Download - Englis Gramar
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Palabras que suenan igual pero se deletrean diferente
weather = tiempo (clima)
whether = conjuncin para presentar opciones: whether, orsea que o
To = preposicin que significa a o hacia
Too = tambinTwo = el nmero dos
Theyre = contraccin de they are, que significa ellos/ellas son/estn
Their = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de ellos/ellas)
There = all
Ate = tiempo pasado del verbo comer
Eight = el nmero ocho
Buy = el verbo comprar
By = preposicin que significa por en oraciones pasivas
Bye = una forma de adios
Cent = centavo
Scent = olor
Sent = pasado del verbo sender to send
For = preposicin que significa por o para
Four = el nmero cuatro
Fore = hacia la primera plana to the fore
Principal = principal, mayor
Principle = principio
Stationary = estacionario
Stationery = artculos de oficina, papeles
Cite = el verbo citar
Sight = vista
Site = sitio
Would = verbo modal para formar el tiempo condicional
Wood = madera
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Palabras que suenan igual pero se deletrean diferente
Whos = contraccin de who isquin es?
whose = pronombre que significa de quin (posesin)
Youre = contraccin de you are t eres/est (tambin usted/ustedes)
Your = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de t/usted/ustedes)
Its = contraccin de it is ello es/est
its = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de ello, objetos no animados)
Ceiling = ceilo raso
Sealing = selladura
Allowed = permitido
Aloud = en voz altaBall = pelota, bola
Bawl = el verbo berrear
Bear = oso, tambin el verbo soportar
Bare = desnudo, el verbo desnudar, tambin la frase dejar al descubierto
Base = base, fundamento
Bass = bajo (elctrico), tambin el pez rbalo, pero suena diferente
Break = un descando o pausa, tambin los verbos romper, quebrantar
Brake = freno, aplicar los frenos
Dew = roco
Do = el verbo hacer
Due = debido, merecido
Facts = hechos, datos
Fax = documento transmitido por telfono
Find = los verbos hallar, encontrar
Fined = el tiempo pasado de multar
Hay = heno
Hey = interjeccin que significa oye!
Hear = el verbo or
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Palabras que suenan igual pero se deletrean diferente
Here = aqu
Hole = hueco
Whole = entero, ntegro
Know = saber, conocer
No = no
Mail = correo
Male = varn
Meat = carne
Meet = conocer por primera vez
Morning = la maana
Mourning = luto, duelo
One = el nmero uno
Won = el tiempo pasado de ganar to win
Pear = pera
Pair = par, pareja
Pare = el verbo mondar
Pacience = paciencia
Patients = pacientes
Piece = pieza
Peace = paz
Plain = simple, comn y corriente
Plane = avin
Read = tiempo pasado del verbo leer
Red = rojo
Right = correcto, derecho (legal), (a la) derecha
Write = el verbo escribir
Rite = rito, ritual
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Palabras que suenan igual pero se deletrean diferente
Sail = vela del bote
Sale = venta, liquidacin
Scene = escena
Seen = participio pasado del verbo ver
Son = hijo
Sun = sol
Steal = el verbo hurtar
Steel = acero
Wait = el verbo esperar
Weight = peso, tambin pesaWeak = dbil
Week = semana
Verbos iregulares
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO TRADUCCIN
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken DespertarseBe/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind
Bound
Bound
Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
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Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soar
Drink Drank Drunk BeberDrive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled HuirFly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
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Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned AprenderLeave Left Left Dejar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant SignificarMeet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
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Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk HundirSit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt DeletrearSpend Spent Spent Gastar
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir
Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar
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Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Coger
Teach Taught Taught Ensear
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought PensarThrow Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puestoWeave Wove Woven Tejer
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
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Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir
Forman el pasado y participio pasado de manera irregular. Para el presente secomportan como los verbos regulares, aadiendo '-s' a la tercera persona singular(excepto 'to be' y 'to have').
Para escuchar la pronunciacin de las palabras haz 'click' sobre el icono del altavoz(speaker). Para practicar, tras or la expresin en espaol haz una pausa en tureproductor para que puedas pronunciar el correspondiente trmino en ingls antes deor la respuesta.
Verbos regulares
Abandon Abandonar Abolish Abolir
Absolve Absolver Absorb Absorber
Abuse Injuriar Accede Acceder
Accelerate Acelerar Accent Acentuar
Accept Aceptar Accuse Acusar
Accustom Acostumbrar Achieve Llevar a cabo
Acquire Adquirir Act Actuar
Add Sumar Address Dirigir
Admire Admirar Admit Admitir
Adore Adorar Adorn Adornar
Advance Avanzar Advertise Anunciar
Advise Aconsejar Affirm Afirmar
Agree Acceder Allow Permitir
Amount Ascender/cantidad Amuse Divertir
Announce Anunciar Annoy Molestar
