crisis económicas y financieras: causas profundas y soluciones. introduccion y cap1

7/27/2019 Crisis econmicas y financieras: Causas profundas y soluciones. Introduccion y Cap1

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JKPRF@THHJK

Ijaudc `d Tkmiukf, omhjdk`f amcm `d su tmcmktd jkvdstjam`fr -qud hmptmbmtmktms vdhds cms rdmcj`m`ds is kuhcdmrds d jipfrtmktds-, `jstjkaum dktrd cmOjstfrjm y cm Jktrmojstfrjm. Cm Ojstfrjm drm cf supdrejhjmc, cf mkdh`tjhf, dcfcdmgd dspuifsf y fk`dmktd is f idkfs sjakjejhmtjvf, hfcfrjstm y hfk`dsjaumc mtrmhtjvf dk cfs mctjbmgfs `d cm supdrejhjd `dc imr. Cm Jktrmojstfrjm dkhmibjf sfk cms hfrrjdktds prfeuk`ms `d cfs imrds -hmccm`ms y sjk mpmrjdkhjms-qud mhtmk hfkstmktdidktd hfk eudrzm jipmrmbcd, fhuctms m cfs fgfs

supdrejhjmcds pdrf mrrmstrmk`f hfksjaf dk sus jkdrhjms -cdktms m vdhds, pdrfsjdiprd jrrderdkmbcds- tf`f cf `dis.

@d jaumc efrim pf`rmifs `jstjkaujr kfsftrfs dktrd Dhfkfim dJktrmdhfkfim. Cm Dhfkfim sdrm cf supdrejhjmc y mpmrdktd qud ds dk cf qudsd ejgmk cm imyfrm `d cfs hju`m`mkfs, tmibjk, iuhoms vdhds, cfs ccmim`fsdxpdrtfs. Cd `mifs vudctms y vudctms m cfs k`jhds hfyukturmcds, m cmsvmrjmhjfkds dstm`stjhms `d ijcds `d k`jhds qud sd prfydhtmk pfr `fqujdr m cfcmraf y mkhof `d cms `jstjktms rdajfkds pcmkdtmrjms -`d pmsds didradktds f`dsmrrfccm`fs f dk vms `d sdrcf-, trmtmk`f `d mtjsbmr prfetjhmidktd dc euturf.@mifs iuhoms vdhds jipfrtmkhjm vjtmc m cf mkdh`tjhf, m cf supdrejhjmc, m cms

fhurrdkhjms `d dstd f mquc pfctjhf f rdspfksmbcd dhfkijhf y ejkmkhjdrf, mcfs hfidktmrjfs uradktds m vudcmpcuim `d mqudc f dstd hfidktmrjstm fhfcuikjstm, m cms prfhcmims jktdrdsm`ms `d dstd f mqudc hmk`j`mtf dk pdrf`fdcdhtfrmc, f `mifs hmrtm `d kmturmcdzm sustmkhjmc mc ruifr, mc tjtucmr dhfkijhffpfrtukjstm y mc hojsid fhurrdktd.

Xd rdecdxjfkm dk hmibjf iuhof idkfs sfbrd cm Jktrmdhfkfim. stm m vdhdskf kfs jktdrdsm, f is bjdk kj sjqujdrm cm hfksj`drmifs pfrqud cm`dshfkfhdifs ym qud pdrimkdhd fhuctm. Ftrms vdhds kf kfs cm pcmktdmifs kjprfeuk`jzmifs dk dccm pfr ftrm rmzk7 pfrqud hofhm hfktrm kudstrms jkdrhjms ykudstrfs tjhs j`dfcajhfs qud `mifs pfr sdktm`fs y qud dk kjkak ifidktf

prdtdk`difs hmibjmr. Dstu`jmifs iuhof idkfs sj kudstrfs armk`dsprjkhjpjfs y rdacms sfbrd cfs qud mhtumifs sfk cfs j`kdfs y kfs ccdvmk pfr dchmijkf mhdrtm`f, f sj, pfr dc hfktrmrjf, sfk drrkdfs y kfs mrrmstrmkjrrderdkmbcdidktd omhjm dc mbjsif.

Dk dstd cjbrf sd prdtdk`d ombcmr `d cm Jktrmdhfkfim. Xjk `dgmr `d hfidktmrtmktms hfsms `d cm Dhfkfim, sd jktdktm jkvdstjamr dk dsms hmusms prfeuk`ms`d cms hrjsjs y dk dsms eudktds `dc drrfr f `dc mhjdrtf qud sd pud`dk mtjsbmr dkcf euk`midktmc, y qud iuhoms vdhds dstk dkrmjzm`ms dk cm cdamcj`m` `d cmsijsims jkstjtuhjfkds `urmktd `hm`ms y `hm`ms, sjacfs jkhcusf.

Dk dc hmptucf prjidrf Dhfkfim ^fctjhm dk Cjbdrtm`. ^rjkhjpjfs dstu`jmk`fdk prjidr cuamr cfs fradkds y `dejkjhjfkds `d Dhfkfim ^fctjhm, sd dxpcjhm


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kudstrm fpjkjk sfbrd cm pfctjhm dhfkijhm adkdrmc, y sd jk`jhmk mcaukms `d cmshmusms y sfcuhjfkds m cms hrjsjs `fk`d dc Dstm`f, dk tmktf dk humktf qudhffr`jkm`fr adkdrmc m trmvs `d sus pfctjhms ifkdtmrjm, ejshmc, dxtdrjfr f cm `drdktms pud`d hrdmr dc imrhf m`dhum`f (f jkm`dhum`f) `fk`d sd `dsmrrfccdkpfsjtjvm (f kdamtjvmidktd) cms eudrzms dhfkijhms y ejkmkhjdrms. Prmtmifs dk

dsd hmptucf `dc rdtfrkf m cms pfctjhms ijhrfdhfkijhms< `d mcaukms hmusmsis hfkvdkhjfkmcds `d cms hrjsjs dhfkijhms< `d cfs prfbcdims hmusm`fs pfrdc dstm`f `dc bjdkdstmr `dsfrbjtm`f hfif hmusm `d hrjsjs< `d cm ou`m `dhmpjtmcds y cm pfctjhm dhfkijhm rdardsjvm< `d mcaukms sfcuhjfkds `d euturf< `dcm uradktd kdhdsj`m` `d omhdr ukm rpj`m trmksjhjk `dc pmrf mc trmbmgf bjdkodhof< `d cfs pdcjarfs `d cm jipfsjhjk prfardsjvm< `d cm `dsjkecmhjk y dcdipcdf dxpcjhmk`f pfr ctjif brdvdidktd cm tdfrm `dc hjhcf mustrjmhm dk ukmpmrtm`f tjtucm`f Jkecmhjk, dxpmksjk hrd`jtjhjm y hjhcfs dhfkijhfs.

Dk dc hmptucf sdauk`f, Dc dedhtf Cmeedr y ftrms rdecdxjfkds sd dxpcjhm cmjipfrtmkhjm `d cm dvj`dkhjm qud pcmktd Cmeedr y qud ftrfs mutfrds mktdrjfrds

ombmk ym dsbfzm`f. Pmibjk, dsm ijsim j`dm qud subymhd dk tmc dvj`dkhjmsd mpcjhm `d efrim kfvd`fsm m ftrms mhtjtu`ds ouimkms adkdrmcjzm`ms dk cmqud ccmimifs tdfrm `d cms sjdtd y id`jm f dk dc qud ccmimifs dedhtf Ermkho-Cmeedr cdajscmtjvf. Xd trmtm tmibjk dk dsd hmptucf `d cm hfkvdkjdkhjm `dctrksjtf `ds`d cm hucturm `dc subsj`jf m cm `dc prstmif sfhjmc f `d cmjipfrtmkhjm `d pftdkhjmr cm hfipdtdkhjm dk tf`fs cfs ibjtfs `d cm vj`mdhfkijhm y rdstrjkajr kftmbcdidktd cm hucturm `d cm subvdkhjk tmk dxtdk`j`m,`jshrjijkmtfrjm y pdrgu`jhjmc. Xd `d`jhm uk mpmrtm`f m dxpcjhmr pfr qu hfkvjdkdarmvmr idkfs cm rdktm y sd mhmbm dc hmptucf hfipmrmk`f vdktmgms djkhfkvdkjdktds `d cfs `fs armk`ds sjstdims `d pdksjfkds7 dc `d rdpmrtf y dc `dhmpjtmcjzmhjk.

Dk dc hmptucf tdrhdrf tjhm dk cm cjbdrtm` `d cfs idrhm`fs sd `dsmrrfccm cmjkdxhusmbcd rdcmhjk dktrd dhfkfim y tjhm `ds`d dc ifidktf qud rdsmctmifscms hfksdhudkhjms y hfkvdkjdkhjm `d mhfidtdr dc dstu`jf `d cm dhfkfim hfifmhhjk ouimkm y, pfr cf tmktf, cjbrd. Mcc sd trmtm `d Cm `jidksjk tjhm `d cmsjkstjtuhjfkds y cfs idrhm`fs ejkmkhjdrfs< `d cm vmcfrmhjk tjhm y sfhjmc `d cfsidrhm`fs< `d cm mrifkm tjhm dktrd mofrrm`frds, jkvdrsfrds d jktdrid`jmrjfs f`d cms rdacms `dc gudaf y dc bdkdejhjf qud dkrjqudhd. Pmibjk sd rdsmctm cmjipfrtmkhjm `d cm cdmctm`, hfkejmkzm, prjfrj`m` `dc hcjdktd y prfedsjfkmcj`m`m cmofrm `d dkefhmr cms hudstjfkds tjhms dk dc ibjtf dhfkijhf y Cm efrimhjktjhm `dc prdhjf dk cfs idrhm`fs ejkmkhjdrfs, cm kdhdsj`m` `d Jkefrimhjk vdrmz

y trmkspmrdkhjm tjhm, y cm Jkefrimhjk prjvjcdajm`m y usf `d cm jkefrimhjk dkcfs kdafhjfs f Cm dspdhucmhjk hfif vjhjf pfsjbcd. Ejkmcjzm dc hmptucf hfk ukjipfrtmktd mpmrtm`f tjtucm`f Pdfrm `dc `dsdkvfcvjijdktf tjhfshouipdtdrjmkf qud ds dc dsbfzf `d ukm tdfrm sdijkmc y pdrsfkmc `d cm`jkijhm tjhm dk tf`f dc mipcjf dspdhtrf `d cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm yejkmkhjdrm.

Cm cjbdrtm` rdspfksmbcd tjdkd iuhof qud vdr hfk cm mutf-rdstrjhhjk y hfk dcmutf`fijkjf pdrsfkmc dk tf`fs cfs ibjtfs y dspdhjmcidktd dk dc tjhf ydhfkijhf, `fk`d cm prfpfrhjk, dc sdktj`f hfik mu`mz y cm gustjhjm `d `mr mhm`m ukf cf suyf, dkhudktrmk su hmipf mprfpjm`f dk cm mhhjk ouimkm.

Dshfadr, `dhj`jrsd y mutf-`dtdrijkmrsd pfr cms mctdrkmtjvms y cfs hmijkfs


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j`kdfs dxjad ukm sdrjd`m` pdrsfkmc y ukm rdspfksmbjcj`m` qud smbd pfkdr dkgudaf sfbrd dc tmpdtd cfs hcsjhfs prjkhjpjfs tjhfs `d pru`dkhjm, gustjhjm,efrtmcdzm y tdipcmkzm dk tf`f dc mhtumr dhfkijhf. Dc bjdk omhdr `d cmsidgfrms tjhms dk dc ibjtf dhfkijhf y ejkmkhjdrf prf`uhdk sjdiprd sjkdrajmshfktjkums y mctmidktd iuctjpcjhm`frms.

Z dk dc hmptucf humrtf, pfr ctjif, Xfbrd cm pfbcmhjk, cm dhfcfam y cfsrdhursfs, trmtmifs cm jipfrtmktsjim hudstjk `difarejhm dk rdcmhjk hfk cmdhfkfim, y cms jktdr`dpdk`dkhjms dhfcajhms vjtmcds. Cfs `jstjktfs mpmrtm`fs`d dsd hmptucf sfk7 ^fbcmhjk y dhfcfam ouimkm< Dc ijtf `d cmsupdrpfbcmhjk< Dkvdgdhjijdktf dipfbrdhd`fr< ^fbcmhjk y dhfkfimhrdhjdktds, y tmibjk ^fbcmhjk, dhfkfim, mbfrtf y mktjhfkhdptjvfs< pmrmtdrijkmr hfk dc mpmrtm`f tjtucm`f Dhfkfim y dhfcfam ouimkm.

Dk uk dksmyf qud trmtm `d cms hmusms prfeuk`ms y sfcuhjfkds `d cms hrjsjsdhfkijhms y ejkmkhjdrms kf pf`mifs `dgmr pfr ctjif `d jksjstjr y rdhfr`mr

qud cm cjbdrtm` dst dkhmrkm`m dk hm`m sdr ouimkf kmhj`f. Dk hm`m ukfhfkhrdtf, pdhucjmr y frjajkmc, pfr cf qud cms hudstjfkds `difarejhms tjdkdk qudfhupmr uk cuamr prdedrdktd dk dc `dspcjdaud dhfkijhf `d dsm cjbdrtm`pdrsfkmc. Dc mhfktdhdr `d cm vj`m ouimkm rdpdrhutd `d efrim prdpfk`drmktdsfbrd uk sjk ejk `d hjrhukstmkhjms sfhjfcajhms y dhfkijhms qud kf ds pfsjbcdfbvjmr. Dspdhjmc jipfrtmkhjm tjdkd cm rdpdrhusjk `dc mhfktdhdr y tmcmktd `d cmvj`m ouimkm sfbrd cms hudstjfkds dhfcajhms. Guktf mc dstu`jf `d cmhfipmtjbjcj`m` dxtdrkm `d cm dhfkfim ouimkm hfk dc rdstf `dc dhfsjstdimhfkvjdkd sdr hfkshjdktds `d cm jipfrtmkhjm qud tjdkd cm hfipmtjbjcj`m` tjhmjktdrkm `dc dhfsjstdim ouimkf, iuhoms vdhds armvdidktd `dtdrjfrm`f. Dshumk`f sd `dtdrjfrm std humk`f sd mhmbm `jstfrsjfkmk`f y `dstruydk`f dcid`jf mibjdktd kmturmc. Tkj`m jk`jsfcubcdidktd m cm eudrzm dhfkijhm `d cmcjbdrtm` sd dkhudktrm sjdiprd cm `difarmem y cm eudrzm dhfkijhm `d cm vj`m.

---fFf---

Mukqud mipcjm`ms, rdhtjejhm`ms y mhtumcjzm`ms, cm imyfr pmrtd `d cmsrdecdxjfkds qud jkhcuyf dk dstms pajkms dstk pubcjhm`ms `d efrim pmrhjmc,jkhfkdxm y `dscmvmzm`m dk ftrms pubcjhmhjfkds mktdrjfrds. Od qudrj`f

dstruhturmrcms y hfipcdtmrcms pdrsfkmcidktd `d kudvf hfk ukm sdhudkhjmcajhm qud omam is hfiprdksjbcd su ojcmzk jktdrkm y emhjcjtd su cdhturm y susjktdrhfkdxjfkds iutums. M`dis, mc rdcddrcms pmrm vfcvdr m pubcjhmrcmsframkjzm`ms id od `m`f hudktm qud iuhoms `d dccms sfk jkhcusf ismhtumcds qud humk`f sd dshrjbjdrfk omhd ym iuhofs mfs. Cms hfksdhudkhjms`d cfs drrfrds pdrtjkmhds omk odhof qud sdmk mofrm is mtrmhtjvms ykdhdsmrjms `d pfkdr dk prhtjhm. Dstm Armk Hrjsjs qud hfidkz dc : `d mafstf`d 2>>1 cms om pudstf `d kudvf `d if`m y `d mhtumcj`m`.


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HRJXJX DHFKIJHMX Z EJKMKHJDRMX

HMTXMX ^RFETK@MX Z XFCTHJFKDX

HM^PTCF J

DHFKFIM^FCPJHMDKCJBDRPM@.^RJKHJ^JFX.

=.=. - Dhfkfim ^fctjhm

Dc kfibrd `d Dhfkfim ^fctjhm ds dipcdm`f pfr prjidrm vdz dk =5=4 pfrMktfykd `d Ifkthortjdk pmrm rdedrjrsd m ukm hjdkhjm dijkdktdidktd kfrimtjvm

dkhmijkm`m m `mr uk hrjtdrjf `d mhtumhjk mc ofibrd `d Dstm`f, y dk dc tfif U`d cm "Dkhjhcfpd`jm" (=144) mpmrdhm dc mrthucf "Dhfkfim ^fctjhm" dshrjtf pfrRfussdmu y dk c rdhfr`mbm qud Dhfkfim f bjdk Fdhfkfim sjakjejhmbmfrjajkmrjmidktd dc smbjf y cdatjif afbjdrkf `d cm hmsm, y qud dc sdktj`f `d dstdtrijkf sd ombm dxtdk`j`f m hfktjkumhjk mc afbjdrkf `d cm armk emijcjm qud dsdc Dstm`f. Dk dstms `dejkjhjfkds cm Dhfkfim ^fctjhm kf ds ukm dxprdsjkrdstrjkaj`m m cm imtdrjm dstrjhtmidktd dhfkijhm sjkf qud sd mipcm pmrm`dsjakmr tf`f uk dstjcf `d "afbjdrkf" pfr pmrtd `dc dgdhutjvf.

Cm hfkgukhjk dktrd dhfkfim y pfctjhm pdr`urm cmraf tjdipf dk dcpdksmijdktf y cm prhtjhm dhfkijhm. Cm idzhcm `d rdhdtms pfctjhms hfk dcmkcjsjs dhfkijhf ds iuy dstrdhom, y dccf drm ms tmktf dk cfs jkjhjfs `d cmmutfkfim `d cm hjdkhjm dhfkijhm hfif ms cf sjaud sjdk`f mhtumcidktd.Cjfkdc Rfbbjks, hfif ftrfs, mejrimbm qud kf pf`m ombdr `u`m `d qud, m cfcmraf `d cm ojstfrjm, cfs dhfkfijstms `d tf`ms cms dshudcms omk tdkj`f cmhfkhdphjk `d qud su trmbmgf tdkm ukm armk jkecudkhjm sfbrd cm pfctjhm. Zvjhdvdrsm pf`mifs mm`jr7 cms `jstjktms ejcfsfems pfctjhms tjdkdk uk `dhjsjvf

jkecugf dk cm dhfkfim. Kf sd pud`d sdpmrmr cm pfctjhm `d cm dhfkfim hfif kfsd pud`dk sdpmrmr cms dstrmtdajms y pfctjhms pdrsfkmcds, emijcjmrds fdiprdsmrjmcds `d cm hfksdhuhjk `d cfs fbgdtjvfs dhfkijhfs. Dk cms hjdkhjmssfhjmcds -y cm dhfkfim ds ukm `d dccms-, pfr sdr hjdkhjms `dc ofibrd, mpmrdhdtf`m cm eudrzm y cm rjqudzm `dc subgdtjvjsif y `dc iuk`f jktdrjfr jimajkmtjvf yhrdmtjvf `d hm`m humc.

