desarrollo con-identidad-xavier-abreu
TRANSCRIPT
Artículo 2° CPEUM
• La Nación tiene una composición pluricultural sustentada en sus pueblos indígenas.
• Los pueblos indígenas son aquellos que descienden de poblaciones que habitaban en el territorio actual del país al iniciarse la colonización y que conservan sus propias instituciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas.
• Son comunidades indígenas integrantes de un pueblo indígena, aquellas que formen una unidad social, económica y cultural, asentadas en un territorio y que reconocen autoridades propias de acuerdo con sus usos y costumbres.
Los indígenas en México
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Lengua predominante en localidades con 40% y más de población indígena,
según el volumen de hablantes, México, 2000
100 0 100 200 300 km
#S Amuzgo#S Cora#S Chatino#S Chontal de Tabasco#S Huichol$T Mayo$T Popoluca$T Tarahumara
$T Tepehuán%U Tlapaneco%U Tojolabal%U Triqui%U Zoque
De 20,000 a 100,000 hablantes
# Lenguas chinantecas# Chol# Huasteco# Maya# Mazahua$ Mazateco$ Mixe$ Lenguas mixtecas$ Náhuatl$ Otomí% Purépecha% Totonaca% Tzeltal% Tzotzil% Lenguas zapotecas
Mayores a 100,000 hablantes
ÊÚ Cakchiquel
ÊÚ CochimíÊÚ Cucapá
ÊÚ Chichimeca Jonaz
ÊÚ Chocho
ÊÚ Chontal de Oaxaca
ÊÚ Chuj
ÊÚ Guarijío
ÊÚ Ixcateco
ÊÚ Jacalteco
ÊÚ Kekchi
ÊÚ kikapú
ÊÚ Kiliwa
Menores de 20,000 hablantes
AguacatecoÊÚ
CuicatecoÊÚ
HuaveÊÚ
IxilÊÚ
KanjobalÊÚ
ÊÚ Kumiai
ÊÚ Matlatzinca
ÊÚ Ocuilteco
ÊÚ Paipai
ÊÚ Pame
ÊÚ Pima
ÊÚ Popoloca
ÊÚ Seri
ÊÚ Tacuate
ÊÚ Tepehua
PápagoÊÚ
LacandónÊÚMameÊÚ
MotozintlecoÊÚ
QuichéÊÚ
YaquiÊÚ
Fuente: Robinson, Scott, Reubicación y desarrollo. La construcción de presas en México. INEGI, división estatal, municipal y localidades, 2000.
• Población hablante de lengua Indígena: 6.6 millones• Población en hogares indígenas: 11.3 millones• Población que se considera indígena a si misma: 15.7 millones
¿Cuántos son?
1 Con base en la muestra censal, 2010, CDI 2011.
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 1,800,000
Zacatecas
Yucatán
Veracruz
Tlaxcala
Tamaulipas
Tabasco
Sonora
Sinaloa
San Luis Potosí
Quintana Roo
Querétaro
Puebla
Oaxaca
Nuevo León
Nayarit
Morelos
Michoacán
México
Jalisco
Hidalgo
Guerrero
Guanajuato
Durango
Distrito Federal
Colima
Coahuila
Chihuahua
Chiapas
Campeche
Baja California Sur
Baja California
Aguascalientes
7,973
1,011,362
1,041,845
81,536
70,145
121,726
130,851
50,251
362,176
436,630
58,877
1,055,693
1,747,840
96,980
72,493
83,828
209,575
1,089,014
87,746
569,578
616,728
30,475
45,675
355,988
10,939
11,130
160,107
1,604,760
176,398
21,600
102,895
6,324
2010
2005
2000
¿Dónde viven?
...pero 3 de cada 10 indígenas viven en zonas urbanas.
¿Dónde viven?
• Total nacional de municipios: 2,440 • Municipios con población indígena: 871• 22,952 localidades con 40% y más de PI
• Una importante proporción de los indígenas vive en las regiones biogeográficas más ricas de México. (Muchas Areas Naturales Protegidas se encuentran en municipios indígenas)
¿En qué consiste la diferencia cultural ?
•Hablan lenguas distintas al español.•Tienen rituales, tradiciones y formas diferentes de entender la vida y la naturaleza.•Tienen sistemas sociales propios mediante los cuales se organizan para la toma de decisiones y para la definición de derechos y obligaciones.•Tienen derechos específicos reconocidos en virtud de su diferencia cultural.
