MINERAL, BONE AND JOINT
Drh. Herlina Pratiwi, M.Si
MINERAL
Mineral
Hewan perlu mineral dlm jumlah rendah untuk metabolisme
Elemen atom anorganik, merupakan nutrisi penting yang tidak berubah oleh digesti/metabolisme
Terdiri atas makro dan mikro mineral (trace elements)
Fungsi Mineral
Metabolisme Sistem saraf
Pembawa nutrisiKeseimbangan asam-basa tubuh
Kofaktor enzim
KLASIFIKASI MINERAL
• Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Chloride Potassium Sulfur
MAKROMINERAL
• Chromium Cobalt Copper, Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc
MIKROMINERAL
Makro mineral
A number of inorganic
elements have been shown
to be essential for normal
growth and reproduction of
animals.
Those required in greater
quantities are referred to as
macrominerals and this
group includes calcium,
phosphorus, sodium,
chlorine, potassium,
magnesium, and sulfur.
The macrominerals are
important structural
components of bone and
other tissues and serve as
important constituents of
body fluids.
They play vital roles in the
maintenance of acid–base
balance, osmotic pressure,
membrane electrical
potential, and nervous
transmission.
Macrominerals are those
minerals required by the
body in large amounts each
day
In general their
concentration in a diet is
expressed on the basis of
percentage of the diet or in
grams per
kilogram diet.
Calcium (Ca)
KALSIUM EKSTRASELULER
KALSIUM INTRASELULER
Fungsi Ca:
•formation of skeletal tissues,
•transmission of nervous tissue impulses,
•excitation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction,
•blood clotting, and
•as a component of milk
EKSTRASELULER
•only 1/10,000th the concentration of extracellular calcium
• involved in the activity of a wide array of enzymes and
•serves as an important second messenger conveying information from the surface of the cell to the interior of the cell.
INTRASELULER
HOMEOSTASIS CA
❑ Calcitonin is a hormone producedby the thyroid gland in response to hypercalcemia.
❑ Calcitonin inhibits renal reabsorption of calcium from the glomerular filtrate, resulting in increased calcium excretion.
❑ It also inhibits bone calcium resorption, slowing entry of calcium into the extracellular fluid.
❑ Calcitonin is not often called on to restore calcium homeostasis unless a very high calcium diet such as milk is fed in a short period of time
Phosphorous (P)
■ 80% of P occurs in combination with Ca in the
bone and teeth.
■ About 10% is found in muscles and blood in
association with proteins, carbohydrate and lipids.
■ The remaining 10% is widely distributed in various
chemical compounds.
Phosphorous
Essential for the development of bones and teeth
Phospholipids, Phosphoproteins
Component of:DNA & RNA
ATP, NAD+, NADP+
Energy metabolism: ATP, GTP
Maintenance of blood pH: phosphate buffer system
Phosphorous
About 500 mg phosphate is excreted in urine per day. The reabsorption of phosphate by
renal tubules is inhibited by PTH.
Excretion:
Absorption:
Phosphate absorption occur from jejunum
1. Calcitriol promotes phosphate uptake along
with calcium.
2. absorption of P and Ca is optimum when the dietary Ca:P is 1:2-2:1.
3. acidity favors while phytate decreases
phosphate uptake by intestinal cells.
Phosphorous
Importance of Ca:P ratio
The ratio of plasma Ca:P is important for calcification of bones
Phosphorus Deficiency
Rickets, osteomalacia osteoporosis
Factors Regulating Ca and P
hormone
osteolysis
P excretion from kidney
osteogenesis
Ca excretion from kidney
Blood phosphorus
Blood calcium
1,25 DHCC
Ca absorption in intestine
PTH CT
↑↑ ↑ ↓
↑
↓
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↑
↑
↑
↑
↑ ↑↑ ↓
↓ ↓
↓ ↑
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↓
↓
Sodium (Na)
■ Fungsi :
– Keseimbangan osmosis cairan tubuh
– Keseimbangan pH
– Kation utama CES
– Transmisi saraf
– Transpor dan absorbsi glukosa dan
asam amino
❖ Absorbsi pada kolon
❖ Regulasi oleh aldosteron
SODIUM (2)
Potassium (K)
Kebutuhan meningkat pada heat stress
Pada keringat mamalia kandungan tinggi
Fungsi :
Keseimbangan osmosis cairan
tubuh
Keseimbangan pH
Kation utama CIS
Kofaktor metabolisme karbohidrat
Potassium
Deficiency
Diarrhea & vomiting
Diuretik
Hypokalemia
Symptoms
Kelemahan otot, konstipasi, iritabilitas, konvulsi, irregular heart, tekanan darah ↓, sulit bernafas
Magnesium (Mg)
MAGNESIUM EKSTRASELULER
MAGNESIUM INTRASELULER
Magnesium intraseluler
Magnesium is a major intracellular cation
that is a necessary cofactor for enzymatic
reactions vital to every major metabolic
pathway.