Cfs fbgdtjvfs dhfkijhfs sd hfksjaudk kf mc imradk `d cm pfctjhm sjkffrjdktmk`f stm dk cm `jrdhhjk `d amrmktjzmr cm hfkvjvdkhjm pmhejhm y cm


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hfksdhuhjk `d cfs ejkds pdrsfkmcds y emijcjmrds dk dc ibjtf hju`m`mkf. Hfifjk`jhmbm Xtjacdr= qujzs sdmifs cfs prfedsjfkmcds `d cm dksdmkzm `d dstmhjdkhjm cfs hucpmbcds `dc jktdktf `d sdpmrmr `rstjhmidktd cm dhfkfim `d cmpfctjhm hfkvjrtjdk`f mqudccm dk idrf mrsdkmc `d tdhkjhjsifs mbstrmhtfs y`dtdrijkjstms. Ms hfif mc prjkhjpjf cm dhfkfim eud ukm hjdkhjm hrdm`m,`jrjaj`m y frjdktm`m pfr kf mhmìjhfs huyfs prjkhjpmcds fbgdtjvfs `d dstu`jfdstmbmk `jrdhtmidktd rdcmhjfkm`fs hfk cms jipcjhmhjfkds y rdcmhjfkds pfctjhms`d dstm hjdkhjm, eud m pmrtjr `d cms ctjims `hm`ms `dc sjacf _J_ humk`f cmdhfkfim sd hfkvjrtj dk ukm `jshjpcjkm mhmìjhm.

M id`j`m qud cm hjdkhjm sd hfkvdrtm is dxhcusjvmidktd dk ukm prfedsjkukjvdrsjtmrjm idkau cm jipfrtmkhjm vjtmc `d cms hudstjfkds `d pfctjhm ym quddk dc iuk`f mhmìjhf prd`fijkm ukm hjdrtm mbstrmhhjk d jk`dpdk`dkhjmrdspdhtf m cm dshdkm hfktdipfrkdm `dc ifidktf bushmk`f dc rjafr efrimc uk

tmktf fbtusf y cm dcdamkhjm mpmrdktd qud `mk cfs jkstruidktfs `d trmbmgf`jstjkauj`fs dktrd cfs qud dgdrhdk ukm pf`drfsm jkecudkhjm cfs sfejstjhm`fsitf`fs imtditjhfs hfk su cajhm pjtmarjhm iuhoms vdhds dkard`m.

Dc huctjvf `d thkjhms mhmìjhms dspdhjmcjzm`ms sd vjf rdefrzm`f pfr cfsjipfrtmktds trjukefs `d cms hjdkhjms esjhms y bjfcajhms `dc sjacf _J_ ym qud cmsdstruhturms tdrjhms kdwtfkjmkm y `mrwjkjmkm fbtuvjdrfk ukm prfeuk`m ukj`m`qud jkecuy sfbrd cm hfksj`drmhjk `d humcqujdr trmbmgf hjdktejhf hfif hfrrdhtf.Cm esjhm y cm mstrfkfim dspdhjmcidktd suadrmk qud ukm hjdkhjmvdr`m`drmidktd mvmkzm`m `dbdrm sustdktmrsd sfbrd ukm efrimcjzmhjk

imtditjhm qud pdrijtjrm `dùhhjfkds y mpcjhmhjfkds dxtdksms y mhdrtm`ms.

Cm hrtjhm m dstm vjsjk hjdktjejstm y imtditjhm sd om odhof kftmr `ds`d`jvdrsfs kaucfs dk kudstrf sjacf __. Rmijrf `d Imdztu pfr dgdipcf dshrjbj7Km`jd ù`m ym `d qud dc pcmkf `d cm vj`m sd fr`dkm hfk mrrdacf m prjkhjpjfs

euk`midktmcidktd `jstjktfs `d cfs esjhf-quijhfs. Ds vdr`m` qud cms cdyds

esjhms vmcdk tmibjk pmrm cfs framkjsifs, pdrf dstfs sd `dsdkvudcvdk hfk sus

cdyds prfpjms. Cf ijsif fhurrd dk cm rdcmhjk `d cf psqujhf m cf vjtmc. 2Tkm `ddsms hrtjhms dk dc ibjtf dhfkijhf ojzf su mpmrjhjk hfk cm dshudcm `d cmsdxpdhtmtjvms rmhjfkmcds. Cm ojptdsjs `d cms dxpdhtmtjvms rmhjfkmcds8, dk cm qud

Rfbdrt Cuhms0 ds ukf `d cfs pjfkdrfs is `dstmhm`fs, kfs vjdkd m `dhjr qud dcofibrd pjdksm y rdmhhjfkm mktd cf qud subgdtjvmidktd `dshubrd d jimajkmpdrsfkmcidktd. Mejrim qud cfs jk`jvjùfs kf hfidtdifs drrfrds sjstditjhfs mcprd`dhjr dc euturf. Cm efrimhjk `d dxpdhtmtjvms ds uk tdim hdktrmc tmktf dkimhrfdhfkfim hfif dk ijhrfdhfkfim. Dc dkhmsjccmijdktf `d vmrjms

=Xtjacdr, Adfrad G., Dc dhfkfijstm hfif prd`jhm`fr y ftrfs dksmyfs (Bmrhdcfkm, D`jhjfkds Efcjf, =:?1).

2Rmijrf d Imdztu, @dedksm dc dsprjtu (Im`rj`, Rjmcp, =:4?), p. =05

8Bdaa, @mvj` L.O., Cm rdvfcuhjk d cms dxpdhtmtjvms rmhjfkmcds dk cm imhrfdhfkfim (Ixjhf7 Efk`f d Hucturm

Dhfkijhm, =:?:).0

Cuhms, Rfbdrt D. Gr. Z Xmradkt, P.G., d`s, Rmhjfkmc Dxpdhtmtjfks mk` Dhfkfidtrjh rmhtjhd (Tkjvdrsjty fe Ijkkdsftm^rdss, =:?>).


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=8

supfsjhjfkds ejgms sfbrd dc prfhdsf `d efrimhjk `d dxpdhtmtjvms pdrijtj dk dcpmsm`f dc `dsmrrfccf `d if`dcfs imhrfdhfkijhfs uk tmktf tfshfs pdrf qudomhmk pfsjbcd cm utjcjzmhjk `d cms odrrmijdktms dhfkfitrjhms. Cfsdhfkfidtrjstms diprjhfs sd feushmrfk hfkstruydk`f if`dcfs imtditjhfs `dcms dhfkfims rdajfkmcds, kmhjfkmcds, d jkhcusf jktdrkmhjfkmcds, pmrm utjcjzmrcfstmktf dk cm prd`jhhjk hfif dk cm dvmcumhjk `d pfctjhms, y dk cfs qud cmsjiucmhjk jkefritjhm `d mctdrkmtjvms ojpfttjhms omhm hmdr m cfs pfctjhfs dkdc drrfr `d hrddr qud pf`mk hfiprdk`dr y hfktrfcmr cms prfbmbcdshfksdhudkhjms `d tmc f humc dstrmtdajm y pcmkjejhmhjk pfctjhm.

^drf sj cms dxpdhtmtjvms sfk, hfif pmrdhd qud sfk, rmhjfkmcds, dspfsjbcd `difstrmr, hfif omhd Cuhms, qud dc usf jkadkuf `d tmcds if`dcfsdhfkfitrjhfs pmrm dvmcumr pfctjhms adkdrmr rdsuctm`fs pfr hfipcdtfdkamfsfs. Hfif kfs `jhd Bdaa, uk hmibjf dk cm pfctjhm mctdrmrm cmsdxpdhtmtjvms `d cfs jk`jvjùfs mhdrhm `dc euturf y, m idkfs qud cms dhumhjfkdssd hfrrjgmk pmrm qud rdecdgdk dsm if`jejhmhjk `d cms dxpdhtmtjvms, ds prfbmbcdqud cm sjiucmhjk `d pfctjhms sdm bmstmktd jktjc. ^mrm tfimr `dhjsjfkds jktdr-tdipfrmcds sdksmtms y prfvdhofsms ds dsdkhjmc kf ijrmr tmktf mc pmsm`f yefrimrsd fpjkjfkds mhdrhm `dc euturf is f idkfs jkid`jmtf. ûdstf qud dk cmefrimhjk `d hm`m dxpdhtmtjvm jk`jvjùmc hfkecuyd uk hmcj`fshfpjfprhtjhmidktd jkejkjtf `d hjrhukstmkhjms, kf pud`dk sdr `jrdhtmidktdfbsdrvmbcds, y iuhof idkfs pf`difs prd`dhjr dc hfipfrtmijdktf `d

mardam`fs dhfkijhfs qud efrimk cms pjd`rms mkaucmrds `d cmimhrfdhfkfim. Dc euturf ouimkf kf ds ukm hfktjkumhjk cjkdmc `dc pmsm`f ykf sd pud`d sfstdkdr, pfr iuhof qud sd vjstm y dshfk`m hfk uk armk bfmtfimtditjhf, qud cms dxpdhtmtjvms sdmk kdhdsmrjmidktd jkvmrjmktds dk pdrf`fsuk pfhf cmrafs dk dc tjdipf. Hfk cm hrdhjdktd vmrjmbjcj`m` `d kudstrm hfipcdgmsfhjd`m` mhtumc, kj sjqujdrm pf`difs mìjtjr dsms prdvjsjfkds raj`ms pmrmpdrf`fs hfrtfs.

Cm hrtjhm `d Cuhms sd `jrjad omhjm dc ermhmsf `d cm dvmcumhjk `d pfctjhmspfr kf qudrdr hfksj`drmr cm kmturmcdzm `d cm dxtrmpfcmhjk ouimkm hfkhrdtm dkijccfkds `d `dhjsjfkds tfim`ms pfr sdrds cjbrds y hfk uk hfkfhjijdktfdhfkijhf, tjhf y ejkmkhjdrf hm`m vdz imyfr qud rdspfk`d hfk jktdcjadkhjmcajhm m cms id`j`ms tfim`ms pfr cfs afbjdrkfs y cms mutfrj`m`ds ifkdtmrjms.Cm armk eudrzm `d cm ojptdsjs `d Cuhms sd bmsm dk cm jipfrtmkhjm `m`m mcprjkhjpjf `d fptjijzmhjk sdak dc humc cfs jk`jvjùfs omhdk cms hfsms cf idgfrqud pud`dk y msuijdk`f cfs rjdsafs hfkkmturmcds m tf`m `dhjsjk cjbrd yrdspfksmbcd. Pmktf dc mkcjsjs imhrfdhfkijhf `d cms pfctjhms `d

dstmbjcjzmhjk, hfif jkhcusf cfs mkcjsjs ijhrfdhfkijhfs, `dbdk rdhfkfhdr


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qud cms dxpdhtmtjvms `dc sdhtfr prjvm`f `dpdk`dk `d cm pdrhdphjk qud tjdkdkcfs hju`m`mkfs `d cms pfctjhms aubdrkmidktmcds dk vjafr. Cfs madktdsdhfkijhfs ctjifs kf pdrimkdhdk smtjsedhofs hfk rdacms qud adkdrmkdrrfrds pdrhdptjbcds y cfs dhfkfijstms tdkdifs qud vfcvdr m rdhfksj`drmr dcdstu`jf `d prfbcdims is hfipcdgfs hfif ds dc `d cm hrdmhjk `d pmutms `dhfipfrtmijdktf ouimkf qud tdkamk dk hudktm cm prdsdkhjm `dc rjdsaf dk tf`m`dhjsjk.

^fr dccf, pdsd m cm prdsjk d jksjstdkhjm dk pftdkhjmr cm dhfkfim pfsjtjvmtrmtmk`f `d `dgmr `d cm`f cms dxpdhtmtjvms y cm pmrtd is pfctjhm y kfrimtjvm `dcm hjdkhjm, kukhm sd om hfksdauj`f pcdkmidktd dstd fbgdtjvf. Dc rdsurajr `d cmsprdfhupmhjfkds tjhms `ds`d cfs `jstjktfs kaucfs `dc mhfktdhdr dhfkijhf dsukm prudbm is `d cm dstdrjcj`m` `d mqudccfs jktdktfs `d rdùhjr dc ofibrddhfkijhf m ukm vucamr, mukqud hfipcjhm`m, tmbcm `d cfamrjtifs. Hrdf qud kfpud`d ombdr hfiprdksjk sdrjm y pcdkmrjm, kj jktdrprdtmhjk gustm `dc prfbcdimdhfkijhf, omstm tmktf cfs mspdhtfs dhfkijhfs `d cms rdcmhjfkds y fbgdtjvfsouimkfs kf sdmk mkmcjzm`fs dk dc imrhf pfctjhf adkdrmc `dc prfhdsf sfhjmc,tjhf, jk`jvjùmc, diprdsmrjmc, gur`jhf y acfbmc `d tfim `d `dhjsjfkds `dc qudsfk pmrtd jktdarmc< y omstm tmktf kf sd dxpcjhjtdk kj sd rdecdxjfkd sfbrd cmsejkmcj`m`ds ctjims `d cm kmturmcdzm ouimkm. Cm Dhfkfim dstrjhtmidktdkdutrmc qud sd qud`m sjipcdidktd dk sjipcd Dhfkfim kf ds kj sjqujdrm dsfqud prdtdk`d sdr. Xd pud`d qud`mr dk idrf dgdrhjhjf `d gudafs imcmbmrds y

pf`difs hmdr dk cm tdktmhjk `d jktrfùhjrkfs dk cfs vdrjhudtfs mbsur`fs yhumktjtmtjvjstms `d cfs armejsifs kuirjhfs y dk cm prfbcditjhm dhfkijhm`dsku`m `d j`dms y `d ^fctjhm hfk imyshucm. Hrdf qud dsm mhtjtu` ds ukhrmsf drrfr jkjhjmc. Omhd emctm uk rdkmhjijdktf `d cm Dhfkfim ^fctjhm. Kf iddxtrmmrm km`m qud sdm dstm vjsjk "mpfctjhm" `d cm Dhfkfim ukm `d cmshmusms jipfrtmktds `d cms hrjsjs dhfkijhms y ukm `d cms `jejhuctm`ds m supdrmrpmrm smcjr `d dccms.


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=.2.- Dc rdtfrkf m cms pfctjhms iJhrfdhfkijhms

Dc prfedsfr Rfbdrt Cuhms ym hjtm`f dshrjbm dk =:?1 qud dc `dsmrrfccfrdhjdktd `d imyfr jktdrs dk cm tdfrm imhrfdhfkijhm pmrdhd sdr cmrdjkhfrpfrmhjk `d prfbcdims mardam`fs tmcds hfif cm jkecmhjk y cfs hjhcfs

dhfkijhfs `dktrf `dc imrhf adkdrmc `d cm tdfrm "ijhrfdhfkijhm". Xj dstd`dsmrrfccf sd hfrfkm hfk dc xjtf, dc trijkf "imhrfdhfkfim" hmdr dk `dsusfy dc prdejgf "ijhrf" rdsuctmr supdrecuf. Ombcmrmifs dktfkhds, tmc y hfifojhjdrfk Xijto, Rjhmr`f, Imrsomcc y Qmcrms, `d tdfrm dhfkijhm sjk is.

Pmibjk dc prdijf Kfbdc Gmids Buhomkmk, dk dc hmptucf 8 `d ukjkkfvm`fr y rdvfcuhjfkmrjf cjbrf dktfkhds tjtucm`f Cm dhfkfim hfif uk fr`dkhfkstjtuhjfkmc ccmimbm cm mtdkhjk sfbrd sus rftuk`ms mejrimhjfkds `jhjdk`f

qud kf ombm cuamr pmrm cm imhrfdhfkfim, kj hfif pmrtd `d kudstrm hjdkhjmpfsjtjvm kj hfif rdhursf pmrm cm mhhjk pfctjhm. Z mm`m qud cms vmrjmbcdsmardam`ms, tmcds hfif cm rdktm f dc prfùhtf kmhjfkmcds, tmsms `d pmrf,hmpmhj`m` `d utjcjzmhjk f hrdhjijdktf, dth. kf sfk vmrjmbcds sugdtms m dcdhhjk,kj `jrdhtm kj jk`jrdhtmidktd, pfr cfs pmrtjhjpmktds jk`jvjùmcds dk cm dhfkfim kjpfr cfs madktds pfctjhfs4.

Cm vudctm mc mkcjsjs pdrsfkmc y ijhrfdhfkijhf ds ukm `d cms tdk`dkhjmsmhtumcds is sdmcm`ms `d cm tdfrm dhfkijhm. Xd vudcvd m sdr hfkshjdktd `dqud dc prfhdsf dhfkijhf kf ds km`m qud sd rdmcjhd eudrm `d kfsftrfs, m if`f

`d mcaf fbgdtjvf y idhkjhf, sjkf qud ds uk prfhdsf mc qud tf`fs hfktrjbujifshfk cm suim `d kudstrms `dcjbdrmhjfkds y rdsfcuhjfkds. Dk dc efk`f sfk, puds,ijcds y ijcds `d prfhdsfs subgdtjvfs fpdrm`fs dk tf`fs y hm`m ukf `d kfsftrfscf qud sd dshfk`d trms cfs edkidkfs `d cm vj`m dhfkijhm qud mpmrdhdkfbgdtjvm`fs dk dc prdhjf, cm hmktj`m`, dc `jkdrf, dc jktdrs f cm hfyukturm. Cmjipfrtmkhjm dk `dejkjtjvm `d cm ijhrfdhfkfim dk adkdrmc, y `d cm hfkùhtm `dchfksuij`fr dk pmrtjhucmr qud`m rdsmctm`m dk dstm mejrimhjk `d Ojhls dk sucjbrf Umcfr y Hmpjtmc57 Cf prjidrf qud omy qud omhdr (dk dhfkfim) ds ukdstu`jf `dc hfipfrtmijdktf `d cm pdrsfkm y `d cms diprdsms sjkaucmrds. qud sd

hfipcdidktm y rdeudrzm hfk dstm ftrm7 @urmktd dstd sjacf sd om dstu`jm`f pfhfcm tdfrm purm `d cm `dimk`m `dc hfksuij`fr, msuktf qud ombm fhupm`f

iuhof cm mtdkhjk `d Imrsomcc y sus hfktdipfrkdfs.

