- Te&,eraura (e! %#n%re# *res%#.

.- C#nsisen%ia.

.- Resu!a(# (e !#s ensa+#s (e resisen%ia a !a %#&,resin (e

#(as !as ,r#"eas + vi)ueas ensa+a(as.


16/917

Las re%#&en(a%i#nes (e! C#&i8 ACI =1J + (e !a N#r&a Peruana E.060

se #&ar4n %# %rieri#s (e a%e,a%in # re%9a3# (e! %#n%re# *res%# +


17/917

CAPITULO 2

ETRUCTURA Y ICROETRUCTURA DEL CONCRETO

1.- ATERIALE

E! %#n%re# es4 %#&,ues# (e %e&en# %a!%are#' a)ua + a)re)a(#s

%# e!e&en#s ,rin%i,a!es. C# e!e&en#s se%un(ari#s ,ue(en esar

,resenes aire' a(i%i#nes' a(iiv#s + *i"ras. Las ,r#,ie(a(es + %ara%er:si%as5

as: %# !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes requeri(as (e !#s &aeria!es e&,!ea(#s en !a

,r#(u%%in (e %#n%re#' (e"en %eirse a !a n#r&aivi(a( NTP vi)ene en e!

,a:s' en %as# (e n# e;isir 8sa se %eir4n a !a N#r&a AT. Las N#r&as se

(e"en %u&,!ir enien(# en &ene n# s!# un va!#r es,e%i*i%a(# (e resisen%ia

%#&,resin' *!e;in' # %#re sin# a&"i8n' %# as,e%# *un(a&ena!' !a

(ura"i!i(a(.

1.1.- CEENTO

E! %e&en# ,#r!an( es ,r#(u%# (e !a %a!%ina%in (e r#%as %a!i3as +

ar%i!!#sas5 + #%u,a enre e! H + 1@H (e! v#!u&en (e !a &e3%!a. E! a)ua #%u,a

enre e! 1>H + e! 1JH (e! v#!u&en (e !a &e3%!a e 9i(raa a! %e&en# ,#r!an('

,#r %#&,!e/as rea%%i#nes qu:&i%as' (an(# %# ,r#(u%# *ina! T#"erria

que es e! ,r#(u%# res,#nsa"!e (e !a resisen%ia (e! %#n%re#. La &e3%!a (e

%e&en# ,#r!an( + a)ua se %#n#%e %# ,asa + sirve %# !u"ri%ane (e !a

&e3%!a *res%a. La ,asa en(ure%i(a ,r#vee (e ,r#,ie(a(es a! %#n%re#.

En e! Per$ se ui!i3a e! %e&en# ,#r!an( n#r&a! %u+a %#&,#si%in

%#rres,#n(e a !#s Ti,# 1' 11 + ? (e !a N#r&a AT C 1@0. A(i%i#na!&ene se

ui!i3an %e&en#s %#&,ues#s ,#r a(i%in (e un &aeria! ,u3#!4ni%# ,u3#!ana

# es%#ria *ina&ene !i(a5 %eni3as # &i%r#s:!i%es que %#rrs,#n(en a !a

N#r&a AT C @@. T#(#s !#s %e&en#s ,eruan#s ,er&iien #"ener

%#n%re#s %#n "uenas %ara%er:si%as (e (ura"i!i(a(.

1.2.- AGUA


18/917

Pue(e e&,!earse %# a)ua (e &e3%!a(# +


19/917

1.=.1.- AGREGADO INO

C# a)re)a(# *in# se %#nsi(era aque! %#&,ren(i(# enre e! Ta&i3 NK

> + e! Ta&i3 NK 200 + que ,r#viene (e arenas naura!es # (e !a riura%in (e

r#%as' )ravas u #ras *uenes a,r#"a(as. E! a)re)a(# *in# n# (e"er4 ,resenar

rea%ivi(a( ,#en%ia! 4!%a!i-s:!i%e +00.0=. !a AT C ==. E! a)re)a(# *in#

,#(r4 %#nsisir (e arena naura!. us ,ar:%u!as ser4n !i&,ias' (e ,er*i!

,re*erene&ene an)u!ar # se&ian)u!ar' (uras' %#&,a%as + resisenes5 +

esar4 !i"re (e ,ar:%u!as es%asas' &aeria #r)4ni%a u #ras susan%ias

(ainas.

En nin)$n %as# e! a)re)a(# *in# (e"er4 ener &4s (e! >@H (e &aeria!

reeni(# enre (#s a&i%es %#nse%uiv#s. N# se ,er&iir4n varia%i#nes

&a+#res (e 0.2 en e! &(u!# (e *inura' %#n res,e%# a! va!#r %#rres,#n(iene a

!a %urva a(#,a(a ,ara !a se!e%%in (e !#s in)re(ienes (e !a &e3%!a. E!

a)re)a(# *in# (e"e en%#nrarse !i"re (e ar%i!!a + (e ,ar:%u!as (e!e3na"!es5 (e

&aeria! que ,asa e! Ta&i3 (e > &i%ras5 (e ,ar:%u!as !ivianas %# &i%a'

%ar"n # !i)ni#5 (e su!*a#s + &aeria #r)4ni%a. e re%#&ien(a %# va!#res

&4;is

Terr#nes (e ar%i!!a + ,ar:%u!as (e!e3na"!es ...... 1'0H

aeria! que ,asa e! a&i3 (e > &i%ras ........... ='0H

Par:%u!as !ivianas ............................... .0'@H

u!*a#s %# O> ............................................... 1'2H

E! a)re)a(# *in# (e"e esar !i"re (e %ani(a(es ,er/u(i%ia!es (e &aeria

#r)4ni%a. i su %#!#r' en e! ensa+# %#!#ri&8ri%#' es &a+#r que e! A&"ar NK ='se (e"e re%9a3ar. i !a %#!#ra%in es %ausa(a ,#r a)enes (isin#s a !a

&aeria #r)4ni%a se ,ue(e a%u(ir a! ensa+# (e re!a%in (e resisen%ias. i !a

resisen%ia re!aiva a !#s (:as n# resu!a &en#r (e! @H e! a)re)a(# ,ue(e

usarse.

E! a)re)a(# *in#' en e! ensa+# (e esa"i!i(a( (e v#!u&en' n# (e"er4

ener una ,8r(i(a (e ,es# ,r#&e(i# &a+#r (e! 10H %uan(# se ensa+a %#n

su!*a# (e s#(i# # (e! 1@H %uan(# se ensa+a %#n su!*a# (e &a)nesi#. P#(r4ser a%e,a(# si se %#&,rue"a que a! ser e;,ues# a %#n(i%i#nes (e


20/917

ine&,eris ,are%i(as (a ,rue"as (e %#&,#ra&ien# sais*a%#ri#.

1.=.2.- AGREGADO GRUEO

C# a)re)a(# )rues# se %#nsi(era a! &aeria! )ranu!ar %#&,ren(i(#

enre e! Ta&i3 (e 2M + e! Ta&i3 NK >' + ,r#viene (e !a riura%in (e )ravas

naura!es # (e r#%as u #ras *uenes a,r#"a(as. De"er4 %u&,!ir %#n !#s

requisi#s in(i%a(#s en !a N#r&a NTP >00.0= #' a!ernaiva&ene' en !a N#r&a

AT C ==. us ,ar:%u!as ser4n !i&,ias' (e ,er*i! ,re*erene&ene an)u!ar #

se&ian)u!ar' (uras' %#&,a%as + resisenes' + (e e;ura ,re*erene&ene

ru)#sa' (e"ien(# esar !i"re (e ,ar:%u!as es%asas' &aeria #r)4ni%a u #ras

susan%ias (ainas.

La )ranu!#&er:a + e! a&a# &4;i e!e)i(#s ,ara e! a)re)a(# )rues#

(e"er4n ,er&iir #"ener !a &4;i&a (ensi(a( (e! %#n%re# %#n una a(e%ua(a

ra"a/a"i!i(a( + un asena&ien# (enr# (e !#s va!#res esi,u!a(#s' en *un%in

(e !as %#n(i%i#nes (e %#!#%a%in (e !a &e3%!a.

E! a&a# n#&ina! (e! a)re)a(# )rues# n# (e"er4 ser &a+#r (e

a Un quin# (e !a &en#r (i&ensin enre %aras (e en%#*ra(#s5

" Un er%i# (e! ,era!e (e !as !#sas5

% Tres %uar#s (e! es,a%i# !i"re &:ni enre "arras in(ivi(ua!es

(e re*uer3#' ,aquees (e "arras' en(#nes # (u%#s (e

,res*uer3#.

Esas !i&ia%i#nes ,ue(en ser #"via(as si' a %rieri# (e !a u,ervisin'

!a ra"a/a"i!i(a( + !#s ,r#%e(i&ien#s (e %#&,a%a%in ,er&ien %#!#%ar e!%#n%re# sin *#r&a%in (e va%:#s # %an)re/eras.

E! a)re)a(# )rues# n# ,ue(e ,resenar rea%ivi(a( ,#en%ia! 4!%a!i-

s:!i%e +


21/917

L#s :n(i%es (e a,!ana&ien# + a!ar)a&ien# (e! a)re)a(# )rues#

,r#%esa(#' n# (e"er4n ser &a+#res (e! 1@H. E! (es)ase (e! a)re)a(# )rues#'

&e(i(# (e a%uer(# a! ensa+# AT en !a &4quina (e L#s An)e!es' n# ,#(r4

ser &a+#r (e! >0H. E! %#neni(# (e susan%ias ,er/u(i%ia!es en e! a)re)a(#

)rues#' n# (e"er4 ser &a+#r que !as si)uienes es,e%i*i%a%i#nes

Terr#nes (e ar%i!!a + ,ar:%u!as (e!e3na"!es .....0'2@H

Par:%u!as "!an(as ............................... @'00H

aeria! que ,asa e! Ta&i3 (e > &i%ras .......... 1'00H

Cani(a( (e ,ar:%u!as !ivianas .................. 0'@0H

C#neni(# (e su!*a#s' %# O> .................. 1'20H

E! a)re)a(# )rues# s#&ei(# a! ensa+# (e esa"i!i(a( (e v#!u&en' (e

a%uer(# a AT' (e"er4 ener una ,8r(i(a (e ,es# ,r#&e(i# n# &a+#r (e!

12H %uan(# se ensa+a %#n su!*a# (e s#(i# # (e! 1JH %uan(# se ensa+a %#n

su!*a# (e &a)nesi#.

E! !ava(# (e !as ,ar:%u!as (e a)re)a(# )rues# se (e"er4 9a%er %#n

a)ua ,#a"!e # a)ua !i"re (e &aeria #r)4ni%a' sa!es # s!i(#s en sus,ensin.

N# se e&,!ear4 a)ua (e &ar.

