critica al documento confech bases para un sistema gratuito de educacion

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    Mahuickta ciekema par de HAKOCHB iam`o`hema par deOcmcreh`k mc Cstum`ektcs mc de Sk`vcrs`mem mc _edperesa

    >2/>/!>""

    LEXCX ^E\E SKX@X]CIE G\E]S@]AMC CMSHEH@KMciekme Cstum`ekt`d

    #as cstum`ektcs uk`vcrs`ter`as$ ar%ek`&emas ck de HAKOCHB$ ' etrev(s mcd prcscktc mahuickta$ prapakcias ed pes kucstrev`s`k ehcrhe mc hia cst`ieias mc)cre ar%ek`&ersc ' oukh`akercd s`stcie cmuhet`va mcd Cstema H*`dcka$ ck sus m`st`ktas k`vcdcs 'iamed`memcs$ pere +uc cstc sce i,s `khdus`va ' sad`mer`a$ es

    haia tei)`(k pere +uc sc *e%e her%a mc das mcseoas mcd pes 'de *uiek`mem ck cstc s`%da-

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    .C 5

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    .- KSCX]\E MCIEKME6 CMSHEH@K ^2LD@HE G\E]S@]E X@K @KCX MCDSH\A.

    @.- DEX LEXCX ]0HK@HEX.

    5. Cs"a Chak+$`ha Eh&!#' "%' ^#s.

    ). :!4 praparh`+k "% '# r`9!%*# k#h`ak#' s% "%"`h# # '#%"!h#h`+k;

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    @.- ^\CILSDA

    #as cstum`ektcs uk`vcrs`ter`as$ ar%ek`&emas ck de HAKOCHB$ ' e trev(smcd prcscktc mahuickta$ prapakcias ed pes kucstre v`s`k ehcrhe mc hiacst`ieias mc)cre ar%ek`&ersc ' oukh`aker cd s`stcie cmuhet`va mcd Cstema

    H*`dcka$ ck sus m`st`ktas k`vcdcs ' iamed memcs$ pere +uc cstc sce i,s`khdus`va ' sad`mer`a$ es haia tei)`(k pere +uc sc *e%e her%a mc das mcseoasmcd pes ' de *uiek`mem ck cstc s`%da-

    #e cmuheh`k cs uk mcrch*a oukmeickted$ ' ka uke 0c6pchtet`ve:- 5arda tekta$ haia Cstema ' haia pes mc)cias vcder par +uc tames de pcrsakestck%ek ehhcsa e cdde$ `kmcpckm`cktcicktc mc su s`tueh`k chaki`he 'perem`%ie sah`a4hudtured-

    Cktckmcias de cmuheh`k haia uk prahcsa haipdc9a$ m`vcrsa 'cicr%cktc$ +uc mc)c scr tretema mc iekcre `k&%,r#' p'!r#'`s `kh'!s`(#`k&%rh!'&!r#' 7 "%$ahr1&`h#

    ; mc)c cksc1er dehak"`h`+k !$#k#5 %'

    r%sp%&a 7 '# ha$pr%ks`+k %ks%#r 'a `kh`%r&a 7 'a p%r&`k%k&%#'`$%kr %' %spr`&! "%' #pr%k"`*#% #!&+ka$a %ks%#r # 'ash`!"#"#kas 7 h`!"#"#k#s # hr%#r 7 "%h`r s! p#'#3r# #!&4k&`h#)7 9!%%s s%# h#p#* "% &r#ks?ar$#r s! r%#'`"#" %k 3=s9!%"# "%' 3`%kha$=k mc hakoari`mem hak da m`spucsta ck cd erthuda "N mc de Hakst`tuh`k5adt`he-

    Mchdereias +uc de %"!h#h`+kmc)c cr`%`rsc ck oukh`k mcd "%s#rra''a!$#ka$ sah`#' 7 %hak+$`hamcd pes ck tame su m`vcrs`mem$ r%sp%k"a7pa&%kh`#k"atamas das'%k&as h!'&!r#s 7 aph`ak%smc heme pcrsake$ ck

    rcdeh`k ed )`ckcster +uc tame de haiuk`mem pucme a)tckcr$ pcri`t`ckma +ucdas h*`dckas evekhcias *este ehe)er hak das pra)dcies i,s praoukmas mckucstre sah`cmem-