Xjaujdk`f cfs hfksdgfs `d Cuhms, Ojhls y Buhomkmk qud muaurmk ukrdkmhdr `d cm ijhrfdhfkfim qud ym sd dst prfùhjdk`f rdhfr`difs dc mbh

4Buhomkmk, Gmids I., Pod Dhfkfijhs mk` tod Dtojhs fe Hfkstjtutjfkmc Fr`dr, Hmp. 87 Pod Dhfkfiy ms m

Hfkstjtutjfkmc Fr`dr (Pod Tkjvdrsjty fe Ijhojamk rdss, =::=), pp. 2: m 0=)5 Ojhls, Umcfr y hmpjtmc(Ixjhf7 Efk`f d Hucturm Dhfkijhm., =:10), pp. 28


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ijhrfdhfkijhf. Cms hfsms is sjipcds sudcdk sdr cms is jipfrtmktds y pfrdsf hfksj`drf hfkvdkjdktd prfeuk`jzmr dk uk dgdipcf sdkhjccf `d dstdpcmktdmijdktf ukjejhm`fr `d "imhrf" y "ijhrfdhfkfim" qud tdkdifs dk cmdxpcjhmhjk sjipcd `d cm Dhfkfim `d cm Fedrtm. Humcqujdr dstu`jmktd `d prjidrhursf smbd pdredhtmidktd qud dc sdktj`f hfik hftj`jmkf, cm cdy `d cm utjcj`mìmrajkmc `dhrdhjdktd, cm hfipdtdkhjm y cm cdatjim bsqud`m `dc ixjifbdkdejhjf pfr pmrtd `d cfs diprdsmrjfs, ccdvm m ukm rdprdsdktmhjk =) `d cmeukhjk `d `dimk`m `d cm imyfrm `d cfs bjdkds y sdrvjhjfs hfif ukm eukhjkis f idkfs dcstjhm pdrf hfk pdk`jdktd kdamtjvm, y 2) uk armejsif `d cmseukhjfkds `d fedrtm kfrimcidktd hfk pdk`jdktd pfsjtjvm. M idkfrds prdhjfs sd`dimk`mrk imyfrds hmktj`m`ds `d uk bjdk y cfs imyfrds prdhjfs mtrmdk m cfsdiprdsmrjfs pmrm prfùhjr is `d dsfs bjdkds qud sd rdvmcfrjzmk dk cfsidrhm`fs.

@m`f uk kjvdc `d prdhjfs hfkhrdtf y dstmbcd qud tjdk`d m jaumcmr ydqujcjbrmr hmktj`m`ds `dimk`m`ms y ferdhj`ms, sd pud`d prfùhjr ukjkhrdidktf `d dsms hmktj`m`ds hfiprm`ms y vdk`j`ms, bjdk pfr`dspcmzmijdktf `d cm fedrtm omhjm cm `drdhom, f bjdk pfr `dspcmzmijdktf omhjmmrrjbm y m cm `drdhom `d cm `dimk`m. Dk mibfs hmsfs sd hfksdaujrjkhrdidktmr cm prfùhhjk `d dsfs bjdkds y sdrvjhjfs. ^drf hfk ukm `jedrdkhjmeuk`midktmc7 dc `dspcmzmijdktf `d cm `dimk`m adkdrm jkhrdidktfs `d prdhjfsijdktrms qud cfs `dspcmzmijdktfs `d cm fedrtm prfùhdk `dshdksfs dk cfs

prdhjfs `d dqujcjbrjf dstmbcds qud jaumcmk fedrtm y `dimk`m y vmhmk cfsidrhm`fs. @d jaumc imkdrm, y hfk ukm hjdrtm sjijcjtu` kf dxdktm `d drrfrds, sjhfksj`drmifs m kjvdc imhrfdhfkijhf cm ccmim`m fedrtm mardam`m y cm`dimk`m mardam`m, dc jkhdktjvf `d cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm y `d cfs kjvdcds `ddipcdf m dccm cjam`fs sd pud`d prfùhjr tmibjk id`jmktd mhdcdrmhjfkdsefrzm`ms `d cm `dimk`m f id`jmktd `dspcmzmijdktfs `d cm fedrtm. Cm `jedrdkhjmeuk`midktmc vudcvd m sdr, dktrd ftrms hfsms, qud cfs mhdcdrfkds `d `dimk`madkdrmk jkecmhjk ijdktrms qud cfs `d fedrtm cm rdùhdk y omhdk m dsmsfhjd`m` is hfipdtjtjvm, vmrjm`m y gustm.

Cm pfhm `dc Dstm`f Ldykdsjmkf om sj`f cm pfhm `d cm mhtjvmhjk `d cm`dimk`m mardam`m m hfrtf pcmzf, `dc bjdkdstmr sfhjmc `fk`d qujdrd sdrprftmafkjstm dc Dstm`f, `dc sjstdim `d pcmkjejhmhjk huyfs dxpdrtfs prfpfkmkpfctjhms dk cms qud dc vfhmbucmrjf imhrfdhfkijhf jkvm`m (d jkvm`d) cms`jshusjfkds `d pfctjhm pbcjhm. Xd trmtmbm (y sd trmtm) `d imkjpucmr dsmsimhrfvmrjmbcds pmrm dstmbjcjzmr cm dhfkfim y cfarmr qud dxjstm `dimk`msuejhjdktd pmrm mbsfrbdr cm armk hmktj`m` `d prfùhtfs qud kdhdsjtmk vdk`dr

cms diprdsms `ftm`ms `d tdhkfcfams `d prfùhhjk dk imsm. Cfs dseudrzfs


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hfkguktfs `d cms thkjhms dhfkfitrjhms y `dc prfpjf mkcjsjs dhfkijhfermhmsmrfk m cm ofrm `d mhcmrmr dc hmfs `d cm jkdstmbjcj`m` ifkdtmrjm y dc `rmim`d cm rdhdsjk y dc `dsdipcdf. Dc jkhrdidktf sjiuctkdf `d cfs prdhjfs, cfssmcmrjfs y cfs `dis hfstds `d prfùhhjk kf rdsuctm dxpcjhmbcd id`jmktd dcif`dcf ldykdsjmkf. Cms pfctjhms ldykdsjmkms hfkvdkhjfkmcds sd trmùhdkmofrm dk muidktfs `d hfstds y prdhjfs dk cuamr `d jkhrdidktfs dk dc kjvdc `dmhtjvj`m` y dipcdf. Mpmrdhdk hfk eudrzm dc dstmkhmijdktf y cm jkecmhjk, dc`dhcjvd jkùstrjmc, cfs prfbcdims ejkmkhjdrfs jktdrkmhjfkmcds, cfs `dsdqujcjbrjfs`d cfs prdsupudstfs pbcjhfs y `d cms bmcmkzms `d pmafs.

Erdktd m dstd imrmsif dktrdcmzm`f suraj cm dhfkfim `d cm fedrtmtrmtmk`f `d `dspcmzmr su hurvm mardam`m omhjm cm `drdhom. Xd trmtm `d mbmrmtmrcfs hfstds `d prfùhhjk (tmibjk cfs ejkmkhjdrfs) mc fbgdtf `d hfktrjbujr mjkhdktjvmr cm prfùhhjk, cm hmpmhj`m` prfùhtjvm y cm prfùhtjvj`m` `dc sjstdim.Xd mrauidktm `d kudvf dk hcmvd ijhrfdhfkijhm sfbrd cm jipfrtmkhjm `dchfipfrtmijdktf jk`jvjùmc y `d sus jkhdktjvfs hfif eudrzms hfkùhtfrms `d cmdhfkfim qud, pfr ftrm pmrtd, cm pudstm dk prhtjhm hfk fbsdsjk `d cmspfctjhms `dc cm`f `d cm `dimk`m dstmbmk mafstmk`f. ^fr dc cm`f `d cm fedrtm cmprdfhupmhjk sd hdktrm dk dstmbcdhdr cms hfk`jhjfkds pmrm qud dc sjstdimdhfkijhf sdm ecdxjbcd `d efrim qud cfs madktds pud`mk m`mptmrsd hfkrmpj`dz y dejhmhjm m cfs hmibjfs, hm`m vdz is vjvfs, qud sd vmymkprfùhjdk`f. Xd rdkukhjm tmibjk m ejgmr frjdktmhjfkds raj`ms qud sd jipfkamk

m cm vfcuktm` `d cfs jk`jvjùfs y sd rdhfijdk`m uk ikjif `d jktdrvdkhjk mcXdhtfr ^bcjhf cjijtm`m m imktdkdr uk imrhf dstmbcd `fk`d eruhtjejqud cmrjqudzm `dc `dspcjdaud `d cm cjbrd y rdspfksmbcd jkjhjmtjvm pdrsfkmc.

Hmbd rdhfadr, m prfpsjtf `d dstd `dspcjdaud kdhdsmrjf `d cm jkjhjmtjvmpdrsfkmc rdspfksmbcd qud trmbmgmk`f pud`d mofrrmr, mcaukms jipfrtmktds j`dms`d Ufk Ijsds qud sfk `fhtrjkm hfik dk tfrkf m cm hmpmhj`m` dc mofrrf y `dchmpjtmc pmrm adkdrmr dipcdf y rjqudzm euturm. ^mrm dxpcjhmr dsm hmpmhj`m` kfs

`jhd qud cm sjkaucmrj`m` y frjajkmcj`m` `d tf`m pdrsfkm ouimkm dstrjbmsjipcdidktd dk qud dc ofibrd sd dseudrzm pfr imktdkdr y vjafrjzmr cm prfpjmvjtmcj`m` y cm `d sus `dshdk`jdktds y m`ymhdktds `d if`f hfkshjdktd y`dcjbdrm`f. Xj `dkfijkmifs hmpjtmc m mqudccm hjerm `jkdrmrjm `d`jhm`m dk ukifidktf `dtdrijkm`f m ukm mhtjvj`m` diprdk`d`frm dspdhejhm, cm `jstjkhjkdktrd id`jfs y ejkds kfs ccdvm m `jedrdkhjmr dktrd jkvdrtjr y hfksuijr, dktrd dckdafhjf y dc amstf emijcjmr. Cm suim rdsuctmktd `d vmcfrmr dc hfkguktf `d bjdkds`dstjkm`fs m jkvdrsjfkds -dc hmpjtmc- hfkstjtuyd dc puktf `d `fk`d mrrmkhm tf`fdc hchucf dhfkijhf y cm prjifr`jmc odrrmijdktm idktmc m imkdgmr dk ukm

dhfkfim. Omy qud jk`jhmr tmibjk qud hm`m pmsf qud dc ofibrd `m omhjm uk


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idgfr kjvdc `d vj`m sd omccm jkvmrjmbcdidktd prftdaj`f pfr uk mofrrf prdvjf. Dspfr dccf pfr cf qud hmbd mejrimr qud dc mofrrf y cm hfksjaujdktd mhuiucmhjk `dbjdkds `d hmpjtmc hfkstjtuydk cm bmsd `d tf`f prfardsf imtdrjmc y dceuk`midktf, dk `dejkjtjvm, `d cm hjvjcjzmhjk ouimkm. Xjk mofrrf y sjkmhuiucmhjk `d hmpjtmc rdsuctm jipfsjbcd sdak Ijsds mpuktmr jkhcusf omhjmfbgdtjvfs `d tjpf dspjrjtumc.

Cms pfctjhms `d `dimk`m dk hmibjf, dk hfktrmstd hfk cms `d fedrtm, omkpjvftm`f sfbrd cm bfk`m` dhfkijhm `d cm rupturm `rstjhm y vfcuktmrjstm `dcdqujcjbrjf prdsupudstmrjf dstmtmc qud drm ukm kfrim y prjkhjpjf dhfkijhf,ifrmc y tjhf jktfhmbcd pmrm cfs dhfkfijstms hcsjhfs. Gfs Cujs ^rdz `dMymcm1, sdmcmbm dk ukm `d sus fbrms qud, trm`jhjfkmcidktd, tf`m cm pfctjhmprdsupudstmrjm om vdkj`f imkjedstk`fsd dk tfrkf m `fs prjkhjpjfs hfktrmrjfs7f dqujcjbrjf f `dsdqujcjbrjf `dc prdsupudstf. Xj fgdmifs cfs dshrjtfs hcsjhfs dk

tfrkf mc prfbcdim sd fbsdrvm qud dc prjkhjpjf `dc dqujcjbrjf prdsupudstmrjf sdimktjdkd y `dejdk`d pfr dktdk`dr qud cm pfctjhm `d @du`m ^bcjhm, mkdgm mcèjhjt, rdstmrm mofrrf m cm prfùhhjk prjvm`m, y `d mqu sd `dùhd qud dcfcvj`m`f prjkhjpjf `dc dqujcjbrjf sd mpfym dk cm kdhdsj`m` `d rdspdtmr y kferdkmr cm dxpmksjk `d cm fedrtm acfbmc.

Dk cm armvd sjtumhjk mhtumc `d cms ejkmkzms pbcjhms `d prhtjhmidktdtf`fs cfs pmsds (tmktf `dc frbd fhhj`dktmc hfif `dc kf fhhj dktmc) hfkprfbcdims `d @du`m Xfbdrmkm rdmcidktd iuy armvds, ds ehjc qud surgmdspfktkdf uk ofk`f sdktjijdktf rmhjfkmc `d kfstmcajm omhjm dc if`dcf

prdsupudstmrjf hcsjhf `fk`d, cdgfs `d cm j`dfcfajzmhjk aubdrkmidktmc, dcDstm`f ds pfctjhmidktd kdutrmc, dk dc sdktj`f `d qud, dk humktf m sus ejkds,scf amstm pmrm prfùhjr cfs bjdkds y sdrvjhjfs kdhdsmrjfs pmrm su dxjstdkhjm yeukhjfkmijdktf ms hfif pmrm cm framkjzmhjk y fr`dk pbcjhfs `d cm sfhjd`m`.Ds tmibjk kdutrmc erdktd m cm iuctjsdhucmr dhfkfim `d idrhm`f. Dstmkdutrmcj`m` dst jkspjrm`m dk dc supudstf `d cm dejhmz mhtumhjk `d cm diprdsmprjvm`m y euk`midktm`m dk qud cm `dtdrijkmhjk `d cfs prfùhtfs qud omy qudembrjhmr, `d cfs sdrvjhjfs qud sd prdstmk, y `d cfs prdhjfs y cms rdktms qud omk`d pmamrsd, sd `dtdrijkmk pfr dc cjbrd gudaf dkrjqudhd`fr pmrm tf`fs `d cm

fedrtm y cm `dimk`m. Xupfkd qud cm dhfkfim `d idrhm`f amrmktjzm ukhrdhjijdktf dqujcjbrm`f `d cm prfùhhjk kmhjfkmc, m pcmzf id`jf, dkhfk`jhjfkds mprfxjim`ms m cms `d ukm sjtumhjk `d pcdkf dipcdf `d cfsrdhursfs prfùhtjvfs qud pfsdd cm dhfkfim. Cm " cdy `d Xmy" mpfrtm cm`difstrmhjk tdrjhm `d dstms tdsjs `fk`d cm fedrtm hrdm su prfpjm `dimk`m.Cfs amstfs qud cms diprdsms omhdk pmrm prfùhjr tf`fs y hm`m ukf `d susprfùhtfs amrmktjzm cms vdktms `d dsms ijsims diprdsms dk dc hfkguktfacfbmc `dbj`f m qud cfs amstfs `d prfùhhjk qud ojhjdrfk sfk rdktms pmrm cfs

1

^rdz d Mymcm, Gfs Cujs, Cm dhfkfim ejkmkhjdrm pbcjhm. (Tk dkefqud jkstjtuhjfkmc sfbrd cm dhfkfim pfctjhm `dcm Omhjdk`m bcjhm) (Im`rj`7D`drsm, =:??), Hmp. UJJJ


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trmbmgm`frds y prfpjdtmrjfs `d cfs hmpjtmcds dipcdm`fs. Dsms rdktms sd utjcjzmk,bjdk pmrm m`qujrjr bjdkds `jrdhtmidktd `d cms ijsims diprdsms, bjdk pmrmmpfrtmrcfs m dstms diprdsms pmrm qud hfiprdk, m su vdz, bjdkds m ftrms.ûdstf qud dstd prfhdsf ccdvm tjdipf, sd pud`dk prfùhjr "emccfs"ifidktkdfs, pdrf sdrk hfrrdaj`fs mutfitjhmidktd pfr dc prfpjf gudaf `dcm fedrtm y cm `dimk`m. Pf`f dc idhmkjsif dqujcjbrm`fr supfkd pcdkmifvjcj`m` `d emhtfrds y `d prfùhtfs, y hfrrdajr hfk prdiurm dstruhturmsmktjhum`ms, cmstrds, jkdejhmhjms, rutjkms, burfhrmhjms d jkhfipdtdkhjms.

@drjvm`fs `d dstms hfk`jhjfkds, cfs prjkhjpjfs bsjhfs dhfkijhfs `dfr`dkmhjk `dc ^rdsupudstf `dc Dstm`f sdrk7 =) qud dc Dstm`f `dbd amstmrscf pmrm cfs ejkds prfpjmidktd pfctjhfs `d hmrhtdr fr`jkmrjf, y 2) qud dstfsamstfs omk `d sdr pmam`fs pfr dc Afbjdrkf hfk cm rdhmu`mhjk `d jipudstfs.Cm "rdacm `d frf" hcsjhm qud ukd dstfs `fs prjkhjpjfs ds cm `dc dqujcjbrjf `dc

prdsupudstf `fk`d cfs jipudstfs `dbdk hubrjr tf`fs cfs amstfs fr`jkmrjfs `dcAfbjdrkf, y std `dbdr amstmr scf pmrm mtdk`dr cms kdhdsj`m`ds kfrimcds `ddstruhturm y eukhjfkmijdktf `d cms jkstjtuhjfkds pfctjhms y gur`jhmshfksustmkhjmcds hfk cm dxjstdkhjm `dc Dstm`f y `d cm sfhjd`m`. Humcqujdr amstfdxtrmfr`jkmrjf `d jkvdrsjk pbcjhm `dbd sdr dxhdphjfkmc, y huj`m`fsmidktdhmchucm`f mktds `d rdmcjzmrsd, pfr cm sdkhjccm rmzk `d qud scf pf`rm hubrjrsd7f hfk jipudstfs iuy mctfs, qud `dsmkjimrmk cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm prjvm`m -qud sd dstjim is dejhmz qud cm pbcjhm-, f m trmvs `d @du`m ^bcjhm, qudmbsfrbdrm uk mofrrf kdhdsmrjf m cm jkvdrsjk prjvm`m y qud kfs ojpftdhm dceuturf. Xj dc amstf pbcjhf dxtrmfr`jkmrjf `d jkvdrsjk sd rdmcjzm, `dbd"mutfejkmkhjmrsd" y `dbd sdr rdktmbcd prfpfrhjfkmk`f ukm rdktm suejhjdktd mcDstm`f pmrm qud std pud`m pmamr cfs jktdrdsds y mifrtjzmr cm `du`m qudhfktrmgf pmrm pmamr cm jkvdrsjk. Omy qud dvjtmr pfr cf tmktf cfs `dcjrjfs `darmk`dzm hmu`jccjstm `d qujdkds afbjdrkmk pfrqud mc ejkmc cfs pmamifs tf`fskfsftrfs< f cf pmamrk, hfk jktdrdsds, kudstrfs ojgfs y kjdtfs.

