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December 2010Volume 14, Special Edition
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3CAGUN - P UTUMAYO BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5CATATUMBO BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20CAUCA-PATIABASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31CESAR - RANCHERABASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39CHOC BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47EASTERN CORDILLERABASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53EASTERN LLANOS BASIN..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61GUAJIRABASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 77GUAJIRAOFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83LOS CAYOS BASIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 89LOWER MAGDALENAVALLEY BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93MIDDLE MAGDALENAVALLEY BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105SIN OFFSHORE BASIN......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123TUMACO BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137UPPER MAGDALENAVALLEY BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141URAB BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162APPENDIX - ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE DATASOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 164
Organic Geochemistry Atlas of ColombiaSecond Edition
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1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2By: Roberto Aguilera , Vctor Sotelo, Carla Burgos, Carolynna Arce , Clemencia Gmez, Jairo Mojica , Hardany Castillo, Diana Jimnez and Jos Osorno1 2RAGEOLOGIAE.U . and ANH
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Published by:UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIAFacultad de CienciasDepartamento de Geociencias
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Earth Sciences Research Journal Special Edition
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIASecond Edition
Roberto C. AguileraRA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Vctor A. SoteloRA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carla A. Burgos
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carolynna ArceAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Clemencia GmezAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Jairo Mojica
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Hardany CastilloAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Diana JimnezAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Jos OsornoAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
2010Earth Sciences Research Journal
Bogot
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I
Letter of EditorScience is the knowledge of consequences and thedependence of one fact on anotherThomas Hobbes.
In a short time we are here again to offer you a new version ofthe Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia. This effort issupported by the ANH, and extends the geochemicalknowledge disposed in the previous version to new basins, andupdated information up to 2009.
We hope that this document may be helpful to developers ofprojects of oil exploration and production, in a moment, whenthe exploration of new basins increases, and the oilassociated activities are extended to new business.
This Atlas will serve as a guide for the oil industry as well asresearch centers and academic institutions, who may consulton their pages the state of knowledge in this field in Colombia,and the need to continue carrying out projects of this nature.
Can these pages help to answer questions like: Has the trapreceived economic quantities of petroleum?. What types ofhydrocarbons are likely to be present (oil and/or gas and inwhat relative proportion)?. What are the oil or gas properties
(e.g., viscosity, API gravity, sulfur content, etc.)? Is reservoircompartmentalization an issue?
We let the answers to our readers, from whom we hope tohear their findings and if possible their contribution.
Luis MontesESRJ Chief Editor
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1
Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 3
Cagun-Putumayo Basin.......................................................................................................................... 5
Catatumbo Basin.................................................................................................................................. 20
Cauca-Pata Basin................................................................................................................................. 31
Cesar-Ranchera Basin............................................................................................................................ 39
Choc Basin......................................................................................................................................... 47
Eastern Cordillera Basin.......................................................................................................................... 53
Eastern Llanos Basin............................................................................................................................. 61
Guajira Basin....................................................................................................................................... 77
Guajira Offshore Basin........................................................................................................................... 83
Los Cayos Basin.................................................................................................................................. 89
Lower Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 93
Middle Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 105
Sin Offshore Basin............................................................................................................................... 118
Sin-San Jacinto Basin........................................................................................................................... 123
Tumaco Basin...................................................................................................................................... 132
Tumaco Offshore Basin.......................................................................................................................... 137
Upper Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 141
Urab Basin........................................................................................................................................ 157
References.......................................................................................................................................... 162
Appendix - ANH Organic Geochemistry Database Data Sources.............................................................................. 164
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Introduction
This new and updated edition Organic Geochemistry Atlas ofColombia provides the explorationist with an overview of theexisting information on source rocks and crude oils in
Colombia. The data compiled in this work is updated to 2009,and is found in the Organic Geochemistry Database of theAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH).
This updated version of the database includes 10329 newsamples and 190836 associated geochemical data frompyrolysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography andsurface geochemistry reports, from works developed by theANH and exploration companies since 2003 to 2009. Thereferences of the data sources included in this database can
be found at the end of this volume.
This document is presented in a simple and graphical way toprovide a quick look of the state of the art of the colombianbasins, useful for newcomers or experts alike.
The Atlas is alphabetically organized, following thenomenclature and boundaries proposed by the ANH for theColombian sedimentary basins (Barrero et al. 2007).
Includes geochemical information, from 18 basins,corresponding to source rock analyses, organic mattercontent (%TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, organic petrography,crude oil and extract analyses, liquid chromatography, gaschromatography, biomarkers and isotopes.
All the graphs and conclusions are drawn from the informationexisting in the organic geochemistry database ,and were usedfor source rocks quality assesments and to generate crude oiland gas characterization graphs of depositional, maturity and
quality parameters, along with quality and maturity maps ofsome of the main source rocks in Colombia.
Two new topics are present in this version of the Atlas, oneabout hydrocarbons origin from surface geochemistry dataand the other about petroleum systems from crude-rock
1
correlations.
These topics are treated in those basins in which surfacegeochemistry data, and where crude oil and rock extractsinformation, from reservoir and source rock units properlyidentified, exists.
Based on this information some insights on the source rocks,the origin of the hydrocarbons and petroleum systems foundin the Colombian basins are presented.
The Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia is intended toassist E&P professionals interested in understanding the
origin and evolution of source rocks and crude/gasaccumulations present in any of the colombian basins, andadditionally as a guide on the future work that might beneeded to improve the knowledge and reduce the exploratoryrisk, especially in frontier areas of Colombia.
Therefore, this new version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlasof Colombia is expected to become a valuable tool forexploration and educational purposes as well.
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
3
Methodologyshowing the degree of preservation and processes affectingthe accumulations like mixing of different thermal maturityoils ( refreshing) and biodegradation.
- Source Rock Characterization: In order to show the qualityand maturity of the source rocks, crossplots based on PyrolysisRock-Eval and organic petrology data has been made. Theparameters used to estimate quality are organic mattercontent (%TOC),Hydrogen Index, Oxygen Index, andgenerative potential (S2 peak).The maturity parameters usedwere Pyrolysis Tmax in degrees Celsius, and vitrinitereflectance (%Ro). In the following tables are summarized thegeneral values used for interpretation of these data.
Organic matter generation potential:
Based on the organic geochemistry database of the ANH,compiled in 2010, an updated version of the OrganicGeochemistry Atlas of the Colombian basins has been made.
In order to provide an overview of the knowledge on crude oiland source rock characteristics in the colombian basins, thisvolume has been structured in chapters containinginformation on the following subjects, depending on theinformation available for each basin:
- Generalities: Including location, stratigraphy, structuralsections and highlights on the organic geochemistry dataavailable and used in the interpretations presented.
- Wells and Seeps: location map of wells and/or surfacelocations with geochemical information and oil and gas seepsin the basin.
- Crude Oil Quality: Crossplots of quality-related, bulkanalysis parameters like Ni/V, sulfur content, API gravity.These parameters give insights on the preservation ordegradation of the oils, their maturity (API gravity and sulfurcontent), depositional conditions (sulfur content and Ni/V)
and/or lithology of the source rocks (sulfur content).
- Depositional Environments: Crossplots of environment andorganic facies related biomarkers and ratios (Peters andMoldowan, 1993), like Oleanane Index, Homohopane Index,Pristane, Phytane, Pristane/nC17, Phytane/nC18, C27, C28and C29 steranes. These parameters provides information onthe type of organic matter terrestrial, marine or mixed(pristane/nC17 vs phytane/nC18, C27-C29 steranes, oleananeindex), bottom oxicity (homohopane index, pristane/nC17vs
phytane/nC18), depositional environments(homohopaneindex, oleanane index, pristane/phytane) and even age of thesource rocks (oleanane index).
- Chromatography: Typical examples of whole oilchromatograms and fragmentograms (m/z 191and m/z 217)
GenerationPotential
TOC (wt %)Rock-Eval S2 Peak (mg HC/ g
rock)
Poor 0 - 0.5 0 - 2.5
Fair 0.5 - 1 2.5 - 5
Good 1 - 2 5 - 10
Very Good 2 - 4 10 - 20
Excellent > 4 > 20
Kerogen Type Hydrogen Index (mg HC/ g TOC)
I > 600
II 300 - 600
III 50 -200
IV < 50
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
4
Methodology3. The symbol expressing the level of certainty.
The table below shows how the level of certainty isdetermined for a petroleum system (Magoon and Dow, 1994).
Based on these crossplots and maps some general conclusionson the crude oils , source rocks, gases and petroleum systems
are presented for each basin.
- Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps: These maps weregenerated based on organic matter content (%TOC), HydrogenIndex and Tmax information available.
- Gas Characterization: Crossplots of gas molecularcomposition and stable carbon isotopes of methane, ethaneand propane were made in order to establish the origin andgeneration conditions of the gases found in the basins.
- Surface Geochemistry: Bernard and compositional plots ofsorbed gases in soil samples were made to help establishing itsorigin (thermogenic or biogenic) (Whiticar, 1990).
- Petroleum Systems (Crude - Rock Correlations): Based onthe crossplots used for depositional environmentsdetermination, a series of correlations of crude oil fromreservoirs and extracts from potential source rocks weremade in order to better establish petroleum systems,
following the nomenclature proposed by Magoon and Dow(1994), in which the name of a petroleum system containsthree parts:
1. The source rock in the pod of active source rock.2. The name of the reservoir rock that contains the largestvolume of petroleum.
Thermal Maturity Rock-Eval Tmax (C)Vitrinite Reflectance
Ro (%)
Immature < 435 0.2 - 0.6
Early Mature 435 - 445 0.6 - 0.65
Generation Peak 445 - 450 0.65 - 0.9
Late Mature 450 - 470 0.9 - 1.35
Overmature > 470 > 1.35
Level of Certainty Criteria Symbol
KnownA positive oil-source rock or gas -source
rock geochemical correlation(!)
HypotheticalIn the absence of a positive petroleum-source rock correlation, geochemical
evidence(.)
Speculative Geological or geophysical evidence (?)
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
GeneralitiesWells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Depositional EnvironmentsChromatographySource Rock Characterization
Source Rock Quality and Maturity MapsPetroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Generalities
6
The source rock geochemical informationinterpreted for the Cagun-Putumayo Basin
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from2912 samples taken in 64 wells; additionally 335organic petrography samples from 56 wells wereinterpreted.