    Cktckmcias +uc uke pa)deh`k hak uk )uck k`vcd mc cmuheh`k 'oarieh`k ka pucmc s`ka trecr haia hakschuckh`e cd )`ckcster sah`ed 'chaki`ha mc das pescs-

    #e oukh`k mc de cmuheh`k cs hdevc$ 'e +uc praparh`ake e de pa)deh`kdas hakah`i`cktas$ des *e)`d`memcs ' des haipctckh`es +uc dc pcri`t r,pert`h`per co`he&icktc ck de v`me sah`ed ' chaki`he- #e cmuheh`k haktr`)u'c

    `%uedicktc e de c6peks`k mcd hakah`i`ckta h`ckto`ha ' hudtured- Cd k`vcd mccmuheh`k mc de h`umemeke sc ut`d`&e *e)`tuedicktc haia `km`hemar mcd hep`ted*uieka$ cs mch`r$ mc des hued`o`heh`akcs m`spak`)dcs mc de pa)deh`k ' mc deieka mc a)re-

    "Mcsmc de hakhcptued`&eh`k mc Cm%er 3ark ck su d`)ra 0#as s`ctc se)crcskchcser`as pere de cmuheh`k mcd outura:

    !Mcsmc de hakhcptued`&eh`k mcd cmuhemar )res`dc1a 5euda Orc`rc-

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    #e haipas`h`k mcd hep`ted *uieka m`spak`)dc vere mc pes ck pes$mcpckm`ckma mc de cstruhture mc de `kmustr`e ' mcd k`vcd %ckcred mc mcserraddachaki`ha- Ska mc das oehtarcs +uc *ek eochtema e das s`stcies mc tre)e9a*ek s`ma des `kkaveh`akcs tchkad%`hes- Ck iuh*as hesas$ uk rc+u`s`ta prcv`apere de emaph`k mc kucves tchkada%es *e s`ma uk k`vcd i,s edta mc

    cmuheh`k ' oarieh`k-

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    @@.- M@EGKX]@HA X@X]CIE MC CMSHEH@K XS^C\@A\ HB@DCKA.

    Murektc de v`%ckh`e mc de Hakst`tuh`k 5adt`he mc de

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    d%`he mcd icrhema Gcmuheh`k ' sedum pr`kh`pedicktc$ cs cd pr`kh`p`a mcsuls`m`er`mem$ hakhcpta hdevc mc de `mcada%e kcad`)cred$ +uc *e `kh`m`ma ckcd mcsiektcdei`ckta mcd Cstema$ tresdemekma de %cst`k ' rcspakse)`d`memcmuhet`ve mcd Cstema ed 3crhema-

    Cstc pr`kh`p`a$ cste)dchc 9!% !k# %s&r!h&!r# sah`#' "% ar"%k s!p%r`arka "%3% `k&%r?%r`r %k '# (`"# `k&%rk# "% !k ,r!pa sah`#' "% ar"%k`k?%r`ar$ pr`v,kmadc mc su eutakaie '$ ck hakschuckh`e$ mcd pdcka c9crh`h`amc sus haipctckh`es$ s`ka +uc$ par cd haktrer`a$ su oukh`k mc)c haks`st`r cksastckcrdc$ e'umerdc e haksc%u`r sus a)9ct`vas ' haarm`ker su ehh`k hak de mcdas mci,s haipakcktcs mcd hucrpa sah`ed e o`k mc edhek&er i,s o,h`dicktc dasa)9ct`vas haiukcs e tamas-

    Ck pahes pede)res$ cd kcad`)cred`sia cste)dchc +uc cd Cstema tckmr, uk rad)estektc d`i`tema$ ' mc)cr, pert`h`per sda ck e+ucddes eht`v`memcs ck des +ucpucmc mcscipc1ersc ck oarie i,s co`h`cktc +uc cd schtar pr`vema- Hu,dcs

    sak cstes oukh`akcs@ %rekmcs res%as$ des oukh`akcs chaki`hes mcd Cstemasc rcsuick ck h`kha pr`kh`pedcs %' ,#s&a 'as `$p!%s&as '# r%,!'#h`+k '#?!kh`+k %s`'`*#"ar# 7 '# ,%s&`+k "% %$pr%s#s p=3'`h#s-

