Ecosistemas y servicios ecosistémicos Desarrollo de una visión holística
Patrick LAVELLE Universite P. et M. Curie
Paris 6 Universidad Nacional
1. Earth a living planet
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
The GAIA hypothesis
Jim Lovelock
Earth is a super organism able to develop Homeostasis
The temperature and composition of the Earth's atmosphere and surface are actively controlled by life. Biological responses tend to regulate the state of the Earth's environment in their favor.
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
How can we tell that a planet has life ?
• Atmospheric composition
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Atmosphere regulation by GAIA
% VENUS MARS EARTH EARTH with
no life
CO2 96.5 95.0 0.04 98.0
N 3.5 2.7 79.0 1.9
O2 marcas 0.13 21.0 0.0
Ar 70 ppm 1.6 1.0 0.1
CH4 0.0 0.0 1.7ppm 0.0
T° superficie 459 -53 13 240-340
Pression
(bars)
90 0.0064 1.0 60
Stages of changes in the Earth atmosphere
• Cyanobacteria use solar energy and produce Oxygen
• Phytoplancton accumulate CO2 and Ca++ in their skeletons deposit and accumulate at sea bottom
• 02 concentration stays at an equilibrium value of 21%
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Thermal cap: The Ozone layer
• A thin pellicle of ozone molecules creates a thermal cap that prevents atmospheric gases to diffuse outside the atmosphere
• Stops the strongest Uvb
• Allows green house effect to develop
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Vertical stratification of temperature on Earth
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Skeletons of planctonic organisms deposit at sea bottom forming thick accumulations
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Sedimentary rocks
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
The weight of sediments likely triggered the movement of continental plates and created volcanic eruptions that brought new material
rich in nutrients to the surface
TEST: Are you rather Selfish gene or Gaia
• The selfish gene
• The God Delusion
• The Extended phenotype
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
• The Ages of Gaia
• The Revange of Gaia
Earthworm communities at Lamto (Ivory Coast)
Earthworms in a 50x50m plot at Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire)
EARTHWORM SPATIAL PATTERNS
E a r t h w o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n
Source : Rossi, 2010 Pedobiologia
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN???
Biodiversity Today: >10M species
Ecology • Community : Species richness +
dominance patterns (Shannon index + equitability)
• Population : genetic diversity
• Ecosystem : sum of existing species/genomes
• Landscape : diversity of ecosystems
Economy/Env. Sciences • The living component
All forms of biological diversity, at all scales
What is biodiversity??
genes
species
ecosystems
Functional diversity and regulation of soil structure
MEA: 10 to 12 million species How many genomes??
Biodiversity
still poorly described in soils
N. of identified sp. decreases with size
R2= = 0,41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 m 100 m 10mm 1m
Mean body size
% d
es
cri
be
d
0,0
1
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Bacteria
Fungi
Nematoda
Protozoa
Acari
Collembola
Diplura Symphyla
Enchytraeidae
Isoptera
Formicoidea Diptera
Isopoda
Chilopoda Dermaptera
Blattoidea
Diplopoda
Arachnida
Coleoptera
Mollusca
Pauropoda
Oligochaeta
Caecilian Sqamata
Mammalia
Species number (x 1000)
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE NE
Described species
Undescribed species
Ta
ille
corp
ore
lle d
es t
axons
Decaëns e
t al. (2
009)
Organization and structure of biodiversity
• Community : the Ecological Niche paradigm
• Ecosystem: Biotic interactions
– Foodweb
– Self organization
Source: Tilman, 1992, Science
Ex: Niche separation in earthworm communities
EPIGEIC
ANECIC
ENDOGEICS
Source: Bouché, 1977; Lavelle , 1983; Lavelle et al., 1998
Community level Earthworms at Lamto (Ivory Coast)
Earthworm community in the Lamto savannah (Côte d’Ivoire)
0
10
20
30
40
1. Millsonia lamtoiana (anecic)
2. Dichogaster baeri (epigeic)
3. Dichogaster agilis (epigeic)
4. Millsonia anomala(mesohumic)
5. Chuniodrilus zielae 6. Stuhlmannia porifera (polyhumic)
7. Dichogaster terrae nigrae (oligohumic
8. Millsonia ghanensis (oligohumic
9. Agastrodrilus opisthogynus (carnivorous)
10. A. multivesiculatus (carnivorous)
1 2 3 4 5-6 7 8 9 10
Niche separation according to: • distribution in depth • size • seasonal variations • feeding regime
Demonstrated foodweb controls Ecosystem level:
foodweb regulations Nicely demonstrated inwater systems
Sea Otters prevent overgrazing of sea grasses by urchins C sequestration
Algal blooms due to decrease In fish communities
Source: Chapin et al., Nature, 2000
Not applicable to most soil environments!!! Ignores Mutualism and Ecosystem engineering
Source FAO, 2003 after Hunt et al., 1987
Nutrient cycling
The power of ecosystem engineers
Several hundred T bio structures created /ha /year
create habitats
Regulate environment conditions for smallerorganisms
Drive their energy from mutualist digestion with Microorganisms
Adaptive strategies of soil organisms
1. Moving in a compact environment
2. Low quality Feeding resources
3. Unstable amphibiotic Environment
Phenol protein
Three major constraints
Microflora and ecosystem engineers: The Sleeping Beauty Paradox
source: Lavelle, 1997
Very large microbial populations in soils
Large potential for multiplication (generation time = 20h in the lab)
BUT
Turnover time of microbial biomass Is 6 to 18 meses
En el suelo las bacterias estan inactivas La mayoria del tiempo
Esperando quien las transporta a un
nuevo substrato alimenticio
Las Raices y los invertebrados son los « Principes Azules »
Sleeping Beauty paradoxe
Inactive Bacteria
Poly saccharids
clay
Mucus
Earthworm
Ecosystem Engineer
Bacteria
Source : Barois and Lavelle, 1986
Mixture of water (1v) and Mucus (5-18%)
Activation of a selected microflora that digests OM in the earthworm guts
Engineers and Workers
Earthworm builds, organizes and regulates
Microorganisms digest everything
Ecosystem Engineers build Functional Domains in soil
Source : Lavelle, 1984, 2002
Primary forest in Madagascar HIGEST SENSITIVITY OF SOILS TO EROSION
Ex. Earthworms as Hydraulic Engineers
in Madagascar
Upper humic horizon with high root density (1km
per m²)
Absorbs 20-100 mm rain
Made by Diptera larvae
In the A1 horizon, giant worms build networks of galleries
that allow drainage
Erosion
Deforestation and removal of surface horizons trigger a catastrophic process of erosion
Water flow
B prismatic horizon
Soil destruction after removal of the surface protecting cover
Massive erosion after deforestation (Lavakas) Soil collapses from
The road
Earthworms in a 50x50m plot at Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire)
EARTHWORM SPATIAL PATTERNS
E a r t h w o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n
Source : Rossi, 2010 Pedobiologia
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN??? Competitive exclusion Response to local conditions Mini successional process
Self Organising Systems are groups of organisms that
• develop networks of interactions
• at discrete spatial scales within boundaries
• with positive or negative feedbacks on external constraints
Self organised systems
Source: Perry, 1995. TREE
Microorganisms
Microbial
aggregates
Microfoodwebs
Intermediate
aggregates
Ecosystem
engineer
Biogenic
structures
Ecosystem services
Organisms
Structures
Created
Soil catenas
Ecosystem
Community
of Ecos. Eng.
Soil horizon
after Lavelle et al., 2004, in Wall (ed).
Soil Self Organization model
after Lavelle et al., 2004, in D.Wall (ed)
Lavelle et al., 2006 Eur.J Soil Biol..
Estructura Fisica del suelo
Activacion Seleccion
Infiltracion Almacenamiento
Agua
Dinamica de la MO
Rec. nutrientes Reg. Clima
Pop
Comm
SERV. ECOS.