Crude oil and extracts information from 124 bulkanalysis samples, 403 liquid chromatographysamples, 330 gas chromatography samples,582biomarker samples and 90 isotopes samples werealso interpreted.
TD 9715ft
Sea level
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION
PUTUMAYO BASINNW SE
Paleozoic Jurassic
Paleogene
Upper Cretaceous
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Lower Cretaceous
Neogene
0
10000
ft
CAGUAN - PUTUMAYO BASINLOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
CaliNeiva
Villavicencio
24
SFR.
ECUADOR
PERU
PacOc
73 727475767778
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
73 727475767778
BOUNDARIES
Northwest: Eastern Cordillera Foothills fault system
East: Structural high, including the Serrana deChiribiquete (SCH)
South: Ecuadorian-Peruvian International border
Northeast: Sierra de la Macarena (SM)
San Josedel Guaviare
SCH
02
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs
Basement high
Florencia
SM
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Mojica et al., 2010
So urce Reser vo ir SealSandstone BasementShale
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ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locations
with geochemical information in the Cagun -Putumayo Basin is 116.
Oilseeps are located at the northern andwestern parts of the basin, as well as the oilfields
7
MOCOA
FLORENCIA
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
0 50 100kms
Oil and gas fields
Wells with geochemical information
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Orito
Capella
Costayaco
HormigaLoro
Mary
Burdine/Maxine
Alea
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
EAST
ERNCO
RDILLERA
ECUADOR
PER
ORGA C G OC S R A AS O CO O B A
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Crude Oil Quality
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 40 and sulfur contentbetween 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 30 API have sulfur values below 1%, and oilsbelow 30 show higher dispersion in sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggeststhat in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more maturehave higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that havingsimilar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicatebiodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, consideringthat oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils fromcarbonates (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5,suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxicenvironment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating thatsimilar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related tovertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact thatdifferent API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
8
LEGEND
A
B
C
CABALLOS Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50API Gravity
0
1
2
3
%Sulfur
Maturity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Depth(Feet)
Biodegraded Oil
Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
3
%Sulfur
Anoxic Marine
Lacustrine or Continental
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
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Depositional EnvironmentsORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
9 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have originfrom terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing
environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples inthe mixed kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organicmatter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows thatmost of the oils have low oleanane index values (2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaicenvironments (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
RUMIYACO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0.1 1 10 100Phytane / nC18
0.1
1
10
100
Pristane/nC17
Biode
gradatio
n
Matur
ity
Oxid
ixing
Reducing
Terre
strial T
ype III K
erogen
Type
II Kero
gen
Algal,
Redu
cing E
nviro
nment
Mixe
d Kero
gen I
I -III
0 1 2 3 4 5Pristane / Phytane
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Oleanane/C30Hopane
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
Shelf MarineMarine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C35/C34Hopane
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Depositional Environments
- The liquid chromatography data from oils in the basin are plotted in the ternary diagram above, andtheir distribution indicate that oils are well preserved having low biodegradation (low %NSO compounds).
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging frommarine to deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their lowoleanane index values corresponding to the Villeta and Caballos formations.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low
biodegradation).
- Hydrocarbons have been found in reservoirs corresponding to the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations of Cretaceous age and the CenozoicPepino and Rumiyaco formations.
(saturates, aromatics and NSO compunds)
10
LEGEND
CABALLOS Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 50 100
100
50
0100
50
0
%NSO%AROMATIC
%SATURATE
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Chromatography
Crude oil of the Orito-16 well shows predominance of lowmolecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio close to1.
This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanesindicating high thermal maturity. The diasteranes abundancesuggests that the oil was generated from clay-rich rocks but alsoincreased thermal maturity.
C18
C17
C16
C15
C14
C13
C12
C11
C19
C21
C20
C22
Pristane
Phytane
C10
C9
C23
C24
C25
C26
Well Orito - 16
Chromatogram
Fragmentogram m/z 191
Fragmentogram m/z 217
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
11 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Diasteranes
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Chromatography
Crude oil of the Unicornio-1 well shows a bimodal chromatogramwith high molecular weight paraffins abundance and very highPristane/Phytane ratio (>5.0), indicating generation from
organic facies deposited in deltaic environments.
The predominance of hopanes over tricyclics indicates lowthermal maturity of the oil. The low diasteranes abundancesuggests that the oil was generated from clay-poor rocks.
Well Unicornio - 1
Pr/Ph = 5.2
Chromatogram
Pr
Ph
Diasteranes
HopanesTricyclics
Fragmentogram m/z 191
Fragmentogram m/z 217
12
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Source Rock CharacterizationORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN13
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples
the depletioneffect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also indicate thatthe Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) all have poorgeneration potential (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows thatrock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations havetype II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type IIIgas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayn,Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone
kerogen to type IV kerogen. The Paleozoic samples have very low HI values andcorrespond mainly with type IV kerogen (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and
Macarena formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that these units are deeply buried in the basin,the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samplesfrom the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oilgeneration peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
ARRAYAN Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
RUMIYACO Fm.