1.>.- ADITI?O

L#s a(iiv#s s#n ,r#(u%#s qu:&i%#s que se in%#r,#ran a !a &e3%!a

,ara (i*i%ar una # a!)unas ,r#,ie(a(es (e! %#n%re#. De"en %u&,!ir %#n !as

es,e%i*i%a%i#nes (a(as ,#r !as N#r&as AT' !as Re%#&en(a%i#nes ACI !a

N#r&a NTP ==.0J6. E! e&,!e# (e a(iiv#s (e"er4 ser s#&ei(# a !a

a,r#"a%in ,revia (e !a u,ervisin + n# au#ri3a a re(u%ir e! %#neni(# (e%e&en# (e !a &e3%!a.

E! *a"ri%ane +


22/917

%#nener aire inen%i#na!&ene in%#r,#ra(#' enre 1H + H (e! v#!u&en (e !a

&e3%!a. Ese $!i i,# (e aire se !#)ra e&,!ean(# a(iiv#s

E! C#nsru%#r ,r#,#r%i#nar4 a !a u,ervisin !a (#si*i%a%in

re%#&en(a"!e (e! a(iiv# e in(i%ar4 !#s e*e%#s ,er/u(i%ia!es (e"i(#s a

varia%i#nes (e !a &is&a. L#s a(iiv#s e&,!ea(#s en #"ra (e"en ser (e !a

&is&a %#&,#si%in' i,# + &ar%a que !#s ui!i3a(#s ,ara !a se!e%%in (e !as

,r#,#r%i#nes (e !a &e3%!a (e %#n%re#.

[email protected] ADICIONE

Las a(i%i#nes &i&era!es se in%#r,#ran a !a &e3%!a ,ara (i*i%ar sus

,r#,ie(a(es' es,e%ia!&ene ra"a/a"i!i(a(' resisen%ia + (ura"i!i(a(.

C#&,ren(en !as ,u3#!anas' es%#rias (e a!# 9#rn#' %eni3as + &i%r#s:!i%es.

T#(as e!!as 9an (esra(#' an# en !#s ensa+#s (e! !a"#ra#ri# %# en !a

e;,erien%ia (e #"ra' )ran(es vena/as (eriva(as (e su e&,!e#.

1.6.- IBRA

Las *i"ras se in%#r,#ran a! %#n%re# ,re*erene&ene ,ara &e/#rar su

resisen%ia en ensin + %#re. Pue(en ser &e4!i%as' (e vi(ri#' # (e %!#rur# (e

,#!ivin+!. C#n 8sas $!i&as se 9an #"eni(# e;%e!enes resu!a(#s.Pue(e

%#nsi(erarse ,erinene inensi*i%ar e! &i%r#re*uer3# en e! %#n%re# &e(iane

e! us# (e *i"ras (a(# que %#nri"u+e a &e/#rar !a (ura"i!i(a( sie&,re que se

%u&,!an !as N#r&as AT C 1116. e requiere a,r#"a%in (e! In)enier#

Pr#+e%isa.

2.- DOIICACION

La ,r#,#r%in re!aiva (e !#s (isin#s in)re(ienes (e"e esar

a(e%ua(a&ene (#si*i%a(a' (e a! &anera que !a su&a (e sus v#!$&enes

a"s#!u#s sea 1 + e! %#n%re# anes (e ser %#!#%a(# en !#s en%#*ra(#s sea

ra"a/a"!e + +a %#!#%a(# en)a !as ,r#,ie(a(es (esea(as' in%!u:(as resisen%ia

+ (ura"i!i(a(. E! ,r#%e(i&ien# a se)uir ,ara !a se!e%%in (e !as ,r#,#r%i#nes

que(a a %rieri# (e! %#nraisa # (e! ven(e(#r (e %#n%re# ,re&e3%!a(#'

esan(# (a(a ,#r !a u,ervisin !a )aran:a (e! %u&,!i&ien# (e !ases,e%i*i%a%i#nes.


23/917

Para !a se!e%%in (e !as ,r#,#r%i#nes # (ise# (e !a &e3%!a7 n# (e"e

ui!i3arse re%eas uni%as7 e;isien(# (#si*i%a%i#nes ,#r ,es#' "a/as

re!a%i#nes a)ua


24/917

que n# se va+a a ver a*e%a(a ni !a &ane/a"i!i(a( ni !a resisen%ia (e! %#n%re#.

Es %#nveniene que (urane !a *ase (e (ise# (e &e3%!as' # se!e%%in

(e !as ,r#,#r%i#nes' se #"en)an !as %urvas (e (esarr#!!# (e !a resisen%ia (e

%a(a i,# (e %#n%re# a !as si)uienes e(a(es 1' =' ' 1>' 2J' @6' + 0 (:as.

De,en(ien(# (e !as %#n(i%i#nes (e e;,#si%in (e! %#n%re# a a)enes

a)resiv#s' se (e"en #&ar !as ,re%au%i#nes (e! %as# se)$n e! a)ene +

&e%anis (e (a#.

=.- COPACIDAD DEL CONCRETO

Es !a %a,a%i(a( (e a%#(a&ien# que ienen !as ,ar:%u!as (e !#s

in)re(ienes s!i(#s que !# %#&,#nen + se (e*ine %# !a %ani(a( (e

&aeria!es s!i(#s en v#!u&en a"s#!u# ,#r uni(a( (e v#!u&en (e! %#n%re#.

La %#&,a%i(a( (e,en(e (e !a %a!i(a( + %ani(a( (e !#s in)re(ienes (e!

%#n%re#. Pue(e verse a*e%a(a ,#r !a se)re)a%in' en e! esa(# ,!4si%#. La

%#rre%a (isri"u%in (e sus %#&,#nenes' a rav8s (e !a &asa' es i&,#rane

,ara &anener!# an s!i(# %# sea ,#si"!e. Para que e! %#n%re# sea

%#&,a%#' (ens#' s!i(#' 9#)ene#' + ,#r an# resisene + (ura"!e' se

requiere

a E! us# (e un %e&enane (e "uena %a!i(a( + !a a,!i%a%in (e

"a/as re!a%i#nes a)ua


25/917

A$n %#n una a!a %#&,a%i(a( + "uena 9#)enei(a(' e! %#n%re#

,resena en su ineri#r una esru%ura re!aiva&ene ,#r#sa5 +' evenua!&ene

&i%r#*isuras # *isuras. Para enen(er !a esru%ura ,#r#sa (e! %#n%re#' es

ne%esari# %#n#%er a(e%ua(a&ene !#s %#n%e,#s que se in(i%an en e! a%4,ie

re!aiv# a ,#r#si(a(.

>.- POROIDAD

e (e*ine %# ,#r#si(a( a !a %ani(a( (e es,a%i#s va%:#s que que(an

in&ers#s en !a &asa (e! %#n%re# %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !a eva,#ra%in (e!

a)ua !i"re (e !a &e3%!a + (e !a ,resen%ia (e! aire naura!&ene ara,a(#. L#s

,#r#s (e! %#n%re#' (e,en(ien(# (e su a&a#' se su"(ivi(en en

>.1.- PORO DE AIRE ATRAPADO

C#rres,#n(en a !as "ur"u/as (e aire que que(an naura!&ene

ara,a(as +


26/917

>.2.- IPORTANCIA

L#s &4s i&,#ranes ,ara !a (ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re# s#n !#s ,#r#s

%a,i!ares + !#s &a%r#,#r#s. C#nsi(eran(# !a esru%ura ,#r#sa que se 9a

(es%ri#' se ,ue(en (e*inir' ,#r ser via!es ,ara !a (ura"i!i(a(' !a a"s#r%in +

!a ,#r#si(a( *un(a&ena! # a"iera.

La ,#r#si(a( *un(a&ena! # a"iera ,ue(e ser (e*ini(a %# !a re!a%in

enre e! v#!u&en (e ,#r#s a%%esi"!e a! a)ua + e! v#!u&en a,arene (e !a

,r#"ea5 esa re!a%i#na(a %#n !#s ,#r#s u #que(a(es iner%#ne%a(#s a rav8s

(e !#s %ua!es es ,#si"!e que #%urra e! rans,#re (e *!u:(#s +


27/917

(e e! i,# + !a %#n%enra%in (e !as susan%ias a)resivas' !a %#&,#si%in

qu:&i%a (e! %e&en# + !as ,r#,ie(a(es qu:&i%as + &inera!)i%as (e !#s

a)re)a(#s5 (e !a e&,eraura + ,resin5 (e !a 9u&e(a( re!aiva e*e%iva5 +' (e

!a naura!e3a + (isri"u%in (e !#s ,#r#s + *isuras.

Para esu(iar !#s &e%aniss (e rans,#re a rav8s (e! %#n%re# +

%#&,ren(er !a inera%%in enre !#s ,#r#s (e! %#n%re# + e! a)ua' es ne%esari#

(e*inir res 8r&in#s a(s#r%in5 %#n(ensa%in %a,i!ar5 + (i*usin

Para enen(er en %#n%e,# (e a(s#r%in es ne%esari# re%#r(ar que !a

su,er*i%ie !i"re (e %ua!quier s!i(# )enera!&ene iene un e;%es# (e ener):a

(e"i(# a !a *a!a (e en!a%es %#n !as !8%u!as %er%anas. En !#s ,#r#s (e !a

,asa (e %e&en#' esa ener):a su,er*i%ia! ien(e a %#&,ensarse a(s#rvien(#

!8%u!as (e va,#r (e a)ua s#"re (i%9as su,er*i%ies + e! es,es#r (e !a %a,a

(e a)ua que se *#r&a (e,en(e (e! )ra(# (e 9u&e(a( en e! ineri#r (e !#s

,#r#s. As:' e! 8r&in# a(s#r%in se re*iere a !a a(9eren%ia (e !8%u!as a una

su,er*i%ie' + n# es !# &is que !a a"s#r%in' que se re*iere a !a in%#r,#ra%in

(e !8%u!as en e! ineri#r (e #ra susan%ia # &asa %# ,#r e/e&,!#'

%uan(# una es,#n/a a"s#rve a)ua.

e enien(e ,#r %#n(ensa%in %a,i!ar a !a re!a%in que e;ise enre e!

4rea su,er*i%ia! + e! v#!u&en (e !#s ,#r#s que se in%re&ena en !a &e(i(a en

que !#s ,#r#s s#n &4s ,eque#s' ,#r !# que e! a)ua a(s#rvi(a a&"i8n se

in%re&enar4 en re!a%in %#n !a %ani(a( (e ,#r#s' 9asa un %ier# +

(eer&ina(# (i4&er# (e !#s ,#r#s ,ara e! %ua! es#s se en%#nrar4n

#a!&ene !!en#s (e a)ua.

La (i*usin es4 (e*ini(a %# !a (is,ersin (e una susan%ia (enr# (eun es,a%i# # (enr# (e una se)un(a susan%ia. i !a 9u&e(a( re!aiva e*e%iva

(e un %#n%re# es "a/a + 9a+ ,resen%ia (e )ases' es#s se (i*un(en *4%i! +

r4,i(a&ene ,#r !#s ,#r#s (e! %#n%re#. Per#' en !a &e(i(a en que se (a e!

