Introducción.
Este libro está diseñado para ayudar a los aprendices, que han estudiado el hiragana y
katakana, a aprender la gramática fundamental en poco tiempo. Las explicaciones están
simplificadas para que los autodidactas puedan aprender fácilmente.
El libro cubre la gramática necesaria para aprobar el JLPT N5, pero recomiendo usarlo en
conjunto con otro libro para alcanzar un nivel práctico.
El propósito de este libro también es ayudar a aprender la gramática en un corto período de
tiempo y luego utilizarla inmediatamente en la práctica.
Al final de este libro, casi habrás dominado la gramática de las conversaciones simples. Puedes
terminarlo en un o dos meses ya que el volumen es adecuado para estudiar cada día. La
aplicación gratuita de aprendizaje de japonés "Coban" para iPhone también puede ser usada en
conjunto con este libro para aprender más eficientemente.
Gramática Japonesa : Coban para aprender japonés
Gratis https://apps.apple.com/es/app/japanese-grammar-coban/id1506009508
Esta es una aplicación para estudiar una combinación de gramática básica, vocabulario, pronunciación y
kanji usando diferentes ejercicios y técnicas.
Los archivos de audio están disponibles para todos los materiales (ejercicios, palabras, etc.) para que puedas
aprender la pronunciación correcta.También te familiarizarás con las más de 800 palabras necesarias para
aprobar el JLPT N5.
Los temas gramaticales cubren tanto los conceptos básicos como los más avanzados.
Tus esfuerzos se registran en tu página de perfil para motivarte a aprender cada vez más japonés.
- Nota -
: No es
(wa) es una partícula que indica el sujeto de la oración poniéndolo de relieve.
(desu) es una palabra que expresa afirmación, pero a veces se emplea como forma
coloquial para expresar cortesía, también en pasado o negativo.
Corresponde en español al verbo “ser” en presente.
Se sustituye (desu) por (dewa arimasen), que expresa el presente negativo.
- Nota -
- 6 -
Ken no es americano.
A menudo se omite el sujeto cuando se sabe de qué estamos hablando.
•

• Soy estudiante.
(dewa arimasen) se cambia a (ja naidesu) en el lenguaje
hablado. Es una simple transformación fonética.
•

null
1.7400811
XXX - proc_tm = "0.074"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.779"; date = "20200509_11:03:24.376"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=7&f2=7&f3=11&f4=5&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=5&f9=13&f10=5&f11=9&f12=13&f13=3&f14=15&f15=5&f16=5&f17=7&f18=5&f19=12&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,74,x P,46,116,91,i P,116,206,85,N P,206,276,82,R P,276,396,93,a P,396,536,51,k P,536,596,86,n P,596,686,87,A P,686,776,80,E P,776,816,82,G P,816,896,92,^ P,896,976,86,z P,976,1046,81,E P,1046,1156,77,m P,1156,1206,88,i P,1206,1336,92,I P,1336,1426,79,N P,1426,1516,87,H P,1516,1606,76,D P,1606,1696,91,a P,1696,1726,80,! P,1726,1756,58,x"; text = "±óo¢á꫺goB~[ ";
null
1.2658772
XXX - proc_tm = "0.116"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.273"; date = "20190710_19:20:16.693"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=3&f1=15&f2=9&f3=9&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=5&f8=0&f9=8&f10=8&f11=8&f12=7&f13=1&f14=2&f15=0&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,78,x P,46,86,82,a P,86,146,59,b P,146,196,82,i P,196,306,76,s P,306,356,71,! P,356,496,87,^ P,496,566,55,k P,566,626,88,a P,626,676,60,G P,676,746,66,x P,746,796,64,s P,796,916,77,u P,916,976,56,n P,976,1046,78,U P,1046,1126,68,v P,1126,1256,39,x"; text = "ÁofgY ";
null
1.2538772
XXX - proc_tm = "0.051"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.163"; date = "20190818_06:09:39.651"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=11&f2=15&f3=4&f4=4&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=6&f9=2&f10=7&f11=15&f12=9&f13=9&f14=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,66,59,x P,66,126,82,R P,126,246,83,i P,246,406,90,c P,406,516,33,k P,516,626,69,N P,626,666,69,d P,666,706,68,E P,706,766,50,d P,766,826,80,F P,826,886,67,n P,886,956,82,i P,956,1116,65,s P,1116,1146,26,x"; text = "So[FgY ";
null
1.1493875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.046"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.045"; date = "20190813_10:24:12.615"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=12&f7=5&f8=7&f9=7&f10=5&f11=12&f12=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,12,x P,36,96,61,T P,96,146,87,i P,146,176,76,n P,176,256,84,i P,256,306,76,r P,306,466,68,a P,466,526,25,k P,526,586,72,l P,586,666,72,^ P,666,766,55,n P,766,856,80,A P,856,996,34,T P,996,1026,8,x"; text = "]o,gY ";
null
1.0013603
XXX - proc_tm = "0.051"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.931"; date = "20190818_06:09:40.533"; host = "APS-8"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=7&f1=15&f2=4&f3=4&f4=14&f5=5&f6=9&f7=10&f8=15&f9=9&f10=0&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,99,x P,36,96,83,n P,96,166,86,i P,166,296,91,c P,296,376,47,k P,376,426,81,! P,426,466,90,n P,466,576,80,s P,576,636,81,S P,636,686,63,n P,686,766,83,i P,766,836,70,s P,836,906,41,x"; text = "BoÑgY ";
null
1.6393465
XXX - proc_tm = "0.066"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.492"; date = "20200102_15:48:49.776"; host = "APS-19"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=7&f2=7&f3=11&f4=5&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=5&f9=13&f10=6&f11=15&f12=9&f13=12&f14=3&f15=15&f16=9&f17=0&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,70,x P,46,116,86,i P,116,236,79,N P,236,286,81,R P,286,376,92,I P,376,576,62,k P,576,626,82,n P,626,716,89,A P,716,796,82,E P,796,856,74,t P,856,946,89,e P,946,1036,81,z P,1036,1106,78,l P,1106,1226,71,b P,1226,1286,83,i P,1286,1346,76,z P,1346,1476,62,x"; text = "±óo¢á꫺gY ";