Answer Contestar Apologize Excusarse
Appear Aparecer Appoint Nombrar
Approach Acercarse Approve Aprobar
Arrange Arreglar Arrive Llegar
Ask Preguntar Assure Asegurar
Astonish Asombrar Attack Atacar
Attempt Intentar Attend Asistir
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Attract Atraer Avoid Evitar
Bathe Baarse Beg Rogar, pedir
Believe Creer Belong Pertenecer
Blame Culpar Book Reservar
Call Llamar Carry Llevar
Cash Cobrar Cease Cesar
Change Cambiar Check Comprobar
Claim Reclamar Clean Limpiar
Clear Aclarar, limpiar Climb Trepar
Close Cerrar Collect Recoger
Comb Peinar Combine Combinar
Command Mandar Commit Cometer
Compare Comparar Complain Quejarse
Compose Componer Conceal Ocultar
Consider Considerar Consist Consistir
Contain Contener Continue Continuar
Copy Copiar Correct Corregir
Cough Toser Count Contar
Cover Cubrir Cross Cruzar
Crown Coronar Cry Gritar, llorar
Damage Daar Dance BailarDawn Amanecer Deceive Engaar
Decide Decidir Declare Declarar
Defend Defender Deliver Entregar
Desire Desear Despise Despreciar
Destroy Destruir Detach Separar
Develop Desarrollar Devote Dedicar
Devour Devorar Discover Descubrir
Dislike Desaprobar Disturb PerturbarDivide Dividir Drag Arrastrar
Drop Dejar caer Dry Secar
Earn Ganar Elect Elegir
Employ Emplear Enclose Incluir
Encourage Animar End Terminar
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Enjoy Disfrutar Enter Entrar
Establish Establecer Esteem Estimar
Evoke Evocar Exchange Cambiar
Expect Esperar Explain Explicar
Explode Estallar Expose Exponer
Express Expresar Extract Extraer
Fail Fallar Fear Temer
Fetch Ir por Fill Llenar
Finish Acabar Fish Pescar
Fit Ajustar Fix Fijar
Float Flotar Fold Doblar
Follow Seguir Found Fundar
Gain Ganar Gamble Jugar
Gather Recoger Govern Gobernar
Grant Conceder Greet Saludar
Guard Guardar Guess Adivinar
Handle Manejar Hang Ahorcar
Happen Suceder Hate Odiar
Heat Calentar Help Ayudar
Hire Alquilar Hope Esperar
Hunt Cazar Hurry ApresurarseImagine Imaginar Imply Implicar
Import Importar Impress Impresionar
Improve Mejorar Include Incluir
Increase Aumentar Inquire Averiguar
Intend Proponerse Invent Inventar
Invite Invitar Iron Planchar
Join Unir Joke Bromear
Jump Saltar Justify JustificarKick Cocear Kill Matar
Kiss Besar Knock Golpear
Land Aterrizar Last Durar
Laugh Rer Lie Mentir
Like Gustar Listen Escuchar
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Live Vivir Look Mirar
Love Amar Lower Bajar
Maintain Mantener Marry Casarse
Measure Medir Mend Componer
Mention Mencionar Move Mover
Name Nombrar Note Notar
Notice Notar, darse cuenta Number Numerar
Obey Obedecer Oblige Obligar
Oblige Obligar Occupy Ocupar
Offer Ofrecer Open Abrir
Order Ordenar Organize Organizar
Pack Empaquetar Paint Pintar
Pass Pasar Permit Permitir
Place Colocar Play Jugar
Please Agradar Possess Poseer
Practise Practicar Prefer Preferir
Prepare Preparar Present Presentar
Produce Producir Promise Prometer
Propose Proponer Pull Tirar de
Punish Castigar Push Empujar
Rain Llover Reach AlcanzarReceive Recibir Refer Referir
Refuse Rehusar Relieve Aliviar
Remain Permanecer Remember Recordar
Remind Recordar Remove Quitar
Rent Arrendar Repair Reparar
Repeat Repetir Reply Replicar
Report Informar Request Suplicar, requerir
Require Requerir Rest DescansarReturn Volver Rush Precipitarse
Sail Navegar Save Ahorrar
Seem Parecer Sharpen Afilar
Shout Gritar Sign Firmar
Smile Sonrer Smoke Fumar
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Sound Sonar Start Empezar
Stop Parar Study Estudiar
Suffer Sufrir Suggest Sugerir
Suppose Suponer Surprise Sorprender
Talk Hablar Tame Domesticar
Taste Probar Tire Cansar
Touch Tocar Test Probar
Thank Agradecer Tie Atar
Translate Traducir Travel Viajar
Trouble Molestar Trust Confiar
Try Probar Turn Girar
Unite Unir Use Usar
Vary Variar Visit Visitar
Wait Esperar Walk Andar
Want Querer Wash Lavar
Watch Vigilar Weigh Pesar
Wish Desear Work Trabajar
Worry Preocuparse Wound Herir
Son los que forman el pasado y el participio pasado aadiendo la terminacin '-ed'
I work / Yo trabajoI worked / Yo trabaj o trabajaba
Adjetivos
1. good: bueno
2. bad: malo
3. large: grande4. small: pequeo
5. long: largo
6. short: corto
7. thick: grueso
8. narrow: estrecho
9. deep: profundo/hondo
10.shallow: llano
http://www.mansioningles.com/pack_informa.htm -
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11.whole: entero
12. low: bajo
13.high: alto
14.near: cerca
15. far: lejos
16.quick: rpido
17.slow: lento
18.early: temprano
19. late: tarde
20.bright: vivo, brillante
21.dark: oscuro
22.cloudy: nublado
23.sunny: soleado
24.clear: despejado, claro
25.warm: caliente, templado
26.cool: fresco
27.hot: caliente
28.cold: fro29.dry: seco
30.wet: mojado
31.hard: duro
32.soft: suave
33.heavy: pesado
34. light: liviano
35.strong: fuerte
36.weak: dbil
37.clean: limpio
38.dirty: sucio
39.empty: vaco40. full: lleno
41. thirsty: sediento
42.hungry: hambriento
43. fat: gordo
44.skinny: flaco
45.old: viejo
46.young:joven
47.sweet: dulce
48.sour: agrio, cido
49.bitter: amargo
50.salty: salado
51.expensive: caro
52.cheap: barato
53. free: gratis
54.difficult: difcil
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Aspecto fisico- Physical Appearence.
Tall (tol) - alto, altaThin (thin)- delgado, delgadaSlim (slim)- esbelto, esbelta
Fat (fat)- gordo, gordaPlump (plump)- gordito, gorditaStrong (estrong)- fuerteWeak (wik)- dbilBold (bold)- calvo, calvaHandsome (handsome) Good-looking (god lookin), attractive (atractive)- guapo,guapa, atractivo, atractivaLovely (lovly)-guapaUgly (ugly)- feo, fea
Personalidad - Personality