,r#%es# (e %#n(ensa%in %a,i!ar' que ,r#(u%e e! !!ena(# (e a)ua en !#s

,#r#s' se re(u%e e! es,a%i# (is,#ni"!e ,ara !a (i*usin (e )ases5 + %#

%#nse%uen%ia (e e!!#' !a ,er&ea"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re# a !#s )ases se (is&inu+e

%#nsi(era"!e&ene.

@.- ABORCION


28/917

La a"s#r%in (e! %#n%re# ,ue(e ser (e*ini(a %# !a re!a%in enre !a

&asa (e a)ua que ,enera !#s ,#r#s saura"!es + e! ,es# se%# (e !a &uesra

,enera(a ,#r e! a)ua.

A 100Psss-Ps


29/917

%#ninu# es (e

AGUA0 =

0.>@

0.@0 2J

0.60 1J0

0.0 =6@

En %#n%re#s %u+a re!a%in a)ua


30/917

As:' !a (i*usin (e! #;:)en# avan3a a rav8s (e! %#n%re# a &e(i(a que

8se es %#nsu&i(# (urane !a %#rr#sin (e! a%er# (e re*uer3#' !# %ua! %ausa

una (i*eren%ia (e %#n%enra%i#nes (e C02 (enr# (e !#s ,#r#s (e! %#n%re#.

De! &is (#' e! CO2 se (i*un(e en e! %#n%re#' en !a &e(i(a que se (a una

rea%%in qu:&i%a enre e! CO2 + !a %a! !i"re que 9a+ en !as ,are(es (e !#s

,#r#s' re(u%ien(# a su ve3 !a %#n%enra%in (e CO2.

La (i*usin (e a)ua # va,#r (e a)ua #%urren %uan(# se ,r#(u%en

%a&"i#s en !a 9u&e(a( (e! a&"iene # %uan(# e! %#n%re# se se%a' es (e%ir

%uan(# 9a+ una (i*eren%ia (e %#n%enra%in.

Para e! %as# (e evenua!es susan%ias (isue!as en e! a)ua %ar"#na#s'

%!#rur#s' su!*a#s' ani#' &a)nesi#' e%.' su (i*usin se rea!i3a a rav8s (e !a

%a,a (e a)ua que re%u"re !as ,are(es (e !#s ,#r#s a)ua (e a(s#r%in' # a

rav8s (e !#s ,#r#s !!en#s (e a)ua ,#r %#n(ensa%in %a,i!ar. En

!a &e(i(a que es &en#r e! es,es#r (e !a %a,a (e a)ua (e a(s#r%in # !a

%ani(a( (e a)ua que !!ena !#s ,#r#s' !a ve!#%i(a( (e (i*usin (e !as

susan%ias (isue!as es &en#r.

E!!# si)ni*i%a que !a *uene (e ,#(er' ,ara que se (8 ese &e%anis (e

rans,#re (i*usin a rav8s (e! %#n%re#' es !a (i*eren%ia (e %#n%enra%i#nes

que ,ue(an ener e! a)ua # e! )as ,resenes en !#s ,#r#s (e! %#n%re#.

E! rans,#re ,#r a)ua (e !!uvia # sa!,i%a(uras se (a %uan(# !a

su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# se /a %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !a !!uvia # (e !a

sa!,i%a(ura (e a)ua' !a saura%in (e! &aeria! #%urre &u+ r4,i(a&ene

,#rque e! a)ua se Ma"s#rveM ,#r su%%in + ,#r (i*usin %a,i!ar +'

,#seri#r&ene' se Ma(s#rveM ,#r a(9eren%ia (e !8%u!as (e va,#r s#"re !asu,er*i%ie (e !#s ,#r#s. En ese %as#' !as susan%ias (isue!as ,#r e! a)ua s#n

rans,#ra(as ,#r !a &is&a a)ua + !a (i*usin (e )ases que(a ,r4%i%a&ene

"!#quea(a ,#r !a %#n(i%in (e saura%in (e !#s ,#r#s (e %#n%re#.

E! e*e%# (e !a su%%in %a,i!ar (e,en(e (e !a ener):a su,er*i%ia! (e !#s

,#r#s (e! %#n%re# + ,#r e!!#' !a en(en%ia a Ma(s#rverM a)ua ,#r ,are (e

esas su,er*i%ies %rea una su%%in %a,i!ar' sie&,re que 9a+a a)ua (is,#ni"!e.

En ,#r#s veri%a!es' !a a!ura (e !a %#!u&na (e a)ua (enr# (e! ,#r#' esre)u!a(a ,#r un equi!i"ri# enre !as *uer3as (e a(s#r%in (e !a su,er*i%ie (e !#s


31/917

,#r#s + e! ,es# (e (i%9a %#!u&na (e a)ua. Para e! %as# (e su%%in %a,i!ar en

(ire%%in 9#ri3#na!' !a ,r#*un(i(a( (e ,enera%in (e,en(e (e! e;%es# (e

a)ua en !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# + (e !a (ura%in (e esa siua%in' es (e%ir

si 9a+ in&ersin # n# + %uan# (ura.

P#r !# aneri#r&ene e;,ues#' e! %#n%re# Ma"s#rveM a)ua (e! &e(i#

a&"iene' a rav8s (e su se%%in %a,i!ar' a una ve!#%i(a( %#nsi(era"!e&ene

&a+#r (e !a que se ,ier(e ,#r eva,#ra%in5 +' en %#nse%uen%ia' !a 9u&e(a(

re!aiva e*e%iva a! ineri#r (e! %#n%re# ien(e a ser su,eri#r a !a 9u&e(a(

re!aiva (e! a&"iene que !# r#(ea &i%r#%!i&a.

E! rans,#re ,#r in&ersin se (a ,ara !as esru%uras su&er)i(as

,er&anene&ene en a)ua en !as que !a ,enera%in (e 8sa se (a ,#r su%%in

%a,i!ar' !# %ua! &u+ ,r#"a"!e&ene es a%enua(# ,#r ,enera%in in(u%i(a

%# %#nse%uen%ia (e! au&en# (e !a ,resin 9i(r4u!i%a.

Un rans,#re %#ninu# (e a)ua a rav8s (e! %#n%re#' #%urre s#!a&ene

%uan(# e! a)ua se ,ue(e eva,#rar (e !as su,er*i%ies (e! %#n%re# que es4n

e;,uesas a! aire. La inensi(a( (e ese rans,#re (e,en(e (e !a re!a%in que

se esa"!e3%a enre !a asa (e eva,#ra%in' !a asa (e se%%in %a,i!ar' + !a

,resen%ia + %#ninui(a( (e !a ,resin 9i(r4u!i%a.

.- ECANIO DE DAQO

En e! &e%anis (e (a# !as a%%i#nes *:si%as se re*ieren a !#s %a&"i#s

v#!u&8ri%#s que e;,eri&ena e! %#n%re#' %# %#nse%uen%ia (e %a&"i#s (e

9u&e(a( a)ua !:qui(a' va,#r (e a)ua5 es%ar%9a' 9ie!#' +


32/917

que se (a a !a esru%ura.

Enre !#s *a%#res (e (eeri#r# que se asi)nan a !as a%%i#nes qu:&i%as

es4n e! aaque (e 4%i(#s' !a !i;ivia%in ,#r a)uas "!an(as' !a %ar"#naa%in' !a

*#r&a%in (e sa!es e;,ansivas aaque (e su!*a#s' + !as e;,ansi#nes

(esru%ivas (e !as rea%%i#nes a!%a!i-a)re)a(#' + !a %#rr#sin (e! a%er# (e

re*uer3#.

Enre !#s *a%#res "i#!)i%#s %# &e%anis (e (a# n# ,ue(e (e/ar

(e %#nsi(erarse que %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !a "i#rre%e,ivi(a( que #*re%en

!as su,er*i%ies (e %#n%re# + (e rer#' a,arene&ene ,#r !a (is&inu%in

(e! , s#"re !as &is&as su,er*i%ies' se (an !as %#n(i%i#nes ,ara !a

%#!#ni3a%in' esa"!e%i&ien# + (esarr#!!# (e &i%r##r)aniss (e #ri)en

ani&a! # (e #ri)en ve)ea!' que a&"i8n a*e%an !a (ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re#.


33/917

CAPITULO =

EPECIICACIONE DEL CONCRETO

1.- APECTO GENERALE

Las a%%i#nes *:si%as %ausan !#s %a&"i#s v#!u&8ri%#s que e;,eri&ena

e! %#n%re# %# %#nse%uen%ia (e %a&"i#s (e 9u&e(a(5 %a&"i#s (e

e&,eraura5 +


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L#s requisi#s (e re!a%in a)ua0 =@ ,a

E! e&,!e# (e aire in%#r,#ra(# ,er&ie !a (is,ersin (e "ur"u/as (e aire

e;re&a(a&ene ,equeas %#n (i4&er#s enre 10 + 1000 &i%ras que n# se

en%uenran ine%#ne%a(as + que a%$an %# v4!vu!as (e !#s %a,i!ares (e!

%#n%re# au&enan(# as: su 9er&ei%i(a(.

=.- CICLO DE CONGELACION Y DEIELO

Ese ,r#%es# es %#nsi(era(# %# e! *a%#r (e ine&,eris &4s

(esru%iv# en un %#n%re#' (e"i(# a! au&en# (e v#!u&en (e! a)ua

a,r#;i&a(a&ene H a! %#nverirse en 9ie!# (enr# (e !a ,asa + (e !as

,ar:%u!as (e a)re)a(#' in(u%ien(# as: )ran(es es*uer3#s (e ra%%in inerna

en !a &asa. C#n !a in%#r,#ra%in (e aire' e! a)ua (es,!a3a(a ,#r !a *#r&a%in

(e 9ie!# en !a ,asa se a%#(a (e a! &anera que n# resu!a ,er/u(i%ia!' ,ues

!as "ur"u/as (e aire en !a ,asa su&inisran %4&aras (#n(e se inr#(u%e e!a)ua + as: se a!ivia !a ,resin 9i(r4u!i%a )enera(a.

A &anera (e e/e&,!#' !a %ani(a( (e aire #a! %#n una in%!usin (e! >H

a! 6H ,#r v#!u&en' ,ara un a&a# &4;i (e a)re)a(# (e 1.@M' ,ue(e ser (e!

#r(en (e >00 "i!!#nes (e "ur"u/as ,#r &er# %$"i%# (e %#n%re#. Es#'

a(i%i#na!&ene re(u%e !a se)re)a%in + e;u(a%in' ,er# i)ua!&ene re(u%e !a

resisen%ia en un @H ,#r %a(a 1H (e aire in%#r,#ra(#.

