consecuencias del final de la - cetr.netcetr.net/files/1292934112_sete_encontre_per_imprimi.pdf ·...

CONSECUENCIAS DEL FINAL DE LA

EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

7º Encuentro Internacional CETR

Nuestro AGRADECIMIENTO a los amigos que con su colaboración han hecho posible la reali

zación de este Encuentro.

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

Y a todos aquellos que nos han apoyado en el proyecto

7º Encuentro Internacional CETR del 28 de junio al 2 de julio 2010

CONSECUENCIAS DEL FINAL DE LA

EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

P4%0$+$U"P$D4"1$*<&(4TVVVTW&DX%TD49YO?4042YO$D4ZD$*<&(4© CETR editorial, 2010

A4D$I4%0"[\]"5^2T"_`_[a"-$%D.*4($H.*6I4(4U"a\"]b_"cc"_c3$^U"a\"\[b"_]"b\www.cetr.net

LM-dU"E.O:2&04",.)$*UL9O%.2&:(U";%@C7/.2"#4*.%4A4(+$"M$(0"P.%.e"]]_`_b_"-$%D.*4($

SUMARIO

1fdM>1g>d1L'M"E>,"3Ld'," E>",'">PLMH>#f,f;h'"#hHL1' ......................................................9

,'"S>AE'Ee",'"A>S>,'1Lid"j",'"1g',LE'E"8g#'d'" PAf3gdE'e">d"gd'"Mf1L>E'E"MLd">PLMH>#f,f;h'"#hHL1'#$%&@"14%5= ....................................................................................b\Sesión de trabajo ............................................................................][

A>,L;Lid"j"H>f,f;h'"E>ME>"gd'">PLMH>#f,f;h'" df"#hHL1'"f"E>",'"df"Eg',LE'EBT"'9$(+4"A45*.2 ........................................................................... 51Sesión de trabajo ............................................................................cb

>,"-gELM#f"18'd"E>"-fE8LE8'A#'e"gd"'1>A1'#L>dHf"'" ,'"EL#>dMLid"'-Mf,gH'",L->A'Ef"E>">PLMH>#T"#hHL1'"#4(02."1/D$%/**"k"#$%0$";%$(62 ....................................................caSesión de trabajo .......................................................................... 106

,'M"LE>dHLE'E>M"'lLf,i;L1'M"'"3'SfA"E>",'"1A>'1Lid"1f#f"'AHL1g,'EfA'M"E>";AgPfM"8g#'dfMB/$("E&.)4"f%0&F"'D420$ ............................................................... bb\Sesión de trabajo .......................................................................... 128

,'M"Mf1L>E'E>M"E>"1fdf1L#L>dHf"E>ME>"MgM"1A>'EfA>M" j"MgM"1fdM>1g>d1L'M"Mf-A>",'">PLMH>#f,f;h'"#hHL1'B$/9."')/20="14**.** .....................................................................b\mSesión de trabajo .......................................................................... 160

,'">PLMH>#f,f;h'"#hHL1'" >d",'">MPLALHg',LE'E"E>">#PA>M'Q/.%$*0"P%$0N&NP/5&** .....................................................................bncSesión de trabajo ..........................................................................b`c

>,"E>M'AAf,,f">d"1f#P>H>d1L'M" j">,"1g,HLSf"E>",'"1',LE'E"8g#'d'Teresa Guardans ........................................................................... 195

Sesión de trabajo .......................................................................... 220

H>lHf"j"HA'EL1Lid"1f#f"PAf-,>#'" >d">,"#'A1f"E>"gd'"dg>S'">PLMH>#f,f;h'B/$("#$(/.*"3$R$%+4"'(+%$+. ......................................................[[\Sesión de trabajo ..........................................................................[\n

>,"3Ld"E>",'">PLMH>#f,f;h'"#hHL1'" f">,"1'#-Lf"E>"P'A'EL;#'">PLMH>#f,i;L1fB426"#$%&$"S&)&* ............................................................................[]bSesión de trabajo .......................................................................... 252

'"#fEf"E>"1fd1,gMLid .......................................................... 255

9

Presentación

CONSECUENCIAS DEL FINAL DE LA EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

P$%$".20$"(/.<$".+&D&:("+."*42"o>(D/.(0%42"L(0.%($D&4($*.2"+."1>HAp"nos hemos propuesto abordar algunas de les implicaciones que acarrea

.*"C($*"+."*$"o.O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$pT",$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2"$7/.**$"7/."2420&.(."7/."*4"7/."+&D.("(/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2e"0$*.2"D494"2=954*42e"9&042"k"%&0/$*.2e"."&(D*/24"I4%9$D&4(.2"D4(D.O0/$*.2e".2"D494".2"*$"%.$*&+$+T",$2"D&.(D&$2e"?$20$".*"r*0&94"0.%D&4"+.*"2&)*4"ll"2."&(0.%O%.0$%4("0$95&6("+.2+.".20$"9&29$".O&20.94*4)=$e"D4("$*)/($2".^D.OD&4(.2T

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2e"O/.2e"/($"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"*.()/$"k"/($"4(04*4)=$T

14(".*"?/(+&9&.(04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2".("*42"O$=2.2"k"regiones desarrolladas (económicamente y socialmente, no necesaria

mente en cualidad humana), con la generalización de la industria, la

$O$%&D&:("k"$2.(0$9&.(04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"&((4<$D&:("y cambio continuo, y la globalización que ha puesto unas culturas y mi

04*4)=$2"R/(04"$"*$2"40%$2e"(42"?$("I4%F$+4"$"$5$(+4($%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"4"9.R4%e"2."(42"?$"+.2?.D?4".(0%."*$2"9$(42T

84k"0.(.942"D4(D&.(D&$"D*$%$"+."7/."*$"%.$*&+$+"(4".2"D494"*$"+.2D%&5.("(/.20%$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2e"(&"*$2"9=0&D$2e"(&"*$2"D&.(0=CD$2T"d&()/($"+."(/.20%$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2"+.2D%&5."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2$5.

10

Consecuencias del final de la epistemología mítica

942"7/."*$"94+.*$("$"(/.20%$"I%J)&*"9.+&+$".("D4%%.2O4(+.(D&$"$"/($2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."<&+$"+.0.%9&($+$2T

'".20$2"$*0/%$2"+."*42"D$95&42"7/."?$"2/I%&+4"*$"?/9$(&+$+e"%.2/*0$".<&+.(0."7/."*42"9&042"k"($%%$D&4(.2"2$)%$+$2"24("2:*4"2&20.9$2"+."94delación de la realidad de acuerdo con unas necesidades; son sistemas

+."%.O%.2.(0$D&:("k"45R.0&<$D&:("7/."4%&.(0$"k"+$(".CD$D&$"$"(/.20%$2"$DD&4(.2e"+."I4%9$"7/."*42")%/O42"245%.<&<$(".("/($2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."<&+$"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2"+.0.%9&($+$2T

E.2+.".20.".(I47/."2/%).("9/D?$2"D/.20&4(.2"7/."+.5.%=$942"O*$(0.$%(42T"M&"04+4"9&04e"2=954*4"k"%&0/$*e"k"2&20.9$2"+."D4(D.O042"24("2:*4"94+.*$D&4(.2e"$"*$"9.+&+$"+."/(42"&(2&)(&CD$(0.2"<&<&.(0.2e"+."/("&(2&)(&CD$(0."O*$(.0$s"2&"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"(4".2"k$"D$O$F"+."O%4O4%D&4($%(42"/("%.I/)&4s".(04(D.2"¿qué es la Verdad? ¿qué es la revelación? ¿qué es el camino de salvación, o mejor, de realización humana? ¿qué es la calidad humana profunda? ¿qué es la espiritualidad? ¿es posible una espiritualidad sin epistemología mítica?¿cómo sería una teología sin epistemología mítica?¿cómo se plantearía una acción !"#$%&'%'(%)"*'+,&'#-$+%+"'+,'".*"!'/'+,&'0&%1,.%23#45"',&'61%&'+,'&%'e.m. afecta a la educación?"d/.20%42"0%$5$R42"?$("O%.0.(+&+4"$I%4(0$%"algunas de estas preguntas.

P$%0&D&O$(0.2"$*"M6O0&94">(D/.(0%4U

t"Jaume Agustí Cullell,".2"&(<.20&)$+4%"D&.(0=CD4".2O.D&$*&F$+4".("*:)&D$2"I4%9$*.2"k"D49O/0$D&4($*.2".(".*"1ML1"u14(2.R4"M/O.%&4%"+."L(<.20&)$D&4(.2"1&.(0=CD$2v"k"D4*$54%$+4%"+."A$&94("P$(&XX$%T

t"Marià Corbí,".O&20.9:*4)4"?$"2&+4"O%4I.24%"+.">M'E>"-/2&(.22"MD?44*e"$D0/$*9.(0.".2"+&%.D04%"+."1>HAT

11

Presentación

t"Montse Cucarull,".2"*&D.(D&$+$".("1&.(D&$2"Q/=9&D$2"k".("3$%9$D&$"9&.95%4"+.*".7/&O4"&(<.20&)$+4%"+."1>HAT

t"Juan Manuel Fajardo Andrade,"O%4I.24%"+."*$">2D/.*$">D/96(&D$".("*$"g(&<.%2&+$+"d$D&4($*"+."1420$"A&D$e".(".20."949.(04"+4D04%J(dose en Ciencias de la Religión en la Complutense de Madrid.

t"Marta Granés, licenciada en Estudios de Ásia Oriental y Master en 8/9$(&+$+.2e"9&.95%4"+.*".7/&O4"&(<.20&)$+4%"+."CETR.

t"Teresa Guardans,"+4D04%$".("8/9$(&+$+.2e"9&.95%."+.*".7/&O4"&(<.20&)$+4%"+."1>HAT

t"Juan Diego Ortiz Acosta, +4D04%".("3&*424I=$e"D4I/(+$+4%"k"9&.95%4"+.*"1.(0%4"+.">20/+&42"+."A.*&)&:("k"M4D&.+$+Te"+."*$"g(&<.%2&+$+"+.";/$+$*$R$%$e"u#6^&D4vT

t"Queralt PratiPubill, .9O%.2$%&$e"#$20.%".(">M'E>"k"LdM>'Ee"$D0/$*9.(0."+4D04%J(+42.".(">M'E>"245%."*42"&(0.(042"+."D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($".("*$2"/(&<.%2&+$+.2"(4%0.$9.%&D$($2T

t"J. Amando Robles, 24D&:*4)4"?$"2&+4"O%4I.24%".("*$">2D/.*$">D/96(&D$"+."*$"g(&<.%2&+$+"d$D&4($*"+."1420$"A&D$"k"9&.95%4"I/(+$+4%"+.*"1>EL"u1.(0%4"E49&(&D4"+."L(<.20&)$D&:(e"8.%.+&$e"1420$"A&D$vT

t"José Mª Vigil, doctor en Ciencias de la Educación y responsable del O4%0$*"w4&(4(&$"k"+."*$"').(+$",$0&(4$9.%&D$($T

1494".("*$2".+&D&4(.2"$(0.%&4%.2"*42"O$%0&D&O$(0.2"+&2O4(=$(e"O%.<&$9.(0.e"+.*"0.^04".2D%&04"+."*$2"O4(.(D&$2T">("D$+$"R4%($+$"2."I/.%4(".(D$+.($(+4".2O$D&42"O$%$"*$"*.D0/%$"k"*$"%.W.^&:("&(+&<&+/$*"k".2O$D&42"O$%$".*"+.5$0.T">20$"O/5*&D$D&:("%.D4)."*$2"O4(.(D&$2"O%.2.(0$+$2"$2="

12

Consecuencias del final de la epistemología mítica

D494"/($"2=(0.2&2"+."*$"2.2&:("+."0%$5$R4"7/."2."+.+&D:"$"D$+$"/($"+.".**$2T">*"%.2/9.("+."*42"+.5$0.2"(4"O%.0.(+."2.%"/("%.)&20%4"0$7/&)%JCD4"+."*$2"&(0.%<.(D&4(.2e"2&(4"4I%.D.%"$*"*.D04%"/($"&+.$"+."*42"0.9$2"0%$0$+42"k"+."*$2"D/.20&4(.2"2/).%&+$2"$"%$=F"+."D$+$"/($"+."*$2"O4(.(D&$2T"M."?$"9$(0.(&+4".*"9&294"4%+.(".("7/."2."+&.%4("*$2"&(0.%<.(D&4(.2"O$%$"O4+.%"2.)/&%".*"+.2$%%4**4"+.*"0%$5$R4"+.*".7/&O4T"

13

La verdad, la revelación y la cualidad humana profunda, en una sociedad sin epist. mítica

LA VERDAD, LA REVELACIÓN Y LA CUALIDAD HUMANA PROFUNDA, EN UNA SOCIEDAD SIN EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

Marià Corbí

S4k"$"%.D4%+$%"5%.<.9.(0."*42"%$2)42"D.(0%$*.2"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"+."*$"7/."2.%=$"2/"4O/.20$e"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"O$%$"D.(0%$%9."*4"9J2"O42&5*.".("*$2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"+.".20$"r*0&9$T

La epistemología mítica

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"2420&.(."7/."*4"7/."+&D.("(/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2e"0$*.2"D494"2=954*42e"9&042"k"%&0/$*.2e"."&(D*/24"I4%9$D&4(.2"D4(D.O0/$*.2e".2"D494".2"*$"%.$*&+$+T",4"7/."+&D.("*42"9&042"k"2=954*42".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"9&29$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T",$2"D&.(D&$2e"?$20$".*"r*0&94"0.%D&4"+.*"2&)*4"ll"2."&(0.%O%.0$%4("0$95&6("+.2+.".20$"9&29$".O&20.94*4)=$e"D4("$*)/($2".^D.OD&4(.2T

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2e"O/.2e"/($"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"*.()/$"k"/($"4(04*4)=$T

>20."2/O/.204".O&20.94*:)&D4"<&.(."$<$*$+4"O4%"*$"D%..(D&$"+."7/."*42"9&042"24(".*"*.)$+4"2$)%$+4"+."*42"$(0.O$2$+42"4"*$"%.<.*$D&:("&(<&4*$5*."+."*42"+&42.2T",$")$%$(0=$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2e"O/.2e"?.0.%:noma y absoluta.

14

Marià Corbí

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"<$*."0$(04"D4("%.2O.D04"$"*4"7/."*42"9&042"+&D.("+."*$"<&+$"D40&+&$($e"D494"%.2O.D04e"k".2O.D&$*9.(0.e"$"*4"7/."+&D.("+."la dimensión absoluta de lo real.

,$").(60&D$"+."04+42"*42"<&<&.(0.2"?$D."/($"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("k"<$*4%$D&:("de la realidad, que todos los animales dan por real y que es siempre dual.

d/.20%$"5$2.").(60&D$"0$95&6("O%4D.+."&)/$*e"O.%4".2"&(2/CD&.(0."k"+.5."2.%"D49O*.0$+$"O4%"(/.20%$"$/04O%4)%$9$D&:("*&()q=20&D$"9.+&$(0."*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2T"

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O%4*4()$"*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:("+."<&<&.(0.2"(.D.2&0$+42"$"(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:("*&()q=20&D$T"1494"*$"O%4)%$9$D&:(").(60&D$"?$"+."+$%"O4%"%.$*"*$2"$D40$D&4(.2"k"<$*4%$D&4(.2"7/."?$D.".*"<&<&.(0."+.*"9.+&4e"k"*$"+/$*&+$+"+.".2$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:(e".("2/R.04"+."(.D.2&+$+.2"k"9.+&4"+4(+."2$0&2I$D.%*$2e"$2="*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"+$"O4%"%.$*"*4"7/."*$2"&(0.%O%.0$D&4(.2"k"<$*4%$D&4(.2"9=0&D$2"k"simbólicas hacen del medio.

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"?$D."O$0.(0."(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:("+."<&<&.(0.2"necesitados.

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15


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P4+%=$942"+.D&%"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2"*$"O%4*4()$D&:("9&*.($%&$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."D4%%.2O4(+."$"(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:("+."<&<&.(0.2T

>*"2&20.9$"+."24D&$*&F$D&:("4"O%4)%$9$D&:("D4*.D0&<$"+."*$"*$%)$".0$O$"O%.&(+/20%&$*"+."*$"?/9$(&+$+e".20/<4"%.)&+4"O4%".*"O%4D.+&9&.(04"+."$/04O%4)%$9$D&:("9.+&$(0."9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2T"

1/$(+4"*$"C*424I=$"k"*$"D&.(D&$"&(0.(0$%4("?$D.%2."/("*/)$%".(".2."2&20.9$"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:(e"<$*4%$D&:("k"$D0/$D&:(e"0/<&.%4("7/."?$D.%*4"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T",$"C*424I=$"k"*$"D&.(D&$"2.".(I%.(0$%4("$"*42"9&042"k"2=954*42"245%.".*".R."+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"M:*4"*$"desaparición de las sociedades preindustriales y su sistema de progra

9$D&:("9=0&D$e"7/."2."O%4+/D."D4("*$"O*.($"&(+/20%&$*&F$D&:("+."*42"D4*.D0&<42"k"D4("*$"$O$%&D&:("+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"*&5.%$%J"$"*$2"D&.(D&$2"+."2/"2/9&2&:("$"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

,$2".20%/D0/%$2"$/04O%4)%$9$+4%$2"+."2=954*42"k"9&042e"+/%$(0.".*"*$%)4"O.%=4+4"+."2/"<&).(D&$e"I/.%4("&(D4(2D&.(0.2"O$%$"&(+&<&+/42"k"D4*.D0&<&+$+.2T"d/.20%42"$(0.O$2$+42"(4"I/.%4("D4(2D&.(0.2"+."7/.".%$("

16

Marià Corbí

D4(20%/DD&4(.2"?/9$($2e"D4("/($"C($*&+$+"5&.("O%.D&2$U"O%&9$%&$9.(0."D4(20%/&%(42"/($"($0/%$*.F$"<&$5*.".("/($2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."245%.<&<.(D&$"+.0.%9&($+$2"ke"2:*4"D4(2.D/.(0.9.(0.e".^O%.2$%"k"D/*0&<$%"*$".^O.%&.(cia absoluta de la realidad.

,42"?/9$(42e"+/%$(0.".2."*$%)4"O.%=4+4"(4"I/.%4("D4(2D&.(0.2"+."7/."*4"7/."+$5$("O4%"*.)$+4"k"%.<.*$D&:("+."*42"$(0.O$2$+42"k"*42"+&42.2"eran construcciones de las generaciones pasadas. Esas construcciones se

hicieron a lo largo de tales espacios de tiempo, milenios, que escaparon

a la conciencia humana de que eran construcciones.

'+.9J2e".2$"&)(4%$(D&$"D4*.D0&<$"%.2/*0$5$"I/(D&4($*T",4"7/."2."0&.(."D494"*.)$+4"&(04D$5*."k"%.<.*$D&:("+&<&($e"(4"O/.+."2.%"D4(4D&+4"D494"D4(20%/D04e"2&"*4"I/.%$e"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"7/."049$"D494"%.$*.2"k".^&20.(0.2"*42"O.%24($R.2"k"*$2"($%%$D&4(.2"+."*42"9&042e"(4"O4+%=$"I/(D&4($%"k"D/9O*&%"2/"9&2&:(e"7/.".2"D49O*.0$%"*$"&(+.0.%9&($D&:(").(60&D$"+."(/.20%$".2O.D&.T"

P$%$"O4+.%"245%.<&<&%e"*42"<&<&.(0.2"0.(.942"7/."049$%"D494"%.$*.2"*$2"$D40$D&4(.2"k"<$*4%$D&4(.2"7/."?$D.("(/.20%42"2&20.9$2"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:(e"2.$(").(60&D42"4"D/*0/%$*.2T"'2="?.942"<&<&+4"+/%$(0."D.(0.($%.2"de miles de años.

d4"O4+.942"4*<&+$%"7/."*$"O%.0.(2&:("+."9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2"(4".2"O%&9$%&$9.(0."%.*&)&42$e"2&(4"O%JD0&D$T"d4"O%.0.(+.("+.D&%"D:94".2"*$"%.$*&+$+e"D494"0$9O4D4"*4"O%.0.(+."*$"O%4)%$9$D&:(").(60&D$"+."*42"%.20$(0.2"$(&9$*.2e"2&(4"+.D&%"D:94"+.5.("<.%*$"7/&.(.2"<&<.("+."/($"I4%9$"O%.&(+/20%&$*"+.0.%9&($+$e"2.$"D$F$+4%$Y%.D4*.D04%$e"$)%&D/*04%$e"$)%&D/*04%$"+."%&.)4"4")$($+.%$e"2&"7/&.%.("245%.<&<&%T

,$2"9&04*4)=$2"k"2&954*4)=$2".%$("2&20.9$2"+."O%4)%$9$D&:("+."24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2".20J0&D$2e"O4%7/."<&<=$("+/%$(0."*$%)/=2&942".2O$D&42"

17


+."0&.9O4"?$D&.(+4"I/(+$9.(0$*9.(0."*4"9&294"k".^D*/k.(+4e"D494"sumamente riesgoso, el cambio.

'2="0.(.942"7/."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2"%.7/.%=$("/("2&20.9$"9=0&D4N2&95:*&D4"+."$/04O%4)%$9$D&:("7/.".^D*/k.%$".*"D$95&4"k"7/.e"O4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"2."&(0.%O%.0$%$"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"j"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"O4%"2/"O$%0.e".%$".*"O%4D.+&9&.(04"O4%".*"7/."*42"9&042"k"2=954*42"2."*.)&0&9$5$("D494"&(04D$5*.2T

,$"D%..(D&$".("*$"%.<.*$D&:("+&<&($".2"*$"D$/2$"k".*".I.D04"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."&9O4(.("*42"9&042"D494"$D$5$9&.(04"+."*$"O%4)%$9$D&:(").(60&D$"&(D49O*.0$T"M&"(4"2."D%.k.%$"7/."*42"9&042"+.2D%&5$("*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".2e"0$(04"*$"O%4I$($"D494"*$"2$)%$+$e"k"D4(")$%$(0=$"+&<&($e"(4"%.2/*0$%=$("$O042"O$%$"4%+.($%"k"940&<$%"/($"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("k"<$*4%$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."+.0.%9&(."/($"$DD&:("k"4%)$(&F$D&:(".CD$Fs"D4("*4"D/$*"(4"2.%=$("$O042"O$%$"D49O*.0$%"*$"&(+.0.%9&($D&:(").(60&D$T

8$k"7/."+$%"O4%"2/O/.204e"D494"$*)4"D&.%04"D4(")$%$(0=$"+&<&($"&(D/.20&4($5*.e"7/."*$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"+."*42"9&042"2."%.C.%.("$".(0&+$+.2"%.$*.2T"P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"*42"9&042"k"2=954*42"$%%$20%$("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"+."*$"*.()/$"k"/($"4(04*4)=$"&(04D$5*.2T">2$".O&20.94*4)=$"k"4(04*4)=$"?$(".20$+4"<&).(0.2"9&.(0%$2"*$2"24D&.+$+.2e"9$k4%&0$%&$9.(0.e"?$("<&<&+4"D4("9.+&42"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2e".2"+.D&%e"?$20$"9/k".(0%$+4".*"2&)*4"llT

M&"*$"I/(D&:("+."*42"9&042".%$"O%4)%$9$%"$"*$2"D4*.D0&<&+$+.2e"D49O*.0$(+4"2/"&(+.0.%9&($D&:(").(60&D$e"O$%$"D4(20%/&%"<&<&.(0.2"D/*0/%$*9.(0."<&$5*.2e".2"*:)&D4"7/.".2$"I/(D&:("&9O4()$"/($".O&20.94*4)=$U"*$2"D42$2"24(e".(".20."9/(+4"k".(".*"40%4e"D494"+&D.("*42"9&042"k"*42"2=954*42T

18

Marià Corbí

La epistemología no mítica

>*"?/(+&9&.(04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2".("*42"O$=2.2"k"%.)&4nes desarrolladas (económicamente y socialmente, no necesariamente

en cualidad humana), la generalización de la industria, la aparición y

$2.(0$9&.(04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"&((4<$D&:("k"D$95&4"D4(0&(/4"k"*$")*45$*&F$D&:("7/."?$"O/.204"/($2"D/*0/%$2"k"9&04*4)=$2"R/(04"$"*$2"40%$2e"(42"?$("I4%F$+4"$"$5$(+4($%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"4"9.R4%e"2."(42"?$"+.2?.D?4".(0%."*$2"9$(42T

,$"%.$*&+$+"(4".2"D494"*$2"+.2D%&5.("(/.20%$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2e"(&"*$2"9=0&D$2e"(&"*$2"D&.(0=CD$2T"H4+$2"(/.20%$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2"(4"+.2D%&5.("*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&(4"7/."*$"94+.*$("$"(/.20%$"I%J)&*"9.+&+$e".("/($2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."<&+$"+.0.%9&($+$2T

'".20$2"$*0/%$2"+."*42"D$95&42"7/."?$"2/I%&+4"*$"?/9$(&+$+e"%.2/*0$".<&+.(0."7/."*42"9&042"k"($%%$D&4(.2"2$)%$+$2"24("2:*4"2&20.9$2"+."C)/ración de la realidad, de modelación de acuerdo con unas necesidades;

24("2&20.9$2"+."%.O%.2.(0$D&:("k"45R.0&<$D&:("7/."4%&.(0$"k"+$(".CD$D&$"$"(/.20%$2"$DD&4(.2e"+."I4%9$"7/."*42")%/O42"O/.+$("245%.<&<&%".("/($2"I4%9$2"+."<&+$"CR$+$2T

,42"9&042"24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+.2+."94+.*42e"7/."24("*$2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2e"049$+$2"k"%.*$D&4($+$2"D4("*42"94+42"D.(0%$*.2"+."245%.<&<.(D&$"+."*42"D4*.D0&<42T">2$2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2e"7/."2.%=$("2=954*42e"7/."2.""+.2$%%4**$(".("($%%$D&4(.2e"I/(D&4($("D494"O$0%4(.2"4"O$%$+&)9$2"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:("<$*4%$D&:(e"4%)$(&F$D&:("k"$DD&:(T

,42"9&042".(".24"(4"2."+&I.%.(D&$("+."*$2"D&.(D&$2T",$2"D&.(D&$2"0$95&6("24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."94+.*42T",4"7/."+&20&()/."/(42"2&20.9$2"+."D4(20%/DD&:("+."40%42".2"7/."*42"O$%$+&)9$2"9=0&D42".20J("D$%)$+42"$^&4*:)&D$9.(0."k"D%.$("9/(+42"$^&4*:)&D42e"k"*42"O$%$+&)

19


9$2"D&.(0=CD42"$520%$.(e"04+4"*4"7/."O/.+.(e"+."*$2"D$%)$2"$^&4*:)&D$2"k"D%.$("9/(+42"(4"$^&4*:)&D42T

,$"4(04*4)=$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".2"/($"4(04*4)=$"+."o2/O/.2042pe"+."o2/O4()$942"7/.zpe"7/.".("*$2"D&.(D&$2".20J(".^O*=D&042"k".("*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2".20J("2:*4"&9O*=D&042"."&(D4(2D&.(0.2e"$/(7/.".^&20.(0.2"k"4O.%$(0.2T"M&"(4"I/.%$"$2="(4"?/5&6%$942"O4+&+4"D$95&$%"+."94+42"+."<&+$e"D494"(4"O/.+.("D$95&$%"*42"%.20$(0.2"$(&9$*.2T

El dato antropológico de la doble dimensión de la realidad

,$"D/$*&+$+".2O.D=CD$"+."(/.20%$".20&%O."$(&9$*".2"0.(.%"/("+45*."$DD.24"$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"/($"%.*$0&<$"$"(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"40%$"$524*/0$e"(4"%.*$0&<$"$"(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2T";%$D&$2"$".20$"+45*.".^O.%&.(D&$"+."*$"realidad, posibilitada por la estructura de la lengua, podemos cambiar

(/.20%42"94+42"+."<&+$"D/$(+4"D4(<.()$e"24942"<&<&.(0.2".20%/D0/%$*9.(0."W.^&5*.2e"O4%7/."O4+.942"$+$O0$%(42"$"*42"D$95&42"+.*"9.+&4"4"O%4<4D$%*42"D/$(+4"2.$"(.D.2$%&4T"

No podemos concebir y representar la dimensión absoluta de lo real,

+.".20$"9&29$"%.$*&+$+".("*$"7/."<&<&942"k"7/."24942e"9J2"7/."+.2+."los patrones desde los que modelamos la realidad a nuestra medida. Es

(/.20%$"r(&D$"O42&5&*&+$+U"D4(D.5&942"k"<&<&942".2$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+.2+.".*"2&20.9$"D4(".*"7/."(42"?.942"$/04O%4)%$9$+4T"M&"(4"O%4D.+&6%$942"$2="k"(42"2$*&6%$942"+.*"O%4)%$9$"7/."(42".20%/D0/%$"O$%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e"+.20%/&%=$942"(/.20%$"O%4O&$"$/toprogramación.

,$2"D%..(D&$2"7/."I%.D/.(0.9.(0."$D49O$$("$"*42"9&042e"(4"0.(=$("O%.0.(2&:("O%&9$%&$9.(0."%.*&)&42$e"2/"O%.0.(2&:(".%$"O%JD0&D$U"O%4O4%D&4($%"/($"O%4)%$9$D&:("&(+&<&+/$*"k"D4*.D0&<$"$+.D/$+$"$"/("94+4"+."

20

Marià Corbí

<&+$e"k"CR$%*$"O$%$"5*47/.$%"04+4"O42&5*."D$95&4"k"04+$"O42&5*."$*0.%($0&<$T",$2"D%..(D&$2"I4%9/*$("D4(D.O0/$*9.(0."*$2"O%.0.(2&4(.2"+.*"9&04T

,$2"D%..(D&$2"24("I.(:9.(42"D/*0/%$*.2"*&)$+42"+&%.D0$9.(0."D4("*42"2&20.9$2"+."O%4)%$9$D&:("D4*.D0&<$"O%4O&42"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2e"7/."24(".20J0&D$2T"H&.(.("7/."<.%"+&%.D0$9.(0."D4("*4"7/."O4+%=$942"**$9$%".*"24I0V$%."+."*42"2&20.9$2"+."O%4)%$9$D&:("O%.&(+/20%&$*.2"k"D4("2/".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"k"2:*4"9.+&$0$9.(0."D4("*$"+&9.(2&:("%.*&)&42$"+."*$"<&+$T",$2"D%..(D&$2"(4"24(e"O/.2e"?.D?42"O%&9$%&$9.(0."%.*&)&4242e"2&(4"D/*0/%$*.2"k"O%4O&42"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2".20J0&D$2T

M&(".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"*$"O%4)%$9$D&:("9=0&D$".2"&9O42&5*.T"M&(".**$"0$95&6("24("&9O42&5*.2"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2T

M&(".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2"24("O/%42"2&20.9$2".^O%.2&<42"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"1/$(+4"2."%.D4(4D."*$"D4(+&D&:("+."D4(20%/D042"?/9$(42"+."*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2e"2."?/(+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"*$"%.*&)&:(e"0$*"D494"2."*$"?$"<&<&+4"9&*.($%&$9.(0.T

>*"r(&D4"2/.*4"2:*&+4"+4(+."O&2$%".2"o>24"&(D4(D.5&5*."."&%%.O%.2.(0$5*.p"$"*4"7/."$*/+.("(/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"k".2O&%&0/$*.2T"M/.*4"&(+/+$5*.9.(0."2:*&+4e"D494"O/.+."<.%&CD$%*4"(/.20%$"O%4O&$"<&<.(D&$e"O.%4"|0$("2/0&*"O$%$"/("<&<&.(0.

>20$942"24*42"k"+.2(/+42"I%.(0."$".20$"&(9.(2&+$+"k"I%.(0."$"(/.20%4"O%4O&4"9&20.%&4T">20$942".^D*/2&<$9.(0.".("(/.20%$2"O%4O&$2"9$(42e"2&("(&()/($")$%$(0=$".^0.%&4%"$"(/.20%$"O%4O&$"D$O$D&+$+"+."D$*&+$+T

>2$"+.24*$+4%$"+.2(/+.F"k"I%$)&*&+$+"0&.(."/($"<.(0$R$"&9O4(+.%$5*.U".20$(+4"+.2(/+42"k"D4(2D&.(0.2"+."(/.20%$"%$+&D$*"I%$)&*&+$+e"O4%7/."sabemos que todo nos lo construimos nosotros, estamos abiertos al men

21


2$R."+."*42"2$5&42"+."04+$2"*$2".+$+.2"k"+."04+$2"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2s"(/.20%$"O45%.F$"(42"?$"*&5%$+4"+."04+$"CR$D&:(T"d&()/($"D%..(D&$"(42"249.0.e"(&"%.*&)&42$"(&"*$&D$s"(&()/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(42"+&D0$"D:94"?.942"+."&(0.%O%.0$%"(/.20%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."(/.20%$".^O.%&.(cia de lo real y de nosotros mismos, ni nos dice cómo hemos de pensar,

sentir, actuar y organizarnos.

Ahora somos conscientes de ser los constructores de nuestro destino.

M4942"D4(2D&.(0.2"+."(/.20%$"2/9$"I%$)&*&+$+"7/.".2e"$"*$"<.Fe"(/.20%$"D49O*.0$"W.^&5&*&+$+T"'?4%$"24942"D49O*.0$9.(0."D4(2D&.(0.2"+."D%.$%"nuestros propios proyectos.

M&(".*"24O4%0."+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".("*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*42"0.^042"2$)%$+42e"(4"(42"7/.+$"I/(+$9.(04"O$%$"/($"4%)$(&F$D&:("%.*&)&42$"R.%J%7/&D$e"(&"O$%$"/($"D4(D.OD&:("+."*$"%.*&)&:("7/."2."5$2.".("*$"sumisión a creencias.

Imposibilidad de la “analogia entis” en una epistemología no mítica

M&"04+42"*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&042"(4"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&(4"2:*4"94+.*$D&4(.2e"7/."2."9$(0&.(.("9&.(0%$2"%.2/*0$("4O.%$0&<42e"(4"2."O/.+."?$5*$%"+."*$"o$($*4)&$".(0&2pT",$"$($*4)=$"2/O4(."7/."*4"7/."2."+&D."+.*"2.%"k"+."*42".(0.2e"+.2D%&5."$7/.**4"$"*4"7/."2."%.C.%."D4("$*)r(")%$+4"+."$+.D/$D&:(T">(".2."D$24"*$"O%.+&D$D&:("7/."2."?$D."+."*42".(0.2"O/.+.".^0.(+.%2."$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"$/(7/."2.$"+."I4%9$"$(J*4)$"u&)/$*"k"+&I.%.(0."$"*$"<.Fv

P.%4"*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2"0&.(.(".20%/D0/%$"+."9.0JI4%$T",$"9.0JI4%$"2$5."7/."*$"O%.+&D$D&:("7/."0%$(2C.%."+.*"D$9O4"7/."*.".2"O%4O&4"al campo que no le es propio, es inadecuada, es sólo una orientación

22

Marià Corbí

7/."2."9$(0&.(."D494"<J*&+$"9&.(0%$2")/=$"$"*$"9.(0."k".*"2.(0&%e"O.%4"7/."+.5."$5$(+4($%2.".("D/$(04"2."<.%&CD$"$7/.**4"$"*4"7/."2."$O/(0$T

,42"D4(D.O042"0$9O4D4"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*4"%.$*e"2&(4"0$95&6("94delaciones, por tanto, tampoco pueden ser aplicados analógicamente

para hablar de la dimensión absoluta de la realidad.

,$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."*$"o$($*4)&$".(0&2p".20J"5$2$+$".(".*"2/O/.204"+."7/."*42"D4(D.O042"4"*42"9&042"k"2=954*42"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"M&"2."0%$0$"2:*4"+."94+.*$D&4(.2e"(4"2."O/.+.("0%$2I.%&%"$($*:gicamente a la dimensión absoluta de lo real.

,42"D4(D.O042e"$/(7/."24(e"D494"*42"9&042"k"2=954*42e"94+.*$D&4(.2e"(4"0&.(.".20%/D0/%$"+."9.0JI4%$e"2&(4"+."o2/O/.2042p"7/."2."/0&*&F$("O$%$"9$(.R$%"0.:%&D$9.(0."*$"%.$*&+$+"k"D%.$%"0.D(4*4)=$e"/($"D42$"k"40%$"D4("&(0.(D&4(.2"O%JD0&D$2e"+&%.D0$"4"&(+&%.D0$9.(0."%.*$D&4($+$2"D4("*$"245%.<&<.(D&$T

H$(04"*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2e"D494"*$2"0.4%=$2"k"*42"D4(D.O042"24("94+.*$D&4(.2e"*42"O%&9.%42"$"O$%0&%"+.".*.9.(042"2.9J(0&D42"D$%)$+42"$^&4*:)&D$9.(0."k"*42"2.)/(+42".^D*/k.(+4"*4"9J2"O42&5*."*$2"D$%)$2"$^&4*:)&D$2"2.9J(0&D$2T

M&("9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2"k"2&("0.4%=$2"k"D4(D.O042"7/."+.2D%&5$("la realidad, sino que sólo, unos y otros, la modelan, es decir sin epis

0.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"ke"D494"D4(2.D/.(D&$e"2&("o$($*4)&$".(0&2pe".20$942"%.$*9.(0."+.2(/+42"I%.(0."$"*$"%.$*&+$+T

>2042"?.D?42"0&.(.("/($"D4(2.D/.(D&$"&9O4%0$(0.U"k$"(4"2."O4+%J"+&20&()/&%".(0%."/("?$5*$%"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*"oD$0$IJ0&D4p"k"40%4"o$O4IJ0&D4pe".2"+.D&%".(0%."/("?$5*$%"7/."O%.+&D$"+$042"%.$*.2"+."

23


la dimensión absoluta, aunque sea sólo analógicamente, y un hablar que

sólo dice lo que la dimensión absoluta no es.

1494"?.942"+&D?4e"*42"2=954*42e"9&042"k"%&0/$*.2"(4"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."$7/.**4"+."*4"7/."?$5*$(e"0&.(.("2:*4".20%/D0/%$"+."9.0JI4%$"7/.e"O4%"tanto, deben sobrepasarse al acceder, de alguna manera, a aquello a lo

7/."2."%.C.%.("*$2"9.0JI4%$2T">204".2".2O.D&$*9.(0."<J*&+4"D/$(+4"*42"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2"2."%.C.%.("$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*T

,$2"0.4%=$2e"k"D4(D.O042"0$9O4D4"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"2&(4"2:*4"94+.*$D&4(.2"7/."(4"+$("O&."$"/($"o$($*4)&$".(0&2p"D/$(+4"O%.0.(den hablan de la dimensión absoluta.

P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"0$(04".*"**$9$+4"*.()/$R."D$0$IJ0&D4"D494".*"$O4IJ0&D4"0.%9&($(e"+."?.D?4e".("2.%"*.()/$R.2"$O4IJ0&D42"D/$(+4"?$5*$("+."*$"dimensión absoluta.

,$"O*.($"D49O%.(2&:("+.".20$2"$%)/9.(0$D&4(.2"(42"*&5.%$e"+."%.540.e"+."04+$"D%..(D&$"7/."<.%2."245%."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$T"d&()/($"D%..(D&$"puede pretender describir esa dimensión, ni siquiera analógicamente.

H4+4"?$5*$%"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e"2.$"2&95:*&D4N9=0&D4"4"0.:%&D4ND4(D.O0/$*"<$"$"O$%$%"$*"2&*.(D&4T"H$95&6("*$2"D%..(D&$2e"5&.(".(0.(+&+$2e"0&.(.("7/."&%"$"O$%$%"$*"2&*.(D&4e"+."*4"D4(0%$%&4".20$%=$("I/(D&4($(+4"r(&D$9.(0."D494".*.9.(042"D.(0%$*.2"+.*"2&20.9$"+."24D&$*&F$D&:("k"O%4)%$9$D&:("+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2".20J0&D$2T

P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"(4"?$k"(&()r("?$5*$%"*&)$+4"$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e"todo hablar es libre, aunque no todo hablar sea adecuado. El innombra

5*.e".24"$524*/04"&(D4(D.5&5*.e"O4%".**4"9&294e"(4".20J"*&)$+4"$"(&()/($"I4%9$"+."*.()/$R."?/9$(4T",$"D4(0%$O$%0&+$".2"7/."04+4"*.()/$R.".2"*&5%."D4("%.2O.D04"$*"&((495%$5*.e"$/(7/."04+4"*.()/$R."24*4"54%+.$%J".*"$5&294e"2&("O4+.%"R$9J2"O.(.0%$%".("6*T

24

Marià Corbí

La epistemología no mítica y el ego

>*"o.)4pe"+.2+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"+.R$"+."2.%"/($"+.2D%&OD&:("+."/($"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"+."/($"2/520$(D&$"k"O$2$"$"2.%"2:*4"/("2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4"O$%$"/("<&<&.(0.U"/($".20%/D0/%$"+."+.2.42"k"0.94%.2e"%.D/.%+42"k".^O.D0$0&<$2e"7/."2."2/O4(."D494"/($".(0&+$+e"2&0/$+$".("/("9.+&4e".(".*"7/."2$0&2I$D."2/2"(.D.2&+$+.2s"9.+&4"0$95&6("2/O/.204"D494"/("D4(R/(04"+."2/R.042"k"45R.042T

>*".)4"+.R$"+."2.%"/(".(0."<.(&+4"$".20."9/(+4"O$%$"O$2$%"$"2.%"/("2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4e"/($"I/(D&:("+.*"D.%.5%4"$*"2.%<&D&4"+.*"4%)$(&294T"j".*"4%)$(&294e"2/"D.%.5%4"k"2/"2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4"+."2.%"/("2/R.04e"0$9O4D4"24("($+&."<.(&+4"$".20."9/(+4e"0$9O4D4"24("*$"+.2D%&OD&:("de una entidad.

M&".*"2/R.04"+.R$"+."2.%"/($".(0&+$+e"/("2/R.04".(I%.(0$+4"$"/("9/(+4"+."45R.042"k"2/R.042e"k"$9542e"2/R.042"k"45R.042e"O$2$("$"*$"D$0.)4%=$"+."2/O/.2042"(.D.2$%&42"O$%$"/("<&<&.(0.e"04+$"+/$*&+$+"+."2/R.042Y45R.042"O$2$"$"2.%"0$95&6("/("2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4"O$%$"04+4"<&<&.(0.e"(4"*$"+.2cripción de una realidad.