Energia
All elementary SOS go through successional processes and associate in a Panarchy
• Adaptive cycle of a Self Organized System
• SOS of different natures form a Panarchy
Soil Eco
nomy Institu tions
Source : Gunderson and Holling, 2001
Fresh Biogenic structures have specific compositions
and SOM quality
Contribution to SE: C sequestration Plant Production Water cycling Plant protection Erosion and flood control
Ecosystem process : Primary production Earthworm contribution :5 mechanisms (cg. Brown et al., 1999) Indicator : soil morphology; soil microbial communities; abundance and diversity of pests; plant gene expression
(Blanchart, 1990)
Stimulation of Plant growth Plant Protection
Nematodos
Nematodos+ Lombrices
Lombrices
Control
Bixa orellana
No worms
Brown, G. et al. in Lavelle, P., Brussaard, L. & Hendrix, P. 87-148 (CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1999). Scheu, S. Pedobiologia 47, 846-856 (2003). Blouin, M., Barot, S. & Lavelle, P.. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 2063-2068 (2006). Blouin, M. Zuily-Fodil, Y.,Pham-Thi, A.T.,Laffray, D., Reversat, G., Pando, A., Tondoh, J., Lavelle, P. Ecol Lett 8, , 8 (202-208). (2005).
Se daño una rueda: Pontoscolex corethrurus en pastizales amazonicos
Number of morphospecies
0
40
80
120
160
Fo P4 P8 Pes Pro Pah J I J II HI LI
Other Species
Forest Species
PasturesFallows
Agroforestry
Source: Barros, 1999
Forest
Soil Macrofauna Richness
The invasive Pontoscolex corethrurus colonizes
High density of Pontoscolex corethrurus
Other decompacting species
Largely disappeared
High activity In the upper 10 cm of soil
A continuous crust of compact casts of
P. Corethrurus seals the soil
Chauvel et al., 1999; Nature
• Spatial modeling predicts a distribution in alternated patches at equilibrium
• Succession process at small scale
Ecological Research: Seminars and Workshops
Test 2 Porque en el experimento hecho en condiciones
naturales el resultado no esta tan bonito??
Tilman et al., 1997 Hector et al., 1999
0 1 2 4 8 16 32 0
500
1000
1500
Greece Sweden Portugal
UK Ireland
Switzerland
Germany
Species Richness
H: Biological control maintains ecological functions in a disturbed situation
2.
Ecosystem degradation: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
MAweb.org
Then a new species came and started to create problems….
• Homo sapiens???
A bull in a China shop
U.S
. Bu
rea
u o
f the
Ce
nsu
s
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment The largest evaluation of ecosystems
ever done
•Experts and Revision process
–Prepared by 1360 experts from 95 countries
–Editorial committee of 80 persons
–Revised by 850 experts with gov. representatives
–33 sub global evaluations
Focus: Ecosystem Services The benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Loss of species threatens the provision of
Ecosystem services
• 60% ES are soil based
• Primary Production
• Nutrient Cycling
• Water cycling
• Soil formation and retention
• Erosion control
• Climate regulation
Etc…..
For this reason Agriculture is responsible for 60% of Global Change
Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being
• 1. Ecosystem Changes in Last 50 Years
• 2. Gains and Losses from Ecosystem Change Three major problems may decrease long-term benefits
– Degradation of Ecosystem Services
– Increased Likelihood of Nonlinear Changes
– Exacerbation of Poverty for Some People
• 3. Ecosystem Prospects for Next 50 Years
• 4. Reversing Ecosystem Degradation
MA Findings - Outline
Temperate Grasslands & Woodlands
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
Tropical Grasslands
Tropical Coniferous Forest
Bosque Mediterraneo
Tropical Moist Forest
0 50 100
Percent of habitat (biome) remaining
Habitat Loss to 1990
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
•More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850.
Cultivated Systems in 2000 cover 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface
Significant and largely irreversible changes to species diversity
– Species extinction rate X 1,000
–10–30% of vetrebrate species are threatened with extinction
• 1. Ecosystem Changes in Last 50 Years
• 2. Gains and Losses from Ecosystem Change Three major problems may decrease long-term benefits
– Degradation of Ecosystem Services
– Increased Likelihood of Nonlinear Changes
– Exacerbation of Poverty for Some People
• 3. Ecosystem Prospects for Next 50 Years
• 4. Reversing Ecosystem Degradation
MA Findings - Outline
Changes to ecosystems have provided substantial benefits
– Food production has more than doubled since 1960
– Food production per capita has grown
– Food price has fallen
At expenses of other ecosystem goods and services
The Balance Sheet
Crops Livestock Aquaculture Carbon sequestration
Capture fisheries Wild foods Wood fuel Genetic resources Biochemicals Fresh Water Air quality regulation Regional & local climate
regulation Erosion regulation Water purification Pest regulation Pollination Natural Hazard regulation Spiritual & religious Aesthetic values
Timber Fiber Water regulation Disease regulation Recreation & ecotourism
Enhanced Degraded Mixed
Bottom Line: 60% of Ecosystem Services are Degraded
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sources Sinks
Land Use
Fossil Fuel Atmosphere
Oceans
Terrestrial
Gigatons carbon per year
Sources and Sinks of Carbon in 1990s
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Climate Regulation (Global) Enhanced
For how long ????
Eutrophication : the global P cycle
Source: Lavelle et al., MEA 2005
Phosphate rocks 4 x 10 9 Tg
Mineable resource: 1x10 4 Tg
Soil: 2 x 10 5 Tg [2000y]
Increasing by 10.5 - 15.5/y
Soil: 2 x 10 5 Tg [2000y]
Increasing by 10.5 - 15.5/y
Plankton & fish: 140 [0.13y] Surface ocean water: 2700 [2.6y]
Deep ocean: 8.7 x 10 4 Tg
Rivers,lakes & coast
Plants 3000 Tg
[47 y] Atmospheric dust
0.028 Tg [0.006y]
Ocean sediments: 4 x 10 9 Tg [2 million y]
60 Tg/y Dust 4.2 Tg/y
Dust 3.2 Tg/y
Dust 1 Tg/y
Was: 7 - 9
River transport Was: 7 - 9 Tg/y
-
Animals
15 Tg/y
Weathering Was:10 Tg/y
-
17-32 Tg
Mined
19.8Tg
Fertiliser 17 Tg/y
Industrial 0.8 Tg/y
Animal feed 2.0 Tg/y
Now:15 30Tg/y
Return in geological time
Percent Increase in Nitrogen Flows in Rivers
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Stream contamination
•Freshwater Status: Degraded
15–35% of Irrigation Withdrawals
Unsustainable
(low to medium certainty)
Zonas muertas en el mar Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
Source: NOAA
Year of Peak Fish Harvest Harvest peak
Pre-peak
Post-peak
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project
Fish stocks are progressively exhausted
Value (per hectare)
0
$2000
$4000
Mangrove Shrimp Farm
Coastal Protection (~$3,840)
Timber and Non-timber products ($90)
Fishery nursery ($70)
Net: $2,000 (Gross $17,900 less costs of $15,900)
Pollution Costs (-$230)
Less subsidies (-$1,700)
Restoration (-$8,240)
Mangrove Conversion
Private Net Present Value per hectare
Mangrove: $91
Shrimp Farm: $2000
1987 1999 Public Net Present Value per hectare
Mangrove: $1,000 to $3,600
Shrimp Farm: $-5,400 to $200
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment; Sathirathai and Barbier 2001
Source: UNEP
QUIEN SE APROVECHA DEL CRIMEN ?
Fiber
Food
Spiritual & religious
Freshwater
Genetic Resources
Climate regulation
Water purification
Disease regulation
Flood/Fire regulation
Recreation & tourism
Aesthetic
Economic Value ($)
Economic Valuation
Difficult or impossible
Easy
Private Benefit Capture
Difficult
Easy
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Many services are public goods
Degradation of ecosystem services often causes significant harm to human well-being
– The total economic value associated with managing ecosystems more sustainably is often higher than the value associated with conversion
– Conversion may still occur because private economic benefits are often greater for the converted system
The threat of nonlinear changes The case of Atlantic cod
What will happen ? What can we do?