null
1.6892512
XXX - proc_tm = "0.06"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.698"; date = "20190818_12:46:41.337"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=9&f1=9&f2=9&f3=9&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=5&f8=2&f9=2&f10=15&f11=15&f12=7&f13=8&f14=5&f15=3&f16=2&f17=2&f18=2&f19=15&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,68,x P,46,86,72,a P,86,146,47,b P,146,196,72,i P,196,306,66,s P,306,356,60,! P,356,486,80,^ P,486,556,48,k P,556,646,85,a P,646,686,48,b P,686,816,59,F P,816,926,68,i P,926,996,51,n P,996,1086,70,u P,1086,1206,74,H P,1206,1256,59,n P,1256,1306,43,N P,1306,1386,57,m P,1386,1516,66,F P,1516,1576,75,i P,1576,1636,74,H P,1636,1676,41,x"; text = "ÁofgoB~[ ";
null
1.6435913
XXX - proc_tm = "0.072"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.698"; date = "20200509_11:03:22.606"; host = "DCAPS-3"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=11&f2=5&f3=11&f4=8&f5=8&f6=14&f7=5&f8=5&f9=12&f10=12&f11=12&f12=15&f13=15&f14=5&f15=5&f16=7&f17=12&f18=12&f19=15&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,76,53,x P,76,136,87,R P,136,246,88,A P,246,306,85,R P,306,416,97,W P,416,546,47,k P,546,626,94,A P,626,726,72,! P,726,766,56,d P,766,916,69,T P,916,966,82,i P,966,996,78,n P,996,1056,87,i P,1056,1106,86,! P,1106,1196,92,a P,1196,1406,82,N P,1406,1516,82,T P,1516,1576,89,i P,1576,1636,88,H P,1636,1676,70,x"; text = "So[FgoB~[ ";
null
1.2898772
XXX - proc_tm = "0.08"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.419"; date = "20200509_11:03:23.271"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=13&f2=15&f3=15&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=1&f8=1&f9=13&f10=5&f11=5&f12=7&f13=5&f14=12&f15=5&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,34,x P,46,126,62,T P,126,186,75,E P,186,306,78,i P,306,446,90,a P,446,546,34,k P,546,736,69,O P,736,796,73,E P,796,836,78,i P,836,976,83,I P,976,1066,61,N P,1066,1126,77,H P,1126,1246,62,D P,1246,1316,81,H P,1316,1366,69,N P,1366,1396,28,x"; text = "]o,goB~[ ";
null
1.326122
XXX - proc_tm = "0.059"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.420"; date = "20200509_11:03:23.846"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=5&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=9&f7=9&f8=15&f9=5&f10=5&f11=5&f12=7&f13=3&f14=2&f15=15&f16=5&f17=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,54,x P,56,146,79,I P,146,236,62,i P,236,296,74,R P,296,356,75,a P,356,406,31,v P,406,486,82,a P,486,616,51,s P,616,676,36,E P,676,706,36,D P,706,786,65,i P,786,826,55,l P,826,946,72,I P,946,1036,24,N P,1036,1106,41,m P,1106,1236,52,F P,1236,1296,70,i P,1296,1356,69,H P,1356,1396,13,x"; text = "BoÑgoB~[ "; àN|Åmdata±

1.
Yo soy americano.
Ken no es americano.
null
1.6713464
XXX - proc_tm = "0.121"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.570"; date = "20200316_18:42:38.365"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=9&f4=11&f5=8&f6=14&f7=14&f8=7&f9=5&f10=13&f11=6&f12=15&f13=9&f14=12&f15=3&f16=15&f17=9&f18=0&f19=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,86,x P,56,116,77,n P,116,146,88,D P,146,196,88,! P,196,306,86,s P,306,346,82,! P,346,396,85,R P,396,466,93,W P,466,606,57,k P,606,646,98,I P,646,706,86,n P,706,796,90,A P,796,876,83,E P,876,926,76,t P,926,1026,89,e P,1026,1116,82,z P,1116,1186,80,l P,1186,1296,73,b P,1296,1366,85,i P,1366,1426,79,z P,1426,1546,66,x"; text = "Áo¢á꫺gY ";
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.044"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.996"; date = "20191207_09:39:31.016"; host = "APS-18"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=13&f2=13&f3=5&f4=5&f5=5&f6=1&f7=5&f8=7&f9=5&f10=12&f11=12&f12=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,46,x P,56,106,87,l P,106,226,81,E P,226,266,72,l P,266,396,74,a P,396,476,20,H P,476,536,71,w P,536,616,72,^ P,616,716,56,n P,716,806,80,A P,806,946,34,T P,946,976,8,x"; text = "So,gY "; 62Sdata|
null
1.2376323
XXX - proc_tm = "0.078"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.291"; date = "20191027_06:29:48.551"; host = "APS-17"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=15&f3=9&f4=4&f5=4&f6=14&f7=5&f8=9&f9=5&f10=5&f11=3&f12=3&f13=15&f14=0&f15=0&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,74,x P,56,136,46,n P,136,186,79,e P,186,306,71,s P,306,436,71,c P,436,506,55,k P,506,626,89,I P,626,726,73,z P,726,836,87,^ P,836,916,52,m P,916,1016,40,b P,1016,1096,70,i P,1096,1146,55,t P,1146,1266,25,x"; text = "Áo
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.065"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.982"; date = "20200316_18:42:39.057"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=15&f2=11&f3=11&f4=11&f5=5&f6=5&f7=12&f8=10&f9=15&f10=9&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,0,x P,36,96,39,T P,96,146,82,i P,146,186,66,n P,186,256,78,i P,256,346,75,R P,346,406,77,^ P,406,456,41,v P,456,536,84,a P,536,626,55,T P,626,686,63,S P,686,746,38,n P,746,816,65,i P,816,886,44,s P,886,956,0,x"; text = "]oÑgY "; Oyiúdata°z
null
1.358367
XXX - proc_tm = "0.173"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.285"; date = "20191207_09:39:31.654"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=5&f2=3&f3=5&f4=5&f5=14&f6=13&f7=14&f8=5&f9=9&f10=13&f11=15&f12=0&f13=0&f14=0&f15=0&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,57,x P,56,156,86,A P,156,206,69,! P,206,266,64,m P,266,376,91,I P,376,456,32,G P,456,516,67,y P,516,616,71,G P,616,736,77,^ P,736,766,58,! P,766,836,76,s P,836,906,77,E P,906,956,60,! P,956,1006,55,n P,1006,1086,77,i P,1086,1136,64,t P,1136,1266,37,x"; text = "±óoå,ºgY ";