E.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"0$95&6("7/.+$"$I.D0$+$"*$"2/O/.20$"+/$*&+$+"o.)4YE&42pT"M."%.D4(4D.".*"D$%JD0.%"+."9.0JI4%$"$(0%4O494%I$"+.*"2=954*4"E&42"k"2."2$5."7/.".*"06%9&(4"oE&42p"$%%$(D$"+."*$"(40&D&$"de la dimensión absoluta de la realidad, de esta realidad, no de otra, y

O%4<&.(."+."*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("7/."2."2&)/."+."7/."k4"9."&(0.%O%.0."D494"/($".(0&+$+T"M&"k4"9."&(0.%O%.04e"(4"D494"/("2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4e"2&(4"D494"*$"+.2D%&OD&:("+."/($".(0&+$+e".(04(D.2"E&42"0$95&6(".2"/($".(0&+$+T"M&"D49O%.(+4"7/."ok4p".2"2:*4"/("2/O/.204"(.D.2$%&4e"O.%4"(4"*$"+.2D%&OD&:("+."/($".(0&+$+e".(04(D.2"E&42".2"/("2=954*4e"/($"9.0JI4%$"para hablar de la dimensión absoluta de la realidad, no una entidad.

25


,$"&(+&<&+/$*&F$D&:("k"$(0%4O494%CF$D&:("+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+".2"*$"D4(2.D/.(D&$"45<&$"+."*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+.*".)4N2/R.04"D494"/($".(0&+$+e"D494"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"D494"/($"2/520$(D&$T"j".2$"&(+&<&+/$D&:("k"$(0%4O494%CF$D&:("+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$".2e"$+.9J2e"y esto es importante, un momento necesario del proceso interior que

$%%$(D$"+."/("2/R.04"7/."2."D%.."$*)/&.("<.(&+4"$".20."9/(+4e"k"7/.e"$"*$"<.Fe"0&.(."/($"(40&D&$"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"O.%4"7/."$*"&(0.%O%.0$%2."D494"/($".(0&+$+e"/("2/R.04e"0&.(."7/."%.O%.2.(0$%".2$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"D494".^0.%($e"+."$*)/($"I4%9$e"$*".)4"k"D494"(4"9.(42"7/."2/R.04T"

,$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*".2".^0.%($"$*".)4e"9&.(0%$2"2.".20J"$O%.2$+4".("*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4(".*".)4T">20."O$24"O4%"*$"&(+&<&+/$D&:("k"$(0%4O494%CF$D&:("+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*e"2."O%.2.(0$"2&.9O%.e"+."/($"I4%9$"/"40%$e"D494"O$%0."&(0%=(2.D$"+.*"O%4D.24"&(0.%&4%"7/."<$"+."*$".)4D.(0%$D&:("$"*$"+.2.)4D.(0%$D&:(T"

#&.(0%$2".*".)4"2."<&<."D494"/($".(0&+$+"k"(4"D494"/("2/O/.204"k"D494"9.%$"I/(D&:("+.*"D.%.5%4e"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$".2"/("E&42e"4"$*)4".7/&<$*.(0.e"O4%7/."(4"O4+.942"%.O%.2.(0J%(42*4"D494"&(I.%&4%"$"(4240%42"9&2942e"2&(4"D494"&(0.*&).(D&$e"O.%24($e"*&5.%0$+T">20."I.(:9.(4"4D/%%."&(D*/24".("0%$+&D&4(.2".2O&%&0/$*.2"(4"0.=20$2T">(".*"5/+&294"2."O.%24(&CD$"$*"5/+$e"D/$(+4".*"5/+$".2"*$"2$*&+$"+."04+$"O42&5*."&(+&<&+/$D&:(s".(".*"%$R$Nk4)$e"7/.".2"$0.4e"2."/0&*&F$"*$"C)/%$"+&<&($"+."L2?<$%$"D494"I4%9$".("*$"7/."D4(D.(0%$%2."k"2$*&%"+."2="9&294s".*"E&42"+.*"S.+$(0$N$+<$&0$"2."2$5."7/."(4".2"E&42e"2&(4"2:*4"/($"%.O%.2.(0$D&:("necesaria en un momento del camino interior.

E.(0%4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"E&42".2"/($"$(0%4O494%CF$D&:("7/."2."&(0.(0$"D4%%.)&%"D4(".O=0.042"0$*.2"D494"04+4O4+.%424e"&(C(&0$9.(0."2$5&4e"D%.$+4%e"I/.(0."+."04+4e"&(C(&04"u06%9&(4"D4(0%$+&D04%&4"D4("*$"(4D&:("+."&(+&<&+/$*&+$+ve"0%$2D.(+.(0.Y&(9$(.(0.e"o.*"7/.".2p"+."*$"

26

Marià Corbí

-&5*&$"4".*"~(&D4"+.*"14%J(e".0DT"P.%4"$"O.2$%"+."04+$2".2$2"D4%%.DD&4(.2e"D4(0&(r$"D4(D&5&6(+42.".*"2=954*4"oE&42p"D494"*$"%.I.%.(D&$"$"/($".(0&+$+e"/($"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+"I%.(0."$*".)4e"D4(D.5&+4"0$95&6("D494"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+T

'*"06%9&(4"+.*"D$9&(4"&(0.%&4%e"(&".*".)4".^&20."D494"0$*"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+"uo+.5."94%&%"$"2="9&294pe"o+.5."94%&%"$(0.2"+."94%&%pe"+.5."%.D4(4D.%"2/"%$+&D$*"o<$D&.+$+pe"+.5."%.D4(4D.%2."D494"o(4"40%4"+.*"7/.".2pve"(&"E&42"0$9O4D4T"M.".(0%$".("*$"(4N+/$*&+$+"$524*/0$e".(".*"J95&04"+."*4"(4"45R.0&<$5*.e"+."*4"&((495%$5*.e"+."*$"/(&+$+T

,$"D4(+&D&:("(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"7/."E&42".^&20$"O$%$"0&e".2"7/."0r"0."D%.$2".^&20&%"D494".(0&+$+"2.O$%$+$T

M&"0r".%.2e"*".2U"2&"0r"(4".%.2e"*"(4".2T#&.(0%$2"0."O&.(2.2"D494"/("&(+&<&+/4e"E&42"2.%J"/("&(+&<&+/4TMientras te pienses como una persona, Dios es una persona.

1/$(+4"0."<.$2"D494"04+4e"E&42"2.%J"0$95&6("04+4T1/$(+4"0."<.$2"D494"($+$e"*"2.%J"/("S$D=4"&(24(+$5*.T

Desde una epistemología nomítica, ¿qué es el camino espiritual? ¿qué es la Verdad? ¿qué es la revelación? ¿qué es la cualidad humana profunda?

Antes de intentar contestar hay que recordar el dato antropológico de

nuestro doble acceso a la realidad, como consecuencia de nuestra condi

D&:("+."?$5*$(0.2U".*"$DD.24"$"/($"+&9.(2&:("%.*$0&<$"$"(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2e"k".*"$DD.24"$"/($"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e".(".*"2.(0&+4"+."(4N%.*$0&<$"a nuestras necesidades.

27


P$%$"$54%+$%".20$2"O%.)/(0$2"0.(+%6".("D/.(0$"*$2"gO$(&2?$+e".*"A$R$"j4)$e".*"-/+&294"k".*"S.+$(0$N$+<$&0$T"H4+$2".20$2"I4%9$2"9&*.($%&$2"de espiritualidad, podemos comprender, desde nuestra situación cul

0/%$*e"7/.".%$("O/%42"O%4D.+&9&.(042"O$%$"+.D4(0%/&%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"O$%$"2$*&%2."+.C(&0&<$9.(0."+.".**$e"$/(7/."0.()$942"7/."D4(0&(/$%"/2J(+4*$".("(/.20%$"<&+$"D40&+&$($T

#."$O4k$%6".2O.D&$*9.(0.".("*$2"gO$(&2?$+"k".(".*"'+<$&0$N<.+$(0$T"

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"(&()/($"+."(/.20%$2"oD4(I4%9$D&4(.2pe"94+.*$D&4(.2e"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2e"(&"9=0&D$2"(&"D4(D.O0/$*.2T",$"S.%+$+".2"*$"(40&D&$"+."la dimensión absoluta de lo real, de esto real, no de algo situado en otro

9/(+4s"O.%4"/($"(40&D&$"<$D=$e"&(45R.0&<$5*.e"&($D40$5*.e"O.%4e"$"O.2$%"de ello, noticia clara para la mente y el corazón.

d40&D&$"%.$*"k"<.%&CD$5*.e"2&.9O%."O%.2.(0.e"$/(7/."2.$"+."I4%9$"(4"D4(2D&.(0.T"M&"(4"I/.%$"/($"(40&D&$"2&.9O%."O%.2.(0."O$%$"*42"&(+&<&+/42"k"O$%$"*42"D4*.D0&<42e"(4"O4+%=$942"D$95&$%"(/.20%$2"I4%9$2"+."<&<&%"D/*0/%$*.2s"D$95&42"7/."24("0$("%$+&D$*.2e"."&(D*/24"9$k4%.2e"7/."*42"D$95&42"+.".2O.D&.".("*42"$(&9$*.2T"P&6(2.2.".(".*"0%J(2&04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D$F$+4%.2Y%.D4*.D04%.2"$"*$2"24D&.+$+.2")*45$*&F$+$2"+."conocimiento y cambio continuo.

,$"(40&D&$"7/."0.(.942"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*".2"/("D4(4cimiento noconocimiento, porque es un conocimiento en el seno de la

nodualidad; un sentir nosentir, por la misma razón.

,$"S.%+$+".2"2.9.R$(0."$"/($"O%.2.(D&$e"(4"/($"I4%9/*$D&:(T"H$9O4D4".2"/($"O%.2.(D&$e"O4%7/."2/O4(+%=$"+/$*&+$+T"d4"2."*$"O/.+."45R.0&<$%e"O.%4"2."O/.+."?$5*$%"+.".**$T",42"9=20&D42"k"9$.20%42".2O&%&0/$*.2"*4"?$("hecho siempre.

28

Marià Corbí

M&"04+4"9&04e"2=954*4"k"%&0/$*e"k"04+$"0.4%=$"k"2&20.9$2"+."D4(D.O042"24("D4(I4%9$D&4(.2"+."*$"&(9.(2&+$+"7/."(42"%4+.$"k"24942e"$"*$"9.+&+$"+."/(42"&(2&)(&CD$(0.2"<&<&.(0.2"+."/("&(2&)(&CD$(0."O*$(.0$s"

t"2&"04+$2".2$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"*&()q=20&D$2"24("2:*4"D4(I4%9$D&4(.2e"$D40$D&4(.2e"2&9O*&CD$D&4(.2e"*=9&0.2"$$+&+42s"

t"2&".(".20$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"?$"O.%+&+4"2.(0&+4"*$"o$($*4)&$".(0&2ps"

t"2&"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"(4".2"k$"D$O$F"+."O%4O4%D&4($%(42"/("%.I/)&4s

t".(04(D.2"x7/6".2"*$"S.%+$+y"x7/6".2"*$"%.<.*$D&:(y"x7/6".2".*"D$9&(4"+."2$*<$D&:(e"4"9.R4%e"+."%.$*&F$D&:("?/9$($y"x7/6".2"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$y

'D*$%$(+4e".("*$"D4%0$"9.+&+$"+."*4"O42&5*.e"*4"7/.".2"*$"S.%+$+"2&("%420%4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"?$5%.942"D4(0.20$+4"$"04+$2".20$2"preguntas.

x1/J(+4"2."O%.2.(0$"*$"S.%+$+y"M."O%.2.(0$"D/$(+4"*$"&+.$"o.204".2"<.%+$+e".204".2"I$*24p"k$"(4"$O$%.D.e"D/$(+4"k$"($+$".2"I$*24s"D/$(+4"2."ha desterrado toda duda.

>2"&(r0&*"5/2D$%"*$"S.%+$+"9&.(0%$2"*4"9.(0$*".20J"D&.)4"$"*4"I$*24T"1/$(+4"2."D4(4D."*4"I$*24"D494"I$*24e"+.2O&.%0$"*$"S.%+$+"+."04+4T"8$k"7/.".20$%"O/%)$+4"+."*4"I$*24"$(0.2"+."7/."*$"S.%+$+"O/.+$"9420%$%"2/"esplendor.

xQ/6".2"*4"I$*24y"1%..%2."$*)/&.("<.(&+4"$".20."9/(+4T

1/$(+4"*$"S.%+$+"$O$%.D.e"($+$".2"I$*24T

29


d$+$".2"*4"7/."O$%.D."2.%T",42"D4(0.(&+42"+."D4(D&.(D&$"(4"O/.+.("2.%""(/(D$"*$"S.%+$+e"O4%7/."*$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/("D4(0.(&+4"+."D4(D&.(D&$T"8$k"<.%+$+.2"7/."24("D4(0.(&+42"+."D4(D&.(D&$e"O.%4"*4"S.%+$+"(/(D$"lo es.

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"*$"<&+$"D40&+&$($"&(0.%O%.0$("7/."*4"7/."O.%cibimos y concebimos en el campo de la conciencia corresponde a la

%.$*&+$+T">24".2"I$*24T"8$k"7/."5/2D$%"*$"S.%+$+"9J2"$**J"+."*42"D4(0.nidos de conciencia.

M.%=$"(.D&4".^&)&%"*$"O%/.5$"+.*"+/*F4%"+.*"$FrD$%"$(0.2"+."O%45$%*4T"1/$(+4"2."?$"O%45$+4".*"$FrD$%e"04+$"&(D.%0&+/95%."245%.".*"+/*F4%"desaparece y se adquiere un conocimiento directo e inquebrantable. Na

+&."O.+&%J"7/."2."D%.$".(".*"+/*F4%"+.*"$FrD$%e"2&(4"2:*4"7/."2."D4(I=."*4"2/CD&.(0."D494"O$%$"O%45$%*4T"M&(".2$"D4(C$(F$"($+&."O4+%=$"$(&9$%2."$"O4(.%".("2/"54D$".*"$FrD$%"O$%$"O%45$%*4T"g("D49O4%0$9&.(04"2.9.R$(0."?$k"7/."0.(.%"D4(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"+."*$"S.%+$+"9J2"$**J"+."*$"9.(0.T

d4"?$k"O%/.5$"+."*$"S.%+$+"7/."O%.D.+$"$"*$"S.%+$+T

>*"&(+&<&+/4"0&.(."/($"I4%9$e"/("$2O.D04e"O.%4"xD/J*".2"2/"%.$*&+$+"k"D:94"$<.%&)/$%*$y"M."O4+%J"$<.%&)/$%"&(0.(0$(+4"?$5*$%"+.*"&(+&<&+/4"2&("0.(.%".("D/.(0$"2/"(495%."k"2/"I4%9$e"2&("?$D.%"%.I.%.(D&$"$"2/"9.94%&$"k"2/2"O%4k.D042e"(&"$"2/2"O$7/.0.2"+."+.2.42Y0.94%.2e"2&("/0&*&F$%"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2"4"D4(D.O042T">2$"2.%=$"*$"S.%+$+"+.*"&(+&<&+/4T

d4"2."O/.+."**$9$%"S.%+$+"$"*42"D4(D.O042e"(&"$"*$2"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2e"+.*"0&O4"7/."2.$(e"O4%7/."24("2&9O*&CD$D&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"O$%$"$+$O0$%*$"a nuestra pequeña medida.

,$"S.%+$+".20J"9J2"$**J"+."*$"+/$*&+$+"7/.").(.%$"*$"(.D.2&+$+"k"9J2"$**J"+."2/2"2&20.9$2"+."45R.0&<$D&4(.2T",$"S.%+$+"(4"O/.+."2.%"O.%D&5&+$"como algo acotado entre lo acotado.

30

Marià Corbí

1494"7/."*$"S.%+$+"(4".2"45R.0&<$5*."(&"D4(D.O0/$5*.e"$/(7/."2="2/).%&5*.e"2:*4"O/.+."D4(4D.%2."D4(D.O0/$*9.(0."*4"7/.".**$"(4".2T",$"<.%+$+"2:*4"O/.+.2"2.%*$s"2:*4"2&6(+4*$"2."*$"D4(4D.T">2$".2"*$"r(&D$"9$(.%$"+."conocerla, pero se trata de un conocimiento muy peculiar porque es sin

dualidad y desde el seno mismo de la unidad.

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/($"%.$*&+$+"I%.(0."$"($+&.T"M."D4(4D."*$"S.%+$+"D/$(+4"2.".2"/(4"D4(".**$e"D/$(+4"2."+.2O&.%0$"$"*$"g(&+$+T"P4%".20$"%$F:("*$"S.%+$+".2"$94%e"O4%7/.".*"$94%".2"/(&+$+T"

P4+.942".(D4(0%$%"*$"S.%+$+"O4%7/."24942"*$"S.%+$+"9&29$T"

P$%$"+.2D/5%&%"*$"S.%+$+"7/."24942"?$k"7/."+&2D.%(&%"*4"7/."(4".2"k"*4"7/."(4"24942T"8$k"7/."+&2D.%(&%"*4"7/."(4".2"O$%$"**.)$%"$"2.%"*4"7/.".2T

>*"D4(4D&9&.(04"k"*$"&)(4%$(D&$".20J(".(".*"9&294"O*$(4e".*"+."*4"(4"%.$*e"O4%7/."$9542".20J(".(".*"O*$(4"+."*4"+/$*T"'9542"24(".20$+42"+."*4"9.(0$*T">*"D4(4D&9&.(04"7/."(4".2"+."45R.042"k"2/R.042"(4".20J".(".*"9&294"O*$(4"7/."*$"&)(4%$(D&$e"O4%7/.".2".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"+.*"o(4N+42pe"k".(".*"o(4N+42p"k$"(4"?$k"&)(4%$(D&$T

1$+$"/(4"+."(4240%42".2"*$"S.%+$+"O4%7/.".("*$"S.%+$+"(4"?$k"+/$*&+$+"(&()/($s"(4"?$k"/("D4(4D.+4%"k"/("D4(4D&+4T"M&"(4"I/6%$942"*$"S.%+$+e"D4(4D.%"*$"S.%+$+"2.%=$".20$%"+&20$(D&$+4"+."*$"S.%+$+s"+&20$(D&$%2."2.%=$".20$%"I/.%$"+."*$"S.%+$+T">(04(D.2"*$"S.%+$+"2.%=$"/($".(0&+$+"4"/(42"D4(D.O042e"k".*"D4(4D.+4%"40%$".(0&+$+e"(4"?$5%=$"+.2O.%0$%"$"*$"/(&+$+"k"$*"$94%s"&(0.%O%.0$%=$942"*$"+/$*&+$+"ok4YE&42p"4"ok4Y+.C(&D&:("+."*$"S.%+$+p"D494"/($"+/$*&+$+e".20$%=$942"04+$<=$".("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

d/.20%$"O%4O&$".^&20.(D&$".2"*$"S.%+$+T"P.%9$(.D.%".("*$"S.%+$+".2"O.%9$(.D.%".("(/.20%$"($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*"k".2.(D&$*T"fD/O$%2."+."<.%

31


+$+.2"I4%9/*$+$2".2"O.%+.%".*"0&.9O4"O4%7/."(4"24("*$"S.%+$+T"2.".2".*"D4(2.R4"+."*$2">2D%&0/%$2"k"+."*42"2$5&42T

d4"24942"($+$"7/."2."O/.+$"+.2&)($%s"(4"24942"(&".204"(&"$7/.**4T"M4942"2&("I4%9$"k"2&("(495%.e"$/(7/.".("/($"I4%9$"k"/("(495%.T"'".24"?$k"7/."$I.%%$%2.T"d4"0.(.942"(&"I4%9$"(&"(495%."D4("*42"7/."O4+$942"&+.(0&CD$%(42T"P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"(4"(42"?.942"+."+.R$%"$0%$O$%"O4%"I4%9$2".^0.%&4%.2e"0%$+&D&4(.2e"+4)9$2e"%&042e"%.*&)&4(.2T

>2"O%.D&24"<&<&%".*"S$D=4"+."I4%9$"9J2"$**J"+.*"2.%"k"+.*"(4"2.%e"9J2"$**J"+."*$"D4(D&.(D&$T">2."S$D=4".2"(/.20%$"O*.(&0/+T"d/.20%$"<.%+$+.%$"O$0%&$".2"*$"d$+$"+."04+$".^&20.(D&$"&(+&<&+/$*e".*"S$D=4"+."04+4"D4(0.(&+4T

E.2+.".*"O/(04"+."<&20$"+."(/.20%$"9.(0."4%+&($%&$e"*$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/($".(0&+$+e"(&"/($"I4%9$e"(&"/($"%.O%.2.(0$D&:(e"(&"/(42"D4(D.O042s"(4".2"($+$e"O.%4"D%.$"/($"$5.%0/%$".("*4"9.(0$*"O4%"*$"7/."*4"&(/(+$"+.",/FT"

>2$",/F"7/.".2"D494"14(D&.(D&$e".2"2:*&+$e"+.(2$e"D%&20$*&($e"?494)6(.$e"2/0&*e"2&("D$95&42e"*&5%."+."D$0.)4%=$2"9.(0$*.2e"+."(495%.2"k"+."I4%9$2T"P.%4".2"9r*0&O*.e"<$%&$+$e"+&<.%2$e"9420%J(+42.".("(495%.2"k"I4%9$2T">2"/($"k"9r*0&O*.e"$/(7/."(&"/($"(&"9r*0&O*.e"O4%7/.".20J2"D$0.)4%=$2"D4%%.2O4(+.("$*"J95&04"+."*$"+/$*&+$+T

,$"S.%+$+".2"2&9O*."k"$*"$*D$(D."+."D/$*7/&.%$T">2"$9$(0."k"$9$5*.T",4"&(D*/k."04+4e"*4"$D.O0$"04+4e"*4"O/%&CD$"04+4T"x1:94"(4"<$"$"2.%"$2="2&".2".*"o(4N+42pe"*$"g(&+$+y

,4"7/."(4".2"*$"S.%+$+"2&.9O%."+.2.$e".2O.%$"k".^&).T">2"I$*2$"k"2&("D4(2&20.(D&$"ke"O4%".**4e".20J"O.%O.0/$9.(0."$"*$"5r27/.+$"+."/($"D4(C%9$D&:(e"+."/("$2.)/%$9&.(04T"

32

Marià Corbí

H&.(."9&.+4"k".<&0$"*$"+/+$s"2."&+.(0&CD$"D4("D/$*7/&.%"D42$"7/."O/.+$"O$%.D.%*."/("24O4%0.e"O4%"+65&*"k"O$2$R.%4"7/."2.$T

,$"S.%+$+"(4"2.%=$"*$"S.%+$+"2&"(4"I/.%$"2&9O*."k"+&%.D0$T">*"7/."(4"<.$".2$"S.%+$+"2&9O*."k"+&%.D0$e"?$"+.2O.%+&D&$+4"2/"<&+$T

,$"S.%+$+".2"*4"7/.".2e"9J2"$**J"+."04+$2"(/.20%$2"+/$*&F$D&4(.2e"45R.0&<$D&4(.2e"2/5R.0&<$D&4(.2e"&(+&<&+/$*&F$D&4(.2"k"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2"+.*"tipo que sean.

H4+4"*4"7/."*$"9.(0.e"O/.20$"$*"2.%<&D&4"+.*"4%)$(&294"k"+.*"2.(0&9&.(04"+.".)4e"D4(D&5$e".2"I$*24T"-$20$"D4("D4(4D.%"k".*&9&($%"*4"7/.".2"I$*24T",4"7/."7/.+.".2"*4"<.%+$+.%4T"

8$5%J"7/."+.2?$D.%2."+."04+4e"?$20$"+.*"2.(0&9&.(04"+.".)4e"O$%$"**.)$%"$"*$"S.%+$+T"1/$(+4"(42"+.2O%.(+.942"+."04+4e"*4"7/."7/.+$".2"*$"S.%+$+"k".24".2"*4"7/."24942"k"(4"*$2"&(+&<&+/$D&4(.2"k"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2"7/."hacemos de nosotros mismos.

,$"S.%+$+"(4"+$"(&()/($"<.(0$R$e"(&()r("O4+.%"245%."*42"40%42T",4"r(&D4"7/."2.")$($"D4("*$"S.%+$+".2".20$%"*&5.%$+4"+."*4"I$*24T"8$k"7/."&(2&20&%e"2&("0%.)/$e".("*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("+."*4"7/."(4"24942e"O$%$"O4+.%"+.2.954D$%".("*4"7/."<.%+$+.%$9.(0."24942T

Q/&.("+.2.$"I4%9/*$%"*$"S.%+$+e"*$"(&.)$e"O4%7/."*$2"O$*$5%$2"(4"O/.+.("D4(0.(.%*$T"Q/&.("2.O$%$e"R/F)$"k"D4(+.($".("(495%."+."*$"S.%+$+e"*$"4D/*0$"ke"$r("2&("2$5.%*4e"O%.0.(+."+.20%/&%*$T

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"*$"%.D49O.(2$"O4%"*$"5/.($"D4(+/D0$e"(&".*"%.2/*0$+4"+."?$5.%"2/I%&+4"/($"O%/.5$T"M/"<.(&+$"(4"O/.+."2.%"D4(2.)/&+$"(&"D4(".2I/.%F42e"(&"D4("9604+42e"(&"D4("96%&042T",$"S.%+$+".2"*$"3/.(0."O%&

33


94%+&$*"+."04+4"*4"7/.".2e"3/.(0."$(0&)/$e"(4"($D&+$T">2"/($"3/.(0."7/."(4".2"o40%$"+."($+$pe"(&"($+$".2"o40%4"+.".**$pT

,$"S.%+$+"(4"2."9.%.D.T"M&(".95$%)4e"2."O/.+."$*D$(F$%"*$"S.%+$+"O4%7/.".^&20&942T"1$+$"/(4"+."(4240%42".2">**$"9&29$T"P.%4"2&"2."*$"O.%2&)/.e"(42"$*.R$942"+.">**$T"M.%=$"5/2D$%"I/.%$"*4"7/."k$"24942"+.(0%4T

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/("D4(0.(&+4T"E.2D/5%&%*$".2"&%"9J2"$**J"+."*42"(495%.2"k"+."*$2"I4%9$2e"/($"0$%.$"2&("C(T">20J"9J2"$**J"+."04+4"*=9&0.s".20J"D/$(+4"k$"(4"?$k"*=9&0.2T"

Q/&.("4O0$"O4%"*$"S.%+$+"<.%J"04+$"2/"<&+$"O%4I/(+$9.(0."$I.D0$+$T",$"S.%+$+".2"D494"/("2.=294"+.2D49/($*"7/."O%4<4D$".*"+.2O*49."+."*$"mente como entidad autónoma constructora de mundos, aunque conti

(/$%J"D4(20%/k6(+4*42e"O.%4"k$"2&("+$%*42"D494"*4"7/.".2T

,$"S.%+$+".2"D49O$.%$"+."*$"O$Fs"2&("0%$(7/&*&+$+"+."*$"9.(0.e"(4"?$k"O.%D.OD&:("R/20$T",42"94<&9&.(042"+."*$"9.(0."24("D494"*$2"$)/$2"$)&0$+$2"+."/("04%%.(0.T"1/$(+4"*$2"$)/$2"5$R$("94<&+$2"k"0/%5&$2e"4D/*0$("*$"O.%D.OD&:("+.*"I4(+4s"2&"5$R$("*&9O&$2"k"0%$(7/&*$2e"O.%9&0.("<.%"*42"I4(+42"+.*"04%%.(0.T

,$"+/+$"2&(D.%$"(4".2"/("4520JD/*4"O$%$"*$"D49O%.(2&:("+."*$"S.%+$+T",$"+/+$".2"/("&(20%/9.(04"&9O%.2D&(+&5*."k"/($"$k/+$"&($O%.D&$5*.T"M&"*$"S.%+$+"I/.%$"/($".(0&+$+"4"/($2"I4%9/*$D&4(.2"7/."0/<&.%$("7/."D%..%2.e"*$"+/+$"2.%=$"/("4520JD/*4"O$%$"*$"S.%+$+T"P.%4"*$"S.%+$+"(4".2"($+$"7/."D%..%e"2&(4"$*)4"7/."<.%&CD$%e"$*)4"$"*4"7/."+.2O.%0$%T",$"S.%+$+"$D49O$$"$"*$"+&2D%&9&($D&:(e"$*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"+."*4"I$*24s"O$%$".2$"tarea la duda es imprescindible.

M45%."*$"S.%+$+"(4"2."O/.+.(".20$5*.D.%")$%$(0=$2T"d4"2."O/.+."?$D.%"+."*$"S.%+$+"(&"/("2/R.04"(&"45R.04"245%.".*"7/."2."O&+$("O%/.5$2e"<.%&CD$

34

Marià Corbí

D&4(.2"D4(I4%9."$"(4%9$2e"7/."(4"O/.+.("$O*&D$%2."9J2"7/."$"*$2"D42$2"k"$"*42"O.(2$9&.(042e"O.%4"(4"$"*$"S.%+$+T"149.0.")%$<.".%%4%"7/&.(".^&)."O%/.5$2"4"0.20&94(&42"+."$/04%&+$+T"

>2".%%4%".2O.%$%"7/."0."9/.20%.("*$"S.%+$+"+&D&6(+40.U"|#=%$*$e"$?=".20J"d4"?$k"($+$"+.".24T",$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/($"I4%9$"(&"/($2"I4%9/*$D&4(.2"7/."2."O/.+$("2.$*$%"4"245%."*$2"7/.".20$5*.D.%")$%$(0=$2T"g($"S.%+$+"$2=".20$%=$"45R.0&<$+$e"k$"(4"2.%=$"*$"S.%+$+T",$2")$%$(0=$2"245%."*$"S.%+$+e"x245%."7/6"2."I/(+$9.(0$%=$(y"xQ/6"$/04%&+$+"?$k"245%."*$"S.%+$+y"xQ/6"?$k"$(0.%&4%"$"*$"S.%+$+y",$"S.%+$+"2."O%/.5$"k"2.")$%$(0&F$"O4%"2="9&29$T

,$"S.%+$+".20J"$7/="k"$?4%$s".("*$"2.+"7/."2."0&.(."+.".**$e".(".*"&9O/*24"$".(D4(0%$%*$T">20J"9J2"O%:^&9$"7/.".*"D/.%O4"k"7/."*$"9.(0.e".20J"9J2"O%:^&9$"7/.".*"2.(0&9&.(04"+.".)4T"1/.%O4e"9.(0.e"2.(0&9&.(04"+.".)4e"son representaciones y las representaciones crean distancia, por eso son

o%.NO%.2.(0$D&4(.2pT">*"7/."%.O%.2.(0$"(4".2".*"%.O%.2.(0$+4T"

M&"(4"*$"<.942".2"O4%7/."*$"5/2D$942"+.9$2&$+4"*.R42"+."(4240%42"9&2942e"I/.%$"+."(/.20%4"2.%"9J2"O%4I/(+4T

P$%$"+.2D/5%&%"*$"S.%+$+"(4"?$k"7/."5/2D$%".("*$"+&%.DD&:("+."*$"C*424I=$e"ni tampoco en la de la religión, sino en una dirección contraria a ambas.

,$"C*424I=$"O%4D.+."D4("D4(D.O042e"*$"%.*&)&:("D4("2=954*42s"(&"/(42"(&"40%42"24("$O042"O$%$"+.D&%"*$"S.%+$+T",$"C*424I=$"5/2D$".^O*&D$D&4(.2e"*$"%.*&)&:("5/2D$"I4%9$2"2$)%$+$2T"8$k"7/."D$9&($%".("+&%.DD&:("+.*"D49O*.04"2&*.(D&4"+."*$"9.(0."k"+.*"2.(0&%"k".("+&%.DD&:("+.*"<$D=4"+."04+$"I4%9$e"O.%4".("*$2"I4%9$2"9&29$2T

8$k"7/."&(+$)$%"?$20$"%.D4(4D.%"7/6"O/.+."2.%".2$"$/2.(D&$"+."2$5.%"7/.".2"/("2$5.%".(".*"7/."2."0&.(."k"2."D4(4D."04+4T"Q/&.("&)(4%."2/"I/(+$9.(04e"7/.".2"I$*0$"+."I/(+$9.(04e"04+4"*4"7/."O&.(2."k"2&.(0$"245%."

35


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,$"9.(0.e"+.2+."2="9&29$e"O%.0.(+."2.%".*"J%5&0%4"+."*$"O%/.5$"+."*$"S.%+$+T">2$".2"/($"0$%.$"2&(".2O.%$(F$e"O4%7/."D4(".2$"O%.0.(2&:("2."?$%=$"+."*$"S.%+$+"/("45R.04".(0%."*42"45R.042e"4"/("2/R.04".(0%."*42"2/R.042e"4"/($"I4%9/*$D&:(".(0%."*$2"I4%9/*$D&4(.2T",$"9.(0.e"+.2+."2="9&29$e"(4"+&2O4(."+."DJ(4(.2"O$%$"D4(<.%0&%2.".("J%5&0%4"+."/($"S.%+$+"7/."(4".2"$DD.2&5*."(&"D4("I4%9/*$D&4(.2"(&"D4("O$*$5%$2e"O4%7/."(&".2"D4(D.O0/$*&F$5*.e"(&"45R.0&<$5*.e"(&"%.O%.2.(0$5*.T

,$"9.(0.e"+.2+."2="9&29$e"(4"+&2O4(."+."DJ(4(.2"O$%$"D4(<.%0&%2.".("J%5&0%4"+."/($"S.%+$+"7/."(4".2"$DD.2&5*."(&"D4("I4%9/*$D&4(.2"(&"D4("O$*$5%$2e"O4%7/."(&".2"D4(D.O0/$*&F$5*.e"(&"45R.0&<$5*.e"(&"%.O%.2.(0$5*.T

,$"<&2&:("<.%+$+.%$e"*$"S.%+$+e".20J"I/.%$"+.*".2O$D&4"k"+.*"0&.9O4"k".2"/(&<.%2$*s".20J"9J2"$**J"+."*42"*=9&0.2"+."04+$"D%..(D&$e"+."04+$"2.D0$e"9J2"$**J"+."+4)9$2e"D420/95%.2"k"%.*&)&4(.2T

H$*"D494".2"*$"S.%+$+e".2"*$"A.<.*$D&:(T",$"A.<.*$D&:("(4".2"%.<.*$D&:("+."<.%+$+.2e"+."O%4k.D042"+."<&+$e"+."2&20.9$2"+."D49O4%0$9&.(04e"+."2&20.9$2"+."24D&$*&F$D&:("k"O%4)%$9$D&:("D4*.D0&<$T",$"A.<.*$D&:(".2"*$"%.<.*$D&:("+."*$"S.%+$+T",$"A.<.*$D&:(".2"*$"S.%+$+T"j"*$"S.%+$+".2"*$"g(&+$+e"k"*$"g(&+$+".2".*"'94%"2&("D4(+&D&4(.2T">(".*"2.(4"+."*$"g(&+$+e"7/.".2".*"'94%e"x7/&6("O/.+."O4(.%"D4(+&D&4(.2"k"$"7/6y

,$"S.%+$+".20J".("*$"o(4N+/$*&+$+pe"O4%"0$(04".("*$"g(&+$+T"8$5*$%"+."unidad completa es hablar de Amor, porque el amor no son sentimientos,

2&(4"/(&+$+T",42"2.(0&9&.(042"2."9/.<.(".(".*"0.%%.(4"+."*4"+/$*e"24("/("2&20.9$"+."2.$*.2"O$%$"*$"2/O.%<&<.(D&$"+.*"&(+&<&+/4"k"+."*$".2O.D&.T"

Cuando entramos en el conocer y sentir desde el completo silencia

9&.(04"+.*".)4"k"+."04+42"2/2"9.D$(&2942e"*$"S.%+$+".2"g(&+$+e"k"*$"

36

Marià Corbí

g(&+$+".2"'94%T"xd4".2".2$"*$"2$*<$D&:(y">2$".2"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"de todo lo real.

Q/&.("k$"(4"%.2&+.".(".*".)4e"7/."+/$*&F$"k"2.O$%$e"7/."0&.(."/($".20%/D0/%$"(.D.2$%&$9.(0.".)4D.(0%$+$e"O4%7/.".2"/($"I/(D&:("+.*"D.%.5%4"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."/("4%)$(&294"(.D.2&0$+4e"2&(4"7/."%.2&+.".("*$"S.%+$+e".("*$"g(&+$+"k".*"'94%"2&("D4(+&D&4(.2e"O%4D.+.%J".("04+42"*42"$2/(042"D4("/($"oO%4I/(+$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($pT"

>2$".2"*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($e"D/$(04"9J2"O%4I/(+$"9.R4%e"7/."(.D.2&0$942".("*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"&((4<$D&:("k"D$95&4"D4(0&(/4e")*4balizadas, en las que todo lo tenemos que construir y gerenciar nosotros

9&2942e"2&(")$%$(0=$".^0.%($"(&()/($e"(&"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"(&"+."*$2"&+.4*4)=$2e"O4%7/."/($2"k"40%$2"D4%%.2O4(+.("$"0&O42"+."24D&.+$+.2"7/."4"+.2$O$%.D&.%4("O4%"D49O*.04e"4".20J(".("<=$2"+.".^0&(D&:("4".("<=$2"+."2.%"2/20&0/&+$2"O4%"*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2"&(+/20%&$*.2T

>(".20$"(/.<$"2&0/$D&:(e"O%4<4D$+$"O4%"*$2")%$(+.2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2"causadas por el ocaso de las sociedades preindustriales, por la completa

industrialización y, sobre todo, por la aparición de las sociedades de co

(4D&9&.(04")*45$*&F$+$2e"*$"S.%+$+".20J"*&5%."+."*$2"O$*$5%$2T",$"S.%+$+"(4".20J"*&)$+$"$"(&()/($2"I4%9/*$D&4(.2e"O4%"2$)%$+$2"7/."2."D4(2&+.%.(T",$2"O$*$5%$2"O/.+.("54%+.$%".*"$5&294"+."*$"S.%+$+e"O.%4"(4"O/.+.("entrar en ese abismo.

>20$"*&5.%0$+"+."*$2"O$*$5%$2"D4("%.2O.D04"$"*$"S.%+$+e"7/.".2".*"%.2/*0$+4"+."*$"D%&2&2"O%4I/(+$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e".2"*$"D49O*.0$"k"%.$*")*45$*&F$D&:("+."*$"S.%+$+T

1/$(+4"*$"S.%+$+".20J"*&5%."+."*$2"O$*$5%$2e"*$2"O$*$5%$2".20J("0$95&6("*&5%.2"D4("%.*$D&:("$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"*$"S.%+$+T">20$".2"/($")%$("0%$(2I4%9$D&:(e"0$95&6(".("*=(.$"D4("*$")*45$*&F$D&:(T">("

37


2/"&(0.(04"O4%"$O/(0$%e"2&954*&F$%e".Ô%.2$%"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"*$2"O$*$5%$2"(4".20J("249.0&+$2"$"D%..(D&$2e"+4)9$2e".Ô%.siones sagradas intocables; las palabras son libres, como el arte es libre

O$%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"5.**.F$T"P.%4"$*"&)/$*"7/."(4"04+4"*4"7/."2."+&D."$%0."*4".2e"+."I4%9$"2.9.R$(0."(4"04+4"?$5*$%"*&5%."+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."la realidad es adecuado.

M4942"*&5%.2"O$%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"O.%4"nuestra libertad no parte de la nada, sino que arranca de la herencia de

/(")%$("*.)$+4"+."+.D&%.2"245%."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e"7/."O%4<&.(."+."los tesoros reunidos por miles de generaciones que nos han precedido y

7/."*42"0.(.942"%./(&+42".("D4I%.2"<.(.%$5*.2T">242"D4I%.2"+.*"0.24%4e"*.)$+4"+."*$"2$5&+/%=$"+."(/.20%42"$(0.O$2$+42"+."04+$"*$"?/9$(&+$+e"son las grandes tradiciones religiosas y espirituales de la historia de

nuestra estirpe.

En las nuevas condiciones culturales, la Verdad es pura intemperie

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"D494"/($"D$2$"+4(+."94%$%e"O4%7/."(&()/($".Ô%.2&:("4"I4%9/*$D&:("D4(20%/k."*$2"O$%.+.2"+."2/"D.%D$T",$"S.%+$+".2D$O$"2&.9O%."+."04+$"D.%D$T"Q/&.("*$"7/&.%$"O42..%"$9/%$**J(+4*$e".2"0$("(.D&4"D494".*"7/."7/&2&.%$"*.<$(0$%"9/%42".("9.+&4"+.*"4D6$(4T",$"S.%+$+e"D494".*"4D6$(4e"&)(4%$"*$2"I%4(0.%$2e"+.2?$D."*$2"0$O&$2e".2"incontrolable.

,$"S.%+$+"(4".2"/("0.D?4"5$R4".*"7/."O%40.).%2.e"O4%7/."*$"S.%+$+e"D494"/("?/%$DJ("*.<$(0$"k"2."**.<$"O4%"+.*$(0."04+$2"*$2"O%40.DD&4(.2e"D494"*$2"?4R$2"2.D$2"+."*42"J%54*.2"2."*$2"**.<$".*"<&.(04T

,$"D.%0.F$"7/.").(.%$"*$"S.%+$+"(4"2."$O4k$".("*$"O%40.DD&:("7/."O%4O4%D&4($e"(&".("*4"+.*&9&0$+42"7/.".20J("2/2"D4(04%(42"2&(4e"O4%".*"D4(0%$%&4e"

38

Marià Corbí

.("2/"O/%$"."&(.<&0$5*."&(0.9O.%&.s".("2/2"I%4(0.%$2"&(+.C(&5*.2s".("2/2"D$O$D&+$+"+."&(<$+&%e"D494"/($"&(/(+$D&:(e"04+42"*42"D.%D$+42s".("2/"O4+.%"O$%$"C*0%$%2."k"+.20%/&%"*42"9/%42"9J2"2:*&+$9.(0."D4(20%/&+42T",$"S.%+$+"D4(<.(D."O4%7/.".20J"+.2(/+$T

,$"S.%+$+"D4(C%9$"2&("+.D&%"/($"O$*$5%$"k"2&("?$D.%"/("24*4").204T";/=$"2&("2.$*$%"D$9&(42s"O$D&CD$"2&("+$%"24*/D&4(.2s"+$"%.2O/.20$"2&("O%4O4(.%"I:%9/*$2s".2"$D4).+4%$"2&("4I%.D.%"/("?4)$%s".2"/("2/.*4"+4(+."O4(.%"*42"O&.2"2&("2.%"/("D.%D$+4s"<&20."2/"+.2(/+.F"D4("9&*"$0/.(+42e"O.%4"D/$(+4"<4*<.942"(/.20%42"4R42"?$D&$".**$e"2."+.2O4R$"+."$+4%(42"k"%4O$2"k"</.*<."$"7/.+$%"&%%.9.+&$5*.9.(0."+.2(/+$T

,$"S.%+$+".2"&9O*$D$5*.e"(4"0&.(."O&.+$+"D4("*42"D45$%+.2s"+.R$".^O/.2042"$"04+42"*42"<&.(042"$"*42"7/."7/&.%.("O%40.).%2."+.0%J2"+.".**$s"$54%%.D."k"D4(+.($"$"7/&.(.2"7/&.%.("/0&*&F$%*$"D494".*"9J2"O40.(0."+."*42"&(20%/9.(042"+."O4+.%s"</.*<."*$".2O$*+$"$"7/&.(.2"2:*4"O&.(2$(".("2="mismos; endurece el corazón y la mirada de aquellos que la buscan sólo

O$%$"0.(.%".(".**$"/($")$%$(0=$"7/."*.2"2$*<."+."2/"I$*0$"+."D$*&+$+"&(0.%($T

M:*4"D/$(+4"/(4"$O%.(+."$"0.(.%".*"<$*4%"+."7/.+$%2.".("*$"040$*"&(0.9O.%&.e"2&("0.D?4"7/."*."O%40.R$"+.*"D42942"&(9.(24e"2&("O$%.+.2"7/."*."%.2)/$%+.("+."*42"<&.(042e"2&("%.I/)&4"$*)/(4s"2:*4"D/$(+4"/(4"%.(/(D&$"$"O4+.%"+&2O4(.%"+."/("D.%D$+4"+4(+."2.(0&%2."9.(42"&(2&)(&CD$(0.".(".*"<$204".2O$D&4s"2:*4"D/$(+4"D4("*42"$42e"/(4"$O%.(+."$"(4".2O.%$%"7/."*$"S.%+$+"0.()$"/("%420%4"+.*&9&0$+4"k"O%:^&94s"2:*4"D/$(+4"2."?$"$O%.(+&+4e"O4%"C(e"$"(4"&(0.(0$%e"+."9&*"9$(.%$2"2$*<$%2.s"2:*4".(04(D.2e"*$"S.%+$+".2"&(?:2O&0$"O.%4"O%4I/(+$9.(0."?42O&0$*$%&$s"+.2O&$+$+$"D494"*$"&(9.(2&+$+e"O.%4"$D4).+4%$"D494"/($"$9$(0.s"<$D=$"D494"/("$5&294e"O.%4"?$D&6(+42."2.(0&%"D4("/($"O%.2.(D&$"O*.($"k"DJ*&+$T

1/$(+4".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"(42"%.+/D."$"/($"&(2&)(&CD$(0."940$"+."O4*<4".("*42".2O$D&42".20.*$%.2e".**$"2."$O%4^&9$"D494"$9&)$s"D/$(+4".*"I%$

39


D$24"+."04+42"*42"O%4k.D042"**.<$"$"+.2.2O.%$%"+."04+4"9604+4"2.)/%4e"$D%.+&0$+4"k"D4(0%4*$+4"+."2$*<$D&:(e"*$"S.%+$+"O&$+42$e"$*$%)$"2/"9$(4"para acogernos.