Direct drivers growing in intensity
•Most direct drivers of degradation in ecosystem services remain constant or are growing in intensity in most ecosystems
Order from Strength
Adapting Mosaic
Global Orchestration
TechnoGarden
Globalization Regionalization
World Development En
viro
nm
en
tal M
anag
em
en
t
Pro
acti
ve
Rea
ctiv
e
MA Scenarios
Scenario Storylines
Global Orchestration Globally connected
society ; global trade and economic liberalization
reactive approach
strong steps to reduce poverty and inequality and to
invest in public goods such as infrastructure and education.
Order from Strength Regionalized and
fragmented world,
concerned with security and protection,
regional markets,
little attention to public goods,
reactive approach to ecosystem problems.
Scenario Storylines
Adapting Mosaic Regional watershed-scale
focus of political and economic activity.
Local institutions are strengthened and local ecosystem management strategies are common;
strongly proactive approach to the management of ecosystems.
TechnoGarden Globally connected world
relying strongly on environmentally sound technology,
using highly managed, often engineered, ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services,
proactive approach to the management of ecosystems in an effort to avoid problems.
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
Tropical Grasslands
Tropical Coniferous Forest
Mediterranean Forests
Tropical Moist Forest
0 50 100
Percent of habitat (biome) remaining
Habitat Loss to 1990 Habitat Loss to 2050 under MA Scenarios
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Temperate Grasslands & Woodlands
Improvements in services can be achieved by 2050
•Significant changes in policy can improve ecosystem services
•The changes required are large and not currently under way
Ejemplos de cambios en las políticas y prácticas que arrojan resultados positivos
• Orquestación Global
– Mayores inversiones en bienes públicos (e.g., educación, infraestructura) y reducción de la pobreza
– Eliminación de barreras comerciales y subsidios distorsivos
• Mosaico Adaptativo
– Uso extendido del manejo adaptativo activo
– Inversión en educación (los países gastan el 13% del PBI en educación, comparado con el 3.5% en la actualidad)
• Tecnogarden
– Inversión significativa en el desarrollo de tecnologías para aumentar el uso eficiente de los servicios de los ecosistemas
– Uso extendido de PSA y desarrollo de mecanismos de mercado
Creditos
Ecoefficient Landscapes to Prevent Degradation of Agroecosystems in
Deforested Amazonia
Patrick LAVELLE S. Dolédec, B. Ramirez, I. Veiga, X. Arnauld de Sartre, T. Decaëns, V. Gond, M. Grimaldi, J. Oszwald, B. Hubert, S. de Souza,
W. S. de Assis, F. Michelotti , M. Martins, A. Feijoo, E. Castañeda, P. Chacon, T. Desjardins, S. Fonte, E. Gordillo, E. Guevara , M. P. Hurtado, P. Lena, T. Lima, R. Marichal, D. Mitja, I. Miranda, L. E. Moreno , J. T. Otero, C. Praxedes, P. de
Robert, G. Rodriguez, C. Sanabria, S. Tselouiko, A. Velasquez, J. Velasquez, E. Velasquez
Tropical Soils TSBF-LAC Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Cali, Colombia
CHALLENGE: To propose a sustainable management for Visible and invisible elements
Visibles and invisible accounts
Water flow, Erosion
Polination, Biological control Soil Conservation Plant Vigor, Landscape
COUNTRY
$
REGION
PLANET
Climate heatingo Seasons
$?
$?
$?
“Boom and bust” development after deforestation
DEFORESTATION (YEARS)
Human development Standard of living
20 40 60 80 0
20 40 60 80 0
20 40 60 80 0
Source: Rodrigues et al., 2009. Science 324,
• H1: “Bust” is due to environmental degradation • How to build sustainable farming systems (Social-, economic- and environmentally)?
The AMAZ project: 2006-2010 Agence Nationale pour la Recherche
France
Socio economic conditions, Ecosystem goods and services and Biodiversity, in Amazonian
landscapes
16 Institutions 30 Scientist 100 Students 1000 Inhabitants
The AMAZ team
• 16 institutions from 3 countries
• 4 disciplinary fields
• 30 researchers
• > 200 students
• ~ 1000 inhabitants of deforested Amazonian areas
A nested sampling from regions (2) to lanscapes (6), farms(54) and
sampling points (270) in AMAZONIA
ON FARM APPROACH SMALL HOLDERS
Palmares Maçaran
duba Pacaja Tradicional
Silvo pastoril
Agrosilvo pastoril
PL1 PL2 PL3 M1 M2 M3 Pa1 Pa3 T1 T2 T3 S1 S2 S3 A1 A2 A3 Pa2
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
17
3
153 farms 153 farms
27 farms 5 sampling points
27 farms 5 sampling points
BRASIL Pará
COLOMBIA Caqueta
3 landscape windows 3 landscape windows
3 sub windows
SOCIOECO LANDSCAPE
BIODIVERSITY Productions Soil Ecosystem Services
A stratified sampling protocole
Conceptual Model
M MA
MULTI AGENT MODELING
SOCIOECO Lives, formation, housings
Crédits
LANDSCAPES Composition, structure
BIODIVERSITY Plants, Birds, Moths,
Drosophilidae, Earthwors, Ants Soil Macrofauna
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Soil Fertility, Water Infiltration and storage, C sequestration,
Chemical Fertility
PRODUCTIONS Live stock, Agriculture
Extractivism,
EXCHANGE of KNOWLEDGE
Ef logEp Bd Qs
ECOEFFICIENCY
= * *
1. The social context
Migrating farmers
Studies Urban life
BRASIL 15-20 años
COLOMBIA 60-80 años
A gradient from pure rural, little formed to semi urban highly trained farmers
2. Production systems
F2: 7,9 %
Perennial crops
Intermediate incomes
C3
C1
C2
C4 C6 C5
C7
Diversified Meet Annual cropss
Small
Low incomes
Large Extensive cat. breeding Altos ingresos
C1 C2 C3
C4 C5 C6 C7
7 types • Size of the farm • Non agricult. revenues • Man power • Production types • Total revenues
AGRO FORESTRY
EXTENSIVE CATTLE BREEDING
PIONEER FRONTS
Productions
Front pionnier10 ans
Paysage agroforestier60 ans
Elevage extensif60 ans
LANDSTRUCTURE
LANDUSE
DYN. LAND
STRUCTURE
DYN. LAND
USE
LAND
STRUCTURE
DYN. LANDSTRUCTURE
LAND
STRUCTURE
LANDUSE
DYN. LANDSTRUCTURE
DYN. LAND
USE
EWM
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLmedPLinf
ANTS
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLmedPLinf
ANTS
PLmed
EWM
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLinf
ANTS
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
PAYSAGES
BIODIVERSITÉ
SERVICES ECOSYSTÉMIQUES
Viande
LaitC. Annuelles
P. Elev. Extrac.
1 2 4 53
C. Pérennes
C3PRODUCTIONSPRODUCCIONES Annuals
Perenials
Milk
Meat
Extractivism Small animals
Pioneer Fronts 10 years
Agroforestry 60 years
Extensive cattle breeding 60 years
Incomes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.0
3.2
10
32
320
100
Recent Pioneer fronts
Agroforestry
Diverse
Milk on larg e areas
10 3 € /an
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5
10
15
20
25
30
35 PAYSAGE
SERVICES
ECOSYSTÉMIQUES
Extensive cattle breeding
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2 1 3 4 5 6 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 BIODIVERSITÉ
P < 0.01 P = 0.08
P<0.01
Figure 2 : Variations en fonction des types socio économiques échelonnés suivant les valeurs du facteur 1 de la figure 2) de (a) - Revenus des fermes (valeurs en 10 3 Euros ; (b) - Indicateur d’usure du paysage; (c) - Biodiversité (indicateur synthétique); (d) - serviesc
écosystémiques (indicateur synthétique), (d) - Eco efficience: Indicateur Ef voir texte.