@dbj`f m dsd pdsf dhfkijhf mafbjmktd qud sd hjdrkd sfbrd cmsadkdrmhjfkds euturms, ym prdsdktds -erutf `d dsd `dsdqujcjbrjf prdsupudstmrjfprfpjhjm`f pfr dc jkhrdidktf `dsfrbjtm`f `dc amstf- ds pfr cf qud sd omk

mbjdrtf armk`ds jktdrrfamktds `ds`d omhd ukfs humktfs custrfs dk tf`f dciuk`f fhhj`dktmc, y pfr sjipmtm dk dc rdstf `dc iuk`f, rdspdhtf mc pmpdc `dcDstm`f y cm dejhmhjm `d cm pfctjhm dhfkijhm bmsm`m dk ukm vdrsjkdxhdsjvmidktd sjipcjejhm`m `dc if`dcf ldykdsjmkf qud ijrm hfk iuy budkfsfgfs dc amstf pbcjhf dstmtmc hfif iftfr dhfkijhf. ^drf sfbrd tf`f omqud`m`f iuy dk dktrd`jhof cm cdajtjimhjk `d cm pcmkjejhmhjk dhfkijhm tmktfdk dc ibjtf dstmtmc hfif dk dc diprdsmrjmc. Dc dsprjtu diprdsmrjmc mbjdrtf omqud`m`f fshurdhj`f tmibjk dk fhmsjfkds pfr cm idktmcj`m` y prfifhjkburfhrtjhm `d mcaukfs dgdhutjvfs pbcjhfs y prjvm`fs hfk mspjrmhjfkdsjkhfktdkjbcds `d sdaurj`m` cmbfrmc y fstdktmhjk hfksuijstm, qud sd mkqujcfsmk

dk pcmktdmijdktfs raj`fs y ofifakdfs. Mktd cm tdktmhjk pfctjhm,


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dspdhjmcidktd jktdksm dk pfhm `d ùrm hrjsjs dhfkijhm, `d jipcdidktmr y`dhmktmrsd omhjm pfsjbcds pmhtfs y mimfs qud prdtdk`mk pfkdr dk imrhompfctjhms pcmkjejhm`frms f ldykdsjmkms dstmtmcds f diprdsmrjmcds, pjvftmk`fsfbrd dc amstf pbcjhf, ds budkf rdhfr`mr mcaukms j`dms `d Xomhlcd y mcaukmshrtjhms, ym dsbfzm`ms mktds, `d cm dshudcm `d cms dxpdhtmtjvms rmhjfkmcds.

Dk dc if`dcf dhfkijhf `d `dhjsjk `d Xomhlcd cm prdfhupmhjk kjhmds dc dstu`jf `d hif cfs ofibrds dxpcftmk dsm cjbdrtm` qud cm jkhdrtjùibrdhfkejdrd sfbrd dc pdksmijdktf y cm jimajkmhjk. Cm jkvdrsjk, qud m ejk `dhudktms ds cm qud hrdm dipcdf, ds ukm mhhjk dk bushm `d utjcj`m`. ^drf dsmutjcj`m` qud dstjiucm cm jkvdrsjk ds uk idrf prfùhtf `d cm jktdcjadkhjm y cmjimajkmhjk y kf tjdkd km`m qud vdr hfk cm utjcj`m` `dc hfktm`fr qud om sj`frdmcjzm`m y rdajstrm`m y qud ds mcaf qud pdrtdkdhd mc pmsm`f. Cm jkvdrsjk kfsd diprdk`d pmrm bushmr ukm utjcj`m` pmsm`m, sjkf ukm utjcj`m` euturm y dstf

ds, dk ctjif mkcjsjs, idrm hfkgdturm y dspdrmkzm, kf fbstmktd cfhuj`m`fsmidktd qud sd rdkm y tmijhd tf`m dvj`dkhjm `jspfkjbcd. Dk cmsthkjhms is ombjtumcds `d prd`jhhjk sd dxtrmpfcm `d efrim is f idkfs`dtdrijkjstm prdsupfkjdk`f qud dc euturf sdr dk armk id`j`m ukmhfktjkumhjk cjkdmc `dc pmsm`f. Iuhofs if`dcfs dstruhturmcds qud jkhfrpfrmkdsms prdijsms y qud fcvj`mk dc odhof euk`midktmc `d cm jkhdrtjùibrd yvmrjmbjcj`m` frjajkmcds `d ijccfkds `d `dhjsjfkds cjbrds jimajkmtjvms qud sdtfimk `jmrjmidktd- kf pud`dk efriucmr prd`jhhjfkds euturms `jstjktms `dcpmsm`f. Dsd tjpf `d itf`fs ds vcj`f scf pmrm mqudccms vmrjmbcds qudprdsdktdk ukm rdcmhjk ejgm (mstrfkijhm) dktrd sus vmcfrds pmsm`fs y euturfs,pfr cf qud su mpcjhmhjk mc dktrmim`f dhfkijhf ouimkf ds jrrmhjfkmc dkhumktf qud hfktrm`jhd dc odhof rdmc `d qud cfs madktds sfk fptjijzm`frdskmtfs dk hm`m ifidktf, bushmk`f cf idgfr pmrm dc euturf utjcjzmk`f cf ikjif.Ds jrrmhjfkmc rdùhjr cm jktdcjadkhjm, pdksmijdktf, jkefrimhjk, mspjrmhjfkds djimajkmhjk `dc sdr ouimkf m ukm itrjhm raj`m `d cadbrm bj`jidksjfkmc ftrj`jidksjfkmc.

Dstfs dkefquds psdu`fldykdsjmkfs y burfhrtjhfs tjdkdk tmibjk ukprfbcdim `d jkhfksjstdkhjm dk humktf qud `mk ukm prdpfk`drmkhjm y

rdcdvmkhjm dspdhjmc m cms rdcmhjfkds mardam`ms, `k`fcds jkhcusf dxjstdkhjmjk`dpdk`jdktd `d cms `dhjsjfkds jk`jvjùmcds. ûdstf qud cfs mardam`fs sfkarmk`ds suimtfrjfs `d `dhjsjfkds jk`jvjùmcds vmrjfpjktms, ds iuy pdcjarfsfpmrm cms prd`jhhjfkds dkhmrkmr dk k`jhds imhrfdhfkijhfs mbstrmhtfs dsdjkhjdrtf hfipfrtmijdktf jk`jvjùmc. Cm jkhfksjstdkhjm sd pud`d adkdrmcjzmr dk dchfkguktf `d ukm sfhjd`m` humk`f sd jktrfùhd dk su dshmcm `d vmcfrds cmid`jhjk `dc xjtf `d `dtdrijkm`ms pfctjhms f `d mcaukms pdrsfkms rdcdvmktdsdk bmsd m cfs vmcfrds `d dsfs mardam`fs qud, sdak cm dshudcm, ym hjtm`m, `dcms dxpdhtmtjvms rmhjfkmcds, sfk mibjaufs y dkamfsfs, ym qud kf `jhdk km`mrdspdhtf mc jk`jvjùf y m cm utjcj`m` pmrtjhucmr y hfkhrdtm.


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Erdktd m hjdrtfs dedhtfs pfsjtjvfs qud cm Pdfrm Adkdrmc `d Ldykds,ojstrjhmidktd, prf`ugf sfbrd cm rjqudzm dhfkijhm, omy qud mejrimr, msijsif, cm hrdmhjk y dxtdksjk adkdrmcjzm`m -trmksijtj`m pfr dc ldykdsjmkjsif

`d cm pfsaudrrm- `d uk prdgujhjf psjhfcajhf `d pdksmr qud cms vmrjmbcdsdhfkijhms sfk tftmcidktd hfktrfcmbcds< qud cm pfctjhm dhfkijhm tjdkd ukimrhm`f tjktd mutfitjhf qud pdrijtd dstmbcdhdr uk rdhdtmrjf ejgf `dmhtumhjfkds sdak cms hfk`jhjfkds qud sd prdsdktmk< qud sd pud`d utjcjzmr dcvmrjm`f jkstruidktmc imhrfdhfkijhf dspdhjmcjzm`f pmrm hfk`uhjr cm dhfkfimhfif qujdk pjcftm uk sfejstjhm`f rdmhtfr uctrmif`drkf y qud stm rdmhhjfkmhfk pmtrfkds jkefritjhfs prfarmim`fs kmvdamk`f dktrd cms vmrjmbcdshfk`jhjfkds idtdfrfcajhms y adfarejhms. Ds pfr tf`f dccf pfr cf qud `dbdifsimtjzmr iuhof dk dhfkfim cms prd`jhhjfkds ehjcds y ukjcmtdrmcds y pfkdr dk

tdcm `d gujhjf cms dxtdk`j`ms dxtrmpfcmhjfkds `dtdrijkjstms. Iuhofs pdksmifsqud dc afbjdrkf kf pud`d idgfrmr dc eukhjfkmijdktf `dc idhmkjsifiuctjsdhucmr y dqujcjbrm`fr `dc idrhm`f, cf humc kf jipcjhm cm dcjijkmhjk `d sujktdrvdkhjk, sjkf cjijtmrcm m cm hrdmhjk y `dedksm `dc imrhf prdvjsjbcd, tjhf ydstmbcd pmrm dc sdhtfr prjvm`f.


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=.8.- Hmusms `d cms hrjsjs dhfkijhms

Jksjstjdk`f y hfkhrdtmk`f is sfbrd tf`f cf mktdrjfr pud`d sdr uk budkifidktf pmrm rdecdxjfkmr sfbrd cms hmusms `d cms hrjsjs dhfkijhms qudodifs pm`dhj`f, y sfbrd cfs rdid`jfs m pfkdr dk imrhom, pmrm qud, sj

ejkmcidktd sd vm cdvmktmk`f dc vudcf sd omam `d efrim scj`m y hfktjkum`m.

Hfif tmibjk sd om jk`jhm`f mktds, cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm, hfif cmhfkùhtm ouimkm, ds pmrm`gjhm y dst rdpcdtm `d dedhtfs sdhuk`mrjfs ytdrhjmrjfs kf qudrj`fs d jiprdvjstfs qud sd rdvudcvdk hfktrm qujdk cfs hmusprfùhjdk`f uk dedhtf bffidrmka qud `dgm bfqujmbjdrtfs m qujdkds hfkejmbmktfrpdidktd dk sfcuhjfkds ehjcds qud hfktdktmk m tf`fs. Tkf `d dsfs dedhtfspmrm`gjhfs, sjakjejhmtjvmidktd dxtdk`j`f y mctmidktd pdrgu`jhjmc, ds dc dedhtf

dxpucsjk `d cm jkvdrsjk prfùhtjvm adkdrm`frm `d dipcdf. Humk`f, sjkdshcmrdhdr cms hmusms prfeuk`ms `d ukm imcm sjtumhjk dhfkijhm, ukfs pfhfsccmim`fs dxpdrtfs dk dstd f mqudc pms, `dscuibrm`fs pfr dc xjtf pfctjhf `dsus j`dms y hfk dipmcmaf `d pf`dr, hrddk smbdr hif ccdvmr mc pudbcfjakfrmktd mc kudvf pmrmsf tdrrdkmc dhfkijhf, sd pud`d hmdr dk uk dibrfccf ydk uk hrhucf vjhjfsf `d `jehjc rdhfkvdrsjk.

Tk dgdipcf tpjhf ds dc cmbdrjktf sjk hmsj smcj`m `d cm pfctjhm dhfkijhm

dspmfcm `d cm mktdrjfr pfhm sfhjmcjstm dk cm pfhm `d Edcjpd Afkzcdz. Hfksu pr`j`m `dc afbjdrkf dk Imyf `d =::5 prfcjedrmrfk cfs mkcjsjs qud omhmkbmcmkhd `d ukm pfhm. Udmifs m if`f `d rdsuidk ukm vdrsjk pmrtjhucmr7ûdstf qud cm prfùhhjk kmhjfkmc dstmbm mtmshm`m dktfkhds rdspdhtf m susprdtdksjfkds mibjhjfsms y dc dipcdf sd dkhfktrmbm bmgf ikjifs, dc Dstm`fsmcvm`fr vdkm dk kudstrm myu`m y mzuzmbm dc amstf pbcjhf dk bjdkds ysdrvjhjfs7 sd jkhrdidktmbm dc kidrf `d eukhjfkmrjfs pmrm, "cajhmidktd",`jsijkujr dc pmrf d jkhcusf hfkvdk`rm subjrcds marm`mbcdidktd dc sudc`fpfrqud dccf jkhdktjvmrm dc hfksuif< pdrf, sfbrd tf`f, sd pusjdrfk dk imrhom

armk`ds prfydhtfs pbcjhfs `d jkvdrsjk y `d bfmtf jktdrdsm`f qud mhdcdrmrmkdc hrdhjijdktf `dc ^JB pbcjhf y `jsijkujrm dc pmrf dstruhturmc. Dc iuctjpcjhm`frmcjm`f `dc Dstm`f rd`dktfr omrm dc rdstf. Xu sfpcf bdkdemhtfr jipucsmbm dc ^JBpfr tf`m cm adfarmem kmhjfkmc iuctjpcjhmk`f su vmcfr `fs f trds vdhds dc vmcfr`d A (A ds cm cdtrm iajhm qud rdprdsdktm dc Amstf ^bcjhf)< y cfs kudvfshfktrmtfs `d trmbmgm`frds sd suhd`drmk hfk uk erdkds `dsbfr`mktd. ^rfktf sdmchmkzmrm m cm cfhfiftfrm mcdimkm, kudstrf kjvdc `d vj`m jktdrjfr sd pf`rmhf`dmr hfk cfs sjdtd armk`ds d jkhcusf cds ijrmrmifs pfr dkhjim `dc ofibrf.Cm mcdarm ehjc d jakfrmktd sd `dsbfr`mbm. Ms pdksmbmk.


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^drf is tmr`d f is prfktf ccdam dc tf ^mhf hfk cms rdbmgms. Cmdhfkfim ouimkm tjdkd sus rdacms kmturmcds jktdrtdipfrmcds ysuprmkmhjfkmcds qud mhmbmk pfr jipfkdrsd hfk hmbdzfkdrm sjk jaumc. Pf`fscfs gudafs imcmbmrds `d mrtjejhjf qud prdsuktufsmidktd prdtdk`mk hfkstrujrkudstrm hju`m` dkhmktm`m sd euk`midktmbmk dk cm trmsardsjk `d ukm `d dsmsrdacms kmturmcds huyf rdspdtf `dbdrmifs rdshmtmr7 dc imktdkjijdktf bsjhf`dc dqujcjbrjf prdsupudstmrjf ym hjtm`f. Humk`f dsm jaumc`m` `d jkardsfs yamstfs sd rfipd pfr dc cm`f imcf, pfr cm vdrtjdktd `dc èjhjt, dc hrhucf vjhjfsfhfk sus dedhtfs pdrvdrsfs dipjdzm m mhtumr. Dc amstf efrzm`f prfvfhm jkecmhjk.Dc èjhjt jkhrdidktm cm @du`m y dsfs `dsdqujcjbrjfs kdamtjvfs hfktjkum`fsmuidktmk dsm `du`m hfktjkum`midktd. Omy qud ejkmkhjmrcm. Dc mofrrf jktdrjfrkf pud`d scf y sd kdhdsjtm mtrmdr hmpjtmcds, pfr cf qud pmrm hfksdaujrcfkdhdsjtmifs subjr cfs tjpfs `d jktdrs trmtmk`f `d dvjtmr m su vdz dc amcfpd `dcm jkecmhjk. Gumk Udcmr`d, `jvucamk`f ukm hfkedrdkhjm `d Gfs Bmrdm dk

sdptjdibrd `d =::8 m cm qud msjst, cf dxpcjhmbm ms7 cfs mctfs tjpfs `d jktdrsmuidktmk, pfr uk cm`f dc amstf pbcjhf y, pfr ftrf, dkhmrdhdk `d tmc if`f cfs

hfstfs ejkmkhjdrfs qud `jsum`dk cm mhhjk `dc sdhtfr prjvm`f, `dktrf `dc

ccmim`f "dedhtf dxpucsjk. Dc tdgj`f diprdsmrjmc rdsuctm `dstruj`f dk budkm

pmrtd. Dc pmrf sd jkhrdidktm. ^mrm kf prfvfhmr uk hfkecjhtf sfhjmc armvsjif, sd

mhu`d mc amstf pbcjhf hfif mcjvjf. Xd hfktrmtmk is eukhjfkmrjfs< dc ^DR sd

dkhmrdhd< cms gubjcmhjfkds hrdhdk, y ms suhdsjvmidktd. Xd dspdrm dc mcjvjf `dc

Dstm`f `dc Bjdkdstmr, pdrf hfif cm hrjsjs ds eudrtd cms rdhmu`mhjfkds `d

hftjzmhjfkds d jipudstfs sd `drruibmk. Dc èjhjt `dc sdhtfr pbcjhf muidktm

`d kudvf. Hfif sj eudsd `d huhojccfs y kmvmgms, cm rud`m `jmbcjhm hfktjkm suajrmr jkhmksmbcd y `dstruhtfr `d kudstrm dhfkfim?. Dc bffidrmka afcpdmrdpdtj`midktd m qujdkds cf cmkzmrfk hfk prdsukhjk `dsbfr`mktd. Xd prdtdk`mmyu`mr m cfs is `bjcds y sfk dccfs cfs is pdrgu`jhm`fs.

Cfs hfidktmrjfs hrtjhfs sfbrd cfs prfbcdims qud trmdk hfksjaf dsmstdk`dkhjms `d cm pfctjhm ejshmc dspmfcm vfchm`ms sfbrd dc amstf sd omkrdpdtj`f omstm cm smhjd`m` `ds`d `jstjktfs efrfs pdrsfkmcds d jkstjtuhjfkmcds,

tmktf kmhjfkmcds hfif jktdrkmhjfkmcds. Cfs èjhjts pbcjhfs pdrsjstdktdsmhmbmk pfr adkdrmr jkecmhjk y hfk dccm tf`m cm rdtmocm `d pdrgujhjfsadkdrmcjzm`fs7 dk cm hfipdtjtjvj`m` `d cms dxpfrtmhjfkds, dk dc mofrrf, dk cfspdrhdptfrds `d rdktms kfijkmcidktd ejgms f hfk bmgm ecdxjbjcj`m` mc mczm, dk cmtfim `d `dhjsjfkds dhfkijhms dstmbcds m id`jf y cmraf pcmzf, dk cmdstmbjcj`m` `dc vmcfr `dc `jkdrf (rdqujsjtf jiprdshjk`jbcd dk ukm dhfkfimif`drkm sj qujdrd mchmkzmr imyfrds hftms `d `dsmrrfccf), dk cm kdhdsj`m` `dimktdkdr mctfs tjpfs `d jktdrs pmrm ejkmkhjmr ukm @du`m hm`m vdz ismbuctm`m,... dth. Dsfs èjhjts fbcjamk mc Dstm`f m prdsjfkmr sfbrd dc mofrrf

?Udcmr`d, Gumk, Cfs mfs pdr`j`fs (Im`rj`7 D`jhjfkds Djcdm, =::5), p. 22=


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prjvm`f. Pmibjk dc sdhtfr prjvm`f ds `dimk`mktd `d dstd mofrrf, pdrf cmfedrtm is tdktm`frm `dc Dstm`f, sjaujdk`f cfs rmtjfs `d sdaurj`m`-rjdsaf-rdk`jijdktf mhmbmk pfr `dspcmzmr mc sdhtfr prjvm`f, hfk cf qud rdsuctm `jehjckdamr su jkecudkhjm `dhjsjvm sfbrd dc dedhtf dxpucsjk `d cm jkvdrsjk. Dc pdsf`d cm hfrrdhhjk `d cm jkecmhjk sd ojzf rdhmdr dxhcusjvmidktd sfbrd cm pfctjhmifkdtmrjm dcdvmk`f cfs tjpfs `d jktdrs. Xd jktdkt tmibjk mhu`jr m cm pfctjhm`d rdktms pdrf hfk dshmsf xjtf. Dk humcqujdr hmsf dc rdhursf mc mgustd `d cmpfctjhm ejshmc eud rdkfvm`midktd `dsprdhjm`f. Dccf `jf cuamr m ftrm sdhudcm `ddedhtfs7 jkhrdidktf `d hfstds ejkmkhjdrfs pmrm cms diprdsms, hfk su kdamtjvmjkecudkhjm sfbrd cm jkvdrsjk y, hfksdhudktdidktd, sfbrd dc kjvdc `d fhupmhjk(dc armk `rmim ym dktfkhds `d cm dhfkfim dspmfcm).