E! %#n%re# es &4s (ura"!e %uan(# iene "a/as re!a%i#nes


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a)ua@ + !a resisen%ia

&:ni&a (e =1 ,a.

>.- CONCRETO PARA ACCIONE ECANICA

Las a%%i#nes &e%4ni%as es4n re!a%i#na(as %#n !a *#r&a%in (e

&i%r#*isuras' *isuras + ,!an#s (e *a!!a que ,r#%e(en (e *en&en#s %# !a

(e*#r&a%in !ena *!uen%ia5 !as s#"re%ar)as + (e*#r&a%i#nes i&,uesas

*isuras esru%ura!es5 (e*!e;i#nes + vi&ien#s e;%esiv#s' i&,revis#s #

*#rui#s5 *ra%uras + a,!asa&ien#s5 !as vi"ra%i#nes e;%esivas5 +' !a a"rasin

*r#a&ien#' r#3a&ien#' ras,a(#' ,er%usin' er#sin # %avia%in. L#s

ries)#s que se ,ue(en (erivar (e !a *isura%in + a)riea&ien# (e! %#n%re#'

,ue(en ener res i,#s (e %#nn#a%i#nes

La *isura%in a*e%a !a a,arien%ia (e !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# + ,#r !#

an# su %a!i(a( es8i%a' s#"re #(# si se raa (e %#n%re#s arquie%ni%#s #

e;,ues#s a !a visa. La ,resen%ia (e *isuras + )rieas (a !a sensa%in (e

inse)uri(a( esru%ura! + (e ries)# ,#r *a!!a (e e!e&en#s # %#!a,s# (e !a

esru%ura. De,en(ien(# (e !as %#n(i%i#nes (e e;,#si%in' !a ,resen%ia (e

*isuras + )rieas ,ue(en ser una invia%in a! (eeri#r# ,re&aur#.

La i&,#ran%ia (e !a *isura%in %#n re!a%in a !a (ura"i!i(a( + !a

%a,a%i(a( (e res,uesa (e una esru%ura (urane su vi(a $i!' (e,en(en

*un(a&ena!&ene (e! ,arn que si)uen !as (i*erenes (a!i(a(es (e *isuras

+ )rieas5 ,er# ,ari%u!ar&ene si esas s#n !#n)iu(ina!es # n#. Es (e%ir' si

si)uen !a (ire%%in (e !as ar&a(uras (e! re*uer3# ,rin%i,a! (e un e!e&en#.

Es# es es,e%ia!&ene i&,#rane (es(e !#s ,un#s (e visa (e

a La a(9eren%ia &e%4ni%a que (e"e e;isir enre e! a%er# + e!

%#n%re#.

" La resisen%ia *rene a !#s es*uer3#s (e! %#rane

% E! aaque qu:&i%# a! %#n%re#' ,#r ,enera%in (e susan%ias

a)resivas'

( La %#rr#sin (e !as ar&a(uras ,#r ,enera%in (e #;:)en#.

@.- IURA POR OBRECARGA Y DEORACIONE


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C#n e! #"/e# (e n# a*e%ar !a (ura"i!i(a( (e! %#n%re# + eviar (a#s

,#r !a *#r&a%in (e &i%r#*isuras' *isuras + ,!an#s (e *a!!a' es in(is,ensa"!e

que se %u&,!a !as (is,#si%i#nes que s#n (e #"!i)a#ri# %u&,!i&ien# en e!

Per$. La n#r&aivi(a( a%e,a que !#s es*uer3#s (e ra%%in in(u%i(#s ,#r !as

%ar)as raen %# %#nse%uen%ia !a ,resen%ia (e *isuras en !#s &ie&"r#s (e

una esru%ura (e %#n%re#. P#r e!!#' !#s ,r#%e(i&ien#s (e (ise# (is,#nen

a%er# (e re*uer3#' n# s!# ,ara a"s#rver !#s es*uer3#s (e ra%%in5 sin#

a&"i8n ,ara #"ener una a(e%ua(a (isri"u%in (e *isuras + un !:&ie

a(e%ua(# en su an%9#. e ,resenan a %#ninua%in !#s va!#res (e an%9#

#!era"!e (e )rieas s#"re su,er*i%ies en ra%%in que sirven (e )u:a en e!

(ise# (e esru%uras (e %#n%re# ar&a(#

An%9# T#!era"!e

.- En aire se%# # %#n &e&"rana (e ,r#e%%in .. 0'>0 &&

.- En a&"iene 9$&e(# aire 9$&e(# # sue!#

saura(# ................................ 0'=0 &&

.- C#n a)enes qu:&i%#s que i&,i(en e! %#n)e-

!a&ien# ................................ . 0'20 &&

.- u&e(e%i&ien# + se%a(# (e a)ua (e &ar' #

sa!,i%a(uras (e a)ua (e &ar ............. 0'1@ &&

.- Esru%uras (e "a/a ,er&ea"i!i(a(' e;%!u-

+en(# u"er:as n# su/eas a ,resin ..... 0'10 &&

6.- ?IBRACIONE ECEI?A

La ,resen%ia (e )rieas' !# &is que !a *#r&a%in # ,r#)resin (e

,!an#s (e *a!!a' %# %#nse%uen%ia (e vi"ra%i#nes e;%esivas' s#n %#nr#!a(as

%#n e! us# (e &i%r#re*uer3# que ,ue(e ser %#n*#r&a(# ,#r *i"ras

n#*i!a&en# # &u!i*i!a&en# (e n+!#n' (e ,#!i,r#,i!en# # ,#r *i"ras

&e4!i%as.


37/917

Las (e n+!#n ,r#veen "uena %a,a%i(a( (e &i%r#re*uer3#' ,er#

a"s#rven a)ua. Las (e ,r#,i!en# 9an ,r#"a(# ser &u+ $i!es en su %a,a%i(a(

(e &i%r#re*uer3# + n# s#n a"s#rvenes. Las *i"ras &e4!i%as s#n &u+ $i!es

,ara e! %as# (e ,is#s in(usria!es + en esru%uras su/eas a er#sin

E! e*e%# (e !as vi"ra%i#nes e;%esivas usua!&ene se a"s#rve %#n !a

%#nsru%%in (e e!e&en#s &asiv#s' que (i*eren%ien !a vi"ra%in (e !a *uene

%#n !a vi"ra%in (e !a esru%ura. Para &ini&i3ar !as vi"ra%i#nes res#nanes' !a

re!a%in enre !a *re%uen%ia naura! (e! !a esru%ura + !a *re%uen%ia (e !a *uer3a

rans#rnane (e"e &anenerse *uera (e! ran)# (e 0'@ 4 1'@.

.- DAQO POR ABRAION

De,en(ien(# (e! i,# (e a"rasin *r#a&ien#' *ri%%in' er#sin ,#r

a"rasin' # er#sin ,#r %avia%in' se re%#&ien(an !as si)uienes

es,e%i*i%a%i#nes

En !#s ,is#s' en !#s que se ,ue(e ,r#(u%ir a"rasin + (es)ase ,#r

*r#a&ien#' e! ACI-=02 re%#&ien(a que !a resisen%ia + asena&ien# (e!

%#n%re# (e"er4n %u&,!ir %#n !#s !:&ies in(i%a(#s en !a Ta"!a 2.20 + que e!

%#neni(# (e %e&en# n# sea &en#r que e! in(i%a(# en !a Ta"!a 2.21'

(e,en(ien(# (e! a&a# &4;i n#&ina! (e! a)re)a(# e&,!ea(#. Para #(#s

!#s (e&4s ,is#s' *% a !#s = (:as (e"e ser n# &en#r (e 12@ )@ )


38/917

=@0 )


39/917

De"i(# a que !a rea%%in (e !a ,asa (e %e&en# %#n !as a)uas "!an(as

es si&i!ar a !a rea%%in que 8! ,#(r:a e;,eri&enar %#n !#s 4%i(#s'

!a *#r&a (e aenuar !a ,enera%in + ,#seri#r !i;ivia%in (e !a ,asa (e

%e&en# (e! %#n%re#' es %#nsruir e!e&en#s (e %#n%re# (e a!a %#&,a%i(a(

+ ,r#e)i(#s &e(iane un raa&ien# su,er*i%ia!.

Para ,revenir !a %ar"#naa%in' !# &4s i&,#rane es ,r#(u%ir + %#!#%ar

%#n%re# (e "a/a ,er&ea"i!i(a(. Es (e%ir %#n%re#s %#n "a/a re!a%in

a)ua


40/917

A(i%i#na!&ene' a!)unas N#r&as esa"!e%en que ,ara %#n%re#s que

,ue(an esar e;,ues#s a qu:&i%#s que i&,i(an e! %#n)e!a&ien#' e! &4;i

%#neni(#' ,#r ,es#' (e a(i%i#nes que se in%#r,#ran a! %#n%re# n# (e"en

e;%e(er !#s ,#r%ena/es (e! ,es# #a! (e! &aeria! %e&enane que se in(i%an

a %#ninua%in

.- Ceni3as .................................................. 2@H

.- Es%#ria ................................................... @0H

.- i%r#s:!i%es ........................................... 10H

.- T#a! (e %eni3as + #ras a(i%i#nes ...... 2@H 1

1 Las %eni3as + #ras a(i%i#nes n# (e"en %#nsiuir &4s (e! 2@H

(e! ,es# #a! (e! &aeria! %e&enane' ni !a &i%r#s:!i%e &4s (e! 10H (e!

,es# #a! (e! &aeria! %e&enane.

E! e&,!e# (e sise&as ,r#e%#res (e "arreras i&,er&ea"!es ,ue(e

,r#e)er a,r#,ia(a&ene e! %#n%re# ,ara eviar e! aaque ,#r su!*a#s.

T#(#s !#s as,e%#s re!a%i#na(#s a !#s aaques qu:&i%#s a! %#n%re#' su

*#r&a (e a%%in + !as &e(i(as (e %#nr#!' s#n &aeria (e! ,resene ra"a/# +

ser4n raa(#s en (ea!!e en !#s Ca,:u!#s %#rres,#n(ienes.

La rea%%in 4!%a!i-a)re)a(# es un *en&en# (e %ar4%er e;,ansiv#' que

iene su #ri)en en !a inera%%in qu:&i%a (e !#s 4!%a!is !i"era(#s ,#r !a

9i(raa%in (e %e&en# u #ras *uenes + !#s &inera!es rea%iv#s %# !a

s:!i%e ar*a que %#nienen a!)un#s a)re)a(#s. Esa rea%%in es4

in*!uen%ia(a ,#r !a 9u&e(a(' !a e&,eraura + !a ,resin (e! &e(i# a&"iene

que r#(ea a !a esru%ura a*e%a(a. L#s e*e%#s (e esa rea%%in s#n !aa,ari%in (e *isuras' !a ,8r(i(a (e resisen%ia + !a (is&inu%in (e! &(u!# (e

e!asi%i(a( (e! %#n%re#. Para ,revenir e! *en&en#' !a ,ri&era re%#&en(a%in

es n# ui!i3ar a)re)a(#s ,#en%ia!&ene rea%iv#s' ,revia eva!ua%in si)uien(#

!a N#r&a AT C 2@ que (es%ri"e !a %ara%eri3a%in ,er#)r4*i%a (e!

a)re)a(#.