Cultura: Conjunto de formas, modelos o patrones, explícitos o implícitos, a través de los cuales una sociedad se manifiesta./Conocimientos, instituciones e instrumentos que utilizan las personas y los grupos sociales para relacionarse con otros seres humanos y con la naturaleza.
Las lenguas indígenas
Los pueblos indígenas han aportado a la cultura nacional 68 agrupaciones lingüísticas y 364 variantes que pertenecen a 11 familias lingüísticas.
• 4 agrupaciones lingüísticas concentran el mayor número de hablantes: náhuatl con un millón 376 mil hablantes, maya con 759 mil, mixteco y zapoteco con más de 400 mil hablantes.
•22 agrupaciones no rebasan, cada una de ellas, los mil hablantes.
Población de 3 años y más que habla lengua indígena (censo 2010)Náhuatl 1,586,884 Tepehua 8,968Maya 795,499 Tepehuano del norte 8,424Mixteco 496,038 Popoluca insuficientemente especificado 6,129Tseltal 474,298 Chontal de Oaxaca 4,465Zapoteco 460,695 Chuj 2,632Tsotsil 429,168 Chichimeco jonaz 2,295Otomí 288,052 Guarijío 2,201Totonaco 250,252 Awakateko 1,997Mazateco 230,124 Q’eqchi’ 1,279Ch'ol 222,051 Matlatzinca 1,106Huasteco 166,952 Sayulteco 941Chinanteco 137,413 Lacandón 926Mixe 136,736 Chontal insuficientemente especificado 918Mazahua 136,717 Pima 867Tarasco/Purépecha 128,344 Chocholteco/Chocho 814Tlapaneco 127,244 Seri 795Tarahumara 89,503 Tlahuica/Ocuilteco 745Zoque 65,355 Jakalteko 602Tojolabal 54,201 Kickapoo 446Amuzgo 53,122 K’iche’ 391Huichol 47,625 Kumiai 381Chatino 47,327 Tepehuano insuficientemente especificado 338Mayo 39,759 Texistepequeño 326Chontal de Tabasco 37,224 Paipai 200Popoluca de la sierra 35,050 Ixcateco 190Tepehuano del sur 29,481 Pápago 161Triqui 27,137 Cucapá 145Cora 21,445 Qato'k/Motocintleco 106Popoloca 18,485 Kaqchikel 103Huave 18,264 Ixil 83Yaqui 17,592 Teko 53Cuicateco 13,037 Oluteco 50Pame 11,627 Kiliwa 46Mam 10,467 Ayapaneco 21Q’anjob’al 9,625
• 17 pueblos tienen más de cien mil miembros y aglutinan al 91.5 % de las personas que viven en hogares indígenas,
• Dos pueblos cuentan con más de un millón de personas
• 19 pueblos encabezados por el pueblo zoque cuentan con más de diez mil y abarcan el 8.1%
Indicadores por pueblo indígena Indicadores por pueblo indígena 20052005
TamañoTamaño
Las lenguas indígenas
Las diferentes formas de entender la vida y la naturaleza que tienen los indígenas son determinantes para la conformación de rituales, tradiciones y prácticas.
Tienen formas diferentes de entender la vida y la naturaleza
Tienen sistemas sociales propios para organizar sus vidas
Sobre la identidad indígenaEl concepto indígena contiene un mosaico de identidades culturales distintas. Algunas tienen más diferencias entre si que con sus vecinos no indígenas. Sin embargo, las identidades étnicas comparten referencias a un origen en común, casi todas tienen mitos de origen que se arraigan en pasados remotos, generalmente se miran a si mismos como predilectos o escogidos. •Purépechas significa “gente o persona”.•Konkaak (seri) también significa “La gente".•Macurawe o macoragüi, (guarijíos) significa “Los que agarran la tierra" o "los que andan por la tierra“.•Hach winik (lacandones) significa "verdaderos hombres“.•Ayuukjä'äy, (mixes) significa “Gente del idioma florido”•Tinujei (triquis) significa “Hermano mío”•Rarámuri (tarahumaras) que significa “Los que corren a pie”•Kikapoo (kikapúes) significa “Los que andan por la tierra”•Mero Ikooc (huaves) significa “verdaderos nosotros”•Náhuatl significa “el que habla teniendo autoridad o conocimiento”
Cuando hablamos de derechos de los indígenas …¿de qué estamos hablando?