TOROYACO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gT
OC)
Poor Generation Potentialand/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation PotentialLow thermal maturity
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gT
OC)
I
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
H
ydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
I
II
III
0.5%
Ro
Immature Mature Overmature
1.35% Ro
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Caballos Fm. Villeta Fm.
Hydrogen Index
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
12
1622
33
35
50mg HC/g TOC
150mg HC/g TOC
250mg HC/g TOC
350mg HC/g TOC
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
12
1622
23
33
0mg HC/g TOC
40mg HC/g TOC
80mg HC/g TOC
120mg HC/g TOC
160mg HC/g TOC
200mg HC/g TOC
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
16
1. ACAE-22. AZUL GRANDE-23. BAGRE WEST-14. BURDINE-15. CAFELINA-16. CALDERO-1
7. CARIBE-48. CONDOR-19. CONEJO-110. DOLORES-111. EVELYN-112. GARZA-1
LEGEND
13.GAVILAN WEST-214. HORMIGA-1X15. LAS CHICAS-116. LUCILLE-117. MANDUR-118. MANDUR-3
19. MIRAFLOR-120. NANCY-121. ORITO SUR-122. ORITO-2023. PINUNA-124. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-126. QUILLACINGA-127. RO MOCOA-128. RO PESCADO-129. RO SEVILLA-130. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-232. TEMBLN-1X33. TOROYACO-134. TUCN-135. URIBE-136. VENADO-1
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
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Caballos Fm. Villeta Fm.
Organic Matter Content (TOC)
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
6912
1622
31
33
35
0.6% wt
0.9% wt
1.2% wt
1.5% wt
1.8% wt
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
612
1622
23
33
0.2% wt
0.8% wt
1.4% wt
2% wt
2.6% wt
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
1. ACAE-22. AZUL GRANDE-23. BAGRE WEST-14. BURDINE-15. CAFELINA-16. CALDERO-1
7. CARIBE-48. CONDOR-19. CONEJO-110. DOLORES-111. EVELYN-112. GARZA-1
LEGEND
13.GAVILAN WEST-214. HORMIGA-1X15. LAS CHICAS-116. LUCILLE-117. MANDUR-118. MANDUR-3
19. MIRAFLOR-120. NANCY-121. ORITO SUR-122. ORITO-2023. PINUNA-124. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-126. QUILLACINGA-127. RO MOCOA-128. RO PESCADO-129. RO SEVILLA-130. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-232. TEMBLN-1X33. TOROYACO-134. TUCN-135. URIBE-136. VENADO-1
17 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
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CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
18
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows thatoils from the Caballos, Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs have low oleananeindex values (
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Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between the crude oils from the
Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes wereformed from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A).
- The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino formationswith rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations. In this graph there is better correlation of Caballos formation crudes withVilleta formation extracts than with Caballos formation extracts, and of Villeta formation oils with Caballos and Villeta extracts.Additionally this graph suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks.
Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
- Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations(low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34 hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29steranes).
- This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!), Caballos (!), Villeta(!), Villeta - Pepino (!) and Caballos - Pepino (!).
Villeta -
19 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
LEGEND
A B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Diasteranes / Steranes
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
C35/C34HopaneRatio
DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) ORHIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) ORLOW REDUCING CONDITIONS (OXIC)
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
CRUDE- PEPINO Fm.
CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Diasteranes / Steranes
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
DECRESING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES)
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CATATUMBO BASIN
GeneralitiesWells and SeepsCrude Oil QualityDepositional Environments
ChromatographySource Rock CharacterizationSource Rock Quality and Maturity MapsGas Characterization
G liti
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From Barrero et al, 2007
Fluvial
Uri
ban
teGr.
STRATIGRAPHICUNITS
Fluvial
Stream
Aguardiente
Capacho Fm.
La Luna Fm.
Coln Fm.
Mito-Juan Fm.Catatumbo Fm.Barco Fm.
Los Cuervos Fm.
Mirador Fm.
Carbonera Fm.
Len Fm.
Guayabo Fm.
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
Mercedes
TibRo Negro
Girn Gp.
La Quinta Fm.
LITHOLOGY ENVIRONMENT
Generalities
The source rock geochemical informationinterpreted for the Catatumbo Basin
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysisdata from 1195 samples taken in 33 wells;additionally 343 organic petrographysamples from 21 wells were interpreted.
Crude oil information from 146 bulkanalysis samples, 235 liquid chromatographysamples, 275 gas chromatography samples,242 biomarker samples and 170 isotopessamples were also interpreted.
CATATUMBO BASIN21
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BarranquillaSanta Marta
Valledupar
Cucuta
Bucaramanga
VENEZUELAB.S.M.F 03
CATATUMBO BASINLOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
7
8
9
10
11
72 71737475
72 71737475
7
8
9
10
11
BOUNDARIESNorth: Geographic Border with Venezuela
South: Eastern Cordillera Cretaceous rocks
West: Santader Massif igneous and metamorphics
East: Geographic Border with Venezuela
B.S.M.F. Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System
From Barrero et al., 2007
Catatumboflexure zone
Easternflexure zone
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTIONCATATUMBO BASIN
W E
Basement Lower Cretaceous
Cenozoic
Upper Cretaceous
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
10Km
1000m
0
scale approx..