Dc dcdvm`f amstf pbcjhf, pfr cf tmktf, dk hcmrm sjktfkm hfk cm j`dfcfamsfhjmcjstm qud afbdrk dktfkhds y qud `ds`d imrzf `d 2>>0 sjaudafbdrkmk`f ofy mk hfk is hdaudrm dhfkijhm y hfk jksjstdkhjm tdstmru`mdk dc drrfr, ds cm hmusm euk`midktmc `dc imc trmaf dhfkijhf qud, ùrmktdcustrfs, sd tuvf qud pmsmr, y mofrm sd sjaud pmsmk`f hfk iuhof is`rmimtjsif. ^mrm mtdk`dr dsd dxmadrm`f prftmafkjsif pbcjhf sd prdhjsmbm,hfrrdcmtjvmidktd, jkardsmr hmktj`m`ds supdrjfrds dk cms mrhms `dc Dstm`f ytrmtmr `d rdhmu`mr mc mczm utjcjzmk`f tf`f tjpf `d prfhd`jijdktfs mc mchmkhd `dcfs ijkjstrfs `d turkf. Cm prdsjk ejshmc sfbrd cms diprdsms y cfs pmrtjhucmrdshrdhj omstm tmsms kf rmzfkmbcds dgdrhjdk`f uk dedhtf dxpucsjk `d cm mhtjvj`m`

efrimc qud sd rdeuajmbm dk cm dhfkfim jkefrimc f dk cms tdipcm`ms maums `dcfhjf y cm pmsjvj`m` rmipcfkm. Dsd dedhtf dxpucsjk `d cms mhtjvj`m`dsdiprdk`d`frms trmm hfif hfksdhudkhjm idkfr jkvdrsjk hrdm`frm `d rjqudzmeuturm y, m cm pfstrd, idkfr rdhmu`mhjk pfr cm emctm `d `jkmijsif dhfkijhf.

^dsd m cm acftfkdrm rdhmu`mtfrjm pmrm mtdk`dr cms hm`m vdz is mipcjmskdhdsj`m`ds `dc `jspdk`jf pbcjhf, cfs jkardsfs kf kjvdcmbmk cfs amstfs, y dcèjhjt pbcjhf rdjtdrmbm su mpmrjhjk mf trms mf, y `d efrim hrdhjdktd. Cm

@du`m ^bcjhm sd jbm jkhrdidktmk`f pdcjarfsmidktd, ms hfif su hmram `djktdrdsds, omstm qud sd ccda m cm trjstd sjtumhjk dk qud drm supdrjfr mc 5>% `dc^JB `dgmk`f `d huipcjr dc kjhf fbgdtjvf qud huipcmifs ukfs mfs mktdspmrm cm hfkvdradkhjm omhjm cm Tkjk Ifkdtmrjm Durfpdm. Cm kdhdsj`m` `dejkmkhjmhjk `dc èjhjt hrdmbm prfbcdims sfbrd cfs idrhm`fs ejkmkhjdrfs,sfbrd cfs tjpfs `d jktdrs y sfbrd dc tjpf `d hmibjf `d cm pdsdtm dktfkhds. Cmkdhdsj`m` `d imktdkdr mctfs tjpfs `d jktdrs pmrm mtrmdr hmpjtmc dxtrmkgdrfjkhrdidktmbm cms hmrams ejkmkhjdrms sfbrd cfs prfydhtfs `d jkvdrsjk rdmc y`dspcmzmbm y mafstmbm cm jkjhjmtjvm prjvm`m. Cm fbhdhmhjk dk dstm pfctjhm ojzf

qud sd imktuvjdrm mrtjejhjmcidktd mctf dc tjpf `d hmibjf `d cm pdsdtm


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pdrgu`jhmk`f kudstrf `jkmijsif dxpfrtm`fr y emhjcjtmk`f cms jipfrtmhjfkds qudscf adkdrmbmk dipcdf dk dc dxtdrjfr. Dc èjhjt dxtdrjfr dipdzmbm m pdsmrhfif ukm cfsm. Hfksdhudkhjm `d tf`f dccf, ukj`f m cm rjaj`dz `d kudstrfidrhm`f cmbfrmc, eud dc trjstd rdhfr` `d pmrf y `dsdipcdf dk kudstrf pms.Guktf mc pmrf cmbfrmc omy qud tdkdr dk hudktm, cjam`f m c, dc pmrf diprdsmrjmc ycm ou`m `d hmpjtmcds `ds`d prfydhtfs diprdsmrjmcds rdmcds omhjm cmsmhtjvj`m`ds dspdhucmtjvms f omhjm cfs rdeuajfs `d sjipcd msdaurmijdktf `drdktmbjcj`m`ds ejkmkhjdrms sjk mpdkms rjdsaf. Cms humktms `d cms suspdksjfkds`d pmaf diprdsmrjmcds hrdhjdrfk is `dc =4>>% dk =::2 y cms qujdbrms is`dc =2>>%. Dk =::8 y =::0 sdaumk muidktmk`f. Cm pfctjhm ifkdtmrjm kftuvf is rdid`jf qud m`fptmr dk cfs mfs pfstdrjfrds uk tfkf imrhm`midktdrdstrjhtjvf pmrm hfipdksmr dk pmrtd cm jkecudkhjm dxpmksjvm `d cm pfctjhmprdsupudstmrjm< cm dhfkfim dspmfcm ombm pmsm`f `d sdr `dpfsjtmrjm `d cmhfkejmkzm `d cfs prjkhjpmcds jkvdrsfrds `dc iuk`f m sushjtmr tf`m hcmsd `d

rdhdcfs `dktrf y eudrm< cm armvd`m` `d cm hrjsjs drm supdrjfr m cf qud rdvdcmbmkcms dstm`stjhms fejhjmcds (sd qud`mrfk hfrtfs) y, dk ejk, qud dc armk pdr`d`frdstmbm sjdk`f dc dipcdf.

Dk =::2, dk Xudhjm pfr dgdipcf, trms qujkhd mfs `d afbjdrkf sfhjmcjstmdk `difhrmhjm, cm sjtumhjk hfk cm qud sd dkhfktrmrfk cfs kudvfs afbdrkmktdstdkm uk armk pmrmcdcjsif dhfkijhf y sfhjmc hfk cm sjtumhjk dspmfcm`dspus `d trdhd mfs `d sfhjmcjsif. Cfs jipudstfs mbsfrbmk hdrhm `d cms`fs tdrhdrms pmrtds `dc ^JB y uk dipcdm`f id`jf f uk fbrdrf jkùstrjmchumcjejhm`f dktrdambmk is `dc 4> pfr hjdktf `d su sudc`f mc ejshf. Dc dkfridmhmpmrmijdktf pfr pmrtd `dc Dstm`f `d cm vj`m hju`m`mkm drm tmc qud dsd dktd`d rmzk dstmtmc jktdktmbm framkjzmr y vdcmr pfr tf`fs `ds`d su kmhjijdktfomstm su iudrtd trmtmk`f `d hfkstrujr, pcmkjejhm`midktd, uk kudvf pmrmsftdrrdkmc mrtjejhjmc. Mukqud cfs sdrvjhjfs sfhjmcds sd ombmk ukjvdrsmcjzm`f, dccfkf sd trmùhm dk su idgfrm y dejhmhjm. Cms cjstms `d dspdrm sdidstrmcds dkofspjtmcds, pfr dgdipcf, tmibjk dipdzmbmk m adkdrmcjzmrsd. Hfif dxpcjhmbm`dspus cm hfijsjk Cjk`bdhl, dc Dstm`f ombm msuij`f dk cm dtmpm mktdrjfrkuidrfsms tmrdms qud drm jkhmpmz `d rdmcjzmr hfkvdkjdktdidktd y ombm`dshuj`m`f mqudccms qud `dbdk sdr dc khcdf hdktrmc `d su mhtumhjk. Cfs

arupfs `d jktdrs dgdrhmk uk hfktrfc sfbrd cfs idhmkjsifs `d `dhjsjk qud sdtrmùhm dk uk hrdhjijdktf `dc Amstf ^bcjhf dk su emvfr, m hfstm `d cfsjktdrdsds adkdrmcds m cfs qud `dhmk sdrvjr. Pmktms `hm`ms jktdktmk`fjipcmktmr dc Dstm`f ^rftdhtfr y dc Dstm`f `dc Bjdkdstmr ombmk `dsdibfhm`fdk uk omrtmzaf dstmtjstm dk cm hju`m`mkm y dk cm dxtdksjk `d uk "Dstm`f `dImcdstmr" adkdrmcjzm`f. Cm pmsjvj`m` subvdkhjfkm`m ombm ccdvm`f mjipfrtmktds jkhrdidktfs dk cm @du`m Kmhjfkmc y scf prfùhm tjpfs `d jktdrsis mctfs, jkecmhjk y pmrf. Xudhjm sd ombm sjtum`f, pdsd m su trm`jhjk `ddxhdcdkhjm tdhkfcajhm, dk cm vm fshurm y emrrmafsm `dc `dhcjvd dhfkijhf.

Is tmr`d rdkmhj hfk pfctjhms `d hfrtd cjbdrmc.


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Ims qud cm kdhdsj`m` `d ejkmkhjmhjk uradktd kfs `dbm prdfhupmr,tmibjk dk Dspmm, dc hfkefrijsif, pmsftjsif, pmsjvj`m` y hjdrtf mtfktmijdktfqud sd prfùhd dk cfs hju`m`mkfs subvdkhjfkm`fs< ms hfif cm erdktjhm

hmrrdrm `d cms diprdsms y cfs pmrtjhucmrds omhjm cm bsqud`m `d dsmsejkmkhjmhjfkds, subvdkhjfkds y prdbdk`ms `d cm Mìjkjstrmhjk Hdktrmc,Mutfkijhm y Iukjhjpmc. Hm`m vdz drmk is jipfrtmktds tmibjk dktfkhds cfs`dpmrtmidktfs `d cms diprdsms dkhmram`fs `d bushmr y rdbushmr dsfsprjvjcdajfs `rdkmk`f rdhursfs imtdrjmcds y ouimkfs omhjm cm hrdmhjk `d vmcfrmm`j`f dk sus bjdkds y sdrvjhjfs. Humk`f kf sd pud`d id`rmr pfr s ijsifsd kdhdsjtm mhu`jr m sdrvjhjfs dxtdrjfrds `d diprdsms dspdhjmcjzm`ms dk dsmstmrdms qud prfcjedrmbmk pfr `fqujdr. Cfs is pdrgu`jhm`fs dk dstfs hmsfs drmktf`fs mqudccfs qud prdtdk`mk y prdtdk`dk mk ofy m pdsmr `d cm `rmitjhm

hrjsjs mhtumr dk hfipdtdkhjm cdmc dk cfs idrhm`fs y qud cds rdsuctmbmprhtjhmidktd jipfsjbcd trmksjtmr pfr dsfs vdrjhudtfs cdamcds. Cms pdqudms yid`jmkms diprdsms tjdkdk ukm kftmbcd `dsvdktmgm hfipmrmtjvm rdspdhtf m cmsarmk`ds framkjzmhjfkds prfùhjk`fsd uk dedhtf rdardsjvf y bmrrdrms `ddktrm`m m cfs `jstjktfs idrhm`fs.

Dsd dsprjtu pmsjvf, qud ccdvm m trmbmgmr idkfs y pdfr, sd imkjedstmbm yimkjejdstm ofy tmibjk dk mspdhtfs jkimtdrjmcds `d `jehjc humktjejhmhjk tmcds

hfif =) Cm emctm `d hfkejmkzm y 2) dc vmhf `d dsprjtu hrtjhf dk iuhofsdstrmtfs `d cm sfhjd`m` qud `dpdk`dk `jrdhtmidktd `d dsd Dstm`f ^rftdhtfr.Dc `jhhjfkmrjf `d cm Rdmc Mhm`dijm `dejkd cm pmcmbrm hfkejmkzm hfif cmdspdrmkzm ejrid qud sd tjdkd dk ukm pdrsfkm f hfsm < y dk su sdauk`mmhdphjk mpmrdhd hfif kjif, mcjdktf y vjafr pmrm fbrmr. Humk`f pfr ukiftjvf u ftrf sd `dtdrjfrm f jipfsjbjcjtm cm hfkejmkzm ds iuy `jehjc qud sd`dsmrrfccdk hfk dedhtjvj`m` cfs kdafhjfs. Dc sjstdim dhfkijhf dk adkdrmc y cfsidrhm`fs ejkmkhjdrfs dk pmrtjhucmr hfrrdk pdcjarf sj sd dxtjdk`d uk sdktjijdktf`d `dshfkejmkzm erutf `d cm hfrruphjk. Dk dstd hmipf sd gudamk susupdrvjvdkhjm, dstmbjcj`m` y hrdhjijdktf jkkfvm`fr `d hmrm mc euturf. @d cm

ijsim efrim qud cfs mctfs tjpfs `d jktdrs `mk cuamr m uk " dedhtf dxpucsjk" `dcm jkvdrsjk, cms mhtumhjfkds ifrmcidktd rdprfbmbcds prfùhdk uk "dedhtfdxpucsjk" `d cfs kdafhjfs. Cm hfrruphjk dhfkijhm y ejkmkhjdrm adkdrmkm`dis uk prfhdsf `d ouj`m `d cm dhfkfim efrimc pmrm rdeuajmrsd dk cmjkefrimc y dk dc iftjvf prdhmuhjk. Pmibjk pud`d dstjiucmrsd, `m`m cmcjbdrtm` `d hmpjtmcds, dc mutfdxjcjf `d dsfs hmpjtmcds bushmk`f dhfsjstdimsejkmkhjdrfs y ejshmcds ims sfcvdktds y smcu`mbcds. Dc imc hfipfrtmijdktf tjhfadkdrm `dshfkejmkzm y, sj sd hfkvjdrtd dk kfrim, mpmrdhd hfif uk dcdidktf`d `jseukhjk `d tf`f dc sjstdim. Cfs objtfs fpdrmtjvfs kdamtjvfs adkdrmk ukm

dspjrmc kdamtjvm `d jkdejhmhjm, `dsfr`dk y hmfs. ^mrm qud cm jkvdrsjk dspmfcm


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y dxtrmkgdrm kf kfs mbmk`fkd mk is y mtdrrjhd `d kudvf dk kudstrf tdrrjtfrjfsd prdhjsm uk "hcjimx" tjhf, sfhjfpfctjhf y dhfkijhf emvfrmbcd. Jaumc qud cmsjkstjtuhjfkds y cfs hfcdhtjvfs kf tjdkdk tjhm dk sdktj`f dstrjhtf, tmipfhf cmhfrruphjk pdrtdkdhd, dstrjhtmidktd ombcmk`f, m sjacms y hfcdhtjvfs sjkf qudtjdkdk su frjadk dk dc imc omhdr pdrsfkmc `d hm`m humc. Iuhoms vdhds cmssjacms, imrhms y hfcdhtjvfs sfk hfif `jsermhds qud omhdk `jcujrrdspfksmbjcj`m`ds qud qud`mk dshfk`j`ms dk cm jkstjtuhjk. M`dis dsmsmhtjtu`ds tjhms pdrsfkmcds sd jkstjtuhjfkmcjzmk dk `jhofs hfcdhtjvfs pfr cf qudtmibjk sd prf`uhd ukm hfrruphjk jkstjtuhjfkmc.


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=.0.- Dc Dstm`f `dc bjdkdstmr `dsfrbjtm`f hfif hmusm `d hrjsjs

Cm adkdrmcjzmhjk `dc dsprjtu pd`jadf `d diprdsms y pmrtjhucmrds qudsd prf`ugf ym dktfkhds dk dc jktdrjfr `d kudstrf hfrtjgf kmhjfkmc, tmibjk dk dcdxtdrjfr durfpdf, y cm bsqud`m hfktjkum`m `dc Dstm`f ^rftdhtfr y `dc Dstm`f

`d Bjdkdstmr pmrm tf`fs pfr `dhrdtf y pfr dc idrf odhof `d dstmr, guktf hfk dcmek jktdrdsm`f pmrm hfkvdrtjrsd dk cm imyfr framkjzmhjk `d hmrj`m` kmhjfkmchfk dc `jkdrf pbcjhf rdhmu`m`f hfmhtjvmidktd, eudrfk qujzs cms hmusms isprfeuk`ms `d cm pfstrmhjk y `dshfksudcf `d cm sjtumhjk dhfkijhm qud sdpm`dhj. Dstm vjvm pfcijhm qud sd vudcvd m dxtdk`dr `d efrim is mhuhjmktdtf`mvm pfr tf`m cm adfarmem dspmfcm `d imkdrm hrdhjdktd, y qud dkerdktmif`drm`midktd m cfs sdhtfrds mhtjvfs hfk cfs pmsjvfs, rdprdsdktm dc imyfrprfbcdim sfhjfdhfkijhf qud tjdkd pcmktdm`f Dspmm `d hmrm mc euturf.

Rdhudr`m tf`f dccf cms `jshusjfkds `d ejkmcds `dc sjacf _UJJJ y prjkhjpjfs`dc _J_ dk Jkacmtdrrm sfbrd cms Cdyds `d ^fbrds. Cms hfksdhudkhjms sfbrd cmbudkm imrhom `d cms ejkmkzms pbcjhms y `d cm smcu` dhfkijhm `dc hfkguktf `dcm sfhjd`m` `dbjdrfk sdr jipfrtmktds pfrqud cfs armk`ds dhfkfijstms hcsjhfs`d cm pfhm, km`m idkfs qud M`mi Xijto, @mvj` Rjhmr`f f Imctous dktrdftrfs, trmtmrfk hfk prfeuk`j`m` `d dccms.