,$"&9O*$D$5*."k"+.2(/+$"S.%+$+"2&("I4%9$e"7/."($+&."O/.+."$O%4O&$%2.e"la que desmantela como un tornado toda cerca, la que es silenciosa y,

O4%".**4e"&(+49$5*.e".2$"9&29$".2"0&.%($e"DJ*&+$e"O&$+42$e"$D4).+4%$e"O%40.D04%$"k")/=$T"

M:*4">**$".2"D494"/($"O%.2.(D&$"=(0&9$"7/.".().(+%$"/($"D.%0.F$"*&5%."+."I4%9$2e"O.%4"%.D&$"k"I/.%0."D494"(&()/($"40%$"k"D$O$F"+."%./(&%*4"todo.

Conclusión

>20$942"2&("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"7/."2420.()$"7/."*4"7/."+&D.("las escrituras sagradas es como son las realidades en este mundo y en

.*"40%4T">20$942e"O4%".*"D4(0%$%&4e".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$e"k$"(4"9=0&D$e"7/."2$5."7/."04+4"*4"7/."+&D.("*$2"O$*$5%$2"?/9$($2e"&(D*/24"*$2"9J2"2$)%$+$2e"24("2:*4"D4(I4%9$D&4(.2"(/.20%$2"+."*$"&(9.(2&+$+"7/."(42"rodea y que nos incluye; que sabe que son acotaciones a nuestra pobre

9.+&+$"+."<&<&.(0.2"I%J)&*.2"k"(.D.2&0$+42s"7/."2$5."7/."04+$2".2$2"I4%9$D&4(.2"24("2:*4"45R.0&<$D&4(.2e"*=9&0.2"$$+&+42"$"*4"7/.".2e"2&("ninguna entidad, si no es en nuestra propia mente; sólo constructos como

45R.0&<$D&4(.2"k"2/5R.0&<$D&4(.2e"D494"&(+&<&+/$D&4(.2T"

14(".2$".O&20.94*4)=$e"*$"S.%+$+"$"*$"7/."2."%.C.%.("04+$2"*$2".2D%&0/%$2"sagradas de todos los pueblos y todos las palabras de los grandes maes

0%42"+.*".2O=%&0/e".2"&($5$%D$5*.e"<$D=$"+."04+4"*4"7/."(4240%42"0.(.942"como realidad y ser, pero presente, inmediata, inconcebiblemente cierta,

40

Marià Corbí

<&2&5*.".("04+$"%.$*&+$+"<&2&5*.e"$/(7/."R$9J2"D494"/($".(0&+$+".(0%."las entidades.

>2$"S.%+$+"&($2&5*.e"7/.".2"*4"2/0&*"+."*4"2/0&*e"O/%$"&(0.9O.%&.e".2"*$"A.<.*$D&:(e".2"*$"2$*<$D&:(e".2"*$"O*.($"."&(D4(D.5&5*."%.$*&F$D&:("?/9$($e".2"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$e"%$=F"k"D4(20%/D04%$"+."04+$"D/$*&+$+e"0$(04"&(+&<&+/$*"D494"24D&$*T"

E.2+.".2$"S.%+$+"<$D=$"?$k"7/."D4(20%/&%"*42"O420/*$+42"$^&4*:)&D42e"7/."24("9$0%&D.2"$^&4*:)&D$2"<$D=$2e".**42"2.%J("*42"7/."4%&.(0$%J(e"+.*&9&0$%J("k"+$%J("$"*/F"*42"O%4k.D042"D4*.D0&<42e"$"04+4"(&<.*T"E.2+.".242"proyectos concretaremos nuestros sistemas determinados de compor

0$9&.(04e"(/.20%$2"60&D$2"I4%9/*$+$2"k"<&<&+$2T

E.2+.".2$2"9$0%&D.2"$^&4*:)&D$2e".242"O%4k.D042"k".242"2&20.9$2"60&D42e"7/."0.(+%J("7/."D$95&$%2."k"94+&CD$%2."$*"O$24"+.*"D%.D&9&.(04"+."(/.20%$2"D&.(D&$2"k"0.D(4*4)=$2"k"+."*$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2"+."*$"<&+$"D4*.D0&<$"7/."D4(0&(/$9.(0."O%4<4D$(e"0.(+%.942"7/."%.)&%"k")45.%($%"(/.20%4"O4+.%"D&.(0=CD4"k"06D(&D4e"*$")*45$*&+$+e"(/.20%$2"O%4O&$2"<&+$2"k"*$"<&+$"+.*"O*$(.0$T

M&(".2$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$e"7/."+.5.".^&20&%".("(/.20%$"?/9$(&+$+".("/("(r9.%4"+."&(+&<&+/42"D/$(04"9J2"$*04e"9.R4%e"(42"D4(<.%0&%=$942".("/(42"2/O.%+.O%.+$+4%.2e"D4("/($2")$%%$2"D&.(0=CD$2"k"0.D(4*:)&D$2"0.%%&5*.2e"7/."+.20%4F$%=$942"04+4"*4"7/.".20/<&.%$"$"(/.20%4"$*D$(D.T"

En esa situación estamos, ese es nuestro riesgo, no simplemente posible,

2&(4"%.$*"k"k$"O%.2.(0.T"d4"<.4"7/."?$k$"40%$"24*/D&:("O$%$"*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04"+."&((4<$D&:("D4(0&(/$"k"D$95&4"D4(0&(/4"7/."(4"2.$"%.D4).%".2$"?.%.(D&$"+&D?$".("I4%9$2e"O.%4"*&5%."+.".**$2e"<$D=$T"d4"<.4"40%$"9$(.%$"O42&5*."+."?.%.+$%".*"&(9.(24"*.)$+4"+."2$5&+/%=$"$0.24%$+4"O4%"*$"?/9$(&+$+"$"*4"*$%)4"+."D$2&"\T___"$42"+."?&204%&$T"d4"

41


O4+.942"&(<.(0$%"+."(/.<4".2$")%$("2$5&+/%=$e"(&"O4+.942"O%.2D&(+&%"+.".2$"?.%.(D&$"D/$(+4"9J2"*$"(.D.2&0$942e"k$"(4"2:*4"O$%$"(/.20%$"<&+$"&(0.%&4%e"2&(4"O$%$"245%.<&<&%"D494".2O.D&."k"O$%$"*$"245%.<&<.(D&$"+."*$"<&+$".(".*"O*$(.0$T

Esa es la interpretación que han hecho todos los grandes maestros espiri

0/$*.2"k"04+42"*42")%$(+.2"9=20&D42"+."*$"?/9$(&+$+".("04+$2"*$2")%$(+.2"0%$+&D&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"k".2O&%&0/$*.2"7/."?$(".^&20&+4T

x1/J*"?$"+."2.%"*$"$D0&0/+"D4("%.2O.D04"$"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".(".20$"(/.<$"2&0/$D&:("D/*0/%$*y

En primer lugar de sumo respeto e indagación para hacernos capaces de

?.%.+$%"2/"%&D4"*.)$+4"+."2$5&+/%=$T"

P$%0&.(+4"+.".2$"O420/%$e"?$k"7/."%.D4(4D.%"7/."04+$2"*$2"O$*$5%$2"+."todas las tradiciones son igualmente ineptas para hablar de lo Real, de

*$"S.%+$+T"d4"?$k"(&()r("2&20.9$"+."2=954*42e"(&"(&()/($"I4%9$"+."?$5*$%"k"+."%.O%.2.(0$%"7/.".206"9J2"D.%D$"+."*$"S.%+$+"7/."*$2"40%$2s"04+$2".20J("&)/$*9.(0."+&20$(0.2T

>("r*0&9$"&(20$(D&$"o>24"&(D49/(&D$5*.pe"+.*"7/.e"2&(".95$%)4e".2"O%.D&24"?$5*$%e"2."<.%&CD$"+&%.D0$9.(0.e"k"2&"2."<.%&CD$e"2/2".I.D042"245%."*4"9.(0$*"24(".^O*42&<42T",$"<.%&CD$D&:("+&%.D0$"+."*$"S.%+$+"+."*$"7/."hablan las tradiciones, hace estallar todo sistema de simbolizaciones y

%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2".(0.(+&+$2"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"(4"D494"9.%42"2&20.9$2".^O%.2&<42e"7/."$O/(0$("$"*4"L((495%$5*.T

,$2"%.*&)&4(.2"24("D494"(/5.2".(".*"D&.*4e"7/."C*0%$("*$"*/F"+.*"24*e"O.%4"0$OJ(+4*$T"M/2"($%%$D&4(.2e"9&042e"2=954*42"k"%&0/$*.2e"D494"*$2"(/5.2e"9$(&C.20$("*$"*/F"+.*"24*e"O.%4"9$0&FJ(+4*$T"3&*0%$(e"D4*4%.$(e"2/$<&F$("*$"O/%$"*/F"+."*$"S.%+$+T"#$(&C.20$("k"4D/*0$(T

42

Marià Corbí

,$2"(/5.2"+$("(40&D&$"+."*$"%&7/.F$"+."*$"*/Fe"O.%4"?$k"7/."$O$%0$%*$2e"2/5&%"O4%".(D&9$"+.".**$2"O$%$"<.%"+&%.D0$9.(0."*$"*/F"+.*"24*T"L)/$*mente hay que apartar todo el hablar de las religiones para que quede

r(&D$9.(0."*$"S.%+$+T

Esa desnudez es nuestro hogar, un lugar (que no es un lugar) donde se

&(0.)%$"04+$"+&<.%2&+$+e"+4(+."2."I/(+.("04+42"*42"D4(0%$%&42T"

,$"S.%+$+".2"9/k"2&9O*.T"d4".2"40%$"D42$"7/."+.2O.%0$%"$"*4"7/."k$"2."es, despertar al propio estado original.

,42"2$5&42"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"?$5*$("+."*4"7/."?$("<&204s"O$%$"?$D.%*4"?$("+."?$5*$%"+."*4"7/."(4"2."O/.+."?$5*$%e"+$%"I4%9$"$"*4"7/."(4"0&.(."I4%9$e"O$%$"$2="&(D&0$%"$*"+.2O.%0$%T"M/2"+&2D=O/*42e"&)(4%$(0.2e"CR$("k"2$D%$*&F$(".2$2"I4%9$2e"*$2"D49.(0$("D49O*&DJ(+4*$2e"?$D.("+.".**$2"0.4%=$2e"$*)4"D4(D.O0/$*e"D49O*.R4s"$*)4"7/."D4(".*"0&.9O4"+$%J"4%&).("$"9&*"+&2O/0$2"k"D4(0%4<.%2&$2

>("*42"&(&D&42"+.*"2&)*4"llLe"*$2")%$(+.2"0%$+&D&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"%.2/*0$("2.%e"*.=+$2"+.2+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"*$%)42"k"24*.9(.2"+&2D/%242e"O%4(/(D&$+42".("/($"*.()/$e"7/."O$%$"*$"9$k4%=$"+."*$"O45*$D&:(".2"/($"lengua muerta, y que habla a seres humanos que ya desaparecieron.

P.%4".2$2")%$(+.2"0%$+&D&4(.2e"D4("2/2"9&042"k"2=954*42e"*.=+$2"k"<&<&+$2"+.2+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"24("D494"O%4I/(+42"k"*$%)42"O4.9$2"7/.".^O%.2$("k"?$D.("O%.2.(0."*$"S.%+$+e"2&("O4+.%*$"049$%".("sus manos.

SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

14%5="$(0.2"+."$5%&%".*"+.5$0."%.D/.%+$"*$2"(4D&4(.2"D*$<."7/."?$"/0&*&F$+4".("2/"O4(.(D&$U"*42"%$2)42"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"+."*$"

43


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En primer lugar de sumo respeto e indagación para hacernos capaces de

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&(.O0$2"O$%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"S.%+$+T"d4"?$k"(&()r("2&20.9$"+."2=954*42e"(&"(&()/($"I4%9$"+."?$5*$%"k"+."%.O%.2.(0$%"7/.".206"9J2"D.%D$"+."*$"S.%+$+"7/."*$2"40%$2s"04+$2".20J("&)/$*9.(0."+&20$(0.2T

,$"<.%&CD$D&:("+&%.D0$"+."*$"S.%+$+"+."*$"7/."?$5*$("*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2e"?$D."estallar todo sistema de simbolizaciones y representaciones entendidas

+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"(4"D494"9.%42"2&20.9$2".^O%.2&<42e"que apuntan a lo Innombrable.

Esa desnudez es nuestro hogar, un lugar (que no es un lugar) donde se

&(0.)%$"04+$"+&<.%2&+$+e"+4(+."2."I/(+.("04+42"*42"D4(0%$%&42T",$"S.%+$+"es muy simple. No es otra cosa que despertar a lo que ya se es, despertar

al propio estado original.

>*"+&J*4)4".9O.F:"D4("*$"O%.)/(0$"+."3%$(D.2D$"H4II$(4"$O/(0$(+4"7/."2&"*$"%.*&)&:("?$"&9O*42&($+4"7/&FJ".(04(D.2"%.2/*0$%J"7/."4DD&+.(0."**.<$"/("%.0%$24"+."\___"$42"%.2O.D04"$"*$"L(+&$T"14%5="*."%.2O4(+."7/."India supo hacer algo que no hizo Occidente y es mantener en paralelo

44

Marià Corbí

*$"O%4)%$9$D&:("$)%$%&$"k".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"+."O%.$)%$%&$"4"D?$9J(&D4"+."*42"+%$<&+&$(42"uO45*$+4%.2"+."*$"h(+&$"O%.N$%&$vT"

>("(/.20%$2"*$0&0/+.2".*"L9O.%&4"A49$(4"0.%9&(:"D4("*42"%.2042"D?$9J(&D42"I$D&*&0$(+4"*$"$+4OD&:("+.*"D%&20&$(&294T"P4%"40%$"O$%0."*$"9=20&D$"D%&20&$($"(4"D4(2&)/.".20$5*.D.%".2D/.*$2"O40.(0.2"D4("D4(0&(/&+$+e"$2="es que cuando se ha hundido la sociedad preindustrial y con ella ha

$%%$20%$+4"*$"%.*&)&:(e".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"?$"7/.+$+4"(40$blemente resentido.

#&.(0%$2"(4240%42"0.(=$942"*$"9.(0."D4O$+$"O4%"*$"D%..(D&$e"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"+."*$"L(+&$"I/.%4("D$O$D.2"+."+.2$%%4**$%".*"/24"+."*$"9.(0."k"*$"$DD&:(".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"+.R$(+4".*"2.(0&%"$0%$O$+4"O4%"*42"9&042"$)%=D4*$2T"d4240%42e")%$D&$2"$"2/".*$54%$D&:("k".R.9O*4"O4+.942"releer nuestra tradición desligadamente de las creencias.

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H.%.2$";/$%+$(2"O%.)/(0:"245%."2&"*$"$C%9$D&:("+."14%5=".("04%(4"$"que en las sociedades agrarias las creencias acompañan a los mitos no

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2&20.9$2"+."D4(<.(D&9&.(04"2.$("I4%F4242T",$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.$)%$%&$2".%$("O.7/.$2e"+.".(0%."]_"k"m_"9&.95%42e".(".**$2"*42"9&042"D%.$("2/O/.2042"D49/(.2"7/."$O4%0$("D4?.2&:("k"7/."2."%.(/.<$("D4("%&0/$*.2"por lo cual no se requiere una base de sumisión.

>("24D&.+$+.2"9J2"D49O*.R$2"*$"$+?.2&:("$".242"2/O/.2042"(4"O/.+."2.%"libre sino que debe ser asumida por todos los miembros para que no se

45


O4()$".("%&.2)4"*$"24D&.+$+"O4%"*4"7/."+.5.%J"2.%"I4%F42$"0.(&.(+4"7/."+.%&<$%".("D%..(D&$T">20."O%4D.24"<&.(."I$D&*&0$+4"O4%".*"D4(0$D04"D4("*$"C*424I=$")%&.)$T"

-$R4"/($"+&(J9&D$"+."D%..(D&$2"*$"$/04%&+$+"D&<&*""k"*$"%.*&)&42$"2."<$("$"".(D4(0%$%"I/2&4($+$2"4".20$%J(""I/.%0.9.(0."D4(.D0$+$2T"

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46

Marià Corbí

*$"%.*$D&:("2/R.04N2/R.04T"E."*4"+&D?4"2."D4(D*/k.""7/."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/mana es relacional y no relacional.

P$%$"B426"#G"S&)&*"O%4I/(+&F$(+4"245%."*$"45R.0&<&+$+"+.*"*.()/$R."24*4"2."O/.+."**.)$%"$"$C%9$%"7/."D4(+&D&4($"*$"<&2&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"O.%4"(4"?$20$".*"O/(04"+."2420.(.%"7/."04+4".(".**$"24("94+.*42"k"($+$"9J2"7/."94+.*42e"k"7/."D494"0$*.2"04+$2"*$2"45R.0&<$D&4(.2e"&(D*/&+$2"*$2"religiones, resultan igualmente distantes de la realidad. si nos situamos

.(".20$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+.5.942"D4(D*/&%"7/."04+4".2"%.*$0&<4T

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14%5="D4(0.20$"7/."04+$2"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".20J("&)/$*9.(0."+&20$(0.2"+.*"&((495%$5*.e"04+$2"&)/$*9.(0."&(.O0$2"$/(7/."$O/(0.("9J2"$+.D/$+$9.(0.T"d4"?$k"0.4%=$2"7/."2."$D.%7/.("9J2"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."40%$2"O.%4"/($2"O/.+.("O42&5&*&0$%"9J2"O%4+/D0&<$9.(0."7/."40%$2T"H4+$2".**$2"$$+.("*=9&0.2"$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"$2=".2"7/."(4"+.2D%&5.(T

S&)&*"D4(0&(/:"/("+&J*4)4"&(0.(24U"

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47


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S&)&*U"xQ/6".O&20.94*4)=$"O4+.942"0.(.%"O$%$"*4"%.*&)&424y

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S&)&*U"P.%4"+.D&%"7/."(4"?$k"($+$".2"0$95&6(".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O4%7/.".2"+.2D%&O0&<$T

48

Marià Corbí

14%5=U"d4e"k"<4k"$"/2$%"$C%9$D&4(.2"<.+$(0$T"H4+4"*4"7/."D4(D&5$"0/"9.(0.".2"I$*24e"O.%4"*4"7/.".2"<$D=4"+."D4(D.O0/$*&F$D&4(.2"(4"&9O*&D$"7/."(4"2.$"($+$T"Q/."2.$"<$D=4"O.%4"(4"($+$".2"/($"$C%9$D&:("/(&+$"$"una negación para indicar lo innombrable y la imposibilidad de episte

94*4)=$"O$%$"$D.%D$%2."$"*4"7/."+.254%+$"04+4"*.()/$R.T

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14%5="%.2O4(+."7/."*$2"9$0%&D.2"$^&4*:)&D$2"24("D%.$D&4(.2"O.%4"0$("sin concreción que de ellas no se pueden deducir proyectos. En su seno

+.5.("D$5.%"9/D?42"O%4k.D042"$+$O0$5*.2"$"+&I.%.(0.2"O$=2.2e"%.)&4(.2e"I$9&*&$2T"

d4"<."<&$5*."O*$(0.$9&.(042"7/."O%4O4(.(".^0%$.2"+."04+$2"*$2"H%$+&D&4(.2"/($"60&D$"D49r(e"9J2"5&.("O&.(2$"7/."+.5."+$%2."/($"?.0.%4).(.&+$+"+."60&D$2"$/(7/."04+$2"+.(0%4"+."/("9$%D4").(.%$*"$D4%+$+4".(0%."04+42T"1*$%$9.(0.e"+."*$2"H%$+&D&4(.2"O4+.942"2$D$%".2O=%&0/"60&D4"O.%4"(4"60&D$2"D4(D%.0$2T

B$/9."')/20="2."O%.)/(0$"2&".2"O42&5*."2$*&%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".T9T""2&("D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"ET'T"$"*4"7/."14%5="D4(0.20$"7/.".*"+.29$(0.*$9&.(04"$^&4*:)&D4"+."*42"7/."0&.(.("+."]m"$42"O$%$"$5$R4".2"r(&D$9.(0."I%/04"+.*"?/(+&9&.(04"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O.%4"(4".2"7/."&(0/k$("ET'T"k"O4%".**4"2."7/.+$(".("/("%.*$0&<&294T

'D/.%+$"')/20="7/.".2."%.*$0&<&294"R/(04"D4(".*"O.%2O.D0&<&294"2."2&0r$("+.(0%4"+."*$".T9T">*"$(0=+404".2"*$"(4"9=0&D$"7/."*."O$%.D."*&)$+$"$"la D.A.

49


'7/="2."$5%."/($"+&2D/2&:("245%."2&"*$"D&.(D&$".2"/($"(/.<$".T9T"k"0$(04"14%5="D494"')/20="+&D.("7/."*$"D&.(D&$"(4".2".T9T"2&(4"7/.".*"D&.(0&294"2="*4".2T",4"O%4O&4"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"9=0&D4e"+&D."14%5=e".2"2/"D$O$D&+$+"+.".20%/D0/%$%".*"J95&04"$^&4*:)&D4"k"O%.D&2$9.(0."*$"D&.(D&$"O$%$"O4+.%"4O.%$%"0&.(."7/.".^0%$.%"*4"<$*4%$*T"P4%".**4e"+."O4%"2=e""(4"2."la puede considerar como e.m. aunque el cientismo lo haga.

')/20="$$+."7/."D/$(+4"*42"D&.(0=CD42"D4(I/(+.(".CD$D&$"k"$520%$DD&:("D4("/("<$*4%e"/("?.D?4"9/k"I%.D/.(0.e".(04(D.2"*$"D&.(D&$"2."04%($".T9T"14%5="7/&.%."$D*$%$%"7/."$r(".(".2."D$24".20$"D&.(D&$"(4"O4+%J"+$%"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O4%"2/"I$*0$"+."D4(0.(&+4"$^&4*:)&D4T">2O.D&CD$"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$".2"/("9.0$*.()/$R."7/.e".("(/.20%4"D$24"/0&*&F$942"O$%$".*".20/+&4"+."*42"*.()/$R.2"$^&4*:)&D42"k"O4%".**4"2."2&0r$"I/.%$"+.*"*.)/$R."$^&4*:)&D4"O.%9&0&.(+4"I4%9/*$%".*"+45*."$DD.24"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"k"0$95&6("D49O%.(+.%"k"0%$5$R$%"245%.".*"$DD.24"%.*$0&<4e"O.%4"245%.".*"(4"%.*$0&<4"24*$9.(0."O/.+."$O/(0$%*4T"">2"2$5&+4"7/."O$%$".20/+&$%"/("2&20.9$"?$k"7/."?$D.%*4"+.2+."I/.%$"+."6*e"O4%"0$(04"?$5%J"7/."$D.%D$%2."a la cuestión de la e.m. desde una postura no cristiana, no musulmana,

no budista, etc.

B/$("E&.)4"f%0&F"2."O%.)/(0$"2&"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"(4"O/.+."2.%"D/*0&<$+$"+.2+."*$".T9T"14%5="$C%9$"7/.".**4"2.%J"O42&5*."2&.9O%."7/."2."den ciertas circunstancias como una permanencia amplia de sociedad

O%.&(+/20%&$*e"kY4"7/."*$"24D&.+$+"&(+/20%&$*"(4"2."?$k$"&(20$*$+4"D49O*.0$9.(0.e"kY4"7/."*$"24D&.+$+"+."&((4<$D&:("0.()$"O4D$"O%.2.(D&$e"kY4"7/."*$")*45$*&F$D&:("$I.D0."9/k"*.<.9.(0.T">(".242"D$242"O4+%J"D/*0&<$%2."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"+.2+."*$"<&).(D&$"+."*42"9&042T"P.%4"$+<&.%0."7/."?$%J"I$*0$"O%.<.%"7/.".20$".2"/($"2&0/$D&:("$9.($F$+$T"

M."*.<$(0$"*$"D/.20&:("+."7/."*$2".(D/.20$2"$r("+$("/($")%$("9$k4%=$"+."D%.k.(0.2"0$95&6(".("O$=2.2"7/."<&<.("+."*$"&((4<$D&:("*4"7/."D4(0%$+&%=$".*"O*$(0.$9&.(04"+."14%5=T">20."%.2O4(+."7/.".20$2"$/04+.C

50

Marià Corbí

(&D&4(.2"D494"D%.k.(0.2"2&)(&CD$(e"$"2/".(0.(+.%e"7/."*42"&(+&<&+/42"0&.(.("D$O0$D&:("+."*$"+45*."+&9.(2&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"k"7/.".*"06%9&(4"7/."0&.(.("O$%$"(495%$%*4".2"E&42T"P.%4"?$k"7/."?$D.%"(40$%"7/.".2$".(0&+$+"E&42"(4".20%/D0/%$"(&()r("J95&04"+."*$"<&+$"+."9/D?42"+."*42"7/."2."+.C(.("D494"D%.k.(0.2"O4%"*4"7/."2."*.2"O/.+."D4(2&+.%$%"D494"no creyentes.

51

Religión y teología desde una epistemología no mítica o de la no dualidad

RELIGIÓN Y TEOLOGÍA DESDE UNA EPISTEMOLOGÍA NO MÍTICA O DE LA NO DUALIDAD

J. Amando Robles

14("*$"r(&D$".^D.OD&:("+."*$"0.4*4)=$"$O4IJ0&D$e"5&9&*.($%&$9.(0.".("fDD&+.(0.e"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"D%&20&$($2"2."?$("94*+.$+4".(".*"9$%D4"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e".(".*"2.(0&+4"O%.0.(+&+$9.(0."45R.0&<&20$"k"+.2D%&O0&<$e"7/."k$"(4"2.%J"+."%.D&54".(".*"I/0/%41T">(".*"I/0/%4"$95$2"0.(+%J("7/."D4(D.5&%2."k"O.(2$%2.".("06%9&(42"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e".("06%9&(42"O/.2"O%4I/(+$9.(0."+&I.%.(0.2"k"(/.<42T"E.".20."D$95&4"%$+&D$*"k"+."2/"&9O$D04".("%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"<$"$"2.%"D/.20&:(".(".*"$(J*&2&2"k"%.W.^&:("7/."2&)/.(T"

P$%$"9420%$%"*$"(4<.+$+"k"%.042"7/.".*"D$95&4"2/O4(.e"(42"O%4O4(.942"+.2$%%4**$%"D/$0%4"O$242U"ubv"*4"7/."?$k"7/.".(0.(+.%".("%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"O4%".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"k"O4%"7/6e".("D4(0%$20."D4("*$"%.*&)&:("k"*$"0.4*4)=$"9=0&D$2s"u[v"D4(0%$20."+."620$2".("2/2"I4%9$2"$D0/$*.2"9J2"*4)%$+$2".("*4"7/."%.C.%."$"45R.04"k".(I47/.e"D4("*4"7/."+.5.%J"2.%"*$"(/.<$"%.*&)&:("k"*$"(/.<$"0.4*4)=$s"k"u\v"*4"7/."%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$2"0&.(.("7/."2.%e".(I$0&F$(+4"$*)/($2"+."2/2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"k"$O4%0.2e"O$%$"u]v"0.%9&($%"D4("/(".R.9O*4e".*"O.(2$9&.(04"k"*$"O%JD0&D$"+.">00k"8&**.2/9T"

1. Asumimos la expresión epistemología tal como la entiende Marià Corbí en Hacia una espiritualidad laica. Sin creencias, sin religiones, sin dioses, Herder, Barcelona 2007, pp. 148-163 y 228-233.

52

J. Amando Robles

'*"0%$0$%2."+."/("$(J*&2&2"."&(0.%O%.0$D&:("9$D%4e"9J2"7/."+$042".9O=%&D42"D4(D%.042"*4"7/."$7/="2."0&.(.".("D/.(0$".2"/($"+&(J9&D$".O&20.94*:)&D$"+."D$95&4e"7/.e"$/(7/."+&(J9&D$e"4"2.$e"0%$0J(+42."+."/($")%$("<$%&$5*."R/(04"$"40%$2e"(4"*$"r(&D$e"2&(".95$%)4"*$"9&29$".2"k$"+."/($")%$("O%.2.(D&$"k"D4("/(")%$("O4+.%"+."D4(C)/%$D&:(T

1. De una epistemología mítica a una epistemología no mítica

1.1. De una epistemología mítica en religión y teología...

,4"O%&9.%4"7/."?$k"7/."D49.(F$%"$2.(0$(+4".2"7/.e"%&)/%42$9.(0."?$5*$(+4e"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."**$9$942"9=0&D$"(4".2".^D*/2&<$"+.*"+49&(&4"+."*4"%.*&)&424T",$"9&29$".D?$"2/2"%$=D.2".("04+4"D4(4D&9&.(04"7/."2."$/04O.%D&5.".("06%9&(42"+."$+.D/$D&:("9.(0$*"$"/($"%.$*&+$+e"O4%"0$(04".("06%9&(42"+."+/$*&+$+U"+/$*&+$+"9.(0.N%.$*&+$+e"2/R.04N45R.04e"<.%+$+.%4NI$*24z">("40%$2"O$*$5%$2e"2/"0%$2I4(+4".O&20.94*:)&D4"2."D4(I/(+."D4(".*"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04".(").(.%$*e"D4(".*"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"I/(D&4($*"$"*$"<&+$T"

j"*$"D$*&CD$942"+."9=0&D$e"O4%7/."?4k"2$5.942"7/.e"%&)/%42$9.(0."?$5*$(+4e"*$"O%.0.(+&+$"$+.D/$D&:("(4"2."+$T",4"7/."2."+$".2"/($"94+.*$D&:(T"L(0.%<.(&942".("*$"%.$*&+$+e"94+.*J(+4*$e"D4(C)/%J(+4*$e"+."9$(.%$"7/.e"$I.D0J(+4*$"+."$D/.%+4"$"(/.20%42"&(0.%.2.2e"O4+$942"obtener los resultados que deseamos. No se da adecuación sino modela

ción. Y tampoco se da lo que la adecuación y modelación suponen –otra

(40$"+.0.%9&($(0."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"/("2/R.04"I%.(0."$"45R.042U".*"D4(4D.+4%"&+.(0&CD$+4"D4("2/"9.(0."u2/R.04v"I%.(0."$"04+4"*4"7/."(4".2"2/"9.(0."u45R.042vT"d4".^&20."D4(4D&9&.(04"D494"$+.D/$D&:("9.(0$*"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"(&".^&20.(".*"k4"&+.(0&CD$+4"D4("*$"9.(0."k"%.$*&+$+"D494"+42"D42$2"+&I.%.(0.2T"'9542"2/O/.2042"24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"(/.20%$2T",$"2/O42&D&:("+."*4"D4(0%$%&4"&9O*&D$"$"2/"<.Fe"(4"&9O4%0$"+."7/6"0&O4"+."D4(4D&9&.(04".20.942"?$5*$(+4e"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"7/.e"$*"(4"D4%%.2O4(+.%*."%.$*&+$+"$*)/($e"%&)/%42$9.(0."?$5*$(+4".2"9=0&D$T

53


P.%4".2"2&("+/+$".("*4"%.*&)&424"+4(+.".*"D$%JD0.%"9=0&D4"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(to entendido como adecuación mental y por tanto suponiendo la duali

+$+"2/R.04N45R.04e"0&.(."9J2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2T"P4%7/.e"$*"C("k"$*"D$54e".(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"I/(D&4($*"$"*$"<&+$"(4".2".("*4"7/."0&.(."+."9=0&D4"+4(+."2."R/.)$"2/"O.%0&(.(D&$"k"2/"<$*4%e"k"5/.($"O%/.5$"+.".**4".2"7/.e"O.2."$"*4"7/."0&.(."+."9=0&D4"4"+."(4"$+.D/$D&:(e".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"I/(D&4($T"P4%7/."94+.*$"*$"%.$*&+$+T"P.%4".(".*"+49&(&4"+."*4"%.*&)&424e"2=e".2".(".*"D$%JD0.%"9=0&D4"4"(4"9=0&D4"+4(+."2."R/.)$"2/"O%4O&$"I/(D&4($*&+$+T"'7/=".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"9=0&D4"(4"I/(D&4($T"j"2&(".95$%)4e"620.".2".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"0=O&D4".("7/."?$"D4(2&20&+4"*4"%.*&)&424T

>(".I.D04e"2&"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"(4".2".^D*/2&<$"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"O%.0.(+&+$9.(0."%.*&)&424e"2&(".95$%)4"2/"I/(D&:(".("620."?$"2&+4"+.0.%9&($(0.e"?$20$".*"O/(04"+."D4(I/(+&%2."D4("6*T"E."?.D?4e"xD/J(+4"k"D:94".2"7/.".9.%)."*4"%.*&)&424y"1/$(+4e".("<&%0/+"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"+/$*"k".("*$"9.+&+$".("7/.".*"2/R.04"0&.(."$*)/($".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*4"'524*/04e"620.".2"O.(2$+4"D494"I/.%$"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"k"I/.%$"+.*"9/(+42T"'?="k"$2="D49&.(F$"*4"%.*&)&424U"D/$(+4"*4"'524*/04".2"O.(2$+4".("06%9&(42"+."$*0.%&+$+"040$*"$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"$*"2.%"O%4O&4"D494"2/R.04"k"$*"9/(+4T">("otras palabras, cuando lo religioso emerge lo hace sobre el corazón de la

.O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k")%$D&$2"$".**$s"**.<$(+4"*$"+/$*&+$+"$"2/"9J^&9$"

.Ô%.2&:("$^&4*:)&D$T"E."$?="*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("O%JD0&D$".(0%."%.*&)&:("k"

.O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".("2/".Ô%.2&:("9J2"<$*:%&D$e"*$".Ô%.2&:("+."*4"'524*/04T"j".O&20.94*4)=$"k"%.*&)&:("24("9=0&D$2"O4%7/.e"D494".Ô%.2$"#$%&@"14%5=e"d4"4520$(0.e"*4"9.(0$*"(4"0&.(."(&()/($".^&20.(D&$".("tanto que entidad separada; por tanto, tampoco la tienen, como entidades

2.O$%$+$2e"2/2"45R.0&<$D&4(.2U".*".)4e".*"9/(+4"k"E&42"\.

2. 14%5=e"#$%&@e"Más allá de los límites. Meditaciones sobre la unidade"1>HAe"-$%D.*4($"2009, p. 21.

3. Id.

54

J. Amando Robles

d4"24*$9.(0.".("06%9&(42"O%JD0&D42"2."+$"/($"&+.(0&CD$D&:(".(0%.".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"%.*&)&:(e"2&(4"9/D?4"9J2T"P4%"*$"($0/%$*.F$"k"I/(D&:("+."$95$2e"*4"7/."2."+$".2"/("O%4D.24"2&9/*0J(.4"k"O.%9$(.(0."+."($0/%$*&F$D&:("k"2$D%$*&F$D&:("+."*4"9=0&D4e"*4"7/.".2"9J2")%$<.T",$".O&20.94*4)=$"o($0/%$*&F$p"*4"'524*/04"%.*&)&424e"$*"9420%$%*4"D494"$*)4"+."$D/.%+4"$"*$"o%$0&4"($0/%$*&2pe"$"*$"($0/%$*.F$"?/9$($s"*:)&D4"k"?$20$".<&+.(0.T"j"*4"'524*/04"%.*&)&424"$2=".(D4(0%$+4"2$(D&4($"2$D%$*9.(0.e"o2$D%$*&F$p"k".("D&.%0$"9$(.%$"o+&<&(&F$p"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"D494".*"r(&D4"D$9&(4"O$%$"**.)$%"$"*4"'524*/04e"D4(D.5&+4"O/.2"k"+&2.$+4"O4%"620.T">("40%$2"O$*$5%$2e"/("D$9&(4"+&<&($9.(0.")$%$(0&F$+4T

M45%.".20$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2"7/."2."?$"$%0&D/*$+4"9&*.($%&$9.(0."%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$".("fDD&+.(0.T">("%.$*&+$+e".**4"4D/%%&:"9&.(0%$2"0$*".O&20.94*4)=$e"+/$*&20$e"0/<4"2.(0&+4e"<$*."+.D&%e"9&.(0%$2".*"O$%$+&)9$"$)%$%&4e"$%0.2$($*"k"R.%J%7/&D4e"0/<4"<&).(D&$e".204".2e".("*$2"24D&.+$+.2"$)%$%&$2"k"+."*$"O%&9.%$"%.<4*/D&:("&(+/20%&$*e"(4"k$"$2=".("*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04T">("620$2"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"?$"D49.(F$+4"$"O%.2.(0$%"C2/%$2"k"$"+.294%4($%2.e"245%."04+4".("*4"7/."%.C.%."$*"D4(4D&9&.(04"%.*&)&424T"#J2".*"D4(4D&9&.(04".("2/"I/(D&:("+."$O4k4"$"*$"<&+$"2."$/04O.%D&5."94+.*$D&:("k"D4(C)/%$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"&(20%/9.(04"O/.2"k"?.%%$9&.(0$e"D4(20%/DD&:(e"9J2".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"D494"$+.D/$D&:("+."*$"9.(0."D4("*$"%.$*&+$+"2."+.2<$*4%&F$e".*"(rD*.4e"O/.2e"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"k"9J2"*$2".^O%.2&4(.2"7/."*$"I/(+$%4("k"*$"D4%4($%4(e"2/2".^O%.2&4(.2"9J^&9$2"+."2.(0&+4"k"$^&4*:)&D$2e"D$.("5$R4"*$"9&%$"+."*$"242O.D?$"k"+."*$"+.D4(20%/DD&:("D%=0&D$T"8$20$".*"O/(04"7/.e"245%."04+4".("*4"7/."%.C.%."$"*4"%.*&)&424"k"$"*4"0.4*:)&D4e"+.2+."?$D."/($2"+6D$+$2"D49.(F$942"$".(D4(0%$%(42".("*$"(.D.2&+$+"+.*"O$24"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T

55


1.2. A una epistemología no mítica

xQ/6"?$k"7/.".(0.(+.%"O4%"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".(".*"D$9O4"+.*"+49&(&4"+."*4"%.*&)&424"k"+."*4"0.4*:)&D4y">^$D0$9.(0."*4"D4(0%$%&4"+."*4"7/."?$"2&+4"k"04+$<=$".2"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"g("D4(4D&9&.(04"(4"+/$*e"2&("2.O$%$D&:("O/.2".(0%."2/R.04"k"45R.04T"g("D4(4D&9&.(04".Ô.%&.(D&$*e".(".*"7/.".*"2/R.04"(4"2."&+.(0&CD$"D4("2/"9.(0.e"(&"2."O.%D&5."O4%"0$(04"+&I.%.(0."+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&(4"/(4"D4(".**$e"(4N+42T"E."9$(.%$"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+"$2="O.%D&5&+$".2"*$"O*.(&0/+e"*4"'524*/04T">2$"%.$*&+$+"7/.".2"04+4U"*4"7/."*$"+/$*&+$+"+.2$)%.)$".("2/R.042e"45R.042e"9/(+4"k"E&42T"j"7/.".2"04+4"2&.(+4"/(4U"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+T"g("D4(4D&9&.(04"7/.".2"2.%U".*"2.%"7/.".2".2."/(4"k".2."04+4T">*"2.%"7/."24942"k"7/.".2"04+4e"O.%4"+.2D/5&.%04"k"O.%9&0&6(+4*4"2.%e"?$20$"7/."2:*4"6*"2.$T">*"2.%"k"*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".("2="9&29$".2U".("04+$"2/"O*.(&0/+"k"2&("(&()r("C*0%4T"M&("(&()/($"9.(0$*&F$D&:(T"P4%7/."9.(0$*&F$D&:(".2"&)/$*"$"94+.*$D&:("k"D4(C)/%$D&:(e"$"9.+&$D&:("k"9.+&$0&F$D&:(e"$"O$%0&D/*$%&+$+"k"+&I.%.(D&$e"$"o2/R.0&F$D&:(p"k"o45R.0&F$D&:(pe"k"O4%"0$(04"&($DD.2&5&*&+$+"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".("2="9&29$".2T",$"%.$*&+$+"D4(4D&+$".("2/"2.%e"/(4e"$524*/04e"&(C(&04e"040$*e"(&"2&7/&.%$".("06%9&(42"+."2.(0&+4e"2&)(&CD$D&:("4"<$*4%e"2&("D4(4D.+4%"(&"0.20&)4T",$"%.$*&+$+"0$*"D/$*e"2:*4".**$T