Modified from Yurewicz, et al., 1998
From Barrero et al., 2007
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CATATUMBO BASIN
Wells and Seeps
The number of wells and/or surface locationswith geochemical information in the Catatumbo
Basin is 56.
Seeps are located at the northwestern andeastern parts of the basin. Oil fields are mostlylocated to the east of the basin.
22
CUCUTA
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1340000
1360000
1380000
1400000
1420000
1440000
1460000
1480000
1500000
0 10 20Kms
Oil and gas fields
Wells with geochemical information
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
Puerto Barco
Ro de Oro
Tib - Socuavo
Yuca
Sardinata
Petrolea
Carbonera
Ro Zulia
VENEZUELA
EASTERNCORDILLERA
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
TIB
PUERTOSANTANDER
Crude Oil Quality
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Crude Oil Quality
CATATUMBO BASIN23
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 25 to 45 and sulfur contentbetween 0 and 1.2% are present in the basin. There is a straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, showing that high API gravity mature oils have low sulfurcontent regarding low API gravity less mature oils. (Figure A).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxicenvironment with marine organic matter input (Figure C).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating thatsimilar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related tovertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact thatdifferent API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting differentpreservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
-The oils of the Catatumbo Basin are of excellent quality, with high API gravity andlow sulfur content and its high thermal evolution explains the high API gravity.
LEGEND
AB
C
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
BARCO Fm.
BARCO - LOS CUERVOS Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Gr.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60API Gravity
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Depth(Feet)
Biodegraded Oil
Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
20 30 40 50 60API Gravity
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
%Sulfur
Maturity
0 1 2
Ni / V
0
1
2
%Sulfur
Anoxic Marine
Lacustrine or Continental
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Depositional Environments
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CATATUMBO BASIN
Depositional Environments
24
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have originfrom mixed terrestrial-marine organic matter (Type II-III kerogens), have sufferedlow biodegradation and are thermally mature. There are some samples in theterrestrial kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial organic matter (Type IIIkerogen) deposited in more oxidizing conditions (Figure A).
- The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with higher APIgravity has higher C29 isomerization and close to equilibrium (stability boundary) asa result of their high thermal maturity (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows thatmost oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane above 1, indicatingthat these oils were generated from rocks with variable carbonatic input deposited in
a shelf marine environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopaneindex but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marinedeltaic environments (Figure C).
LEGEND
A
B
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
BARCO Fm.
ESCANDALOSA Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Gr.
YURUMA SUPERIOR Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
0.1 1 10 100Phytane / nC18
0.1
1
10
100
Pristane/nC17
Biode
gradatio
n
Matur
ity
Oxid
ixing
Reducing
Terre
strial T
ype III K
erogen
Type
II Kero
gen
Algal,
Redu
cing E
nviro
nment
Mixe
d Kero
gen I
I -III
0 10 20 30 40 50 60API Gravity
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
C29abb
/C29abb+aaa
Maturity
Stability boundary
Marine Carbonatic
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
C35/C34Hopane
Depositional Environments
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Depositional Environments
CATATUMBO BASIN25
-
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in marine carbonatic and siliciclasticenvironments, with low terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane indexvalues and t
correspond to the La Luna and Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (lowbiodegradation).
The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (
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CATATUMBO BASIN
Chromatography
The crude oil of the Tib-366 well is characterizedby showing in gas chromatography, predominanceof low molecular weight paraffins (high thermalmaturity) and Pristane/Phytane ratio < 1.0.
.
The high degree of thermal evolution of the oilhas reduced the hopanes and steranes abundanceand increased the tricyclics in the oil
5 10 15 20 25 30
counts
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
FID1 A, (GEOQ1107\2897755.D)
N-C11
N-C12
N-C13
N-C14
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
Pri
stane N
-C18
Phytane
N-C19
N-C20
N-C21
N
-C22
N-C23
N-C
24
N-C2
5
N-C26
N-C27
N-C28
N-C29
N-C30
Well Tib - 366
Chromatogrammin
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Time-->
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-TIB366.D
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-TIB366.D
Time-->
Fragmentogram m/z 191
Fragmentogram m/z 217
26
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Diasteranes
Source Rock Characterization
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Source Rock Characterization
27 CATATUMBO BASIN
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples
thedepletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data alsoindicate that most of the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Los Cuervos, Len and Guayaboformations), have poor generation potential with the exception of the Barco andCarbonera formations which have samples with good generation potential (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows thatrock samples from the Cretaceous Uribante Group and La Luna, Capacho andCatatumbo formations, along with the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formationshave type II oil-prone kerogen. Some samples of these units also have type III kerogenvalues. The Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic units (Mirador and LosCuervos formations) have samples predominantly of type III gas-prone kerogen totype IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2peak, indicate that most samples have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/gTOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and there are few samples with good generationpotential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).In the case of theCretaceous rocks should be considered that these units are deeply buried in the
basin, and the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samplesfrom the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity toovermature conditions in the basin, being the Cretaceous units more mature than theCenozoic units, explaining the high thermal maturity indicated by the oils found inthe basin (Figure C).
LEGEND
A B
C
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC
)
III
III
1.35% Ro
0.5
%
Ro
Immature Mature Overmature
BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
CATATUMBO Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
COLN Fm.
COLON/LA LUNA Fm.