E! %#neni(# (e 4!%a!is se e;,resa en 8r&in#s (e s#(i# equiva!ene

%# !a su&a (e! Na2O V 0.6@J 2O. Cuan(# e! ,#r%ena/e (e s#(i#equiva!ene se en%uenra ,#r (e"a/# (e 0.6H en ,es#' !a rea%%in 4!%a!i-si!i%e


41/917

n# ,ue(e !!evarse a %a"#5 + ,#r e!!# ese va!#r se re%#&ien(a %# e! &4;i

,er&isi"!e' ,ara &ini&i3ar e! ries)# (e (a#. De"e eviarse e! ries)# (e 4!%a!is

,r#%e(enes (e! e;eri#r ,#r e/e&,!# sa!es (e (es9ie!# ,#r !# que se s#siene

que !a %ani(a( (e 4!%a!is ,r#%e(enes (e #ras *uenes' n# (e"e ser &a+#r (e

= )


42/917

inva(ir' &an%9ar +


43/917

CAPITULO >

PRODUCCION Y CONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL CONCRETO

1.- PRODUCCION DEL CONCRETO

La ,re,ara%in (e! %#n%re# (e"e %eirse a !#s requeri&ien#s

in(i%a(#s en !a NTP.E-060' an# ,ara e! %#n%re# n#r&a! %# ,ara e!

,re&e3%!a(#. L#s equi,#s (e &e3%!a(# + rans,#re (e"en %u&,!ir %#n !#s

requisi#s a,!i%a"!es (e !a &is&a N#r&a. I)ua!&ene !#s requisi#s (e

uni*#r&i(a( en e! &e3%!a(# a *in (e eviar se)re)a%in.

E! %#n%re# (e"e rans,#rarse (es(e !a ,!ana (e ,r#(u%%in 9asa e!

sii# (e (es%ar)a + %#!#%a%in *ina! an r4,i(# %# sea ,#si"!e' (e &anera

que !a &e3%!a se en%uenre %#!#%a(a anes que se ,resene e! *ra)ua(# ini%ia!'

%#n e! *in (e ,revenir e! *en&en# (e ree&,!a(#. i se raa (e %#n%re#

,re&e3%!a(#' en !# ,#si"!e !a (es%ar)a se (e"e %#&,!ear anes (e >@ &inu#s

# anes que e! a&"#r 9a+a )ira(# =00 rev#!u%i#nes !# que #%urra ,ri&er# a

,arir (e !a in%#r,#ra%in (e a)ua ini%ia! (e !a &e3%!a. Esas !i&ia%i#nes se

,ue(en re,!anear' (e a%uer(# %#n !as (i*i%a%i#nes que se rea!i%en a!

(ise# (e !a &e3%!a' en viru( (e !as %#n(i%i#nes (e! %!i&a en e! &en# (e!

va%ia(#.

2.- COPROBACION DE CARACTERITICA DEL CONCRETO

De a%uer(# %#n !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes 8%ni%as' e! %#nsru%#r (e"e

%#&,r#"ar !as ,r#,ie(a(es + %ara%er:si%as (e !as &e3%!as &e(iane !assi)uienes a%%i#nes

.- C#&,r#"a%in (e! i,# (e &e3%!a + sise&a (e %#!#%a%in.

.- T#&a (e &uesras (e %#n%re#.

.- Deer&ina%in (e !a e&,eraura (e! %#n%re# *res%# ,ara

veri*i%ar %#n(i%i#nes e;re&as en !a %#!#%a%in.

.- Una eva!ua%in # an4!isis esru%ura! %9eque# (e !a %a,a%i(a(

esru%ura! + (eer&ina%in (e !a resisen%ia resi(ua! (e !aesru%ura &e(iane &8#(#s e&,:ri%#s' &8#(#s ana!:i%#s #


44/917

,rue"as (e %ar)a.

.- E;ra%%in' ensa+# + an4!isis (e &uesras ensa+#s (e

eva!ua%in *:si%a' &e%4ni%a' qu:&i%a' "i#!)i%a +.1R

.- Preserva%in' enen(i(a %# e! ,r#%es# (e &anener una

esru%ura en su %#n(i%in ,resene + %#nrarresar ,#seri#res

(eeri#r#s.

.- Resaura%in' enen(i(a %# e! ,r#%es# (e resa"!e%er !#s

&aeria!es' !a *#r&a # !a a,arien%ia que en:a una esru%ura enuna 8,#%a (eer&ina(a.

.- Re,ara%in' enen(i(a %# e! ,r#%es# (e ree&,!a3ar # %#rre)ir

&aeria!es' %#&,#nenes # e!e&en#s (e una esru%ura' !#s

%ua!es se en%uenran (eeri#ra(#s' (aa(#s # (e*e%u#s#s.

.- Re9a"i!ia%in' enen(i(a %# e! ,r#%es# (e re,arar # (i*i%ar

una esru%ura 9asa !!evar!a a una %#n(i%in (esea(ainerven%in # (i*i%a%in.


45/917

.- Re*#r3a&ien#' enen(i(# %# e! ,r#%es# &e(iane e! %ua! se

in%re&ena !a %a,a%i(a( (e una esru%ura # (e una ,are (e e!!a'

,ara resisir %ar)as.

i e! ,r#nsi%# es M,esi&isaM es ,#si"!e que !a esru%ura en)a que

su*rir a&,ua%i#nes # !a ,r#,ia (e!i%in. En es#s %as#s se es4 (an(#

#ri)en a !a MIn)enier:a #renseM5 es (e%ir aque!!a ra&a (e !a In)enier:a que se

en%ar)a (e! esu(i# (e !#s e!e&en#s # !a esru%ura a*e%a(a.

Las esru%uras (e %#n%re# e;,eri&enan unas *ases en e! ie&,# que

s#n asi&i!a"!es a !a %#n%e,%in ,!anea&ien# + (ise#5 e! na%i&ien#' !a

in*an%ia' !a a(#!es%en%ia' !a /uvenu( %#nsru%%in5 !a &a(ure3 #,era%in #

us#5 !a sene%u( (eeri#r# ,#r sene!i(a( # ve/e35 !a a)#n:a (e)ra(a%in #

*ai)a (e! &aeria!5 + *ina!&ene' !a &uere %#!a,s# (e !a esru%ura. En #(as

esas ea,as' a$n (es,u8s (e! %#!a,s#' e! %#n%re# e;,eri&ena *en&en#s (e

enve/e%i&ien# + (e (eeri#r#.

=.- ACTORE FUE AECTAN LA APARIENCIA

C# +a se 9a vis#' e! &i%r#%!i&a que r#(ea !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re#

iene un a!# i&,a%# en su (ura"i!i(a( + %#&,#ra&ien#5 + enre !#s *a%#res

que in*!u+en en !a a,arien%ia + e! as,e%# es8i%# es4n !a ,#!u%in' !#s

%u!iv#s "i#!)i%#s s#"re !a su,er*i%ie' + !as e*!#res%en%ias que ,r#%e(en (e!

ineri#r (e !a &asa (e %#n%re#.

La ,#!u%in (e! &e(i# a&"iene es !a %#na&ina%in inensa + (aina

(e! aire' que es4 %#&,uesa ,#r resi(u#s (e ,r#%es#s in(usria!es #"i#!)i%#s' en *#r&a (e ,ar:%u!as' es rans,#ra(a + (e,#sia(a ,#r e! vien#

s#"re !as su,er*i%ies (e %#n%re# (e !as esru%uras + ,ue(e su"(ivi(irse en

.- P#!v# in# ,ar:%u!as (es(e 0'01 9asa 1 &i%ra' que es4 en

sus,ensin en e! aire' + se a(9iere *4%i!&ene a !as ,ar:%u!as

&i%r#ru)#sas + ru)#sas' + iene una )ran %a,a%i(a( (e %u"rir

(e"i(# a !a e!eva(a re!a%in su,er*i%ie


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.- P#!v# )rues# ,ar:%u!as (es(e 1 &i%ra 9asa 1 &&' que es

,rin%i,a!&ene (e #ri)en &inera! + iene una "a/a %a,a%i(a( ,ara

%u"rir su,er*i%ies. Ese ,#!v# usua!&ene se a(9iere a !as

su,er*i%ies que ,er&ane%en 9$&e(as (urane !ar)#s ,er:#(#s

(e ie&,#.

De,en(ien(# (e !a ve!#%i(a( (e! vien# que au&ena %#n !a a!ura +

(e! *!u/# !a&inar # ur"u!en#' !a a%u&u!a%in (e ,#!v# s#"re !as su,er*i%ies

(e una esru%ura var:a. En una *a%9a(a a!a !a ve!#%i(a( (e! vien# ,ue(e ser

an )ran(e que n# 9a+ !u)ar a que se *#r&en (e,si#s (e ,#!v#' e in%!usive

9a+a re%in (e! ,#!v# e;isene s#"re !a su,er*i%ie5 en !as *a%9a(as

iner&e(ias' (#n(e 9a+ ur"u!en%ia' !a *#r&a%in (e (e,#si#s se a%e!era5 + en

,ares "a/as' (#n(e 9a+ &as %#n%enra%in (e ,#!v#' se inensi*i%a !a

&a)niu( (e !#s (e,si#s.

De #ra ,are' (e"i(# a !a (ire%%in (e! vien#' %uan(# !!ueve se

,r#(u%en r4*a)as que in%!inan !a %a:(a (e a)ua s#"re !as su,er*i%ies + )eneran

!ava(# + !i&,ie3a (i*eren%ia! (e !as %a,as (e ,#!v# que ,ue(an e;isir. E!

es%urri&ien# (e! a)ua "arre !a %a,a (e ,#!v# + en a!)un#s %as#s !a re(e,#sia

en !u)ares (#n(e !a e;ura (e! %#n%re# + !a )e#&er:a (e! &is *a%i!ian !a

*#r&a%in (e (e,si#s (e ,#!v#.

A(i%i#na!&ene' si e! %#n%re# iene a!a ,#r#si(a( + ,#r an# "a/a

9er&ei%i(a(' 8se ,ue(e ser ,enera(# ,#r e! a)ua. E! ,r#%es# sue!e ser

ini%i# (e !a a"s#r%in (e! a)ua en !#s ,#r#s su,er*i%ia!es (e! %#n%re#5 ini%i#

(e! es%urri&ien# (e! a)ua s#"re !a ,#r%in (e !a su,er*i%ie +a saura(a5 e

ini%i# (e! !ava(# (e 8sa' %#n e! e;%es# (e a)ua es%urrien(# !i"re&ene.

