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Technological Aspect

Petroleum and Energy Engineering Department PENG442301 - Energy and the EnvironmentSpring 2015Dr/ Seif Edden FateenDate: 18th of March 2015

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Energy Resources in Developing Countries Presented by:Houssam Housien

PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Introduction What is resources mean?a: a source of supply or support: an available means,b: a natural source of wealth or revenue, c: a natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of human life,d: a source of information or expertise.

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Energy Resources Natural energy resources Human Resources and Knowledge Technological Aspect: Innovation and AdaptationCapital and Infrastructure: Market, Access and Grid3PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

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Energy Resources

http://schoolworkhelper.net/energy-resources-renewable-nonrenewable/


Natural energy resources Marine Energy for Coastal Regions ex: offshore wind, tidal and wave energyImportance of Rural Bio-EnergyWaste as Energy Resource developing nations generate a large amount of waste due to their high population density waste management has become more of a challenge in recent years.5PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Natural energy resources

http://www.waterburyleap.org/


Natural energy resources Marine Energy for Coastal RegionsThe marine environment usually found in developing nations is a complex construct between natural and sociological systems. Existence of Customary Waters areas, local tourism and fisheries economic sectors, harbour and port activities, and national security are often found to create overlapping leaderships and conflicts of interests.7PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Natural energy resources Marine energy resource assessment cases: Indonesia Aceh province The Maldives 8PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

ACEH, INDONESIASome problems that faced the marine energy: Crew has no experience sub-sea data devices and the boat was poorly equipped for maintaining positiondepth-sounding equipment was not available9PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

ACEH, INDONESIA

http://alizul2.blogspot.com/2012/04/indonesia-tsunami-banda-aceh-then-and.html


ACEH, INDONESIAThe work clearly shows that a significant untapped resource exists in the region but that the development of marine renewable for Aceh requires a more thorough and measured evaluation of the available resource using industry standard systems to analyze the real-time behavior of wind, waves and tides.11PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

The Maldives Selection of appropriate technology for deployment in Maldivian channels requires a three-phased-feasibility study to obtain independent in-depththe Government of the Maldives is obliged to use technology that is not suited to the particular channel and current characteristics, and will not deliver maximum energy at the most economical cost12PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

The Maldives

http://www.overwaterbungalows.net/conrad-maldives-rangali-island


Natural Energy ResourcesMarine energy is a renewable energy resources for many developing nations of the world.Bio-energy is one of the most mature renewable energy sector in developing countries.Developing nations generate a large amount of waste due to their high population. Treating these waste products as energy resources contributes to energy supply and reduces climate change impact of the gaseous emissions14PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Marine Energy for Coastal/Island RegionsMarine Energy is behind in terms of knowledge and experience when compared to other renewable energy resources.The marine environment usually found in developing nations is a complex construct between natural and sociological systems.15PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Rural Bio-EnergyDifficulty of energy access in rural parts of the developing world.Traditional biomass fuels are still being used (fuel wood and animal dung)These solids can be upgraded to more convenient Bio fuels (solid, liquid and gaseous)16PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment


Waste as Energy ResourceFuel production from waste can take place either by decomposition (gasification/ pyrolysis/ hydrolysis) or biological process (anaerobic digestion/fermentation).The most economically feasible energy (power/heat/cooling) generation from this fuel are through incineration of mixed waste, anaerobic digestion of organic waste and gasification of part of the refuse-deri.ved fuel18PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Janicki Omniprocessor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVzppWSIFU019PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Challenges and opportunitiesChallenges: Co-operation of local communities and governments with global expertise.Opportunities: Provide energyProvide clean waterProvide jobs and economic development20PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Human Resources and Knowledge21PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Availability of skills Developing nationsOverlapping and conflictionNew institution level To fully capture the resolution mechanism


Availability of skills Educational conceptSpecific skills of renewable energy concentrated in high academic levels and research centersWhile Very limited skills are developed in schools


Knowledge ManagementChallenges:Information sharing The key entities in the RE knowledge managementNetworks and partnership with main mandate of collecting, analyzing and updating information and knowledge.