CAPACHO Fm.GUAYABO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm.
LEN Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
MITO JUAN Fm.
OSTREA Fm.
UNKNOWN
URAMITA Fm.
URIBANTE Gr.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/g
TOC)
Poor Generation Potentialand/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation Potential
Low thermal maturity
0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/g
TOC)
I I I
I I I
IV
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Source Rock Characterization
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CATATUMBO BASIN 28
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples fromCretaceous units (Uribante Group, La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations) and Cenozoic units (Barco, Los Cuervos and Carboneraformations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the UpperCretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic Guayabo and Len formations their samples indicate poor oil generation potential
(Figure A). G
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence deposited in the basin is mostly mature to overmaturewhich is in good agreement with the API Gravity and high thermal maturity of the oils found (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of theUribante Group, and La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Barco and Carbonera formations also havegood to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are themore mature sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin, and that the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations are also in an earliermaturity stage in the basin.
(S2 2.0, C35/C34 hopanes 5 mg HC/g rock) were obtainedfrom the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence, and from the Cenozoic Chimborazo,Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned are mature to overmature in thebasin (Figure C). There is no clear correlation between stratigraphic position andthermal maturity, because younger and older rocks have similar maturities, whichsuggests that there is some process in the basin affecting in the same way the wholestratigraphic sequence, possibly related to the extensive presence of intrusive rocksin the basin.
LEGEND
A B
C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
Poor Generation Potentialand/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation Potential
Low thermal maturity
AGUA CLARA Fm.
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
DIABASICO Gr.MOSQUERA Fm.
PEA MORADA Fm.
RIO GUABAS SECTION
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
ESMITA Fm.
FERREIRA Fm.
GUACHINTE Fm.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
I I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
III
III
1.35% Ro
0.5
%
Ro
Immature Mature Overmature
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37 CAUCA - PATA BASIN
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples fromCretaceous (Chapungo sequence) and Cenozoic units (Mosquera, Ferreira, and Esmita formations)
(Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that most of the samples are immature or close to early maturity in the basin.However some samples are in the oil generation window and even overmature in accordance with Tmax data. In this graph it isimportant to notice that due to the fact that the samples were taken from outcrops, the depth is a relative depth corresponding to thestratigraphic position of the samples in the field column and not burial depths (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the
Chapungo Sequence and the Cenozoic rocks of the Mosquera, Ferreira and Esmita formations. Maturity data from outcrop samplesindicate that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from thehigh thermal maturity reached by some potential source rocks in the basin.
with good to excellent oil generationpotential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the Cretaceous Ro GuabasFormation and Cenozoic Mosquera and Cinta de Piedra formations, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do nothave good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquidhydrocarbons generation
LEGEND
A
BAGUA CLARA Fm.
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
DIABASICO Gr.
MOSQUERA Fm.
PEA MORADA Fm.
RIO GUABAS SECTIONCHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
ESMITA Fm.
FERREIRA Fm.
GUACHINTE Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
40
S2(mgHC/gROCK)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Depth(Feet)
Immature Overmature(Gas Window)
OilWindow
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Surface Geochemistry
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CAUCA- PATA BASIN
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samplesindicate that most of the hydrocarbons in the basin arethermogenic, formed mainly during oil generationwindow with minor presence of high maturity
hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
(Figure A).
Isotopic data from these type of samples indicatethermogenic origin of the gases with mixing betweendifferent thermal maturity hydrocarbons, generationfrom type II and III kerogens, and to a minor extentmicrobial oxidation (Figure B).
There are veryfew samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas animportant process in the basin.
38
LEGENDA
B
0 1 2 3 4 50.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C2/(C3+C4)
1
10
100
1000
C1/(C2+C3)
Microbial gas
Dry gas
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
Oil
UNKNOWN
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20-95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25
d13C Methane (o/oo)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
C1/(C2+C3)
BacterialPredominantly methyltype fermentation
PredominantlyCO2 reduction
Microbialoxidation
Mixed
Type II Kerogen
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic
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CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN
GeneralitiesWells and Seeps
Source Rock CharacterizationSource Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
Surface Geochemistry
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
CESAR RANCHERA BASIN
Generalities
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CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTIONCESAR - RANCHERIA BASIN
W E
Basement Cretaceous CenozoicUpper Cretaceous
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
0
1
2
3
4
secTime
CESAR RANCHERA BASINLOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRASIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
BOUNDARIES
SW: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (B.S.M.F)
E-SE: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the
de Perij (22); Colombian-Venezuelanboundary.
Serrana
NE: Oca Fault (O.F.)
NW: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Sierra Nevadade Santa Marta (23)
Caribbean Sea
RiohachaSanta Marta
BarranquillaValledupar
22
05
VENEZUELA
B.S.M.F
72 71737475
9
10
11
12
72 71737475
9
10
11
12
23
22
PALEOGENE
NEOGENE
RESERVOIR
SOURCE
LITHOLOGYTRAP
RANCHERIACESAR C R C R
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
STRAT. UNITS
CESAR RANCHERIA
STRAT. UNITS
GENERATION
MIGRATION
La Jagua
Barco Fm.
Delicias Fm.
Molino Fm.
Laja/La Luna
Aguas Blancas
Lagunitas Fm.