cheerful (chirful) -alegre, jovial;kind (kaind)-amableambitious (ambicious)- ambiciosofriendly (friendli)- amigable, simptico, agradablecantankerous (kantakerious)- cascarrabiascowardly (kowardlie)-cobardesympathetic (understanding)-comprensivoconservative (konservatife)-conservadorconventional (konventional)- convencional
talkative (tolkative)- conversador, habladorflirtatious (fliratious)- coquetapolite (polite)-corts, educadobig-headed (big headead)-credo, engredocruel (krul)- cruelopen-minded (open mindead): narrow-minded (narrouw mindead):de actitudabierta, sin prejuiciosde mentalidad cerrada, intolerante;moody (moodie)- de humor cambiantebitchy (bitchie)- de mala leche, venenoso;careless (kareleass)- descuidado, poco cuidadosocarefree (kare frie)- despreocupado
trustworthy (trust wortie)- digno de confianzaargumentative (argumentative), quarrelsome (kuarelsome)- discutidorselfish (selfish)- egostacharming (charming)- encantadorstrict (estrict)- estricto, severo, rigurosotwo-faced (too faced)- falsoreliable(reliabel) fiable(fiable), confiable:(konfiable) -es una persona en la que sepuede confiar
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loyal (loyial)-fielgenerous (generous)- generosohonest (onest)- honestonaive (naife)- ingenuo, inocentncrazy (krazy), nuts (nuts) -loco, chiflado
bad-tempered (bad tempeared)- malhumoradonaughty (children) (naugty)- malo, travieso (nios)modest (modest)- modestoproud (proud)- orgullosolazy- (lazy)- perezoso, vagoannoying (anoying)- pesadoconceited (konceited), full of oneself (full of oneself)- presumidocautious (kaitious)- prudente, cauteloso, cauto;weird (wird)- raro, extraoself-confident (self confident): to be self-confidentseguro de s mismo: tener confianza en s mismosensible (sensival)- sensato, prudente;sensitive (sensitife)- sensibledull (dull), boring (boring)- soso, aburridomean (mean)- tacaostubborn (stuborn)- terco, testarudo, tozudohard-working (hard working) -trabajadorlaid-back (laid bak)- tranquilo, relajadoshy( shie) ,introverted (introvertead)- tmido, vergonzoso - introvertidobrave (braive)- valiente
Colores -Colors
black (blak)-negrogray (gri)-grisviolet (violit)-violetawhite (juit)-blancogreen (grin)-verdeorange (rendch)-naranjared (red)-rojobrown (brun)-marrn
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sky blue (ski blu)-celesteblue (blu)- azulyellow (ilou)-amarillopink (pink)- rosapurple (prpl)- prpura
beige (bidch) - beigeturquoise (trkuis) - turquesa
Tamao/Medida- Size/Measure
big (big) - grandelarge (lardch) - grandehuge (jidch) - enormesmall (smol) - pequeotiny (tini) - diminutoheavy (jvi) - pesadolight (lit) - livianothick (zik) - gruesothin (zin) - delgadowide (uid) - anchohigh (ji) - elevado,altolow (lu) - bajotall (tol) - altoshort (short) - corto, bajolong (long) - largomedium (mdium) - medionarrow (nrrou) - angostodeep (dip) - profundoshallow (shlou) - superficial,poco profundobroad (brod) - ancho
Forma- Shape
square (skur) - cuadradoround (rund) - redondorectangular (rektnguiular) - rectangulartriangular (trainguiular) - triangularoval (uval) - oval
conical (knical) - cnicospherical (sfrical) - esfricocubical (kibical) - cbicocylindrical (cilndrical) - cilndricostraight (strit)- rectocurved (kervd) - curvocrooked (krkid) - torcidobroad (brod) - ancho
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narrow (nrrou) -angostoflat (flat) - planosteep (stip) - empinadohollow (jlou) - huecosolid (slid) - slido
Edad/Tiempo - Age/Time
old (uld) - viejoyoung (ing) - jovennew (ni) - nuevomodern (mdern) - modernoancient (inshent) - antiguoold fashioned - anticuadoupdated (pditid) - actualizadooutdated (utditid) desactualizado
fast (fast) - rpidoquick (kuk) - rpidoslow (slu) - lentosenior (snior) - mayor
junior (dchnior) - muy joven,principiantecurrent (krrent) - actualpast (past) - pasadofuture (fiutur) - futuro
Tiempo (clima)- Weather
rainy (rini) - lluviosostormy (strmi) - tormentososunny (sni) - soleadowindy (undi) - ventososnowy (snui) - con nievedamp (damp) - hmedodry (dri) - secoicy (ici) - con hielofoggy (fgui) - con nieblaovercast (uvercst) - nubladocloudy (cludi) - nuboso
clear (clar) - despejadomild (mild) - templado
Temperatura- Temperature
freezing (frissing) - helado
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chilly (chli) - frocold (culd) - frocool (kul) - frescolukewarm (lk-urm) - tibioboiling (biling) - hirviendo
muggy (mgui) - calurosohot (jot) - calurosowarm (urm) - clidopleasant (plsant) - agradable
Textura/Tacto- Texture/Touch
hard (jrd) - durosoft (soft) - blandorough (raf) - spero, rugososmooth (smud) - suavesolid (slid) - slidoliquid (lkuid) - lquidowet (wt) - mojadodry (dri) - secoslippery (slperi) - resbaladizosticky (stki) - pegagosoeven (ven) - llano, lisouneven (anven) - desigualsharp (sharp) - afiladoblunt (blant) - desafiladoclean (klin) - limpio
dirty (drti) - suciotight (tit) - apretadoloose (lus) - holgado
Materiales- Materials
iron (iron) - de hierrosteel (stil) - de acerorubber (rber) - de gomapaper (piper) - de papel
woolen (wulen) - de lanaplastic (plstic) - de plsticostone (stun) - de piedrawooden (wudn) - de maderaglass(gls) - de vidrioleather (lder) - de cuerosilver (slver) - de platagold (guld) - de oro
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tin (tin) - de latacotton (kton) - de algodn
Religin- Religion
Catholic (czolic) - catlicoProtestant (prtestant) - protestanteAnglican (nglican) - anglicanoBaptist (bptist) - bautistaChristian (crstchan) - cristianoHindu (jndu) - hindBuddhist (bdist) - budistaMuslin (mslim) - musulmnJewish (dchish) - judoLutheran (lzeran) - luterano
absent 'bsnt b'sent
abstract 'bstrkt b'strkt
abstracts 'bstrkts b'strkts
accent 'ksnt k'sentaccents 'ksnts k'sents
addict 'dkt 'dkt
addicts 'dkts 'dkts
advert 'dvt d'vt