P = 0.08
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
ECO - EFFICIENCE 4
Figure 4 : V ariations en fonction des t ypes socio - économiques classés suivant leurs valeurs du facteur 1 de la figure 2, de (a) - revenus des fermes (en 10 3 € ); (b) – Indicateur d’intégrité
du p aysage ; (c) - Biodiversité ( indicateur synthétique ); (d) - services Écosystémiques ( indicateur synthétique ); (d) - éco - efficience : indicateur Ef ( voir texte ).
Production Systems
Transamazonian Highway Travessão Km 338 S
LID TYPE CA PLAND PD ED AREA_AM SHAPE_AM PARA_AM ENN_AM LNUM
CAF11901 paturage avec arbres disperses 3,9475 23,0208 139,9621 250,4738 0,724 2,0077 1248,8917 27,4033 4
CAF11901 NoData 4,5675 26,6365 116,6351 225,1057 0,882 1,8483 1026,8199 25,0461 0
CAF11901 paturage propre 0,02 0,1166 5,8318 2,3327 0,02 1,1667 3500 0 1
CAF11901 friche jeune 0,34 1,9828 34,9905 29,7419 0,0688 1,0564 1794,1176 66,8178 12
CAF11901 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,7525 4,3884 69,981 68,8147 0,1032 1,1468 1674,4186 53,0699 3
CAF11901 friche vielle 4,1925 24,4496 75,8128 259,8046 0,5906 2,0517 1190,2206 26,0503 13
CAF11901 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 2,6275 15,3229 81,6446 149,0013 0,5368 1,5062 1080,8754 33,6068 10
CAF11901 plantation de palme africaine 0,7 4,0822 52,4858 63,2745 0,1011 1,2432 1728,5714 52,8242 9
CAF12001 paturage propre 0,07 0,7421 21,2033 10,6016 0,0352 1,25 2857,1429 210,238 1
CAF12001 friche vielle 1,0325 10,9462 148,423 137,2913 0,1594 1,3684 1685,23 32,3114 13
CAF12001 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 5,6775 60,1908 42,4066 231,1158 5,3741 2,9316 546,015 15,9226 10
CAF12001 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,6375 6,7585 106,0164 99,6554 0,0796 1,0832 1662,7451 47,0496 3
CAF12001 paturage avec arbres disperses 0,9675 10,2571 74,2115 112,9075 0,2974 1,7718 1529,7158 36,8916 4
CAF12001 NoData 1,0075 10,6812 116,6181 138,8815 0,2319 1,4491 1548,3871 31,8433 0
CAF12001 plantation de palme africaine 0,04 0,4241 10,6016 8,4813 0,04 1 2000 0 9
CAF12101 paturage avec arbres disperses 3,805 20,0845 131,9609 231,9873 0,3973 1,6386 1287,7792 31,0398 4
CAF12101 NoData 4,965 26,2074 105,5688 176,8277 0,989 1,6987 926,4854 24,0106 0
CAF12101 paturage propre 0,745 3,9324 31,6706 38,7965 0,4075 1,7138 1449,6644 87,6993 1
CAF12101 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 1,59 8,3927 47,5059 83,6632 0,6337 1,5168 1075,4717 43,73 10
CAF12101 friche vielle 5,395 28,4772 95,0119 254,9485 2,189 2,844 950,8804 25,6516 13
CAF12101 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,6075 3,2067 42,2275 51,2008 0,1028 1,1944 1646,0905 72,4862 3
CAF12101 friche jeune 0,28 1,478 36,9491 26,92 0,0488 1,0235 2071,4286 47,2563 12
CAF12101 plantation de palme africaine 1,5575 8,2212 68,6197 102,1378 0,3213 1,3702 1296,9502 34,4454 9
CAF22201 paturage avec arbres disperses 4,4725 25,8676 109,8901 256,5067 1,3101 2,3456 1086,6406 25,7721 4
CAF22201 paturage propre 1,93 11,1625 86,7553 139,3869 0,3409 1,7855 1471,5026 43,6022 1
CAF22201 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 4,425 25,5928 63,6206 179,2944 2,2258 1,9415 763,8418 30,604 10
CAF22201 NoData 2,1525 12,4494 98,3227 132,1573 0,3016 1,314 1212,5436 33,5834 0
CAF22201 friche vielle 3,5625 20,6044 63,6206 205,321 0,883 2,3195 1145,2632 27,7649 13
CAF22201 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,6225 3,6003 69,4043 58,1261 0,0798 1,0599 1734,9398 43,8123 3
CAF22201 plantation de palme africaine 0,125 0,723 17,3511 10,1215 0,0517 1,0233 2080 207,3966 9
CAF22301 paturage avec arbres disperses 1,8825 19,2337 122,6054 184,4189 0,4604 1,721 1274,9004 43,5286 4
CAF22301 friche vielle 1,6675 17,037 122,6054 166,539 0,3313 1,44 1223,3883 65,1164 13
CAF22301 paturage propre 1,27 12,9757 40,8685 112,8991 0,6942 1,9009 1023,622 44,1911 1
CAF22301 NoData 1,775 18,1354 153,2567 206,3857 0,2554 1,3597 1335,2113 45,1014 0
CAF22301 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,225 2,2989 40,8685 30,6513 0,0939 1,1006 1733,3333 121,0504 3
CAF22301 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 2,7 27,5862 20,4342 119,5402 2,6212 2,3882 618,5185 25 10
CAF22301 plantation de palme africaine 0,1875 1,9157 30,6513 27,5862 0,1386 1,2427 1706,6667 66,5941 9
CAF22301 friche jeune 0,08 0,8174 20,4342 16,3474 0,04 1 2000 205,061 12
CAF22401 NoData 0,9525 8,5292 89,5456 115,9615 0,1447 1,3469 1574,8031 35,0253 0
CAF22401 friche vielle 1,3325 11,9319 143,2729 141,0343 0,2263 1,4672 1568,4803 33,9888 13
CAF22401 paturage avec arbres disperses 2,3975 21,4685 89,5456 163,8684 1,4544 2,3291 980,1877 26,7033 4
CAF22401 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 5,78 51,7573 53,7273 179,9866 3,2867 1,8534 486,1592 25,452 10
CAF22401 plantation de palme africaine 0,0975 0,8731 35,8182 17,9091 0,0347 1 2461,5385 118,2912 9
CAF22401 friche jeune 0,1525 1,3656 17,9091 19,2523 0,0935 1,1054 1573,7705 96,1769 12
CAF22401 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,415 3,7161 62,6819 64,9205 0,0646 1,199 2000 34,8838 3
CAF22401 paturage propre 0,04 0,3582 8,9546 6,2682 0,04 1 2000 0 1
CAF32501 friche vielle 11,305 26,5563 49,3305 224,4538 2,7381 3,3181 940,2919 25,3741 13
CAF32501 paturage avec arbres disperses 10,755 25,2643 117,4536 251,7031 1,6967 2,2788 1102,7429 26,6517 4
CAF32501 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 2,795 6,5657 65,774 89,852 0,1721 1,2484 1481,2165 38,9332 10
CAF32501 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 4,535 10,653 79,8685 128,4942 0,3695 1,517 1312,0176 29,8421 3
CAF32501 NoData 6,91 16,2321 86,9157 177,9422 1,5126 2,6863 1214,1823 27,3871 0
CAF32501 paturage propre 5,2675 12,3737 61,0759 128,2593 1,0213 2,2247 1123,8728 27,0294 1
CAF32501 plantation de palme africaine 0,8825 2,0731 30,5379 32,2997 0,1444 1,2854 1677,0538 69,4225 9
CAF32501 friche jeune 0,12 0,2819 4,6981 5,2854 0,0667 1,2222 2000 25,4951 12
CAF32601 NoData 4,15 13,5433 58,7419 119,9315 1,7351 2,1345 990,3614 37,4858 0
CAF32601 plantation de palme africaine 0,33 1,0769 13,0538 17,7858 0,0924 1,2594 1727,2727 169,891 9