A !a ,#!u%in a&"iena! se ,ue(e aa(ir que' %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !a

"i#re%e,ivi(a( que #*re%en !as su,er*i%ies (e %#n%re# s#"re #(# !as (e

e;ura ru)#sa a !a ,r#!i*era%in (e &i%r##r)aniss' se a*e%a e! as,e%# (e!

%#n%re# n# s!# ,#r !as &an%9as + %a&"i#s (e %#!#r5 sin# a&"i8n' ,#r que

su ,rin%i,a! as,e%# (es*av#ra"!e es que &anienen 9$&e(a !a su,er*i%ie (e!

%#n%re#' !# %ua! ,r#&ueve !#s &e%aniss (e (eeri#r# + !#s &e%aniss (e

(a#.


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ina!&ene' %# *a%#r que a*e%a !a a,arien%ia' se iene !as

e*!#res%en%ias. E! 8r&in# se e&,!ea ,ara (es%ri"ir (e,si#s que se *#r&an

a!)unas ve%es s#"re !a su,er*i%ie (e !#s %#n%re#s' !#s rer#s u #r#s

&aeria!es (e %#nsru%%in. Usua!&ene es#s (e,si#s es4n %#&,ues#s (e

sa!es (e %a!%i# ,rin%i,a!&ene %ar"#na#s + su!*a#s # (e &ea!es a!%a!in#s

s#(i# + ,#asi#' # (e una %#&"ina%in (e a&"#s. L#s (e,#si#s

e*!#res%enes ,ue(en ser %!asi*i%a(#s (e a%uer(# %#n !a s#!u"i!i(a( (e !as

susan%ias qu:&i%as en e! a)ua.

E! %ar"#na# (e %a!%i#' que se ,r#(u%e %# resu!a(# (e! *en&en#

(e %ar"#naa%in' iene una s#!u"i!i(a( en e! a)ua e;re&a(a&ene "a/a5 + ,#r

e!!#' %uan(# se (e,#sia es ,r#"a"!e que ien(a a ,er&ane%er. P#r !# aneri#r'

!a e*!#res%en%ia (e"i(a a! %ar"#na# (e %a!%i# ins#!u"!e es4 %#nsi(era(a

%# e! (e%#!#rane &4s seri# (e! %#n%re#.

E! su!*a# (e %a!%i# es !i)era&ene s#!u"!e en a)ua' ,er#' ,ues# que

rea%%i#na es,e%ia!&ene ,ara *#r&ar %#&,ues#s ins#!u"!es que n#r&a!&ene

,er&ane%en en e! %#n%re#' rara ve3 es %#&,#nene ,rin%i,a! (e !#s (e,si#s

e*!#res%enes.

Las sa!es &e4!i%as a!%a!inas s#n &u%9# &4s s#!u"!es que !as sa!es (e

%a!%i# + %#nsiu+en un ,r#"!e&a &en#r' +a que' # n# ,er&ane%en (urane

&u%9# ie&,# # ,ue(en reverse %#n re!aiva *a%i!i(a(.

E! ries)# (e e*!#res%en%ias se re(u%e ,#r &e(i# (e! %ura(# en aire

9$&e(# + se in%re&ena ,#r e! %ura(# en e! aire se%#. Un %ura(# (e un# #

(#s (:as (e J0 4 @H (e 9u&e(a( re!aiva + 20C (e 9u&e(a(' s#n su*i%ienes,ara (ar una "uena ,r#e%%in %#nra !a *#r&a%in (e e*!#res%en%ias. i se usa

&en#s (e! 6@H (e 9u&e(a( re!aiva' e! ie&,# (e %ura(# ne%esari# (e"er4

9a%erse (urane varias se&anas.

>.- ECANIO DE DETERIORO

Enre !#s &e%aniss (e (eeri#r# que su*re e! %#n%re#' !#s %ua!es !#

(e)ra(an # (esru+en' ,#r a%%in in(e,en(iene # %#&"ina(a (e !#s&e%aniss (e (a# ,#r a%%i#nes *:si%as' &e%4ni%as' qu:&i%as # "i#!)i%as'


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se en%uenran !#s si)uienes

La &ee#ri3a%in' (en#&inan(#se as: a !a a!era%in *:si%a' &e%4ni%a #

qu:&i%a su*ri(a ,#r e! %#n%re# "a/# !a a%%in (e !a ine&,erie s#!' vien#'

!!uvia' 9ie!#' u #r#s. Ese *en#&en# es4 &u+ in*!uen%ia(# ,#r !#s %a&"i#s en

!a e&,eraura' !a 9u&e(a( + !a ,resin vien# (e! &e(i# a&"iene5 ,er#

a&"i8n' es,e%ia!&ene ,#r !a ,#!u%in (e! &is &e(i# a&"iene que es un

*a%#r (e %#ninu# %re%i&ien# en !#s %enr#s ur"an#s.

La (e%#!#ra%in + &an%9a(# que s#n !a a%%in + e*e%# (e quiar #

ari)uar e! %#!#r (e una su,er*i%ie (e %#n%re#' %# %#nse%uen%ia (e !a

&ee#ri3a%in' !a ,resen%ia (e e*!#res%en%ias' !#s %i%!#s (e as#!ea&ien#' !#s

%i%!#s (e 9u&e(e%i&ien# + se%a(#' !a a%u&u!a%in (e ,#!v#' e! !ava(# ,#r

!!uvia +


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en(ure%i(a5 #' !as rea%%i#nes 4!%a!i-a)re)a(# que se (an enre !#s %#&,ues#s

a!%a!in#s (e! %#n%re# + %ier#s a)re)a(#s rea%iv#s.

L#s s:n#&as (e e;,ansin ,#r aaque ,#r su!*a#s s#n &i%r#*isuras +

*isuras a!ea#rias en !a &asa (e %#n%re# a*e%a(a' (es%as%ara&ien#'

a"!an(a&ien# (e !a &asa' ,8r(i(a (e resisen%ia + ri)i(e3. En ese %as#'

a&"i8n se #"serva una re(u%%in (e! , (e! esra# a%u#s# (e !#s ,#r#s

su,er*i%ia!es' %#n ries)# (e (es,asiva%in (e !a %a,a (e re%u"ri&ien# (e!

a%er# (e re*uer3#.

L#s s:n#&as "4si%#s (e !a e;,ansin ,#r !a rea%%in 4!%a!i-a)re)a(#'

s#n una e;,ansin )enera!i3a(a (e !a &asa (e %#n%re# %#n *ra%uras

su,er*i%ia!es' ,r#*un(as + a!ea#rias ,ara esru%uras &asivas5 + *ra%uras

#r(ena(as ,ara e!e&en#s (e!)a(#s.

E! re%u"ri&ien# (e %#n%re# que se 9a%e s#"re e! a%er# (e re*uer3# es

%#n#%i(# %# !a %a,a ,r#e%#ra # ,asiva(#ra7 que ,r#e)e a! a%er# (e !a

a%%in a)resiva (e %ieras susan%ias # e!e&en#s que ,ue(en #%asi#nar

(eeri#r# # %#rr#sin (e! a%er# (e re*uer3#. Cuan(# esa %a,a ,asiva(#ra que

(e"e ser (ensa' %#&,a%a + (e es,es#r su*i%iene' ,ier(e su %a,a%i(a( (e

,r#e%%in' se (i%e que se 9a (es,asiva(#.

La (es,asiva%in (e! re%u"ri&ien# (e %#n%re# se ,ue(e (ar ,#r e!

*en&en# (e %ar"#naa%in (e !a %a,a (e re%u"ri&ien#' que ,er&ie e!

a%%es# (e a)ua' #;:)en# u #ras susan%ias que ,ue(en rea%%i#nar %#n e!

a%er# (e re*uer3#. I)ua!&ene se ,ue(e (ar ,#r !a ,enera%in (e i#nes %!#rur#

a rav8s (e ,r#%es#s (e (i*usin' i&,re)na%in # a"s#r%in %a,i!ar (e a)ua

%#n %!#rur#s' que a! a%%e(er a! a%er# (e re*uer3# *#&enan e! *en&en# (e%#rr#sin (e! &is.

@.- ALLA DE LA ETRUCTURA DE CONCRETO

Las *a!!as que #%urren en esru%uras (e %#n%re# se ,ue(en %!asi*i%ar

(enr# (e !as si)uienes %ae)#r:as

.- a!!as (urane !a %#n%e,%in + (ise#

.- a!!as ,#r &aeria!es


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.- a!!as ,#r %#nsru%%in

.- a!!as ,#r #,era%in (e !as esru%uras

.- a!!as ,#r *a!a (e &aneni&ien#

La ,!anea%in + e! (ise# (e una esru%ura n# s!# (e"en "asarse en

su *un%in' sin# a&"i8n en !as %#n(i%i#nes a&"iena!es + en !a vi(a esi&a(a

(e servi%i#. Para e!!#' es in(is,ensa"!e que !#s ,r#*esi#na!es que inervienen

en !a *ase (e (ise# (e! ,r#+e%#' sean %#nse%uenes n# s#!# en a,!i%ar

&8#(#s (e %4!%u!# a!a&ene (esarr#!!a(#s sin# a&"i8n' en %#nsi(erar !#s

as,e%#s e%n#!)i%#s que a,#ra !a In)enier:a (e aeria!es.

De"i(# a! n#a"!e avan%e que 9an eni(# !#s &8#(#s (e %4!%u!# (e

esru%uras que %#nsi(eran (iversas 9i,esis (e %ar)a' n#r&as' %4!%u!#s'

(i&ensi#nes + (ea!!es' + ien(en a #,i&i3ar !#s re%urs#s (is,#ni"!es en un

,r#+e%# (e %#nsru%%in' 9#+ en (:a 9a+ una &a+#r in%!ina%in 9a%ia

%#nsruir esru%uras &4s es"e!as + a!)unas ve%es %#n *a%#res (e se)uri(a(

&4s "a/#s que n# ,#nen en ries)# !a %a,a%i(a( esru%ura!' ,er# si ,ue(en

a*e%ar !a (ura"i!i(a(.

Per# *a!!as (e %#n%e,%in + (ise# (e una esru%ura ,ue(en (arse ,#r

&u%9as ra3#nes' enre e!!as5

.- P#r ausen%ia (e %4!%u!#s # ,#r n# va!#rar #(as !as %ar)as +

%#n(i%i#nes (e servi%i#.

.- P#r *a!a (e un (ise# arquie%ni%# a,r#,ia(#. E! (ise#

esru%ura! (e"e in%!uir !#s %#n%e,#s arquie%ni%#s +

vi%eversa.