    #e pr`kh`ped hakschuckh`e +uc tuva de epd`heh`k mc cstc pr`kh`p`a ck cd,i) ta cmuhet va$ ouc de icrhekt`d`zeh`k mc de cmuheh`k Gde huedhaick& e scr v`ste haia uk heipa o(rt`d pere de `k`h`et`ve pr`veme mc duhra$+uc sc oukmeickt e su vc& ck mas kucvas pr`kh`p`as `k*crcktcs ed iamcda mccmuheh`k kcad`)cred$ haia da cs de d`lcrtem mc ckscekze'$ ck cd ,i)`ta

    mc de cmuheh`k supcr`ar$ de d%`he mc eutao`kekh`ei`ckta mc des`kst`tuh`akcs cmuheh`akedcs-

    L. D`3%r" "% Cks%#k*#.

    Ske vc& +uc cd Cstema da%r mcsprckmcrsc mc su rcspakse)`d`mem mahcktc$ schaick& e pr`v`dc%`er de eht v`mem pr`veme ' da `km`v`mued ck cd cs+uciekcad`)cred- #a ektcr`ar sc haiprckmc$ huekma eked`&eias i,s ck mcteddc cdhakhcpta mc d`lcrtem mc ckscekze$ cd hued pere cd Cstema H*`dcka cs

    cktckm`ma haia de d`)crtem mc das pr`vemas pere `ksteder cshucdes$ hadc%`as 'hcktras mc cmuheh`k supcr`ar$ s`k cd ickar ,p`hc mc hakhcktrer ck cdda cdvcrmemcra cspr`tu mc de cmuheh`k-

    Mc cste iekcre$ de Hakst`tuh`k mc "2>$ hakse%r de d`)crtem mccksc1ek&e haia uke d`)crtem mc ciprcse i,s +uc haia uke d`)crtem mch,tcmre$ cs mch`r '`3%r" p#r# %' 9!% p!%"% p#,#r- Hai`ck&ek e eperchcr

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    ck oarie sarprckmcktc uk`vcrs`memcs pr`vemes$ `kst`tutas praocs`akedcs 'hcktras mc oarieh`k t(hk`he$ 9!% &`%k%k ha$a a3%&`(a pr`kh`p#' %'DSH\A$ ' sda haia eht`v`mem schukmer`e cd scrv`h`a cmuhet`va +uc prcstek-

    c `ipakc de hakhcph`k kartceicr`heke mc +uc da csckh`ed cs de cmuheh`k

    ck iekas mc de `k`h`et`ve pr`veme$ hu'as pra%reies mc eprckm`&e9c mc)ck scrrcsucdtas par des kchcs`memcs mcd tre)e9a$ des ciprcses ' cd hep`ted$ cs mch`r$das hep`ted`stes mctcri`kek da +uc das iecstras mc)ck cksc1er ' das eduikasmc)ck eprckmcr$ hei)`ekma cd sckt`ma mc kucstre oarieh`k cmuhet`ve$ar`ckt,kmade *eh`e cd icrhema ' ka *eh`e cd mcserradda sah`ed `ktc%red-

    H. E!&a?`k#kh`#$`%k&a.

    Cd ehtued iamcda mc cmuheh`k supcr`ar$ ka mcshekse sadeicktc ck ed

    euickta mc de ha)crture cmuheh`aked par ve pr`veme$ s`ka +uc tei)`(k ck depadt`he mc m`si`kuh`k mc das rchursas +uc cd Cstema mcst`ke)e e des`kst`tuh`akcs cmuheh`akedcs trem`h`akedcs$ des huedcs heme vc& ck uk k`vcdie'ar$ mc)`crak rchurr r ed #!&a?`k#kh`#$`%k&apere rcheumer das `k%rcsas),s`has +uc dcs pcri`tck sc%u`r apcrekma-

    D# '+,`h# "%' #!&a?`k#kh`#$`%k&aehe) hak de cmuheh`k supcr`ar%retu`te ' cd s`stcie mc erekhcd m`ocrckh`ema c6`stcktc$ trespes,kmasc mc csteiekcre cd hasta mc de cmuheh`k mcsmc cd Cstema *eh`e des oei d`es- #em`si`kuh`k mcd epartc chaki`ha csteted mcst`kema e de cmuheh`k supcr`arck H*`dc$ *e cipu9ema e des Sk`vcrs`memcs =rem`h`akedcs e a)tckcr sus prap`asrchursas$ pr`kh`pedicktc$ e pert`r mcd pe%a mc erekhcdcs ' mcrch*as mc`kshr`ph`k par pertc mc das cstum`ektcs-