CAF32601 friche vielle 5,3375 17,4186 81,586 192,543 0,5813 1,9042 1189,6956 29,9678 13
CAF32601 paturage avec arbres disperses 12,0875 39,4468 68,5323 332,2183 2,0044 2,8535 935,6774 24,1856 4
CAF32601 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 3,8275 12,4908 78,3226 135,596 0,3769 1,4588 1157,4135 30,4523 3
CAF32601 friche jeune 0,04 0,1305 3,2634 2,6108 0,04 1 2000 0 12
CAF32601 paturage propre 2,725 8,8929 71,7957 118,4629 0,1924 1,411 1427,5229 28,6048 1
CAF32601 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 2,145 7,0001 52,2151 87,2971 0,2195 1,3703 1333,3333 34,3168 10
CAF32701 NoData 15,175 39,0078 56,5516 193,9464 7,9739 3,0342 618,1219 15,7179 0
CAF32701 friche vielle 4,3275 11,124 46,2695 109,7616 1,1389 2,0556 1044,483 26,7731 13
CAF32701 paturage avec arbres disperses 6,8375 17,576 53,9811 173,2536 0,9941 2,2946 1083,7294 29,1595 4
CAF32701 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 3,25 8,3542 46,2695 82,771 0,667 1,6391 1052,3077 39,4357 3
CAF32701 paturage propre 8,4325 21,676 25,7053 113,4889 2,9715 2,2791 607,1746 38,2541 1
CAF32701 plantation de palme africaine 0,4825 1,2403 17,9937 18,7649 0,0862 1,0355 1533,6788 47,0978 9
CAF32701 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,3975 1,0218 17,9937 16,9655 0,0715 1,0431 1710,6918 38,5785 10
CSP11001 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 1,305 1,7317 15,9241 19,8388 0,1472 1,1053 1287,3563 127,6472 10
CSP11001 verger 12,58 16,6938 49,0993 122,5492 2,7163 2,1722 775,8347 28,5167 6
CSP11001 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 19,4325 25,7871 35,8292 165,1461 3,2944 2,6304 688,0226 36,4995 11
CSP11001 paturage propre 15,005 19,9118 50,4263 143,9804 1,3418 1,877 805,065 42,2705 1
CSP11001 NoData 11,0875 14,7132 31,8482 100,3881 2,0434 2,1513 789,177 37,6087 0
CSP11001 friche vielle 13,5325 17,9577 7,962 59,45 12,3068 3,0976 399,0393 17,4865 13
CSP11001 friche jeune 1,2625 1,6753 13,2701 17,8483 0,1927 1,0873 1164,3564 52,5515 12
CSP11001 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 1,1525 1,5294 2,654 10,417 0,8733 1,4793 720,1735 395,2847 3
CSP11101 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 3,0575 12,2373 48,0288 91,0546 0,6533 1,5738 938,6754 90,5293 11
CSP11101 friche vielle 5,61 22,4535 28,0168 111,0666 1,2121 1,6913 673,7968 61,4578 13
CSP11101 NoData 12,0775 48,339 20,012 133,0798 11,7019 2,9916 374,2496 34,8415 0
CSP11101 paturage propre 2,2125 8,8553 52,0312 80,4483 0,5037 1,4445 1021,4689 60,3746 1
CSP11101 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,4375 1,7511 20,012 21,0126 0,0945 1,0514 1417,1429 101,5068 10
CSP11101 verger 1,055 4,2225 32,0192 48,6292 0,1656 1,2168 1279,6209 70,0341 6
CSP11101 friche jeune 0,4775 1,9111 20,012 22,6136 0,0971 1,018 1319,3717 98,722 12
CSP11101 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,0575 0,2301 8,0048 3,2019 0,0484 1 2260,8696 57,0088 3
CSP11201 NoData 8,825 58,5406 19,9005 149,9171 8,2317 2,7679 418,1303 35,0036 0
CSP11201 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 2,4725 16,4013 53,068 101,8242 1,148 1,581 816,9869 40,9957 11
CSP11201 verger 0,7975 5,2902 39,801 47,0978 0,3084 1,2748 1115,9875 76,4759 6
CSP11201 paturage propre 2,7 17,9104 53,068 143,2836 1,8482 2,603 948,1481 37,956 1
CSP11201 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,125 0,8292 13,267 9,9502 0,1201 1,56 1920 545 10
CSP11201 friche jeune 0,02 0,1327 6,6335 2,3217 0,02 1,1667 3500 0 12
CSP11201 paturage avec arbres disperses 0,09 0,597 6,6335 7,9602 0,09 1 1333,3333 0 4
CSP11201 friche vielle 0,045 0,2985 6,6335 3,9801 0,045 1 2000 0 13
CSP21301 friche vielle 3,835 6,3821 16,6417 40,7722 0,7618 1,5109 842,2425 87,8829 13
CSP21301 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 1,47 2,4463 21,6342 26,3771 0,1345 1,0783 1265,3061 94,2769 10
CSP21301 paturage propre 15,14 25,1955 58,246 176,0692 1,5084 2,0326 821,004 33,5167 1
CSP21301 friche jeune 1,2775 2,126 9,985 25,0458 0,3673 1,8167 1299,4129 114,6239 12
CSP21301 NoData 9,895 16,467 28,2909 76,9679 2,7843 1,4755 584,1334 46,2198 0
CSP21301 verger 13,88 23,0987 39,9401 147,7783 2,0243 1,8574 709,6542 37,479 6
CSP21301 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 14,4225 24,0015 48,2609 149,9418 2,5826 1,9506 695,4412 28,0896 11
CSP21301 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,08 0,1331 1,6642 1,4145 0,08 1 1500 0 3
CSP21301 paturage avec arbres disperses 0,09 0,1498 1,6642 1,997 0,09 1 1333,3333 0 4
CSP21401 paturage propre 18,3575 29,7215 46,9522 182,3039 2,7487 2,3576 722,3206 34,9666 1
CSP21401 NoData 13,63 22,0675 25,9046 102,5662 9,9918 3,3131 556,8599 41,8676 0
CSP21401 verger 6,1725 9,9935 37,2379 91,7996 0,8032 1,7744 976,9137 38,9296 6
CSP21401 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 13,3275 21,5778 43,7141 142,2327 2,5806 2,2843 750,3283 33,8688 11
CSP21401 friche vielle 8,32 13,4704 17,8094 72,1282 2,2815 1,9632 603,3654 37,1323 13
CSP21401 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 1,475 2,3881 12,9523 26,7951 0,4939 1,7869 1206,7797 75,6375 10
CSP21401 friche jeune 0,3025 0,4898 4,8571 5,6666 0,1374 1,0484 1289,2562 117,9174 12
CSP21401 paturage avec arbres disperses 0,18 0,2914 3,2381 3,8857 0,09 1 1333,3333 315,6739 4
CSP21501 NoData 11,21 21,1849 47,2456 102,7119 3,6894 1,5759 601,2489 40,5474 0
CSP21501 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 4,6275 8,7452 17,0084 63,3091 1,1578 2,0954 888,1686 35,2028 11
CSP21501 paturage propre 22,5475 42,6108 11,3389 202,967 21,1752 5,708 519,7916 35,1082 1
CSP21501 friche vielle 7,4725 14,1217 30,2372 109,0428 2,4677 2,5586 827,0325 50,6275 13
CSP21501 verger 4,7975 9,0664 26,4575 72,0968 1,0344 1,6606 815,0078 36,7238 6
CSP21501 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,09 0,1701 1,8898 2,2678 0,09 1 1333,3333 0 10
CSP21501 paturage avec arbres disperses 2,17 4,1009 18,8982 36,0956 0,4936 1,4706 995,3917 50,4516 4
CSP31601 friche vielle 3,66 8,1601 20,0658 52,6169 0,692 1,5992 857,9235 73,3154 13
CSP31601 paturage propre 9,2075 20,5284 42,3611 139,2342 2,1865 2,157 728,7537 37,8009 1
CSP31601 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 10,05 22,4068 51,2792 158,7425 2,4366 2,313 800,995 33,4819 11