The intracellular magnesium concentration is
about 13 mmol/L, making it the second most
abundant cation found inside
of cells.
Magnesium Ekstraseluler
Magnesium is vital to normal
nerve conduction
Plasma magnesium
concentration is normally 0.75–
1.0 mmol/L or 1.8–2.4 mg/dL
Normal bone formation also
requires magnesium
Homeostasis Mg
Despite the importance of magnesium, there is no hormonal
mechanism concerned principally and directly with magnesium
homeostasis.
The kidneys play a key role in maintaining magnesium
homeostasis, but only under conditions of hypermagnesemia.
Magnesium is absorbed primarily from the ileum and colon of
monogastric animals and young ruminants.
Magnesium absorption is by passive absorption and is therefore
dependent on the concentration of magnesium ions in the
digesta.
As the rumen and reticulum develop, these organs become the
main, and perhaps only, site for magnesium absorption in adult
ruminants.
In adult ruminants the small intestine is a site of net secretion of
magnesium.
Deficiency – Hypomagnesemic tetany (grass
tetany)
■ Awal laktasi
■ Kontrol syaraf & otot buruk
Chloride (Cl)
Chloride is the chief anion of the extracellular fluid and plays a role in maintaining osmotic pressure and water content (extracellular volume) of the circulation
As one of the strong ions of the blood, it plays a key role in acid–base balance of the body.
Chloride also plays a small role in determining the electrical potential of nervous tissue
Chloride is pumped into the lumen of the stomach to form hydrochloric acid (HCl), which aids in digestion.
Chloride also plays a vital role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport by red blood cells, the so‐called “chloride shift.”
Extracellular chloride concentration is 100–113 mmol/L, depending on the species of animal and their blood acid–base status.
Intracellular chloride concentration is about one‐tenth that of the extracellular fluid.
SULFUR (S)
About 0.15% of body weight is
sulfur
Sulfur is found in the amino
acids methionine, cysteine
(cystine), homocysteine, and
taurine
Sulfur is also found in
chondroitin sulfate of
cartilage, and in the B
vitamins thiamine and biotin
The disulfide bonds of the
sulfur‐containing amino acids
are largely responsible for
determining the tertiary
structure of proteins.
Oxidation of methionine and
cysteine causes sulfur to also
exist in tissues as the sulfate
anion, which influences the
acid–base status of the
animal.
Methionine, thiamine, and biotin cannot be synthesized by mammalian tissues and these nutrients must be supplied in the diet.
When provided with adequate substrates (nitrogen, energy and sulfur), rumen microbial synthesis of methionine, thiamine, and biotin can supply enough of these compounds to the ruminant to meet daily requirements, with the possible exception of very high producing cows.
Therefore only ruminants can be said to have a dietary requirement for sulfur.
MetabolismeS
Sulfur incorporated into microbial protein is absorbed within the small intestine as cysteine and methionine.
Some dietary sulfur is absorbed as the sulfate or sulfide anion.
Sulfide is absorbed more rapidly and efficiently from the rumen of sheep than is sulfate.
Sulfate sulfur is absorbed more efficiently in the small intestine.
Trace minerals
■ Those elements required in much smaller amounts are
referred to as the trace minerals.
■ This group includes cobalt, copper, iodine, iron,
manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and perhaps
chromium and fluorine
■ The trace minerals are present in body tissues in very
low concentrations and often serve as components of
metalloenzymes and enzyme cofactors, or as
components of hormones of the endocrine system.
Trace elements
Selenium Melindungi sel dari autooxidative apoptosis, antioksidan, mengikat vitamin E
ZincSintesis RNA, antioksidan, menstabilkanmembran sel
IodineHormon thyroid, regulasi temperatur, basal metabolic rate, reproduksi, pertumbuhan
IronEritrosit, transpor elektron, imunitas, gluconeogenesis
BONE
HistologiTulang
Osteoblast
Osteosit
Osteoklast
Lining cells
Lakuna
Kanalikuli
Kanalis sentralis
Lamella
HISTOLOGI TULANG
HISTOLOGI TULANG
FungsiTulang
Penunjang
Perlindungan organ
Pergerakan tubuh perlekatan otot
Penyimpanan Ca2+ dan PO4
Bone Development
Bone is consist of organic and anorganic matrix
Organic matrix 30%
Anorganic 70%
■ Organic matrix
– Serabut kolagen dengan glisin, prolin,
dan hidroksipolin yang tinggi
– Kolagen untuk?
– Diperkuat oleh deposisi Ca
– Ikatan struktur difasilitasi oleh
osteoblas dengan menghasilkan :
■ Osteocalcin (mengikat Ca)
■ Osteonectin (ikatan Ca-kolagen)
– Substansi dasar ini berfungsi untuk ?
■ Pertukaran nutrisi, O2, dan sisa
metabolisme
Bone development
■ Inorganic matrix
– Dominasi Ca dan P dalam bentuk
kristal hidroksiapetite
– Kristal terletak di permukaan dan
sekitar kolagen
– Fungsi kristal ?