.- P#r *a!a (e (rena/es a,r#,ia(#s e!i&inar e! a)ua es e!i&inar e!,r#"!e&a. E! (esa)ue s#"re e! %#n%re# 9a+ que eviar!#5 !#

&is que !a ,resen%ia (e a)ua esan%a(a. De! &is (#'

(e"en re(u%irse !as sa!,i%a(uras + !#s %i%!#s (e 9u&e(e%i&ien#

+ se%a(#.

.- P#r n# ,r#+e%ar /unas (e %#nra%%in' (e (i!aa%in # (e

%#nsru%%in. a+ que enen(er que e! (ise# + %#nsru%%in (e

esru%uras i&,!i%a !a ,resen%ia (e *isuras + )rieas' que (e"en

ser %#nr#!a(as &e(iane !a (is,#si%in (e! !!a&a(# Ma%er# (erera%%in + e&,erauraM +


51/917

.- P#r n# %a!%u!ar (e &anera a,r#,ia(a #(#s !#s es*uer3#s +


52/917

.- P#r a(i%i#nar a)ua a! ,i8 (e #"ra' sin %#nr#!.

.- P#r n# (is,#ner (e un *a%#r (e se)uri(a( a,r#,ia(# en e!

(ise# (e &e3%!a.

.- P#r n# usar !a %urva a)ua


53/917

%ui(a(#s es,e%:*i%#s. e requiere e;,erien%ia ,revia' %ui(a(#s + %a!i*i%a%i#nes

(e !a &an# (e #"ra' un %#nr#! (e %a!i(a( + ,re%au%i#nes que n#s

,er&ian #"ener !a %a!i(a( es,e%i*i%a(a. in e&"ar)#' !as *a!!as &4s %#&unes

,#r !#s as,e%#s %#nsru%iv#s se (an ,#r !as si)uienes %ausas

.- P#r n# %a!%u!ar + (isear !#s en%#*ra(#s.

.- P#r (e*e%#s # (e*#r&a%in (e !#s en%#*ra(#s.

.- P#r n# res,ear !as #!eran%ias (i&ensi#na!es ,er&isi"!es en !#s

e!e&en#s.

.- P#r n# ins,e%%i#nar !#s en%#*ra(#s anes (e! va%ia(#' ,ara

veri*i%ar su ine)ri(a( + esa"i!i(a(.

.- P#r n# %#!#%ar a,r#,ia(a&ene ni ase)urar e! a%er# (e re*uer3#'

,er&iien(# su (es,!a3a&ien# (urane e! va%ia(#.

.- P#r n# res,ear !a se,ara%in (e "arras + e! re%u"ri&ien# (e

n#r&a' &e(iane e! us# (e se,ara(#res a(e%ua(#s.

.- P#r n# ins,e%%i#nar e! a%er# (e re*uer3# anes (e! va%ia(#' ,ara

veri*i%ar e! %u&,!i&ien# (e !#s ,!an#s + !as es,e%i*i%a%i#nes

.- P#r ui!i3ar &a!#s ,r#%e(i&ien#s (e i3a/e + na/e (e

e!e&en#s ,re*a"ri%a(#s' %#n !# %ua! se in(u%en (e*#r&a%i#nes

n# ,revisas' i&,a%#s' u #ras %#n(i%i#nes que a!eran sus

,r#,ie(a(es.

.- P#r ina(e%ua(a iner,rea%in (e !#s ,!an#s.

.- P#r &a!as ,r4%i%as (e &ane/#' %#!#%a%in + %#&,a%a%in (e!

%#n%re#.

.- P#r !a"#res (e (esen%#*ra(# ,re&aur# # ina,r#,ia(#.

.- P#r in(is,#si%in (e /unas a,r#,ia(as (e %#nra%%in' (i!aa%in

+


54/917

De a%uer(# %#n e! %#n%e,# (e Mvi(a $i! (e servi%i#M e;ise un ,er:#(#

,ara e! %ua! !a esru%ura se %#nsi(era vi)ene 9asa que se %#&,!ea un %ier#

+ (eer&ina(# nive! a%e,a"!e (e (eeri#r#' "a/# %#n(i%i#nes (e us#.

En !a ,r4%i%a !a vi(a $i! (e servi%i# ,ue(e a%a"ar anes (e! ie&,#

,revis# ,#r Ma"us#M (e !a esru%ura ,.e. in%re&en# (e !as %ar)as

,er&ii(as' # a%%in (e *en&en#s a%%i(ena!es %# i&,a%#s' e;,!#si#nes'

inun(a%i#nes' *ue)#' u #ras5 # ,#r %a&"i# (e us# ,.e. %a&"i# (e !as %ar)as

(e servi%i# +


55/917

&aneni&ien# %#rre%iv#. E! M&aneni&ien# %uraiv#M iene !u)ar %uan(# 9a+

que ree&,!a3ar ,#r%i#nes # e!e&en#s (e una esru%ura' ,#r (eeri#r# #

(e*e%#. La (e!i%in + re,ara%in (e &ie&"r#s esru%ura!es' s#n 8%ni%as

e&,!ea(as ,ara ,ra%i%ar e! &aneni&ien# %uraiv#.


56/917

CAPITULO @

ATAFUE IICO

1.- INTRODUCCION

Las a%%i#nes *:si%as se re*ieren a !#s %a&"i#s v#!u&8ri%#s que

e;,eri&ena e! %#n%re#' an# *res%# %# en(ure%i(#' %# %#nse%uen%ia

(e %a&"i#s (e 9u&e(a(' +


57/917

s!i(#s (e !a &e3%!a ien(en a asenarse 9un(irse (enr# (e !a &asa ,#r

e*e%# (e !a )rave(a(' (es,!a3an(# !#s e!e&en#s &en#s (ens#s %# e! a)ua

+ e! aire ara,a(#5 e! a)ua a,are%e en !a su,er*i%ie %# a)ua (e e;u(a%in +

e! asena&ien# %#nin$a 9asa que e! %#n%re# se en(ure%e.

Cuan(# 9a+ #"s4%u!#s a!es %# ,ar:%u!as (e a)re)a(# )ran(es'

a%er# (e re*uer3# # e!e&en#s e&"e"i(#s (enr# (e! %#n%re#' es#s ,ue(en

#"ruir e! !i"re asena&ien# (e !a &e3%!a' ,r#v#%an(# asena&ien#s

(i*eren%ia!es + !a *#r&a%in (e )rieas en e! %#n%re# ,!4si%#.

P#r #ra ,are' en a!)unas #%asi#nes' !a ,resin que e/er%e e! %#n%re#

*res%# s#"re e! en%#*ra(# # e! sue!#' 9a%e que es#s se (e*#r&en + %ausen

asena&ien#s ,!4si%#s a(i%i#na!es %#n !a %#nse%uene a,ari%in (e *isuras.

I)ua!&ene ,ue(e #%urrir %uan(# se va%:a %#n%re# s#"re un !i)er# (e%!ive' en

%u+# %as# !a &e3%!a ien(e a es%urrirse.

Des(e !ue)#' una &e3%!a (e %#nsisen%ia 9$&e(a se asenar4 &u%9#

&4s ie&,# + en &a+#r )ra(# que #ra (e %#nsisen%ia se%a' +a que !a ,ri&era

%#niene &4s a)ua ,#r v#!u&en uniari# (e %#n%re#' )eneran(# (es(e !ue)#

!a ,resen%ia (e &a+#r %ani(a( (e a)ua (e e;u(a%in.

En )enera!' e! asena&ien# ,!4si%# in(u%e *isuras a&,!ias 9asa 1

&& + ,#%# ,r#*un(as5 es (e%ir (e es%asa ras%en(en%ia esru%ura!. in

e&"ar)#' (e ,resenarse (e"en ser #"ura(as (e in&e(ia# ,ara eviar

,r#"!e&as (e (ura"i!i(a( ,#r ,enera%in (e susan%ias in(esea"!es.

Para !as (e asena&ien# #"sru:(#' usua!&ene' se a,re%ian ,ar#nes

!#n)iu(ina!es que si)uen !a (ire%%in (e !as "arras (e re*uer3# (e !a %arasu,eri#r en vi)as + !#sas5 # sea!an(# !a !#%a!i3a%in (e !#s esri"#s en !as

%aras !aera!es (e %#!u&nas + ,i!as.

P#r !# aneri#r&ene e;,ues#' + %# una &e(i(a (e ,re%au%in ,ara

aenuar !a e;u(a%in + (is&inuir !a ,#si"i!i(a( (e *isuras ,#r asena&ien#

,!4si%# se ,ue(en &en%i#nar !as si)uienes

.- Usar %e&en#s %#n &en#s (e C (e e&,eraura.

.- u&e(e%er !a su"rasane + !#s en%#*ra(#s.


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.- E&,!ear un %#neni(# (e a)ua an "a/# %# sea ,#si"!e' (e

a%uer(# %#n !a %#nsisen%ia es,e%i*i%a(a' + %#n aire in%#r,#ra(#

,ara esi&u!ar !a reen%in (e a)ua. Es i&,#rane eviar e! us#

(e &e3%!as ,as#sas %#n e;%es# (e arena' +a que esas ienen

&a+#r en(en%ia a !a se)re)a%in + !a e;u(a%in.

.- Es i&,#rane que (urane e! va%ia(# #(# e! %#n%re# ,resene

una 9u&e(a( uni*#r&e %#n e! *in (e re(u%ir e! asena&ien#

(i*eren%ia! %ausa(# ,#r varia%i#nes (e !a %#nsisen%ia.

.- Cuan(# se va%:a %#n%re# s#"re una "ase )ranu!ar # s#"re una

su,er*i%ie a"s#rvene' 8sa (e"e 9u&e(e%erse ,revia&ene + (e

&anera uni*#r&e' +a que !as 3#nas se%as a"s#rver4n &4s a)ua

(e! %#n%re# que !as 3#nas 9$&e(as +' en esas $!i&as' e!

%#n%re# ,er&ane%er4 ,!4si%# &4s ie&,#' %ausan(#

asena&ien#s + *ra)ua(# (i*eren%ia!es.

.- #&eer e! %#n%re# a una "uena %#&,a%a%in sin se)re)ar.

L#s %a&"i#s v#!u&8ri%#s que )enera!&ene se ,resenan en

su,er*i%ies 9#ri3#na!es &ienras e! %#n%re# es4 a$n *res%#' re%i"en e!

n#&"re (e %#nra%%in # rera%%in ,!4si%a + ,#r !# %#&$n )eneran

&i%r#*isuras que a,are%en "reve&ene (es,u8s que e! "ri!!# (e a)ua

(esa,are%e (e !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# + una ve3 que %#&ien3an se

e;ien(en r4,i(a&ene. Ese i,# (e *isuras es &4s ,r#"a"!e que #%urra en

%!i&a se%# + %4!i(#' que en %!i&a *r:# + 9$&e(#' ,ues !a ,rin%i,a! ra3n (e su

,resen%ia' es !a eva,#ra%in e;re&a(a&ene r4,i(a (e !a 9u&e(a( su,er*i%ia!