Dc prfbcdim jbm ukj`f tmibjk m cf qud pfipfsmidktd ccmimk ofy cfsdxpdrtfs ecdxjbjcj`m` cmbfrmc y ifvjcj`m` eukhjfkmc y dspmhjmc `dc emhtfr trmbmgf.Cfs prjvjcdajfs dxhcusjvfs `d cms hfrpfrmhjfkds y ardijfs `jejhuctmbmk cfsifvjijdktfs `d uk cuamr m ftrf, jkhcusf `dktrf `dc ijsif sdhtfr y dipcdf. DcDstmtutf `d Mprdk`jzmgd rdstrjkam cm cjbrd hjrhucmhjk `d trmbmgm`frds, mukquddk cm imyfr pmrtd `d cms imkuemhturms -muk sjdk`f `d rmims `jedrdktds- cmsfpdrmhjfkds qud `dbmk rdmcjzmrsd prdsdktmbmk ukm mkmcfam tmc qud cfsfbrdrfs kf tdk`rmk dspdhjmcds prfbcdims dk hmibjmr `d fejhjf sj dsms cdydsmbsur`ms kf sd cf jipj`jdrmk. Hudktm M`mi Xijto: dk Cm Rjqudzm `d cms

kmhjfkds qud, `fk`d sd omccmbm dk vjafr dc Dstmtutf, m iuhofs fbrdrfs kf cdsqud`mbm ftrf rdhursf qud sfcjhjtmr msjstdkhjm bdkejhm `d cm pmrrfqujm, y cmRdjkm Jsmbdc `dhrdt qud tf`m pmrrfqujm dstuvjdsd fbcjam`m m sfhfrrdr m suspfbrds. Cfs Dstmtutfs =8 y =0 `d Hmrcfs JJ `jspusjdrfk qud qujdk rdsj`jdsdhumrdktm `ms sdauj`fs dk ukm pmrrfqujm, pf`m amkmr vdhjk`m` dk dccm. Cmpjhmrdshm sd dxtdk`j hfif cm pcvfrm pfr tf`f dc rdjkf pudstf qud cm hudstjk`d cfs hdrtjejhm`fs dqujvmcm m pfkdr dk imkfs `d `dtdrijkm`ms pdrsfkms cm

:Xijto, M`mi, Jkvdstjamhjk sfbrd cm kmturmcdzm y hmusms `d cm rjqudzm `d cms kmhjfkds (Ixjhf7 Efk`f

`d Hucturm Dhfkijhm, =:?2), p. =8=, y dk adkdrmc ^mrtd JJ `dc Hmptucf _


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emhuctm` `d imktdkdr m iuhofs dkamkhom`fs m cm idkaumktd pdrf kdhdsmrjmhmrj`m` dstmtmc.

Imc `dbmk jr cms hfsms humk`f Xijto rdhfad ukm hjtm `d cm Ojstfrjm `dcms Cdyds `d ^fbrds `fk`d `jhd qud `dspus `d ukm dxpdrjdkhjm `dhumtrfhjdktfs mfs, ombm ccdam`f dc ifidktf `d mbmk`fkmr cm j`dm `d sugdtmrm ukm rdaucmhjk dstrjhtm cf qud kf sd prdstm m ukm cjijtmhjk prfcjgm< pfrqud sjtf`ms cms pdrsfkms `dc ijsif fejhjf eudrmk m rdhjbjr jaumcds smcmrjfs, sdmhmbmrm cm diucmhjk y kf ombrm imradk mcaukf pmrm cm cmbfrjfsj`m` y dcjkadkjf. Is hcmrf y hfktuk`dktd eud uk prdimrxjstm dk cm tdfrm `dc vmcfr-trmbmgf hfif @mvj` Rjhmr`f qud kfs `dgmbm `jhof dk sus ^rjkhjpjfs `dDhfkfim ^fctjhm y Prjbutmhjk=> (=?=1) qud m pdsmr `d cm budkm jktdkhjk `ddstms cdyds pmrm idgfrmr cm hfk`jhjk `d cfs `dsvmcj`fs, cm hfksdhudkhjm`jrdhtm y hfkhrdtm drm qud dipdfrmbmk tmktf mc rjhf hfif mc pfbrd. Dsms cdydsdstk hmchucm`ms pmrm dipfbrdhdr mc rjhf y kf pmrm dkrjqudhdr mc pfbrd y cfs

efk`fs `dstjkm`fs mc sfstdkjijdktf `d cfs pfbrds jr muidktmk`f

prfardsjvmidktd omstm qud omymk mbsfrbj`f tf`ms cms rdktms kdtms `dc pms, f

mc idkfs cm pmrtd `d dccms qud dc Dstm`f kfs `dgd, `dspus `d smtjsedhoms sus

hfkstmktds `dimk`ms `d hfktrjbuhjfkds pmrm cfs amstfs pbcjhfs.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ftrm rifrm `dc Dstm`f `d Bjdkdstmr `jehjcidktd humktjejhmbcd, pdrf `d

jk`u`mbcd jipfrtmkhjm dk cms sfhjd`m`ds `difhrtjhms, pfr dc tdifrrdvdrdkhjmc omhjm cfs afbdrkmktds, ds cm mkdstdsjm `dc dsprjtu hrtjhf omhjm dsmspdrsfkms f jkstjtuhjfkds qud fstdktmk dc pf`dr. Dk su prjidrm mhdphjk `dc@jhhjfkmrjf mpmrdhd cm "hrtjhm" hfif "mrtd `d guzamr `d cm bfk`m`, vdr`m` ybdccdzm `d cms hfsms". Xj emccm dsd dsprjtu hrtjhf sd `dtdrjfrm dsd mrtd `d guzamrcms mhtumhjfkds `d cfs adrdktds `d cf pbcjhf. Mktd dsd hjdrtf ijd`fhfksdrvm`fr omhjm qujdkds afbjdrkmk, cms prdedrdkhjms qud sd imkjejdstmkid`jmktd vftmhjk dk cms dcdhhjfkds qud`mk sdrjmidktd `jstfrsjfkm`ms. Cmsvdktmgms `dc pf`dr sfk dkfrids dktfkhds y rdsuctm `jehjc hmibjmr cm jkdrhjm `d

cfs sdaidktfs ims pmsjvfs `d cm hju`m`mkm. Dc hfkefrijsif y mbmk`fkf `dcdsprjtu hrtjhf hfkccdvmk cm emctm `d jkkfvmhjk y dsprjtu hrdmtjvf dk cm sfhjd`m`qud sfk, sdak cm tdfrm `dc `dsdkvfcvjijdktf dhfkijhf souipdtdrjmkf, cmseudrzms bsjhms `dc hrdhjijdktf y `dsmrrfccf dhfkijhf dk humcqujdr rdajk,pms f dspmhjf dhfkijhf suprmkmhjfkmc.

=>Rjhmr`f, @mvj`, ^rjkhjpjfs d dhfkfim pfctjhm y trjbutmhjk (Im`rj`7 D`jtfrjmc Myusf, =:18), pp. =>1 m ===.


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@ds`d dc puktf `d vjstm idrmidktd thkjhf d ojstrjhf dc "Dstm`f `dBjdkdstmr" f "Dstm`f ^rftdhtfr" mpmrdhd dk cm `hm`m `d cfs sdsdktm, hfifsupdrmhjk y hfksdhudkhjm `d cm rdmcjzmhjk, dk cm `hm`m `d cfs hjkhudktm, `dcpcdkf dipcdf. Tkm vdz cfarm`f dstd, cm idtm `d ukm imyfr gustjhjm y uk imyfrbjdkdstmr sfhjmc, hfif fbgdtjvf m cfarmr pfr cfs pf`drds pbcjhfs, sd rdecdg dkcfs prdsupudstfs `d amstfs sfhjmcds `d cfs `jvdrsfs Dstm`fs. Dk vdz `dprdfhupmrsd pfr dc jkhrdidktf `dc pmstdc prfùhtjvf sd pusf dspdhjmc ipdtudk cm rd`jstrjbuhjk. Kf sd hmy dk cm hudktm `d qud cm prfùhhjk y cm`jstrjbuhjk sjdiprd vmk ukj`ms y kf sd pud`dk `jvfrhjmr. Xd `dg mpmrhm`m cmmhtjtu` `d cfs Hcsjhfs `d cuhom f `fijkjf `d cm kmturmcdzm y `d mprfxjimrsd djkhrdidktmr cm hurvm `d pfsjbjcj`m`ds `d prfùhhjk. Dc Dstm`f `dc bjdkdstmr dsuk dstm`f dk qud dc pf`dr sd framkjzm pmrm sdr `dcjbdrm`midktd usm`f, mtrmvs `d cm pfctjhm y cm Mìjkjstrmhjk, hfk dc dipdf `d if`jejhmr dc gudaf `dcm dhfkfim `d idrhm`f.

Tkm `d cms vms qud dxpcjhmk cm hrjsjs `d dsd Dstm`f ym eud prdvjstm pfrXhouiptdr mc jk`jhmr qud, `ds`d dc ifidktf qud dc Dstm`f m`fptm ukmpfsjhjk jktdrvdkhjfkjstm dk cm sfhjd`m` y dk cm dhfkfim, msuijdk`feukhjfkds hrdhjdktds qud dxjadk tmibjk amstfs hrdhjdktds, cfs jipudstfs kfbmstmk pmrm prfpfrhjfkmr cfs jkardsfs qud dc Dstm`f prdhjsm, sjdk`f jkdvjtmbcdcm hrjsjs `dc Dstm`f ejshmc (`dejkj`f hfif dc Dstm`f qud sd ejkmkhjm, pfr sjstdim,hfk jipudstfs, y scf iuy dxhdphjfkmcidktd hfk @du`m ^bcjhm). Ftrm vm `d

hrjsjs sfbrdvjdkd humk`f cms hjrhukstmkhjms dhfkijhms kf sfk prfpjhjms pmrmqud dc Dstm`f fbtdkam cfs jkardsfs qud kdhdsjtm, kf sfcf pfr dc jipudstf, sjkftmibjk m trmvs `d cm @du`m. Cm imyfrm `d cfs mkmcjstms `dc edkidkf `d cm"dstmkecmhjk" cf hfksj`drmk hmusm`f dk pmrtd pfr prfarmims `d sfhjmcjzmhjk`d bjdkds `d sdrvjhjf hfcdhtjvf. Dstm hrjsjs `d dstmkhmijdktf hfk jkecmhjk sdojzf kftmr dk cm dhfkfim iuk`jmc dk cm `hm`m `d cfs 1> y mhtumcidktdtf`mvm dk pmsds sfhjmcjzmktds. Cms fpfrtukj`m`ds qud sd pjdr`dk, dk ftrfsusfs, pfr cfs rdhursfs qud dc sdhtfr pbcjhf `dsvm m sus prfpjfs ejkds,rdprdsdktmk uk hfstd qud pmam dc sdhtfr prjvm`f. Dk dstm hrjsjs `dc Dstm`f `d

Bjdkdstmr sd mhu`d, m`dis `d m cfs jipudstfs "hfkvdkhjfkmcds" f efrimcds, mjipudstfs qud pf`difs hmcjejhmr `d "jkefrimcds" dk humktf qud kf sdprdsdktmk hfk cm efrim tpjhm `d kjkaukm `d cms thkjhms jipfsjtjvms. Dktrddstfs jipudstfs jkefrimcds hmbd hjtmr7 cm jkecmhjk, cms smkhjfkds pdhukjmrjms,cfs ifkfpfcjfs ejshmcds, cm rdqujsm `d bjdkds, cm hfcfhmhjk efrzfsm "`jrdhtm" `dcm @du`m ^bcjhm, cm dijsjk `d @du`m dk hfk`jhjfkds thkjhms y dhfkijhmsqud `dtdrijkmk dc ccmim`f "dedhtf dxpucsjk", ... dth.


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Rdsuijdk`f7 qud m pdsmr `d cfs prfbcdims thkjhfs y ejkmkhjdrfs qud trmdhfksjaf cm dxtdksjk jk`jshrjijkm`m `dc Dstm`f `d Bjdkdstmr omy qud tdkdr dkhudktm dc `rdkmgd `d cm hfkejmkzm y `dc dsprjtu hrtjhf qud sd dxtjdk`d pfr tf`fdc tdgj`f dhfkijhf y sfhjmc. Dstd tjpf `d jkdrhjms sfk ims `jehjcds `d hmibjmrqud cfs prdsupudstfs thkjhfs. Trad sustjtujr dc imcdstmr hrdm`f pfr dc "Dstm`f`dc Bjdkdstmr" pfr cf qud iuhofs ccmimifs "Xfhjd`m` `dc Bjdkdstmr".


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=.4.- Ou`m `d hmpjtmcds y pfctjhm dhfkijhm rdardsjvm

Cm jktdr`dpdk`dkhjm hm`m vdz imyfr hfk dc rdstf `d dhfkfims

durfpdms y cm prdsjk `d Imstrjhot om odhof pfsjbcd qud cm rdhupdrmhjkpmusm`m `d dstms dhfkfims, afbdrkm`ms hfk hrjtdrjfs is cjbdrmcds,rdpdrhutm sumvdidktd sfbrd cm qud dktfkhds drm kudstrm tmibmcdmktddstruhturm dhfkijhm. Cm bmgm`m `d cfs tjpfs `d jktdrs qud sd prfùgf dkDurfpm, y dc jkecugf if`drm`midktd cjbdrmc (iuy if`drm`midktd `jrm yf) `dcfs mhudr`fs hfk HjT, ombmk mifrtjaum`f cm hm`m dstrdpjtfsm `d kudstrfbmcmkhd dhfkijhf. ^drf cm hmusm `d tf`fs cfs imcds dhfkijhfs y cm im`rd`d tf`ms cms bmtmccms sdaum dgdrhjdk`f su prdsjk. Dc amstf pbcjhf sdaummuidktmk`f y dc èjhjt pbcjhf hfktjkumbm dk ukfs kjvdcds jkmhdptmbcds pfrmctmidktd pdrgu`jhjmcds. Ombm `jsijkuj`f, dk fhmsjfkds hfktm`ms, cm ejdbrd mcmìjkjstrmr mktjtrijhfs y idgfrmr cm hcjimtfcfam, pdrf cm dkedrid`m`hfktjkumbm omhjdk`f dstrmafs. @dbj`f m cm jktdr`dpdk`dkhjm iuk`jmc hm`m vdzis dstrdhom, m cm jrrdvdrsjbcd mpdrturm `d cm dhfkfim dspmfcm y m cm cjbdrtm``d hmpjtmcds hm`m vdz is ecdxjbcd y sdksjbcd pfr cfs mvmkhds dk cmshfiukjhmhjfkds, dk cm jkefritjhm y dk cfs sjstdims ejkmkhjdrfs, cf qud `dbjprdfhupmrkfs ds dc cjbrd mutfdxjcjf `d hmpjtmcds humk`f sd vjscuibrmk fshurfskubmrrfkds dk cm rdmcj`m` dhfkijhm dspmfcm sj kf sd hfrrdam dc hcjimpfctjhf-sfhjmc, cm mctm prdsjk ejshmc, cm sjtumhjk `d cms ejkmkzms pbcjhms, cm iuymctm prdsjk burfhrtjhm, cmbfrmc, pjhmrdshm y cjifskdrmidktd jktdrdsm`m

pfctjhmidktd. Kudstrfs euturfs imk`mtmrjfs `dbdrk tdkdr iuy prdsdktd dcrjdsaf `d mutfdxjcjf sjcdkhjfsf `dc hmpjtmc omstm dspdrmr tjdipfs idgfrds. Bmstmukm sdrdkm y hmccm`m rdecdxjk, ccdamr m ukm hcmrm hfkhcusjk y dstmipmr sjkruj`f ukm sdkhjccm ejrim pmrm qud ijccfkds `d pdsdtms `dgmrmk `d pfkdr dkimrhom dc idhmkjsif `d adkdrmr dipcdf y rjqudzm rdmc dk Dspmm pmrmpfkdrsd m trmbmgmr dk ftrfs cuamrds. Ijccfkds `d `dhjsjfkds `d dstd tjpf sdtfimk `jmrjmidktd sjk dstrpjtf y hfk cjbdrtm` m cf cmraf y mkhof `dc iuk`f ydk tf`ms cms `jrdhhjfkds pfsjbcds. Kf ds kjkak sdhrdtf qud dk cfs hdktrfsejkmkhjdrfs iuk`jmcds y dk cfs `dpmrtmidktfs `jrdhtfrds `d cms `jstjktms

diprdsms, omy uk hjdrtf rdpdcs dspfktkdf y mutfitjhf dk cfs tjdipfs qudhfrrdk, omhjm cms zfkms imkhom`ms hfk tjktds sfhjmcjstfj`ds dk dc impmiuk`jsfhjfpfctjhf y dhfkijhf. ^mrm jkjhjmr ukm mtrmhtjvm rdhupdrmhjk kf bmstmbmhfk rdid`jfs hmsdrfs pmrm smcjr `dc pmsf, kj supcjhmr ukm rdhupdrmhjk dxtdrjfr,kj mrbjtrmr subtdreuajfs hfyukturmcds, sjkf qud sd prdhjsmbm dxtjrpmr dc imc dksu rmz. Cm sjtumhjk drm cf suejhjdktdidktd sdrjm hfif pmrm kf mk`mr hfkzmrmk`mgms dqujcjbrjstms pmrsjifkjfsms. Kf sd pud`dk tmpmr hfk ukfs humktfsijccfkhdgfs cms euams `d uk pmr `d bjccfkmzfs.


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Mqudccm pfctjhm dhfkijhm m`dis kf drm prfardsjstm sjkf rdardsjvm. Xdsudcd dktdk`dr vucamridktd hfif pfctjhm prfardsjstm cm qud hfkccdvm uk eudrtdhfipfkdktd rd`jstrjbutjvf `ds`d cms rdktms mctms m cms bmgms. Tkm pfctjhm qudadkdrmrm ecugfs rd`jstrjbutjvfs `ds`d sdhtfrds pfr `dbmgf `d cm id`jm omhjm cfssupdrjfrds sd hmtmcfam dktfkhds hfif rdardsjvm. Cms sushrjphjfkds `d ttucfs dcm @du`m tjdkdk hfif hmrmhtdrstjhm euk`midktmc su musdkhjm `d rjdsaf mshfif sus mctfs tjpfs `d jktdrs dk mqudccfs mfs. Dstms hmrmhtdrstjhms sfk cmsqud omhmk mtrmhtjvm dstm efrim `d hfcfhmhjk `d cfs mofrrfs `dtrmydk`frdhursfs `d cm hfrrjdktd ejkmkhjdrm qud sd `jrjad omhjm cm jkvdrsjk prjvm`m rdmchrdm`frm `d dipcdf. Hm`m vdz is "diprdsmrjfs" pftdkhjmcds mbmk`fkmbmk cmmsukhjk `d rjdsafs pmrm pmsmr m dkarfsmr dc hrdhjdktd arupf `d rdktjstmshfksfcj`m`fs huym kjhm eukhjk sfhjmc hfksjstd dk ejkmkhjmr mc Dstm`f. ^fr ftrmpmrtd cms sushrjphjfkds jipfrtmktds `d @du`m sd rdmcjzmbmk cajhmidktd pfrmqudccfs madktds hfk suejhjdktd hmpmhj`m` `d mofrrf. Hfif cm hmpmhj`m` `d

mofrrf muidktm hfk cfs kjvdcds `d rdktm, kf ds `jehjc supfkdr qud sfk cms rdktmsmctms `d cm sfhjd`m` cms qud euk`midktmcidktd pdrhjbdk dstfs jktdrdsds.Ds qujzs `dbj`f m dstf pfr cf qud M`mi Xijto ojhjdsd dc sjaujdktd hfidktmrjfdk su "Rjqudzm `d cms Kmhjfkds"7 "Dc hfidrhjmktd y dc ofibrd mhmu`mcm`f omhdk`jkdrf prdstk`fcf mc Afbjdrkf, y dk cuamr `d `jsijkujr su hmpjtmc hfidrhjmc, cfmhrdhjdktmk. ^fr rdacm adkdrmc, hfksj`drmk hfif uk emvfr qud dc Afbjdrkf cfshudktd dktrd cfs prjidrfs sushrjptfrds humk`f sd cmkzm uk kudvf diprstjtf. @dmqu kmhd cm `jspfsjhjk y hfipcmhdkhjm dk prdstmr, qud sd m`vjdrtd dktrd cfssb`jtfs `d uk Dstm`f `fk`d ecfrdhd dc hfidrhjf==."