¿Qué normas consagran el marco legal para la diversidad cultural?
Nacionales
Artículos 1º, 2º, 18 y 115 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Internacionales
Vinculantes
No vinculantes
¿Quiénes pueden ejercerlos?
Son comunidades indígenas integrantes de un pueblo indígena, aquellas que formen una unidad social, económica y cultural, asentadas en un territorio y que reconocen autoridades propias de acuerdo con sus usos y costumbres (artículo 2° de la CPEUM)
Los pueblos indígenas son aquellos que descienden de poblaciones que habitaban en el territorio actual del país al iniciarse la colonización y que conservan sus propias instituciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas, o parte de ellas. (Artículo 2° de la CPEUM)
Individuos (artículo 2° de la CPEUM)
Los derechos y competencias indígenas previstos en la CPEUM
I. Existencia (En México se reconoció la existencia de pueblos indígenas desde 1992 y de pueblos y comunidades indígenas a partir de 2001)
II. No discriminación (A no ser discriminados por sus lenguas ni por sus manifestaciones y prácticas culturales)
III. Autoadscripción (Reivindicarse individual y colectivamente como indígena)IV. Libre determinación (Tomar decisiones sobre su desarrollo como
colectivo)V. Autonomía (Elegir a sus autoridades conforme a sus normas y
prácticas garantizando los derechos de la mujeres)VI. Aplicación de sistemas jurídicos propios (Resolver sus conflicto
conforme a sus normas en el marco de la CPEUM y los DH)VII. Preservación de la identidad cultural (Practicar, revitalizara, rescatar
manifestaciones culturales)
VIII. Consulta y participación (Ser consultados cuando se vayan a realizar o aprobar acciones o medidas legislativas que afecten o impacten a la PI y participar en las decisiones que atañen su desarrollo)
IX. Derecho a la tierra y a los recursos naturales (Conservar y mejorar su habitat y preservar la integridad de sus tierras y acceder a la tierra y a los recursos naturales bajo las modalidades previstas en la CPEUM)
X. Acceso pleno a la jurisdicción del Estado (Que en juicios y procedimientos en que sean parte los juzgadores tengan en cuenta sus características culturales; que ellos cuenten con traductores, interpretes y defensores y que en caso de ser recluidos lo sean en Centros cercanos a sus comunidades,, etc.)
XI. Derechos lingüísticos (Las lenguas indígenas son lenguas nacionales por ello tienen derecho a recibir educación, ser informados de las acciones gubernamentales y ser juzgados en sus lenguas)
XII. Derecho al desarrollo (A decidir sus prioridades y a que el Estado impulse y promueva su desarrollo respetando su diversidad cultural)
Los derechos y competencias indígenas previstos en la CPEUM
¿Para qué sirven los derechos indígenas?
1. Reconocer y garantizar los derechos individuales y colectivos de los indígenas, sin obstáculos ni discriminación
2. Respetar y proteger sus identidades culturales (valores, prácticas sociales, religiosas y espirituales, costumbres, lenguas, etc.), sus territorios y sus bienes.)
3. Diseñar políticas públicas pertinentes para atender a pueblos, comunidades indígenas y población indígena con participación indígena Apartado B del Artículo 2°Constitucional
4. Establecer las partidas presupuestales especificas destinadas al cumplimiento de estas obligaciones en sus presupuestos de egresos que aprueben Apartado B del Artículo 2°Constitucional
Obligaciones y tareas del Estado previstos en la CPEUM
¿Cómo el Estado se ha relacionado con los indígenas?
1915 - 1920 Relativismo cultural
1920 - 1948 Integracionismo
1949 – 1988 Desarrollismo
1989 - 2000 Reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural
2001-2011 Derechos indígenas y desarrollo con identidad
Indigenismo
• La evolución del presupuesto indígena federal en el periodo 2001-2011, registra una tasa de crecimiento media anual del 11.2% la cual resulta mayor a la registrada por el presupuesto federal total que es del 8.8%
EVOLUCIÓN DEL PRESUPUESTO FEDERAL PARA LA ATENCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN INDÍGENA
2001-2011(millones de pesos)
Principales resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010
En 2010 la población indígena supera los 15.7 millones de habitantes15.7 millones de personas se consideran indígenas.
6.6 millones son hablantes de lengua indígena. 9.1 millones no hablan lengua indígena.