    #es hakschuckh`es m`rchtes mc cstc s`stcie sak cd oaickta ed%k"%!"#$`%k&a "% '#s ?#$`'`#s h`'%k#s$ ' de 9!`%3r# "% $!h#s!k`(%rs`"#"%s %s'%s$ des huedcs sc *ek v`sta a)d`%emes e oukh`aker haiauke ciprcse$ hak cd a)9ct`va mc sc%u`r sa)rcv`v`ckma-

    M. Ha$p%&%kh`#.

    Ck )esc e da rch`(k pdektcema$ cs +uc cd s`stcie cmuhet`va ck su hak9ukta*e pesema e haiprckmcrsc haia uk kucva icrhema$ rc%udema pr`kh`pedicktcpar de ha$p%&%kh`#$ de hued *e pcri`t`ma c6pekm`r de aocrte cmuhet`ve 'esc%urer uke ie'ar ha)crture Ghaia da mciucstre cd *ch*a mc +ucehtuedicktc c6`stek "F> `kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet ves$ s`k kchcser`eicktcesc%urer de hed`mem mcd pramuhta rch`)`ma-

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    d c6`st r uke tated "%sr%,!'#h`+k mcd icrhema cmuhet`va$ cv`mckh`emeck de `kc6`stckh`e mc uk haktrad sa)rc de hed`mem mc de cksc1ek&e mc des`kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves$ ' cd sur%`i`ckta mc kucves ciprcses cmuheh`akedcss`k pdek`o`heh`k csteted$ cd Cstema sc ckhaktr ck de a)d`%eh`k mc rced`&erF#!s&%s "% $%rh#"aJ das huedcs eEk sc ckhucktrek ck hursa4$

    pr`kh`pedicktc e pert`r mc de hrceh`k mc uk `stcie mc hrcm`teh`k mc deCksc1ek&e$ ' icm`ektc de rcoariudeh`k mcd `stcie mc O`kekh`ei`ckta mc deCmuheh`k upcr`ar-

    i)es icm`mes$ *ek `ktcktema 0rc%uder ' armcker: das pra)dcies +uc cd#hh%sa $#s`(a *e prap`h`ema ck cd s`stcie$ pr`kh`pedicktc e+ucddasrcocr`mas e de *aia%ckc`&eh`k mc de h#'`"#"$ de "%s%rh`+k ' de%$p'%#3`'`"#"$ *eh`ckma i,s 0co`h`cktc:$ mc here ed icrhema$ ed s`stcie mccmuheh`k supcr`ar-

    C. C"!h#h`+k ha$a L`%k "% Haks!$a

    #e C"!h#h`+k X!p%r`armc kucstra pes$ ck da +uc rcspchte e su her,htcr$*cias mc cktckmcrde haia uke C"!h#h`+k ^r`(#"#$ 'e +uc$ )e9a cd ehtuediamcda `ipcrektc$ (ste *e s`ma treksoarieme ck uke icre $%rh#kh#+uc kasc esuic ck )ckco`h`a mcd hak9ukta mc de sah`cmem- c trespese dercspakse)`d`mem cmuhet`ve$ ' hak cdda cd %esta chaki`ha$ e des oei`d`es$treksoariekma cd mcrch*a e de cmuheh`k ck uk mc)cr ' prcahupeh`k`km`v`mued$ ck vc& mc haiprckmcrda haia uke rcspakse)`d`mem sah`ed$ esui`me

    par cd Cstema-

    8mckt o heias de cmuheh`k haia $%rh#kh# ck cd sckt`ma mccktckmcrde haia a3%&a "% &r#ks#hh`+ka 3`%k "% haks!$a$ mc de i`sieiekcre +uc uk 9ceks a uk haiputemar$ ' ck sc%ukma du%er haia `k(%rs`+k%k h#p`' h!'&!r#' a !$#ka-