M trmvs `d cfs jktdrdsds `d cm @du`m ukm pmrtd sustmktjvm `dc Amstf ^bcjhf sd`jrjad omhjm cms rdktms mctms `d cm sfhjd`m`. ^udstf qud cm prdsjk ejshmc rdhmdsfbrd dc sdhtfr prf`uhtjvf `d cm dhfkfim euk`midktmcidktd (dk dc qudjkhcujifs dspdhjmcidktd cfs trmbmgm`frds qud trmbmgmk pfr hudktm mgdkm), y quddc ermu`d ejshmc jipfrtmktd, sd sjtum tmibjk dk cms mctms hmpms sfhjmcds, ds ehjchfkhcujr uk hjdrtf dedhtf rdardsjvf dk dstfs jktdrdsds qud pdrgu`jhm m cms rdktmssjtum`ms dk cm ijtm` jkedrjfr `dc dspdhtrf `d kjvdcds `d rjqudzm `d cm pfbcmhjk

qud kf pud`dk bdkdejhjmrsd `d dccfs. ^fr ctjif hfkvjdkd omhdr kftmr qud, dktrdcms rdktms hfk hmpmhj`m` `d mofrrf, ds cajhm cm `jvdrsjejhmhjk `d hmrtdrm. Kftf`f dc mofrrf sd hmkmcjzm omhjm uk `dtdrijkm`f tjpf `d jkvdrsjk sjkf qud sd`jvj`d dktrd cms `jstjktms mctdrkmtjvms hfk arm`fs `jstjktfs `d rdktmbjcj`m` yrjdsaf. Cm pfsjbjcj`m` `d tdkdr ukm pmrtd jkifvjcjzm`m sjk rjdsaf, y hfkrdktmbjcj`m` suejhjdktd, pdrijtd mrrjdsamr hfk is jipru`dkhjm hfk cm ftrmbushmk`f mctms rdiukdrmhjfkds< pdrijtd dk `dejkjtjvm dspdhucmr. Cfs dcdvm`fsjktdrdsds `d cm @du`m ^bcjhm efidktmk cm dspdhucmhjk.

==Xijto, M`mi, Jkvdstjamhjk sfbrd cm kmturmcdzm y hmusms `d cm rjqudzm `d cms kmhjfkds (Ixjhf7 Efk`f

`d Hucturm Dhfkijhm, =:?2), p. ?>:.


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=.5.- Xfcuhjfkds `d euturf

Cm rdmcj`m` dhfkijhm kf smbd `d imyfrms f hfmcjhjfkds. Jakfrm cfshfcfrds `d jzqujdr`ms f `drdhoms y cfs armk`ds prjkhjpjfs dhfkijhfs `dsdktj`f hfik sd mhmbmk jipfkjdk`f hfktrm vjdktfs y imrdms j`dfcajhms. Cms

sfcuhjfkds dstmrk sjdiprd dk hfkdhtmr hfk cfs kudvfs mjrds `d cms rdmcj`m`dsmbjdrtms qud sd jipfkdk hfk hmccm`m tdstmru`dz. Kf vmcdk cmidktmhjfkds. Omyqud ijrmr omhjm dc euturf. ]ud`mrsd pmrm`f ds pdfr pmrm tf`fs. Dc psjqujmtrmmustrmhf Ujhtfr Ermklc=2 mejrimbm qud tdkdr sdktj`f `d cm vj`m, ds `dhjr,hfkhjdkhjm `d pmrm qu sd vjvd, ds ukm kdhdsj`m` ouimkm. Ds hfiprdksjbcddktfkhds qud sd pud`m ombcmr `d qud qujdk kf trmbmgd, f subgdtjvmidktdhfksj`drd qud kf trmbmgm, pjdr`d su sdktj`f `d cm vj`m hmydk`f dk uk vmhfdxjstdkhjmc `darm`m`f. Ds prdhjsf rdhupdrmr cm vjtmcj`m` `d dsd vkhucfeuk`midktmc qud ukd m cfs ofibrds dk sfhjd`m` y qud kfs ccdvm m cm

hfkvdkjdkhjm `d hfksj`drmr dc sdr ouimkf hfif uk stfhl jkqujdtf `d mhtjvj`m`hrdmtjvm pftdkhjmc qud sd pud`d jkhrdidktmr mc jkejkjtf y `dc qud ecuydkpfstdrjfridktd cfs sdrvjhjfs `d trmbmgf id`j`f kf scf dk tjdipf sjkfdspdhjmcidktd dk hmcj`m`.

Hfif odifs `jhof, dsm dxpmksjk mhdcdrm`m `d cm tdrijkfcfamdhfkijhm qud sd prfùgf m trmvs `d cfs `jstjktfs dstrmtfs sfhjmcds, tmktfdcjtjstms hfif pfpucmrds, hfk`jhjfkm y frjdktm cm dshmcm `d vmcfrds y dc tmcmktd

`d sus mhtumhjfkds y fijsjfkds jk`jvjùmcds. Dk dsd pcmkf ijhrfhsijhfpdrsfkmc eu hfrfkm`m cm pmcmbrm bjdkdstmr hfif ejkmcj`m` ctjim iftfrm `d ukmtrdpj`mktd mhtjvj`m`. Dc bjdkdstmr sd om hfkvjrtj dk ukm pmcmbrm jk`jedrdkhjm`m,adkdrmcidktd mhdptm`m y sjk hfkhjdkhjm `d s. ^drf tf`m pmcmbrm mhmbm pfradrijkmr pfsjtjvm f kdamtjvmidktd dk dc id`jf mibjdktd ouimkf dk qud sdjksdrtm `mk`f erutfs ùchds f mimrafs sdak dc hmrhtdr `d cm sdijccm jkjhjmc.^mrm dc hcmsjhjsif arjdaf cm pmcmbrm sjakjejhmbm kf sfcmidktd dc vfhmbcf, cmermsd f dc `jshursf, sjkf tmibjk cm j`dm, cm jktdcjadkhjm y dc sdktj`f prfeuk`f `duk sdr.

M trmvs `d cm id`jmhjk if`drkm `d Bdktomi, Gdvfks y ukm pcym`d `dmutfrds sdhuk`mrjfs, cm vjdgm hfkhdphjk dpjhrdm om tdj`f `d od`fkjsif cmshfkstruhhjfkds tdrjhms `d cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm bmsm`ms dk cm utjcj`m`. Cmvdrsjk sjipcjstm `d cm `fhtrjkm `d Dpjhurf sd sjktdtjzm dk dc imtdrjmcjsif pfr cfqud rdspdhtm m cm hfsifcfam y dk cm bsqud`m hfktjkum `dc pcmhdr sdksjbcd dkcf qud sd rdejdrd m cm tjhm f hjdkhjm `d cm hfkùhtm ouimkm. @dbj`f m dsmjktrfijsjk sjbjcjkm y iuhoms vdhds jkhfkshjdktd, dk vdz `d hfksj`drmr cm

=2Ermklc, Uhtfr D., Dc ofibrd dk bushm `d sdktj`f (Bmrhdcfkm7 Odr`dr, =:1:).


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utjcj`m` y cm vmcm `d cms hfsms hfif su rdcmhjk m cfs mutktjhfs ejkds ouimkfs,sd om ccdam`f m j`dktjejhmr utjcj`m` y vmcfr hfk pcmhdr, smtjsemhhjk dstrjc,bjdkdstmr od`fkjstm. Dc hfksuif deidrf, hmpmz `d prfpfrhjfkmr pcmhdrjkid`jmtf, sd hfkvjdrtd dk cf pfsjtjvf, y dc trmbmgf, qud ccdvm mpmrdgm`f dcdseudrzf y cm emtjam, mpmrdhd hfif cf kdamtjvf dk dc ejdc `d cm bmcmkzm `dc mhtumrdhfkijhf. ^drf sj mc mhtf `d hfksuif cd `dspfgmifs `d dsd hfipfkdktdpcmhdktdrf sd qud`m dk sjipcd `dstruhhjk `d mcaf. Xj mc trmbmgf cd qujtmifs dcm`jtmidktf `dc imcdstmr y cm emtjam, sd hfkvjdrtd dk prfùhhjk, dk hrdmhjkouimkm m pmrtjr `d ftrms rdmcj`m`ds imtdrjmcds. Ujstf ms dc trmbmgf ds cfpfsjtjvf y dc hfksuif cf kdamtjvf `ds`d dc puktf `d vjstm `dc vmcfr.

Dc pdrgujhjf `dc dstm`f adkdrmcjzm`f `dc bjdk-dstmr sd mhdktm humk`f sdhfkvjdrtd dk fbgdtjvf bsjhf `d pfctjhm dhfkijhm dstjiucmk`f `ds`d cmsjkstmkhjms pbcjhms su hfksdhuhjk. Dc dstm`f `d pmsjvj`m` rdecdgm`f dk dcsjipcd dstmr, dxtdk`j`f y msuij`f m kjvdc jk`jvjùmc d jkstjtuhjfkmc, sdtrmksefrim dk dc "Dstm`f `dc bjdkdstmr". Xj sdaujifs efidktmk`f dstmtdrijkfcfam dstmtjstm y pmsjvm vmifs m tdrijkmr hfkvjrtjdk`f tf`f dc jkadktdpftdkhjmc ouimkf prfùhtjvf `d kudstrm dhfkfim dk ukm imsm `d ijccfkds `dpmsimrftds dsttjhfs `jedrdkhjm`fs scf dk dc kidrf `d j`dktjejhmhjk ejshmc.Hfif `jrm Hdcm, dstmifs "mburrj`fs `d dstmr sjk omhdr km`m, ijrmk`f pmrm dctdhof y pdksmk`f dk vmhjd`m`ds=8"

^drf sj kjhmidktd rddipcmzmifs dstmr pfr omhdr, y kf jksjstjifs dk cmkdhdsj`m` `d rdecdxjfkmr sfbrd cfs ejkds omhjm cfs qud sd `jrjad dsd mhtumr,mpmrdhdr ftrf pdcjarf tmibjk kdamtjvf. ^f`difs hfkvdrtjr dktfkhds dc`frij`f pmjsmgd mktdrjfr dk ukm arjccdrm `d mvdstruhds jrrdspfksmbcds djkqujdtfs qud hfrrdk iuy `dprjsm omhjm kjkaukm pmrtd. Dc fbgdtjvf dhfkijhfkf hfksjstd dk jkhrdidktmr dc ^JB m prdhjfs `d idrhm`f f dc ^JB rdmcprfùhjdk`f erdktjhmidktd tf`f tjpf `d mrhojpdrrds qud prfktf sd mrrjkhfkmk,sjkf dk idgfrmr cm ouimkjzmhjk `d cms hfk`jhjfkds `d vj`m, dspdhjmcidktd cms

imtdrjmcds< dk trmksefrimr tf`m dshmsdz dk mbuk`mkhjm id`jmktd dc hfkhursfimkumc, jktdcdhtumc, tjhf y rdecdxjvf `d cm ofz y dc imrtjccf hftj`jmkfs. Dsdtrmbmgf, ombjtumcidktd pudstf dk prhtjhm, ecdxjbjcjzm cm dstruhturm sdmprfùhtjvm y `dsdktuidhd cfs ishucfs idktmcds `d cm idifrjm, jktdcjadkhjm djimajkmhjk. Humk`f dsd dstm`f `dc bjdk omhdr sdm msuij`f d jkhdktjvm`fdgdipcmridktd pfr cm Mìjkjstrmhjk dk su adstjk `jmrjm, sd omr rdmcj`m` dsd"Dstm`f `dc bjdk-omhdr".

=8Hdcm, Hmijcf Gfs, Cm hfcidkm (Im`rj`7 D`jhjfkds Htd`rm, =::>), p. 14.


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Hfkvjdkd m cm dhfkfim dk `dejkjtjvm qud cm pfbcmhjk sustjtuym cmvmamkhjm sdksumc pfr cm `jcjadkhjm, cm mpmrdktd sdaurj`m` dstmtjstm pfr cmmvdkturm hrdmtjvm pdrsfkmc, cm mhtjvj`m` jkhfkshjdktd pfr dc trmbmgf frjdktm`f mcfs idgfrds ejkds, dc dstm`f `dc bjdk-dstmr pfr dc dstm`f `dc bjdk-vjvjr y `dc bjdk-omhdr. Iuy pfsjbcdidktd hfksjamifs dktfkhds, `d rfk`k, uk vdr`m`drf ymhtjvf bjdkdstmr. Kf omy is rdid`jf. Xdm qujdk sdm omy qud dstjiucmr dcqudomhdr `dc sdhtfr mhtjvf `d cm sfhjd`m` dk hmktj`m` y dk hmcj`m`,jkhdktjvmk`f m diprdsms y trmbmgm`frds qud trmbmgmk, pmrm qud sdmk hmpmhds`d sfstdkdr y mrrmstrmr omhjm cm mhtjvj`m` mc sdhtfr pmsjvf (Dstm`f jkhcuj`f). Xjkf sd hfksjaud mhmbmrdifs tf`fs dk cms cjstms `d pmsjvfs. ^msjvfs `d cm km`m.^mrm rdkmhdr `d vdr`m` sd kdhdsjtm ukm mutktjhm rdvfcuhjk idktmc dk tf`fscfs sdhtfrds dhfkijhfs y sfhjmcds, dspdhjmcidktd dk dc sdhtfr pbcjhf y dk cfspfctjhfs mhtjvfs `d tf`ms cms tdk`dkhjms. Cm rdhupdrmhjk dhfkijhmvdr`m`drm `dpdk`d `d cm hju`m`mkm, kf `d cm mafbjmktd d jkdejhmz prdsdkhjm

dstmtmc dk tf`fs cfs ibjtfs. Kf s sjkhdrmidktd sj dstmrdifs `jspudstfs mdccf. Dc euturf, dk humcqujdr hmsf, kfs cf rdhcmim.

^mrm rdmcjzmr cm tdrmpjm dhfkijhm hfkvdkjdktd pfr cf tmktf, sd kdhdsjtm,sjipcd y ccmkmidktd, `dgmr `d sdr `dejhjtmrjfs dk cms hudktms pbcjhms `dgmk`f`d sdr sfhjmcjstms, mc idkfs dk humktf m cfs odhofs. Xj kf omy ukm vfcuktm`dxpchjtm y rdjtdrm`m dk cfs pfctjhfs hfk pf`dr, `jehjcidktd sd hfksdaujr.]ujk kf `dsdm sdr pfctjhf hfk cm pfsjbjcj`m` `d amstmr uk vfcuidk

jipfrtmktd `d `jkdrf `dc pudbcf6 Cm imyfrm `d cfs pfctjhfs, dk dspdhjmc cfssfhjmcjstms `d tf`fs cfs pmrtj`fs `dbj`f m su drrkdm j`jfsjkhrmsjm, omkjktdktm`f efrgmr jipdrjfs qud sd medrrmk tdkmzidktd m su pf`dr jkhcusf humk`fym kf sjrvdk mc jktdrs pbcjhf, mukqud tmc vdz pu`jdrmk ombdrcf odhof dk dcpmsm`f. Hfif jk`jhm Mrtour Xdc`fk=0, iuhofs pfctjhfs qud mejrimbmk sdrvjr mcpudbcf, m tf`f dc pudbcf, y scf mc pudbcf, omk sfbrdhmram`f jkkdhdsmrjmidktdukm budkm pmrtd `d cm vj`m `d cfs hju`m`mkfs hfk uk prfhdsf pfctjhf mcsdrvjhjf `d pfctjhfs, burhrmtms d jipfrtukfs. Z mprfvdhom`fs pf`mifsmm`jr.

^mrm `dgmr `d vdr`m` `d hmdr dk `jspdk`jfs pdcjarfsfs, y hfkhrdtmk`f, dskdhdsmrjf dktrd ftrms hfsms7 mpcjhmr hrjtdrjfs `d dstrjhtm dejhmhjm, sjkrfimktjhjsifs dcdhtfrmcjstms jktdrdsm`fs, dk cfs prfarmims `d amstf pbcjhf>> ijccfkds `d hfrfkms qudrdprdsdktmbmk uk 5% `dc ^JB. Xd pfkm dk imrhom m su vdz uk pcmk pmrmdcjijkmr pmucmtjkmidktd dc èjhjt dstruhturmc pmrm =::?. Dc ^mrcmidktf `dhj`jrprjidrf sfbrd dc ifktmktd tftmc `d cfs jkardsfs y amstfs mktds `d dktrmr dk cm`jshusjk pmrhjmc `d hm`m pmrtj`m, pfr cf qud cms prfpfsjhjfkds `d muidktf `damstf dk ukfs hmptucfs scf pf`r omhdrsd rdhfrtmk`f dk ftrfs. Tkj`ms mdstms id`j`ms rdstrjhtjvms `d pfctjhm ejshmc sd dstmbcdhjdrfk jipfrtmktdsid`j`ms pfr dc cm`f `d cm fedrtm pmrm qud mquccms eudsdk is dedhtjvms yhfkvdkhj`fs `d qud cms ejkmkzms pbcjhms prdpmrmk dc hmijkf omhjm cmrdhupdrmhjk dhfkijhm. Xd omhd ojkhmpj tmibjk dk cm jk`dpdk`dkhjm `dcBmkhf `d Xudhjm dk cm hffr`jkmhjk `d cm pfctjhm ifkdtmrjm y sd fbcjam m cfsMyuktmijdktfs m sfidtdr m rdedrdkùi cms kudvms mczms jipfsjtjvms.