M45%.".20$".O&20.94*4)=$"0&.(."7/."$%0&D/*$%2."$?4%$"*4"%.*&)&424e"9.R4%"+&D?4e".(".**$"0&.(."7/."D4(2&20&%"$?4%$e"2&"+."<.%+$+e"D494"O%.0.(+.e"*4"%.*&)&424"7/&.%."2.%"+."<.%+$+"%.*&)&424e"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"9J2"O%4I/(+$e".Ô.%&.(D&$"+.")%$0/&+$+"k"+."'524*/04T">("I/(D&:("+.".**$"0&.(."7/."D4(D.5&%2.e"%.+&2.$%2."k"?$D.%2."*$"0.4*4)=$T

g($".O&20.94*4)=$"2&("D4(0.(&+42e"$R.($"$"04+4"D%&0.%&4"+."&(0.%62e"/0&*&+$+"4"D4(<.(&.(D&$e"&(r0&*"O$%$"D4(20%/&%".*"O%4k.D04"?/9$(4e".Ô.%&.(D&$"O/%$"+.*"2.%T"P.%4"O4%".**4"9&294"O42&5&*&+$+"+."O*.(&0/+"?/9$($"$7/="k"$?4%$e"k"O%&9.%$"D4(+&D&:("O$%$"*$"D4(20%/DD&:("+."04+4"O%4k.D04"?/9$(4"+&)(4"+.".20."(495%.T"j$"7/."2&(".**$"(&()r("O%4k.D04"?/9$(4"

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J. Amando Robles

.2"<&$5*.".("D/$(04"?/9$(4e".(0.(+&.(+4"O4%"?/9$(4"*4"O*.($9.(0."?/9$(4T"14(+&D&:("O%&9.%$e")$%$(0=$"k"%.2/*0$+4T

g($".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."(4"0&.(."O4%"I/(D&:(e"(&"*4"?$D.e"4I%.D.%"/($"<&2&:("(&"+."*$"?&204%&$"(&"+.*"9/(+4e"I/(+$9.(0$%".*"2.%"(&")$%$(0&F$%"/($"60&D$"O.%24($*"k"24D&$*"+."$D/.%+4"$"*$"D/$*"D4(20%/&%".*"O%4k.D04"?/9$(4T

>*"D$95&4"(4"O/.+."2.%"9J2"%$+&D$*T"M."0%$0$"+."/($"<.%+$+.%$"9/0$D&:(U"O$2$%"+."/("D4(4D&9&.(04".("06%9&(42"+."D4(0.(&+42e"+/$*e"D4(20%/&+4"245%."*$"%.*$D&:("+/$*"2/R.04N45R.04e"7/."0$(0$"2.)/%&+$+"?$"+$+4e"7/."0$(0$"D%.+&5&*&+$+"k"D4(C$(F$"?$"9.%.D&+4e"$"/("D4(4D&9&.(04"2&("D4(0.(&+42e"O/%$9.(0.".^O.%&.(D&$*e"k"$r("620."5&.(".(0.(+&+4e"*.R42"+."04+$"psicologización, a un conocimiento que es ser, donde la certeza es total,

O.%4"(4"?$k"I4(+4"+4(+."?$D.%"O&.T"g($"9/0$D&:("0$(")%$(+."7/.e"9&%$(do al pasado, su solo planteamiento suena a negación y traición, nega

D&:("k"0%$&D&:("$"*4"7/."?$"2&+4"*$"5/.($"0.4*4)=$e"k"9&%$(+4"$*"O%.2.(0."k"$*"I/0/%4e"$"0$%.$"&9O42&5*.e"2&"(4"$"O%4O/.20$"$52/%+$"k"2&("2.(0&+4T"P.%4"0$*".2".*"%.04e"+.*"7/."(4"(42"<$("$"*&5%$%"(&"(42".20J("*&5%$(+4"$r("*$2"0.4*4)=$2"$D0/$*.2"9J2"D%=0&D$2e"(&"60&D$"k"24D&$*9.(0."9J2"D49O%49.0&+$2e"9&.(0%$2"$95$2".("2/"45R.04"+.".20/+&4"O.%9$(.FD$("+/$*&20$2T"

2. Límites de la religión y teología actuales epistemológicamente más logradas

E.(0%4"+."*$"D$0.)4%=$"+."*$2"9J2"*4)%$+$2e".O&20.94*:)&D$9.(0."?$5*$(+4e"D4(2&+.%$942"$7/="*$"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"D4(20%/&+$2"$D0/$*9.(0.".("06%9&(42"+."0.4(49=$"k"$"O$%0&%"+."*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4("*$2"<=D0&9$2T",$2"O%&9.%$2"I4%9/*$+$2"$"O$%0&%"+."/($"940&<$D&:("D/*0/%$*"C*42:CD4N$(0%4O4*:)&D$e"$/04(49=$N0.4(49=$"I%.(0."$"?.0.%4(49=$], 4. Esta teología arranca de Paul Tillich que, aunque no fue el primero en formularla en estos términos, si es el primero en tematizarla modernamente. A partir de él hoy es un enfoque muy compartido por la teología critica moderna. En castellano el teólogo que más y mejor

57


k"*$2"2.)/(+$2"2&)/&.(+4"/($"940&<$D&:("I/(+$9.(0$*9.(0."60&D$e".*"2/I%&9&.(04"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2T

2.1. Religión y teología teonómicas

A.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$".("06%9&(42"0.4(:9&D42"&9O*&D$(".*"O420/*$+4"+."7/."?$k"/("24*4"9/(+4e"620."+."$7/=e"$/(7/.".(0.(+&+4".("04+$"2/"+&9.(2&:("D:29&D$e"9$%$<&**424"k"9&20.%&424"+.2+."2/"4%&).(e"(4"+42e"/(4"o$%%&5$p"k"40%4"o$5$R4ps"E&42"(4"D494"/("2.%"2/O.%&4%"7/.".20J"o$%%&5$pe"2&(4"D494"*$"%.$*&+$+"9J2"O%4I/(+$"7/.".20J"+.(0%4e".2.(D&$"+."04+$2"*$2"cosas y ley interior a la que todo ser, cosas y humanidad, responde5. A

.20$"D4(D&*&$D&:("+."$/04(49=$"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"k"I.".("E&42e".2"$"*$"7/."2."**$9$"0.4(49=$e"2/O.%$D&:("+."04+$"?.0.%4(49=$e"&(D49O$0&5*."620$"D4("*$"<&2&:("7/."+."2="9&294"k"+."04+4"*4"D%.$+4"0&.(.".*"2.%"?/9$(4"94+.%(4e"ke"O4%"0$(04e"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"O*.(4"k"040$*"+."*$"$/04(49=$"cósmica y humana.6

,$"$/04(49=$"7/.+$"2$*<$+$".(".20."O*$(0.$9&.(04T"xP.%4"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"&9O*&D$+$"2.%J"*$"D4%%.D0$y"'/(7/."2."0.()$"D*$%$"D4(D&.(D&$e"D494"*$"0&.(."O4%".R.9O*4",.($.%2e"+."7/."+.".20."E&42"$2="D4(D.5&+4"($+$"2."O/.+."+.D&%"D4("O%4O&.+$+"4"$*"9.(42"$C%9$0&<$9.(0.e"7/."04+4"*.()/$R."D4("%.2O.D04"$"6*"0&.(."7/."2.%"2&95:*&D4e"k$"7/."0&.(."7/."2.%"049$+4"+."$7/="o$5$R4pe"(4"O4%".**4"+.R$"+."2.%"/("E&42"?$**$+4"k".^O%.2$+4"

ha asumido y presentado la teonomía como síntesis de trascendencia (Dios) y autonomía sea Andrés Torres Queiruga, como puede verse en sus obras Creo en Dios Padre. El Dios de Jesús como plena a!rmación del hombre, Sal Térrae, Santander 1988; Recuperar la creación. Por una religión humanizadora, Sal Térrea. Santander 1997; Fin del cristianismo premoder-no. Retos hacia un nuevo horizonte, Sal Térrae, Santander 2000.5. Como «la razón autónoma unida a su propia profundidad» de!nirá Paul Tillich la teo-nomía, y, siguiéndole a él, Torres Queirura la de!nirá como «una Trascendencia que se realiza en la máxima inmanencia» (Fin del cristianismo premoderno, p. 26).6. Ver obra de Roger Lenaers, Otro cristianismo es posible. La fe en lenguaje de modernidad. Cap. 7 “Lo que supera las palabras. La imagen de Dios en la teonomía”, Editorial Abya Yala, Quito 2008, pp. 78-90.

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C*42:CD$9.(0.e"%$D&4($*9.(0.e"O4%"0$(04"<=$"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"dualista, a la que no corresponde la realidad que se pretende. Incluso

D/$(+4e"D494".(".*"D$24"+.",.($.%2e".^O*=D&0$9.(0."2."%.D?$D."7/.".20."E&42".2".*"+."*42"C*:24I42T"P4%7/."2.)r("6*".*"E&42"0.4(:9&D$9.(0.".(D4(0%$+4"(4"2.%=$"/("O%&(D&O&4e".2"/("o0rpe"k"D494"o0rpe"(/(D$"*.R$(4"k"+&20$(0."+."*42"2.%.2"?/9$(42"k"+."2/"2/.%0.e"$*"D4(0%$%&4e"O%4I/(+$"y plenamente interesado desde siempre en los seres humanos y en su

2/.%0.e"0$*"D494"*$"$0.20&)/$"*$"I."5=5*&D$"k"D%&20&$($T

d4"D%..942"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"/0&*&F$+$"2.$"*$"D4%%.D0$T"P4%7/.e"D494"+.D&942e".2"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"+/$*&20$e"?.D?$"$"O$%0&%"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"45R.0&<&20$e".("*$"9.+&+$".("7/."O%.0.(+."D4(4D.%"$"E&42"2&("D$95&$%"+."oD?&Op"%$D&4($*e"9$0%&D&$*9.(0."+/$*&20$T">(".*"D$24"+.",.($.%2".204"2."D4(C%9$"D/$(+4e"$*".20&*4"+."H.&*?$%+"+."1?$%+&(e"<&(D/*$".20%.D?$9.(0."E&42"D4("*$".<4*/D&:("D:29&D$T"14("%$F:("&(2&20.".("7/.".*"O%45*.9$"(4".2"+."D4(0.(&+42"2&(4"+."*.()/$R.e"k"O4%".**4"O$%$"6*".*"%.04".2"0%$+/D&%".*"*.()/$R."D%&20&$(4"+."?$D."<.&(0."2&)*42"$*"2&)*4"llLT">("(/.20%4"D%&0.%&4e".*"%.04"(4".2"2:*4"+."*.()/$R."2&(4"+.".O&20.94*4)=$e".*"O$24e"D494"?.942"+&D?4e"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T

'"*$"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"D4(D.5&+$2"0.4(:9&D$9.(0."?$5%=$"7/."$$+&%e"+."$D/.%+4"$"(/.20%4"D%&0.%&4e"*$2"0.4*4)=$2"O%.4D/O$+$2"$(0."04+4"+."o0%$+/D&%p"9&042"%.*&)&4242"k"0.4*:)&D42"+.*"O$2$+4"$*"*.()/$R."94+.%(4T"d42".20$942"%.C%&.(+4"$"0.4*4)=$2"D494"*$"+."B4?("'T"HT"A45&(24(e".(".*"2&)*4"O$2$+4e"&(2O&%J(+42."$"2/"<.F".("*$2"0.4*4)=$2"+."-4(?4.II.%"k"H&**&D?e"k"*$"+."B4?("M?.*5k"MO4()".("*$"$D0/$*&+$+T"'/(7/."2."0%$0$"+."una preocupación muy compartida y como tal, no cabe duda, necesaria,

$/(7/."&(2/CD&.(0.T

59


2.2. 7+,1.$6#%#$41'#"1'&%!')8#.$5%!'#"5"'#*$.,*$"',0$!.,5"&49$#"

f0%$"0.4*4)=$"$D0/$*"+."*$2".O&20.94*:)&D$9.(0."9J2".*$54%$+$2"k"*4)%$+$2".2"*$"0.4*4)=$"*$0&(4$9.%&D$($"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(e"D/k4"D%&0.%&4".O&20.94*:)&D4".2".*"2/I%&9&.(04"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2T">(".**$"O$%0&%"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2e"+.2+."*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4(".**$2e"(4".2"2:*4"/("&9O.%$0&<4"60&D4"y una opción teologal que debe caracterizar a todo cristiano, del mismo

modo que Dios ha optado por los pobres, sino que es criterio de acierto

.O&20.94*:)&D4".("*$"<&<.(D&$"+."*$"I."k".("*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$T"M&("

.20$"&+.(0&CD$D&:(e"62"&9O42&5*."0.(.%"/($"<&<.(D&$"$/06(0&D$"+."*$"I."D%&20&$($"."&9O42&5*."?$D.%"/($"0.4*4)=$"D%&20&$($"D4%%.D0$T"xL9O42&5*.y"#J2")%$<."$r(e"2/"+&2D/%24"2.%=$"idolátricoT"'2="D494".*"+&2D/%24"+."*$"C*424I=$"7/."(4"O$%0."+."*$2"<=D0&9$2"2."D4(<&.%0.".("ideológico7T"S=D0&9$2"k"2/I%&9&.(04"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2"(4".2"2:*4"/("0.9$"9/k"&9O4%0$(0.".("*$"0.4*4)=$"*$0&(4$9.%&D$($"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(e".2"/("D%&0.%&4".O&20.94*:)&D4"+."*$"<&<.(D&$"+."I."k"+.*"+&2D/%24"0.4*:)&D4e"2&(4".*"D%&0.%&4".O&20.94lógico por antonomasia.

'"*$"O420/*$D&:("+."0$*"D%&0.%&4"2/5k$D.e"D494"k$"O$2:".("06%9&(42"%$D&4($*.2"k"60&D42".(".*"84*4D$/204"k".("'/2D?V&0Fe"*$"O.%D.OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"*$0&(4$9.%&D$($"D494"/($"2&0/$D&:("D%&20&$($9.(0."*=9&0.e"k"por tanto la necesidad de la superación de todo lo que ha conducido y

D4(+/D."$".**$U"/($"60&D$"D4(<.(D&4($*e"/($"I."%.*&)&42$"(4"D49O%49.0&+$e"/($"0.4*4)=$"$520%$D0$e"."&(D*/24"/("+.0.%9&($+4"0&O4"+."%$D&4($*&+$+T"Todo ello corroborado por la relectura que, a partir de esta situación

*=9&0.e"2."?$D."+."*$"-&5*&$e"+.*"E&42"*&5.%$+4%".(D4(0%$+4".(".**$e"k"O4%"/("(/.<4"D%&0.%&4"+."<.%+$+"k"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"<.%+$+"k"D4(4D&9&.(04"O%J^&D42U"<.%+$+"k"D4(4D&9&.(04"D494"0%$(2I4%9$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+T">("*$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(e"O$%$"D4%%.)&%"*$"$520%$DD&:("k"$*.R$9&.(04"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"$"*$"7/."xO%4O.(+."D4(4D&9&.(04"k"+&2D/%24e"*$"O%JD0&D$"

7. Scannone, Juan Carlos, Religión y nuevo pensamiento. Hacia una !losofía de la religión para nuestro tiempo desde América Latina, Anthropos, Barcelona 2005, p. 103.

60

J. Amando Robles

.("06%9&(42"+."D49O%49&24"*&5.%$+4%".2"O%&9.%4e"acto primero, y la 0.4*4)=$"<&.(."+.2O/62e"acto segundo.

1494"$"*$"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"0.4(:9&D$2"2."*.2"%.D4(4D&:"2/"<$*4%e"+."&)/$*"9$(.%$"?$k"7/."%.D4(4D.%"$"*$"I."k"$"*$"0.4*4)=$"*&5.%$+4%$2"2/2")%$(+.2"$O4%0.2U"?$5.%"+.2D/5&.%04"*$"4OD&:("O4%"*42"O45%.2"D494"/($"4OD&:("0.4*4)$*e"?$5.%"2&0/$+4"620$".(".*"D.(0%4"+."*$"<&<.(D&$"+."*$"I."k"+."*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$e"k"*$"O%JD0&D$"*&5.%$+4%$"D494"<.%&CD$D&:("+."<&<.(D&$"+."I."k"+."+&2D/%24"4"*$"/(&CD$D&:("+."0.4%=$"k"O%JD0&D$e"O$%0&.(+4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"*&5.%$+4%$"+."620$"D494"D%&0.%&4T"P.%4"&)/$*9.(0."?$k"7/."O%.)/(0$%2.U"x2.%J"2/CD&.(0.y"x5$20$%J("*$2"2$*<$)/$%+$2"$+4O0$+$2"O$%$")$%$(0&F$%"*$"D$*&+$+"*&5.%$+4%$"+."O%JD0&D$"+."I."k"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$y"x,$".O&20.94*4)=$".("7/."2."2/20.(0$".20."O*$(0.$9&.(04"2.%J"*$"$+.D/$+$y

'+.*$(0.942"/("D%&0.%&4U"2&"*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4(".*"2/I%&9&.(04"k"*$2"<=D0&9$2".2"040$*"k"%.$*&F$+$"+.2+."*$"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"+."2="9&294e"(4"D$5."+/+$"7/."**.<$"$"*$"9/.%0."+.*"O%4O&4"k4T">("40%$2"O$*$5%$2e"(4"2:*4".2"D$9&(4"+."%.$*&F$D&:("O*.($e"2&(4"%.$*&F$D&:("O*.($"2&("9J2T">2".*"D$9&(4".2O&%&0/$*"+.*"$94%"0$("D4(4D&+4"k".(I$0&F$+4".(".*"D%&20&$(&2mo, del amor hasta la muerte del propio yo (y del hacer sin propósito ni

&(0.%62vT"P.%4"x.2"620.".*"D$24y"x,$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:("0$*"D494"2."?$"D4(D.5&+4"k".^O%.2$+4"<&2/$*&F$"D4("*$"%$+&D$*&+$+"k"4O.%$D&4($*&+$+"(.D.2$%&$2".20$".^&).(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"k"D4(+/D."$".**$y

>("9/D?$2"+."2/2".^O%.2&4(.2e"D49.(F$(+4"O4%"*$"D$0.)4%=$"+."<=D0&9$2e"O$%0&%"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2"k"+."*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4(".**$2e"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."2."O4(."+."9$(&C.204".2"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e".(".*"2.(0&+4"7/."$7/="*."+$942e"+.".O&20.94*4)=$"+/$*&20$T">*"*.()/$R."+."D4(0%$%&42"/0&*&F$+4e"<=D0&9$2"Y"<&D0&9$%&42e"*4"+.*$0$T"'2="D494".*"?.D?4"+."7/."*$"*&5.%$D&:("7/."2."O%4O4(."2.$"I/(+$9.(0$*9.(0."O.(2$+$".("06%9&(42"+."I/0/%4e"O4%"0$(04"249.0&+$"$*"0&.9O4e"O%4D.2/$*e"D4("2/R.042"u*$2"<=D

61


0&9$2e"*42"O45%.2v"k"D4("45R.042"u*$"*&5.%$D&:(ve"45.+.D&.(+4"$"/("O*$("k"proyecto de Dios, un Dios por tanto personal, dotado de intencionalidad

k"<4*/(0$+e"siguiendo"$"B.2r2"+."d$F$%.0"9J2"7/."recreando"*$".^O.%.(D&$"7/."6*"<&<&:z"H6%9&(42"04+42".**42"%.<.*$+4%.2"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"+/$*&20$e".("*$"7/."*$"+&9.(2&:("(4"+/$*&20$".20J"$/2.(0."4"(4"2."da noticia de ella. Al depurar a Dios de la abstracción histórica y social

$"*$"7/."*."249.0&:"2.D/*$%9.(0."*$"0.4*4)=$e"."&9O*&D$%*4"+&%.D0$9.(0.".("*$"*&5.%$D&:("?/9$($e"k"$?4%$"+.*"O*$(.0$e"*$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:("*."?$"/5&D$+4"+/$*&20$9.(0.e".("I/(D&:("O/.2"+."*$"<&+$"k"+."*$"?&204%&$"?/9$($e"D4("*$2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"9=0&D$2"7/.".204"D4(**.<$T

,42"*4)%42".O&20.94*:)&D42"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"*$0&(4$9.%&D$($e"$/(7/."importantes, son limitados. En su concepción y aplicación no logran

2/O.%$%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"7/."?4k"O%.D&2$9.(0."?$D."D%&2&2T"#J2"5&.("*$"%.O%4+/D.(T"P4%".**4"0$9O4D4".20J".("2/"D$O$D&+$+"<&2/$*&F$%"D494"O42&5*."$7/="k"$?4%$"*$"O*.(&0/+"?/9$($e"k"$"*$"*/F"+."620$"D4(D.bir y construir un proyecto humano liberador, sino que, contra lo que

.2"2/"9J2")%$(+."$2O&%$D&:("k"$O/.20$e"*4"r(&D4"7/."O/.+."4I%.D.%"24("realizaciones dependientes del tiempo, parciales pues, nunca plenas y

040$*.2T"E.".20$"9$(.%$e"O$%0&%"+."*$2"<=D0&9$2"(4".2".*"D%&0.%&4".O&20.94*:)&D4"O%&9.%4"(&".*"9J2"%$+&D$*"O$%$"7/.".^O.%&.(D&$"I."k"0.4*4)=$"sean correctas.

Es cierto que sin amor no hay espiritualidad digna de este nombre, ya

7/.".*"$94%".2"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O4%".^D.*.(D&$T"j".(".20."2.(0&+4".2"igualmente cierto que sin opción por los pobres no hay espiritualidad

O42&5*.T"P.%4".2"&)/$*9.(0."D&.%04"7/."O$%$"7/."$94%"k"4OD&:("O4%"*42"O45%.2"2.$("0$*.2e"0&.(.("7/."2.%"(4"+/$*.2T"Q/."(4"2&)(&CD$"D4(<.%0&%"en ideal y abstracto un amor que tiene que ser concreto. Todo lo con

0%$%&4T"M&)(&CD$"7/."(4"2."O/.+."$9$%"D4(D%.0$9.(0."2&"(4".2"+.2+."*$"O45%.F$"040$*"u.("(/.20%42"06%9&(42e"(4"+/$*&+$+ve"D494"D49.(0:"#$%D.*"

62

J. Amando Robles

,6)$/0"$"O%4O:2&04"+."*$"O$%J54*$".<$()6*&D$"+.*"5/.("2$9$%&0$(4"u,D"b_e"[mN\cv8.

3. Religión y teología no míticas

>*"D%&0.%&4".O&20.94*:)&D4"O%&9.%4"k"9J2"%$+&D$*".("%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$".2"O$%0&%"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"D4(D.5&+$".("06%9&(42"+."/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+T"d4"/($"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"+."2.(0&+4"k"*:)&D$e"$"*$"7/."2."**.)$"$"0%$<62"+."/($"%.W.^&:("245%.".*"D42942e"*$"<&+$e".*"9/(+4"4"*$"?&204%&$e"(&"&(D*/24"*$"7/."2."O/.+."*4)%$%"9.+&$(0."+.0.%9&($+4"0&O4"+."$2D.2&2e"O%JD0&D$2"+."D4(D.(0%$D&:("9.(0$*"4".*"/24"+."D&.%0$2"06D(&D$2T"#/D?4"9.(42"/($"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"0&O4"oD/J(0&D4p"4"<&%0/$*e"2&(4"/($"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+".^O.%&.(D&$*"k"%.$*e".("*$"7/."(4"D$5."2/R.04"k"45R.04e"2/R.04"O.(2$(0."k"D4(<&DD&:("4"D4(D*/2&:(e"2/R.04"$D0/$(0."k"%.2/*0$+4e"O4%7/."2:*4".2"ella, y ella es todo.

8$5*$%"O/.2"+.".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".(".*"+49&(&4"+."*$"%.*&)&:("k"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"(4".2"?$5*$%"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"D4(0&(/$D&:("4"D/*9.("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"O.%D&5&+$"D494"/($"2/O.%$D&:("D%=0&D$"+."620$T">2"40%$"D42$T"M4("+42".O&20.94*4)=$2"040$*9.(0."+&I.%.(0.2e"&(D49O$0&5*.2T"L(D*/24"9J2e"?$5*$(+4"+."*$"9$(.%$"9J2"%$+&D$*"7/."?/9$($9.(0."D$5."?$5*$%e"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"+.2+."*$"%.$*&+$+"D4(4D&+$"D494".("2="9&29$".2e"/($"k"040$*e"*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."2."D4%%.2O4(+."D4("*$"9&04*4)=$"9=0&D$"(4".^&20."(&"620$"0$9O4D4T",4"7/.".^&20.".2"*$"%.$*&+$+"<&20$".("2/"/(&+$+e"2&("+/$*&+$+e"k"O4%"0$(04"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e".204".2e"(4"+/$*T">("04+4"D$24e"2&e"O4%"D4(<.(&.(D&$e"7/&2&6%$942"?$5*$%e"D494"*4"?$D.942e"+."+42".O&20.94*4)=$2e"*4"7/."2."+$".(0%."*$"9=0&D$"k"*$"(4"9=0&D$".2"/("2$*04"+."($0/%$*.F$e"$*"7/."*$"9&04*4)=$"9=0&D$"4"D4(4D&9&.(04"+/$*&20$e"&(D*/&+$"*$"9.+&0$D&:("D494"06D(&D$e"O/.+."O%.O$%$%"O.%4"(4"O/.+."O%4+/D&%"(&".^O*&D$%T",4"7/.".(".*"2$*04"2."+$".2"8. o>*"40%4"k".*"O%:R&94pe".("Trabajo de la fee"'24D&$D&:("#$%D.*",6)$/0e"#$+%&+"baane"OT"bbmNb\mT

63


O/%$"k"040$*"D%.$D&:(e"/($"+&9.(2&:("k"%.$*&+$+"(/.<$"7/.e"O4%"*4"+.9J2e"(4".2"40%$"+&9.(2&:("(&"%.$*&+$+"7/."*$"7/."k$".20$5$"$?=e"O.%4"7/."(4"O.%D&5=$942"$2=T"M&9O*.9.(0."O4%7/."*$"O.%D&5=$942"+/$*&20$9.(0.e"D494"/($"%.$*&+$+"2.O$%$+$"+."(4240%42"k"(4240%42"+.".**$e"?$D&.(+4"$2="&9O42&5*."*$"O.%D.OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".("2="9&29$".**$".2T

P4%".204"9&294e"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"(4"24("r0&*.2"O$%$"($+$"O%JD0&D4e".204".2e"O$%$"($+$"I/(D&4($*"$"*$"<&+$e"O.2."$"2.%"D494".Ô.%&.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"2/"%.$*&F$D&:("?/9$($"9J2"O*.($T"j"O4%".**4"9&294"(/(D$"+.5&.%$("2.%"<$*4%$+$2"(&"5/2D$+$2".("06%9&(42"+."/0&*&+$+e"O4%".*"$O4%0."r0&*"7/."O/.+$("2&)(&CD$%"$*"&(+&<&+/4"k"$"*$"24D&.+$+T">204".2"O.%<.%0&%*$2e"+.2($0/%$*&F$%*$2T">Ô.%&.(D&$"%.*&)&42$"ke"O%4O4%D&4($*9.(0.e"*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$"$"O$%0&%"k".("I/(D&:("+.".**$e"0&.(.("7/."2.%"<$*4%$+$2".("2="9&29$2"k"5/2D$+$2"O4%"2="9&29$2e"2&("(&()r("40%4"45R.0&<4"(&"C(T"P4%"O$%$+:R&D4"7/."%.2/*0.e"245%."04+4".("(/.20%42"0&.9O42e".*"<$*4%"+."*$". O.%&.(D&$"%.*&)&42$"k"+."*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$"(4".20J".("2/2"O%.0.(+&+42"$O4%0.2"+."<$*4%"k"+."2.(0&+4e"+."<&2&:(e"940&<$D&:("k"D49O%49&24".("la realización de la persona y en la construcción del proyecto humano.

>20J".("2="9&29$T">2042"$O4%0.2e"$($*&F$+42"$"I4(+4"(4"24("0$*.2e"(4"24(").(/&($9.(0."%.*&)&4242e"24("2/D.+J(.42e"O%4O&42"+."40%$2"I/(D&4(.2"?/9$($2e"2:*4"7/."%.*&)&42$9.(0."0%$<.20&+42T

>(04(D.2e".O&20.94*:)&D$9.(0."?$5*$(+4e"x%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$".("7/6"D4(2&20.(e"7/6"24(y",$"%.*&)&:(".("0$(04".Ô.%&.(D&$"%.*&)&42$").(/&($"4".2O&%&0/$*".2".24e"*$"%.$*&F$D&:("9J2"O*.($"k"040$*"7/.".*"2.%"?/9$(4"O/.+."*4)%$%e"O4%"0$(04e"O*.($"k"040$*9.(0.")%$0/&0$e"/(&+$+"k"C(".("2="misma, nunca medio o paso para otra realización superior o simple

9.(0."+&I.%.(0.T"E."$?="2/"D$%JD0.%"/(&0$%&4e"(4"+/$*&20$T"j"*$"0.4*4)=$".2"%.W.^&:("7/.e"$"O$%0&%"+.".20$".Ô.%&.(D&$e"0%$0$"+."+$%"D/.(0$"+.".**$"O%.O$%$(+4"O$%$".**$e"2:*4"O$%$".**$"k"O$%$"(&()/($"40%$"D42$"9J2T"d4"0&.(."40%4"45R.0&<4"(&"40%4"C(T

64

J. Amando Robles

,$"%.$*&F$D&:("O*.($"k"040$*e")%$0/&0$e".("7/."D4(2&20."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"religiosa genuinamente tal, puede tener lugar en todo momento y en

04+4"*/)$%e"$**="+4(+."?$k"%.$*&+$+e"D4(0.^04"k"24O4%0."+."*$"<&+$"?/9$($"k"D%.$D&:("+."620$T"P4%7/.".2".(".20$"%.$*&+$+"$7/="k"$?4%$"+4(+."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".("2="9&29$".2e"&(C(&0$"k"040$*e"O/.+."0.(.%"*/)$%e"$O$%.D&.(+4"*$"%.$*&+$+"+."$95$2e".Ô.%&.(D&$"k"%.$*&+$+e"D494"*4"7/."%.$*9.(0."24(e"/($"24*$"%.$*&+$+e"/(4"2&("+42T",$"0.4*4)=$".("0$(04"%.W.^&:("0%$5$R$".("I/(D&:("+.".20$".Ô.%&.(D&$"k"2:*4"+.".**$T",$"/(&+$+".("0$(04".Ô.%&.(D&$"*$"$0%$<&.2$"040$*9.(0.e"2&.(+4"2&(".95$%)4"*$"0.4*4)=$"+/$*e"0$(04"O4%".*"9$0.%&$*"7/."0%$5$R$e"*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+".Ô%.2$+$"2&95:*&D$9.(0.e"D494"O4%"*$"9$(.%$"%$D&4($*"+."?$D.%*4e"7/.e"$/(7/."2.$"$O4IJ0&D$e"(4"O/.+."+.R$%"+."2.%"o*4)42pe"%$F:(T"P.%4"%$F:(".("I/(D&:("+."*$"/(&:("k"+."*$"/(&+$+T"

>("/($"<&2&:(".Ô.%&.(D&$*"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"D494"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+e"(4"hay lugar pues para carencias, y por tanto para necesidades, intereses y

+.2.42T"H4+4".2"/(4"k"040$*T">(".20$"+&9.(2&:("O45%.F$e"2/I%&9&.(04"k"9/.%0.e"O4%".R.9O*4e"(4"24("D$%.(D&$2"(&"<&20$2"D494"0$*.2T",$"D$%.(D&$"7/."2/O4(."2.%"<=D0&9$"0$9O4D4".2"*4"O%&9.%4"(&"*4"9J2"+.0.%9&($(0."+.*"2.%"?/9$(4T"P%/.5$"+.".**4".2"7/."7/&.(".2").(/&($9.(0.".2O&%&0/$*"O/.+."<&<&%"*$"9&29$"D4(+&D&:("+."<=D0&9$e"k"*$"<&<.e"D494"O$%0."&(0.)%$(0."+.".2$"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+T",4"D/$*"(4"2&)(&CD$"7/."O4+$942"ke"9.(42"$r(e"+.5$942"+.2.(0.(+.%(42"+."*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."<&+$"+."*42"+.9J2"k"+."(4240%42"9&2942e"*$"9$k4%=$"+.".**$2"?&20:%&D$"k"24D&$*9.(0."&9O/.20$2"."&(W&)&+$2T"d/.20%4"D49O%49&24"0&.(."7/."2.%"D4("04+$"*$"?/9$(&+$+e".2O.D&$*9.(0."D4("*$2"9$k4%=$2"2/I%&.(0.2e"k"?4ke"D4("04+4".*"O*$(.0$"k"D4("04+$"*$"D%.$D&:(T">*"D$95&4"(4".20J".(".*"D49O%49&24"D494"0$*e"2&(4".("*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"+."620.e".("2/"($0/%$*.F$"0$95&6("(4"+/$*T"P4%7/."/("D49O%49&24"7/."($FD$"+."*$"+/$*&+$+"2.%J"2&.9O%."*&9&0$+4"k"+.".I.D042"*&9&0$+42e"k$"7/.e"O4%"($0/%$*.F$e"(&"($D."+."*$"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4e"(&"6*"9&294".2"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+e"(&"termina en la unidad y totalidad que es la realidad, toda realidad.

65


>(".20."O/(04".2".2D*$%.D.+4%$"*$"+&20&(D&:("7/."I4%9/*$"#$%&@"14%5=".(0%."I/(D&:("4"(.D.2&+$+.2"+."*$"<&+$"k".("*42"2.%.2"?/9$(42e"7/."(4"D$95&$(e".20J("$?=e"k"D494"(.D.2&+$+.2"0&.(.("7/."2.%"$0.(+&+$2e"k"*$"dimensión desde la que debemos atenderlas, o sea entre necesidades

7/."?$k"7/."2$0&2I$D.%"k".*"D:94"?$D.%*4T">2D*$%.D.+4%$"*$"+&20&(D&:("k".2D*$%.D.+4%$"*$"%.2O/.20$U"g($"D42$".2"*$"I/(D&:("+."*$"9.(0."O$%$"/("<&<&.(0."k"40%$"D42$".2".*"2/O/.204"7/.".2."I/(D&4($9&.(04"&(+/D."+.2+."*$"&)(4%$(D&$U"2.%"/($".(0&+$+"$/0:(49$e"&+.(0&CD$+$"$*"D/.%O4T">*"2/O/.204"+.5."2.%"+.20%/&+4e"*$"I/(D&:("(49. En otras palabras, las (.D.2&+$+.2e"**J9.(2."<&+$e"O45%.F$e"+.%.D?42"?/9$(42e"%.*$D&4(.2"R/20$2".(0%."04+42"*42"2.%.2"?/9$(42"k".(0%."04+42"*42"O/.5*42e"<&+$"5/.($"k"I.*&F"O$%$"04+42e"0$95&6("O$%$"*$2").(.%$D&4(.2"7/."(42"2&)$(e".("$%94(=$"D4("*$"($0/%$*.F$"*4"7/."14%5="**$9$"función– tienen que 2.%"<&<&+$2"k"$0.(+&+$2U"*$"I/(D&:("(4"O/.+."2.%"+.20%/&+$T"P.%4"(4"2:*4"<&<&+$2"k"$0.(+&+$2"D4(".*"9$k4%"2.(0&+4"k")%$+4"+."%.2O4(2$5&*&+$+e"+."&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4("*$2"<=D0&9$2"k"+.".(0%.)$e"2&(4"+.2+."k"D4(".*"2.%"/(4"k"total que somos y que es todo ser humano y pueblo necesitado, carente,

empobrecido, marginado, atropellado. Desde la no dualidad, desde el

uno que somos y que es todo.

14(0%$%&$9.(0."$"*$".D4(49=$".("/24e"7/."D494"+&2D&O*&($"D49&.(F$"$C%9$(+4"7/."*42"%.D/%242"24(".2D$242e".^O.%&.(D&$"k"D4(4D&9&.(04"(4"+/$*"D49&.(F$"$C%9$(+4"*$"9$%$<&**$"k"*$"245%.$5/(+$(D&$"+."04+4U"04+4e".("D/$*7/&.%"+&%.DD&:("7/."2."9&%.e".2"/(4"."&(C(&04T"j"0$95&6("*4".2"*$"I/(D&:("+.").20&4($%*4T"1494"*4".2".*"%.2/*0$+4"+."$*)4".("2="k$"&(C(&04").20&4($+4"+."$D/.%+4"$"2/"($0/%$*.F$"k"$"*$"O%4O&$").20&:("0$95&6(".("2="9&29$"&(C(&0$"$/(7/."2.$"+."$*)4"C(&04T"P4+%=$942"%.2/9&%*4".("/($"I%$2.U"<&<&%"k").20&4($%"*4"oC(&04p"+.2+."2/"&(C(&0/+T

No es otra cosa que el tan conocido actuar desde el desapego total o sin

&(0.%62"O4%".*"%.2/*0$+4T"E.2$O.)4"040$*e"O4%7/.e"&(+.O.(+&.(0.9.(0."

9. Más allá de los límites, p. 25.

66

J. Amando Robles

+.*"*4)%4"7/."2."450.()$".(".*"(&<.*"+."*4"I/(D&4($*"$"*$"<&+$e"*$"%.$*&+$+".2"*4"7/.".2e"k"k$".2"O*.($"k".2"040$*e"k"*4"2.%J"2&.9O%.T">2".(".20."2.(0&+4"0$95&6(e"7/."O45%.F$e"2/I%&9&.(04"k"9/.%0."(4"24("D$%.(D&$2e"2&(4"2&0/$D&4(.2"0$95&6("+."O*.(&0/+s"k"7/."E&42e"?$5*$(+4".("06%9&(42"0.=20$2e"O$%$"2.%*4"(4"0.()$"7/.".20$%"+.9420%$(+4"7/."2/I%."D4("*42"O45%.2"k"D4("*$2"<=D0&9$2e"7/."?$"049$+4"2/"D$/2$"k".20J"D4(".**$2T"E&42"(4"0&.(."7/."?$D.%"D42$2"O4%"*42"9J2"2/I%&+42"+."*42"?/9$(42"O$%$"2.%"E&42"(&"porque es Dios. En este sentido, Dios no ha hecho ninguna opción por

*42"O45%.2e"D494"0$9O4D4"*$"?.D?4"+."(&()r("40%4"0&O4T"d4"0&.(."7/."?$D.%*$T">("D/$*7/&.%"2&0/$D&:("*$"%.$*&+$+".2"O*.($"k".2"040$*e"k".("06%9&(42"0.=20$2e"E&42".2"E&42T10 Es a nosotros a quienes nos toca caer en la cuenta +.".**4"k"<&<&%*4s"?$D.%"*$".^O.%&.(D&$"+."7/."<.%"k"<&<&%"*$"%.$*&+$+"D494".("2="9&29$".2e"2&("+/$*&+$+e".2"*$"%.$*&F$D&:("?/9$($"2/O%.9$T

d4"*."04D$"$"E&42e"O$%$"2.)/&%"/0&*&F$(+4".*"*.()/$R."0.=20$e"9420%$%"7/.".20J"D4(20&0/0&<$9.(0."%.*$D&4($+4"D4("*$"R/20&D&$e"D4("*$"*&5.%$D&:("+."todos los seres humanos y de los pueblos, con su realización y con su

I.*&D&+$+T"M.%=$"6*".(04(D.2"/("2.%"D$%.(0.e"7/."(.D.2&0$"9420%$%"7/.".2"E&42e"k"2/"$k/+$e"O$%D&$*e"2.%=$"0$95&6("O$%0."+.*"O%45*.9$T"d4"*."04D$"$"6*e"(4"*."04D$"$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"(42"04D$"$"(4240%42e"+.2D/5%&.(+4".("04+$"%.$*&F$D&:("*&9&0$+$"2/"+&9.(2&:("+&<&($e"9J2"$**J"$r("+."2/"+&9.(2&:("60&D$s".*"o9420%$%*4pe"2&"$2="7/.%.942"?$5*$%e"k".*"<&<&%*4T"'/(7/."(4"2."0%$0$"+."o9420%$%p"($+$"$"($+&.e"O4%7/."(4"?$k"($+$"7/."9420%$%e"(&"/("2/R.04"7/."9/.20%."$"40%4"2/R.04"4"2/R.042e"2&(4"9J2"5&.("2.%"o0.20&)42p"ke".("r*0&9$"&(20$(D&$e"(&"2&7/&.%$"+."2.%"o0.20&)42p"2&(4"+."o2.%pe"24*$9.(0."o2.%pT

10. Cuando se dice que la opción por los pobres es teologal, lo que se está expresando es que es gratuita, absoluta y total, sin razón ni por qué ni para qué, como lo es Dios, pobreza total en el tener –no tiene nada– pero plenitud en el ser; pobreza-plenitud de Dios, que es también del pobre, de la criatura. En otras palabras, la opción de Dios por los pobres no da nada, en el sentido de “dar algo”, a los pobres.

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4. Religión y teología no míticas de Etty Hillesum como ejemplo

1494"0$95&6(".(".20."0.9$"/(".R.9O*4"<$*."9J2"7/."9/D?$2"O$*$5%$2e"7/&2&6%$942"0.%9&($%"&*/20%$(+4"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$2".<4D$(+4"*$".Ô.%&.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"k"*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$"+.">00k"8&**.2/9T"'+<.%0&942e"(4".2".*"9.R4%".R.9O*4"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"%.*&)&42$"(4"+/$*e"ke"+.2+."*/.)4e">00k"8&**.2/9"(4".2"0.:*4)$e"O.%4".2"/("?.D?4"7/."$O/(0$"$"$7/6**$T"j"$*"2.%"/($"<=D0&9$".2O.D&$*9.(0."*rD&+$"+."'/2D?V&0Fe"D49O%49&24"k"*/D&+.F"*$"D4(<&.%0.(".("/("%.I.%.(0."O$%$"(4240%42"+."*$"<&(D/*$D&:("7/."+.5."+$%2.".(0%.".Ô.%&.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"k"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$"(4"9=0&D$2"k"D49O%49&24T11

,4"O%&9.%4"7/."**$9$"*$"$0.(D&:(".(".**$".2"2/".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."7/."*$"<&+$e"(4"&9O4%0$"*$"2&0/$D&:(".("7/."2."<&<$e".2"9$%$<&**42$"ke"D494"0$*e"+&)($"+."2.%"<&<&+$T">2"D494"2/"O%&9.%$".Ô%.2&:(e"k"*/.)4"7/&FJ2"*$"9J2"%.&0.%$+$".("2/"+&$%&4e"+."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"7/."$0%$<&.2$"2/2"0%.2"$42"+."<&+$".2O&%&0/$*"O%4O&$9.(0."0$*T"g($"I/.%F$"incontenible que siente subir en ella desde su interior y que no puede

D4(0.(.%"(&"+.R$%"+.".Ô%.2$%"D$9&($(+4e"O4%".R.9O*4e".("*$2"(4D?.2".(0%."*42"5$%%$D4(.2"k"+.0%J2"+."*42"$*$95%.2"+.".2O&(42"+.*"D$9O4"+."D4(D.(0%$D&:("u.20.%54%XvT"'/(7/."*$"D*$<."+.".**4"7/&FJ2".206".("*$"9$(.%$"/($"k"040$*"D494"D49.(F:"$".Ô.%&9.(0$%"$"E&42"D/$(+4"2/"$9&)4"B/*&/2"MO&.%"*4"+.2O.%0:".(".**$U"*4"9J2"O%4I/(+4"+."9=e"7/."O4%"

11. Es por la razón apuntada que retenemos la experiencia y re"exión religiosas de Etty Hillesum. Si se tratara de dar cuenta de la inmensidad y urgencia del reto que supone el paso de la creencia a la fe, equivalente en buena parte al paso de la epistemología mítica a la epistemología no mítica en nuestro planteamiento, tendríamos que evocar más bien el análisis y re"exión teológica de Marcel Légaut, de una radicalidad y con una perspectiva histórica quizás inédita en un creyente cristiano. Solamente señalamos que para referirse a este reto los términos que con más frecuencia él utiliza son mutación y conversión; mutación del cristia-nismo y de la iglesia, y conversión espiritual , que es mucho más que moral, de los propios creyentes cristianos. Aunque no es el único. Es sabido también como Raimon Panikkar utiliza frecuentemente la categoría biológica mutación, con toda la radicalidad de la misma.