    Cd hakhc)`r e de cmuheh`k haia uk 3`%k "% haks!$a$ `ipd`herchakahcr +uc (ste sc trekse ck cd icrhema$ mc iekcre `km`v`mued$ ' mcehucrma e des pas`)`d`memcs mc haipre- #es c6prcs`akcs mc uke cmuheh`k

    hakvcrt`me ck uk a3%&a "% &r#ks#hh`+k %k r%'#h`+k # '# a?%r desckhaktreias ck de hrceh`k mc kucves `kst`tuh`akcs mc cmuheh`k supcr`ar$ 'mcktra mc cddes de hrceh`k mc kucves herrcres pere eipd`er cd icrhema; ck cdmcserradda ehem(i`ha ' de `kvcst`%eh`k ar`ckteme e das rc+ucr`i`cktas mcdicrhema par sa)rc su oukh`k sah`ed; ' ck de kchcs`mem mc `kvcrt`r ck ie'arpu)d h`mem pere haipct`r mc ic9ar iekcre hak atres `kst`tuh`akcs mccmuheh`k supcr`ar- 5ar atre pertc$ des c6prcs`akcs mc uke cmuheh`k

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    hakvcrt`me ck a3%&a "% &r#ks#hh`+k %k r%'#h`+k # '# "%$#k"# desckhaktreias ck de hakhcph`k mcd cstum`ektc hd`cktc$ cd 0ic9arei`ckta: mc dass`stcies hrcm`t`h`as ' mc )ches$ a das scrv`h`as esah`emas prcstemas par de`kst`tuh`k rcspcht`ve Gscrv`h`a i(m`ha$ )`)d`atches$ cth-

    `k ci)er%a$ cd pckser de cmuheh`k haia uk )`ck mc haksuia$ c`khdusa haia uke `k(%rs`+k +uc e outura trecr, r(m`tas chaki`has`km`v`muedcs Gs`ckma$ supucsteicktc$ uk oehtar mc iav`d`mem sah`ed$ ckrced`mem cshakmc cd *ch*a mc +uc kucstra s`stcie cmuheh`aked$ par cstercstruhturema mc ehucrma e hdescs sah`edcs$ haktr`)u'c e de rcpramuhh`k mc desmcs`%uedmemcs mc de sah`cmem- #a ektcr`ar$ mc)`ma e +uc ka tamas das`km`v`muas pascck uk ehhcsa `%ued`ter`a e de cmuheh`k$ prch`seicktc par kapamcr hastcerde-

    #e pr`kh`ped hakschuckh`e mc haiprckmcr e de cmuheh`k haia uk )`ckmc haksuia +uc sc trekse ck cd icrhema mc iekcre `km`v`mued$ *e s`ma de

    patcktc `rr!ph`+k "% '# LEKHE %k %' s`s&%$# %"!h#h`ak#'Gicm`ektc sushr(m`tas$ de +uc$ evedeme par de d%`he mc eutao`kekh`ei`ckta$ *e hakddcvema ed%k"%!"#$`%k&a "% k!$%ras#s ?#$`'`#s$ '"% 'as prap`as %s&!"`#k&%s$+u`ckcs mc)ck rchurr`r e sus m`st`ktas hr(m`tas$ pere pamcr hastcer suscstum`as-

    !- @ks&`&!h`ak#'`*#h`+k "%' Ia"%'a6 Hraka'a,# "% s!s ^rah%sas D%,#'%s.

    E hakt`kueh`k prcsckteias uk huemra mcshr`pt`va quc scede uke hrakadage

    mc das prahcsas dcgedcs quc pravaherak de hakm`h`k ehtued mc de cmuheh`k

    supcr`ar6

    Ea ^rah%sas Haks&`&!h`ak#'%s 7 D%,#'%s

    "2>

    Hai`ck&a mc padt`hes pr`vet`&emares sustcktemes ck prci`seschaki`hes

    "2 8k`h`a mcd prah%sa pr`(#&`*#"ar '%,#'`*#"a$ ciekek das M#O-

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    "

    >

    pra)eh`k mc #?C-

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    @@@.- SKMEICK]EH@K S\/M@HE MCD MC\CHBA E DE CMSHEH@K CK HB@DC >

    XSX HAK]CK@MAX CXCKH@EDCX.