Knowledge Management2. Regional governmental and non-governmental organizations-That tend to concentrate on the barrier analysis which focus on enabling environmental assessment on policy and policy measures3. International finical institution - provides finding for clean developing projects -providing information on available funding measures


In summaryThe Trend in Knowledge Management for renewable energy Facilitate technology transferCapacity buildingPolicy makingEnabling information sharing at international levelsWhile we still have gaps inLack of infrastructureUnequal geographic distribution Market regulations Lack of evaluations on capacity building and policy making


Technological Aspect27PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Innovation and AdaptationAdapting complex and sophisticated technologies to the local contexts remains a challenge.The engineering capabilities of the indigenous communities to design, manufacture, install, operate and maintain their own tailor-made technologies for their specific contexts are also still very limited.28PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Appropriateness Elements of TechnologyAppropriate technology elements need to become the guiding principles to optimally harness energy resources in developing nations;Coming from (WEIRD) perspective,appropriate technology does not mean crude technologyPolitics, culture and society influence the subjective definitions of appropriate technology.However, as a general approach, appropriateness can be considered as fulfilled when elementary, intermediate or advanced technologies are seen to be best served by existing: Local natural resources, Workforce skills Capital invested


Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic(WEIRD) perspective it means technology that is fit for purpose in the desired location and valued by the people who use it.

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Technological independenceAn often neglected element of appropriate technology. appropriateness is usually approached through resource assessment and technology matching. However, the following needs to be included:The hard (material, equipment, facilities) and soft (knowledge, organization, management) aspects of energy technology cannot separated from one another in providing solutions to equal energy access.Different regions and communities will have different technology needs and should be, wherever possible, independent of international supply chains, 30PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Therefore, appropriateness requires an optimum match betweenavailability of resources (natural material, human, techniques and capital),local needs (present situation and future projection) and applicabletechnology, which is independent from international supply chain.30

Understanding the indigenous characteristics of local communities in interacting and adapting to technologies is an often-missed aspect of knowledge transfer. Promoting the rights of indigenous people in acquiring the basic knowledge in technical and management aspects of sustainable energy systems brings the ability to implement appropriate technology.31PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Wherever possible, there should be universal access to knowledge of developing sustainable energy technologies for locally appropriate use.

-Sets of methodologies for selecting the most appropriate sustainable energy technology to match local raw materials and social requirements must be developed to avoid exhausting capital without sufficient gains in terms of monetary values and community welfare.31

Capital and Infrastructure32PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Capital and Infrastructure: Market, Access and GridCapital and infrastructure as resources are necessary in promoting sustainable energy generation..As financing has historically been known to be one of the main barriers for sustainable energy implementation in developing nations, greater efforts should be addressed towards attracting actors and agents with an ability to mobilize adequate financing.


This is especially determinant in the context of developing nations, where usually there is not only the lack of investment funds, but also the non-existence of proper conditions for investment.33

Government of developing nations are promoting public- private relationships and financial plans based on microfinancing . At least three action levels should form a concentrated effort:

Development of public- private agreements for financing sustainable energy projects.

Increased role of international aid providing the necessary conditions to stimulate investment in remote areas and

Involving international aid and microfinancing programs at long-term interventions.34PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

To attract private capital to sustainable energy projects;

3- programs should significantly increase access of energy services to the poorest communities of developing nations34

Implication of Resources Exploitationon Water and Food Resources35PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

Unanswered Question How to quantify the social and environmental cost for developing a renewable energy resource exploitation scheme ?


The question which remains unanswered, This is especially the case when assessments include specific considerations on the indigenous populations immediate and future requirements, whilst also fulfilling the global demands for energy resources coming from sustainable sources.36

Bio-energy Land use changes Large-scale cultivation of non-agricultural land and peat land area degradation and the release of CO2some of these natural land conversions include alterations from Brazilian rainforests into soybean and sugar plantations; and the Indonesian rainforests and peat lands into palm oil plantationsIrrigation water which is often the requirement for a large-scale plantation will add to the pressure on already stressed water resources.37PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment

but not excluding other energy natural resources will create a chain of implications on water and foodas resources themselves.Land use alterations to cater for bio-energy plantations have caused ecological, economic, as well as social impact in major developing nations. Water supply is another issue which is related to bio-energy production. Peat : a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel. 37

Waste to energy The possibility of generating contaminant emissions in the flue gas, hazardous material in the ash and pollution in the excess water.The pathways for air emissions to reach humans or the environment can be direct or indirect

PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment38

Air emission aspects include acid gases (hydrochloric acid and sulphur oxides) organic compounds (dioxins and furans), inorganic compounds(trace metals) and nitrogen and carbon oxides.direct (through inhalation) or indirect (through the food chain).For this, technology innovation in the waste to energy sector is developing rapidly in thelast years to meet the more stringent legal requirements.38

Marine Energy In developing nations; An attempt to understand both the environmental and socioeconomic impact of resource exploitation in both on-grid and off-grid coastal/island regions.PENG442301 - Energy and the Environment39

where the marine environment plays a large part in offering food security and livelihood to the local communities;39

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