CSP31601 friche jeune 0,665 1,4826 11,1477 16,7215 0,177 1,2206 1263,1579 106,7393 12
CSP31601 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 1,435 3,1994 13,3772 32,3282 0,2684 1,3192 1045,2962 109,2707 10
CSP31601 verger 8,63 19,2408 46,8201 150,7162 1,0951 1,7885 850,5214 37,2463 6
CSP31601 NoData 11,115 24,7812 35,6725 173,5689 2,1182 2,3966 783,6257 35,3155 0
CSP31601 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,09 0,2007 2,2295 2,6754 0,09 1 1333,3333 0 3
CSP31701 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 18,465 24,1744 36,6576 192,7798 3,1619 3,0001 834,0103 35,1609 11
CSP31701 NoData 23,9 31,2899 20,9472 129,4145 14,6964 3,7669 483,682 40,4274 0
CSP31701 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 5,1525 6,7457 40,5852 72,5297 0,2986 1,4059 1176,1281 60,309 10
CSP31701 verger 9,1575 11,989 43,2036 98,2555 0,6176 1,5831 948,9489 47,0563 6
CSP31701 friche vielle 9,6525 12,6371 23,5656 69,3222 1,5719 1,6224 645,4286 59,5354 13
CSP31701 paturage propre 7,4375 9,7372 32,73 81,3668 1,3023 1,8533 864,5378 40,7115 1
CSP31701 friche jeune 2,5125 3,2894 17,0196 31,7481 0,3342 1,3068 1046,7662 144,8455 12
CSP31701 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,105 0,1375 2,6184 1,9638 0,0793 1,0286 1714,2857 770,7464 3
CSP31801 NoData 12,3225 24,6524 24,0072 132,5398 9,1127 3,4843 565,632 37,8746 0
CSP31801 paturage propre 9,9925 19,991 48,0144 136,741 1,2908 1,6224 752,5644 36,4511 1
CSP31801 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 14,3825 28,7736 54,0162 170,8513 3,2519 2,1115 648,0097 30,1301 11
CSP31801 verger 6,1775 12,3587 36,0108 100,8302 0,6986 1,5465 866,0461 41,8094 6
CSP31801 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,3725 0,7452 8,0024 10,2031 0,1309 1,2057 1449,6644 76,5219 3
CSP31801 friche jeune 2,19 4,3813 20,006 47,0141 1,0035 2,6315 1246,5753 52,3863 12
CSP31801 friche vielle 3,6275 7,2572 30,009 57,7173 0,7842 1,8582 1088,9042 63,5202 13
CSP31801 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,92 1,8406 24,0072 22,5068 0,0997 1,0458 1478,2609 108,8605 10
CTR10101 NoData 13,7825 12,3885 49,4371 108,4021 0,6888 1,6402 983,8563 40,2959 0
CTR10101 paturage avec arbres disperses 16,935 15,2221 31,46 98,4697 3,9244 2,0826 692,6484 43,3152 4
CTR10101 friche vielle 21,985 19,7614 34,1565 134,9183 2,3316 2,0632 712,3038 37,8151 13
CTR10101 friche jeune 2,03 1,8247 8,9886 18,2018 0,4563 1,6898 1157,6355 174,1876 12
CTR10101 paturage propre 56,07 50,3989 16,1794 183,5464 37,7834 5,0987 401,1058 29,3624 1
CTR10101 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,45 0,4045 2,6966 4,3145 0,162 1,0471 1066,6667 148,9943 3
CTR10201 paturage propre 64,1625 56,3274 14,9241 147,002 52,9881 4,6178 298,9285 16,4775 1
CTR10201 NoData 14,445 12,6811 50,0395 109,7358 0,7278 1,5357 936,6563 40,9856 0
CTR10201 paturage avec arbres disperses 8,6125 7,5608 28,9702 57,5015 0,7305 1,4825 916,1103 43,6953 4
CTR10201 friche vielle 25,3625 22,2654 23,7029 122,8602 11,1008 3,712 619,8127 38,4033 13
CTR10201 friche jeune 1,1475 1,0074 7,0231 11,3247 0,2048 1,3379 1298,4749 130,7602 12
CTR10201 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,18 0,158 1,7558 2,1069 0,09 1 1333,3333 65,192 3
CTR10301 friche vielle 79,9675 27,7448 26,3683 165,2875 34,1007 6,7485 633,6324 35,9169 13
CTR10301 paturage propre 108,2225 37,5479 27,0622 148,6339 28,7291 4,0463 429,0235 35,7256 1
CTR10301 NoData 52,6975 18,2835 39,5524 114,7194 4,6004 2,092 668,1531 39,8075 0
CTR10301 paturage avec arbres disperses 37,355 12,9604 29,1439 102,1598 4,5408 2,8555 828,0016 42,069 4
CTR10301 friche jeune 6,6525 2,3081 15,2659 25,2233 0,2661 1,2812 1137,9181 49,16 12
CTR10301 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 3,33 1,1553 4,8573 11,8657 0,4646 1,5231 1027,027 46,8944 3
CTR20401 paturage propre 294,41 59,4419 8,278 146,5404 237,6544 8,8433 265,4122 20,7466 1
CTR20401 paturage avec arbres disperses 34,125 6,8899 14,9407 42,7527 6,8574 2,2209 656,1172 55,27 4
CTR20401 NoData 116,8975 23,6018 31,6986 129,5907 8,5915 2,7608 591,1161 38,7097 0
CTR20401 friche vielle 40,45 8,1669 19,1807 58,7636 2,6735 2,1825 777,5031 42,4092 13
CTR20401 friche jeune 2,435 0,4916 3,6342 5,1889 0,247 1,282 1190,9651 98,7413 12
CTR20401 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 1,0625 0,2145 1,4133 2,2209 0,3409 1,4844 1232,9412 58,598 3
CTR20401 verger 2,7975 0,5648 0,8076 3,503 1,2294 1,6583 650,5809 70,3031 6
CTR20401 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 2,9325 0,5921 1,0095 4,563 1,6761 2,2782 825,2344 64,3434 11
CTR20401 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 0,18 0,0363 0,4038 0,4846 0,09 1 1333,3333 275,0455 10
CTR20501 friche jeune 1,5225 1,8802 18,5242 24,1433 0,1385 1,2271 1385,8785 72,5015 12
CTR20501 paturage avec arbres disperses 7,605 9,3918 46,9281 94,5354 0,3551 1,4153 1091,3872 43,7606 4
CTR20501 NoData 19,3075 23,8438 37,0485 162,7045 7,9659 3,8347 743,7524 35,5537 0
CTR20501 friche vielle 29,365 36,2643 38,2834 196,7274 7,3293 2,9191 581,9854 31,0642 13
CTR20501 paturage propre 22,2425 27,4684 44,4582 171,4109 3,9505 2,39 689,2211 36,6554 1
CTR20501 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,9325 1,1516 9,8796 13,3992 0,129 1,1259 1297,5871 87,9673 3
CTR20601 NoData 21,595 24,0559 41,2164 140,4144 4,7979 2,2282 636,2584 37,3542 0
CTR20601 friche vielle 21,7275 24,2035 32,3048 163,1391 2,2467 2,4076 752,9628 33,6342 13
CTR20601 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 0,445 0,4957 4,4558 6,2939 0,1254 1,1666 1348,3146 175,9217 3
CTR20601 paturage propre 37,045 41,2666 20,0512 190,9324 9,7934 3,6949 528,5464 37,2329 1
CTR20601 paturage avec arbres disperses 7,8775 8,7752 26,735 73,3541 1,346 1,9553 893,6845 48,495 4
CTR20601 friche jeune 1,08 1,2031 3,3419 12,0307 0,465 1,6241 1000 142,5947 12
CTR30701 paturage propre 15,6 47,3014 24,2571 157,5197 14,6919 3,4278 405,1282 26,0207 1
CTR30701 NoData 6,265 18,9964 51,5464 137,356 0,7119 1,4935 849,162 59,9757 0
CTR30701 friche vielle 8,225 24,9394 27,2893 136,7495 5,0467 3,2382 660,1824 37,0206 13