    Cd mcrch*a e de cmuheh`k$ sc `kshr`)c mcktra mc uk %(kcra i,s eipd`a +uc sakdas Dmcrch*as sah`edcsI$ das huedcs t`ckck haia o`k %erekt`&er$ des hakm`h`akcs),s`hes$ pere cd mcserradda mc de pcrsake *uieke- Ck H* dc ehtuedicktc c6`stckret`o`hemas$ cs mch`r mcrch*a v`%cktc$ m`ocrcktcs pehtas c `kstruicktas `ktcrkeh`akedcsmcst`kemas e tutcder ' *ehcr cocht`vas cstas mcrch*a$ pcra par de e)ukmektcdc%`sdeh`k sa)rc cd mcrch*a e de cmuheh`k$ `mckt o`hercias cd haktck`ma kariet`vacsckh`ed mc cstc mcrch*a$ haktck`ma pr`kh`pedicktc ck cd 5ehta 8ktcrkeh`aked mcMcrch*as Chaki`has$ ah`edcs ' HudturedcsF Gck emcdektc 58MCH$ pere materda mchaktck`ma$ cs kchcser a *ehcr pert`huder rcocrckh`e e cd Hai`t( MCH$ r%ekackher%ema mc rced`&er uk sc%u`i`ckta cocht`va$ sa)rc de pratchh`k mc das mcrch*ashakse%remas ck 58MCH-

    Cd pehta MCH$ m`spakc

    rthuda "

    5. Das Cstemas ertcs ck cd prcscktc ehta rchakahck cd mcrch!a mc tame pcrsake ede cmuheh`k. "akv`ckck ck quc de cmuheh`k mc#c ar`cktersc !eh`e cd pdcka mcserraddamc de pcrsaked`mem !uieke y mcd sckt`ma mc su m`gk`mem$ y mc#c %artedchcr cd rcspcta

    par das mcrch!as !uiekas y des d`#crtemcs %ukmeicktedcs. "akv`ckck es`i`sia ckquc de cmuheh`k mc#c hepeh`ter e tames des pcrsakes pere pert`h`per c%cht`veicktcck uke sah`cmem d`#rc$ %evarchcr de haiprcks`k$ de tadcrekh`e y de ei`stem cktrc tamesdes keh`akcs y cktrc tamas das grupas reh`edcs$ &tk`has a rcd`g`asas$ y praiavcr des

    eht`v`memcs mc des 'eh`akcs (k`mes ck pra mcd iektck`i`ckta mc de pe).

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    saict`mas e su +ur`sm`hh`k de a#d`getar`cmem y de gretu`mem mc de ckscek)e pr`ier`e$sc haipraictc e cde#arer y emapter$ mcktra mc uk pde)a mc mas eas$ uk pdekmcteddema mc ehh`k pere de epd`heh`k pragrcs`ve$ mcktra mc uk kicra re)ake#dc mceas %`+ema ck cd pdek$ mcd pr`kh`p`a mc de ckscek)e a#d`getar`e y gretu`te pere tamas.

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    ``) A)d`%eh`akcs mc rcspcta$ %erekte ' huipd`i`ckta ck ietcr`e mcd mcrch*a e decmuheh`k-2

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    0 C. De cmuheh`k ka cs uk mcrchba sufcta ed icrhema. Csta$ mcsmc ukpukta mc v`ste$ `$p'`h# '# pra`3`h`+k 7 ?`k %?%h&`(a "%' '!hra$ ' par ckmc$ mc des`kst`tuh`akcs mc cmuheh`k +uc sc hakst tu'ck hak i`res mc a)tckcr ut`d`memcs mc dasc6hcmcktcs prap`as mc des c9chuh`akcs prcsupucster`es mc heme `kst`tuh`k mccmuheh`k pere sus `ktc%rektcs; ' mcsmc atra$ s`%k`o`he +uc '#s "%s&`k#h`ak%s "%r%h!rsas a3&%k`"as par '#s h#s#s "% %s&!"`a s% r%`k(%r&`r1k %k 3%k%?`h`a "%

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    ). D# I`s`+k.

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    G.

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    & Mer gerekt#es hakst`tuh`akedcspere cd esc%urei`ckta ' de pratchh`k mcdmcrch*a e de cmuheh`k-

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    H. \a' "%' s`s&%$# %sha'#r p=3'`ha.

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    h*`dckes kas hakvahe e rcvcrt`r ' rcpdektcer de s`tueh`k ck hak9ukta$ 'e kahaia ?a)`crka$ 'e ka haia Cstum`ektcs$ s`ka haia sah`cmem-

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    des kchcs`memcs mc uke pr`icre %esc mc rc%aries$ rcqu`crck e!are mc uke

    rcv`s`k y pucste ed me pere rcspakmcr e das kucvas mcse%as quc cd prap`amcserradda `ipakc$ pert`hudericktc e trev&s mc de cmuheh`k. Das mcse%as

    cmuhet`vas quc equ sc pdektcek sak pramuhta mc de rc%dc`k y ek/d s`s

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    hak cd 7`k`stcr`a mc Cmuheh`k mc "!`dc$ ck =ekt`ega ck ckcra mcd *252.