adverts 'dvts d'vts
affect 'fekt 'fekt
affects 'fekts 'fekts
affix 'fks 'fks
affixes fksz 'fksz
allies 'laz 'laz
alloy 'lo 'lo
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alloys 'loz 'loz
ally 'la 'la
annex 'neks 'neks
annexes 'neksz 'neksz
attribute 'trbjut 'trbjut
attributes 'trbjuts 'trbjuts
collect 'klekt k'lekt
collects 'klekts k'lekts
combat 'kmbt km'bt
combats 'kmbts km'bts
combine 'kmban km'ban
combines 'kmbanz km'banz
commune 'kmjun k'mjun
communes 'kmjunz k'mjunz
compact 'kmpkt km'pkt
compacts 'kmpkts km'pkts
complex 'kmpleks km'plekscompound 'kmpand km'pand
compounds 'kmpandz km'pandz
compress 'kmpres km'pres
compresses 'kmpresz km'presz
concert 'knst kn'st
concerts 'knsts kn'sts
conduct 'kndkt kn'dkt
confines 'knfanz kn'fanz
conflict 'knflkt kn'flkt
conflicts 'knflkts kn'flkts
conscript 'knskrpt kn'skrpt
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conscripts 'knskrpts kn'skrpts
console 'knsl kn'sl
consoles 'knslz kn'slz
consort 'knst kn'st
consorts 'knsts kn'sts
content 'kntent kn'tent
contents 'kntents kn'tents
contest 'kntest kn'test
contests 'kntests kn'tests
contract 'kntrkt kn'trkt
contracts 'kntrkts kn'trkts
contrast 'kntrst kn'trst
contrasts 'kntrsts kn'trsts
converse 'knvs kn'vs
convert 'knvt kn'vt
converts 'knvts kn'vts
convict 'knvkt kn'vktconvicts 'knvkts kn'vkts
counterbalance 'kantblns ,kant'blns
counterbalances 'kantblnsz ,kant'blnsz
decoy 'diko d'ko
decoys 'dikoz d'koz
decrease 'dikris d'kris
decreases 'dikrisz d'krisz
defect 'difekt d'fekt
defects 'difekts d'fekts
defile 'difal d'fal
defiles 'difalz d'falz
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descant 'desknt d'sknt
descants 'desknts d'sknts
desert 'dezt d'zt
deserts 'dezts d'zts
dictate 'dktet dk'tet
dictates 'dktets dk'tets
digest 'daest d'est
digests 'daests d'ests
discard 'dskd d'skd
discards 'dskdz d'skdz
discharge 'ds d's
discharges 'dsz d'sz
discount 'dskant ds'kant
discounts 'dskants ds'kants
discourse 'dsks d'sks
discourses 'dsksz d'sksz
entrance 'entrns n'trnsentrances 'entrnsz n'trnsz
envelope 'nvlp n'velp
envelopes 'nvlps n'velps
escort 'eskt 'skt
escorts 'eskts 'skts
essay 'ese e'se
essays 'esez e'sez
excess 'ekses k'ses
excise 'eksaz k'saz
exploit 'eksplot k'splot
exploits 'eksplots k'splots
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export 'ekspt k'spt
exports 'ekspts k'spts
extract 'ekstrkt k'strkt
extracts 'ekstrkts k'strkts
ferment 'fment f'ment
ferments 'fments f'ments
filtrate 'fltret fl'tret
filtrates 'fltrets fl'trets
fragment 'frgmnt frg'ment
fragments 'frgmnts frg'ments
frequent 'frikwnt fr'kwent
impact 'mpkt m'pkt
impacts 'mpkts m'pkts
implant 'mplnt m'plnt
implants 'mplnts m'plnts
import 'mpt m'pt
imports 'mpts m'ptsimpress 'mpres m'pres
impresses 'mpresz m'presz
imprint 'mprnt m'prnt
imprints 'mprnts m'prnts
incense 'nsens n'sens
incline 'nklan n'klan
inclines 'nklanz n'klanz/td>
increase 'kris n'kris
increases 'krisz n'krisz
indent 'ndent n'dent
indents 'ndents n'dents
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inlay 'nle ,n'le
inlays 'nlez ,n'lez
insert 'nst n'st
inserts 'nsts n'sts
inset 'nset ,n'set
insets 'nsets ,n'sets
instinct 'nstkt ,n'stkt
insult 'nslt n'slt
insults 'nslts n'slts
interchange 'nten ,nt'en
interchanges 'ntenz ,nt'enz
interdict 'ntdkt ,nt'dkt
interdicts 'ntdkts ,nt'dkts
intern 'ntn n'tn
interns 'ntnz n'tnz
introvert 'ntrvt ,ntr'vt
introverts 'ntrvts ,ntr'vtsinverse 'nvs n'vs
invite 'nvat n'vat
invites 'nvats n'vats
mandate 'mndet ,mn'det
misconduct ,ms'kndkt ,mskn'dkt
misprint 'msprnt ,ms'prnt
misprints 'msprnts ,ms'prnts
object 'bkt b'ekt
objects 'bkts b'ekts
overbid 'vbd ,v'bd
overbids 'vbdz ,v'bdz
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overcharge 'v ,v'
overcharges 'vz ,v'z
overflow 'vfl ,v'fl
overflows 'vflz ,v'flz
overhang 'vh ,v'h
overhangs 'vhz ,v'hz
overhaul 'vhl ,v'hl
overhauls 'vhlz ,v'hlz
overlap 'vlp v'lp
overlaps 'vlps ,v'lps
overlay 'vle ,v'le
overlays 'vlez ,v'lez
overprint 'vprnt ,v'prnt/td>
overprints 'vprnts ,v'prnts
overstrain 'vstren ,v'stren
overthrow 'vr ,v'r
overthrows 'vrz ,v'rzoverwork 'vwk ,v'wk
perfect 'pfkt p'fekt
perfume 'pfjum p'fjum
perfumes 'pfjumz p'fjumz
permit 'pmt p'mt
permits 'pmts p'mts
pervert 'pvt p'vt
perverts 'pvts p'vts
prefix 'prifks ,pri'fks
prefixes 'prifksz ,pri'fksz
presage 'pres pr'se
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presages 'presz pr'sez
present 'preznt pr'zent
presents 'preznts pr'zents
proceeds 'prsidz pr'sidz
process 'prses pr'ses
processed 'prsest pr'sest
processes 'prsesz pr'sesz
processing 'prses pr'ses
produce 'prdjus pr'djus
progress 'prgres pr'gres
progresses 'prgresz pr'gresz
project 'prekt pr'ekt
projects 'prekts pr'ekts
prolapse 'prlps pr'lps
prolapses 'prlpsz pr'lpsz
prospect 'prspekt pr'spekt
prospects 'prspekts pr'spektsprostrate 'prstret pr'stret
protest 'prtest pr'test
protests 'prtests pr'tests
purport 'ppt p'pt
quadruple 'kwdrupl kw'drupl
quadruples 'kwdruplz kw'druplz
rampage 'rmpe ,rm'pe
rampages 'rmpez ,rm'pez
rebel 'rebl r'bel
rebels 'reblz r'belz
rebound 'riband ,ri'band
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rebounds 'ribandz r'bandz
recall 'rikl r'kl
recalls 'riklz r'klz
recap 'rikp ,ri'kp
recapped 'rikpt ,ri'kpt
recapping 'rikp ,ri'kp
recaps 'rikps ,ri'kps
record 'rekd r'kd
records 'rekdz r'kdz
re-count 'rikant ,ri'kant
re-counts 'rikants ,ri'kants
refill 'rifl ,ri'fl
refills 'riflz ,ri'flz
refit 'rift ,ri'ft
refits 'rifts ,ri'fts
refund 'rifnd r'fnd
refunds 'rifndz r'fndzrefuse 'refjus r'fjuz
rehash 'rih ,ri'h
rehashes 'rihz ,ri'hz
reject 'riekt r'ekt
rejects 'riekts r'ekts
relay 'rile ,ri'le
relaying ,ri'le r'le
relays 'rilez ,ri'lez
remake 'rimek ,ri'mek
remakes 'rimeks ,ri'meks