CTR30701 paturage avec arbres disperses 2,89 8,7629 30,3214 69,8908 0,823 1,7296 927,3356 48,4079 4
CTR30801 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 1,555 4,3345 13,9373 30,2439 1,041 1,9226 893,8907 36,4872 3
CTR30801 friche jeune 2,8575 7,9652 30,662 64,5296 0,7252 1,6569 923,8845 61,1754 12
CTR30801 friche vielle 11,665 32,5157 58,5366 227,4564 2,4152 2,482 795,5422 34,245 13
CTR30801 paturage avec arbres disperses 5,63 15,6934 61,324 129,8955 1,2737 1,7622 918,2948 38,8649 4
CTR30801 NoData 8,5425 23,8118 61,324 166,8293 2,1275 2,1365 801,873 29,6756 0
CTR30801 paturage propre 5,625 15,6794 47,3868 146,2021 0,7912 1,9921 1020,4444 40,6891 1
CTR30901 friche vielle 22,8775 40,2684 15,8416 168,0088 20,1342 4,8977 497,432 35,6461 13
CTR30901 paturage avec ligneux arbustifs 1,875 3,3003 8,8009 24,0264 0,8754 1,7694 858,6667 91,6407 3
CTR30901 NoData 3,435 6,0462 19,3619 43,3003 0,6403 1,3339 818,0495 65,193 0
CTR30901 friche jeune 6,265 11,0275 36,9637 84,1364 0,8249 1,5439 842,7773 44,5772 12
CTR30901 verger 2,675 4,7085 33,4433 49,901 0,212 1,2125 1192,5234 57,876 6
CTR30901 plantation agro forestiere d hevea 2,7525 4,8449 36,9637 56,0616 0,2476 1,2184 1195,277 48,7719 10
CTR30901 plantation d'arbustes fouragers 8,9275 15,714 36,9637 134,3014 1,4125 2,2598 926,3512 38,2428 11
CTR30901 paturage propre 7,5775 13,3377 26,4026 109,747 1,3437 2,1511 856,483 41,1391 1
CTR30901 paturage avec arbres disperses 0,4275 0,7525 7,0407 8,7129 0,1243 1,0391 1263,1579 191,3315 4
METRICS (cover, structure)
54 FARMS
3. LANDSCAPES MAPS PLANT COVER
SOIL COVER CATEGORIES
The 4 indicators of landscape
Composicion 2007
Estructura 2007
Dinamica Composicion 1990-2007
Dinamica estructura 1990-2007
Indicator of Landscape intensificacion
Mixed systems Extensive livestock 20-40 years
Pioneer front < 15 years
Degraded pastures 60 years Forest
Source Oszwald et al., BFT, 2011,
Produccion systems and landscape
12 34 56 7
1.0
3.2
10
32
320
100
Fronts pionniersrécents
AgroForesterie
+ divers
Diversifiépauvres
Lait/diversGr. Surf.
Revenus de la ferme
103 EUROS /an
12 34 56 7
510
15
20
25
30
35
PAYSAGE
SERVICES ECOSYSTÉMIQUES
Elevage BovinsGr. Surf.
12 34 56 7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2 1 34 56 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
BIODIVERSITÉ
P < 0.01 P = 0.08
P<0.01
Figure 2 : Variations en fonction des types socio économiques échelonnés suivant les valeurs du facteur 1 de la
figure 2) de (a)- Revenus des fermes (valeurs en 10 3 Euros ; (b)- Indicateur d’usure du paysage; (c)- Biodiversité (indicateur synthétique); (d)-serviescécosystémiques (indicateur synthétique), (d)- Eco efficience: Indicateur Ef voir texte.
P = 0.08
12 34 56 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 ECO-EFFICIENCE
4
Figure 4 : Variations en fonction des types socio-économiques classéssuivant leurs valeurs du facteur 1 de la figure 2, de (a)- revenus des fermes(en 10 3 €); (b) –Indicateur d’intégritédu paysage; (c)- Biodiversité(indicateur synthétique); (d)-servicesÉcosystémiques (indicateursynthétique); (d)- éco-efficience: indicateur Ef (voir texte).
PAISAJE
Landscape integrity
Pioneer Fronts
Agro Forestry
Extensive Cattle Breeding
4. BIODIVERSITY
Plantes
Oiseaux
Fourmis
Vers de terre
Drosophiles
Saturnidae
> 4103 espèces identified in 270 sampling points Indicator varies between 0.1 y 1.0
Termites
Species Richness
Groupe taxonomique
Colombie Brésil Sp nov
Plantes (strate inf) 555 sp 1302 sp Non renseigné
Plantes (strate moy) 320 799 sp Non renseigné
Plantes (strate sup) 123 sp 305 sp Non renseigné
Oiseaux 150 sp 238 sp Non
Saturniidae 36 sp 60 sp Oui (2)
Sphingidae 33 sp 48 sp Non
Drosophiles 40 sp/msp 69 sp/msp Non précisé
Vers de terre 16 sp/msp 11 sp/msp Oui (20)
Fourmis 39 gn 40 gn Non renseigné
1190 Taxa 2872 Taxa
Biodiversity and landscape intensification 12 34 56 7
1.0
3.2
10
32
320
100
Fronts pionniersrécents
AgroForesterie
+ divers
Diversifiépauvres
Lait/diversGr. Surf.
Revenus de la ferme
103 EUROS /an
12 34 56 7
510
15
20
25
30
35
PAYSAGE
SERVICES ECOSYSTÉMIQUES
Elevage BovinsGr. Surf.
12 34 56 7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2 1 34 56 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7BIODIVERSITÉ
P < 0.01 P = 0.08
P<0.01
Figure 2 : Variations en fonction des types socio économiques échelonnés suivant les valeurs du facteur 1 de la
figure 2) de (a)- Revenus des fermes (valeurs en 10 3 Euros ; (b)- Indicateur d’usure du paysage; (c)- Biodiversité (indicateur synthétique); (d)-serviescécosystémiques (indicateur synthétique), (d)- Eco efficience: Indicateur Ef voir texte.
P = 0.08
12 34 56 7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 ECO-EFFICIENCE
4
Figure 4 : Variations en fonction des types socio-économiques classéssuivant leurs valeurs du facteur 1 de la figure 2, de (a)- revenus des fermes(en 10 3 €); (b) –Indicateur d’intégritédu paysage; (c)- Biodiversité(indicateur synthétique); (d)-servicesÉcosystémiques (indicateursynthétique); (d)- éco-efficience: indicateur Ef (voir texte).
Intensificacion
Bd
Biodiversity
Front pionnier10 ans
Paysage agroforestier60 ans
Elevage extensif60 ans
LANDSTRUCTURE
LANDUSE
DYN. LAND
STRUCTURE
DYN. LAND
USE
LAND
STRUCTURE
DYN. LANDSTRUCTURE
LAND
STRUCTURE
LANDUSE
DYN. LANDSTRUCTURE
DYN. LAND
USE
EWM
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLmedPLinf
ANTS
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLmedPLinf
ANTS
PLmed
EWM
BIRDS
SPHIN
SATUR
DROSO
PLsup
PLinf
ANTS
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
SC010
SC1030INFIL
TW050
AW050 FCHIM
PAYSAGES
BIODIVERSITÉ
SERVICES ECOSYSTÉMIQUES
Viande
LaitC. Annuelles
P. Elev. Extrac.
1 2 4 53
C. Pérennes
C3PRODUCTIONS
Pioneer Fronts 10 years
Agroforestry 60 years
Extensive Cattle breeding 60 years
Specific richness and woody cover
A B C D E F
30
40
50
60
70
Wooded area quality index
Ric
hn
ess in
de
x
* (p = 6.4e-06)
A
A B C D E
30
40
50
60
70
Wooded area dominance index
Ric
hn
ess in
de
x* (p = 4.38e-06 )
B
5. Soil Ecosystem Services
• Climate Regulation
– C in soil and biomass
• Regulation of flooding and erosion
– Water Infiltration
– Water storage
– Useful water
• Primary production
– Chemical fertility
– GISQ indic.