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9$k4%"D494+&+$+"*4"**$94"E&4212. De manera que cuando reza siente 7/.".2"E&42"7/.".2D/D?$"$"E&42".(".**$U"D/$(+4"+&)4"7/."yo me escucho, entonces es en realidad Dios el que escucha".("9=T",4"9J2".2.(D&$*"k"*4"9J2"O%4I/(+4"+."9=e".2D/D?$(+4"*4"9J2".2.(D&$*"k"*4"9J2"O%4I/(+4"+.*"40%4T"E."E&42"$"E&42Tb\

'".20$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"($+$".2D$O$T"E.".**$"I4%9$"O$%0."04+4e"&(D*/&+42".*"2/I%&9&.(04"k"*$"9/.%0.T">("40%$2"O$*$5%$2e".(".20$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+".*"2/I%&9&.(04"k"*$"9/.%0."(4"24("D$%.(D&$2e"24("O$%0."D4(20&0/0&<$"+."*$"<&+$"k"D494"0$*.2"?$k"7/."<&<&%*$2T"E."*4"D4(0%$%&4"*$"<&+$".2"$%0&CD&$*"k"2."9$*4)%$T"",$"%.5.*+=$"k".*"9&.+4"2:*4"(42"+.R$("/("9=2.%4"k"9/0&*$+4"%.204"+."<&+$e"$*"7/."$O.($2"O/.+."**$9$%2."<&+$T"M/.($"D$2&"O$%$+:R&D4U"D/$(+4"/(4"+.R$"I/.%$"+."2/"<&+$"*$"9/.%0.e"*$"<&+$"(/(D$".2"O*.($e"k"D/$(+4"2."&(D*/k."*$"9/.%0.".("*$"<&+$e"/(4"*$"$9O*=$"k".(%&7/.D.b]T"P4%".**4"D/$(+4"*$"$9.($F$"k"*$"$)%.2&:("**.)$(e"O4%".R.9O*4"5$R4"*$"D4(<&DD&:("+."7/."*4"7/."5/2D$(".2"*$"+.20%/DD&:("+.*"O/.5*4"R/+=4e"?$k"7/."&(0.)%$%*$2".("*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"+."040$*&+$+"$2/9&6(+4*$2"D494"/($"D.%0.F$"(/.<$".("*$"<&+$"k"5/2DJ(+4*.2"/("*/)$%"u.("*$"/(&+$+"k"*$"040$*&+$+e"2.".(0&.(+.v15.

E."$?="7/.e"$r(".Ô%.2J(+42.".("2/"*.()/$R."0.=20$e">00k"+&)$"7/."$"E&42"(4"?$k"7/."O.+&%*.".Ô*&D$D&4(.2e"(4"(42"*$"+.5.16e"k"7/."9J2"5&.("?$k"

12. Diario de Etty Hillesum. Una vida conmocionada (19 de julio de 1942), Anthropos, Barcelona 2007, p.148.13. Ibid. (3 de julio de 1942), p. 118.14. Ibid. p. 116.15. Ibid. (29 de junio de 1942), p. 112.16. Cita de una carta a Julius Spier s/f en julio de 1942 en Lebeau, Paul, Etty Hillesum. Un itinerario espiritual. Ámsterdam 1941 – Auschwitz 1942, Sal Térrea, Santander 2000, p. 197.

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que perdonarlobc y ayudarlo18T">(".I.D04e"$*".20&*4"+.*"O4%".24"*."O&+4"$"E&42"7/."9."*&5.%."+."E&42"+.*"#$.20%4">DX?$%0e"0$95&6("?$k"7/."O.%+4($%"$"E&42e"$*"E&42"7/."(4"O/.+."?$D.%"*4"7/."/($"%.*&)&:("k"0.4*4)=$"dualistas le ponen a hacer, porque ese no es su ser, no es Dios. En nombre

+."E&42"?$k"7/."O.%+4($%"$"40%4"E&42T"P.%+4($%*4"k"*&0.%$*9.(0."$k/+$%*4T"P4%7/."6*"(4"*4"O/.+."?$D.%e"2:*4"(4240%42T"H4+4"*4"7/.".2"?$D.%".(".*"4%+.("+."*4"(.D.2$%&4"$"*$"<&+$".2"%.2O4(2$5&*&+$+"(/.20%$"k"2:*4"(/.20%$T

d4"?$k"7/."O.+&%".Ô*&D$D&:("$"E&42e"(&"0$9O4D4"O/.2"O420/*$%*4e"D494"?$D.("*$2"0.4*4)=$2"+/$*&20$2e"*$2").4(:9&D$2"D494"I/(+$9.(0$D&:("+.*"ser, las de la liberación como el ser personal que crea y dirige la histo

%&$"k"$(&9$"*$"*&5.%$D&:("+."*42"O/.5*42T">(".20."(&<.*"(4"?$k"($+$"7/."D4%%.)&%e"4%&.(0$%"4"+&%&)&%e"O4%7/."04+4".2"/(4T",$"<&+$"k"*$"9/.%0.e".*"2/I%&9&.(04"k"*$"$*.)%=$e"*$2"$9O4**$2".("9&2"+.20%4F$+42"O&.2"k".*"R$F9=("+.0%J2"+."9&"D$2$e"*$"O.%2.D/D&:(e"*$2"&((/9.%$5*.2"D%/.*+$+.2"2&("sentido, todo eso está dentro de mí como una fuerte unidad, y lo acepto como un todoe"k".9O&.F4"$"D49O%.(+.%*4"D$+$"<.F"9.R4%e"2:*4"O$%$"9="9&29$e"2&("2.%"D$O$F"?$20$"$?4%$"+.".Ô*&D$%*."$"($+&."D:94".20J"04+4"&(0.%%.*$D&4($+4T"#.")/20$%=$"<&<&%"9/D?4"0&.9O4"O$%$"O4+.%".Ô*&D$%*4"$*)/($"<.F"9J2"$+.*$(0.19.

H4+4".24".20J"+.(0%4"+."9="D494"/($"I/.%0."/(&+$+"k"*4"$D.O04"D494"/("04+4T"E."?$5.%"?.D?4"0.4*4)=$e"+."$7/="O$%0&%=$"*$"0.4*4)=$"+.">00k"8&**.2/9T"'"O$%0&%"+."$7/="R/20&CD$%=$".*"D49O%49&24"D4("2/"O/.5*4"?$20$"*$"9/.%0.T"j"+."?.D?4"$2="I/."D494"*4"R/20&CD:T"f"$"O$%0&%"+."*$"I/.(0."k"origen de esa unidad y totalidad, que no es otra que la interioridad, el

17. Diario (12 de julio de 1942), p. 142.18. Referencia muy utilizada en Etty Hillesum. «La única seguridad sobre cómo se debe vivir y qué se debe hacer, sólo puede provenir de las fuentes que bullen en las profundidades» Diario (12 de diciembre de 1941), p. 71.19. El corazón pensante… (Carta a dos hermanas en la Haya, Ámsterdam, !nales de dici-embre de 1942), p. 55.

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2.%"/(&CD$+420. Y por ello apelaba al descubrimiento de esta interioridad k"$"*$"D4(<.%2&:("?$D&$".**$T"d4"$"O$%0&%"+."2/"D4(+&D&:("+."<=D0&9$"(&"+."*$"D4(+&D&:("+."<=D0&9$"+."2/"O/.5*4T">20."O/(04"+."O$%0&+$"*4"2.(0=$"%$+&D$*9.(0."&(2/CD&.(0.T"P4%".**4"&(D*/24"+.D=$"7/."*42"R/+=42"*4"0.(=$("9J2"+&I=D&*""d4".2"04+4"<.%+$+.%$9.(0."0$("IJD&*"04+$<=$"k"(4240%42"*42"R/+=42"24942"*42"7/."*4"0.(.942"9.(42"IJD&*"04+$<=$21T"P%.D&2$9.(0."O4%7/."2."D4(2&+.%$5$("<=D0&9$2"k"(4"9J2"5&.("(.D.2&0$+42"+."D$95&4T"1494"0$9O4D4"O$%0&:"+."/("D4(D.O04"O%.<&4e"+/$*&20$e"+."E&42T"j"O4%".**4"(/(D$"2."O%.)/(0:"D:94"&5$"$"?$5*$%"+."6*"o+.2O/62p"+."*$")/.%%$e"D4(0%$%&$9.(0."$"*$2"0.4*4)=$2"R/+=$2"k"D%&20&$($2T

#.")/20$%=$"<&<&%"9/D?4"0&.9O4"O$%$"O4+.%".Ô*&D$%*4T"'"R/F)$%"O4%".*"0.20&94(&4"7/."(42"+.R:"+."2/".Ô.%&.(D&$e"<&<&:"04+4".*"0&.9O4"k"(42"+.R:".Ô%.2$+4"*4"7/."7/.%=$".Ô%.2$%U"*$"/(&+$+"k"*$"040$*&+$+"D494"O/(04"+."O$%0&+$".("*$"D4(20%/DD&:("+."*$"24D&.+$+T"g(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"7/."*."**.<:"$"<&<&%"O.%2.D/D&:(e"D$9O4"+."D4(D.(0%$D&:(e"+.O4%0$D&:("k"9/.%0."D494"*42"<&<&:e"k"$"2.%e"$+.9J2"+."0.20&)4"+."*$"/(&+$+"k"040$*&+$+"7/.".2"*$"<&+$"k"*$"%.$*&+$+e"/($"+."*$2"D4(D&.(D&$2"9J2"*rD&+$2"+.*"84*4D$/204T

“Nuestra predicación debería ser el carisma de Santo Domingo, que fue acercar el Evangelio a los pobres. Dios no ha creado a nadie para vivir en la pobreza y en la miseria. El mayor escándalo para Dios es la existencia de personas que sufren involuntaria e injustamente la privación del acceso a bienes materiales esenciales para mantener la vida como el pan, la vivienda, la ropa, la escuela…nuestro carisma debe llevar a cambiar ese modo de injusticia” u>(0%.<&20$"$"3%.k"-.004e"1LE',1e"9$k4"[_b_v

20. Referencia muy utilizada en Etty Hillesum. «La única seguridad sobre cómo se debe vivir y qué se debe hacer, sólo puede provenir de las fuentes que bullen en las profundidades» Diario (12 de diciembre de 1941), p. 7121. El corazón pensante… (Carta a dos hermanas en la Haya, Ámsterdam, !nales de diciem-bre de 1942),, p. 55.

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SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

BT"'9$(+4"A45*.2"2&(0.0&F$"2/"O4(.(D&$e"+.20$D$(+4"7/.".*"D4(<.(D&9&.(04"+."7/."2."+$"/($"$+.D/$D&:(".(0%."*$"%.$*&+$+"k"*$"I4%9/*$D&:("+."*$"9&29$"u*4"7/.".2"*$"5$2."+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$v"(4".2"$*)4".^D*/2&<4"+.*"9&04"4"+."*$"%.*&)&:(e"2&"(4"7/."?$"2&+4"+/%$(0."9&*.(&42".*"I/(+$9.(04"+."D/$*7/&.%"D4(20%/DD&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(04s"O.%4".(".*"D$24"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"uO%.0.(+&+$9.(0.v"%.*&)&424e"7/.".9.%)."+."*$".Ô.riencia de Absoluto y de su concepción como alteridad total en relación

$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"*$"+/$*&+$+"O%4O&$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$*D$(F$"2/"9J^&9$".Ô%.2&:(T">(".*"9$%D4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"2."+$"/($"&+.(0&CD$D&:("040$*".(0%."*4"%.*&)&424"k"*$"2$D%$*&F$D&:("+."*4"9=0&D4e"D4(D&5&6(+4*4"D494"r(&D4"D$9&(4"+."$DD.24"$"*4"'524*/04T

,4".2O&%&0/$*e"+.2+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"2.%=$"*4"?/9$(4e"*4"O*.($9.(0."?/9$(4U"*4".2O&%&0/$*"(4".2"40%$"D42$"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+"O.%4"O*.($9.(0."o%.$*p"&(2&20."A45*.2T"g($"D4(D.OD&:("+.".20$"=(+4*."+."*4".2O&%&0/$*"%.7/&.%."+."/("0&O4"+."+&2D/%24"%$+&D$*9.(0."+&I.%.(0.e"(4"5$20$("*42"%.047/.2"4"$9O*&$D&4(.2T"P$%$"&*/20%$%*4e"k".("D4(0%$20."D4("40%42".2I/.%F42"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"O4%"D4(D&*&$%2."D4("*$"94+.%(&+$+"O.%4"2&("$5$(+4($%"*42"O*$(0.$9&.(042"+/$*.2e"O%.2.(0$".*"D$24"+.">00k"8&**.2/9"k"2/".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."/(&+$+"k"+."040$*&+$+e"$r(".("*$2"2&0/$D&4(.2"?/9$($9.(0."9J2".^0%.9$2T"H$9O4D4".2"5/.($"24*/D&:("*$"+."/("*.()/$R."+.29&0&CD$+4"D494".*"7/."D&%D/*$".(0%."*42"I4%9/*$+4%.2"+."/("o.<4*/D&4(&294".2O&%&0/$*pe".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."/($"(/.<$"D4(D&.(D&$"I%/04"+."/($".<4*/D&:("?&20:%&D4"D:29&D$"7/.e".(0%."40%$2"D42$2e"9$%)&($"+."/($"O42&5*."%.$*&F$D&:(e"$"7/&.(.2"(4"?$("($D&+4"k$".("*$"I$2."o.<4*/D&4($+$pT"d&"2.%=$"2/CD&.(0.".*"+&2D/%24"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(T"M&("duda, en la medida en que ese discurso teologal impulsa una entrega y

/($"5r27/.+$"7/."O/.+."I$<4%.D.%"*$"+.2.)4D.(0%$D&:(e"$5%."$*"$DD.24"+."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"/(&0&<$e"(4"+/$*e"k"O/.+."O4%".**4"9&294"**.<$%"$"/($".Ô.%&.(D&$"2/O.%$+4%$"+."2/2"O%4O&42"O%.2/O/.2042T"P.%4"D494"0$*"+&2

72

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D/%24e"O$%0.".2.(D&$*9.(0."+."/($"<&2&:("+/$*e"+."/("E&42"&+.(0&CD$+4"D4("*$2"<=D0&9$2"k"2/"2/I%&9&.(04e"k"/("D$9&(4"+.".(D/.(0%4"7/."O$2$"O4%".2$"&+.(0&CD$D&:(T"E.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:("40%4"D$9&(4"2.%=$"&+4*J0%&D4e"*$"$+4%$D&:("+."/("I$*24"E&42e"O4%"+.D&%*4"+."$*)/($"9$(.%$T">*"D4(D.O04"2."?$"$9O*&$+4e"*$"o<=D0&9$p"k$"(4".2"2:*4".*"O45%."2&(4"0$95&6(".*"P*$(.0$e"O.%4"*$"*&5.%$D&:("O%4O/.20$"2."mantiene dentro de una concepción dualista que no cuestiona la alteridad

+&<&($T"P4%".**4e"$"O.2$%"+."2/2"*4)%42e"A45*.2"D4(2&+.%$"7/."(4".2"/($"4OD&:("0.4*:)&D$"2/CD&.(0."O$%$"?$D.%"I%.(0."$"*42"%.042"7/."O*$(0.$"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T"

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H%$2"*$"5%.<."O%.2.(0$D&:(e"A45*.2"%.9&0."$"*$"O4(.(D&$"O$%$"$0.(+.%"$"*$2"O%.)/(0$2"7/.".*"0.^04"?$k$"O4+&+4"2/2D&0$%"k"+&$*4)$%"$"O$%0&%"+.".**$T"

73


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*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("D4("/(4"9&294e"$"<.%".("2="9&294"9J2"$**J"+.*"ok4pT"j"C($*9.(0.e".*"0.9$"+."*$"$D.O0$D&:("O*.($"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&("%.27/&D&42e"D494"0$("O$0.(0."7/.+$".("*$2"O$*$5%$2"+."8&**.2/9e"2&("O4(.%*."oO.%42p"$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"2.$"620$"*$"7/."2.$"k"D494"2.$T",$"(4"$D.O0$D&:("O*.($".2"&(+&D&4"+."7/."2/52&20.".*".)4e"/(".)4"I%.(0."$"*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."+.2+.".2$"+&20$(D&$"O4(."D4(+&D&4(.2"$"*$"$D.O0$D&:(T"x1:94"D4(R/)$%"$D.O0$D&:("k"$D0&0/+"%.2O4(2$5*."k"D49O%49.0&+$y">*"D$24"+.".20$"9/R.%".2"/("5/.(".R.9O*4"O$%$"O%4I/(+&F$%".("*$"D/.20&:("%.D/%%.(0."+."2&"*$"$D.O0$D&:("O*.($"7/."2."O%4O4(."u+.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"(4N+/$*v".2"2&(:(&94"+."/($"$D0&0/+"$D%=0&D$e"O$2&<$e"2/9&2$TTTe"k$"7/.".2"/($"9/.20%$"D*$%$"+."04+4"lo contrario.

74

J. Amando Robles

H49$"*$"O$*$5%$"B426"#G"S&)&*"$(/(D&$(+4"7/."<$"$".^O4(.%"2/2"+&CD/*0$+.2T",."O$%.D."7/."O4D4"$"O4D4".*"O*$(0.$9&.(04"?$"&+4"+.%&<$(+4"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".(0.(+&+$"D494"404%)$%".(0&+$+"45R.0&<$"$"*42"9&042e"$"*42"+&42.2e"$"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"7/.".2"2&(:(&94"+."+/$*&+$+"I%.(0."$"40%$"(4"+/$*T">(".2."2.(0&+4"*."O$%.D."5/.(4"7/."*$"4%&.(0$D&:("2."?$k$"?.D?4".^O*=D&0$"+.2+.".*"0=0/*4"9&294"+."*$"O4(.(D&$e"$/(7/."O.%24($*9.(0."O/.+$"0.(.%"+&CD/*0$+.2"D4(".2."O*$(0.$9&.(04T"S&)&*"(4"2."2&.(0."D:94+4"D4(".*"O%.2/O/.204"+."7/."*4"7/."(4"2.$"(4N+/$*&+$+"2.$"$%D$&D4e"9=0&D4e"O*$(0.$9&.(042"+.*"O$2$+4"I/.%$"+."*/)$%e".0DTTT",$"(4N+/$*&+$+"O/.+."2.%"/("O$%$+&)9$"9/k"r0&*"k".2D*$%.D.+4%e"O.%4"(4"+.R$"+."2.%"/("94+.*4"9J2e"40%4"94+.*4T"j$"2$5."7/."*$"%.2O/.20$"2.%J"7/."(4".2"/("94+.*4"9J2"2&(4"*$"2/O.%$D&:("+."*42"94+.*42e"+."*$"distancia dualizadora, generadora de modelos; pero no puede reconci

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7/."*$"O%.)/(0$"7/."2."O*$(0.$"$"O$%0&%"+."*$"O4(.(D&$"+."BT"'9$(+4"(4".2"2&"*$"<.%2&:("9=0&D$"+."*$"<&<.(D&$"%.*&)&42$".2"<.%+$+.%$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"4"(4e"2&"(4"2&".2$".2"*$"<.%2&:("$+.D/$+$"O$%$"*$").(0."+."*$"24D&.+$+"+."&((4<$D&:("k"D$95&4T

75


14%5="*."&(2&20."$"S&)&*"7/."2/"+&CD/*0$+".2"0.%9&(4*:)&D$"k"$D*$%$"$*)/(42"O/(042T">2$".O&20.94*4)=$".2"o9=0&D$p"O4%7/."*$").(.%$%4("*42"9&042T",$"(4N+/$*&+$+"(4".2"/("O$%$+&)9$e"(4".2"9J2"7/."*$".Ô%.2&:("D4(D.O0/$*"+."*4"7/."B.2r2"+&R4"D4("*$"&9$).("o9/.%."$"0&"9&294"k"450.(+%J2"*$"<&+$pT">2"94%&%"$"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."&(+&<&+/$*&+$+"ke"O4%"0$(04e"+.R$"+."?$5.%"/("2/R.04"I%.(0."$"/(42"45R.042e"*$"o9/.%0."$"2="9&294p"%49O."con esa dualidad. Tampoco puede decirse que sea un modelo porque no

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L(0.%<&.(."B/$("E&.)4"f%0&FT",."O%.4D/O$"D:94"D$2$%"/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"asentada sobre la nodualidad y la condición humana, dual por natura

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76

J. Amando Robles

de gratuidad absoluta, a partir del silencio del yo y de sus construcciones

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x,$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".20$%=$"&)/$*"+."D.%D$e"4"+."*.R42e"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$y"D/.20&4($"B426"#G"S&)&*T

o,$"%.$*&+$+".2"k"26"*4"7/.".2p"$C%9$%=$"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"oA.D4(4FD4"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".2"D4(20%/DD&:(p"O*$(0.$"*$"(4"9=0&D$NT"d4"?$k"%.*$D&:("+&%.D0$"+."D$/2$".I.D04".(0%."*$"D4(D.OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2.$"*$"7/."2.$e"k"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"$D*$%$"14%5=T"d4"2."O$2$"+."/($"D4(D.OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$T"M.$"*$"7/."2.$"*$"D4(D.OD&:(e".*"O$24"$"*$".^O.%&.(D&$"O%4I/(+$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&.9O%.".2"/("2$*04T"M:*4"O4+.942"+.D&%"7/.".("*$2"$D0/$*.2"D4(+&D&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2"/($"%.2/*0$"9J2"$+.D/$+$"7/."*$"40%$s"k".("40%$2"D&%D/(20$(D&$2"I/."$*"%.<62T"

77


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BT"'9$(+4"A45*.2"D4(D*/k."7/."*$")%$("+&I.%.(D&$".2"*$"049$"+."D4(D&.(D&$"+."7/."2/"D/*0&<4".2"$/0:(494e"(4"D4(+&D&4($+4"4"2/O.+&0$+4"$"/($"+.0.%9&($+$"I4%9$"+."<&<&%T"

79

El budismo Chan de Bodhidharma, un acercamiento a la dimensión absoluta...

EL BUDISMO CHAN22 DE BODHIDHARMA23, UN ACERCAMIENTO A LA DIMENSIÓN ABSOLUTA LIBERADO DE EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

Montse Cucarull y Marta Granés

Breve presentación de la noción «epistemología mítica»53

>*"<&<&.(0."7/."?$5*$"0&.(."/("+45*."$DD.24"$"*4"%.$*e"/("$DD.24"&(0.%.2$+4e".("I/(D&:("+."2/2"(.D.2&+$+.2e"k"40%4"$DD.24")%$0/&04e"O4%7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".20J"$?=e"O4%7/."2&T">20."+45*."$DD.24".2"2/"D/$*&+$+".2O.D=CD$"k".2"*4"7/."*."D$%$D0.%&F$".(0%."*42"<&<&.(0.2"+J(+4*."W.^&5&*&+$+"O$%$"$+$O0$%2."$"*42"D$95&42"+."<&+$"9J2"%JO&+$9.(0."7/."D/$*7/&.%"40%4"animal.

En las ponencias que han precedido, se ha mostrado con claridad que

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22. En este trabajo vamos a utilizar una trascripción castellanizada de los términos budistas.23. Bodhidharma monje indio del s. VI d.C considerado el padre del budismo chan en China.53. Hemos tratado la noción de epistemología mítica a partir de escritos de Corbí dado que ha sido un término acuñado por él.

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,$".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."&9O4(.("*42"9&042".2U"*4"7/."+&D.("*42"9&042".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"9&29$"+."*$2"%.$*&+$+.2T"j".2."2/O/.204".O&20.94*:)&D4"<&.(."$<$*$+4"O4%"*$"D%..(D&$"+."7/."*42"9&042"24("%.<.*$D&:("+."*42"$(0.O$2$+42"2$)%$+42"k"+."*42"+&42.2T"M/")$%$(0=$"O/.2e".2"$524*/0$"."&(<&4*$5*.T

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81


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245%."/("0%$2I4(+4"%.$*"2&("I4%9$"$*)/($s"O4%"0$(04"*42"9&042"k"2=954*42"2:*4"$O/(0$("<.%+$+.%$9.(0."$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"2&"(42"+.R$942")/&$%"O4%".**42"k"*42"+.R$942"$0%J2e"&(0%4+/D&6(+4(42".("/("$5&294"&(24(+$5*."+."*/F"2&("I4%9$"(&"D4*4%"$*)/(4T

P4%"0$(04"*4"7/."O%.0.(+.("$O/(0$%"*42"2=954*42"k"9&042".2".*"o(4N+42p"u*$"$/2.(D&$"+."*$"+/$*&+$+"7/."I4%9$(".*"2/R.04"+."(.D.2&+$+.2"k"*42"45R.042"D4("*42"7/."2$0&2I$D.%*$2vs".2".*"S$D=4"7/."04+4".2"k"24942"(4240%42e"O.%4"7/."2."+&D.".("*$2"I4%9$2e"O4%"0$(04"(4"?$k"*/)$%"O$%$"+.2.(tenderse de nada, todo reclama un amor incondicional, pues lo Real, es

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>("*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2".("*$2"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k$"?$"+.R$+4"+."O%4)%$9$%"$"*42"&(+&<&+/42e"<.942"7/."*$2"D&.(D&$2"0$95&6("24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."94+.*42T",$"+&I.%.(D&$".(0%."*42"2&20.9$2"de modelar la realidad de los mitos y los de las ciencias reside en que los

94+.*42"4"O$%$+&)9$2"9=0&D42".20J("D$%)$+42"$^&4*:)&D$9.(0."k"*42"+."las ciencias son abstractos.

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P.%4"0$(04"*$2"D&.(D&$2"D494"*42"9&042"0&.(.("&(0.(D&4(.2"O%JD0&D$2"k$"7/."/($2"k"40%42"24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+."/(42"<&<&.(0.2"O$%$"<&<&%T

82


1/$(+4"*42"9&042"+.2$O$%.D.(".("2/"I/(D&:("+."94+.*$+4%.2"+."*$"D/*0/%$"+."*42"O/.5*42e"*$"+45*."I/(D&:("7/."D/9O*=$(e"u*$"+.*"+45*."$DD.24"a la realidad), imprescindible para poder mantener nuestra cualidad

.2O.D=CD$"+."?/9$(42e"0.(+%J"7/."?$D.%2."O4%"40%42"9.+&42T

>("*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."&((4<$D&:(e"*$2"&+.$2"+."<.%+$+e"D.%0.F$e"D4(<.(D&9&.(04"2."?$("0%$(2I4%9$+4T"'?4%$"*42"&(+&<&+/42"0&.(.("7/."D4(20%/&%"D4(2D&.(0.9.(0."*42"O$0%4(.2"D4("*42"7/."2&9O*&CD$%"*$".(4%9."D49O*.R&+$+"+."*$2"D42$2"k"$2="$D0/$%"D4(<.(&.(0.9.(0.s"2."<.("I4%F$+42"a comprender que sus conocimientos son sus propias construcciones;

$?4%$"2$5.942"7/."*$"<.%+$+"+."*42")%$(+.2"9&042"+."*$"6O4D$"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.N&(+/20%&$*.2".%$"D4(20%/DD&:("(/.20%$"k"7/."*$2"<.%+$+.2"+."*$2"D&.(D&$2"24("0$95&6("D4(20%/DD&:("(/.20%$T">20$".2"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T"g($"<.%+$+"$2="D4(D.5&+$e"$"O.2$%"+."7/."2."%.D4(4FD$"2/"<$*4%"4O.%$0&<4e"(4"249.0."$*"&(+&<&+/4e"2&(4"7/."*4"9$(0&.(."*&5%.T

P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e"*$2"D.%0.F$2"(42"*$2"D4(20%/&942"(4240%42"9&2942T"d/.20%42"O%4k.D042"D4*.D0&<42"0$95&6("(42"*42"0.(.942"7/."D4(20%/&%"(4240%42"9&2942"*&5%."k"%.2O4(2$5*.9.(0.e"$O4k$+42"r(&D$9.(0.".("(/.20%42"O%4O&42"D%&0.%&42e".("(/.20%$"O%4O&$"D$*&+$+"k".("*$")$%$(0=$"7/."esa calidad proporciona.

Eso nos pone en una situación de gran riesgo, todo cambia y lo hace

+."94+4"9/k"%JO&+4e"k"*$"/%).(D&$"+.".(D4(0%$%"D$9&(42"<&$5*.2"O$%$"O4+.%"450.(.%".2$"D$*&+$+"2."?$D."O$0.(0.T"d/.20%$"$O4%0$D&:("2.%J"*$"+."&(0.(0$%"9420%$%"7/."*42"2.%94(.2"+."-4+?&+?$%9$"7/.".2"0.(&+4"D494".*"I/(+$+4%"+.*"5/+&294"D?$("u5/+&294"D?&(4ve"k"+.*"5/+&294"F.("u5/+&294"R$O4(62v"(4"24("40%$"D42$"7/."/("O%4D.+&9&.(04"9.0:+&D4"+."+.2$%0&D/*$%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"$O04"O$%$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$".("*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2"industriales.

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E&D."*$"*.k.(+$"7/."-4+?&+?$%9$".%$"?&R4"+.*"%.k"w$D?&O/%$(".(".*"2/%"de la India, aunque hay autores que dicen que era persa.

,*.):"$"*$"D?&($"+.2.95$%D$(+4".("1$(0:(e".*"[b"+."2.O0&.95%."+.*"$4"m[cT"f0%42"$/04%.2"O4(.("*$"I.D?$".("]cm"+T"1T

El budismo entró en China desde los inicios de nuestra era. En aquella

6O4D$e".(".*"m[ce"D4(0$5$"D4("9&*"0%.2D&.(042"0.9O*42e"0%.&(0$"9&*"94($20.%&42"k"+42"9&**4(.2"+."94(R.2T

'"*$"**.)$+$"+."-4+?&+?$%9$"%.&($5$".(".*"2/%"+."1?&($".*".9O.%$+4%",.$()"/N0&T"'/20.%4e"O%454"k"?/9$(4e"0.(=$"/("O%4I/(+4"%.2O.D04"O4%"*$2"*.0%$2"k"*42"*.0%$+42T"84(%:"O%&9.%4"$"14(I/D&4"*.<$(0J(+4*."/("0.9O*4".("d$(X=(e"2/"D$O&0$*T",/.)4"2."D4(<&%0&:"$*"5/+&294T"H.%9&(:"2/"<&+$"4%+.(J(+42."94(R.T

M.".^O*&D$("+42"$(6D+40$2"+."6*"7/."&*/20%$(".*"D$%JD0.%"+."*$".(2.$(F$"+."-4+?&+?$%9$T

M."D/.(0$"7/."$"*$"**.)$+$"+.*"94(R."&(+&4e".*".9O.%$+4%"7/&24"D4(4D.%*4T"M."($%%$"D494"2&)/.".*".(D/.(0%4"+.*".9O.%$+4%"k".*"94(R.T

>*".9O.%$+4%"O%.)/(0:"$"-4+?&+?$%9$U Desde el inicio de mi reinado he construido tantos templos, he copiado

0$(042"0.^042"2$)%$+42e"?."$k/+$+4"$"0$(042"94(R.2s"2.)r("0re"xD/J*".2"9&"96%&04yN"|d&()r("96%&04N"xj".24"O4%"7/6yN">20$2"(4"24("2&(4"$DD&4(.2"&(I.%&4%.2"7/."O.%9&0&%J("$"2/"$/04%"%.($D.%".("*42"D&.*42"4".(".20$"0&.%%$T"H4+$<=$"**.<$("*$"9$%D$"+.*"9/(+4"k"24("

84


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-4+?&+?$%9$"D4(2&+.%:"O%/+.(0."0%$2*$+$%2."$*"%.&(4"+.*"(4%0.T">(".*"%.&(4"+.*"(4%0.e"+4(+."%.&($5$"H$&"/N0&e"+."*$"+&($20=$".&e".*"5/+&294"2."?$5=$".^0.(+&+4"0$(04"k"*42"94($20.%&42".%$("0$("O4+.%4242e"7/.".*"emperador consideró necesario una persecución del budismo.

-4+?&+?$%9$e"$(0.".20$"2&0/$D&:("2."%.0&%:"$*"94($20.%&4"M?$4N*&(e"+4(+."practicó la meditación sentado ante un muro durante 9 años.

,$"2.)/(+$"$(6D+40$".2"7/."/("+=$"/("94(R."**$9$+4"M.()NX4"I/."$"O.+&%*."2/".(2.$(F$T"-4+?&+?$%9$"(4"*."?&F4".*"9.(4%"D$24T"E.2.2O.%$+4e"M.()NX4"2."D4%0:".*"5%$F4"&F7/&.%+4"k"*4"4I%.D&:".(2$()%.(0$+4"$"-4+?&+?$%9$e"7/."D4(2&(0&:e"O4%"C(e"&9O$%0&%*.".(2.$(F$T

"><&+.(0.9.(0."2."0%$0$"+."/($"($%%$D&:("2&95:*&D$"O$%$".^O%.2$%"7/."*$"+4D0%&($"(4"2.".(0%.)$"$"D/$*7/&.%$"k"7/."*$"+.0.%9&($D&:("+.*"+&2D=O/*4"+.5."2.%".^0%.9$T",4"7/."M.()NX4"0.(=$"7/."D4%0$%".%$("04+42"*42"D4(4D&9&.(042"7/."?$5=$"$+7/&%&+4e"2/2"$(0&)/$2"9$(.%$2"+."O.(2$%e"7/."(4"?$D=$("9J2"7/."4520%/&%".*"$DD.24"+&%.D04"$"*$"<.%+$+T

M.".(0$5*:e"D/.(0$"*$"*.k.(+$e".*"2&)/&.(0."+&J*4)4U"

N",$".(2.$(F$"+."04+42"*42"-/+$"(4"+.5."5/2D$%2."$"0%$<62"+."40%4TN"#&".2O=%&0/"04+$<=$"(4".20J"O$D&CD$+4T"H."%/.)4e"#$.20%4e"O/%&I=D$*4T

85


N"H%J.9.*4"k"*4"O/%&CD$%6TN"E/%$(0."$42"*4"?."5/2D$+4e"O.%4"04+$<=$"24k"&(D$O$F"+."D$O0$%*4TN"P/.2"5&.(e"?.*4"$7/="O$D&CD$+4"+."/($"<.F"O4%"04+$2T

>*"+&2D=O/*4"2."7/.+:"D4("-4+?&+?$%9$"n"$42T

M."+.2D4(4D."D4("D.%0.F$".*"C("+."-4+?&+?$%9$e"/(42"+&D.("7/."I/.".(<.(.($+4"O4%"94(R.2"D49O.0&+4%.2s"40%42"7/."I/.".R.D/0$+4s"40%42"7/."9$%D?:"$"O&."40%$"<.F"$"*$"L(+&$T"

El escrito Tratado de Bodhidharma"I/."%.+$D0$+4"O4%".*"+&2D=O/*4"H$(N*&(T">*"+&2D=O/*4"?$5=$"%.)&20%$+4"*$2"O$*$5%$2"k"*42"?.D?42"+.*"#$.20%4"k"*42"%.D4O&*:".(".*"H%$0$+4"$*"7/."O.%0.(.D.("*42"+42"0.^042"7/."<$942"$".20/+&$%T">2"D4(2&+.%$+4"D494".*"0.^04"9J2"$(0&)/4"+.*"5/+&294"D?$(s"7/&(&.(042"$42"+.2O/62"+."*$"**.)$+$"+.*"5/+&294"$"1?&($"k"9&*"$42"+.2+.".*"-/+$T

Acercamiento a Bodhidharma desde el «Tratado del linaje de la fe» y el «Sermón del despertar»24

P$%$"$D.%D$%(42"$"-4+?&+?$%9$e"2.%J"O%.D&24"$+.(0%$%(42".("/($2"O4D$2"(4D&4(.2"5J2&D$2"7/."6*"k"*$"0%$+&D&:("D?$("/0&*&F$("O$%$"$O/(0$%"*4"7/.".("(/.20%$"0.%9&(4*4)=$"**$9$942"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T

,42"06%9&(42"9J2"/2$+42"O$%$"%.I.%&%2."$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"24("o9.(0.pe"o<$D=4pe"o($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*pe"o5/+$pe"04+42".**42".(0%.*$zados y utilizados de manera tal que no permitan quedar atrapado en

(&()/($"+.".20$2"D$%$D0.%&F$D&4(.2T"-4+?&+?$%9$"k"*$"0%$+&D&:("D?$(".9O/R$("$"2$*&%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"9.+&$(0.".*"/24"+."$C%9$

24. En Bodhidharma «Enseñanzas Zen» Ed. Kairós 1995 Barcelona.

86


ciones seguidas de negaciones sobre un mismo tema, como tendremos

4D$2&:("+."9420%$%".(".20."0%$5$R4T"

La “mente” como expresión de la D.A.25

'(0.2"+.".(0%$%".(".*"/24"+.*"06%9&(4"o9.(0.p"D494".^O%.2&:("+."*$"ET'Te"+.5.%.942"?$5*$%"+."*$"9.(0.".(0.(+&+$"D494"2.^04"2.(0&+4[n"O/.2"$2=".2"D494"*$"049$".*"5/+&294T"

,$"$(0%4O4*4)=$"5/+&20$e"D4("$%%$(7/.".("*$"L(+&$e"D4(2&+.%$"7/.".*"?495%."0&.(."2.&2"2.(0&+42U")/204e"0$D04e"4*I$04e"4=+4e"<&20$"k"*$"9.(0.e"D494"2.^04"2.(0&+4T",$"9.(0."2."O/24"$"*$"9&29$"$*0/%$"7/.".*"%.204"+."*42"sentidos.

,$"9.(0."2.^04"2.(0&+4"(4".2"*$"9.(0."%$F4($+4%$e"$/(7/."*$"9.(0."%$F4($+4%$"2.$"/($"D$O$D&+$+e"/($".2O.D&$*&F$D&:("+."*$"9.(0."2.^04"2.(0&+4T">*"/24"+."*$"9.(0."D494"%$F4($+4%$"%.2/*0$"&(.O0$"O$%$"04+4"*4"$^&4*:)&D4"k"O$%$"*4"D/$*&0$0&<4e"$/(7/."O/.+."2.%"/("&(20%/9.(04"2/9$9.(0."r0&*".("9$(42"+."*$"9.(0."2.^04"2.(0&+4"D494"*$"/0&*&F$"-4+?&+?$%9$T"

,$"9.(0."2.^04"2.(0&+4e"D494"*42"+.9J2"2.(0&+42e"D$O0$"*$"%.$*&+$+"D4(I4%9J(+4*$e"D494"*4"?$D."*$"<&20$e".*"4=+4e".*"0$D04"k".*")/204T"j"*4"?$D."O%&9$%&$9.(0.".("I/(D&:("+."(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"&(+&<&+/$*.2"k"D4*.D0&<$2T"

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25. D.A. dimensión absoluta.26. Algunas de las ideas que se exponen en este trabajo son fruto del seminario sobre los sermones de Bodhidharma realizado en CETR durante el curso 2009-2010.

87


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,$"9.(0."+."*$"7/."2/%).("*$2")%$(+.2"O%.)/(0$2"(4".2"*$"O/%$9.(0."%$F4($+4%$e".2"*$"9.(0.".("2/"I/(D&:("D4(I4%9$+4%$")%$0/&0$"7/."2."$2495%$T">*"O/(04"+."$%%$(7/."+."*$"9.(0."2.^04"2.(0&+4".2".*"$2495%4s"/("$2495%4"7/."($D."+."*$"$*.%0$"k"+.2O&.%0$".*"&(0.%62"k"*$"D/%&42&+$+")%$0/&0$T"E.2+.".2."$2495%4"O/.+."O$%0&%"0$95&6(".*"0%$5$R4"+."*$"9.(0."%$F4($+4%$T"M/"%$F4($%e".(04(D.2e"(4"0&.(."O%.0.(2&:("/0&*&0$%&$e"7/&.%."D49O%.(+.%"O4%7/."2=e"O4%7/.".24"7/."$2495%$".20J"$?=T"

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88


pequeña medida, para que pueda entrar en todo nuestro ser la plenitud

de la noticia y el asombro de lo que es, que nos incluye a nosotros mis

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g($"<.F"$D*$%$+4".20."O/(04".(0%.942".(".*"0.^04T"-4+?&+?$%9$"+&D."7/."04+$"*$"%.$*&+$+".2"9.(0.T"g($"9.(0."7/.".2"/(&<.%2$*e"$0.9O4%$*e"k"7/."2&6(+4*4"04+4"(4"0&.(."I4%9$"$*)/($"(&"$+9&0."*&9&0$D&:("$*)/($T"j"O%.D&2$9.(0."O4%7/."(4"$+9&0."(&()/($"$D40$D&:("(&"45R.0&<$D&:(".2"<$D=$T"P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.".20$"9$(.%$"+."/0&*&F$%".*"06%9&(4"9.(0."+.R$".^O*=D&04"7/."(4"2."0%$0$"+."(&()/($"+.2D%&OD&:(T"

[29] “La mente es el buda y el buda es la mente. Más allá de la mente no hay buda, y más allá del buda no hay mente. La naturaleza de la mente de un buda es básicamente vacía”.

“…allí donde no llega el lenguaje, ésa es tu mente”.

[47] “El camino no tiene forma ni sonido. Es como cuando se bebe agua: sabes lo fría o caliente que está pero no puedes explicárselo a los demás”.

[47] “Tratar de encontrar un buda [la mente] es como tratar de coger el aire. El aire tiene nombre pero no tiene forma. No es algo que pueda cogerse y ponerse en el suelo. Y ciertamente no se puede aprehender”.

d$+$".2D$O$"$"*$"D4(+&D&:("+."9.(0.e"O4%"*4"7/."0$95&6("*$"9.(0."+."D$+$"/(4"+."*42"&(+&<&+/42".2"*$")%$("9.(0.T"L(D*/24".*"D/.%O4"94%0$*"es mente.