remount 'rimant ,ri'mant
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remounts 'rimants ,ri'mants
replay 'riple ,ri'ple
replays 'riplez ,ri'plez
reprint 'riprnt ,ri'prnt
reprints 'riprnts ,ri'prnts
rerun 'rirn ,ri'rn
reruns 'rirnz ,ri'rnz
retake 'ritek ,ri'tek
retakes 'riteks ,ri'teks
rethink 'rik ,ri'k
rethinks 'riks ,ri'ks
retread 'ritred ,ri'tred
retreads 'ritredz ,ri'tredz
rewrite 'rirat ,ri'rat
rewrites 'rirats ,ri'rats
second 'seknd s'knd
seconded 'sekndd s'knddseconding 'seknd s'knd
seconds 'sekndz s'kndz
segment 'segmnt seg'ment
segments 'segmnts seg'ments
subcontract ,sb'kntrkt ,sbkn'trkt
subcontracts ,sb'kntrkts ,sbkn'trkts
subject 'sbkt sb'ekt
subjects 'sbkts sb'ekts
surmise 'smaz s'maz
surmises 'smazz s'mazz
survey 'sve s've
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surveys 'svez s'vez
suspect 'sspekt s'spekt
suspects 'sspekts s'spekts
torment 'tment t'ment
torments 'tments t'ments
transfer 'trnsfR trns'fR
transfers 'trnsfz trns'fz
transplant 'trnsplnt trns'plnt
transplants 'trnsplnts trns'plnts
transport 'trnspt trn'spt
transports 'trnspts trn'spts
undercharge 'nd ,nd'
undercharges 'ndz ,nd'z
undercut 'ndkt ,nd'kt
underlay 'ndle ,nd'le
underline 'ndlan ,nd'lan
underlines 'ndlanz ,nd'lanzundertaking 'ndtek ,nd'tek
undertakings 'ndtekz ,nd'tekz
upgrade 'pgred ,p'gred
upgrades 'pgredz ,p'gredz
uplift 'plft ,p'lft
upset 'pset ,p'set
upsets 'psets ,p'sets
There were two interesting words which reversed the trend
of this set, words where the front-stressed form was the (3rd
person singular) verb and a form with stress later in the word
was the (plural) noun:
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analyses 'nlazz 'nlsiz
diagnoses 'dagnzz ,dag'nsiz
Return to contents
-ATE words
Another large group was the set of words ending with -atewhere the noun/adjective sense uses a schwa while the verb
sense uses a full /e/ diphthong. There were 44 of these (or72 counting the inflectional variants). All of them retain the
same stress pattern whether noun/adjective or verb except for
alternateand consummatewhich, like analysesanddiagnosesand unlike the other stress homographs, puts thestress at the front for the verb and later for the
noun/adjective. I have omitted discriminate, which is verycommon as a verb but extremely rare as an adjective,
although the negative of the adjective, indiscriminate, iscommon. (See Higgins 1984 for a discussion of the
phenomenon.)
advocate 'dvkt 'dvket
advocates 'dvkts 'dvkets
agglomerate 'glmrt 'glmret
aggregate 'grgt 'grget
aggregates 'grgts 'grgets
alternate l'tnt 'ltnet
animate 'nmt 'nmet
appropriate 'prprt 'prpret
approximate 'prksmt 'prksmet
articulate 'tkjlt 'tkjlet
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aspirate 'sprt 'spret
aspirates 'sprts 'sprets
associate 'st 'set
associates 'sts 'sets
certificate s'tfkt s'tfket
certificates s'tfkts s'tfkets
confederate kn'fedrt kn'fedret
confederates kn'fedrts kn'fedrets
conglomerate kn'glmrt kn'glmret
conglomerates kn'glmrts kn'glmrets
consummate 'knsmet kn'smt
coordinate ,k'dnt ,k'dnet
coordinates ,k'dnts ,k'dnets
degenerate d'enrt d'enret
degenerates d'enrts d'enrets
delegate 'delgt 'delget
delegates 'delgts 'delgetsdeliberate d'lbrt d'lbret
desolate 'deslt 'deslet
duplicate 'djuplkt 'djuplket
duplicates 'djuplkts 'djuplkets
ejaculate 'kjult 'kjulet
ejaculates 'kjults 'kjulets
elaborate 'lbrt 'lbret
estimate 'estmt 'estmet
estimates 'estmts 'estmets
expatriate eks'ptrt eks'ptret
expatriates eks'ptrts eks'ptrets
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graduate 'grt 'gret
graduates 'grts 'grets
incarnate n'knt n'knet
incorporate n'kprt n'kpret
inebriate 'nibrt 'nibret
inebriates 'nibrts 'nibrets
initiate 'nt 'net
initiates 'nts 'nets
intimate 'ntmt 'ntmet
intimates 'ntmts 'ntmets
legitimate l'tmt l'tmts
moderate 'mdrt 'mdret
moderates 'mdrts 'mdrets
pontificate pn'tfkt pn'tfket
pontificates pn'tfkts pn'tfkets
precipitate pr'sptt pr'sptet
predicate 'predkt 'predketpredicates 'predkts 'predkets
quadruplicate kw'druplkt kw'druplket
quadruplicates kw'druplkts kw'druplkets
regenerate r'enrt r'enret
reincarnate ,rin'knt ,rin'knet
reticulate r'tkjlt r'tkjlet
separate 'seprt 'sepret
separates 'seprts 'seprets
subordinate s'bdnt s'bdnet
subordinates s'bdnts s'bdnets
syndicate 'sndkt 'sndket
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syndicates 'sndkts 'sndkets
triplicate 'trplkt 'trplket
triplicates 'trplkts 'trplkets
underestimate ,nd'restmt ,nd'restmet
underestimates ,nd'restmts ,nd'restmets
Return to contents
-MENT words
A similar but smaller group was the set of words ending with
-mentwhere the noun sense uses a schwa while the verbsense uses a full vowel. There were five of these (ten
including the inflectional variants).
compliment 'kmplmnt 'kmplment
compliments 'kmplmnts 'kmplments
document 'dkjmnt 'dkjment
documents 'dkjmnts 'dkjments
implement 'implmnt 'mplment
implements 'mplmnts 'mplments
ornament 'nmnt 'nment
ornaments 'nmnts 'nments
supplement 'splmnt 'splment
supplements 'splmnts 'splmentsReturn to contents
Voicing
A fifth set was that in which the noun/verb or adjective/verb
distinction was made by voicing a final consonant. There
were eighteen of these. One of them, the word close, exists
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as a verb with /z/, as an adjective with /s/, and as two
different nouns, with /z/ meaning 'conclusion' and with /s/
meaning 'street with no exit'. In the form closer it may be a
comparative adjective with /s/ or an agent noun with /z/. It isalso worth noting the way usedoccurs with /s/ in thecolligation 'used to' to make a past tense while the
pronunciation with /z/ has the meaning 'employed'.