Dc dktfkhds kudvf prjidr ijkjstrf `d Xudhjm Hmrc Bjc`t mejrimbm quddstmbmk ejrididktd `dhj`j`fs m cjbdrmr eudrzms hrdm`frms `d rjqudzm dk sudhfkfim y qud pmrm dccf tdkmk qud idgfrmr su dktfrkf diprdsmrjmc pmrmmsdaurmr qud sd efidktmrmk y hfipdksmrmk `dbj`midktd vjrtu`ds prfùhtjvmshfif dc trmbmgf, dc mofrrf y dc dsprjtu diprdk`d`fr. Cfs jipudstfs pfr rdktms`dc trmbmgf sd rdhfrtmrfk y hmsj sd dcjijkmrfk cfs jipudstfs sfbrd dc pmtrjifkjf.Dc idrhm`f `d trmbmgf sd cjbdrmcjz y cms m`qujsjhjfkds `dc sdhtfr pbcjhf sd

dxpusjdrfk hm`m vdz is m cm hfipdtdkhjm `dc sdhtfr prjvm`f. M su vdz,iuhoms jkùstrjms dstmtmcds sd prjvmtjzmrfk m ejk `d hfksdaujr uk mhhjfkmrjm`fis mipcjf y idgfrmr ms su dejhmhjm. Armhjms m cms rdefrims dk dc hmipfprdsupudstmrjf y dk dc `d cm Xdaurj`m` Xfhjmc, m cfs muidktfs `d cmprfùhtjvj`m` y m cm hm`m `d cm hfrfkm sudhm, cm hfipdtjtjvj`m` idgfrkftmbcdidktd dk =::8 y cm prfùhhjk jkùstrjmc y cms dxpfrtmhjfkds tmibjkmuidktmrfk sustmkhjmcidktd dk =::8 y =::0. Xj `d Xudhjm jipfrtmrfk kudstrfssfhjmcjstms dc utpjhf Dstm`f `dc Bjdkdstmr, kf drm km`m dxtrmf qud, mktd cmsjtumhjk `d cms ejkmkzms pbcjhms y `d cm dhfkfim rdmc dspmfcm, tuvjrmifs


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qud jipfrtmr dsd kudvf if`dcf sudhf `d rdkmhjijdktf dhfkijhf quddipdzmbm m sdr pmrdhj`f mc dspmfc.


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=.1.- @dc pmrf mc trmbmgf bjdk odhof

Humk`f ids trms ids sd `mk m hfkfhdr cms hjerms `dc pmrf `ds`domhd is `d => mfs, y sd hfksuctm cm hjerm mbsfcutm, surad dk sdauj`m mqudccmdxhcmimhjk7 Zm dst bjdk!. Dstf kf pud`d sdaujr ms y omstm mqu odifs

ccdam`f! Cfs `mtfs `dc pmrf fbcjamk m ukm `rstjhm rdbdcjk pmhejhmadkdrmcjzm`m. Omy qud `mrcds pfr jipfsjbcd.

^fhf is f idkfs `dbd fhurrjr cf ijsif dk Mcdimkjm y dk ftrfs pmsds`d kudstrm dkvdgdhj`m Durfpm humk`f sd hfkfhdk sus hjerms `d pmrf. Mktd tmcsjtumhjk diprjhm omy qud fcvj`mrsd `dejkjtjvmidktd `d cms imrtjkamcmsaubdrkmidktmcds hfktjkum`ms `dc ^cmk `d Hfkvdradkhjm, `dc ermafr cdaucdyfsfhjmcjstm qud hfipcjhm is dc prfbcdim, `d cfs ejkfs imtjhds j`dfcajhfs `d

cfs prfarmims dcdhtfrmcds, `d cfs rdsmbjfs imrxjstms `d cfs sjk`jhmtfs `d hcmsd,`d cms sfcuhjfkds tdrjhms y tdidrfsms `dc pf`dr hfkstjtuj`f `d cmsframkjzmhjfkds diprdsmrjmcds, `d cfs imcmbmrjsifs `d cms vmrjmbcdsifkdtmrjms, `d cm vdrbfrrdm tdrijkfcajhm cmbfrmc qud qujdrd rdacmidktmr hmsjtf`f, `d cm rdtrjhm mipucfsm qud bushm dk cm mbstrmhhjk `d uk ^mhtf Xfhjmc dcrdtrmsf jk`dejkj`f `d mutktjhms sfcuhjfkds, `d cms `jsqujsjhjfkds sfbrd sj dcpmrf ds erjhhjfkmc, dstruhturmc, hhcjhf f hfyukturmc. Omy qud dkvjmr mc bmc `d cfsrdhudr`fs tf`f dsf y iuhof is, `dspdrtmr `d ukm vdz, `dspdrdzmrsd,smhu`jrsd dc rmhmkdf kmhjfkmc subsj`jm`f y pfkdrsd m trmbmgmr. @dgmk`f `d

id`rmr hfif hfrrdpmsjccfs omy qud `dhj`j`midktd hfadr dc tfrf pfr cfs hudrkfspdrsfkmcidktd y `dgmr `d dstmr pmrm`f. Omhd emctm uk jrrdkukhjmbcd hmibjftjhf pdrsfkmc `d mhtjtu`ds y dseudrzfs.

@dspus `d hmvjcmr dk sdsu`ms sdsjfkds `d mbuk`mktds cdhturms `ddhfkfim, y `d hfksuctmr dstm`stjhms vmrjms y hfipcdgfs if`dcfsimhrfdhfkijhfs, od ccdam`f m ukm sjipcd y edcjz hfkhcusjk7 Cm kjhm sfcuhjkmc armvd prfbcdim `dc pmrf hfksjstd dk `dgmr `d ijrmr m cms iusmrmms y

pfkdrsd, humktf mktds m trmbmgmr. Mukqud cfs dhfkfijstms sfcdifs `dhjr ydshrjbjr pdrfaruccm`ms hfif cm mktdrjfr hrdf qud hfkvjdkd jksjstjr y prfeuk`jzmrdk tmc vdr`m` `d ^drfaruccf. Ufk Ijsds dshrjbm7 Cm mhhjk ouimkm (dc trmbmgf)ds hfk`uhtm hfkshjdktd< ifvjcjzm`m vfcuktm` trmksefrim`m dk mhtumhjk, qud

prdtdk`d mchmkzmr prdhjsfs ejkds y fbgdtjvfs< ds hfkshjdktd rdmhhjk `dc daf

mktd cfs dstiucfs y cms hjrhukstmkhjms `dc mibjdktd . Z is m`dcmktd7 Hm`mmhhjk ds uk dscmbk is dk ukm hm`dkm `d mhtumhjfkds, cms humcds

dksmibcm`ms, jktdarmk ukm mhhjk `d fr`dk supdrjfr, tdk`dktd m uk ejk is

rdiftf. Pf`m mhhjk supfkd ukm mhtumhjk pmrhjmc, dkimrhm`m dk ftrm mhhjk

`d imyfr mchmkhd< ds `dhjr, sd tjdk`d id`jmktd mquccm m mchmkzmr dc fbgdtjvf


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qud ukm mhtumhjk `d is mctf vudcf tjdkd prdvjstf=4." Dc trmbmgf adkdrm trmbmgfy cm pmsjvj`m` subvdkhjfkm`m adkdrm pfbrdzm. Cm mhtjvj`m` dhfkijhm ds ukmmhtjvj`m` `jkijhm, jkidrsm dk dc tjdipf qud sd dktrdcmzm hfktjkumidktd.

Xj iuhofs trmbmgm`frds jkhrdidktmk su prf`uhtjvj`m` m`qujrjdk`fkudvms humcjejhmhjfkds y pdredhhjfkmk`f, ijdktrms trmbmgmk, ftrms qud ympfsdmk dc trmbmgf kf ds scf uk id`jf, uk emhtfr prf`uhtjvf, jiprdshjk`jbcdpmrm cm idgfrm ouimkm `dc iuk`f imtdrjmc, sjkf qud ds tmibjk uk id`jf dk dcqud dc prfpjf trmbmgm`fr sd pdredhhjfkm. Omy qud dstu`jmr, is mcc `dc dipcdf,cms fphjfkds qud dxjstdk humk`f mipcjmifs dc sjakjejhm`f `dc trmbmgf, pmrmjkhcujr dk c dc trmbmgf imrajkmc, jkefrimc y dc trmbmgf `fkm`f vfcuktmrjmidktdguktf hfk dc dipcdf hcsjhf. Dc dipcdf, y cf qud hfk c sd amkm, ds ukm pmrtd`dc trmbmgf. Cm dhfkfim `dc dipcdf ds scf ukm pmrtd `d cm dhfkfim dktdrm, ydc `jkdrf ds scf ukm `d cms rdhfipdksms qud pud`d prfpfrhjfkmr dc trmbmgmr.Trad rdhfkfhdr sfhjmcidktd mqudccms mhtjvj`m`ds qud sjk dstmr dkimrhm`ms dkdc dipcdf efrimc fejhjmc kf `dgmk `d sdr trmbmgf. Jkhcusf dk fhmsjfkdsprdhjsmidktd dc tjpf `d trmbmgf qud dshmsdm, pfrqud ds dc qud is sd kdhdsjtm.

Hfkvjdkd trmbmgmr, kf dstmr pmrm`f, omhdr mcaf prfvdhofsf, jkhcusf sjkhfbrmr. Kf hrdmifs qud ds mcaf rmrf d jrrmhjfkmc. @d odhof iuhofs cf omhdk.Kf scf dstfy pdksmk`f dk cfs pmrm`fs fejhjmcidktd rdajstrm`fs qud

dxtrmfejhjmcidktd rdmcjzmk cmbfrds sfhjmcidktd hfkvdkjdktds, sjkf tmibjk dkcfs gubjcm`fs fejhjmcds qud tmibjk mpfrtmk su dxpdrjdkhjm, su mhtjvj`m` sdrdkmy su sdktj`f hfik< f cfs ijccfkds `d dstu`jmktds qud kf scf kf hfbrmk sjkfqud pmamk, dk fhmsjfkds hmktj`m`ds jipfrtmktds, pfr dstu`jmr. Pmibjk tmktfsvfcuktmrjfs qud dk `jstjktms msfhjmhjfkds y framkjzmhjfkds, m pdsmr `d cmfpfsjhjk `d cfs sjk`jhmtfs, `dspcjdamk hfk dseudrzf sus hmpmhj`m`dsimkumcds d jktdcdhtumcds. Dstms sfcuhjfkds tmibjk cms mpuktmbm Rjhmr`fhumk`f rdhfidk`mbm omhdr vdr m tf`fs dc vmcfr `d cm jk`dpdk`dkhjm,dksdk`fcds qud kf `dbdk bushmr ukm myu`m dk cm hmrj`m` sjstditjhm f

hmsumc, sjkf dk sus prfpjms eudrzms.

M`dis, dk dstd mtrmhtjvf `dbmtd sfbrd dc trmbmgf, kudvf y vjdgf m cm vdzhfif cm ojstfrjm `dc ofibrd, pf`difs dktrmr tf`fs dk ukm emsd `ddsqujzferdkjm mau`m hfk `fbcd vj`m dkhfrsdtm`m, sj kf `dgmifs hcmrf `ds`d dcprjkhjpjf cm `jstjkhjk dktrd trmbmgf pfr hudktm mgdkm, rdiukdrm`f, id`j`f dktjdipf, efrimc y fejhjmcidktd rdajstrm`f< y trmbmgf dk sdktj`f mipcjf qud

=4Ijsds, Cu`wja vfk, Cm mhhjk ouimkm. Prmtm`f `d Dhfkfim (Im`rj`7 Tkjk D`jtfrjmc, 4. d`., =::4) pp. =4 y (6).


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pf`difs `dejkjr hfif mhtjvj`m` ouimkm qud trmksefrim `jrdhtm fjk`jrdhtmidktd dc iuk`f ijkdrmc, vdadtmc y mkjimc, dc hfsifs dk adkdrmc,trmtmk`f `d dxtrmdr cf is pdredhtmidktd pfsjbcd su j`fkdj`m` f vfhmhjkouimkm y bushmk`f uk hrdhjijdktf pdrsfkmc y adkdrmcjzm`f dk trijkfs `dmhdrhmijdktf m cfs ejkds uradktds d jkid`jmtfs, id`jmtfs y ctjifs.

@dhjr qud omy qud trmbmgmr idkfs dk dstd ctjif sdktj`f, y gustjejhmrcfm`dis dk bmsd mc prjkhjpjf `d sfcj`mrj`m`, ds `d ukm dstupj`dz `d tmc hmcjbrdqud ccdkm `d dstupfr, sfkrfgf y vdradkzm mgdkm kf scf m tf`fs cfs qudidrdzhmk ccmimrsd dhfkfijstms sjkf m tf`m pdrsfkm hfrrjdktd y ifcjdktd qudsjktfkjhd ikjimidktd hfk dc sdktj`f hfik y cm hfrùrm ukjvdrsmc. Dhfkfimy trmbmgf sfk prhtjhmidktd sjkkjifs pfrqud cm dhfkfim ds uk qudomhdr qudhfrrdspfk`d m tf`ms cms pdrsfkms qud omk sj`f, sfk y sdrk. ^f`difs ejcfsfemrsmbjmidktd sjaujdk`f m Ijcck ûdccds pmrm `dhjr qud cm tmrdm dhfkijhm dsukm kdhdsj`m` euk`midktm`m dk ftrms kdhdsj`m`ds. Kudstrm kmturmcdzmdsprjtu-hfrpfrmc tjdkd ukms kdhdsj`m`ds y uradkhjms hftj`jmkms, kf jkvdktm`mssjkf rdmcds, qud kfs hfipcjhmk cm vj`m y kfs hrdm prfbcdims. ^mrm smtjsemhdrdsms kdhdsj`m`ds y smcjr `d dsms uradkhjms adkdrmcjzm`ms omy qud omhdr mcaf,omy qud trmbmgmr imkumc d jktdcdhtumcidktd, "`fijkmr" cm tjdrrm, mprfvdhomr cfsrdhursfs esjhfs y ouimkfs qud sd kfs brjk`mk pmrm kf scf dcjijkmr uradkhjmssjkf tmibjk mchmkzmr kudstrms smkms mibjhjfkds, huipcjr kudstrfs fbgdtjvfspdrsfkmcds, `dsmrrfccmrkfs dk humktf sdrds jk`jvjùmcds, emijcjmrds f sfhjmcds, y

mhdrhmrkfs m dsfs ejkds ctjifs.

Cm dshmsdz, dspdhjmcidktd cm dshmsdz `d tjdipf, ds uk rmsafhfksustmkhjmc m cm dhfkfim. ûdstf qud cms kdhdsj`m`ds, `dsdfs, fbgdtjvfs,prdedrdkhjms tmktf imtdrjmcds hfif dspdhjmcidktd dspjrjtumcds (dùhmhjk,hucturm, mrtd, hfipmm,... dth.) sfk jkejkjtms, y cfs rdhursfs kmturmcds (dctrmbmgf, cfs jkstruidktfs `d hmpjtmc d, jksjstf, dc tjdipf) sfk cjijtm`fs dk ukhjdrtf ifidktf, cm dshmsdz sjdiprd dstmr prdsdktd. Dc dseudrzf cmbfrmc esjhf,

jktdcdhtumc y rdecdxjvf, hfrrdhtmidktd frjdktm`f m cfs idgfrds ejkds, sjdiprd dsvmcjfsf. ^fr dsf pf`difs `dhjr qud dc trmbmgf ds dc is dshmsf `d cfs emhtfrds`d prfùhhjk tmktf dk hmktj`m` hfif sfbrd tf`f dk hmcj`m`. Xjdiprd cm`dimk`m `d budk trmbmgf ds supdrjfr m cm fedrtm, pfr cf qud ds pmtdktd qud dctrmbmgf ouimkf ds hmusm prjfrjtmrjm `d cm rjqudzm `d ukm diprdsm, rdajk fpms, y qud cm idgfrm dk dsm mhtjvj`m`, y dk cm cmbfrjfsj`m` `d cms pdrsfkms,emvfrdhd mc hrdhjijdktf y `dsmrrfccf dhfkijhf. Cm mhtjvj`m` y dc bjdk omhdradkdrmcjzm`f dkrjqudhdk y cm pmsjvj`m`, cm pfctrfkdrm f cm sjdstm hfktjkum`mdipfbrdhdk.


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Ftrm hudstjk ds ombcmr `dc trmbmgf fejhjmc rdiukdrm`f pfr hudktm mgdkm,`dc ym fbsfcdtf pudstf `d trmbmgf ejgf, dstmk`mrjzm`f y ofifakdf. Pdkdifsqud jr fcvj`mk`f cm mhtjtu` `d hfbrmr pfr dc idrf odhof `d dstmr uk hjdrtftjdipf dk uk `dtdrijkm`f pudstf `d trmbmgf mukqud sjipcdidktd ijrdifsiusmrmms. Cm pfsjbjcj`m` `d rdiukdrmr dc trmbmgf `dpdk`d `dc xjtf f ermhmsfdk cfs idrhm`fs `d cfs bjdkds y sdrvjhjfs qud myu`mifs m prfùhjr, `d sumhdptmhjk pfr cfs hcjdktds pftdkhjmcds. Cm diprdsm sd hfkstjtuyd dk ukj`m` `d`dstjkf dk cf dhfkijhf `fk`d sd dkhudktrmk dibmrhm`fs mhhjfkjstms,diprdsmrjfs, adrdktds, prfvdd`frds y trmbmgm`frds tf`fs. Humktf imyfrhmpmhj`m` `d sdrvjhjf diprdsmrjmc hfipdtjtjvf m cms kudvms `dimk`ms sjdiprdhmibjmktds, imyfr pfsjbjcj`m` `d mipcjmr trmbmgf rdiukdrm`f. Dk dhfkfimsmbjdrtms, hfipdtjtjvms y sjk prjvjcdajfs, cm eudrzm diprdsmrjmc `d uk pms ds cmqud vm m `dtdrijkmr dk `dejkjtjvm cm hmpmhj`m` `d mbsfrhjk `d dipcdf dkhmktj`m` y hmcj`m`. Dc rdtf dspmfc y `d iuhofs ftrfs pmsds dk cfs prxjifs

mfs hfksjstd dk sdr hmpmhds `d trmksefrimr cm idktmcj`m` pmsjvm y rutjkmrjm `dqujdk sjipcdidktd dst (jkhdktjvm`m pfr dc Dstm`f `dc imc ccmim`f bjdkdstmrsfhjmcjstm), dk trmbmgf hfk pdrsfkmcj`m` prfpjm, jktdcjadktd, humcjtmtjvmidktdhmibjmktd y hfk idktmcj`m` diprdsmrjmc mukqud sdmifs msmcmrjm`fs.Pdkdifs qud smbdr suerjr hfk amrbf cm idtmifrefsjs prfeuk`m `ds`d cmsfhjd`m` jkùstrjmc omhjm cm kudvm sfhjd`m` `dc hfkfhjijdktf. ^mrm qud sdjkhrdidktd dc trmbmgf efrimc rdiukdrm`f ds hfk`jhjk kdhdsmrjm qud sdjkhrdidktd dc dsprjtu adkdrmc `d trmbmgf dk tf`m ofrm y dk tf`m cm adfarmem. Cmeriucm iajhm pf`m sdr dstm7 =) ]ud dc Dstm`f kf prjvjcdajd kj sd idtm,

sfbrd tf`f dk cf dhfkijhf, `fk`d kf cd ccmimk, 2) ]ud tf`f diprdsmrjftrmbmgd `d vdr`m` y 8) ]ud tf`f trmbmgm`fr sd hfkvjdrtm dk diprdsmrjf. ^drf`jaf yf 7 sj tf`fs kfs hfkvdrtjifs dk diprdsmrjfs pmrm qu sjrvdk cfssjk`jhmtfs6 ûds dsf. ^drf sj tf`fs sfk m cm vdz trmbmgm`frds hfk dktj`m`prfpjm ^mrm qu sjrvdk cms framkjzmhjfkds diprdsmrjmcds hfcdhtjvms6. ûdsds

crisis económicas y financieras: causas profundas y soluciones. introduccion y cap1

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