null
1.6435913
XXX - proc_tm = "0.092"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.698"; date = "20200509_11:03:26.058"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=11&f2=5&f3=11&f4=8&f5=8&f6=14&f7=5&f8=5&f9=12&f10=12&f11=12&f12=15&f13=15&f14=5&f15=5&f16=7&f17=12&f18=12&f19=15&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,76,53,x P,76,136,87,R P,136,246,88,A P,246,306,85,R P,306,416,97,W P,416,546,47,k P,546,626,94,A P,626,726,72,! P,726,766,56,d P,766,916,69,T P,916,966,82,i P,966,996,78,n P,996,1056,87,i P,1056,1106,86,! P,1106,1196,92,a P,1196,1406,82,N P,1406,1516,82,T P,1516,1576,89,i P,1576,1636,88,H P,1636,1676,70,x"; text = "So[FgoB~[ ";
null
1.4426118
XXX - proc_tm = "0.068"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.402"; date = "20200509_11:45:26.276"; host = "APS-8"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=9&f7=9&f8=15&f9=5&f10=5&f11=5&f12=7&f13=3&f14=2&f15=15&f16=5&f17=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,9,x P,56,106,82,l P,106,216,76,i P,216,276,76,R P,276,336,78,a P,336,386,38,v P,386,466,84,a P,466,596,56,s P,596,656,42,E P,656,686,40,D P,686,766,69,i P,766,796,56,! P,796,926,73,I P,926,1016,36,N P,1016,1086,53,m P,1086,1216,57,F P,1216,1276,72,i P,1276,1336,73,H P,1336,1376,27,x"; text = "SoÑgoB~[ "; ü5)i4data2¯
null
1.7400811
XXX - proc_tm = "0.074"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.779"; date = "20200509_11:03:24.376"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=7&f2=7&f3=11&f4=5&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=5&f9=13&f10=5&f11=9&f12=13&f13=3&f14=15&f15=5&f16=5&f17=7&f18=5&f19=12&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,74,x P,46,116,91,i P,116,206,85,N P,206,276,82,R P,276,396,93,a P,396,536,51,k P,536,596,86,n P,596,686,87,A P,686,776,80,E P,776,816,82,G P,816,896,92,^ P,896,976,86,z P,976,1046,81,E P,1046,1156,77,m P,1156,1206,88,i P,1206,1336,92,I P,1336,1426,79,N P,1426,1516,87,H P,1516,1606,76,D P,1606,1696,91,a P,1696,1726,80,! P,1726,1756,58,x"; text = "±óo¢á꫺goB~[ ";
null
1.1493875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.046"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.045"; date = "20190813_10:24:12.615"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=12&f7=5&f8=7&f9=7&f10=5&f11=12&f12=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,12,x P,36,96,61,T P,96,146,87,i P,146,176,76,n P,176,256,84,i P,256,306,76,r P,306,466,68,a P,466,526,25,k P,526,586,72,l P,586,666,72,^ P,666,766,55,n P,766,856,80,A P,856,996,34,T P,996,1026,8,x"; text = "]o,gY ";
null
1.6393465
XXX - proc_tm = "0.066"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.492"; date = "20200102_15:48:49.776"; host = "APS-19"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=7&f2=7&f3=11&f4=5&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=5&f9=13&f10=6&f11=15&f12=9&f13=12&f14=3&f15=15&f16=9&f17=0&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,70,x P,46,116,86,i P,116,236,79,N P,236,286,81,R P,286,376,92,I P,376,576,62,k P,576,626,82,n P,626,716,89,A P,716,796,82,E P,796,856,74,t P,856,946,89,e P,946,1036,81,z P,1036,1106,78,l P,1106,1226,71,b P,1226,1286,83,i P,1286,1346,76,z P,1346,1476,62,x"; text = "±óo¢á꫺gY ";
null
1.6892512
XXX - proc_tm = "0.06"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.698"; date = "20190818_12:46:41.337"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=9&f1=9&f2=9&f3=9&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=5&f8=2&f9=2&f10=15&f11=15&f12=7&f13=8&f14=5&f15=3&f16=2&f17=2&f18=2&f19=15&f20=5&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,68,x P,46,86,72,a P,86,146,47,b P,146,196,72,i P,196,306,66,s P,306,356,60,! P,356,486,80,^ P,486,556,48,k P,556,646,85,a P,646,686,48,b P,686,816,59,F P,816,926,68,i P,926,996,51,n P,996,1086,70,u P,1086,1206,74,H P,1206,1256,59,n P,1256,1306,43,N P,1306,1386,57,m P,1386,1516,66,F P,1516,1576,75,i P,1576,1636,74,H P,1636,1676,41,x"; text = "ÁofgoB~[ ";
null
1.2898772
XXX - proc_tm = "0.08"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.419"; date = "20200509_11:03:23.271"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=13&f2=15&f3=15&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=1&f8=1&f9=13&f10=5&f11=5&f12=7&f13=5&f14=12&f15=5&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,34,x P,46,126,62,T P,126,186,75,E P,186,306,78,i P,306,446,90,a P,446,546,34,k P,546,736,69,O P,736,796,73,E P,796,836,78,i P,836,976,83,I P,976,1066,61,N P,1066,1126,77,H P,1126,1246,62,D P,1246,1316,81,H P,1316,1366,69,N P,1366,1396,28,x"; text = "]o,goB~[ ";
null
1.326122
XXX - proc_tm = "0.059"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.420"; date = "20200509_11:03:23.846"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=5&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=9&f7=9&f8=15&f9=5&f10=5&f11=5&f12=7&f13=3&f14=2&f15=15&f16=5&f17=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,54,x P,56,146,79,I P,146,236,62,i P,236,296,74,R P,296,356,75,a P,356,406,31,v P,406,486,82,a P,486,616,51,s P,616,676,36,E P,676,706,36,D P,706,786,65,i P,786,826,55,l P,826,946,72,I P,946,1036,24,N P,1036,1106,41,m P,1106,1236,52,F P,1236,1296,70,i P,1296,1356,69,H P,1356,1396,13,x"; text = "BoÑgoB~[ "; àN|Åmdata±
Lección 2
: Era
Partícula
: No era
En lugar de (desu) se añade (deshita), que expresa el pasado afirmativo.
La partícula final (ka) aporta un valor interrogativo a la oración y se coloca al final.
En lugar de (desu) se añade (dewa arimasendeshita), que expresa el
pasado negativo.
(dewa arimasendeshita) se cambia a (ja nakatta desu)
en el lenguaje hablado. Es una simple transformación fonética.