abuse 'bjus 'bjuz
abuses 'bjusz 'bjuzz
baths bz bs
close kls klzcloses 'klsz 'klzz
closer 'kls 'klz
diffuse d'fjus d'fjuz
excuse k'skjus k'skjuz
excuses k'skjusz k'skjuzz
house has haz
misuse ,ms'jus ,ms'juz
misuses ,ms'jusz ,ms'juzz
mouth ma ma
mouths mas maz
unused n'just n'juzd
use jus juz
used just juzd
uses 'jusz 'juzzReturn to contents
Words beginning re-
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Apart from the words beginning with re- which occur asfront-stressed nouns or end-stressed verbs such as rebel,record, refill and reprint, listed understress homographs above,
there are a number of others which are not distinguished bymain stress but by the presence of secondary stress on the
prefix and a consequent change of pronunciation from /r/
to /ri/. The first pronunciation tends to be associated withthe meaning 'back' and the second with 'again'. The prefix re-with the second pronunciation often has the potential to enter
homographs as one returns to earlier meanings of the base
form. Thus we talk of reform /r'fm/ in the church or the
legal system, but a sculptor might reform /,ri'fm/ a clay
model; you can make a remark/r'mk/ in speech, while a
teacher may remark/,ri'mk/ a contested exam paper. You
may resent /r'zent/ unfair criticism, while a garbled
message may be resent/,ri'sent/. This distinction issometimes signalled by including a hyphen in the spelling
for the second meanings, re-form, re-mark and re-sent.Notice that the main stress does not move, and that where the
base begins with the pronuciation shifts between /z/
and /s/ as in resent, reserve, resign and resort. More ofthese forms may be added to the language, though those
listed below are the only ones I know of so far that are wellattested. There are two other special cases, the verb
representand the noun recreation in which the stress is onthe prefix and the distinction is between the pronunciations
/re/ and /ri/.
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recover r'kv ,ri'kv
recovers r'kvz ,ri'kvz
recovered r'kvd ,ri'kvd
recovering r'kv ,ri'kv
(get better after illness/put new covers on soft furniture)
recreation 'rekr,en 'rikr,en
(amusement/copying an effect or mood)
reform r'fm ,ri'fm
reforms r'fmz ,ri'fmz
reformed r'fmd ,ri'fmd
reforming r'fm ,ri'fm
(change a corrupt system/re-make a clay statue)
rejoin r'on ,ri'on
rejoined r'ond ,ri'ond
rejoining r'on ,ri'on
rejoins r'onz ,ri'onz
(answer/join again)remark r'mk ,ri'mk
remarks r'mks ,ri'mks
remarked r'mkt ,ri'mkt
remarking r'mk ,ri'mk
(comment/mark a contested exam paper again)
represent 'reprzent 'riprzent
represents 'reprzents 'riprzents
represented 'reprzentd 'riprzentd
representing 'reprzent 'riprzent
(stand for/present again)
reproof r'pruf ,ri'pruf
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reproofs r'prufs ,ri'prufs
(criticism/proofread again)
resent r'zent ,ri'sent
(feel bitter/transmitted again)
reserve r'z3v ,ri's3v
reserves r'z3vz ,ri's3vz
reserved r'z3vd ,ri's3vd
reserving r'z3v ,ri's3v
(make a booking/serve again)
resign r'zan ,ri'sn
resigns r'zanz ,ri'snz
resigned r'zand ,ri'snd
resigning r'zan ,ri'sn
(step down from a job/sign again)
resolve r'zlv ,ri'slv
resolves r'zlvz ,ri'slvz
resolved r'zlvd ,ri'slvdresolving r'zlv ,ri'slv
(determine/solve again)
resort r'zt ,ri'st
resorts r'zts ,ri'sts
resorted r'ztd ,ri'std
resorting r'zt ,ri'st
(make use of OR holiday town/sort again)Return to contents
Two more small groups could also be identified and
separated. The first was the nine -edadjectives withmatching verb past tenses:
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aged 'ed ed
blessed 'blesd blest
crabbed 'krbd krbd
crooked 'krkd krkt
cursed 'ksd kst
dogged 'dgd dgd
jagged 'gd gd
learned 'lnd lnd
ragged 'rgd rgd
Not in the dictionary with both pronunciations but behavingsimilarly is the word beloved, which has three syllables as anoun or attributive adjective, but only two as a passive
participle. ("I loved and was beloved again": Byron.) The
adjective supposedhas a rare archaic three-syllablepronunciation which is preserved in the derived adverb,
supposedly. Wingedwas listed only as a one-syllable verb,but is also heard often as a two-syllable adjective in the
phrase "Winged Victory". This dictionary listed wickedonlyas a two-syllable adjective, but the full OED also lists a one-
syllable pronunciation, meaning "having a wick". Similarly
this dictionary has ruggedonly as a two-syllable adjective,but the full OED has rugas a verb, which you might use in
"We don't need another rug; the room is well rugged
already."
The other group was the set of French loan words whose
Anglicised plural is not represented in the spelling. Only five
were recorded in the lists, but there are also many proper
names, especially those associated with products, books or
works of art, that behave in the same way, such as
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Beaujolais, Chablis, Charollais, Rabelais, Beaumarchais orMillais. There are also phrases such as faux pasand pince-nezwhich can be given a /z/ plural. A special case would be
Grand Prix. Several such races might be given a /z/ plural,but a careful editor would write Grands Prix for the plural,making this not a homograph.
bourgeois 'bw 'bwz
chamois 'mw 'mwz
corps k kz
patois 'ptw 'ptwz
rendezvous 'rndvu 'rndvuzReturn to contents
"True" homographs
That left the following set of 112 homographs (173 if all the
inflectional variants are counted) arising from a variety of
causes. This section of the list includes those words like
mopedand woundwhich are most typical of what we havein mind when we think of homographs. These include a
number which were not in the original dictionary list.
I have included several which contrast an ordinary word with
a place or personal name: the words nice, angers, lensandtoursall contrasting with French cities, liegewith a Belgiancity, trier with a German city, huewith a Vietnamese city,readingwith an English town, sconewith a Scottish villageand palace, wear with an English river, tangier with aMoroccan port, mobilewith a city in Alabama, natal with aSouth African province, rainier with a prince of Monaco,munch with a Norwegian artist, pearswith an English
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singer, dieter with a German first-name, ravel with a Frenchcomposer, andjobwith an Old-Testament prophet. Likeaugust/August, and polish/Polish they are distinguished by
capitalisation and would only be homographs in sentence-initial position or in all-upper-case writing. The word
romanceas a verb meaning to pay court to would mostlikely have the schwa in the first syllable, while romancemeaning a piece of fiction could have either schwa or a full
diphthong, and Romanceas a description of languagesderived from Latin would almost certainly have the full
diphthong. The surname Brazil is usually front-stressed (as
in Angela Brazil the author) while the name of the country isend-stressed. The girl's name Nancy is another homograph incontrast with a French city.