400 mil de los hablantes de lengua indígena no se consideran indígenas
Las lenguas indígenas con mayor número de hablantes son el Náhuatl, Maya, Mixtecas y Tzeltal
El Censo 2010 registró un importante número de personas que se autoadscribe como indígena, el mayor número se encuentra en Oaxaca y le siguen los estados de Yucatán, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla y México
La población indígena supera el millón de habitantes en los estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, México, Puebla, Veracruz y Yucatán
Población en Localidades con 40% y más de Población Indígena1
2005 2010Población Población Nacional Nacional
Total 2010Total 2010Con servicios Con servicios
de Saludde Salud 23.023.0 58.258.2 64.664.6
En los últimos 5 años se duplicó el número de personas indígenas con acceso a los servicios de salud.
El 58.2% de la población cuenta con servicios de salud, cifra superior de 35.2% a lo registrado en 2005
El 76.1% es alfabeta, 4.4% más de lo registrado en 2005
El 79.5% cuenta con algún grado escolar, lo que representa un incremento de 4.7% a lo reportado en 2005
El 23.7% cuenta con educación primaria completa
El 5.4% tiene educación superior, en 2005 este último indicador fue de 4.4%
Población mayor de 15 años en localidades de 40% y más Población mayor de 15 años en localidades de 40% y más población indígenapoblación indígena
EducaciónEducación
Alfabeta
Con Escolaridad
71.7
74.8
76.1
79.5
2005 2010Población Población Nacional Nacional
Total 2010Total 2010
92.8
93.1
1 Población en hogares censales indígenas (Total de personas que forman hogares censales donde el jefe del hogar o su cónyuge hablan alguna lengua indígena)
Población en Localidades con 40% y más de Población en Localidades con 40% y más de Población IndígenaPoblación Indígena11
EducaciónEducación
Primaria Incompleta
19.3
21.1
5.4
2005 20102
Población Población Nacional Total Nacional Total
2010201022
7.97.9
14.714.7
12.812.8
1 Población en hogares indígenas (Total de personas que forman hogares donde el jefe, cónyuge o ascendiente hablan alguna lengua indígena), CDI
Secundaria completa
Media superior
Superior
21.621.617.8
2 Con base en la muestra censal, 2010, CDI 2011.
Sin instrucción
12.6 21.921.9
Primaria completa 23.7 21.121.1
Población IndígenaPoblación Indígena11
22.6
4.4
24.5
15.5
10.2
22.8
EducaciónEducación
Población indígena1 de 15 años según nivel de instrucción
7.9%
12.8%
21.1%
21.6%
21.9% 14.7%
Población total, 2010 2
Sin instrucción
19.3%
Primaria incompleta
21.1%
Primaria completa
23.7%
Secundaria completa
17.8%
Media superior
12.6%
Superior 5.4%
Población indígena1, 20102
1 Población en hogares indígenas (Total de personas que forman hogares donde el jefe, cónyuge o ascendiente hablan alguna lengua indígena), CDI2 Con base en la muestra censal, 2010, CDI 2011.
Indicadores de la población indígena en localidades de 40% Indicadores de la población indígena en localidades de 40% y más de población indígenay más de población indígena
9 de cada 10 viviendas cuentan con electricidad, cifra superior en 4.7% con relación a lo registrado en 2005
El 68.9% de las viviendas disponen de Agua Potable, lo que representa un incremento de 3.4% con relación a 2005
El 54.4% de las viviendas cuentan con Drenaje, 11.7% más de lo reportado en 2005
En los últimos 5 años las acciones gubernamentales para eliminar de las viviendas indígenas el piso de tierra, han logrado disminuir el porcentaje del 44.9% al 22.1%
ViviendaVivienda
Con electricidad 86.6
Con agua
Con drenaje
65.5
42.7
91.3
68.9
54.4
2005 2010Total Total
Nacional de Nacional de Viviendas Viviendas
20102010
97.7
90.2
88.1
Con piso de tierra 44.9 22.1 6.1
1 Población en hogares censales indígenas (Total de personas que forman hogares censales donde el jefe del hogar o su cónyuge hablan alguna lengua indígena)
Viviendas en Localidades con 40% y más de Viviendas en Localidades con 40% y más de Población IndígenaPoblación Indígena11
ViviendaVivienda
Indicadores de la población indígena en localidades de 40% y más de población indígena a partir de los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010
Dos terceras partes de las viviendas indígenas cuentan con televisor
Entre 2005 y 2010 la proporción de viviendas indígenas con refrigerador se incrementó de manera importante al pasar de 29.3% al 39.3%.