89


,$"9.(0."2&6(+4*4"04+4e".2"+.D&%"(4"2&.(+4"($+$"2.O$%$+4"+."*4".^&20.(0.e"(4".20J"$I.D0$+$"O4%"*$"*.k"+."D$/2$"k".I.D04T"#J2"$**J"+."*$"9.(0."7/.".2"<$D=4"$524*/04e"(4"?$k"($+$e".2"&9O42&5*."&%"9J2"$**JT""

[27] “Cualquier cosa que haces, que eres, es tu mente real, eso es tu buda real. Esta mente es el buda y quiere decir lo mismo. Aparte de esta mente no encontrarás, otro buda”

“Si utilizas la mente para buscar un buda, no verás al buda. Mientras busques al buda en otra parte nunca podrás ver que tu propia mente es el buda. No uses un buda para venerar a un buda y no utilices la mente para invocar a un buda”.

[33] “Pero tal vez creas que puedes encontrar tu naturaleza búdica separada de tu naturaleza mortal; ¿dónde la encontrarás? Nuestra naturaleza mortal es nuestra naturaleza búdica. Un buda está libre de causa y efecto”.

d4"2&.(+4"($+$"2.O$%$+$"+."*4".^&20.(0.e"*$"9.(0.".20J"*&5%."+."D$/2$"k".I.D04T[c]

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27. Los textos entre corchetes son nuestros.

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[27] “Más allá de la mente no hay buda, y más allá del buda no hay mente. ¿Dónde está ese buda que crees más allá de la mente? Si no hay buda más allá de mente, ¿por qué tratar de encontrar uno? No podrás conocer tu mente real mientras estés embelesado por una forma carente de vida.

1/$*7/&.%".(0&+$+"7/."/(4"+$"O4%".^&20.(D&$"&(+&<&+/$*&F$+$".2"D%.$D&:("+."*$"9.(0."+/$*e"O.%4".2"(4".^&20.(0."O/.204"7/."04+4"*4"7/."?$k".2".2."o<$D=4"$524*/04p"7/.".2"D494"9.(0.T

[31] “La verdad es que no hay nada que encontrar”. En los sutras28 de dice: “el buda es lo que está libre de toda forma”.

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[47] Responder, percibir, arquear las cejas, parpadear, mover las manos y los pies, todo ello es tu naturaleza milagrosamente despierta. Y esa naturaleza es la mente. Y la mente es el buda. Y el buda es el Camino.

[61] El buda es tu cuerpo real, tu mente original. Pero esa mente no está fuera del cuerpo material.

,$")%$("9.(0.e"D/$(+4".20J"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."/("4%)$(&294"<&<4e"(&"2&%<."$"($+&.e"(&".*"4%)$(&294"$*"7/."O$%.D."2.%<&%".2"$*)4"+&20&(04"+."*$"9.(0.T"'/(7/."*$"9.(0."2."9$(&C.20$".("I4%9$2"k"+&20&()/."D42$2e"(4"0&.(."

28. sutra es el nombre genérico que se da a los discursos de Buda.

91


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[43] Nuestra propia naturaleza es la mente. Y la mente es nuestra propia naturaleza. Esta naturaleza es la misma que la mente de todos los budas. Los budas del pasado y del futuro sólo han transmitido esta mente. No hay buda más allá de esta mente. Pero los que viven en el pensamiento ilusorio no se dan cuenta de que su propia mente es el buda y no dejan de buscar fuera de ellos. Nunca dejan de invocar o venerar a los budas y de preguntarse: ¿Dónde está el buda? No te abandones a estos engaños. Conoce tu mente. No existe ningún buda más allá de tu mente. En los sutras se dice: «estés donde estés, allí hay un buda». Tu mente es el buda. No utilices un buda para venerar a un buda.

,$"9.(0.".2"(/.20%$"($0/%$*.F$e"k".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"+."04+4e"+."04+42"*42"5/+$2T"d4"?$k"($0/%$*.F$"O%4O&$"9J2"$**J"+.".20$"9.(0.e"k".20$"9.(0.".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$T"M&"D4(4D.2"0/"9.(0."D4(4D.%J2"*$"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$"+."04+4T"'2="(4"5/27/.2".("40%$"O$%0.e"(4"5/27/.2"I/.%$e"(4"<.(.%.2"($+$".^0.%(4T

,$")%$("9.(0."(4"O/.+.".(D4(0%$%2."2.O$%$+$"+."*$"9.(0."k"2/2"D%.$D&4(.2T">**4"<$"$"&9O*&D$%"<.%*$2"<$D=$2"D494".*"$524*/04"<$D=4"049$(+4"I4%9$U"*$"I4%9$".2"<$D=4"k".*"<$D=4".2"I4%9$e".^O%.2&:("5/+&20$"D*J2&D$T

[73] Ver nada y comprender nada es conocer el Dharma29, porque ver no es ver ni no ver y porque comprender no es comprender ni no comprender. Ver sin ver es verdadera visión. Comprender sin comprender es verdadera comprensión.

29. dharma aquí signi!ca enseñanza de Buda, en sentido amplio indica «la verdad».

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[41] Algo tan difícil de percibir sólo es conocido por un buda y por nadie más. Sólo un sabio conoce esa mente, llamada liberación. Vida y muerte no pueden refrenar a esa mente, nada puede…sus nombres varían pero no su esencia.

[63] Dicen los sutras: “Id más allá del lenguaje. Id más allá del pensamiento”.

[49] Las doctrinas son palabras. No son el camino.

>("*42"0.^042"7/."?$20$"$7/="?$("&+4"$O$%.D&.(+4"7/.+$"D*$%4"7/."-4+?&+?$%9$"?$5*$"I/.%$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"D4("*$"O%.0.(2&:("+."2$D$%"$*"*.D04%"+.".**$T"'C%9$"*4"7/."(&.)$"k"(&.)$"*4"7/."$C%9$T

El término “vacío” como expresión de la D.A.

H4+4".20J"<$D=4"+."*$2"D4(I4%9$D&4(.2"7/."?$D."0/"9.(0."+."*$"%.$*&+$+".("I/(D&:("+."0/2"(.D.2&+$+.2e"O4%"0$(04"04+$2"*$2"I4%9$2"24("0/k$2e"(4"24("+."*$"%.$*&+$+T",$"%.$*&+$+".2"2&("I4%9$T

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[31] …ir a la raíz de la vida y la muerte.

[69] Ver la muerte como algo diferente de la vida o el movimiento como algo diferente de la inmovilidad es ser parcial. Ser imparcial sig1$6#%'),*',&'!-(*$5$,1."'#"5"'%&9"'1"'+$(,*,1#$%+"'+,&'1$*)%1%:'porque la naturaleza de ambos es el vacío.

93


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[43] Si ves un buda, un dharma y concibes respeto hacia ellos, te relegarás a ti mismo al reino de los mortales. Si buscas la comprensión directa no te aferres a ninguna apariencia, sean las que sean, y lograrás el éxito.

[4345] los que viven en el pensamiento ilusorio no se dan cuenta de que su propia mente es el buda y no dejan de buscar fuera de ellos…Tu mente es el buda…Aunque de repente apareciese ante ti un buda, no necesitarías hacer reverencia alguna. Nuestra mente es vacío y no contiene esas formas. … ¿por qué venerar ilusiones nacidas de la mente?.... tu mente es básicamente pura…. Tu mente es esencialmente vacío. Todas las apariencias son ilusorias. No te aferres a las apariencias.

,$"O%4O/.20$".2"<.%"*$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$e"O.%4"2&"$".204"2."*."$$+."7/.".2"<$D=4e".*"%.2/*0$+4".2"7/."(4"2."*$"O/.+."2&0/$%".("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O4%7/."-4+?&+?$%9$"<$"$".9O/R$%"O$%$"7/."($+&."O/.+$"7/.+$%"$0%$O$+4".("(&()/($"D4(D.O0/$*&F$D&:("+.*"<$D=4T"

d/.20%$"9.(0.".2"<$D=4"k"(4"D4(0&.(."I4%9$2"M&"*$"9.(0.".2"<$D=4e"$7/.**4"7/."O/.+$"D%.$%"24*4"O/.+."2.%"<$D=4e".2"O4%".**4"7/."*$2"I4%9$2"7/."<."k"O.%D&5."*$"9.(0."24("24*4"&*/2&4(.2T"P4%"0$(04"04+$"*4"7/."$O.%D&5&942".2"&*/24%&4e"(4"0&.(."2.(0&+4"<.(.%$%"*4"&*/24%&4T"S.(.%$%"5/+$2"&(+&D$"(4"?$5.%"D49O%.(+&+4"*$"%.$*&+$+T",$"($0/%$*.F$".2.(D&$*"(4"0&.(."(&()/($"I4%9$T",$"4%&.(0$D&:("7/."2."+$".2"*$"+."(4"$I.%%$%2."$"*$2"I4%9$2e"D*$%$9.(0.".**4"$%%$20%$"I/.%$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

94


,$")%$("9.(0.e"7/.".2"0/"D/.%O4"k"0/"9.(0.e"(/(D$"($D&:"(&"9/%&:e"(&"$O$%.D&:"(&"+.2$O$%.D&:e"(&"$/9.(0:"4"+&29&(/k:T">2".*"$524*/04"<$D=4e"2&("O%&(D&O&4"(&"C(T",/.)4e"*$"9.(0."7/.".2"$524*/04"<$D=4e"(4".2"(&"O/%$"(&"&9O/%$e"(&"5/.($"(&"9$*$e"(&"0&.(."O$2$+4"(&"I/0/%4e"O4%7/.".20J"I/.%$"del tiempo y de toda categorización.

[43] Ese cuerpo real es tu mente. Y esa mente nunca ha cambiado a través de innumerables kalpas30 carentes de principio. Nunca vivió ni murió, ni apareció ni desapareció, ni aumentó o disminuyó. No es pura ni impura, buena o mala, pasada o futura. No es verdadera ni falsa. No es masculina ni femenina. Ni monje ni laico, ni sabio ni ignorante. No tiene apariencia de buda o mortal. No tiene fuerza o forma. Es como el espacio, no puedes poseerlo y tampoco perderlo. Es una mente sutil y difícil de ver. No es la misma que la mente sensual.

H4+$"I4%9$".2"&9O.%9$(.(0.T",$"%.$*&+$+"+."*$2"I4%9$2"2:*4".20J".("*$"9.(0."+."/("<&<&.(0.e"*4"7/."<.%+$+.%$9.(0.".2e".20J"<$D=4"+."04+$"I4%9$"O4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.".20J"9J2"$**J"+."O.%9$(.(D&$"4"&9O.%9$(.(D&$T"P4%"0$(04"0/"<.%+$+.%$"%.$*&+$+".2".*"<$D=4"$524*/04e"O4%7/."(4"?$k"($+$"+."lo que consideras que es.

[43] En los sutras se dice : «Todas las apariencias son ilusorias». No cuentan con existencia propia ni forma constante. Son impermanentes. No te aferres a las apariencias y serás una única mente con el Buda. En los sutras se dice: «El buda es lo que está libre de toda forma».

H4+$2"*$2"I4%9$2"(4"0&.(.(".^&20.(D&$"O%4O&$"(&"I4%9$"D4(20$(0.T"M4("&9O.%9$(.(0.2T"g($"9$(.%$"+."+$%"I/(+$9.(04"$"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".2"<.%"*$"&9O.%9$(.(D&$"%$+&D$*"+."*4"7/."+$942"O4%"%.$*&+$+T"

30. kalpa período largo de tiempo similar a un eón.

95


M&(".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"/(4"$5$(+4($"*$"&+.$"+."2.%"/("&(+&<&+/4"k"24*$9.(0."O/.+."2.%"*$"9.(0."r(&D$T"

>*"<$D=4".2".*"5/+$"7/.".2"0/"D/.%O4"%.$*e"k".*"5/+$".2"0/"9.(0."4%&)&($*T">2$"9.(0."4%&)&($*".2"2&("I4%9$e"2&("D$%$D0.%=20&D$2T"H/"D/.%O4".2"*$"9.(0."4%&)&($*e".2".24"k"24*4".24e"(4".2"*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("7/."?$D.2"+."6*"D494"D$/2$"k".I.D04e"D494"0.(+4(.2"k"?/.242T

,$"9.(0."4%&)&($*e"7/.".2"9&"2.%"O%4O&4e".2".*"<$D=4"+."04+$2"*$2"I4%9$2e"<$D=4"+."04+$"O42&5*."45R.0&<$D&:(e"%.O%.2.(0$D&:(e"&(+&<&+/$D&:(T

]c""Alguien que ve su naturaleza es un buda y como el cuerpo de un buda es intrínsecamente puro y sin mácula, y todo lo que dice es una expresión de su mente, que es básicamente vacío, un buda no puede encontrarse en palabras o en cualquier parte del Canon Décuple.

>2$"9.(0.e"<$D=$e"(4"O/.+.2"O42..%*$e"O4%7/."(&"0r".%.2"$*)/&.(e"(&".**$"0$9O4D4T"d&"*$"9.(0.".2"$*)4"+&I.%.(0."+.".204e"(&".204"$*)4"+&I.%.(0."+."*$"9.(0.e"O4%7/."2.%"4"(4"2.%"$r(".2"+/$*&F$D&:(T

,$"9.(0."4%&)&($*"(4".20J"I/.%$"+.*"D/.%O4"9$0.%&$*e".*"D/.%O4"(4".2"40%$"cosa que la mente, no es que el cuerpo sea algo que posea mente. El

cuerpo es la mente y la mente es el cuerpo. El cuerpo no tiene naturaleza

O%4O&$"I/.%$"+."*$"($0/%$*.F$"+."*$"9.(0."4%&)&($*T"d$+$"0&.(."($0/%$*.F$"O%4O&$"I/.%$"+."*$"($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*"+."*$"9.(0.T

H4+4"*4"7/."(/.20%4"D/.%O4"?$D.e".*"*.()/$R.e".*"D49O4%0$9&.(04e"*$"percepción, la capacidad de comprensión y conceptualización, son todas

I/(D&4(.2"+."*$"9.(0."$2495%42$e"I4%9$2"+."*$"9.(0.T"

[61] El lenguaje y el comportamiento, la percepción y la concepción son todas funciones de la mente asombrosa. Todo movimiento es movimiento de la mente. >*".)4".2"/($"+.".2$2"I/(D&4(.2T

96


>("*$2"I4%9$2".204k"<&.(+4"$*"<$D=4"O4%7/.".*"<$D=4"24("*$2"I4%9$2T"d$+$"?$k"I%.(0."$"*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$"(&"2&7/&.%$"*4"7/."**$9$"-/+$"*42"0%.2"<.(.(42U".*"4+&4e"*$"D4+&D&$e"k"*$"&)(4%$(D&$s"*42"0%.2"<.(.(42"24("*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$"4"9.(0."4%&)&($*"4"<$D=4T"><&+.(0.9.(0.".204"2/O4(.".*"C("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[63] «Los sutras nos hablan de mover sin movimiento, de viajar sin viajes, de ver sin visión, de reír sin risa, de oír sin oído, de conocer sin saber, de ser felices sin ser felices, de caminar sin andar, de pararnos sin detenernos. Y dicen los sutras: “Id más allá del lenguaje. Id más allá del pensamiento”. Básicamente, el ver, el oír y el saber son completamente vacíos. Tu odio, alegría o dolor son los de una marioneta. Puedes buscar pero no hallarás nada.»

[49] La Verdad esencial está más allá de las palabras, las doctrinas son palabras. No son el Camino. El Camino carece de palabras. Las palabras son ilusiones…No concibas placer en ellas. Todas son cunas que conducen al renacimiento. …Un momento de duda y te hallarás bajo el embrujo de los demonios.

M&"2."D49O%.(+."7/."04+4".2"D%.$D&:("+."*$"9.(0."(4"0.(+%J"2.(0&+4"$I.%%$%2."$"*$"%.$*&+$+"7/.".**$"?$"D%.$+4T"'I.%%$%2."$"I4%9$2"&(D$O$D&0$"O$%$"049$%"D4(D&.(D&$"+.*"<$D=4"+."*$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$T"1*$%$9.(0."2&"*$"<.%+$+".2.(D&$*"(4"O/.+."7/.+$%"5$R4"(&()/($"I4%9/*$D&:("(4"<$"$"2.%"O42&5*."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"M."O%4O/)($"/($"O420/%$"7/."(4"O.%9&0."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"

La “naturaleza original o búdica” de los individuos como expresión de

la D.A.

M&"0."$I.%%$2"$"$*)4e"2.%J2"&(D4(2D&.(0."+."0/"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$T"M&"0."$I.%%$2"$"$*)4e".2"O4%7/."D%..2"7/.".2."o$*)4p".2T"8$k"I4%9$2e"O.%4"04+$2"

97


.20J("<$D=$2e"O4%7/."2:*4"24("9.(0.e"2:*4"24(".*"5/+$T"H4+4".204".2e".("-4+?&+?$%9$e"9604+4"O$%$"$*.R$%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[49] Si sabes que todo proviene de la mente, no te aferres. Una vez aferrado eres inconsciente. Pero cuando ves tu propia naturaleza, todo el Canon no es más que prosa. Sus miles de sutras y sastras sólo apuntan a una mente clara. La comprensión aparece entre líneas. ¿De qué sirven las doctrinas?

M&("$I.%%$%2."$"($+$e"2&("$O.)4e"04+4".2"2&9O*.9.(0.s".(04(D.2"/(4"9&294".2"+.2(/+.F"$524*/0$e"<$D=4e"($+$e"(&()/($"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"(&()/($"45R.0&<&+$+e"(&()/($"2/5R.0&<&+$+T"E&D?4"+."40%$"9$(.%$U"*$"45R.0&<&+$+"$524*/0$e"7/.".2"2&("+.*&9&0$D&:("+."(&()r("0&O4e".7/&<$*."$*"<$D=4"9J2"D49O*.04T",$"2/5R.0&<&+$+"$524*/0$e"$*"&9O*&D$%"(&()/($"+.*&9&0$D&:(".2".7/&<$*.(0."$*"<$D=4T",4"9&294"O4+%=$942"+.D&%"+."*$"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+"$524*/0$"uE&42v"7/."$*"(4"0.(.%"+.*&9&0$D&:("+."(&()r("0&O4".2".7/&<$*.(0."$*"<$D=4"$524*/04T

,$"($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$"7/.".2"(/.20%$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$U"esto es aquello, aquello es esto. No hay ($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$"9J2"$**J"+."(/.20%$"($0/%$*.F$"94%0$*T"j"(/.20%$"($0/%$*.F$"94%0$*".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$"O4%7/.".20J"<$D=$e".20J"9J2"$**J"+."D$/2$2"k".I.D042e"k"O4%"D4(2&)/&.(0."(4"2."O/.+."$*D$(F$%"O/.2".2"*$"O.%I.D0$"(4N+/$*&+$+"<$D=$T"E.2O.%0$%"$"*$"(4"+/$*&+$+"(4"O/.+."$2&9&*$%2."$"$*D$(F$%"$*)4"O/.204"7/."&9O*&D$%=$"O$%D&$*&+$+U"450.(.%"$*)4"2/O4(+%=$"+/$*&+$+"(4"<$D=4"$524*/04T"

[27] Tratar de encontrar un buda o la iluminación es como tratar de coger el aire

[29] …la mente es el buda. … Si utilizas la mente para buscar un buda, no verás al buda. Mientras busques al buda en otra parte nunca

98


podrás ver que tu propia mente es el buda. No uses un buda para venerar a un buda y no utilices la mente para invocar a un buda. Los budas no recitan sutras. Los budas no guardan los preceptos. Y los budas no rompen los preceptos. Los budas ni guardan ni rompen nada. Los budas no hacen ni bien ni mal.

Para encontrar un buda debes ver tu propia naturaleza. Quien ve su naturaleza es un buda.

,$".^O%.2&:("<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$"$O/(0$"$"%.D4(4D.%"$7/.**4"7/.".("el recitar no recita, en el cumplir preceptos no cumple,en el saltarse los

preceptos no se salta nada, en el hacer no hace.

[51] Para entender esa mente tienes que hacer sin hacer.

[33] Cualquiera que vea su naturaleza propia es un buda; cualquiera que no la vea es un mortal. … Nuestra naturaleza mortal es nuestra naturaleza búdica. No hay buda más allá de esta naturaleza. El buda es nuestra propia naturaleza. No hay buda separado de esta naturaleza, y no hay naturaleza separada del buda.

,$"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$"(4".20J"2.O$%$+$"+."*$"($0/%$*.F$"94%0$*T",$"($0/%$*.F$"94%0$*".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$T"d4"?$k"5/+$"9J2"$**J"+."*$"($0/%$*.F$"94%0$*U"24k"5/+$e"5/+$".2"9&"($0/%$*.F$e"(4"?$k"($0/%$*.F$"9J2"$**J"+."5/+$T

,$"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$"(4".20J"$I.D0$+$"O4%"D$/2$"k".I.D04e"(&"O4%"*$"retribución de los actos; no alcanza nada por el nacimiento ni la muerte,

(&".20J"$I.D0$+4"O4%"*$"&(.%D&$"+."$D042"O$2$+42s"(&"O4%"*$"D4(D.(0%$D&:(e"ni por el conocimiento.

,$"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$"(4".2"O$%D&$*e".2"<$D=$e"(&"O/%$"(&"&9O/%$e"*&5%."+."0.(.%"7/."$*D$(F$%"$*)4e"*&5%."+."9604+42e"O%JD0&D$2e"*&5%."+."450.(D&4(.2e"*&5%."+."D$/2$"k".I.D04T

99


M:*4".*"2$5&4"D4(4D.".2$"9.(0.e"7/.".2"*$"($0/%$*.F$"+."*$"<.%+$+e"*$"($0/%$*.F$"+.*"D$9&(4"k"*$"*&5.%$D&:(T",$"($0/%$*.F$"+."*$"<.%+$+e"*$"naturaleza del camino y la liberación son lo mismo. Todo ello es salir

+."*$"&(+&<&+/$D&:("7/.".2"2$*&%e"0$95&6(e"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[41] Los que viven en el pensamiento ilusorio (4"<.("2/"O%4O&$"($0/%$leza], no saben quiénes son.

>2$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$"7/.".2"<$D=$e".^&20."2&(".^&20&%"O4%7/."?$5*$%"+.".^&20&%"k"(4".^&20&%".20J".(".*"J95&04"+."*$"+/$*&+$+T"P4%"0$(04e".(".**$"04+4".2"I4%9$"k".2"2&("I4%9$e"x(4".2".204"2$*&%2."+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$y"

[43] Pero el cuerpo real existe sin existir, porque el cuerpo del tathagata31 nunca cambia.

;<=>'?-%&@-$,*%'@-,'!,0%'@-,'&%'5,1.,',!'-1%'6##$41'/',!.A')%#8%'+,'cualquier cosa real, sabe que su propia mente ni existe ni no existe…los budas ni crean ni niegan la mente.

H/"($0/%$*.F$"O%4O&$".2"<$D=$T"j".2$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$".2"*$"9.(0.T"j"*$"mente es el buda. Y el buda es el camino. Y el camino es la iluminación.

j".("*$"&*/9&($D&:("(4"?$k"($+$".^0%$4%+&($%&4"O4%7/.".2".204"9&294"2&(".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[77] Alguien que busca el Camino no busca más allá de sí mismo pues sabe que la mente es el Camino. Pero cuando busca la mente no encuentra nada. Y cuando encuentra el Camino no encuentra nada… Cuando se vive en la ignorancia existe la budeidad. Cuando eres consciente, no existe tal cosa. Y es así porque la conciencia es la budeidad.

,$"($0/%$*.F$"5r+&D$".2"*4"7/."(4240%42"**$9$942"&($+.D/$+$9.(0."*$".^O.%&.(D&$"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"E.D&942"&(

31. tathâgata nombre que se da a aquel que ha encontrado la verdad.

100


$+.D/$+$9.(0."O4%7/."(4"?$k"($+&."7/.".^O.%&9.(0.e"(&"($+$"7/.".^O.%&9.(0$%T"

>20$".2"*$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:("?/9$($e".20$".2"(/.20%$"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$T"Q/&.(.2"$?4)$(".2$"+&9.(2&:(".("2="9&2942"k".("40%42e".20J("$0.(0$(+4"D4(0%$"*$".2.(D&$"+."(/.20%$"D4(+&D&:(T"

Q/&.("%.D4(4D."2/"($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*e"<$D=$"+."04+$"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"+."04+$"2/5R.0&<&+$+"k"45R.0&<&+$+e"2."2&0r$".("*$"/(&+$+T"P4%".**4"$/(7/."$D0r.e"(4"$D0r$e"2/"?$D.%".2"/("(4N?$D.%e"2/"$DD&:(".2"O/%$")%$0/&+$+e"/(&+$+"7/.".2"5.(.<4*.(D&$"2&("D4(+&D&4(.2T

[59] En la India, los veintisiete patriarcas sólo transmitieron la impresión de la mente. Y la única razón por la que vine a China fue para transmitir la enseñanza instantánea del Mahayana: Esta mente es el buda.

[27] La enseñanza de los budas del pasado y del futuro es de mente a 5,1.,:'!$1'0*,"#-0%*!,'0"*'+,61$#$"1,!B

Iluminación o despertar

,$"&*/9&($D&:("4".*"(&%<$($"(4".20J("9J2"$**J"+."*$"9.(0."&(+&<&+/$*T"No es el estado de conciencia de nadie, no ocurre a nadie, porque no hay

($+&.T"d4"5/27/.2"/("5/+$"9J2"$**J"+.".20$"9.(0."0/k$T"d4"?$k"$*0.%&+$+"ninguna entre tu mente y el buda.

[35] Un buda no es un buda. No pienses en budas. Un buda es alguien que hace nada.”

M&"(4"2."$0&($"$"<.%"+."7/6"2.".20J"?$5*$(+4e"(/(D$"2."D4(4D.%J"*$"O%4O&$"9.(0.T"M&"(4"2."$0&($"$"<.%"7/."2."?$5*$"+.*"<$D=4"k"7/."7/&.("?$5*$".2"

101


<$D=4e"k"7/.".*"<$D=4"(&"9/.20%$"$*"<$D=4e"(&"*4)%$".*"<$D=4e"04+42"*42".2I/.%F42"2.%J("<$(42"O4%7/."2."94<.%J(".(".*"4%+.("+."*42"2/R.042"k"*42"45R.042e"+."*42".I.D042"k"*$2"D$/2$2e"+."*4"7/."($D."k"9/.%.e"+."*$"ilusión de la dualidad.

[73] La gente capaz de verdadera visión sabe que la mente es vacío, trascienden tanto comprensión como no comprensión. La ausencia de comprensión es verdadera comprensión.

Mediante la verdadera visión nada es visto y nada es no visto. Dicha visión penetra en todas direcciones sin ver: porque nada es visto; porque no es visto, se ve [en la forma]; porque es visto [la forma] no se ve. Lo que ven los mortales son ilusiones. La verdadera visión está desapegada del ver.

Ver nada, es percibir el Camino y comprender nada es conocer el Dharma, porque ver, no es ver ni no ver y porque comprender, no es comprender ni no comprender. Ver sin ver es verdadera visión. Comprender sin comprender es verdadera comprensión (pura comprensión). La verdadera visión no es sólo viendo, también es ver sin ver. Y la verdadera comprensión no es sólo comprender comprendiendo, también es comprender no comprendiendo. Si lo comprendes todo entonces es que no comprendes. Sólo cuando comprendes nada es verdadera comprensión. Comprender es ni comprender ni no comprender.

[27] Es imposible buscar la Iluminación o el nirvana más allá de la mente. Tu mente es el nirvana. Puedes pensar que encontrarás un buda o la iluminación más allá de la mente, pero ese sitio no existe.

102


[35] Para alcanzar la iluminación debes ver tu propia naturaleza. A menos que veas tu propia naturaleza, toda esa conversación sobre causa y efecto es una tontería. Un buda está liberado de causa y efecto. Decir que alcanza algo es calumniarlo. La naturaleza de su mente está básicamente vacía.

[37] Alcanzar la iluminación sin ver la propia naturaleza es imposible.

[75] Cuando la mente no existe, tanto comprender como no comprender son verdad. Cuando la mente existe, comprender y no comprender son falsos.

Quien sepa que nada depende de nada habrá encontrado el Camino. Y quien sepa que la mente depende de nada siempre está en el lugar de la iluminación.

M."O%4O4(."/($"&(+$)$D&:("D4("*$"%$F:("?$20$"D49O%.(+.%"*$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$"+."04+4"k"7/.".2$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$".2".*"5/+$T">204".2"/0&*&F$%"*$"%$F:("O$%$"2$*&%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[7579] El desapego es iluminación porque niega las apariencias.

…

Ver la forma sin ser corrompido por la forma o escuchar un sonido sin ser corrompido por el sonido es la liberación. Los ojos y los oídos que no se aferran a las formas son las puertas del zen. Aquellos que perciben la existencia y la naturaleza de los fenómenos y permanecen sin aferrarse son liberados.

P.%D&5&%".*"<$D=4".2"2.%"<$D=4T"M:*4"+.2O.%0$(+4"+.*"2/.4"+."D%..%2."$*)/&.("<.(&+4"$".20."9/(+4"k"7/."/("+=$"+.5."O$%0&%e"O/.+."D4(4D.%2."

103


y percibirse la sutilidad de nuestra naturaleza propia, que es el absoluto

<$D=4T">2$".2"*$"O%.0.(2&:("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$".("-4+?&+harma.

,$"&*/9&($D&:(e".*"(&%<$($".2"*$"r(&D$"*&5.%0$+e"*$"7/."+.R$"7/."04+4"2.$e"0$*"D494".2e"2&("$I.%%$%2."$"($+$T"M&"04+4"2&9O*.9.(0.".2e"2&("7/."O%4<47/."$O.)4e".*"D/.%O4"+.2O&.%0$"$"2/"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$e"7/.".2"+.2(/+.F"$524*/0$e"<$D=4e"($+$e"(&()/($"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"(&()/($"45R.0&<&+$+e"(&()/($"2/5R.0&<&+$+T"

[67] Liberarse uno mismo de las palabras es liberación”. “No crear $91"*%1#$%',!'&$C,*%#$41:'&%'1"'%D$##$41',!',&'1$*)%1%EB

,$"5/+.&+$+"O%4<&.(."+."/($"9.(0."*&5%."+."2/I%&9&.(04T">20$%"*&5%."+."2/I%&9&.(04"(4"2&)(&CD$".20$%"*&5%."+."+4*4%T">20$%"*&5%."+."2/I%&9&.(04"es estar libre de no aceptación.

[79] Liberac&:("2&)(&I$#%'1"',!.%*'!-F,."'%'&%'%D$##$41B'G"'H%/'".*%'liberación

[81] Cuando la mente alcanza el nirvana, no se ve el nirvana [pues suO4(+%=$"+/$*&+$+, porque la mente es el nirvana. Si ves el nirvana en algún sitio fuera de la mente, te engañas a ti mismo.

,$"&*/9&($D&:(".2"<.%"0/"<.%+$+.%$"($0/%$*.F$e"2&"(4"*$"<.2e"&(<4D$%"5/+$2e"%.D&0$%"2/0%$2e"?$D.%"4I%.(+$2"k"9$(0.(.%"O%.D.O042e"(4"0&.(."<$*4%"$*)/(4e".2"9J2e"0."9$(0&.(.".(".*".%%4%T"xP4%"7/6y"P4%7/."0."9$(0&.(.".("*$"+/$*&+$+T"H."9$(0&.(.".(".*"D4(<.(D&9&.(04"+."7/.".%.2"$*)/&.("haciendo algo.

104


[35] ¿Podría alcanzar la iluminación invocando a los budas, recitando sutras, haciendo ofrendas, observando los preceptos, practicando devociones o realizando buenas obras?

No, no no puedes.

¿Por qué?

I'J$'61%&5,1.,'#"1!$9-$,*%!'%&9"'!,*8%'#"1+$#$"1%&K'J,*$%'&%'*,.*$C-ción del resultado … Y mientras estés sujeto al ciclo del nacimiento y la muerte nunca alcanzarás la iluminación. Para alcanzar la iluminación debes ver tu propia naturaleza… Un buda está libre de causa y efecto. Decir que alcanza algo es calumniarlo.

M:*4"<.%"*$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$".2"*$"<.%+$+T"Q/&.("<."*$"<.%+$+"(&"nace ni muere porque no es nadie.

cb"G$*)%1%'!$91$6#%'1"'1%#$5$,1."'/'1"'5-,*.,B

H4+$2".20$2"$C%9$D&4(.2".20J("I/.%$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"$%%$20%$("I/.%$"+."04+$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

[47] El verdadero camino es sublime no puede expresarse mediante el lenguaje.

[31] La verdad es que no hay nada que encontrar. Pero para alcanzar una comprensión tal necesitarás un maestro y deberás luchar para llegar a comprender.

Nada que encontrar eso es el despertar, para descubrirlo hay que sudar.

105


Conclusiones sobre el uso de epistemología no mítica en el budismo chan

-4+?&+?$%9$"D$+$"$C%9$D&:("7/."?$D."*$"(&.)$"k"D$+$"(.)$D&:("7/."?$D."*$"$C%9$"O$%$"O%4<4D$%"*$"&(0/&D&:("+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*4"%.$*"9J2"$**J"+."04+$"O42&5*."&(0.%O%.0$D&:(T

H4+$"$C%9$D&:(".^O%.2$"+/$*&+$+e"*$"+/$*&+$+".2"/("?.D?4"&(0%=(2.D4"$*"*.()/$R.T"j"O$%$"(4"7/.+$%"$0%$O$+$".(".**$e"-4+?&+?$%9$"D$+$"$C%9$D&:("*$"/2$"O$%$"(.)$%"*$"$(0.%&4%T"M$5&.(+4"7/."(&()/($"I4%9/*$D&:(e"O4%"2.%"+/$*e"<$"$"%.2/*0$%"$+.D/$+$"O$%$"$O/(0$%"$*"<$D=4"%.D/%%."$".20$"estrategia para intentar anular la dualidad que implica cada aserción.

>204".2"%&)/%42$9.(0."+.2$%0&D/*$%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"

,$"D$%$D0.%&F$D&:("+."*$2"(4D&4(.2"D.(0%$*.2"5/+&20$2"7/."?.942"O%.2.(0$+4"?$D."O$0.(0."7/."24("/("O%4D.+&9&.(04"9.0:+&D4"O$%$"$*.R$%"*$"9.(0."k".*"2.(0&%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"E&D?4"+."40%$"I4%9$e"24("9604+4"O$%$"+.2$%0&D/*$%e"+."I4%9$"+.C(&0&<$e"*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"

'C%9$942"7/.".("*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"O$2$942"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"/($"(4"9=0&D$e"k"7/."O4%"D4(2&)/&.(0."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"0.(+%J"7/."O$2$%e"0$95&6(e"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"/($"(4"9=0&D$T"-4+?&+?$%9$"+.9/.20%$"7/.".**4"(4".2"24*4"O42&5*."2&(4"7/."?$D."9&*.(&42"7/."2."O%$D0&D$T"P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0."*$"<&+$".2O&%&0/$*".("*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2e"(4"O&.%+."($+$"$*"+.2*&)$%2."+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"2&(4"$*"D4(0%$%&4U"04+$"<.%+$+.%$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"0%$2*$+$%2."+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"40%$"(4"9=0&D$T"f"+&D?4"+."40%$"I4%9$".2"0%$2*$+$%".*"O.(2$%"k".*"2.(0&%"+."*$"D4(I4%9$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2e"$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"(4"%.*$0&<$"a nuestras necesidades.

106


,&5.%$%2."/(4"9&294"+."*$2"O$*$5%$2".2"*&5.%$D&:(T"8$20$"7/."(4"2."comprende que la liberación es liberarse de la dictadura que imponen las

palabras, que es considerar como real lo que nombran, no hay liberación.

Cuando uno se libera del criterio de realidad que imponen las palabras,

7/."(4"+$("O4%"%.$*"9J2"7/."*4"7/."O/.+.("45R.0&<$%e"2."*&5.%$"&(D*/24"+."2="9&294T"P4%".**4".2"R/20$"*$"$C%9$D&:("o*&5.%$%2."/(4"9&294"+."*$2"O$*$5%$2".2"*&5.%$D&:(pT

,$2"+4D0%&($2"2:*4"2&%<.("O$%$"2.$*$%"*$"9.(0.e"*$"($0/%$*.F$"4%&)&($*e"7/."/($"<.F"<&20$"+.R$("+."0.(.%"I/(D&:(T"1/$(+4"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".20J".("$D0&<4"*$"I/(D&:("+."*$2"+4D0%&($2"(4"0&.(."C($*e".("(&()r("949.(04"2."O420/*$"2/"+.2$O$%&D&:(T">("D$95&4"-4+?&+?$%9$"O%.2.(0$"*$2"+4D0%&($2"D494"9.+&$D&:("7/."+.R$"+."2.%"I/(D&4($*".(".*"949.(04".("7/."2."<."*$"O%4O&$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$T",$2"+4D0%&($2"24("D494"5$%D$2"que se abandonan cuando se llega a la otra orilla.

SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

En el resumen de su ponencia Cucarull recuerda que se ha elaborado

$"O$%0&%"+."*$"(4D&:("+.".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"+."14%5="k"+."2/"O*$(0.4"antropológico del doble acceso a la realidad propio de los humanos a

O$%0&%"+.*"?$5*$T"">*"2.%"?/9$(4".2".*"r(&D4"$(&9$*"D4("+45*."$DD.24"$"*$"%.$*&+$+U"/(4""%.*$0&<4"uEAv"4%&.(0$+4"$"*$"245%.<&<.(D&$s"k"40%4"$524*/04"2&("%.I.%.(D&$"$*"&(+&<&+/4"uE'v"7/."2.".(D/.(0%$"9J2"$**J"+."D/$*7/&.%"conceptualización.

>20."+45*."$DD.24"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"<&.(."+.0.%9&($+4"O4%"2/"D$O$D&+$+"+."?$5*$T"14(".*"*.()/$R."7/."9.+&$"(/.20%4"D4(0$D04"D4("*$"%.$*&+$+"*42"?/9$(42"$D$5$942"+."O%4)%$9$%"*$"&(+.0.%9&($D&:(").(60&D$"+."*$"especie.

107


En la antigüedad son los mitos los que desarrollan el papel de progra

9$+4%.2"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"4"9$(.%$"+."D4(D.5&%e"O.(2$%"k"2.(0&%".*"9/(+4T",$"O%4O/.20$"+."-4++?&+$%9$".2"/0&*&F$%".*"24O4%0."+.*"*.()/$R."?$20$"2/2"O%4O&42"*=9&0.2"k"2$*0$%"$*"<$D=4"+."D4(D.O0/$*&F$D&4(.2"O$%$"acceder al absoluto.

,$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2"(4"O4(=$(".("+/+$"*$"%.$*&+$+"D4(20%/&+$"a partir de lo que describen las palabras (mitos, rituales), mientras que

.("(/.20%$2"24D&.+$+.2"+."&((4<$D&:("2."2$5."7/."*42"D4(4D&9&.(042"24("D%.$D&4(.2e"D4(20%/DD&4(.2T">(".*"0%$5$R4"O%.2.(0$+4"2."/2$%J".*"D4(D.O04"+."o.O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$p"O$%$"$O/(0$%"$"".2$"O420/%$"7/."2420&.(."que con nuestras palabras construimos la realidad.

>*"45R.0&<4"+."*$2"$/04%$2".2"O%.2.(0$%"*42"+&2D/%242"+."-4++&+?$%9$"D494"/("O%4D.+&9&.(04"9.0:+&D4"O$%$"+.2$%0&D/*$%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"D4(20%/&+$"+.2+.".*"2/O/.204"7/."*$2"O$*$5%$2"+.2D%&5.("*$"%.$*&+$+"k"O4%"0$(04"1/D$%/**"k";%$(62"<.(".(".**42"/("O*$(0.$9&.(04"245%."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$"<J*&+4"O$%$"(/.20%4"0&.9O4T

-4+?&+?$%9$"O%4O4(+%=$"/("/24"O.D/*&$%"+."*$"9.(0.""9.+&$(0."$C%9$D&4(.2"D4(0%$+&D04%&$2"O$%$".<&0$%"7/.+$%"$0%$O$+4".("+.2D%&OD&:("$*)/($T"g("O*$(0.$9&.(04"C.*"$*"5/+&294"9$?$k$($".(".*"7/."2."$(&9$"$"&%"9J2"$**J"+.*"*.()/$R."k"O.(2$9&.(04e"9J2"$**J"+."+4D0%&($2"7/."24("sólo palabras y no el camino mismo.

>*"O$+%."+.*"5/+&294"1?$(e"-4+?&+?$%9$e"/2$"*$"(.)$D&:("k"*$"$C%9$D&:("245%."/("9&294"O/(04"O$%$"O%4<4D$%"&(0/&D&:(U"*4"7/."$D$5$"+."$C%mar es negado a continuación. Eso se muestra como un procedimiento

%&)/%424"+."+.2$%0&D/*$%"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

;%$(62"$$+."7/."*4"7/."2.".(0&.(+."O4%".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2".*"0%J(2&04"+.*"2.(0&%"k"O.(2$%"*$"%.$*&+$+"2.)r("(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"$"O.(2$%*$"k"2.(

108


0&%*$"2&("0.(.%".("D/.(0$"(/.20%$".20%/D0/%$"+."(.D.2&+$+.2T",$2"+4D0%&($2"2&%<.("D494"4%&.(0$D&:(".(".20."O%4D.24"O.%4"+.R$("+."2.%"I/(D&4($*.2".(".*"949.(04".("7/."2."<."*$"($0/%$*.F$"<$D=$"+."04+4"*4"7/."?.942"D4(20%/&+4"D4(".*"*.()/$R.T"""

3%$(D.2D$"H4II$(4".20%.($"*$"2.2&:("+."O%.)/(0$2"+&D&.(+4"7/."2&"04+4".2"#.(0.e"&*/9&($D&:(e"&(0.*&).(D&$e"M.%"x7/6"2.(0&+4"0&.(."*$"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"*$"$/04D4(D&.(D&$y",."%.2O4(+.";%$(62"$*/+&.(+4"$"*$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"+.*"5/+&294"7/."$+<&.%0.("7/.".2$"I4%9$"&(+&<&+/$*"4"$/04conciencia no es tal.

,4"7/."/(4"049$"O4%"$/04D4(D&.(D&$e"(4".2"+."/(4"O/.204"7/."/(4"9&29$"(4"*$"D4(20%/k.e"(&"*$").(.%$T"P4(.".*".R.9O*4"7/."2&"/(4"452.%<$"+.0.(&+$9.(0."2/2"O.(2$9&.(042"<.%J"7/."(4"?$k"$/04%&+$+"245%.".**42T"M.").(.%$(".2O4(0J(.$9.(0.T"'2=".*".%%4%".2"O.(2$%"7/."k4"24k"$/04%"+."o9&2"O.(2$9&.(042pe"+."o9&2"2.(0&9&.(042pT">(".*"5/+&294"2.".^O4(."que hay pensamientos pero no hay pensador.