– Pertukaran ion di permukaan kristal
untuk buffer system
– Terdapat magnesium, potassium,
sodium : but not crystallized
Bone development
Bone development
How about bone development ?
Osteoblast sekresi monomer kolagen dan proteoglikan -> dalam beberapa hari kalsiummulai mempresipitasi permukaan -> dalam
waktu minggu atau bulan -> kristalhidroksiapetit
Osteoblast terperangkap dalam ruang kosong -> osteosit
Bone resorption
Bone and Calcium Physiology
•Osteoklast mengeluarkan enzim proteolitik dan berbagai jenis asam (asam laktat, asam sitrat) untuk degradasi ikatan garam anorganik
•Osteoklast berikatan dengan kristal melalui ikatan integrins-vitronectin
•Degradasi kristal membuat Ca dan P tulang kembali bebas dan menuju plasma
How about bone resorption ?
Bone resorption
■ Faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi Bone resorption (BR) :
– Parathyroid hormon (PTH)
■ Penempelan PTH di reseptor osteoblast membuat release-nya IL-6 dan RANK dari
osteoblast untuk inisiasi BR
■ RANK menuju reseptornya di osteoklast lalu mengaktivasi BR
– Vitamin D dan PTH
■ Bersama menstimulasi osteoblast menghasilkan M-CSF untuk proliferasi osteoklast
Bone resorption
– Osteoblast memiliki regulasi untuk mencegah terjadinya BR, yaitu dengan cara
mensekresikan osteoprotegerin yang memblok RANK sehingga RANK tidak
dapat menempel di reseptornya di osteoklast, sehingga osteoklast tidak
memulai BR
– Bone and Calcium Physiology Video
Metabolisme Ca dan Tulang
■ Homeostasis Ca plasma
■ Fungsi Ca ??
■ 99% di tulang dan gigi, 0,9% intrasel,
0,1% CES
MetabolismeCa dan Tulang
Parathyroid hormon (PTH)
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Renal system
Intestine absorbtion
Parathyroid Hormon
(PTH)
Diproduksi oleh sel chief dari glandula parathyroid
•Memindahkan Ca dari labile pool cairan tulang ke plasma -> cepat
•Memindahkan Ca dari stabile pool (matriks tulang kompak) ke plasma -> lambat
•Reabsorbsi Ca oleh ginjal dengan mendorong ekskresi P
•Meningkatkan pengaktifan vitamin D oleh ginjal
•Meningkatkan absorbsi kalsium di saluran pencernaan
Meningkatkan Ca plasma dengan cara :
Calcitonin
Diproduksi oleh sel parafolikuler dari glandula thyroid
Berkebalikan kinerja dengan PTH
• 1. bone: stimulate osteoclasts become osteoblasts, osteogenesis
• 2. intestine: inhibit absorption of Ca
• 3. kidney: enhance of Ca excretion from urine
Menurunkan Ca plasma dengan cara :
Vitamin D
Disebut juga kolekalsiferol
Dapat disebut hormon karena dapat diproduksi
di kulit
Perlu diaktifkan di hepar
dan ren menjadi :1,25-(OH)2-Vit D3 atau
1,25DHCC
Bekerjasama dengan PTH untuk meningkatkan
Ca plasma dengan cara meningkatkan
absorbsi Ca pada saluran pencernaan
FRAKTUR
Gangguanmetabolisme
Ca
•Gangguan saraf : Kelemahan otot, depresi, letargi, koma
•Gangguan pencernaan : konstipasi, anoreksia, muntah, ulcer peptic
•nephrocalcinosis
Hipercalcemia :
•Osteoporosis / osteomalacia
•Gangguan saraf
•Milk fever
Hipocalcemia :
JOINT
Joint
The junction between any two bones is known as an articulation
Their function is to provide a means of attaching one bone to another in such a way that the bones can withstand high impact forces yet still allow the bones to “swing” freely with little resistance
The movement of a joint is controlled and limited by the action of muscles and passive structures such as ligaments and tendons.
SINOVIAL
■ Synovial joints contain a capsule that has an outer fibrous layer
consisting of collagen fibers that run from the periosteum of one bone
to the periosteum of the other bone, lending side‐to‐side stability to the
joint.
■ Ligaments are specialextensions of the fibrous capsule that can be
located on the inside or outside of the joint capsule. The inner surface
of the joint capsule is composed of the synovial membranes.
■ The synovial membranes are involved in the production of synovial fluid,
a very viscous liquid with a consistency similar to egg white. It is
essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma to which the synovial cells
have added substances such as hyaluronic acid and proteins such as
lubricin. Synovial fluid provides lubrication to the joint, reducing wear on
opposing articular cartilage surfaces.
MENISKUS
Menisci are special areas of dense fibrocartilage that exist between the articulating cartilage surfaces of some bones, especially those that are bearing great weight.
The menisci function to cushion compressive forces acting on the ends of bones.
Articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones involved in the joint provides further cushioning over that which might be achieved by two ossified surfaces coming in contact with each other.
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