La lavadora es un bien se encuentra en la quinta parte de las viviendas indígenas.
Aun cuando todavía es baja la proporción de viviendas que cuentan con una computadora, en los últimos 5 años se ha duplicado, en 2005 el porcentaje fue de 2.3% y en 2010 de 5.4%
BienesBienes
Con televisión
29.3
2.3
65.5
39.3
5.4
2005 2010Población Nacional
Total 2010
92.6
29.4
82.1Con refrigerador
Con lavadora
Con computadora
15.3 20.8 66.4
1 Población en hogares censales indígenas (Total de personas que forman hogares censales donde el jefe del hogar o su cónyuge hablan alguna lengua indígena)
55.3
Viviendas en Localidades con 40% y más de Población Indígena1
BienesBienes
¿Por qué es necesario un enfoque transversal para la atención a población indígena?
• Derechos • Carencias
• Diferencia cultural– Como derecho– Como fortaleza– Como restricción
• Competencia de todos los sectores
El enfoque transversal es necesario cuando orienta la acción pública hacia un objetivo común, en este caso el desarrollo de los PI por el rezago en que se encuentran y porque en el PEF hay recursos etiquetados ex profeso
Es necesario pasar de una lógica sectorial a una lógica de desarrollo integral con identidad
CDI
La Ley dio a la CDI atribuciones para coordinar la acción pública y orientarla al desarrollo de los PI
…y para trabajar en 4 ámbitos
En 2008 se estableció una visión y misión para orientar a la CDI
Ir más allá
Institución que impulsa y gestiona el
desarrollo con identidad
Institución operadora de programas y proyectos
Nuevas habilidades y capacidades para ser agentes del cambio social
El reto planteado
Estrategia de Planeación y Gestión Territorial Desarrollo con Identidad
Nuevos mecanismos institucionales
Impulsar una nueva manera de ser y hacer en materia de políticas públicas hacia comunidades indígenas
• Políticas de desarrollo sectorizadas
• Enfoque Nacional• De arriba hacia abajo• Planificación por expertos• Cultura como obstáculo• Paternalismo• Asistencialismo• Corto plazo
• Desarrollo integral y transectorial
• Enfoque territorial• De abajo hacia arriba• Planificación participativa• Cultura como fortaleza• Corresponsabilidad• Autogestión• Largo plazo
Ir más allá
Y los CCDI son el eje del cambio
Deben convertirse en instancias impulsoras del desarrollo con identidad
Misión del CCDI
Ser un instrumento de planificación y de gestión de todos los aspectos relacionados con lograr el desarrollo integral, conforme los valores propios de las comunidades indígenas, en el territorio de su influencia, propiciando la participación de los tres órdenes de gobierno, de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas y de otros actores sociales
Proceso de planeación
Taller Diagnóstico Microrregional (Representativo)
Taller para ideas de proyecto
Taller para proyectos estratégicosReunión de análisis de consistencia
Taller para matriz de financiamiento de concurrencia interinstitucional
Plan Microrregional (Versión final)
Indicadores de evaluación (línea base)
Diagnóstico comunidad A (Taller de convocatoria abierta)
Diagnóstico comunidad B (Taller de convocatoria abierta)
Diagnóstico comunidad Z (Taller de convocatoria abierta)
Propuesta Microrregión
Información prediagnóstica
Taller de sensibilización (Consulta)
Julio 2010Junio 2010
Junio 2010
Agosto - Septiembre 2010
Noviembre 2010
Febrero 2011
Marzo 2011
Abril – Mayo 2011
Octubre 2010
Julio 2011
¿Dónde estamos ahora con los 54 CCDI?
Gestión de planes
microregionales con identidad
Población total participante 290,905 personas de los cuales 73.6% (214,213) son población indígena.
Plan de Desarrollo Microrregional
Da continuidad ante cambios de administración
Facilita la programación anual de recursos públicos
Permite medir el impacto de la acción pública mediante una evaluación con enfoque territorial
Refleja su visión de futuro
Focaliza acciones en población que requiere los apoyos
Proyectos de mayor impacto
Ventajas de contar con planes microrregionales
Mejorar la cohesión social