The word doveis a homograph for speakers of AmercianEnglish but not for the British for whom the past tense of
diveis dived. The verb sundry(dry in the sun) is not wellattested, though the participle sundried is common on foodlabels, sometimes with a hyphen, sun-dried. I am alsounsure how well the verb predate is attested in the meaning"devour prey", though it is common in its other meaning of
"come before". In six cases of recent loan words, expose,charge, pate, rose, resumeand attaches, the homograph isdisambiguated by retaining the French accents in the English
spelling. The contrast between the two-syllable and three-
syllable pronunciations ofeveningmay not be consistentlymade by all RP speakers, though all would recognise it, I
believe.
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Many of these words are particularly popular with crossword
setters since they allow for the creation of misleading cryptic
clues.(See below for examples.)
agape 'gp 'gep
(Christian love/open-mouthed)
angers/Angers 'gz 'e
(makes angry, city in France)
arithmetic 'rmtk ,r'metk
(noun, adjective as in 'arithmetic mean')
attachs/attaches 'taeez 'taetz(diplomats/fastens together; not a homograph if one retains
the accent)
august/August 'gst 'gst
(solemn/eighth month)
axes 'ksz 'ksiz
(plural of axe/plural of axis)
aye a e(Yes/ever)
baas bs bz
(South African boss/makes a sheep-like noise)
bases 'besz 'besiz
(plural of base/plural of basis)
bass bs bes
(kind of fish/low voice)
batman/Batman 'btmn 'bt,mn
(army officer's servant/comic book hero)
bow b ba
bowed bd bad
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bowing 'b 'ba
bows bz baz
(play violin/bend from the waist)
bower 'b 'ba
bowers 'bz 'baz
(violinist/tree-shaded place)
bowman 'bmn 'bamn
bowmen 'bmn 'bamn
(archer/rower at bow of boat)
Brazil 'brzl br'zl
(English surname/South American country)
buffet 'bfe 'bft
buffets 'bfez 'bfts
(help-yourself table/blow)
bustier 'bste 'bst
(a garment/with a larger bosom)
cave kev ke'vi(rock dwelling/schoolboys' warning of an approaching
master)
charge/charg 'e
charges/chargs 'z 'ez
(attack/short for charg d'affaires, temporary ambassador)
cleanly 'klenl 'klinl
(adjective/adverb)denier 'den d'na
(stocking measure, one who denies)
dieter/Dieter 'dat 'dit
(one who eats little to lose weight, German first name)
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do d du
(musical note/auxiliary verb)
does dz dz
(female deer/auxiliary verb)
dove dv dv
(past ofdive(US)/bird of peace)
drawer dr dr
drawers drz drz
(sliding container in a desk/one who draws a chequeas in
"refer to drawer")
entrance 'entrns n'trns
entrances 'entrnsz n'trnsz
(way in/give delight)
evening 'ivn 'ivn
(period after sunset/making smooth or equal, as in "evening
the score")
expose/expos ks'pz eks'pze
exposes/exposs ks'pzz eks'pzez
(remove a cover/scandalous revelation; not homographs if
one retains the accent)
finish 'fn 'fan
(complete/somewhat fine)
flower 'fla 'fl
flowers 'flaz 'flz(plant/something that flows)
forbear 'fbe f'be
forbears 'fbez f'bez
(ancestor/not do)
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forearm 'frm ,f'rm
forearms 'frmz ,f'rmz
(part of the arm/prepare for danger)
furrier 'fr 'fr
(more furry/fur dealer)
gallant 'glnt g'lnt
(adjective/person)
gill l gl
gills lz glz
(liquid measure/part of fish)
glower 'gla 'gl
glowers 'glaz 'glz
(frown/something that glows)
grave grv grev
graves grvz grevz
(French accent/burial place)
housewife 'haswaf 'hzfhousewives 'haswavz 'hzfs
(married woman who looks after the household/sewing kit
issued to soldiers)
hue/Hue hju hwe
(colour/city in Vietnam)
imagines 'mnz 'megniz
(forms a mental picture/plural of 'imago', adult stage of aninsect)
inter 'nt n't3
(between/bury a body)
invalid 'nvld n'vld
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(sick person/out of date)
job/Job b b
(work/character in the Old Testament)
layer 'le 'le
layers 'lez 'lez
(stratum/egg-producer)
lead led lid
leading 'led 'lid
leads ledz lidz
(metal/go first)
lens/Lens lenz ls
(shaped glass for focussing light/French city)
lied lad lit
(told lies/German song)
liege/Lige li li'e
(loyal subject of a king/city in Belgium)
live lv lav(verb/adjective)
lives lvz lavz
(verb/noun)
lower 'l 'la
lowered 'ld 'lad
lowering 'lr 'lar
lowers 'lz 'laz
(make more low/frown)
manes 'mnez menz
(customs/fur round animal's neck)
minute 'mnt ma'njut
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(unit of time/very small)
mobile/Mobile 'mbal m'bil
(easy to move/city in Alabama)
moped 'mped mpt
(motor-cycle/was gloomy)
mow m ma
mowed md mad
mowing 'm 'ma
mows mz maz
(cut grass/grimace)
multiply 'mltpla 'mltpl
(verb/adverb)
munch/Munch mn mn
(chew/Norwegian artist)
Nancy 'nns 'ns
(English girl's name/French city)
natal/Natal 'netl n'tl(concerning birth/province of South Africa)
nice/Nice nas nis
(pleasant/city in France)
number 'nmb 'nm
numbers 'nmbz 'nmz
(numerical value/thing which makes (more) numb)
pace pes 'p
(step or speed/with respect (I disagree) from Latin 'in
peace')
palled pld pld
palling 'pl 'pl
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(made friends/became boring)
pasty 'pst 'pest
(pie/pale)
pt/pate 'pte pet
(meat spread/bald head; not a homograph if one retains the
accents)
Pears/pears pz 'pez
(English singer/fruit)
peer p 'pi
peers pz 'piz
(look closely/one who pees)
pension 'pnsn 'penn
pensions 'pnsnz 'pennz
(boarding-house/salary in retirement)
periodic pr'dk 'p'radk
(occurring at intervals/in 'periodic acid' containing more
oxygen than iodic acid)
polish/Polish 'pl 'pl
(make shiny/from Poland)
poll pl pl
polls plz plz
(parrots/opinion surveys)
prayer 'pre 'pre
prayers 'prez 'prez(what is said to God/person who prays)
predate pri'det 'pre,dt
predates pri'dets 'pre,dts
predated pri'detd 'pre,dtd
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(come before/consume prey)
preposition 'prepzn 'pripzn
prepositions 'prepznz 'pripznz
(part of speech/put in place in advance)
pussy 'ps 'ps
(beloved cat/oozing pus)
put pt pt
puts pts pts
putting 'pt 'pt
(place/hit a golf ball on the green, often spelled PUTT)
rainier/Rainier 'reni 'renie
(wetter weather/Prince of Monaco)
ravel/Ravel 'rvl rvel/
(entangle/French composer)
read rid red
lip-read 'lp-rid 'lp-red
misread ,ms'rid ,ms'redproofread 'prufrid 'prufred
reread ri'rid ri'red
(present tense/past tense)
reading/Reading 'rid 'red
(looking at words/town in Berkshire or Massachusetts)