(e! %#n%re#.

La *isura%in ,#r %#nra%%in ,!4si%a )enera!&ene #%urre enre !as

(#s + !as %uar# ,ri&eras 9#ras (es,u8s (e! &e3%!a(#. Genera!&ene s#n*isuras (e ,#%# es,es#r 0'2&& 4 0'>&& + ,r#*un(i(a( &en#r (e =0 &&

ini%ia!es. in e&"ar)#' a &e(i(a que au&ena e! (i*eren%ia! (e 9u&e(a( en !a

%a,a su,er*i%ia! (e! %#n%re#' %#n re!a%in a su &asa inerna'

se in%re&ena su ,r#*un(i(a( (e &anera %#nsi(era"!e. In%!us# en !#sas (e

enre,is# ,ue(en ,asar (e !a(# a !a(#. u !#n)iu( ,ue(e variar (e un#s

%uan#s %en:&er#s 9asa a,r#;i&a(a&ene un &er#. P#r !# %#&$n' s#n

*isuras en *#r&a (e !inea re%a que n# si)uen un &is ,arn + n# ,resenan

nin)una si&er:a5 aunque' #%asi#na!&ene se 9an #"serva(# si)uien(# !a*#r&a (e una ,aa (e )a!!#.


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Ta!es *isuras #%urren %uan(# e! a)ua se eva,#ra (e !a su,er*i%ie %#n

&a+#r ra,i(e3 que %#n !a que ,ue(e a,are%er en !a su,er*i%ie (urane e!

,r#%es# (e e;u(a%in. Es# #ri)ina un (ese%a&ien# (e !a %a,a su,er*i%ia! (e!

%#n%re# que a su ve3 %#n(u%e a una 9u&e(a( + una ri)i(e3 (i*eren%ia! enre

!a su,er*i%ie + e! ineri#r (e !a &asa' a%#&,aa(a (e una r4,i(a %#nra%%in

,#r se%a(# !# %ua! a%iva !as *uer3as %a,i!ares en e! a)ua (e !#s ,#r#s en e!

%#n%re# + e! (esarr#!!# (e es*uer3#s (e ensin en !a su,er*i%ie que )eneran

!a *#r&a%in (e *isuras en esa(# *res%# e! %#n%re# n# ,resena nin)una

resisen%ia a !a ra%%in.

La asa (e eva,#ra%in (e,en(e (e !a e&,eraura (e! aire' (e !a

9u&e(a( re!aiva (e! a&"iene que r#(ea !a esru%ura' (e !a e&,eraura que

en)a !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re# + (e !a ve!#%i(a( (e! vien# s#"re !a &is&a

su,er*i%ie. De es#s *a%#res e! &4s i&,#rane es !a ve!#%i(a( (e! vien#.

E! ACI =0@ ,r#vee un &8#(# sen%i!!# ,ara esi&ar !a ,8r(i(a (e

9u&e(a( su,er*i%ia! (e! %#n%re# ,ara varias %#n(i%i#nes as*8ri%as. Para

usar e! )r4*i%# se enra %#n !a e&,eraura (e! aire + se !!e)a 9asa !a %urva (e

9u&e(a( re!aiva ,resene en e! &e(i# a&"iene' (e ese ,un# se (es,!a3a

9#ri3#na!&ene 9a%ia !a (ere%9a 9asa en%#nrar !a e&,eraura que e;9i"e e!

%#n%re# en su su,er*i%ie5 + (e a!!: se (es,!a3a en *#r&a veri%a! 9asa

en%#nrar !a ve!#%i(a( (e! vien#5 *ina!&ene' (e ese $!i ,un# se 9a%e un

(es,!a3a&ien# 9#ri3#na! 9a%ia !a (ere%9a' (e a! *#r&a que en e! e/e (e !as

#r(ena(as se !ea e! va,#r a,r#;i&a(# (e !a asa (e eva,#ra%in. i 8sa se

a,r#;i&a a 1.0 )@K %#n

!as esquinas.


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Cuan(# se ui!i3en !#s &iss &aeria!es' ,r#,#r%i#nes + &8#(#s (e

&e3%!a(#' rans,#re' %#!#%a%in' %#&,a%a%in + a%a"a(# (e! %#n%re#'

,ue(en a,are%er )rieas (e %#nra%%in ,!4si%a en una 3#na (eer&ina(a

,er# n# en !a si)uiene' !# que %#n #(a ,r#"a"i!i(a( es e! resu!a(# (e

%a&"i#s (e !as %#n(i%i#nes a&"iena!es' que a*e%an !a ve!#%i(a( (e

eva,#ra%in (e !a 9u&e(a( su,er*i%ia! (e! %#n%re#. P#r a! iv#' !as

,re%au%i#nes que (e"en #&arse ,ara ,revenir # !i&iar !a ,#si"i!i(a( (e

*isuras (e %#nra%%in ,!asi%a se ,ue(en resu&ir (e !a si)uiene &anera +

(e"en (esarr#!!arse se%uen%ia!&ene

.- Usar %e&en#s a(i%i#na(#s' %#n &en#s (e C (e e&,eraura

.- Re*ri)erar !#s a)re)a(#s + e! a)ua (e &e3%!a(#' ,ara &anener

!a "a/a e&,eraura (e! %#n%re# *res%#.

.- Presaurar !#s a)re)a(#s (e! %#n%re#' ,ara eviar ,8r(i(as ,#r

a"s#r%in (e !#s &iss.

.- u&e(e%er !a su"rasane + en%#*ra(#s.

.- E&,!ear un %#neni(# (e a)ua an "a/# %# sea ,#si"!e' (e

a%uer(# %#n !a %#nsisen%ia es,e%i*i%a(a' + %#n aire in%#r,#ra(#

,ara esi&u!ar !a reen%in (e a)ua.

.- Levanar r#&,evien#s ,r#visi#na!es ,ara re(u%ir !a ve!#%i(a(

(e! vien# ,#r en%i&a (e !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re#.

.- Levanar ,ana!!as ,r#visi#na!es %#nra e! s#! ,ara re(u%ir !a

e&,eraura en !a su,er*i%ie (e! %#n%re#.

.- ?a%iar e! %#n%re# (urane e! ,er:#(# &4s *r:# (e! (:a.

.- Preservar !a 9u&e(a( su,er*i%ia! (e! %#n%re# ,#r &e(i# (e

%u"ieras ,r#visi#na!es ,.e. !as !4&inas (e ,#!iei!en#' (urane

!a %#!#%a%in + e! a%a"a(#.

=.- O?IIENTO DURANTE LA CONTRUCCION

L#s %a&"i#s v#!u&8ri%#s que e;,eri&ena e! %#n%re# (urane !a

%#nsru%%in' usua!&ene #"e(e%en a vi&ien#s en e! ,r#%es# (e va%ia(# #

en e! ,r#%es# (e *ra)ua(#' + es4n !i)a(#s a (e*#r&a%i#nes (e !a "ase (e

s#,#re # a vi&ien#s (e !#s en%#*ra(#s.

Cuan(# !a "ase (e a,#+# (e! %#n%re# *res%# ,ari%u!ar&ene !as "ases)ranu!ares (e ,avi&en#s + ,is#s' e;,eri&ena (e*#r&a%i#nes (urane e!


61/917

va%ia(# # e! *ra)ua(# (e !a &e3%!a ,#si"!e&ene ,#r una ina(e%ua(a

%#&,a%a%in + s#!i(e3' e;ise una a!a ,r#"a"i!i(a( que se %ausen ,!an#s (e

*a!!a + *isuras que ,ue(en ener %#nn#a%i#nes esru%ura!es a(versas.

En #r#s %as#s' %uan(# e! %#n%re# +a 9a si(# %#!#%a(# + %#&,a%a(#'

,er# se ,resenan vi"ra%i#nes' i&,a%#s' # vi&ien#s (e !a &is&a "ase

,.e. ransi# (e ve9:%u!#s u #,era%i#nes (e e;%ava%in en 3#nas a(+a%enes #

%er%anas' a&"i8n se ,ue(en ,resenar *ra%uras + (a#s.

A! i)ua! que !as "ases (e a,#+#' !#s en%#*ra(#s a&"i8n ,ue(en

e;,eri&enar (e*#r&a%i#nes %ausa(as ,#r !a ,resin que e/er%e e! &is

%#n%re# *res%#' ,#r vi"ra%i#nes' i&,a%#s # vi&ien#s ,r#,i#s (e! ,r#%es#

%#nsru%iv#' que #ri)inan (es,!a3a&ien#s en !a &asa ,!4si%a que a$n se

en%uenra en ,r#%es# (e *ra)ua(# + sin nin)una %a,a%i(a( (e resisir

ra%%i#nes' %#n !a %#nse%uene a,ari%in (e *isuras. Des(e !ue)#' %uan(# se

rear(a e! ,r#%es# (e *ra)ua(# (e! %#n%re#' 9a+ &a+#r su%e,i"i!i(a( a que se

,resenen *isuras ,#r ese %#n%e,#

Or# (a#' as#%ia(# a !#s vi&ien#s (urane !a %#nsru%%in' es !a

re%in &u+ ,re&aura (e !#s en%#*ra(#s' que a&"i8n ,ue(e ser %ausa (e

*isuras' (es,ren(i&ien#s + (es,#si!!a&ien# en !#s e!e&en#s (e %#n%re#

que #(av:a es4n en *ase (e *ra)ua(# # re%i8n ini%ian !a *ase (e

en(ure%i&ien#-

Cuan(# e! %#n%re# se en%uenra en ,r#%es# (e *ra)ua(# + se ,resena

una re*ri)era%in si)ni*i%aiva (e! a&"iene ,#r (es%ens# (ra&4i%# (e !a

e&,eraura' n# s!# se ,ue(e (eener e! ,r#%es# (e *ra)ua(# e! %ua! se

"!#quea a !#s >C (e e&,eraura en e! %#n%re#5 sin# que a&"i8n ,ue(e#%urrir e! %#n)e!a&ien# (e! a)ua que se en%uenra (enr# (e! %#n%re# + ,#r

e!!#' !a *ra%ura (e !#s en!a%es esa"!e%i(#s ,#r !#s )e!es (e %e&en#

9i(raa(#.

Durane e! esa(# en(ure%i(#' !#s %a&"i#s v#!u&8ri%#s (e! %#n%re#

)enera!&ene es4n as#%ia(#s a !a %#nra%%in # (i!aa%in que e;,eri&ena e!

&aeria! ,#r %a&"i#s (e 9u&e(a( +


62/917

Enre !#s &e%aniss (e (a# %ausa(#s ,#r %a&"i#s (e 9u&e(a( #

,#r !a ,resen%ia ,er&anene (e a)ua (enr# (e! %#n%re# en esa(#

en(ure%i(#' se en%uenra

enrique rivva lopez.doc

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