E."$D/.%+4e"+&D."3%$(D.2D$e"O.%4".(04(D.2"xD/J*".2".*"2.(0&+4"+.".2."2.%"$(&9$*y"#4(02.""*."%.2O4(+."7/."?$5*$%"+."o2.(0&+4"+."2.%p".2"2/O4(.%"7/."$*)/&.("404%)$"2.(0&+4"$"*$".^&20.(D&$e"k".24"2.%=$"+/$*&+$+T"P.%4"en realidad no hay alguien ni hay algo ya que lo que damos por indi

<&+/$*&+$+.2".2"*$"D4(20%/DD&:("(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"4%&.(0$%(42"+."D$%$"$"*$"2/O.%<&<.(D&$e"$"0%$<62"+."(/.20%4"*.()/$R."T

14%5="&(0.%<&.(."O$%$I%$2.$(+4"$"-/+$U"x0."2&%<.".2$"O%.)/(0$"O$%$"?$D.%".*"D$9&(4y"x"0."<$"$k/+$%"$"2$*&%"+."0&y"d4"0."?$)$2".20$2"O%.)/(0$2"O4%7/."0."+.2<=$(e"+."*4"7/."2."0%$0$".2"+."O.%+.%"*$"&+.(0&+$+T"j"$$+."7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".2")%$0&2e"(4"0&.(."O4%"7/6"$*)/(4T">*"<$D=4"$524*/04"(4"0&.(."(&()r("2.(0&+4"O/.204"7/."D/$(+4"?$5*$942"+."2.(0&+4".2"%.I.%.(D&$(+4"+42"06%9&(42e".2"+.D&%e"D/$(+4"?$k"+42T""8$k"7/."+.2O*$F$%2."+."*$"5r27/.+$"+."2.(0&+4"$"*$"<&+$"O/.2".2$"O420/%$"9$(0&.(.".("O&."

109


*$"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+e"k".*"D$9&(4".2O&%&0/$*".2"2$*&%"+.".**$T">2".*"$524*/04"<$D=4"+."D/$*7/&.%"D4(D.O0/$*&F$D&:("O4%"0$(04".2"2&0/$%2.".(".*"J95&04"+4(+."(4"?$k"($+&."(&"($+$"7/."O/.+$"2.%<&%"$"($+&.T"

B/$("E&.)4"f%0&F"O%.)/(0$"D:94"7/.+$"*$"D4(+&D&:("?/9$($"%.*$D&4($*".(".20."O*$(0.$9&.(04"+."-4+?&+?$%9$T"14%5="*."%.2O4(+."7/."2:*4"/($"+."*$2"+&9.(2&4(.2"?/9$($".2"%.*$D&4($*e"*$"%.*$0&<$e"O.%4"*$"$524*/0$"ya no lo es.

f%0=F"D4(0&(/$".^O*&D$(+4"7/."O$%$"6*".2$"+&9.(2&:("%.*$D&4($*".2"*$"7/."(42"?$D."&(0.%+.O.(+&.(0.2e"+4(+."/(4"2."&+.(0&CD$"k"2."2&.(0."O$%0."+.*"D4(R/(04T"P4%".**4".2$"0%$(2I4%9$D&:("+.*"k4"+.5."+$%2.".("/($"%.+"24D&$*"7/.".2"*$"7/."+$"2.(0&+4"$*"2.%T"'2=".2"7/."<."7/.".20."2&20.9$"+."O.(2$9&.(04"5/+&20$e"(42"2.O$%$e"(42"+&2)%.)$e"(42"&(+&<&+/$*&F$T"M."O%.)/(0$"?$20$"+:(+."7/.+$("*42"+.9J2".(".2$"5r27/.+$"+."*$"&*/9&($ción, dónde queda el otro.

1/D$%/**"&(0.%<&.(."%.2O4(+&.(+4"7/."D/$(+4"+.2$O$%.D."*$"+/$*&+$+e"cuando no hay dos entonces la implicación con la realidad que nos rodea

k"D4(".*"40%4"(4"($D."+."*$"<4*/(0$+"2&(4"+."*$"$D.O0$D&:("040$*e"?$20$"*$2"r*0&9$2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2e"+."7/."24942"/(4T"1/$(+4"2."**.)$"$"".(0.(+.%"7/."(4"?$k"+42e"$*"<.%"(.D.2&+$+".("40%42"(4"?$5%J"40%$"%.2O/.20$"O42&5*."7/."*$"+."<4*D$%2."?$D&$".**42"k$"7/."<&<&942"7/."24942"/(4T"">*"9$0&F"2.".(D/.(0%$".("7/.""*$"$D0/$D&:("k$"(4"2.").(.%$%J"O4%"<4*/(0$%&294e"(&"O4%"<$*4%"60&D4"(&"O$%$"2$*<$%2."/(4T"'2="O/.2"*$"O%4O/.20$"5/+&20$"(4".2"+."$&2*$9&.(04T"-4+?&+?$%9$"*4"r(&D4"7/."7/&.%.".2"+.2O*$F$%"+."*$"D4(20%/DD&:(").(.%$+$"+.2+.".*"*.()/$R.e"k"*4"%.*$D&4($*"0&.(."7/."<.%"con esa construcción en la que hay dos tu y los otros. Este procedimiento

&(<&0$"$"(4"7/.+$%"$0%$O$+4".(".*"*.()/$R."k"+.2+."*$"(/.<$"D49O%.(2&:(e"$D0/$%T"E.".**4"<$"$"%.2/*0$%"/("?$D.%"2&("?$D.%e"2&(".2O.%$%"($+$"$"D$95&4e"/("<&<&%"2&("/("2/R.04"7/."0.()$"$*)4"7/."D4(2.)/&%T"j"2&(".95$%)4"uno no queda impasible.

110


')/20="2."$$+."$*"+&J*4)4"+&D&.(+4"7/."D/$(+4"14%5="?$5*$"+."*$"<.%+$+"<$D=$"k"*$"D4(.D0$"&(9.+&$0$9.(0."D4("*$"/(&+$+"k"D4(".*"$94%e"*$"%$F:("+.".**4"2.".(D/.(0%$".("7/.".*"$94%".2"*$"D4(.^&:(T",4"7/."?$k"+.5$R4"+.*"<$D=4e"+."*$"/(&+$+e".2".*"$94%T

#$%&@"2/)&.%."7/."40%$"9$(.%$"+."%.2O4(+.%"$".20$"D/.20&:("2.%=$"9.+&$(0.".^O%.2&4(.2"9/2/*9$($2"D494"*".2".*"r(&D4e"+4(+."7/&.%$2"7/."9&%.2e"2:*4"<.2"*$"I$F"+."'*Je"2:*4"*e"*$2"D42$2"24("2/2"2&)(42e"D$+$").204".2"*T"M&"9."+4k"D/.(0$"+.".**4"9."</.*D4"$*"40%4"$"D$+$"&(20$(0.T""Q/&.("2.O$%$e"7/&.("9."$*.R$"+."*42"40%42".2".*".)4T">*".)4".2".*"7/."(.D.2&0$"I%4(0.%$2"k"2.O$%$D&4(.2"O$%$"<&<&%T"M4*$9.(0."?$k"2.paración cuando aparece el ego incluso cuando se relaciona con el otro.

'O$%.D."*$"D/.20&:("+.*"D/.%O4"9=20&D4"+.*"O.(2$9&.(04"D%&20&$(4T"A.2O4(+.";%$(62"D4("/($"%.I.%.(D&$"$"*$"9.0JI4%$"?&(+r"+."*$"4*$"+."9$%T">*"D/.%O4"9=20&D4".2".*"9$%"k"*42"&(+&<&+/42"*$2"4*$2e"*$2"4*$2"24("9$%T"M:*4"O/.+4"<.%"9$%"D/$(+4"+.R4"+.".20$%"$0%$O$+4"O4%"*$2"4*$2T"f"+&D?4"D4("40%$"&9$).("$*"9&%$%"/($"24%0&R$"+."4%4e"7/.+4"$0%$O$+4".("*$"<&2&:("+.*"$(&**4"+.R$(+4"+."O.%D&5&%"7/.".2"4%4"k"24*4"4%4"D4("I4%9$T"8$k"7/."2$*&%2."+."*$"I4%9$e"?$k"7/."2$*&%2."+."*$"&(+&<&+/$*&+$+T

,$"2&)/&.(0."O%.)/(0$"*$"O*$(0.$"3$R$%+4"x<.%+$+.%$9.(0."-4+?&+?$%9$"?$5*$"+.2+."I/.%$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"4"?$5*$"$"O.2$%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$y"M/"O%.)/(0$"2/%)."+."7/."2&"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"2."$24D&$"$"*$"24D&.+$+"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e".(04(D.2"$"(4"2.%"7/."-4+?&+?$%9$"I/.%$"/("<&2&4($%&4"k"2."$+.*$(0$%$"$"2/2"0&.9O42e"6*".20$%=$"?$5*$(+4"$"O.2$%"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"*4"7/."O%4O4(+%=$"2.%=$"procedimientos para salirse de ella. Cucarull responde que todos los

9$.20%42"$O/(0$("$"*4"9&294e"$"2$*&%"+.*"k4e"+."*$2"O$*$5%$2T",$"<.(0$R$"+.".20."9604+4".("(/.20%42"0&.9O42".2"7/."2."0%$0$"+."/($"O%4O/.20$"$"O%45$%e"(4"?$k"(&()r("0&O4"+."D%..(D&$"$24D&$+$T

111


14%5="$$+."7/.".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"(4".2"&)/$*"$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$T",4"7/."2."?$"&+4"$C%9$(+4".("*$2"+&I.%.(0.2"O4(.(D&$2".2"7/.".("una situación cultural y de desarrollo económico basado en el cambio

*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"5*47/.$"*$"+&(J9&D$"+."&((4<$D&:(e"%.2/*0$"&($+.D/$+$T"j"0$95&6("7/.".(".*"(/.<4"D4(0.^04"D/*0/%$*e"k$"(4"O4+.942"$DD.+.%"$"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+.2+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T""

3$R$%+4"O%42&)/."O%.)/(0$+4"2&"*42"06%9&(42"+."<$D=4"4"9.(0.e"7/."O/.+.("%.2/*0$%"4O.%$0&<42"O$%$"(4240%42"+.2D4(0.^0/$*&F$+42"+."2/"9$%D4"D/*0/%$*e"%.2/*0$("0$95&6("&)/$*"+."4O.%$0&<42"O$%$"/("5/+&20$"D?&(4e"O4%".R.9O*4T"#$%&@"%.2O4(+."7/."O/.204"7/.".*"5/+&294"(4"0&.(."$O$%$04"9=0&D4e"7/."(/(D$"O%.0.(+&:"2.%"O%4)%$9$+4%"+."*$"D4*.D0&<&+$+e"(&"2.%"/("2&20.9$"+."4%)$(&F$D&:("+."<$*4%.2e".*"/24"7/."?$D."+."D4(D.O042"O/.+."D4(0&(/$%"2&.(+4"4O.%$0&<4"O/.204"7/."(4"+.O.(+."+."/("D4(0.^04"D/*0/%$*T"-4+?&+?$%9$"2."$O$%0$"+."*$"0.%9&(4*4)=$"$)%$%&$e"(.D.2$%&$9.(0."9=0&D$e"O%4O&$"+."2/"6O4D$"O4%".**4"2/"*.()/$R."+.R$"+."2.%"9=0&D4T"14%5="$D*$%$"7/.".*"5/+&294".20J".("/($"D/*0/%$"7/."0&.(."/("D49O4(.(0."$)%$%&4e"O.%4"2/"O%4O/.20$"<$"+&%&)&+$"$"2$*&%2."+.*"D4(0.^04"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("%.*$0&<$e"9=0&D$"+."$7/.*"949.(04T"P4%".**4"2."04%($("O%4D.+&9&.(042"aptos para sociedades postindustriales.

'9$(+4"452.%<$"7/.".20.".2"/("O*$(0.$9&.(04"%.<4*/D&4($%&4"k"7/."+.5.%=$942"$D40$%"9J2"*$2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"7/."0&.(.".("*$"$D0/$D&:(T"M45%."*$2"+42".O&20.94*4)=$2"$$+."7/."D$+$"<.F"24942"9J2"D4(2D&.(0.2"7/.".*"D4(4D&9&.(04".2"/($"?.%%$9&.(0$"O.%4".^&20."/($"(.5/*42$"245%."2&".2."D4(4D&9&.(04"D4%%.2O4(+."$"%.$*&+$+.2T"M4D&$*9.(0.e".(").(.%$*e"2.".20J"9/0$(+4"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$"/($"(4"9=0&D$T"f52.%<$"7/."2&"5&.(".*"O%4D.24"+."+&2I/(D&:("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$".2"452.%<$5*.".(".*"$2O.D04"%.*&)&424e".*"9$0%&94(&4".("*42"7/."*42"<$*4%.2"D4("2/20.(04"9=0&D4"2."D$.(e"04+$<=$"(4"?$k"D4(D&.(D&$".^$D0$"+."7/.".20$942".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T">**4"*."**.<$"$"D4(20$0$%"7/."(/.20%$2").(.%$D&4(.2"9J2"R:<.(.2".20J("+.29$(0.*$+$2"$^&4*:)&D$9.(0.T"'+<&.%0."

112


+.*"O.*&)%4"+."D$.%".("/("%.*$0&<&294"040$*"k"$524*/04"k"+."7/."*$"D&.(D&$"04+$<=$".20J"&(0.(0$(+4".(D4(0%$%"*$"2.)/%&+$+T

,$"+&2D/2&:("0.%9&($"$D4%+$(+4"7/."?$k"9/D?42"06%9&(42"7/."$r("+.5.%=$942"$C($%"+.2+.".*"D$95&4"+.".O&20.94*4)=$"D494""x$"7/6"(42"%.I.%&942"O4%".2O&%&0/$*&+$+ye"x40%$2"24("O42&5*.2ye"xD/J*.2"24(ye"x7/.".(0.(+.942"O4%"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$ye"x7/6".2"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*&5.%$+4%$y

113

Las identidades axiológicas a favor de la creación como articuladoras de grupos humanos

LAS IDENTIDADES AXIOLÓGICAS A FAVOR DE LA CREACIÓN COMO ARTICULADORAS DE GRUPOS HUMANOS

Juan Diego Ortiz Acosta

A manera de introducción

,$2"2&)/&.(0.2"*=(.$2"$54%+$(".*"$2/(04"+."*42"9&042"%.*&)&4242"k"2/2".O&20.94*4)=$2"$"O$%0&%"+.*"D4(0.^04"*$0&(4$9.%&D$(4"k".(".2O.D&$*"+."#6^&D4T"M."O$%0."+."*$"&+.$"+."7/.".("*$"%.)&:("(4"2."O/.+.").(.%$*&F$%"*$"D$0.)4%=$"+."24D&.+$+.2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"0$*"D494"2.".9O*.$".("*$2"24D&.+$+.2"+.*"O%&9.%"9/(+4e"245%."04+4"O4%7/.".("'96%&D$",$0&($"2."<&<."/($".(4%9."+.2&)/$*+$+".D4(:9&D$e"24D&$*"k".+/D$0&<$e"7/."?$D."&9O42&5*."?$5*$%"O%4O&$9.(0."+."24D&.+$+.2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04T",$"D/.20&:("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"2."$($*&F$"+.2+.".*"%.I.%.(0."+."*$"&)*.2&$"católica, que es la iglesia hegemónica en la región, y se argumenta en

el sentido de que la tradición religiosa se encuentra muy arraigada en

*$"D/*0/%$T"M&(".95$%)4e"2."$D.O0$"7/."?$k"/($"D%&2&2"%.*&)&42$"7/."0&.(."2/"O%&(D&O$*".^O%.2&:(".("*$"&(20&0/D&:("D$0:*&D$e"k"7/."620$"D%&2&2"(4"?$"%.27/.5%$R$+4"$r("*42"D&9&.(042"+."*$"%.*&)&:(T">("40%$2"O$*$5%$2e"*$"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:("7/."k$"2."$+<&.%0.".("40%$2"*$0&0/+.2e".("'96%&D$",$0&($"D49&.(F$"$".^O%.2$%2.e"O.%4"+."(&()r("94+4"2."?$").(.%$*&F$+4TM."%.D4(4D."7/."2.".20J("O%4+/D&.(+4"D$95&42".("*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"k"7/."0$%+."7/."0.9O%$(4"+&D?42"D$95&42"$*D$(F$%J("$*"D/.%O4"9=0&D4"+."*$2

114


%.*&)&4(.2T"M."C($*&F$"D4("/($"9&%$+$"$"*4"7/."O4+%=$"2.%"*$".9.%).(D&$"+."/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*$&D$"$"I$<4%"+.*"D/&+$+4"+."*$"1%.$D&:(T

La tradición como “patrimonio inevitable”

>("'96%&D$",$0&($"k"O$%0&D/*$%9.(0.".("#6^&D4"O4+%=$942"+.D&%"7/."*42"9&042"%.*&)&4242e"2.)r("*42"%.C.%."14%5="D494"o2&20.9$2"+."O%4)%$9$D&:("+."*$2"D4*.D0&<&+$+.2z".7/&<$*.(0."$"/($"O%4)%$9$D&:("+.*"O.(2$%e"del sentir, de la organización y de la acción de un grupo humano para

*$"<&+$e".("/($2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+.0.%9&($+$2e"2&.9O%."O%.&(+/20%&$*.2p\[ 2&)/.("2&.(+4"O$%0."I/(+$9.(0$*"+."*$"D/*0/%$"+."(/.20%$2"24D&.+$+.2T"M&"5&.("<&<&942".("/("9/(+4")*45$*&F$+4"k".("/($".%$"**$9$+$"+.*"D4nocimiento, la región latinoamericana, mayoritariamente sigue anclada

+."9$(.%$"D4(2.%<$+4%$".("*$2"D%..(D&$2"%.*&)&42$2e".("*$"0%$+&D&:("k"*$2"&*/2&4(.2T"M."O4+%=$"$C%9$%"7/."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"24("24D&.+$+.2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"$"9.+&$2e"."&(D*/24"2."O4+%=$"+.D&%".("$*)/(42"D$242e"7/."24("sociedades de la ignorancia, esto debido a que la desigualdad permea el

+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"%.)&:(T"P4%"0$(04e"2&)/."O%.<$*.D&.(+4"/("D/.%O4"9=0&D4"$(D*$+4"$"*$"0%$+&D&:("O4%7/."2&)/.(".^&20&.(+4"D4(+&D&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2"k"24D&$*.2"O$%$".**4T"f"2.$e"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"24("$r("/("O/(04"+."%.I.%.(D&$"9/k"&9O4%0$(0.".("*$"<&+$"+."*$2"O.%24($2e"O$%0&D/*$%9.(0.".*"D$04*&D&294e"7/.".(".*"9.%D$+4"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".2"*$"%.*&)&:("?.).9:(&D$e"$r("%.D4(4D&.(+4".*"2420.(&+4"+.2O*&.)/."7/."?$("0.(&+4".("*$2"r*0&9$2"+6D$+$2"*$2"&)*.2&$2"O%40.20$(0.2"k".<$()6*&D$2T">*"040$*"+."D$0:*&D42".("*42"ba"O$=2.2"7/."D4(I4%9$("'96%&D$",$0&($"$*D$(F$"$"]]c"9&**4(.2"+."O.%24($2e"*4"7/."%.O%.2.(0$".*"]cTa`"+.*"040$*"+."D$0:*&D42".(".*"9/(+4\\.

32. "1fA-he"#$%&$(4e"Hacia una espiritualidad laica. Sin creencias, sin religiones, sin dioses, Ediciones 8.%+.%e"-$%D.*4($"[__ce"OT"`mT

33. "P'Aw>Ae"1%&20&J(e"x'96%&D$",$0&($"k$"(4".2"D$0:*&D$y"P*/%$*&294"D/*0/%$*"k"%.*&)&424"D%.D&.(0.T">("América Latina Hoye"g(&<.%2&+$+"+."M$*$9$(D$e"M$*$9$(D$"[__me"<4*T"]be"OT"\nT"

115


H4+4"*4"$(0.%&4%"0&.(."2/".^O*&D$D&:(".("*$"I/.%0."O%.2.(D&$"k"O4+.%"7/."históricamente han tenido las iglesias y que se combina con el atraso

.+/D$0&<4"k"*$"+.2&)/$*+$+"D%:(&D$"7/."O$+.D.("*42"O/.5*42"+."'96%&D$",$0&($".("04+42"*42"D$9O42e"k$"2.$".(".*".D4(:9&D4e".(".*".+/D$0&<4e".(".*"$DD.24"$"*$2"(/.<$2"0.D(4*4)=$2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"k"40%42T"E.2&)/$*+$+.2"7/.".^D*/k.("$"9&**4(.2"+."O.%24($2"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"k"7/."2&)/.("2/9.%)&+$2".(".*"$0%$24"k"*$"&)(4%$(D&$T"P4%".**4"(4".2"D$2/$*&+$+"7/."*42"$($*&20$2"24D&$*.2"+&)$("7/."'96%&D$",$0&($"0&.(."*42"9J2"$*042"=(+&D.2"+."+.2&)/$*+$+"7/."D/$*7/&.%"40%$"O$%0."+.*"9/(+4T"oM4*$9.(0.".(0%."bm"k"[_"+."*$"O45*$D&:("*$0&(4$9.%&D$($")4F$"+."/("(&<.*"+."<&+$".7/&<$*.(0."$*"O%&9.%"9/(+4\]T"P4%".R.9O*4e"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."D45.%0/%$"+."*$2"/(&<.%2&+$+.2"O$%$".20/+&$(0.2"+."*&D.(D&$0/%$"**.)$"$*"m_".("'%).(0&($e"9&.(0%$2"7/.".("#6^&D4"$*"[]e"4"2.$e"7/."2:*4"m_"+."D$+$"D&.("R:<.(.2"O/.+.(".20/+&$%"/($"D$%%.%$".(".*"O$=2"+.*"2/%e".("0$(04".("#6^&D4e"2:*4"[]T

>(".*"D$24"+."#6^&D4e"9&04"k"0%$+&D&:("D4(0&(r$("2&954*&F$(+4"*$"%.$*&+$+"k"*."+$("/($"I/.%0."&+.(0&+$+"$"620$e"*$"D/$*"2."%.2&20."$*"D$95&4"+."6O4D$"7/."<&<.".*"9/(+4T"1494"+&D.".*"%.D4(4D&+4".2D%&04%"9.^&D$(4"1$%*42"#4(2&<J&2e"*$"0%$+&D&:("%.*&)&42$"2."?$"D4(<.%0&+4".("oO$0%&94(&4"&(.<&0$5*."+."*$"($D&:(pe"k"D:94"620$"o.2"O$%0."+."*$"2&()/*$%&+$+"$(0&)/$"7/."5/2D$"O.%2&20&%"(4"4520$(0."*42"$<$(D.2"+."*$")*45$*&F$D&:(p\m j"D:94"(4"<$"$"O.%2&20&%"*$"0%$+&D&:(e"2&"*$"O45*$D&:("2/I%."O45%.F$e"&)(4%$(D&$e"$5/24"+."O4+.%"k".^D*/2&:("N]c"+."*42"9.^&D$(42"<&<.("en la pobreza, por lo que entonces la sociedad misma ha necesitado

?&20:%&D$9.(0."+."/("$(D*$R."%.*&)&424"$(0.".2$2"I4%9$2"+."<&4*.(D&$"k"<$D=4"94%$*"7/."O$+.D.".*"O$=2T"

34. CORBÍ, Mariano, Hacia una espiritualidad laica. Sin creencias, sin religiones, sin dioses, Ediciones Herder, Barcelona 2007, p. 85.35. MONSIVÁIS, Carlos, Imágenes de la tradición viva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Fondo de Cultura Económica y Landucci, SA de CV 2006.

116


Ante los miedos y las incertidumbres personales y sociales los mitos

O%4O4%D&4($("2.)/%&+$+"k"%.O%4+/D.("I4%9$2"D/*0/%$*.2"+."D4%0."D4(2.%<$+4%"7/."*."+$("D4(0&(/&+$+"?&20:%&D$"$"*$"24D&.+$+T">*"O/.5*4"9.^&D$(4"2&)/."(.D.2&0$(+4"+."*$"%.*&)&:(e"&(D*/24"?$"*4)%$+4".^O4%0$%"*$"0%$+&D&:("%.*&)&42$"?$D&$">20$+42"g(&+42"D4("*42"W/R42"D4(0&(/42"+."9&)%$D&:(e"por lo que el primer mundo ha sido impactado por una religiosidad

O4O/*$%"7/."I4%9$"O$%0."+."*$"+&<.%2&+$+"D/*0/%$*"9.^&D$($T"'+4*I4"1$20$:("u[__`v"+.2D%&5."*$"D/*0/%$"9.^&D$($"+."*$"2&)/&.(0."9$(.%$U"o.("2/"2&()/*$%&+$+"k"$9$*)$9$".2"D494"/("$D/$%&4"+4(+."D4?$5&0$("promiscuamente la edad media y la ilustración, el paganismo y el cris

0&$(&294e".*"(&?&*&294"k".*"5$%%4D4".("/($"I/2&:("$"O%&4%&"$5&)$%%$+$"k"<$%&4O&(0$p\n.

Crisis de la iglesia o crisis de la religión

,42"D49O4(.(0.2"+."*$"D/*0/%$"9.^&D$($"k"*$2"+.2&)/$*+$+.2"24D&$*.2".20J("D4(0%&5/k.(+4"O$%$"7/."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:("(4".20$**."D494".("otras partes del mundo, o bien, se puede asegurar que dicha crisis no ha

0%$204D$+4"*42"D&9&.(042"+.*"D$04*&D&294"+.5&+4"$"*$"I/.%F$"+."*$"0%$+&D&:(e".*"%&04"k"*$"+.<4D&:(T"f"+.2+."40%4"O/(04"+."<&20$e"2."O/.+."+.D&%"7/."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:(".20J"O%.2.(0.e"O.%4"(4".2"+.2+."(&()r("94+4e"/($"D%&2&2").(.%$*&F$+$T"P4%"0$(04e"*42"9&042"k"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"2&)/.("<&<$2e"2/2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2"k"2/2".O&20.94*4)=$2e"*.R42"+."0%$(2I4%9$%2."2."?$D.("9J2"(.D.2$%&$2".("24D&.+$+.2"+4(+."*$").(0."(4"D/.(0$"D4("2.)/%&+$+.2"+."(&()r("0&O4e"2$*<4"*$2"7/."*."O%4O4%D&4($"2/"D%..(D&$"k"%.*&)&:(T">("#6^&D4e".*"D.(24"+."O45*$D&:("+.*"$4"[___"7/."%.$*&F:".*"L(20&0/04"d$D&4($*"+.">20$+=20&D$e";.4)%$I=$"."L(I4%9J0&D$e"

36. CASTAÑÓN, Adolfo, La tradición viva o la conquista del presente. En Revista de la Universidad de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 2008, núm. 52, p. 15.

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$%%4R:"D494"%.2/*0$+4"7/." cTaa\c de la población se declaró católica,

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14%5="O*$(0.$"7/."o*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"D4(0&(r$(".9O.$+$2".("0%$(29&0&%".*")%$("9.(2$R."+."*$2"<&.R$2"k"<.(.%$5*.2"0%$+&D&4(.2e".("94+.*42"D/*turales preindustriales, ligados a creencias, a subordinación mental,

94%$*"k"%&0/$*e"*&)$+42"$"2$D%$*&+$+.2e"R.%$%7/=$2e"O$0%&$%D$+4e"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("D42&CD$+$"+."2=954*42e"9&042"k"($%%$D&4(.2"2$)%$+$2p\`. Esta es R/20$9.(0."*$"I4%9$".("7/."2."0%$(29&0."*$"%.*&)&:("D$0:*&D$".("#6^&D4e"O$%0&D/*$%9.(0."O4%"*$".^&20.(D&$"+."/("D*.%4"$*0$9.(0."D4(2.%<$+4%e"k".2e"5$R4".242".27/.9$2e"D494"*$"24D&.+$+"2."?$"$O%4O&$+4"+."*42"9&042"que siguen modelando y simbolizando la realidad.

,$"2/O.%$D&:("+.".**4e"7/."&9O*&D$"O$2$%"$"<&<&%"/($"I."%.2&)(&CD$+$"4"$"*$"+.2$O$%&D&:("+."*$2"D%..(D&$2"%.*&)&42$2e"O4+%=$"&%2."+$(+4"$"O$%0&%"+."7/.".I.D0&<$9.(0."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"2."D4(<&.%0$(".("24D&.+$+.2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"k"2."+.("O$242"?$D&$"9.R4%.2".0$O$2"+."+.2$%%4**4".+/D$0&<4"k"D/*0/%$*T"P4%"0$(04e"2&)/&.(+4".*"?&*4"D4(+/D04%"+."*4"7/."2."?$"+&D?4e".("*$2"%.)&4(.2"9.(42"+.2$%%4**$+$2"D494"'96%&D$",$0&($e"&(D*/k.(+4"#6^&D4e".*"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$2"%.*&)&4242"2."O.%D&5."$"*$%)4"O*$F4".("*$2").(.%$D&4(.2"7/."<&.(.("k"245%."04+4"$"O$%0&%"+."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$2"&)*.2&$2e".("O$%0&D/*$%"*$"D$0:*&D$e">2"$?="+4(+."2."?$"D49.(F$+4"$").20$%"/($"O6%+&+$"+."*.)&0&9&+$+"+."*$"&(20&0/D&:(e"O.%4"(4"+."*$2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2"k"*42"9&042"+."*$2"%.*&)&:(e".2042"2&)/.("<&<42"k"I4%9$("O$%0."$r("+.".2$2"O%4)%$9$D&4(.2"D4*.D0&<$2"+.*"O.(2$%e"+.*"2.(0&%e"+."*$"4%)$nización y de la acción que imponen los sistemas de mitos.

37. INSTITUTO Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), Distrito Federal 2000.38. CORBÍ, Mariano, op. cit., p. 130.

118


'/(7/."0$95&6(".2"&9O4%0$(0."%.D4(4D.%"*4"7/."+&D."S&)&*e"7/."*$2"24D&.+$+.2".20J("O$2$(+4"O4%"/($"o+.20%$+&D&4($*&F$D&:(p"7/."2&)(&CD$"7/."*$2").(.%$D&4(.2"(/.<$2"D%.D.(".("/("$95&.(0."o.(".*"7/."k$"(4"2."*.2"0%$(29&0.("<.%+$+.2"&(+&2D/0&5*.2e"(&".**42"9&2942"2."2&.(0.("D$O$D.2"+."0%$(29&0&%*$2U"*$".20%/D0/%$"D/*0/%$*".("7/."2.".20J("I4%9$(+4"*.2".^&)."O.+&%"R/20&CD$D&4(.2"O$%$"0%$+&D&4(.2"u%.*&)&:("&(D*/&+$v"7/."O.%D&5.("D4("04+$".<&+.(D&$"D494"/($"D4(20%/DD&:("?/9$($p\aT"j".I.D0&<$9.(0.".204".20J"2/D.+&.(+4".("*$2"(/.<$2").(.%$D&4(.2e"$/(7/."+."9$(.%$".2O.D&$*".("$7/.**42"R:<.(.2"7/."0&.(.("$DD.24"$"*$".+/D$D&:(e"O4%"*4"7/."2."2&)/."2420.(&.(+4"7/."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".2"/("I.(:9.(4"$"9.+&$(4"k"*$%)4"O*$F4".(".*"D4(0.^04"*$0&(4$9.%&D$(4T

,4"$(0.%&4%"2."O/.+."%.I4%F$%e"D49.(0$(+4e"7/.".*"O%4D.24"+.")*45$*&F$D&:(".D4(:9&D$"?$"&+4"D4("O$24"C%9.".("*$"%.)&:(e"$2="D494"0$95&6("*$")*45$*&F$D&:("O4*=0&D$T"P.%4".("D$95&4"*$")*45$*&F$D&:("+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"+."*$2"(/.<$2"0.D(4*4)=$2"k"+."*$"D/*0/%$e"D$9&($"$"40%4"%&094"k"2.".(I%.(0$"$"&(20&0/D&4(.2"9/k"I/.%0.2"$(D*$+$2".("*$"0%$+&D&:(e"0$*.2"D494"*$"&)*.2&$"9&29$e"*$".2D/.*$e"*$"I$9&*&$T">204"O%4<4D$"7/.".*"D$95&4"cultural, y por tanto, la destradicionalización, sean muy lentos y no se re

)&20%.("D4("<&)4%42&+$+"(/.<42"O$%$+&)9$2"2&(".O&20.94*4)=$2"9=0&D$2T"

M&(".95$%)4e"*$"D%&2&2"%.*&)&42$"2."$+<&.%0.e"O.%4"D494"k$"2."+&R4e"(4"0$(04".("*$2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2e"*42"9&042"k"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"2&(4".("*$2"&)*.2&$2e".2O.D&$*9.(0.".("*$"D$0:*&D$T">204"k$".20J"O%.2.(0."k"*42"+&%&).(0.2"%.*&)&4242"*4"2$5.("k"*.2"O%.4D/O$T"'2.)/%$%"7/.".^&20."k$"/($"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:(".("#6^&D4"0.(+%=$"7/."2.%"$"O$%0&%"+.".20/+&42"O%4I/(+42"k"(4"2:*4"+."O.%D.OD&4(.2e"O.%4"?$5*$%"+."/($"D%&2&2"+."*$"&)*.2&$".2"9J2".<&+.(0."O4%"*42"+$042"k"I.(:9.(42"7/."2."O/.+.("$($*&F$%T"g($"9$(&I.20$D&:("+.".**4"?$"2&+4".*"D%.D&9&.(04"+."*$2"&)*.2&$2".<$()6*&D$2"k"O%40.20$(0.2e"O%&(D&O$*9.(0.".(".*"2/%.20."+."#6^&D4e"%.)&:("7/."O4%"

39. VIGIL, José María, Teología del pluralismo religioso. Curso sistemático de teología popular, Editorial Abya Yala, Quito 2006, p. 363.

119


D&.%04"%.)&20%$"*42"9J2"$*042"=(+&D.2"+."O45%.F$"k".^D*/2&:(T">2"$?="+4(+.".*"D$95&4"%.*&)&424"2."?$"D4(<.%0&+4".("/($"0%$(2I4%9$D&:("2&)(&CD$0&<$"7/."?$"&(W/&+4".("/("D$95&4"D/*0/%$*"%.O%.2.(0$+4"O4%".*"0%$(2&04"+."o/($"24D&.+$+"5$2$+$".(".*"94(4O4*&4"D$0:*&D4e"?$D&$"/($"24D&.+$+"7/."0&.(+."$"+&<.%2&CD$%2.".("06%9&(42"+."$+?.2&:("%.*&)&42$p]_. Es decir, .^&20."/($".2O.D&."+."O*/%$*&294"%.*&)&424"D%&20&$(4"7/."*."?$"<.(&+4")$($(+4"$+.O042"$*"D$04*&D&294T">*"+$04"+/%4"($D&4($*".2"7/."a"+."*$"O45*$D&:("D%.k.(0."(4".2"D$0:*&D$"um"D4%%.2O4(+&.(0."$"O%40.20$(0.2"k".<$()6*&D$2e"k"]"$"5=5*&D$2"(4".<$()6*&D$2]bvT"3.(:9.(4"7/."0$95&6(".20J"2&.(+4"9/k"%.D/%%.(0.".("*42"O$=2.2"+."'96%&D$",$0&($T

f0%4"+$04"+."&9O4%0$(D&$"7/."%.<.*$"*$"D%&2&2".("*$"&)*.2&$e"I/."*$"%.D&.(0."+.D*$%$D&:("+.*"D$%+.($*"9J2"&(W/k.(0."+."#6^&D4e"B/$("M$(+4<$*"h&)/.Fe"7/&.("$C%9:".("/($"D.*.5%$D&:("9$2&<$".(";/$+$*$R$%$e"7/."c_"O4%"D&.(04"+."*42"D$0:*&D42"k$"(4"<$("$"9&2$][. Esta situación es una .<&+.(D&$".9O=%&D$"+.*"+.D*&<."+."*.)&0&9&+$+"+."*$"&(20&0/D&:("k"*$"D4(2.D/.(0."O6%+&+$"+."&(W/.(D&$"+.*"D*.%4"245%."*42"D%.k.(0.2T">*"+$04"$(terior coincide con los resultados de una encuesta aplicada por el Centro

+.">20/+&42"+."A.*&)&:("k"M4D&.+$+"+."*$"g(&<.%2&+$+"+.";/$+$*$R$%$e".("+4(+."2."D4(20$0$".*"$*.R$9&.(04"+."*$").(0."+."*42"0.9O*42T">("+&D?4"estudio se les preguntó a 200 personas pertenecientes a la Diócesis de

;/$+$*$R$%$e"245%."*$"I%.D/.(D&$"D4("7/."$2&20.("$"9&2$"k"245%.".*"&(0.%62"7/."620$2"+.2O&.%0$(".("*42"C.*.2T">*"%.2/*0$+4"+."*$"O%&9.%"O%.)/(0$"I/.".*"2&)/&.(0.U"2:*4".*"\"$2&20."+&$%&4"$"9&2$s"[n"$2&20."D$+$"+49&()4s"

40. DE LA TORRE, Renée, Per!les socio-demográ!cos del cambio religioso en México. En Enlace expresiones de la sociedad civil, revista digital, 2006, Nueva Época, año 4, núm. 1. Dirección electrónica: http://www.organizacionessociales.segob.gob.mx/UAOS-Rev5/per!les.html41. Ibíd42. PÉREZ, Ignacio, Más de tres mil personas hicieron procesión por el Corpus Christi. En Periódico Público Milenio, Guadalajara 5 de junio de 2010, p. 14

120


b]"*4"?$D."D$+$"bm"+=$2s"[_"<$"$"9&2$"D$+$"9.2s"[m"2:*4"0%.2"<.D.2"$*"$4e"k"b["(/(D$]\.

Con respecto a la segunda pregunta relacionada con lo interesante de las

9&2$2e"*42"%.2/*0$+42"I/.%4("$2=U"$*"\`"+."*42"7/."$2&20.("*.2"%.2/*0$("9/k"&(0.%.2$(0.2s"$*"\a"O4D4"&(0.%.2$(0.2s"$*"m"($+$"&(0.%.2$(0.2e"k"$*"bn"$5/%%&+$2]]T"M&"2/9$942"*42"0%.2"r*0&942"O4%D.(0$R.2"0.(.942"/("040$*"+."n_"+."O.%24($2"7/."k$"(4"*.".(D/.(0%$("%.*.<$(D&$".*"&%"$".2D/D?$%"$"*42"2$D.%+40.2T">204"0$95&6(".2"/($".<&+.(D&$".9O=%&D$"+."D:94".*"D*.%4"<&.(."O.%+&.(+4"O%.2.(D&$e"&(W/.(D&$"k"?$"+.R$+4"+."2.%"una mediación imprescindible para seguir creyendo en la religión ca

0:*&D$T"g("?.D?4"%.D&.(0."7/."?$")4*O.$+4"04+$<=$"9J2".2$"2.O$%$D&:("O$/*$0&($".(0%."D*.%4"k"C.*.2e".2".*".2DJ(+$*4"245%."*42"$5/242"2.^/$*.2"$"9.(4%.2e"D49.0&+42"O4%"<$%&42"45&2O42"k"+&%&).(0.2"%.*&)&4242".("<$%&$2"O$%0.2"+.*"9/(+4e"+.20$D$(+4".(".*"D$24"+."#6^&D4".*"$2/(04"+.*"O$+%."#$D&.*e"I/(+$+4%"+."*42",.)&4($%&42"+."1%&204T"

M."?$("D4(R/)$+4"O/.2e"/($"2.%&."+."I$D04%.2"7/.".20J("9&($(+4"*$"D4(C$(F$"k"*$"<$*&+.F"+."*$"&(20&0/D&:("D$0:*&D$"k"2/"D*.%4e"%$F:("O4%"*$"D/$*"2."$C%9$"7/.".^&20."/("O%4D.24"+."D%&2&2".(".*"D$04*&D&294"9.^&D$(4e"O.%4".204"$"(&<.*"+."*$2".20%/D0/%$2e"+.*"O4+.%"&(20&0/D&4($*"k"*$"*.)&0&9&+$+"+."2/2"%.O%.2.(0$(0.2T",$"40%$"D%&2&2e"*$2"+."*$2"9.0JI4%$2e"*42"9&042"k"*$2"D%..(D&$2e".24"$r("2."9$(0&.(."C%9.".("*42"D%.k.(0.2T"M&(".95$%)4e"04+4"O$%.D."&(+&D$%"7/.".242"%.27/.5%$R$9&.(042"O4+%=$("D49.(F$%"$"O%.2.(0$%2."D4("9J2"D*$%&+$+".("*42"O%:^&942"$42"k"O%&(D&O$*9.(0.".(0%."*$"O45*$D&:("R4<.(T"1494"2."+&R4"$*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"O%.2.(0."0.^04e"*$"0%$+&D&:("%.*&)&42$"?$"2&+4"$"0%$<62"+.*"0&.9O4"/("oO$0%&94(&4"&(.<&0$5*."+."*$"($D&:(pe"O4%"*4"7/.".*"2/%)&9&.(04"+."(/.<42"O$%$+&)9$2"+."

43. CENTRO de Estudios de Religión y Sociedad, Encuesta sobre la doctrina social de la iglesia católica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 2010.44. Ibíd

121


D%..(D&$2"%.*&)&42$2"0.(+%J("7/.".2O.%$%"?$20$"7/."2.").(.%.("D4(+&D&4nes para ello.