Ro negro Fm.
La Quinta Fm.
Cachiri Gp.
Volcanoclastics
Cerrejn Fm.
Manantial Fm.
Hato Nuevo
Manaure Fm.
Laja/La Luna
Aguas Blancas
Lagunitas Fm.
Ro negro Fm.
La Quinta Fm.
Cachiri Gp.
Palmito Sh.Tabaco Ss.
ConjuntoCalcreo
ConjuntoConglomertico
CRETACEOUS
JURA.
HIATUS
HIATUS
Limestones Sandstones Shales Conglomerates Coals
The source rock geochemical informationinterpreted for the Cesar - Ranchera Basinincludes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from417 samples taken in 4 wells and 81 samples from
outcrops; additionally 91 organic petrographysamples from 4 wells and 62 samples fromoutcrops, and 417 surface geochemistry sampleswere also interpreted.
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data,crude oil interpretation can not be made for thebasin.
40
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Barrero et al., 2007
Wells and Seeps
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The number of wells and/or surface locations withgeochemical information in the Cesar - Ranchera
Basin is 18.
CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN41
VALLEDUPAR
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000CERREJON-1
CESAR A-1X
Cesar F-1X
CESAR H-1X
CH31
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1
EL PASO-1
EL PASO-2
EL PASO-3EL PASO-4
LOS VENADOS-1
M75MM194
MOLINO 1-X
MS63
PAPAYAL-1
RIO MARACAS-1
0 25 50Kms
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
Wells with geochemical information
Oil seeps
Cities/Towns
FONSECA
LA JAGUADE IBIRICO
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Source Rock CharacterizationLEGEND
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CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN 42
A B
C
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples
(Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows thatrock samples from the Cretaceous Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molinoformations have type II oil-prone kerogen. The Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation alsohas type II kerogen, but there are samples from this formation and the CretaceousMolino Formation with type III gas-prone kerogen in the basin. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino
formations and the Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formations have good generation potential(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samplesfrom the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturityovermature conditions in the basin. Maturity increases with burial depth being theEarly Cretaceous rocks (Ro Negro, Lagunitas and Aguas Blancas formations) more
mature, with samples of the Lagunitas, La Luna and Molino formations at the oilgeneration peak (Figure C).
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LAGUNITAS Fm.
MOLINO Fm.
RIO NEGRO Fm.
UNKNOWN
LA QUINTA Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
Poor Generation Potential
and/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation PotentialLow thermal maturity
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/
gTOC)
I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTO
C)
III
III
1.35% Ro
0.5
%
Ro
Immature Mature Overmature
Source Rock Characterization
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
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Immature Overmature
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LEGEND LEGEND
43 CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN
AB
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples fromCretaceous (Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna, and Molino formations ) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos Formation)
(Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that many samples in the basin are mature or overmature at the Cesar A-1X and
Compae-1 well locations to the south of the basin, and less mature at the El Molino-1X and El Paso-3 wells to the north. (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of theLagunitas,Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos formation. Maturity data indicatethat the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the highthermal maturity reached by potential source rocks in the basin.
with good toexcellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from theCretaceous Lagunitas Formation and Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), donot have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquidhydrocarbons generation
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LAGUNITAS Fm.
MOLINO Fm.
RIO NEGRO Fm.
UNKNOWN
LA QUINTA Fm.LOS CUERVOS Fm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
0
10
20
30
S2(mgHC/gROCK)
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
CESAR A-1X
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1X
EL PASO-3
0.1 1 10
%Ro
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Depth(Feet)
Immature Overmature(Gas Window)
OilWindow
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CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) Hydrogen Index
La Luna Formation
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
COMPAE-1
EL MOLINO-1X
0.46% Ro to 0.61% Ro0.61% Ro to 0.75% Ro
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000
COMPAE-1
253mg HC/g TOC
44
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
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Organic Matter Content (TOC)
La Luna Formation
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
1520000
1540000
1560000
1580000
1600000
1620000
1640000
1660000
1680000
1700000
1720000 CH31
M75 MM194
MS63
COMPAE-1
0% wt
1% wt
2% wt
3% wt
4% wt
45 CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Surface Geochemistry
1000
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CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN
LEGEND
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samplesindicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formedmainly during late oil generation window (condensates)with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas
generation window) with some mixing between differentthermal maturity hydrocarbons.
Isotopic data indicates thermogenic generation fromprobably type II and type III kerogens
There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
46
A
B
UNKNOWN
0 1 2 3 4 50.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
C2/(C3+C4)
1
10
100
1000
C1/(C2+C3)
Microbial gas
Dry gasMixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
Oil
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20-95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25
d13C Methane (o/oo)
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
C1/(C2+C3)
BacterialPredominantly methyltype fermentation
PredominantlyCO2 reduction
Microbialoxidation
Mixed
Type II Kerogen
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic
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CHOC BASIN
GeneralitiesWells and Seeps
Source Rock CharacterizationSurface Geochemistry
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Generalities
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CHOC BASIN 48
W E
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTIONCHOCO BASIN
Oceanic Crust Paleocene Neogene
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
sec
0
1
2
3
Pacific Ocean
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
PERU
ECUADOR
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
CHOC BASINLOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
BOUNDARIESN-NW: Geographic border of Panam
South: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.)