•

XXX - proc_tm = "0.067"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.772"; date = "20200509_12:44:56.636"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=7&f1=5&f2=13&f3=5&f4=9&f5=9&f6=13&f7=3&f8=3&f9=7&f10=5&f11=5&f12=13&f13=11&f14=12&f15=15&f16=12&f17=9&f18=9&f19=5&f20=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,88,x P,46,106,74,n P,106,176,79,A P,176,216,63,n P,216,286,66,E P,286,326,68,G P,326,396,86,^ P,396,486,74,z P,486,546,67,E P,546,666,59,m P,666,756,72,N P,756,946,89,I P,946,1006,65,E P,1006,1086,79,R P,1086,1116,88,! P,1116,1216,63,T P,1216,1266,84,e P,1266,1376,66,l P,1376,1406,68,D P,1406,1456,75,A P,1456,1576,60,s P,1576,1636,32,b P,1636,1716,89,a P,1716,1746,48,x"; text = "¢á꫺goB~[gW_ ";
null
1.2616323
XXX - proc_tm = "0.057"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.365"; date = "20190818_06:10:14.299"; host = "APS-8"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=12&f4=12&f5=8&f6=7&f7=5&f8=9&f9=9&f10=15&f11=15&f12=15&f13=9&f14=14&f15=8&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,78,x P,56,116,79,n P,116,176,87,a P,176,226,55,n P,226,256,70,t P,256,376,83,l P,376,456,97,W P,456,516,62,n P,516,566,51,d P,566,636,86,a P,636,686,60,G P,686,806,65,s P,806,916,76,i P,916,956,58,n P,956,1016,78,i P,1016,1086,62,z P,1086,1206,56,k P,1206,1316,84,W P,1316,1346,35,x"; text = "Bj_ofgYK ";
null
0.8881631
XXX - proc_tm = "0.033"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.721"; date = "20191207_09:39:32.250"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=7&f2=7&f3=7&f4=13&f5=14&f6=8&f7=8&f8=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,4,x P,46,96,55,w P,96,176,82,l P,176,276,53,n P,276,346,68,E P,346,396,60,Z P,396,446,49,t P,446,526,41,k P,526,636,91,W P,636,666,71,! P,666,696,38,x"; text = ",gYK ";
null
1.358367
XXX - proc_tm = "0.059"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.290"; date = "20191207_09:39:32.677"; host = "APS-18"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=15&f2=15&f3=15&f4=5&f5=13&f6=5&f7=1&f8=1&f9=9&f10=7&f11=7&f12=9&f13=9&f14=14&f15=4&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,44,x P,56,86,84,H P,86,146,85,a P,146,266,79,i P,266,396,77,a P,396,496,54,E P,496,576,64,H P,576,686,68,o P,686,736,50,N P,736,796,73,s P,796,846,74,E P,846,956,54,N P,956,996,68,E P,996,1086,55,z P,1086,1156,34,G P,1156,1236,87,c P,1236,1266,71,x"; text = "|oå,ºgYK ";
null
0.8881631
XXX - proc_tm = "0.049"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.782"; date = "20190818_12:09:45.078"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=14&f2=2&f3=2&f4=8&f5=5&f6=9&f7=9&f8=4&f9=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,85,x P,46,96,91,a P,96,156,63,G P,156,276,73,F P,276,396,78,u P,396,446,65,n P,446,506,86,A P,506,606,66,s P,606,656,38,b P,656,736,81,c P,736,766,31,x"; text = "fgW_ ";
null
0.94040793
XXX - proc_tm = "0.041"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.806"; date = "20200509_12:44:52.203"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=1&f1=1&f2=6&f3=14&f4=14&f5=15&f6=9&f7=9&f8=8&f9=8&f10=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,85,x P,46,146,74,O P,146,186,41,m P,186,246,67,t P,246,346,54,k P,346,386,77,i P,386,426,73,n P,426,496,89,i P,496,596,63,s P,596,656,38,b P,656,756,86,W P,756,786,31,x"; text = "[FgW_ ";
null
0.82742846
XXX - proc_tm = "0.042"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.642"; date = "20200509_12:44:52.599"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=1&f1=1&f2=1&f3=7&f4=13&f5=9&f6=5&f7=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,18,x P,46,96,57,w P,96,206,77,o P,206,286,65,n P,286,356,80,E P,356,466,58,z P,466,516,33,b P,516,586,93,a P,586,616,89,x"; text = ",gW_ "; éPÖ$¥data<P
null
0.64244896
XXX - proc_tm = "0.045"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.735"; date = "20200509_12:44:53.043"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=12&f2=12&f3=12&f4=15&f5=5&f6=12&f7=4&f8=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,61,x P,46,106,93,^ P,106,146,93,n P,146,286,80,T P,286,336,82,i P,336,386,67,n P,386,466,90,A P,466,556,69,T P,556,606,36,b P,606,686,85,c P,686,716,37,x"; text = "ÑgW_ ";
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.078"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.990"; date = "20200509_08:43:19.317"; host = "APS-17"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=5&f4=9&f5=9&f6=9&f7=7&f8=7&f9=9&f10=4&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,92,x P,46,106,78,n P,106,176,83,A P,176,226,68,n P,226,276,74,! P,276,326,70,G P,326,406,88,^ P,406,506,77,z P,506,706,67,N P,706,816,66,z P,816,866,38,b P,866,936,92,c P,936,966,55,x"; text = "¢á꫺gW_ ";
null
1.6195914
XXX - proc_tm = "0.061"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.539"; date = "20200509_12:44:54.320"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=2&f2=2&f3=2&f4=15&f5=8&f6=5&f7=5&f8=5&f9=7&f10=11&f11=12&f12=15&f13=12&f14=15&f15=9&f16=9&f17=5&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,69,x P,46,116,82,a P,116,166,55,G P,166,286,64,F P,286,366,77,i P,366,416,68,! P,416,466,57,b P,466,546,79,u P,546,666,81,H P,666,726,67,n P,726,766,63,E P,766,846,75,R P,846,886,87,! P,886,976,61,T P,976,1036,83,i P,1036,1156,65,l P,1156,1216,73,i P,1216,1346,59,s P,1346,1406,34,b P,1406,1486,87,a P,1486,1516,43,x"; text = "fgoB~[gW_ "; 9Â{Õ%data^À
null
1.6718361
XXX - proc_tm = "0.069"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.589"; date = "20200509_12:44:54.926"; host = "APS-8"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=5&f2=5&f3=3&f4=3&f5=15&f6=15&f7=15&f8=11&f9=5&f10=11&f11=12&f12=12&f13=15&f14=12&f15=9&f16=9&f17=5&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,90,x P,36,96,92,A P,96,206,61,! P,206,246,30,d P,246,346,44,p P,346,396,69,F P,396,446,73,i P,446,476,69,n P,476,586,83,e P,586,636,78,R P,636,766,90,I P,766,816,68,E P,816,896,76,R P,896,936,88,! P,936,1026,62,T P,1026,1086,83,i P,1086,1196,65,l P,1196,1226,69,D P,1226,1266,75,A P,1266,1396,60,s P,1396,1456,37,b P,1456,1536,87,a P,1536,1566,45,x"; text = "[FgoB~[gW_ ";
null
1.1853875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.047"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.342"; date = "20200509_12:44:55.624"; host = "APS-14"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=5&f2=5&f3=3&f4=13&f5=11&f6=5&f7=13&f8=11&f9=12&f10=15&f11=12&f12=13&f13=9&f14=5&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,14,x P,36,66,44,t P,66,186,80,^ P,186,246,56,m P,246,326,78,y P,326,396,80,R P,396,516,90,I P,516,586,66,E P,586,656,81,R P,656,686,87,! P,686,776,61,T P,776,836,82,i P,836,946,65,l P,946,1026,71,E P,1026,1146,59,s P,1146,1206,32,b P,1206,1286,88,a P,1286,1316,47,x"; text = ",goB~[gW_ ";
null
1.6718361
XXX - proc_tm = "0.062"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.562"; date = "20200509_12:44:56.144"; host = "APS-11"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=12&f2=12&f3=12&f4=15&f5=15&f6=5&f7=5&f8=14&f9=11&f10=11&f11=12&f12=15&f13=12&f14=9&f15=9&f16=9&f17=5&f18=5&f19=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,57,x P,56,106,84,^ P,106,146,82,n P,146,296,70,T P,296,336,71,i P,336,376,57,n P,376,466,76,i P,466,496,79,R P,496,596,96,a P,596,696,60,k P,696,746,73,n P,746,786,63,y P,786,876,73,R P,876,916,81,! P,916,996,57,T P,996,1056,79,i P,1056,1166,63,l P,1166,1196,65,D P,1196,1246,71,A P,1246,1366,57,s P,1366,1426,30,b P,1426,1516,80,a P,1516,1546,30,x"; text = "ÑgoB~[gW_ ";

1.