real/Real rl 'rel
(not imaginary/old Spanish silver coin or Madrid footballteam)
resume/rsum r'zjum 'rezj,me
(start again/CV; not a homograph if one retains the accent)
romance/Romance r'mns r'mns
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(pay court to or piece of fiction/language derived fromLatin)
rose/ros rz 'rze
(kind of flower/pink wine; not a homograph if one retainsthe accent)
routed 'ratd 'rutd
routing 'rat 'rut
(comprehensively beating in battle/sending on a particular
way, sometimes spelled ROUTEING)
row r ra
rowed rd rad
rowing 'r 'ra
rows rz raz
(propel a boat/argue)
sake sek 'sk
(behalf/Japanese drink)
scone/Scone skn skun
(small cake/village and palace near Perth in Scotland)
sewer 's 'sju
sewers 'sz 'sjuz
(person who sews/drain)
shower 'a '
showers 'az 'z
(short rainfall/one who shows)sin 'sn 'san
(wickedness/trigonometric funtion)
skier 'ski 'ska
skiers 'skiz 'skaz
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(one who skis/ball hit high into the air)
slaver 'slv 'slev
slavers 'slvz 'slevz
(foam at the mouth/ship carrying slaves)
slough slfsla (also in USA)
slu
sloughs slfs slaz
(discard skin/marsh)
sow s sa
sows sz saz
(spread seed/female pig)
sundry 'sndr 'sn,dra
sundries 'sndrz 'sn,draz
(various/dry in the sun)
supply 'spl s'pla
(in a supple way/provide)
swinging 'sw 'swn
(from swing/from swinge, often spelled SWINGEING)
tangier/Tangier 't tn'
(more strong-tasting/port in Morocco)
tarry 'tr 'tr
(wait/covered with tar)
tear t te
tears tz tez(liquid from the eyes/rip in cloth)
tier 'ta t
tiers 'taz tz
(one who ties/row of seats)
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tinged td tnd
tinging 't 'tn
(made a bell sound/added colour, more often spelled
TINGEING)tours/Tours tz t
(travels around/city in France)
tower 'ta 't
towers 'taz 'tz
(tall building/one who tows)
trier/Trier tra tri
(one who tries/German city)
unionised/unionized 'junnazd n'anazd
(with an organised work force/not ionised as in "unionised
ammonia")
valence 'vlns 'velns
valences 'vlnsz 'velnsz
(hanging border--also spelled 'valance'/chemical bond--
also spelled 'valency')
wear/Wear we w
(put on clothes/river in the north of England)
wind wnd wand
winding 'wnd 'wand
winds wndz wandz
(moving air/twist a knob)worsted 'wstd 'wstd
(defeated/cloth)
wound wand wund
(past of WIND/hurt in battle)Return to contents
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Quite: a tonemic homograph
One other word worth drawing attention to is quite. This hastwo distinct meanings, completely as in "You're quite right"
and to some extentas in "He's quite clever". Although bothsenses are pronounced the same at the segmental level, i.e.
the same sequence of vowels and consonants, they are
consistently differentiated by intonation, the first sense
occurring in phrases with a falling tone and the second in
phrases with a fall-rise. This makes it apparently the only
example of a toneme distinction in English, i.e. a case where
a distinction in the meaning of a word is indicated by a tonedifference. I would argue that this meets the definition of a
homograph, namely two meanings, two pronunciations, but
only one spelling.
Abbreviations
There is one homograph I know of (there may be more)
which arises from abbreviating two different words. Reg ispronounced /re/ when it is short forReginaldor
registration, as in "a T-reg car". It is pronounced /reg/when it is short forregulation as in "Queen's Regs" (theBritish Army's rule book). Luckily the second form is almost
always plural and the first almost always singular, so there is
little chance of confusion. There are at least four cases where
a homograph arises between a full word and an abbreviation.
One is the homograph ofpath, which is pronounced /p/by RP speakers in its ordinary meaning as a place to walk,
and /p/ when it is an abbreviation forpathology, as in"we are waiting for the path reports"; another is the
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abbreviation Staffs/stfs/ forStaffordshireagainst the
word staffs/stfs/, which would be homographs in upper-case writing; a third is the word coopmeaning enclosure as
opposed to Coop, sometimes written Co-oporCop, theabbreviation for the Coperative Stores, and a fourth is the
word coax pronounced /kks/ meaning 'persuade' versusthe abbreviation for coaxial cable coax pronounced
/k'ks/.
Place names
Another special case is place names. In England there are
three towns called Gillingham. The one in Kent is
pronounced /'lm/ while the ones in Dorset and
Norfolk are pronounced /'glm/. Unfortunately onlypeople who live locally to one of these towns (as I do) would
be likely to know this and maintain the distinction
consistently. There are four communities called Plaistow,
pronounced /'plest/ in Derby, /'plst/ in Kent or
Essex, and /'plst/ in Sussex. Alford is pronounced
/'fd if you are referring to the Scottish one or/'lfd ifyou mean the English one. Lagosin Nigeria is pronounced
/'legs/ while Lagosin Portugal is usually /'lgs/. A
similar case is Berkeley in California, pronounced /'bkl/
(by RP speakers) or/'brkl/, contrasted with Berkeley in
the west of England, pronounced /'bkl/. There is also the
case of the Kentucky Derby, pronounced /'drb/, and the
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British horse race, the Derbyat Epsom, pronounced
/'db/. I suspect that one could find more cases of pairs ofplaces in different countries with the same spelling and
different pronunciations.
Aint origen.
"ain't" es una contraccion de "isn't", "aren't","am not", "haven't" y "hasn't" por lo que se
puede usar para sustituir cualquiera de estos verbos...es una palabra slang usada por
personas con poca educacion o por quienes hablan ciertos dialectos por lo que no es
aceptable en un contexto formal...se cree que fue usada por primera vez en el siglo XVIII
mas o menos cuando las demas contracciones del ingles estaban apareciendo (don't,
won't, etc)...por alguna razon las demas contracciones fueron aceptadas como uso formal
del idioma pero con ain't no fue asi y se le dio caracter de "vulgarismo" o sea una palabra
usada por las clases bajas y hasta el dia de hoy el usarlo se considera un signo de
ignorancia
Nuvermind
Never Mind se usa cuando te das porvencido y ya no quieres saver nada de eso. O cuando quieres
que se "OLVIDEN" de eso.
Traducida quiere decir "Ninguna Mente"... o "Nunca Mente"... pero el significado es "Olvidalo".