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    & MC=E0

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    & MC=E0

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    Cstc gr/%`ha iucstre de `kvcrs`k ck cmuheh`k icm`ektc de praparh`k mc de

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    pr`vemes.

    #as pescs mc de AHMC mc)ck %ester cd $! U mc su 58. hadcht va ck`kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves- Cd euickta mcd %esta ck cmuheh`k cktrc "L '!>> mcshckm` par mc)e9a mcd hrch`i`ckta mc de rckte keh`aked ck i,s mc dei`tem mc das ! pescs mc de AHMC ' pescs esah`emas mc das +uc sc m`spakcmc metas-

    Cstc `km`hemar iucstre cd %esta ck hcktras cmuhet`vas$ uk`vcrs`memcs ' atres`kst`tuh`akcs pE)d hes ' pr`vemes `ipd hemes ck de aocrte mc scrv`h`ascmuhet`vas ' ck cd epa'a e das i`sias Gpar c9cipda$ scrv`h`as cmuhet`vasaorch`mas par ciprcses haia pertc mc pra%reies muedcs- Cd %esta ck`kst`tuh`akcs ka sc d`i`te ed %esta ck scrv`h`as mc cksc1ek&e$ s`ka +uc tei)`(k`khdu'c cd %esta pE)d`ha ' pr`vema ck scrv`h`as haipdcickter`as pere eduikas

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    ' oei`d`es Ghaia eda9ei`ckta ' trekspartc$ huekma cstas scrv`h`as sc aorchcke trev(s mc `kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves-

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    ci)er%a$ das %estas +uc sc *ehck oucre mc des `kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves cst,kc6hdu`mas mc cstc `km`hemar$ euk+uc sc su)vckh`akck hak oakmas pE)d`has-

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    Cd gr/%`ha iucstre cd gesta pr`vema ck `kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves haia

    parhckte+c mcd gesta tated ck `kst`tuh`akcs cmuhet`ves. U ' kukhe ickas mcd 2>Umc de cmuheh`k pr`ier`e$ schukmer`e ' pastschukmer`e ka tcrh`er`e Gc6hcptack H*`dc$ Harce '

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    8. C' #par&% p%rsak#'6 H!1k&a ,#sk '#s ?#$`'`#s %k %"!h#h`+k;

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    Ck cstc gr/%`ha sc pucmc eprch`er quc de hekt`mem mc cstum`ektcs quc aptek

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    22.222 cstum`ektcs epra`iemas pere cd ea *252.

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    vedarcs mc das praicm`as pakmcremas mc das erekhcdcs mcd s`stcieuk`vcrs`ter`a-

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    Hekt`mem mc eduikas ck tama h*`dc +uc cktrek e des uk`vcrs`memcs trem`h`akedcs-

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    Cd vedar mcd mder-

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    ! Sk erekhcd praicm`a mc R->>>->>> par heme cstum`ektc-

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    Ka X` %' "+'#r ?!%s% h#'h!'#"a s%,=k %' pra$%"`a "% 'as UN # #a)5 '# h`?r# %k "!ra s%r# "% 5 $`''ak%sU...N 5....

    ^ar da tekta( o`kekh`er cd erekhcd mc das cstum`ektcs mc des

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    @.- HIA @KEKH@E\ DE CMSHEH@K ^2LD@HE;

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    Ck&akh%s ?`k#kh`#r '#s !k`(%rs`"#"%s &r#"`h`ak#'%shasr#6

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    Cd prch`a praicm`a mcd mder cd e1a !>"> ouc mc RL">$!L P

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    Mcsmc das eas ;2 !este de %ch!e h!`dc !e hrch`ma cd ma#dc ck huekta e

    pa#deh`k$ pcra tei#`&k !e hrch`ma uk 12 ck huekta e ut`d`memcs mcd ha#rc.52

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    `%u`ckma cd ek,d`s`s iehrachaki`ha ck tcie `ktcrkeh`aked pamrcias vcr+uc h*`dc haia pes sc s`tEe ck das i,s %rekmcs pramuhtarcs mc ha)rc-