3.El examen fue ayer.
4.Él no era profesor.
5.Yo no era estudiante.
null
1.2616323
XXX - proc_tm = "0.045"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.298"; date = "20190818_12:46:41.756"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=3&f1=15&f2=9&f3=9&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=5&f8=0&f9=15&f10=15&f11=7&f12=5&f13=9&f14=4&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,79,x P,46,86,82,a P,86,146,60,b P,146,196,82,i P,196,306,77,s P,306,356,72,! P,356,496,88,^ P,496,566,56,k P,566,626,88,a P,626,676,60,G P,676,746,66,x P,746,796,64,s P,796,896,78,i P,896,956,64,n P,956,1026,83,A P,1026,1116,67,s P,1116,1176,39,b P,1176,1246,81,c P,1246,1276,41,x"; text = "ÁofgW_ ";
null
1.6275913
XXX - proc_tm = "0.087"; db_tm = "2"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.556"; date = "20190920_09:39:32.859"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=3&f1=5&f2=5&f3=2&f4=5&f5=11&f6=5&f7=5&f8=5&f9=11&f10=12&f11=15&f12=12&f13=12&f14=13&f15=9&f16=9&f17=5&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,48,x P,56,86,75,! P,86,146,65,m P,146,196,76,^ P,196,246,68,m P,246,326,79,a P,326,386,63,F P,386,426,73,! P,426,476,66,n P,476,536,87,a P,536,606,78,R P,606,736,89,I P,736,786,66,E P,786,866,75,R P,866,906,86,! P,906,986,58,T P,986,1056,81,i P,1056,1166,64,l P,1166,1236,72,E P,1236,1366,57,s P,1366,1426,38,b P,1426,1506,85,a P,1506,1536,37,x"; text = "ËTgoB~[gW_ ";
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.087"; db_tm = "1"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.963"; date = "20190920_09:39:34.653"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=13&f1=5&f2=5&f3=5&f4=5&f5=9&f6=13&f7=7&f8=5&f9=9&f10=5&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,44,x P,46,96,77,y P,96,136,73,N P,136,186,75,G P,186,366,82,^ P,366,446,76,s P,446,496,80,E P,496,606,66,N P,606,666,84,A P,666,776,63,s P,776,836,32,b P,836,916,92,a P,916,946,54,x"; text = "å,ºgW_ ";
null
1.430367
XXX - proc_tm = "0.056"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.333"; date = "20191027_10:41:30.311"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=12&f2=15&f3=1&f4=7&f5=7&f6=5&f7=5&f8=10&f9=3&f10=3&f11=11&f12=13&f13=9&f14=0&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,18,x P,46,156,56,T P,156,196,48,d P,196,276,82,i P,276,346,77,O P,346,446,65,N P,446,606,87,a P,606,656,24,n P,656,736,63,J P,736,846,62,m P,846,896,72,W P,896,956,73,R P,956,1006,62,n P,1006,1066,69,E P,1066,1166,60,s P,1166,1216,36,b P,1216,1246,78,! P,1246,1316,72,x"; text = "fo(ågW_ ";
null
1.8492783
XXX - proc_tm = "0.089"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.989"; date = "20191027_10:41:30.855"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=9&f6=15&f7=15&f8=12&f9=15&f10=15&f11=15&f12=11&f13=5&f14=13&f15=11&f16=12&f17=12&f18=15&f19=12&f20=15&f21=9&f22=5&f23=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,49,x P,56,86,85,H P,86,146,86,a P,146,246,83,i P,246,296,79,R P,296,396,78,a P,396,496,46,s P,496,636,88,i P,636,726,60,D P,726,856,85,e P,856,906,63,n P,906,976,81,i P,976,1026,80,r P,1026,1166,89,I P,1166,1226,67,E P,1226,1296,79,R P,1296,1336,89,! P,1336,1426,62,T P,1426,1486,84,i P,1486,1606,66,l P,1606,1666,74,i P,1666,1796,60,s P,1796,1856,35,b P,1856,1936,88,a P,1936,1966,43,x"; text = "|oHgoB~[gW_ "; k@3data ø
null
1.1493875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.052"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.048"; date = "20200316_18:51:31.437"; host = "APS-18"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=13&f2=13&f3=5&f4=5&f5=12&f6=8&f7=7&f8=7&f9=13&f10=9&f11=6&f12=5&f13=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,46,x P,56,106,87,l P,106,226,81,E P,226,266,72,l P,266,406,69,a P,406,476,21,k P,476,536,71,l P,536,606,73,u P,606,696,57,n P,696,756,72,E P,756,846,63,z P,846,936,58,t P,936,996,89,a P,996,1026,65,x"; text = "So,gYK ";
null
1.2738771
XXX - proc_tm = "0.059"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.360"; date = "20200102_15:48:50.297"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=15&f1=7&f2=7&f3=5&f4=5&f5=5&f6=6&f7=13&f8=14&f9=1&f10=9&f11=13&f12=7&f13=9&f14=14&f15=4&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,74,x P,46,106,91,i P,106,236,84,N P,236,276,84,R P,276,416,88,a P,416,506,33,t P,506,576,83,E P,576,626,82,G P,626,776,85,o P,776,846,85,z P,846,906,88,E P,906,1026,76,N P,1026,1066,83,E P,1066,1156,76,z P,1156,1226,66,G P,1226,1306,94,c P,1306,1336,85,x"; text = "±óoå,ºgYK ";
null
1.3039997
XXX - proc_tm = "0.054"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.245"; date = "20200316_18:51:31.924"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=8&f2=15&f3=15&f4=4&f5=4&f6=6&f7=6&f8=10&f9=10&f10=15&f11=7&f12=12&f13=14&f14=14&f15=4&f16=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,55,x P,46,116,75,T P,116,176,86,u P,176,286,89,i P,286,456,94,c P,456,616,49,t P,616,656,88,E P,656,766,88,Z P,766,816,88,e P,816,866,76,n P,866,926,82,l P,926,1036,75,k P,1036,1096,67,G P,1096,1196,93,c P,1196,1226,68,x"; text = "]oøgYK ";
null
0.99265283
XXX - proc_tm = "0.055"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.922"; date = "20200316_18:51:32.489"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=2&f2=2&f3=2&f4=8&f5=7&f6=1&f7=2&f8=14&f9=4&f10=4&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,81,x P,46,106,81,a P,106,156,50,G P,156,276,64,F P,276,396,78,u P,396,466,50,n P,466,546,74,U P,546,646,54,v P,646,746,38,k P,746,866,85,c P,866,896,27,x"; text = "fgYK ";