NW: Serrana de Baud (SB)
SW: Present Pacific coastline
East:
Cretaceous rocks of the WesternCordillera (WC) and partially theMurind fault (M.F.)
Mande quartzdiorite (M.B.), the
PANAMA
06 Medellin
Ibagu
Pacific Ocean
U.F S.
..G3
4
5
75767779 7880
6
7
8
75767779 7880
3
4
5
6
7
8
SBM.B.
WC
M.F
Quibd
The source rock geochemical information interpreted forthe Choc Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysisdata from 168 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 68
organic petrography samples from 2 locations, and 333surface geochemistry samples were interpreted.
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oilinterpretation was not made for the basin.
From Barrero et al., 2007
From Barrero et al., 2007From Mojica et al.,, 2010
D
2500
MUNGUID
4500
500
4300
SANJUAN
CONGL.
LAMOJARRA
ISTMINA
SIERR
A
OLIG
IR
1000
CONDOTO
2.5-5-AVERAGE3.75
3-8-AVERAGE5.5
CAA
SGORDAS
LAEQUIS
STA.CECILIA
?
?
PERIOD
GROUP
FORMATION
LITHOLOGY
DTHICKNESS(m)
TOC
SCI
PETROLEUM
SYSTEM
SANDSTONES
PLIOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
2500
MUNGUID
UPPERMIOCENE
4500
500
4300
SANJUAN
LOWERMIOCENE
CONGL.
LAMOJARRA
ISTMINA
SIERR
A
OLIG
IR
PALEOCENE-EOCENE
ATRATO
1000
CONDOTO
CONGLOMERATES
0.35%-0.70%-AVERAGE:0.57%
0.23%-13.6%-AVERAGE:3.8%
CRETACEOUS
CAA
SGORDAS
LAEQUIS
STA.CECILIA
?
?
MANDEBAT
HOLITH
LIMESTONES,MUDROCKS,CHERTS.
SILTSTONESAND LITHIC
SANDSTONES
DARKMUD STONES,MARLSAND
CHERTS.
DIABASES,BASALTSAND BASIC
TUFFS,WITH DIFFERENT
SEDIMENTARYBEDS
SANDSTONESINTERBEDDEDWITH
MUDSTONES.
LIMESTONESAND MUDSTONES
INTERBEDDEDWITH IMPURE
SANDSTONES.
SILTSTONESAND CLAYSTONESWITH
BEDSOFCONGLOM ERATESAND
SANDSTONES.
CONGLOMERATES
CLAYSTONES
LIMESTONES
SANDSTONES,CONGLOMERATIC
SANDSTONESAND SILTSTONES.
BASALCONGLOMERATE,
SANDSTONESAND MUDSTONES.
LIMESTONES,SANDSTONESANDMUDSTONES.
LIMESTONESAND MARLS
INTERBEDDEDWITH CHERTAND
MUDSTONES.SANDSTONE
INTERCALATIONSIN THETOP.
Atrato Sub-Basin San Juan Sub-Basin
Wells and Seeps
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The number of wells and/or surface locations withgeochemical information in the Choc Basin is 2.
Oil seeps are mainly located at the southern andeastern parts of the basin.
CHOC BASIN49
QUIBD
600000 650000 700000 750000
950000
1000000
1050000
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
1350000
BUCHADO-1
0 25 50Kms
Map datum: Magna SirgasCoord. origin: Bogot
Wells with geochemical information
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
PACIFICOCEAN
WESTERN
CORDILLERA
PANAM
BAHASOLANO
ITSMINA
RIOSUCIO
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
Source Rock Characterization
A B600
700
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CHOC BASIN
LEGEND
50
A B
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples
l (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows thatrock samples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have type I and II oil-prone kerogens.In the case of the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerado de la Mojarra formations theirsamples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
-
for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2peak, indicate that samples from the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de laMojarra formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5
mg HC/g rock) but considering the high thermal maturity reached according to Tmaxdata, their present values could be evidence of organic content depletion, andsamples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have good to excellent generationpotential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).
The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samplesfrom the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmaturegeneration conditions in the basin, being the samples from the Itsmina Formation the
most mature in the basin, and this high thermal maturity reached by these rockscould cause depletion in the organic content, giving low HI and S2 values.Considering this, it is very unlikely that these samples represent the real generationpotential of these formations in the basin (Figure C).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
0
100
200
300
400
500
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
Poor Generation Potential
and/or High thermal maturity
Excellent Generation PotentialLow thermal maturity
IR Fm.
UNKNOWN
CONGLOMERADOSDE LA MOJARRA Fm.
ISTMINA Fm.0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTOC)
I I I
I I I
IV
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
0
200
400
600
HydrogenIndex(mgHC/gTO
C)
III
III
1.35% Ro
0.5
%
Ro
Immature Mature Overmature
Source Rock CharacterizationORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA
A B
80 800
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51 CHOC BASIN
LEGEND
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samplesfrom the Ir Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A).
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from the Ir Formation have the best source rockcharacteristics (HI values > 300 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC > 2), which are typical from rocks deposited in shelf marine environments.Again the low HI and %TOC values for the samples of the Itsmina Formation could be affected by the high thermal maturity reached bythis unit, and the data could not be