    Hak uke pramuhh`k ie'ar +uc L->> takcdemes i(tr`hes mc ha)rc$ H*`dcsupcre ckaricicktc e pescs tek %rekmcs haia Cstemas Sk`mas ' 5crE$mekma e hakahcr +uc h*`dc cs uk pes ck hrch`i`ckta chaki`ha-

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    5ar atre pertc$ eked`&ekma cd icm`a i`hrachaki`ha mcd pes sc t`ckc da

    s`%u`cktc

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    Cd e1a !>>2 HAMC#HA eparta ed cstema mc h*`dc de suie mc SR-2!38##AKC MC MA#

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    !- \%?ar$# ]r`3!r`# p#r# ?`k#kh`#r '# %"!h#h`+k. 55

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    5cra cd O`sha p`crmc tei)`(k edrcmcmar mc L i d i ddakcs mc mdercsekuedcs par heuse mc de cves`k tr`)uter`e$ +uc cs cd ka pe%a mc `ipucsta paroreumc e de dc'$ pcra +uc ck rced`mem cs de i`sie dc' +uc mc9e e)`crte des)rch*es pere +uc cste cves`k sc pramu&he$ sa)rctama par e+ucddes ciprcsesa haktr`)u'cktcs +uc pucmck pe%er escsarcs tr`)uter`as pere cvem`r cd pe%amc das `ipucstas-

    Ck das pescs AHMC de cves`k tr`)uter`e cs iu' )e9e ck rcdeh`k e de +ucsc a)scrve ck H*`dc$ ck re&k +uc sc *ek epd`hema icm`mes +uc ck H*`dc ka sc+u`crck rced`&er- Hu,dcs sak cstes icm`mes@ Ck csas pescs das )edekhcs 'mchdereh`akcs mc `ipucstas mc des ciprcses sak pE)d`has$ i`cktres +uc ck

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    ""Oucktc ud`,k dhe'e%e$ chakai`ste$ e1a !>""-

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    Ck das pescs mc de AHMC c6`stc uk 5dek Hakte)dc Zk`ha Keh`aked$ i`cktres +ucck H*`dc e pcser +uc mcsmc *ehc i,s mc uke m(heme sc m`shutc sa)rc su`ipartekh`e pere ic9arer de %cst`k mc des prap`es ciprcses ' mcsedckter decves`k$ pcra keme sc *ehc pere +uc cocht`veicktc sc `ipdcicktc-

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    5ere tcri`ker a m`si`ku`r de cves`k icm`ektc das prch`as mc treksocrckh`eck de vckte mc hakhcktremas$ )estere hak e%rc%er cd s`%u`cktc `kh`sa$ haia`kh`sa tcrhcra a Edt`ia mcd ert- 2 mc de #c' mc de

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    Ck de cparteh`k mc ha#rc y sus su#pramuhtas$ das hergas par %ukm`h`k yrc%`keh`k$ quc sc epd`quck ck mcmuhh`k mcd prch`a c`stcktc ck de Ladse mc7ctedcs mc Dakmrcs$ scr/k % +emas tr`icstredicktc par cd rcs`mcktc mc de8cp#d`he$ ck #esc e das hastas praicm`as quc "amcdha y Ckei` tckgek par

    m`h!as prahcsas$ i/s uk iergck re)ake#dc mc rckte#`d`mem$ quc tei#`&k scr/% +ema ck cstc rcgdeickta. ar tamas das atras hergas quc sc epd`quck ckmcshuckta mcd prch`a mc de Ladse mc 7ctedcs mc Dakmrcs$ cd rcgdeickta %`+er/cstas vedarcs ck %ukh`k mc uk praicm`a mc de `kmustr`e `ktcrkeh`aked. Dashergas y mcshucktas quc ka %`gurck ck csc rcgdeickta$ scr/k haks`mcremasgestas ka kchcser`as pere pramuh`r de rckte.

    Ske m`spas`h`k haia cste pucmc pcri`t`r euickter das rctarkas mc c6parteh`kmc pertc mc des i`kcres pr`vemes ck edrcmcmar mc F->>> i`ddakcs mc mdercsekuedcs$ da +uc pcri`tc uke tr`)uteh`k e oevar mcd O`sha mc F"U ck tated$ csmch`r sa)rc das "->> i`ddakcs mc mdercs ekuedcs- 5ere uke iam`o`heh`k haiacste$ dc sa)rere epa'a ck cd 5erdeickta ed 5rcs`mcktc 5`1cre$ ' des i`kcres ka

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