null
1.6805437
XXX - proc_tm = "0.079"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.647"; date = "20200509_12:44:57.291"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=4&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=14&f8=7&f9=5&f10=13&f11=5&f12=9&f13=7&f14=7&f15=13&f16=9&f17=14&f18=8&f19=8&f20=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,85,x P,56,116,86,n P,116,186,89,a P,186,226,69,n P,226,266,83,t P,266,346,88,c P,346,456,94,I P,456,616,53,k P,616,686,84,n P,686,786,83,A P,786,866,79,E P,866,906,81,G P,906,976,91,^ P,976,1066,84,z P,1066,1106,82,E P,1106,1206,76,N P,1206,1256,83,E P,1256,1316,78,z P,1316,1356,74,t P,1356,1456,70,k P,1456,1586,90,W P,1586,1626,67,x"; text = "Bj_o¢á꫺gYK ";
null
1.0656053
XXX - proc_tm = "0.058"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.185"; date = "20200102_15:48:50.832"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=11&f2=15&f3=4&f4=4&f5=6&f6=6&f7=6&f8=10&f9=15&f10=7&f11=13&f12=6&f13=14&f14=4&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,66,69,x P,66,126,86,R P,126,246,87,i P,246,406,92,c P,406,586,55,t P,586,706,88,Z P,706,756,89,e P,756,816,78,n P,816,876,82,E P,876,966,77,t P,966,1046,71,k P,1046,1136,94,c P,1136,1166,68,x"; text = "SoøgYK ";
null
2.0549653
XXX - proc_tm = "0.074"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "2.073"; date = "20190818_06:09:39.142"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=3&f1=9&f2=9&f3=9&f4=5&f5=5&f6=14&f7=5&f8=2&f9=2&f10=15&f11=8&f12=8&f13=8&f14=5&f15=11&f16=12&f17=15&f18=12&f19=12&f20=12&f21=13&f22=9&f23=5&f24=5&f25=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,71,x P,46,86,74,a P,86,146,52,b P,146,196,75,i P,196,306,69,s P,306,346,65,! P,346,386,69,R P,386,476,88,I P,476,556,56,k P,556,646,87,a P,646,686,53,b P,686,816,63,F P,816,906,71,i P,906,946,64,! P,946,996,53,b P,996,1086,73,u P,1086,1206,76,H P,1206,1256,61,n P,1256,1306,58,E P,1306,1386,72,R P,1386,1426,79,! P,1426,1506,55,T P,1506,1566,76,i P,1566,1686,60,l P,1686,1756,68,E P,1756,1876,56,s P,1876,1936,29,b P,1936,2026,78,a P,2026,2056,30,x"; text = "ÁofgoB~[gW_ ";
Lección 3
, , y
, , y
, , y son pronombres demostrativos de objeto. Se usan solo para indicar las
cosas.
designa un objeto que se encuentra cerca del hablante.
designa un objeto que se encuentra cerca del interlocutor.
designa un objeto que se encuentra lejos tanto del hablante como del interlocutor.
es un pronombre interrogativo que se usa para preguntar “¿Cuál?” entre más de dos co-
sas.
, , y son adjetivos demostrativos. Se utilizan únicamente delante de un nom-
bre para determinar y guardar relación con él.
se usa para designar un objeto (o un ser) que se encuentra cerca del hablante.
se usa para designar un objeto (o un ser) que se encuentra cerca del interlocutor.
se usa para designar un objeto (o un ser) que se encuentra lejos tanto del hablante
como del interlocutor.
- 10 -
¿Cuál es el coche de Ken?
No confunda y con y .
Después de y , sigue siempre un nombre.
× × ×
nario
Esto Eso Aquello ¿Cuál?

- Nota -
- Nota -
null
1.2538772
XXX - proc_tm = "0.051"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.163"; date = "20190818_06:09:39.651"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=11&f2=15&f3=4&f4=4&f5=14&f6=14&f7=7&f8=6&f9=2&f10=7&f11=15&f12=9&f13=9&f14=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,66,59,x P,66,126,82,R P,126,246,83,i P,246,406,90,c P,406,516,33,k P,516,626,69,N P,626,666,69,d P,666,706,68,E P,706,766,50,d P,766,826,80,F P,826,886,67,n P,886,956,82,i P,956,1116,65,s P,1116,1146,26,x"; text = "So[FgY ";
null
1.1573875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.04"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.082"; date = "20190818_06:09:40.125"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=12&f2=15&f3=15&f4=5&f5=5&f6=3&f7=8&f8=5&f9=7&f10=13&f11=0&f12=0&f13=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,45,x P,46,136,76,T P,136,176,89,u P,176,206,83,n P,206,296,90,i P,296,326,79,m P,326,476,86,^ P,476,566,23,p P,566,646,90,u P,646,706,82,! P,706,796,71,N P,796,896,89,E P,896,936,78,z P,936,1066,56,x"; text = "]oÚógY ";
null
1.0013603
XXX - proc_tm = "0.051"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.931"; date = "20190818_06:09:40.533"; host = "APS-8"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=7&f1=15&f2=4&f3=4&f4=14&f5=5&f6=9&f7=10&f8=15&f9=9&f10=0&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,99,x P,36,96,83,n P,96,166,86,i P,166,296,91,c P,296,376,47,k P,376,426,81,! P,426,466,90,n P,466,576,80,s P,576,636,81,S P,636,686,63,n P,686,766,83,i P,766,836,70,s P,836,906,41,x"; text = "BoÑgY ";
null
1.8285708
XXX - proc_tm = "0.065"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.811"; date = "20190920_09:39:35.148"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=5&f2=5&f3=12&f4=5&f5=7&f6=7&f7=5&f8=14&f9=13&f10=3&f11=8&f12=5&f13=3&f14=12&f15=8&f16=15&f17=14&f18=13&f19=12&f20=14&f21=8&f22=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,69,x P,56,226,85,A P,226,326,79,T P,326,406,92,I P,406,506,78,n P,506,566,81,^ P,566,646,70,G P,646,766,82,E P,766,846,79,m P,846,946,89,W P,946,1066,94,I P,1066,1136,64,m P,1136,1196,9,t P,1196,1266,65,D P,1266,1316,91,u P,1316,1396,85,i P,1396,1456,70,G P,1456,1526,79,E P,1526,1606,73,T P,1606,1696,68,k P,1696,1756,96,W P,1756,1786,70,x"; text = "±óUnÊoigYK ";
null
0.8479182
