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Perforation in oil and
gas wells
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Content
1. Introduction
2. Purposes of Perforation
3. Perforating guns4. The Perforating methods
5. Problems with Perforation
6. Conclusions
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Introduction
Perforation helps create a hole in the casingthrough the cement and into the formation toform a channel for the oil and gas to flow from
the producing formation into the wellbore.
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Purposes of Perforation
Creating a channel between the pay zone
and the wellbore.
Cause oil and gas to flow to the wellboreeasily.
future stimulation.
example: Hydraulic fracturing
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Perforating Guns
A device used to perforate oil and gas wells inpreparation for production.
It has different shapes of explosive charges
Different range of sizes and configurations.
The diameter of the gun used is determined by
the presence of wellbore restrictions orlimitations imposed by the surface equipment.
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Perforation geometry
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Perforating Guns
Casing gun
Expendable gun
Retrievable gun High-shot density gun
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Create holes in a casing string .
Casing guns are typically 3- to 5-in. in diameterand carry up to four perforating charges per foot
Allow perforation through production casingusing larger diameter gun assembly.
Casing gun
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A perforating gun assembly that disintegratesupon firing, creating finer debris.
It is used where wellbore restrictions allow onlylimited access, as in through-tubing applications.
It is relatively light and simple in design withphased expendable guns.
Expendable gun
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Expendable gun
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A perforating gun have more than four shotsper foot.
Improves the phasing, or distribution of
perforations, around the wellbore. Enables improved distribution of the
perforations around the circumference of the
casing or liner.
High-shot density gun
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High-shot density gun
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Perforation methods
Bullet Perforation
Jet Perforation
Hydraulic Sand-jet perforation Perforation using laser technology
Horizontal oriented perforating systemHOPS
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Bullet Perforation
Bullets lose velocity when gun clearance >0.5 in.
Often use in a unconsolidated formations
Cheaper to use, rarely been used today Bullets plug the end of the flow channel
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Jet Perforation
It uses a shaped charges contained in aperforating gun assembly.
Gun assembly is placed in wireline, tubing orcoiled tubing, depending on the application andthe wellbore conditions.
High-pressure jet will penetrates the casing orliner to shoot into the reservoir formation toform channels.
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Jet Perforation
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Jet Perforation
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Hydraulic Sand-jet
Perforation
It uses high-pressure jetting of sand-ladenfluid through an orifice
Short penetration range
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Perforating with Laser
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Perforating with Laser
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Horizontal oriented perforating
systemHOPS
Performs oriented perforating
Incorporating a series of swiveled gunconnectors containing internal, explosivetransfer devices and an internally contained gunweighting system.
This system incorporates a series of short gun
sections that rotate to the desired orientation,providing the optimum shot pattern andmaximizing reservoir production.
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Horizontal oriented perforating
systemHOPS
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Problem with Perforation
The main problem is the plugging afterPerforation, these caused by: Charge liner residue slugs
Mud solids & crushed/compacted rock particles Solution to the problem: Cleanout of Plugged
Perforations, these include:
Back surge perforations if consolidated formations Use wash tools if unconsolidated formations
Breakdown with fluid or acid, and ball sealers
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Conclusion
Different perforation guns have specificapplication. Example: casing gun, retrievablegun, high-shot density gun, & expandable gun.
Method perforation, these include: Bullet, Jet,hydraulic, & laser.
Problem using perforation method.
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Thanks
John G Evans,
Leo Health Mary North-Abbott
Rajendra Kasinath
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References
S. Batarseh, B.C. Gahan, R.M. Graves and R.A Parker,Well Perforation using High-Power lasers, SPE PaperNo.84418
www.bakerhughes.com www.slb.com Gahan, B.C.,R.A. Parker, Laser Drilling: Effect on
beam Application Methods on Improving RockRemoval, SPE Paper No.84353 Gahan, B.C., Laser Drilling: Understanding Laser/Rock
Interaction Fundamentals, Gas Tips 8 (2002):4-8
http://www.bakerhughes.com/http://www.slb.com/http://www.slb.com/http://www.bakerhughes.com/ -
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THANK YOU
Questions?
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