Synthetic indicators (0,1-1,0) Velasquez et al., 2007, Soil Biology and Biochemistry
C storage
A B C D E F G
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Landuse dynamics classes
SOIL C 0-10 cmMg ha-1
<20 yr/forest >20 yr/agropastoral
A B C D E F G
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Landuse dynamics classes
So
il ca
rbo
n s
tock 0
-30
cm
(M
g/h
a)
SOIL C 0-30 cmMg ha-1
LANDSCAPE INTENSIFICATION
ABCDEFG
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Landuse dynamics classes
WATER INFILTRATIONLog mm/h
ABCDEFG0
24
68
10
12
Landuse dynamics classes
Water Storage (0-50 cm) cm
STORAGE cm
INFILTRATION mm h-1
Landuse dynamics classes
Hydrological services
LANDSCAPE INTENSIFICATION
Conceptual Model
M MA
MULTI AGENT MODELING
SOCIOECO Lives, formation, housings
Crédits
LANDSCAPES Composition, structure
BIODIVERSITY Plants, Birds, Moths,
Drosophilidae, Earthwors, Ants Soil Macrofauna
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Soil Fertility, Water Infiltration and storage, C sequestration,
Chemical Fertility
PRODUCTIONS Live stock, Agriculture
Extractivism,
EXCHANGE of KNOWLEDGE
Ef logEp Bd Qs
ECOEFFICIENCY
= * *
LANDSCAPE
RV coefficients of matrix correlations all p < 0.001
The importance of Landscape
SOCIOECO
0.27
BIODIVERSITY
0.43
0.39
BRASIL
PRODU CTION
0.63
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
0.44
0.36 0.43
0.44
0.31 0.61
Landscape use intensification and sub indicators of ecoefficiency
ECONOMICAL
EFFICIENCY
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
Land use intensity
Ef
●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
Land use intensity
Sb
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●● ●
●●
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●●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
Land use intensity
Bd
●
● ●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
Land use intensity
Es
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
Land use intensity
Ef
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●
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●
●
●
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●
●
●●
●
●●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
Land use intensity
Sb
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
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●
●●
●
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●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
Land use intensity
Bd
●
● ●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
Land use intensity
Es
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
● ●
●
●
●●
●●●
●●
●
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●●
●
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●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
BIODIVERSITY
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
Land use intensity
Ef
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
Land use intensity
Sb
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
Land use intensity
Bd
●
● ●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
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●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
Land use intensity
Es
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●●
●●●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
Land use intensity
Ef
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
Land use intensity
Sb
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
●●
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●●
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●
●●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
Land use intensity
Bd
●
● ●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●●
●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
Land use intensity
Es
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●●
●●●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Improve ecoefficiency of deforested landscapes
FARM
Economy (profitable, competitive)
Social (Development, Well being)
Environment (Biodiversity, ESs)
Ef = f (E, S, A)
Ecoefficiency and landscape intensification
• Tipping point in the relationship
• 50% forest
– 20% pristine
– 30% fallows/tree based sytems
Landscape intensification
Eco
efi
cien
cia
Tree cover and ecoefficiency 0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
% forest
Ecoeffic
iency
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
% burned forest
Ecoeffic
iency
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
% fallow
Ecoeff
icie
ncy
0 20 40 60 80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
% crop
Ecoeff
icie
ncy
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
% forest
Ecoeffic
iency
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
% burned forest
Ecoeffic
iency
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(c)
% fallow
Ecoeff
icie
ncy
0 20 40 60 80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(d)
% crop
Ecoeff
icie
ncy
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
% tree cover % fallow
% original forest % tree crops
Restoration is still possible
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a)
Land use intensity
Ecoe
ffic
ien
cy
●●●
●
●●
●
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●
●
ABCDEFG
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b)
Land use intensityE
coe
ffic
ien
cy
●
●
●
●
●
●●
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●
BPCBMBBPRCAFCSPCTR
A: Pioneer front, diversified, low income
B: Pioneering front, diversified, average incomewith external inputsC: Diversified with no extra incomes
D: Predominantly dairy production, low income
E: Livestock and perennials in agroforestry systems, high incomes
F: Extensive dairy and livestock production, high income
G: Extensive dairy and livestock production, highest incomes
Pioneer fronts
Extensive degraded livestock
Sylvo pastoral restoration
Small holder Agroforestry
Mixed systems at different stages
Eco efficiencia en diferentes paisajes en Colombia (Caqueta)
Dia de la Tierra, Riohacha, 22 abril 2010
Indicateur eco efficience prenant en compte le nombre de personnes présentes dans l’EA et les parties
effectivement utilisées des exploitations agricoles
Indicateur eco efficience prenant en compte le nombre de personnes présentes dans l’EA et les parties
effectivement utilisées des exploitations agricoles
AGRO
FORESTRY
SYLVO
PASTORAL CONVENTIONAL
ING: 11200 $ 105 Ha 106 $ ha-1 1.8 persons ES 0.54 Bd: 0.51 EF=27,3
ING: 7500 $ 49 Ha 153 $ ha -1
2.2 persons ES 0.53 Bd : 0.51 EF=30,4
ING: 6600 $ 15 Ha 440 ha -1 2.0 persons ES 0.74 Bd : 0.75 EF=50,0
114
Selling the idea: Landscape as a football team Forest
Morichal
Pantano
Rub
Silvio Pastor
Palm
Frutri
Juka Bin
Soybi Rice
Pasto
Tecnical Staff
Reconstruct ecoefficient landscapes in degraded areas of AMAZONIA
Proyecto AMAZONIA 2030
II
SIMULATION MODEL
11
Social Ind. trajectories
Demogrphy
Education
Health
Landscape Composition
Structure
I DIAGNOSTIC
FARM
13
Economico Ingresos
mercados Incentivos
3 Environmental
Ecos. Serv. . Biodiversity
Climate
10
III FARMSCAPE DESIGN
Bank of Technical options
Public
Policies 12
INITIAL FARM
Ecoeficiency = E1 Ecoeficiency = E1 + δ
FINAL FARML
Conclusions
• In Amazonia Business as usual is a deadly scenario
• Tipping point in landscape/ecoefficiency relationship at 50% woody cover (30% fallows + 20% native forest)
• Recovery is (still) possible
• The need to build ecoefficient landscapes to – Sustain production and development – Conserve Biodiversity and Ecosystem servics – Adapt to + mitigate climate change
Muchas Gracias • Youtube Lavelle1948 Amazonia : A Happy Soil
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwQ0R-iBK_s
• AMAZ_BD: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-IQ6wLGgP8
• Alix et Gaia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjSsEYq3R4c
What does a farm produce??
$
$
FARM
The Amazonian paradoxe
Legislation does not impede deforestation
People who use the resource in a « mining » way are poor
How could we design applicble policies Is payment for ES an option
Tailandia, Para, Brésil Mars 2008
Pacaja, Para, Brésil Mai 2008
Sampling protocole
2 countries
d
1 2 3
3 « sous - fenêtres »
PR / TR MB / SP PC / AF
01 02
03
04
05 06
07
08 09
10
11 12
13
14
15 16
17
N
01
02
03
04
05
d
1 2 3
3 « - »
PR / TR MB / SP PC / AF
01 02
03
04
05 06
07
08 09
10
11 12
13
14
15 16
17
N
01
02
03
04
05
3 windows (51 contiguous farms)
13 sub windows
3 farms
5 points