XXX - proc_tm = "0.042"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.901"; date = "20190818_06:09:40.953"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=8&f1=1&f2=2&f3=1&f4=1&f5=7&f6=14&f7=8&f8=8&f9=8&f10=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,36,x P,56,106,87,u P,106,146,81,E P,146,206,76,O P,206,266,67,v P,266,376,69,O P,376,456,48,n P,456,486,68,d P,486,526,70,E P,526,576,58,Z P,576,626,49,t P,626,706,41,k P,706,816,91,W P,816,846,71,! P,846,876,38,x"; text = "Sn,gYK ";
null
0.95240796
XXX - proc_tm = "0.045"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.947"; date = "20190818_06:09:41.362"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=5&f2=5&f3=9&f4=10&f5=10&f6=5&f7=12&f8=14&f9=4&f10=4&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,32,x P,56,126,70,D P,126,246,90,^ P,246,326,80,z P,326,366,84,E P,366,466,85,S P,466,526,78,^ P,526,566,56,n P,566,636,69,l P,636,736,57,k P,736,796,38,G P,796,896,90,c P,896,926,47,x"; text = "]nøgYK ";
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.083"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.028"; date = "20190818_06:09:41.819"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=5&f1=1&f2=1&f3=5&f4=5&f5=7&f6=7&f7=5&f8=9&f9=6&f10=4&f11=4&f12=0&f13=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,93,x P,36,86,90,a P,86,126,69,n P,126,216,66,O P,216,266,57,G P,266,336,82,^ P,336,376,60,m P,376,456,85,a P,456,566,61,N P,566,616,78,A P,616,746,55,z P,746,826,33,d P,826,916,85,c P,916,1006,48,x"; text = "BngYK ";
null
0.99265283
XXX - proc_tm = "0.049"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.884"; date = "20190818_06:09:42.277"; host = "APS-21"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=5&f2=5&f3=5&f4=8&f5=8&f6=7&f7=13&f8=9&f9=6&f10=8&f11=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,66,66,x P,66,166,83,! P,166,276,66,^ P,276,316,41,b P,316,446,87,u P,446,536,64,N P,536,596,80,E P,596,686,69,z P,686,766,65,t P,766,836,95,W P,836,866,65,x"; text = "inÚógYK ";

1.
Este libro es mío.
¿Ese diccionario es tuyo?
¿Qué película es interesante?
null
1.2096323
XXX - proc_tm = "0.064"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.215"; date = "20200313_13:55:01.156"; host = "APS-18"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=5&f6=9&f7=1&f8=1&f9=1&f10=3&f11=3&f12=5&f13=0&f14=0&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,36,13,x P,36,96,60,T P,96,146,85,i P,146,186,76,n P,186,256,83,i P,256,326,73,R P,326,426,92,a P,426,546,73,s P,546,596,70,l P,596,656,64,O P,656,706,56,n P,706,796,65,U P,796,916,53,m P,916,1026,80,A P,1026,1196,24,x"; text = "]o°^gY ";
null
1.0971426
XXX - proc_tm = "0.049"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.004"; date = "20200313_13:46:01.536"; host = "APS-17"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=15&f3=4&f4=14&f5=13&f6=15&f7=11&f8=7&f9=5&f10=9&f11=9&f12=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,96,x P,46,96,81,n P,96,166,86,i P,166,296,90,c P,296,386,40,k P,386,446,77,E P,446,476,73,n P,476,536,93,i P,536,566,85,! P,566,636,91,R P,636,706,81,n P,706,786,88,A P,786,956,54,s P,956,986,6,x"; text = "BoÊgY ";
null
1.5673465
XXX - proc_tm = "0.05"; db_tm = "1"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.459"; date = "20190920_09:39:37.130"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=8&f2=1&f3=2&f4=1&f5=1&f6=3&f7=5&f8=6&f9=7&f10=5&f11=9&f12=9&f13=1&f14=5&f15=15&f16=12&f17=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,66,60,x P,66,166,84,u P,166,226,85,O P,226,286,80,v P,286,436,80,O P,436,486,78,m P,486,636,83,a P,636,736,39,t P,736,796,77,n P,796,826,82,D P,826,886,94,A P,886,1006,83,s P,1006,1056,76,U P,1056,1116,82,a P,1116,1156,66,n P,1156,1256,83,i P,1256,1406,66,T P,1406,1436,32,x"; text = "Sn,oÁngY ";
null
1.6718361
XXX - proc_tm = "0.063"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.606"; date = "20190920_09:39:50.018"; host = "APS-2"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=9&f4=9&f5=9&f6=1&f7=5&f8=5&f9=6&f10=6&f11=7&f12=5&f13=6&f14=5&f15=5&f16=3&f17=13&f18=12&f19=14&f20=8&f21=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,46,x P,56,126,73,D P,126,236,87,e P,236,326,80,z P,326,366,82,E P,366,476,79,z P,476,566,79,O P,566,716,89,^ P,716,756,36,m P,756,846,28,t P,846,896,79,n P,896,966,86,a P,966,1026,66,d P,1026,1086,88,a P,1086,1116,72,n P,1116,1166,76,^ P,1166,1226,67,m P,1226,1286,73,E P,1286,1386,59,T P,1386,1466,56,G P,1466,1556,87,W P,1556,1586,54,x"; text = "]nøoBj_ngYK ";
null
1.5151016
XXX - proc_tm = "0.109"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.470"; date = "20200313_13:57:25.154"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=7&f4=15&f5=14&f6=5&f7=11&f8=1&f9=1&f10=1&f11=9&f12=13&f13=13&f14=6&f15=13&f16=0&f17=0&f18=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,76,93,x P,76,136,70,n P,136,226,72,^ P,226,286,60,n P,286,376,66,i P,376,436,57,G P,436,576,79,a P,576,606,24,d P,606,636,70,D P,636,696,75,R P,696,906,72,O P,906,956,23,d P,956,1016,68,j P,1016,1116,74,E P,1116,1196,52,d P,1196,1306,71,E P,1306,1446,48,x"; text = "BnÇÑüÈo'MDgY ";
null
1.6282989
XXX - proc_tm = "0.079"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.621"; date = "20191027_10:42:06.202"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=1&f1=7&f2=5&f3=5&f4=5&f5=5&f6=8&f7=12&f8=12&f9=12&f10=12&f11=9&f12=11&f13=11&f14=13&f15=14&f16=14&f17=14&f18=8&f19=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,57,x P,56,106,78,O P,106,166,74,n P,166,406,92,A P,406,446,67,H P,446,506,87,a P,506,536,70,n P,536,596,92,W P,596,836,74,l P,836,966,75,z P,966,1006,83,D P,1006,1106,84,r P,1106,1156,59,E P,1156,1186,51,b P,1186,1246,71,E P,1246,1426,50,k P,1426,1556,88,W P,1556,1596,45,x"; text = "in ;Lb}DgYK ";
null
1.0286528
XXX - proc_tm = "0.045"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.030"; date = "20191027_10:41:31.430"; host = "APS-4"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=8&f1=15&f2=15&f3=5&f4=5&f5=14&f6=5&f7=2&f8=7&f9=5&f10=10&f11=10&f12=0&f13=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,48,x P,56,106,82,u P,106,136,73,n P,136,236,80,i P,236,386,88,^ P,386,476,48,k P,476,556,85,^ P,556,636,73,F P,636,666,85,! P,666,726,67,n P,726,826,78,A P,826,936,65,Z P,936,1006,41,x"; text = "SogY ";
null
1.1493875
XXX - proc_tm = "0.051"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.011"; date = "20191027_10:41:31.855"; host = "APS-20"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=12&f1=15&f2=15&f3=15&f4=11&f5=1&f6=1&f7=6&f8=5&f9=0&f10=0&f11=0&f12=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,3,x P,56,116,53,T P,116,166,81,i P,166,196,61,n P,196,286,81,i P,286,346,63,R P,346,516,83,O P,516,556,30,d P,556,616,76,t P,616,656,89,a P,656,706,61,n P,706,786,77,A P,786,836,64,z P,836,986,16,x"; text = "]oJ6gY ";
null
1.3061221
XXX - proc_tm = "0.094"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.254"; date = "20191027_10:41:33.434"; host = "APS-9"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=15&f2=15&f3=11&f4=5&f5=6&f6=13&f7=3&f8=15&f9=9&f10=5&f11=5&f12=0&f13=0&f14=0&f15=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,94,x P,56,96,84,n P,96,186,85,i P,186,246,84,R P,246,366,81,^ P,366,476,28,t P,476,526,81,E P,526,596,65,b P,596,696,94,i P,696,736,84,! P,736,816,85,s P,816,906,91,^ P,906,956,74,n P,956,1036,89,A P,1036,1076,83,t P,1076,1236,54,x"; text = "BoêâÊgY ";
null
1.6718361
XXX - proc_tm = "0.061"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.582"; date = "20191027_10:41:34.485"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=8&f2=8&f3=13&f4=13&f5=13&f6=7&f7=8&f8=8&f9=6&f10=6&f11=7&f12=5&f13=9&f14=5&f15=5&f16=15&f17=12&f18=12&f19=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,67,x P,56,116,89,u P,116,146,83,n P,146,246,79,u P,246,296,74,G P,296,416,83,y P,416,486,78,n P,486,576,88,W P,576,616,84,m P,616,736,96,W P,736,856,54,t P,856,946,82,n P,946,1006,92,a P,1006,1116,84,s P,1116,1166,78,! P,1166,1236,82,a P,1236,1286,72,n P,1286,1356,85,i P,1356,1386,81,n P,1386,1536,69,T P,1536,1566,40,x"; text = "SnÊoÁngY ";
null
1.7240812
XXX - proc_tm = "0.068"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.648"; date = "20191027_10:41:34.935"; host = "APS-18"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=12&f2=2&f3=5&f4=6&f5=12&f6=12&f7=12&f8=7&f9=12&f10=5&f11=7&f12=14&f13=13&f14=1&f15=13&f16=7&f17=13&f18=12&f19=12&f20=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,76,54,x P,76,126,83,D P,126,156,86,! P,156,196,67,m P,196,236,81,e P,236,306,57,v P,306,356,87,a P,356,426,54,d P,426,466,84,e P,466,586,72,l P,586,646,69,n P,646,686,79,e P,686,756,76,l P,756,866,94,I P,866,936,42,n P,936,1046,39,k P,1046,1116,74,E P,1116,1146,78,H P,1146,1226,81,U P,1226,1296,76,E P,1296,1366,63,n P,1366,1466,83,E P,1466,1596,61,T P,1596,1626,14,x"; text = "]núioäDgY ";
null
1.5066118
XXX - proc_tm = "0.128"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.408"; date = "20200509_15:44:51.540"; host = "DCAPS-3"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=7&f2=5&f3=15&f4=11&f5=11&f6=13&f7=8&f8=1&f9=9&f10=9&f11=9&f12=13&f13=3&f14=15&f15=7&f16=0&f17=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,46,93,x P,46,106,65,n P,106,226,74,^ P,226,286,77,i P,286,416,77,r P,416,446,60,t P,446,526,58,E P,526,566,63,R P,566,646,92,W P,646,746,49,w P,746,796,69,R P,796,966,72,z P,966,1066,66,E P,1066,1136,36,b P,1136,1196,70,i P,1196,1266,63,N P,1266,1386,33,x"; text = "BnosWDgY ";
null
0.95240796
XXX - proc_tm = "0.053"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "0.914"; date = "20200313_13:48:45.895"; host = "APS-19"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=11&f1=15&f2=11&f3=5&f4=5&f5=12&f6=12&f7=10&f8=13&f9=9&f10=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,25,x P,56,136,83,R P,136,216,78,i P,216,276,80,R P,276,336,82,^ P,336,386,49,v P,386,466,86,a P,466,556,61,T P,556,616,69,S P,616,676,46,n P,676,756,69,E P,756,816,52,s P,816,896,12,x"; text = "SoÑgY ";
null
1.8285708
XXX - proc_tm = "0.065"; db_tm = "0"; q_tm = "0"; audio_duration = "1.811"; date = "20190920_09:39:35.148"; host = "APS-15"; kbps = "48"; khz = "22050"; lip_string = "f0=0&f1=5&f2=5&f3=12&f4=5&f5=7&f6=7&f7=5&f8=14&f9=13&f10=3&f11=8&f12=5&f13=3&f14=12&f15=8&f16=15&f17=14&f18=13&f19=12&f20=14&f21=8&f22=0&nofudge=1&lipversion=2&ok=1"; timed_phonemes = "P,0,56,69,x P,56,226,85,A P,226,326,79,T P,326,406,92,I P,406,506,78,n P,506,566,81,^ P,566,646,70,G P,646,766,82,E P,766,846,79,m P,846,946,89,W P,946,1066,94,I P,1066,1136,64,m P,1136,1196,9,t P,1196,1266,65,D P,1266,1316,91,u P,1316,1396,85,i P,1396,1456,70,G P,1456,1526,79,E P,1526,1606,73,T P,1606,1696,68,k P,1696,1756,96,W P,1756,1786,70,x"; text = "±óUnÊoigYK ";
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: No es
: ¿Qué?
Partícula
Partícula
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Adjetivos-
Adjetivos-: y
Adjetivos-: y
Verbos irregulares
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y