'?4%$"5&.(e"$r("D/$(+4"*$"24D&.+$+"9.^&D$($"9$%D?$"$"%&0942"040$*9.(0."+.2&)/$*.2"?$D&$".*"+.2$%%4**4e"2."O/.+."$+<.%0&%"/("+&20$(D&$9&.(04"+."la comunidad creyente con el clero y su institución, por lo que se pudie

%$(".20$%").(.%$(+4"(/.<$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2"O$%$"7/."2."O%4+/FD$"*$"D%&2&2"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"D4("*4"D/$*"*42"9&042"+.R$%J("+."2.%".242"2&20.9$2"+."O%4)%$9$D&:("+."*$2"D4*.D0&<&+$+.2T">2."2.%J"0$*"<.F".*"+.%%40.%4"7/."*.".2O.%$"$"*$"24D&.+$+"9.^&D$($".(".*"D$9O4"%.*&)&424e"k".2"$7/="+4(+."2/%)."/($"O%.)/(0$"x.2$2"O%4)%$9$D&4(.2"D4*.D0&<$2"7/."&9O/24"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"7/6"0$(04"I/.%4("(.D.2$%&$2"O$%$".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2y"x7/6"0$(04"&(W/k.%4(".("D&<&*&F$%"*$"D4(+&D&:("($0/%$*"+.*")6(.%4"?/9$(42y">("06%9&(42"+."*$"C*424I=$"8455.2&$($e"*$"+/+$"7/.+$"+."*$"2&)/&.(0."9$(.%$U"x7/6"0$(04"+.*"O%&(D&O&4"+&<&(4"+.*"-&.("E&42"7/."I4%D.R.$".("*$"?&204%&$"?/9$($"D4(".*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"#$*"+.94(&4e"&(W/k:"O$%$"7/.".*"?495%."O/+&.%$"+.R$%".2$"D4(+&D&:("<&4*.(0$"+.".20$%"<&<&.(+4"/(".20$+4"+."o)/.%%$"+."04+42"D4(0%$"04+42p]my"

H$*"<.F"I$*0$"$54%+$%".*"O%45*.9$"+.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+."*42"$O4%0.2"+.".2$2"O%4)%$9$D&4(.2"D4*.D0&<$2"7/."%.O%.2.(0$("*42"2&20.9$2"+."9&042T"f"2.$e"7/6"2.%=$"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"2&"(4"?/5&.2.".^&20&+4".*".(I%.(0$9&.(04".(0%."*42"+42"O%&(D&O&42"+&<&(42"4"9J2"7/."?/9$(42"7/."2.$*$"14%5=U"o.*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"-&.("4"E&42"k".*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"#$*"4"+.94(&4p]n. Como 2.$*$".*"O%4O&4"14%5="o.2.".(I%.(0$9&.(04"+.")&)$(0.2"2."+$"$*"(&<.*"+."*$"?&204%&$"?/9$($T">("*$"?&204%&$"?/9$($"2.".(I%.(0$(e".("/($")/.%%$"2&("D/$%0.*T",$"?&204%&$"?/9$($".2"*$"?&204%&$"+.".2.".(I%.(0$9&.(04e".2"O/.2e"/($"?&204%&$"2$)%$+$p]cT"Q/6"2.%=$"O4%"0$(04"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"2&(".*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"-&.(e"+:(+.".20$%=$942e"7/6"0&O4"+."D%&2&2"D&<&*&F$04%&$".20$

45. HOBBES, #omas, Leviatán tomo I, Ediciones Gernika, Distrito Federal 2005, p. 130.46. CORBÍ, Mariano, op. cit., p. 90.47. Ibíd p. 91

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>*"D$24".2"7/.".("#6^&D4"2.".20J"<&<&.(+4"D4("9J2"D*$%&+$+"/($"D%&2&2"+."*$"&)*.2&$"D$0:*&D$e"7/."/($"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:(".("2=e"2&(".95$%)4e"D494"k$"2."$(40:e".204"O/.+."%.O%.2.(0$%".*"949.(04"?&20:%&D4"O%.<&4"+."/("+.2.(*$D."7/."*/.)4"O/+&.%$"$I.D0$%".*"D/.%O4"9=0&D4"+.*"D%&20&$(&294T"P.%4"$r("D/$(+4"*$"D%&2&2"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"(4"?$".20$**$+4e"2="2."<&2*/95%$("+.2<$%=42".("*$"$O%4O&$D&:("+."*42"9.(2$R.2"D*$<."+."620$2e"O$%0&D/*$%9.(0.".(".*"D$04*&D&294e"%$F:("7/.".^&)."%.W.^&4(.2"0.4*:)&D$2"7/."%.2&)(&C7/.("*$"I.T"

14("*4"$(0.%&4%"2."+.5.".(0.(+.%"7/.".^&20."/($".2O.D&."+."D4(0%$+&DD&:(".(0%.".*"2420.(&9&.(04"+."*$2"9.0JI4%$2"D.(0%$*.2"+.*"D$04*&D&294"k"*$"D%&2&2"24D&$*"+.2?/9$(&F$+4%$"O4%"*$"7/.".20J"$0%$<.2$(+4"*$"24D&.+$+"9.^&D$($T",$"24D&.+$+"2&)/."(.D.2&0$(+4"+."*$"%.*&)&:(e"(.D.2&0$"+."Dios, pero no necesita de la relación con el hombre. Es decir, el católico

.20J"<&<&.(+4"/($"%.*&)&42&+$+"9/k"D.%D$($"$*"9&04"k"*$"0%$+&D&:(e"O.%4"9/k"*.R$($"+."2/"D4(0.^04"%.*$D&4($*"D4(".*"O%:R&94"k".*"9.+&4"$95&.(0.T"M."<&<."/($"%.*&)&42&+$+"&(0&9&20$"+4(+."O%.<$*.D."/("<=(D/*4"D$2&".^D*/2&<4"D4("*4"/*0%$0.%%.(4e"%.*&)&42&+$+"7/."?$"2&+4"O%494<&+$"O4%"el propio clero y la institución iglesia sin medir las consecuencias de

.2$2"O%4)%$9$D&4(.2"D4*.D0&<$2"7/."$O/(0$("$"&(+&<&+/$*&F$%"*$"%.*&)&:(T

48. FORNET-BETANCOURT, Raúl, Interculturalidad y religión. Para una lectura intercultural de las crisis actual del cristianismo, Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito 2007, p. 54.

123


!"#$%&'%()*)%+',-#,.*,/#0

'"O$%0."+."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$"&)*.2&$e"2."<&<."/($"D%&2&2".("*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$2".(2.$(F$2"D%&20&$($2"k"2/"O/.20$".("O%JD0&D$T"P$%.D&.%$"7/.".2."$(0$)4(&294".(0%."*42"O%&(D&O&42"+&<&(42"+.*"-&.("4"E&42"D4(".*"#$*"4"+.94(&4e"*4".20J")$($(+4".*"O%&(D&O&4"+.*"#$*e".204"O4%7/.".("*$"24D&.+$+"2."O.%D&5."k"?$k".<&+.(D&$2"2/CD&.(0.2"O$%$"+.9420%$%"7/.".*"D/.%O4"9=0&D4"+.*"D$04*&D&294".20J"+.2I$2$+4"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/.".^&)."$O*&D$%"*$2"54(+$+.2"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"9J2"(4"%&042e"+.<4D&4(.2"k"0%$+&D&4(.2"7/."(4"R/.)$("/("O$O.*".("*$"D4(C)/%$D&:("+."/($"D4(D&.(D&$"D$0:*&D$"D49O%49.0&+$"D4("*4"7/."*."$D4(0.D."$*"2.%"?/9$(4"k"2/".(04%(4T",$"%.2&)(&CD$D&:("+."*$"I."0.(+%=$"7/."&%".(".*"2.(0&+4"+."%.D/O.%$%"*$"O%4I/(+&+$+"+.*"9.(2$R."+."D49O$2&:(e"I%$0.%(&+$+"k"24*&+$%&+$+e"O.%4"245%."04+4"+."?$D.%"&(+&<&2&5*."*$2"D%..(D&$2"k"O%JD0&D$2"+.*"D$04*&D&294T

>(".20$"40%$"O.%2O.D0&<$e"*$"&(20&0/D&:("&)*.2&$"0$95&6("?$"O%4I/(+&F$+4"2/"D%&2&2e"k$"2."+&R4e"(4"2:*4"?$"O.%+&+4"$+.O042"O4%".*"D%.D&.(0."9.%D$+4"+."O%40.20$(0.2"k".<$()6*&D42e"2&(4"0$95&6("?$"+.R$+4"+."2.%"*$"9.+&$+4%$"&9O%.2D&(+&5*.".(0%."*42"D%.k.(0.2"k"E&42e"k$"7/."*$"9$k4%=$"(4"$2&20."$"9&2$T"'?4%$"*$"D%&2&2"0$95&6("2."$?4(+$"O4%7/."*$2".(2.$(F$2"del clero no responden a las necesidades de una sociedad metida en un

04%5.**&(4"+."<&4*.(D&$e"D4%%/OD&:("."&(R/20&D&$T",42"D$0:*&D42".20J("$(0."una iglesia poco preocupada por el mundo terreno y por ello el escep

0&D&294"$(0.".*"D*.%4"k"2/"O$O.*"D494"%.I.%.(0.2"0.20&94(&$*.2"+.".2$"5r27/.+$"+.*"5&.(T"

,$"&)*.2&$"D$0:*&D$"k"2/".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"(4"O4+%J("2/52&20&%"O4%"9/D?4"0&.9O4e"2/2".%%4%.2e"2/"D4(2.%<$+/%&294"k"2/"O4D$"+&2O42&D&:("$*"D$95&4e"O/.+.("D%.$%"*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"O$%$".*"I4%0$*.D&9&.(04"+."(/.<$2"I4%9$2".2O&%&0/$*.2T",4".2O&%&0/$*"0$95&6(".2"/("D$9O4"+."(.D.2&+$+.2"7/."0&.(+."$"+.2O*.)$%2."9J2"$**J"+."*$2"I%4(0.%$2"+.*"D$04*&D&294"k"+."D/$*7/&.%"%.*&)&:(e"&(D*/24".("*$"24D&.+$+"9.^&D$($".^&20.("k$"2&(D%.

124


0&2942"%.*&)&4242".(0%."D$0:*&D42"D4("O%JD0&D$2"?&(+/&20$2e"5/+&20$2e"+."*$"(/.<$".%$"k".2406%&D$2e".(0%."9/D?$2"40%$2T">2"$*"C($*"+."D/.(0$2"%.D4(4D.%"*4"7/."+&D."S&)&*".("D/$(04"7/."*$"?&204%&$"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"es una continua interacción de sincretismos, y sobre todo, reconocer lo

7/."&(+&D$".(".*"2.(0&+4"+."7/."o04+$2"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"24("2&(D%60&D$2p]a. M&(".95$%)4e"$r("D/$(+4".2$2"O%JD0&D$2"k"%.*$D&4(.2".20J("O%.2.(0.2".("*$"24D&.+$+e"620$2"(4"+.R$("+."2.%"9$%)&($*.2"$(0."*$"?.).94(=$"D$0:*&D$e"O.%4"(4"+.R$"+."2.%"/($"?.).94(=$"D$%)$+$"+."9&042"k"0%$+&D&4(.2"D$%.(0."+."/($".(2.$(F$"+&$*4)$(0."D4(".*"9/(+4"D4(0.9O4%J(.4T"j"precisamente son las necesidades y problemas de este mundo contem

O4%J(.4"*4"7/.".20J".^&)&.(+4"%.*&)&42&+$+.2"k".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"D$O$D.2"+."%.2O4(+.%"$"*42"+.2$I=42"$D0/$*.2T

Espiritualidad a favor de la Creación

P4%"*$2"0.(+.(D&$2"7/."2."O.%D&5.(".(".*"+.5&*&0$9&.(04"O$/*$0&(4"+."la iglesia y su clero pasado de moda, no es de sorprendernos que en el

9.+&$(4"k"*$%)4"O*$F4"*$2"(/.<$2"%.*&)&42&+$+.2"k".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"*4)%.("O42&D&4($%2."k"+.("O$24"$"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+.".^O%.2&:("D4*.D0&<$2"."&(+&<&+/$*.2T",42"2&(D%.0&2942"O4+%=$("D4(<.%0&%2.".("/("D$9O4"+."atracción, al igual que el pluralismo religioso, pero de igual manera se

O4+%=$"O.(2$%".(".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"+."0&O4"$^&4*:)&D4T"M45%.".20."r*0&94"punto es interesante traer al caso una interrogante planteada por Robert

MT"8$%09$("oxO4%"7/6"*$").(0.".2"0$("5/.($"O$%$"4%)$(&F$%".*"9$*"O.%4"0$("9$*$"O$%$"4%)$(&F$%".*"5&.(ype".2"R/204".*"0.9$"+."*$".^&20.(D&$"?/9$($"I%.(0."$*"5&.("k"$*"9$*e"O.%4"0$95&6(".*"D49O%49&24"?$D&$"*$"1%.$D&:(".("04+$2"2/2"+&9.(2&4(.2e"*4"7/."O/.+."2.%"/(".R."+."$%0&D/*$D&:("+."*$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2e"+.2+."+.(0%4"4"I/.%$"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2T

>(".*"D$24"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"2."O/.+."D4&(D&+&%"D4("S&)&*".(".*"2.(0&+4"

49. VIGIL, José María, op. cit., p. 364.

125


+."7/."620$2"0&.(.("7/."D.(0%$%"2/"O$O.*".("?/9$(&F$%"$*"9/(+4T"od4"?$k"0$%.$"9J2"&9O4%0$(0."O$%$"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".("620$"?4%$"+."*$"?&204%&$"7/."*$"+."%.+.2D/5%&%"D4("(/.<$"*/F"k"(/.<$"O%4I/(+&+$+".20$"2/"9&2&:("?/9$(&F$+4%$p50T"M."0%$0$%=$".I.D0&<$9.(0."+."D/*0&<$%"*$"?/9$(&+$+e"k".204"(4"D494"$*)4"O%&<$0&<4"+."$*)/($2"%.*&)&4(.2"2&(4"D494"o/("+.2$I=4"/(&<.%2$*e"0%$(2<.%2$*"$"04+$2".**$2e"(4"+.5.%=$("%.D4%%.%".2."D$9&(4".("24*&0$%&4e"2&(4".("+&J*4)4e"D494"0$%.$"D49O$%0&+$"+."%.(4<$D&:(p51T"M."0%$0$%=$"O/.2e"+."+.R$%2."&(0.%O.*$%"O4%"*$"%.$*&+$+"O$%$"?$D.%"/($"O/.20$".("D49r("k"O4(.%".("O%JD0&D$"04+42"$7/.**42"<$*4%.2"2/5k$D.(0.2".("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"0$*.2"D494"*$"D49O$2&:(e"54(+$+e"I%$0.%(&+$+"k"24*&+$%&+$+e"O%$^&2"7/."O/.+$"&9O$D0$%".20."9/(+4e"O%$^&2"7/."%.2&)(&C7/."*$"I."k"%.2&)(&C7/."*$"O%JD0&D$"%.*&)&42$"k".2O&%&0/$*T

'?4%$"5&.(e"+.2+."/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*$&D$"k"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"*42"*$F42"%.*$D&4($*.2"7/."+.5.("&(0.%D4(.D0$%"*$2".(.%)=$2"?/9$($2"es el cuidado de la Creación, espacio y tiempo en donde estamos todos y

.20J"*$"H&.%%$"9&29$T">2$"049$"+."D4(D&.(D&$"+."7/."+.5.942"D/&+$%(42"por el bien de todos y porque es condición humana el amar, puede consti

0/&%"/("D$9&(4"2&)(&CD$0&<4"7/."(42"O.%9&0$"O.%D$0$%(42"+."7/.".20$942"I%.(0."$"2.%&$2"$9.($F$2"7/."(42"O/.+.("D4(+/D&%"$"+.2.(*$D.2"I$0$*.2T"j"$(0.".**4".2"&9O%.2D&(+&5*."<4*D$%"(4"2:*4".(.%)=$2e"2&(4"D$O$D&+$+.2"D%.$0&<$2"k"2.(2&5&*&+$+.2"O$%$"+40$%"$".20."9/(+4"k"$"*$".^&20.(D&$"?/9$($"+."2.(0&+42"O%4I/(+42"7/."O.%9&0$("+&)(&CD$%"*$"<&+$e"7/."O.%9&0$("%.2D$0$%"k".(%&7/.D.%"*$"1%.$D&:(T"E.2+."/($"O.%2O.D0&<$"(4"%.*&)&42$"*$"1%.$D&:(".2".*"9/(+4e".*"2.%"?/9$(4"k"04+$"I4%9$"+."<&+$".^&20.(0.e"k".*".(%&7/.D&9&.(04"+."04+4".**4"&9O*&D$"%.D/O.%$%".2.".2O=%&0/"D%.$+4%e"(4"+.20%/D0&<4e".2.".2O=%&0/"D49/(&0$%&4e"(4"&(+&<&+/$*&20$e".2.".2O=%&0/"+."2.(2&5&*&+$+.2e"(4"+."&(+&I.%.(D&$e".2.".2O=%&0/"+."R/20&D&$e"(4"+."$5/24e".2.".2O=%&0/"+."O$Fe"(4"+."<&4*.(D&$T"M&"24942"D$O$D.2"+."D%.$%".2O&%&0/$

50. Ibíd p. 37751. Ibíd p. 376

126


*&+$+.2".(".20."2.(0&+4e".2"+.D&%e"2&"24942"D$O$D.2"+."D%.$%"o.2$"I/.%F$"940&<$(0."9J2"O%4I/(+$"7/."$(&9$"$"*$"$DD&:(e"D.%D$($"$"*$"O$2&:("4"9=20&D$"7/."&(2O&%$"*42"&+.$*.2p52, estaremos en condiciones de tener .2O.%$(F$e"k"2.%J("620$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"*$2"7/."O/+&.%$("+$%"4%&).("$"(/.<$2"O%4)%$9$D&4(.2"D4*.D0&<$2"k"$"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+."4%)$(&F$D&:(T"M."0%$0$"O/.2e"+."D$95&$%"$D0&0/+.2"?$D&$"*$"1%.$D&:(e".2"+.D&%e"D$95&$%"el proceso relacional hacia la persona humana, cambiar el proceso rela

cional con el medio ambiente, cambiar incluso el proceso relacional con

E&42"+.2+."*$2"D%..(D&$2T"E.2+.".20$"O.%2O.D0&<$".20$942"?$5*$(+4"+."(/.<$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"+&$*4)$(0.2"D4(2&)4"9&29$2"k"D4("*$"%.$*&+$+e".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"D$O$D.2"+."0%$(2I4%9$%e"+."9.R4%$%e"+.".(%&7/.D.%"*$"<&+$e"+."D/&+$%"*$"1%.$D&:(T

8$D&.(+4"/("O$%$*.*&294"D4("*$2"&+.$2"+."14%5=e"O4+%=$942"+.D&%"7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"O$%$".*"D/&+$+4"+."*$"1%.$D&:("0&.(."D&.%0$"2.9.R$(F$"D4("*4"7/."6*"+.(49&($"oD$*&+$+"$^&4*:)&D$"?/9$($p"7/."0$95&6(".2"oD$*&+$+"60&D$e".2"D$O$D&+$+"+."D49O%49&24"24D&$*"k"O4*=0&D4"ke"245%."04+4e".2"D$O$D&+$+"+."2.(0&%"k"$O%.D&$%"=(0&9$9.(0."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."(42"%4+.$T">2e"O/.2e"60&D$"O.%24($*e"D49O%49&24"D4(".*"D4*.D0&<4"k"%&7/.F$"+."2.(2&5&*&+$+"D4("D42$2"k"O.%24($2pm\T">2$"D$*&+$+"$^&4*:)&D$"?/9$($"es la que hay que reconstruir desde una espiritualidad laica, calidad

$^&4*:)&D$"7/.".*"D$04*&D&294"(4"?$"2&+4"D$O$F"+."2420.(.%"k".(%&7/.D.%"debido a que lo ultraterreno y los intereses institucionales de la iglesia

?$("2&+4"*42".R.2"D$2&".^D*/2&<42"+."2/2"O%4D.242"+.".(2.$(F$"%.*&)&42$T"

g($"(/.<$"I/.%F$"940&<$(0."7/."$(&9."*$"$DD&:("O$%$".*"D/&+$+4"+."*$"<&+$".("04+$2"2/2"+&9.(2&4(.2e".2"0$*"<.F"*4"7/.".20J"$/2.(0.e"k".2"0$*"<.F"*4"7/."(.D.2&0$"*$".^&20.(D&$"?/9$($".("2/"D4(0&(/&+$+"?&20:%&D$T"M&(".95$%)4e"D:94").(.%$%"D4(C$(F$2"O$%$".**4e"D:94").(.%$%"D%.+&5&*&+$+e"

52. MARROQUÍN, Enrique, Otro mundo es posible. Justicia, paz integridad de la creación y vida consagrada, Publicaciones Claretianas, Madrid 2006, p. 199.53. CORBÍ, Mariano, op. cit., p. 195.

127


D:94"D%.$%"D.%0.F$2e"k"9J2"2$5&.(+4"7/."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"O$%.D&.%$"7/.".20J("O.%+&.(+4"*$"5$0$**$".("*$"5r27/.+$"+.*"5&.("k"*$"$%94(=$"?/9$($"k".D4*:)&D$T"M.%J"7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*$&D$"O4+%J"D4("2.9.R$(0."+.2$I=4e"4"2.%J"(.D.2$%&$"*$"D4(D&*&$D&:("D4("*$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"%.*&)&42$2"7/."O/.+$(".9.%).%"$"O$%0&%"+."*$"(.D.2$%&$"%.(4<$D&:("+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"k"2/2"&)*.2&$2T",4"D&.%04".2e"7/."$(0."*$2"$9.($F$2"+."*$2"$DD&4(.2"?/9$($2e"2."%.7/&.%."/%).(0.9.(0."+."I/.%F$2"?/9$($2"7/."$(&9.("*42"&+.$*.2e"k"$"O$%0&%"+.".**42e"2."D4(20%/k$("(/.<42".2O$D&42"D4*.D0&<42"O$%$".*"+.2.(<4*<&9&.(04"+.".2$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2"D%.$+4%$2"k"*$2"%.*&)&42&+$+.2"?/9$(&F$+4%$2"7/."2.$("D$O$D.2"+."$/040%$(2I4%9$%2.T"

P$%$"D.%%$%"<&.(.("$*"D$24"/($"D&0$"+."14%5=e"7/."+&D."*4"2&)/&.(0.U"

8.942"0.(&+4".*"?J5&04"+."5/2D$%"k".(D4(0%$%".("*$"%.*&)&:("$)$%%$+.%42"2:*&+42"O$%$".20$"<&+$"k"O$%$"*$"40%$T",$"(/.<$"I4%9$"+."D/*0&<4"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(42"+.R$"2&("(&()r("$)$%%$+.%4T",$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(4"O%.0.(+."4I%.D.%"$)$%%$+.%42e"2&(4".*&9&($%*42T",42"$)$%%$+.%42"O$%$"(/.20%$"<&+$"D40&+&$($"0.(+%.942"7/."D4(20%/=%(42*42"(4240%42"9&2942e"D4("(/.20%42"O%4O&42"9.+&42"k"D4("*$"D$*&+$+e"7/."D494"O.%24($2"k"D494"D4*.D0&<42e"?$k$942"$*D$(F$+4m]T

Conclusiones

El desarrollo de la cultura y de las sociedades del conocimiento tarde

7/."0.9O%$(4"94+&CD$%J("*$2".O&20.94*4)=$2"9=0&D$2".("'96%&D$",$0&($e"O%4+/D&6(+42."0$*"<.F"/($"D%&2&2").(.%$*&F$+$"+."*$"%.*&)&:("D$0:*&D$".("*$"%.)&:(T"P.%4"9&.(0%$2".204"2/D.+.e"*$"D%&2&2"7/."<&<."*$"&)*.2&$".20J"+$(+4"O$/0$2"O$%$".*"2/%)&9&.(04"+."(/.<42"D$9O42"+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2e"9/D?42"+.".**42"+."D$%JD0.%"2&(D%60&D4"k"40%42"

54. Ibíd p. 199.

128


$*0.%($0&<42T"'2&9&294e"2.".20J"D4(C)/%$(+4"/("O*/%$*&294"%.*&)&424"cristiano y un distanciamiento de miles de católicos con respecto a

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130


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131


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132


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133


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crisis de las instituciones son otras; la crisis comenzó antes de esa de

5&*&0$D&:(T"M&"*$"<&0$*&+$+"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"+.O.(+&.%$"+.*"D49O%49&24"24D&$*e"*$"%.$*&+$+"2.%=$"9/k"40%$e"$"0.(4%"+."*42"(/9.%4242"9J%0&%.2"O4%"*$"R/20&D&$"7/."2."?$("+$+4TTT"

3%$(D.2D$"H4F$(4"2.$*$"7/.e"D494"9=(&94".("#6^&D4"O.%4"(4"2:*4e"*$"0%$9$"24D&$*".2"9/D?4"9J2"D49O*.R$"7/."*$"+&<&2&:(".(0%."%&D42"k"O45%.2e".("/($"9&29$"I$9&*&$"2."<&<.("949.(042"24D&4.D4(:9&D42"+&20&(042e"O%.2.(D&$"+."+&20&(0$2"D*$2.2e"$DD.242"+&<.%242"$"*4"%.*&)&424s"?$5%=$"9/D?4"7/.".20/+&$%"O4%"$?=T">(".*"J95&04"+."*$"0.4*4)=$"$*)4"?$k"uO.%4"O4D4v"+."0.4*4)=$"+.*"O*/%$*&294s"*$"9$k4%"D%.$0&<&+$+"2.".20J"+$(+4".("*$"0.4*4)=$"I.9&(&20$e"*4"D/$*"(4".2".^0%$4"+$+$"*$"O4D$"k"%.D&.(0."&(D4%O4%$D&:("+."*$"9/R.%"$"*$"%.W.^&:("0.4*:)&D$e"O.%4"%.$*9.(0."?$D."I$*0$"+$%2."O%&2$"k"$5%&%2."$"*$"7/.".2"*$"%.$*&+$+"%.*&)&42$"D4(0.9O4%J(.$"k"(4"7/.+$%2.".("+.5$0.2"+.*"O$2$+4T">(0%."*42"D49.(0$%&42"C($*.2"+."*$"2.2&:("2."%.D4)."*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."D4(D%.0$%"9J2"7/6".2"*4"7/."2.".(0&.(+."O4%"oD$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$p"k".*"&(0.%62"+."$($*&F$%"D4&(D&+.(D&$2"k"+&I.%.(D&$2".(0%."620$"k"*$"4I.%0$"*&5.%$+4%$"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"7/."&9O/*2$"*$"0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(T"

135

Las sociedades de conocimiento desde sus creadores y sus consecuencias...

LAS SOCIEDADES DE CONOCIMIENTO DESDE SUS CREADORES Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS SOBRE LA EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA

Jaume Agustí Cullell 55

Introducción

Dada la sutilidad de la DA, de la que todo lo que se pueda decir no es su

<.%+$+e"(4"%.2/*0$"IJD&*"?$5*$%"+.*"C("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"u>#ve""k"D4("9J2"940&<4""O4%7/."04+$<=$"(4"?$"D/$R$+4".("9&"D4(D&.(D&$"+."I4%9$"D*$%$""*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"u>(4#vT""P4%".**4e"(4"?."2$5&+4".^O%.2$%9."D4("2/CD&.(0."D*$%&+$+"k""$"0%$<62"+.".R.9O*42T">2O.%4""7/."*$"+.(2&+$+"+.".20$2"OJ)&($2"(4"*$2"D4(<&.%0$".("/(")$*&9$0=$2"&(&(0.*&)&5*.T"'+.9J2"O42&5*.9.(0."2."9."?$k$("D4*$+4"%.O.0&D&4(.2"&((.D.2$%&$2e"".%%4%.2e"&().(/&+$+.2""k".^$).%$D&4(.2"+."(.:C04".(".*"0.9$T">20$"D49/(&D$D&:(""+.5."D4(2&+.%$%2."D494"/("54%%$+4%"+.*"$%0=D/*4"7/."7/&FJ2"$*)r("+=$"2.%JT">("2/".20$+4"$D0/$*".2"9J2"/("D4*$)."+."(40$2"7/."una argumentación bien desarrollada, coherente y estructurada sobre

.*"0.9$"O%4O/.204T"P4%"40%$"O$%0.e"?."$+4O0$+4"2&("9J2".^O*&D$D&4(.2e".*"*.()/$R."/2$+4".(".*"1>HA"O$%$"?$5*$%"+.".2042"0.9$2e".2O.D&$*9.(0."2/"I4%9/*$D&:(".("06%9&(42"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("%.*$0&<$"k"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."(/.20%$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"EA"k"E'"%.2O.D0&<$9.(0.T""

53. IIIA-CSIC. Campus UAB. E-08193 Bellaterra. [email protected]

136

Jaume Agustí Collell

#&"D4(0%&5/D&:("2&"5&.(""&(0.(0$%J"0.(.%".("D/.(0$""*$2"+&CD/*0$+.2"9.(D&4($+$2"k""*$2"D4(0%&5/D&4(.2"$D$+69&D$2"+."*$"C*424I=$"+."*$"D&.(D&$"k"+."*$"0.D(4*4)=$"%.*$D&4($+$2"D4(""(/.20%4""0.9$e".20$"D49/(&D$D&:("(4"2."O/.+.""2&0/$%"$"(&<.*"$D$+69&D4e"2&(4"9$2"5&.("$"(&<.*"+."9.+&0$D&:(e"+."O$0.(D&$"k"%.W.^&:(""O.%24($*"D494"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4"245%."*$2"0.(2&4nes y posibles o aparentes contradicciones en la comprensión y, aunque

.("9.(4%")%$+4e".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."$95$2"+&9.(2&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e".("

.*"&(0.(04"+."2/O.%$%"*$">#s"u<6$2.".*"$%0=D/*4"+."#$%&@"14%5="".(".20."9&294"<4*/9.(vT"

>*"0.9$"+."*$"D49/(&D$D&:(")&%$".("04%(4""$"D494"*$"0.D(4*4)=$"&(W/k.".("(/.20%$"D4(D&.(D&$e"$"O$%0."+."2/"O4+.%"+."0%$(2I4%9$D&:("+.*"9/(+4T"f"9.R4%e"9&"0.9$"2.%=$"D/$*".2"*$"(/.<$"D4(D&.(D&$"7/."O.%9&0$"/("+.2$%%4**4"2$(4"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"+.2O/62"+."7/.""*$"/(&:("7/."2."+&4".(0%."&(0.%&4%"k".^0.%&4%"N%40$"O4%"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"N""k$"(4".2"O42&5*.T"E.".(0%$+$"k$"2$5.942"7/.".20$"(/.<$"D4(D&.(D&$"(4"".2"$/049J0&D$"+$+$"*$"2&0/$D&:("$D0/$*"+."D4*$O24"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"k""+.""D%&2&2"$^&4*:)&D$T

#&"O/(04"+."O$%0&+$".2"*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("7/."#$%&@"14%5="?$"?.D?4"+."nuestra situación y de cómo hemos llegado a ella y el proyecto del CETR

como respuesta a esta situación.

Nuestra situación actual sin referencias absolutas

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"u>(4#v"4".*"C("+."*$">#".2"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"O*.($"+."(/.20%$"2&0/$D&:("$D0/$*e"2&("%.I.%.(D&$2"$524*/0$2".^0.%($2"$"(4240%42"9&2942e"2&("/("E&42"2.%"2/O%.94"04+4O4+.%424".("7/."%.I/)&$%(42e"(&"($0/%$*.F$"7/."O/.+$"2.%<&%"+."D4(0.^04"94%$*e"(&"%$F:("4"D&.(D&$"7/."O/.+$".R.%D.%"+.")/=$"2.)/%$T">2"+.D&%e"2&("7/."(&()/(4"+.".**42""O/.+$"I/(+$9.(0$%e"(&"+$%")$%$(0=$2"(&"2.)/%&+$+.2""O$%$"*$"D%.$D&:("+."$^&4*4)=$2"+.2+."+4(+."4%&.(0$%"k".<$*/$%"(/.20%$2"$DD&4(.2"k""O4+.%"controlar nuestro poder depredador, que ahora tiene alcance planetario.

137


¿Cómo hemos llegado hasta aquí?

E&D?4"D4("*$"9J^&9$"5%.<.+$+e"*42""9604+42e""""94+.*42"k"06D(&D$2"%$D&4($*.2e"4O.%$D&4($*.2"4"&(20%/9.(0$*.2""+.2$%%4**$+42"O4%"*$"C*424I=$"*$2"D&.(D&$2"k"*$2"0.D(4*4)=$2e"(42"?$("O.%9&0&+4"D/5%&%"(/.20%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"9$0.%&$*.2"."&(0.*.D0/$*.2T"d4".2"+.".^0%$$%""7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2.$"<&20$"D494"/("&(20%/9.(04"k"/("2=954*4"+."(/.20%4"5&.(.20$%e"+."*&5.%0$+"?/9$($e"245%.04+4"2&"620$"2.".(0&.(+."%.20%&D0&<$9.(0."D494"capacidad de elegir dentro de un orden, como liberación de necesidades

y contingencias. El resultado es que la tecnociencia ha suplantado la

I/(D&:("O%4)%$9$+4%$"+.""*$2".20%/D0/%$2"9=0&D$2e"<&20$2"$?4%$"(4"D494"2$)%$+$2"2&(4"D494"94+.*&F$+4%$2""$"(&<.*"$^&4*:)&D4"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2".20J0&D$2"O%.N&(+/20%&$*.2T"E/%$(0."*$".0$O$"&(+/20%&$*e"".2042"94+.*42"%$D&4($*.2".("2/".(I%.(0$9&.(04"+&$*6D0&D4"D4("*42"9&*.($%&42"94+.*42"9=0&D42e""**.<:"$".%&)&%"$"*42"O%&9.%42e"".("(/.<$2"%.I.%.(D&$2"$524*/0$2"$"0%$<62"+."&+.4*4)=$2"4"D%..(D&$2"*$&D$2T"M&(".95$%)4e"*$"O%4O&$"+&(J9&D$"$D.*.%$+$"+.""&((4<$D&:("D&.(0=CD$"k"0.D(4*:)&D$"(42"**.<$"$"$5$(+4($%"todo tipo de creencias, religiosas o laicas, por incompatibles con esta

(/.<$"+&(J9&D$"24D&$*T"";%$D&$2"$".204"k"$"*$".20.%&*&+$+"$^&4*:)&D$"+."*$2"D&.(D&$2"7/."<.%.942"9J2"$+.*$(0.e"2."?$"$5&.%04"*$"O42&5&*&+$+""+."/("D/*0&<4"$/0:(494"+."*$"E'e"(4"249.0&+4"$*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAT""">20$"$/04(49=$"+."*$"E'".2"/($"4O4%0/(&+$+"O.%4"0$95&6("/("0.%%&5*."%&.2)4"+."&)(4%$%".20$"+&9.(2&:(T"H$95&6("2."?$"O/.204"$2="+."%.*&.<.".*"D$%JD0.%""94+.*$+4%"+."*$2"D&.(D&$2"k"*$2"0.D(4*4)=$2e"<&20$2"$(0.%&4%9.(0.""+.(0%4"+."/($">#"*$&D$"D494"+.2D%&OD&4(.2"."&(20%/9.(042"9J2"4"9.(42"<.%42=9&*.2"k"(./0%42"%.2O.D04"$"*$"%.$*&+$+T"",$"D%.$D&:("+."94+.*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"5$2$+42".^D*/2&<$9.(0.".("*$"&(I4%9$D&:(e"2&("%.I.%.(D&$"45*&)$+$"$"*$"($0/%$*.F$e"O4%".R.9O*4"*$"**$9$+$"%.$*&+$+"<&%0/$*e"?$"O/.204".(".<&+.(D&$"*$"D4(<.(&.(D&$"+."$5$(+4($%"*$">#T"""M&(".95$%)4e"D494"&%.942"&(2&20&.(+4"9J2"$+.*$(0.e""2&"5&.(""$?4%$".20J"D*$%$""*$"O42&5&*&+$+"k"D4(<.(&.(D&$""+."""/($"D&.(D&$"k"0.D(4*4)=$""2&("O%.0.(2&4(.2"+."D49O%.(+.%"k"+.2D%&5&%"""*$"%.$*&+$+e"04+$<=$".20J("<&<$2"k"I/.%0.2"D&.%0$2"

138


(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+."O.%<&<.(D&$"+."*$">#".("*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("D49r("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"O.%4"0$95&6(".("2/"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+.(0%4"+.*"9/(+4"D&.(0=CD4T

P4%".R.9O*4e"04+$<=$".("D=%D/*42"D&.(0=CD42""&(W/k.(0.2".("gM'"2."D%.."que la ciencia describe la realidad tal cual es y se plantean preguntas

como las siguientes, que demuestran no haber entendido nuestra situa

D&:(U"xO/.+."*$"D&.(D&$"$k/+$%(42""$"D%.$%""(/.<$2"($%%$0&<$2"%$D&4($*.2e"0$("O460&D$2"k"O4+.%42$2"D494"*$2"7/."?$("2420.(&+4"*$2"24D&.+$+.2"0%$+&D&4($*.2y"xP4+.942"0%$0$%"$"*$"%.*&)&:("D494"/("I.(:9.(4"($0/%$*y""xP4+.942"2.%"5/.(42"2&("E&42y"

El proyecto del CETR

>20$"<&2&:("+."*$"O42&5&*&+$+"k"(.D.2&+$+""+."D/*0&<4"$/0:(494"+."*$"E'""(42"*$"?$"&+4"+$(+4e"D4("04+$"%&7/.F$"+."+.0$**."k"I/(+$9.(0$D&:("D%=0&D$e"#$%&@"14%5="$"*4"*$%)4"+."2/2".2D%&042"5$R4"*42"(495%.2"+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*$&D$""k"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$"u18PvT"

El proyecto del CETR me ha permitido entender –superando antiguas y

+/%$+.%$2"0.(2&4(.2".(0%."9&"&(0/&D&:(".2O&%&0/$*"k"9&"O%JD0&D$"D&.(0=CD$"7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"(4"0&.(."O4%7/."2.%"O.%<.%2$"D4(0%$%&$"$*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'""2&(4"7/."620$".2"O42&5*.".^O%.2$%*$"k"D/*0&<$%*$""+."9$(.%$""&(+.O.(+&.(0."k"$D.O0$5*."$"D&.(0=CD42"k"0.D(:*4)42T"

>20$"&(0.%<.(D&:(".2"/("&(0.(04"+."2&0/$%"k"D*$%&CD$%"9&"D4*$54%$D&:("como aprendiz dentro de este ambicioso y creo que genial proyecto del

1>HAT""#&"$2O&%$D&:("2.%=$"O4+.%"?$5*$%"+.".2042"0.9$2"D4("9&2"D49O$.%42"D&.(0=CD42"k"0.D(:*4)42".("/("*.()/$R."7/.""$/(7/."I4%F42$9.(0."+&I.%.(0."$*"D&.(0=CD4e"O/.+$"2.%"$D.O0$5*."O4%".**42T

139


Algunos componentes y características de la tecnociencia

Situar la ciencia y la tecnología

En general se trata de situar nuestras necesidades y deseos en su lugar

+.(0%4"+."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"?/9$($e".2"+.D&%e"7/.".*"D/*0&<4"+."EA"(4"2."$524*/0&D.""&9O&+&.(+4"$2="".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'"2&(4"04+4"*4"D4(0%$%&4T"",$"D&.(D&$"k"*$"0.D(4*4)=$"?$("0.(&+4"/("O$O.*"O%40$)4(&20$".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."EA"k"2/"6^&04"?$"&(W/&+4".("04+42"*42"0.%%.(42e"D%.$(+4"I4%9$2"+."O.(2$%"k"?$D.%"5$2$+$2".(".**$2T"E.2O/62"+.".20$"*/($"+."9&.*"+."*$"?/9$(&+$+"D4("*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"*$"D&.(D&$"k"*$"0.D(4*4)=$"D4(<&.(."2&0/$%"$"620$".("(/.20%4"9/(+4"$^&4*:)&D4"7/."%.D4)."*$2"9r*0&O*.2"+&9.(2&4(.2"+."(/.20%$".Ô.%&.(D&$e".Ô%.2$+$".("*$"+&<.%2&+$+"+."D/*0/%$2"k"(4"24*4".("*$"0.D(4D&.(0=CD$T

Sobre la tecnociencia

"1&.(D&$e"0.D(4*4)=$e".D4(49=$"+.*"+&(.%4"k"+.*"D4(2/94e"4"D$O&0$*&294"."&(+&<&+/$*&294e"04+42".**42"I4%9$("/(".(0%$9$+4"$*"7/."2."?$"**$9$+4"0.D(4D&.(D&$T",$2"%$F4(.2"+.".20$2"$*&$(F$2"24("9J2"?&20:%&D$2"7/."(.D.2$%&$2e".2O.D&$*9.(0."*$"$*&$(F$"D4("*$".D4(49=$"D$O&0$*&20$"k"D4("/("&(+&<&+/$*&294"7/."<."*$2"D42$2"D494"%.D/%242T"'"O.2$%"+."*$")%$("&9O4%0$(D&$"+."*$"".D4(49=$"D$O&0$*&20$"k"+.*"&(+&<&+/$*&294".(".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"$D0/$*e"$7/="(42"D.(0%$%.942".(".*"O$O.*"7/."?$("R/)$+4"*$"D&.(D&$"k"*$"0.D(4*4)=$".("%.*$D&:("D4("(/.20%4"0.9$e".*"C("+."*$">#T"""

'D0/$*9.(0."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2."+.2$%%4**$"245%."0%.2"O&*$%.2U".("O%&9.%"*/)$%e""*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("5J2&D$"k"O%&9.%42"+.2$%%4**42"".("/(&<.%2&+$+.2s".(""2.)/(+4"*/)$%e"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"+."*42"&().(&.%42"k".("0.%D.%"*/)$%"k"+."I4%9$"+.0.%9&($(0.e".*"O$O.*"+."*42".Ô.%042".("+.9$(+$2"+.*"9.%D$+4T">2"$"0%$<62"+.".20."r*0&94"$2O.D04"D494"*42"<$*4%.2"<&).(0.2".(0%$("

140


actualmente en relación con la tecnociencia. Desgraciadamente, hasta

?$D."5&.("O4D4"*$"5$2."$^&4*:)&D$"7/."4%&.(0$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2."?$"+$+4"O4%"2/O/.20$e"(4"?$"%.D&5&+4"$0.(D&:(".Ô*=D&0$"2/CD&.(0."k"9.(42"+.(0%4"+."*$"9&29$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T",$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"?$"0.(+&+4"$"$/04*.)&0&9$%2.s"*$2"O%.)/(0$2"$^&4*:)&D$2"?$("2&+4"2/20&0/&+$2"O4%"O%.)/(0$2"06D(&D$2"245%.".CD&.(D&$"O$%$"D4(2.)/&%"45R.0&<42T"

En su lugar han prosperado la propaganda, los estudios sociológicos y la

D%.$D&:("+."4O&(&:("Or5*&D$e".(0%."40%$2"D42$2T"P4%"0$(04"?$D."I$*0$"D%.$%".2O$D&42"+."D49/(&D$D&:("."&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$T">(".20."2.(0&+4e".*".<&+.(0."&9O$D04"O*$(.0$%&4"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"?$"2&+4"k".2"*$")%$("4O4%0/(&+$+"O$%$""?$D.%".Ô*=D&0$2""."&(<.20&)$%"*$2"$^&4*4)=$2"7/."O/.+$("4%&.(0$%""*42"O%4k.D042"k"+.2$%%4**42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42T

>(0%."*42"9r*0&O*.2"$2O.D042"k"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"D494"24("4%)$(&F$D&:(e"9604+4e"94+.*42e"$O$%$042"."&(20%/9.(042e""O4+.%"0%$(2I4%9$+4%"245%."(/.20%$"<&2&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e""D%.$0&<&+$+""+.*"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4".0DTe""$7/="(42"D.(0%$%.942e"O4%"/($"O$%0.e"245%.".*"&9O$D04"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".("(/.20%$"<&2&:("+."*$2"+42"+&9.(2&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"".2O.D&$*9.(0."245%."*$"<&2&:("k".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'"k"O4%"40%$"O$%0.e"*$""%.*$D&:("7/."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$"0&.(."D4(".204"r*0&94T">*"+$04"&(&cial a tener en cuenta es la sutilidad del conocimiento silencioso. Esta

2/0&*&+$+""*4"?$D."+&I=D&*"+."%.D4(4D.%"k"04+$<=$"9J2"+."D/*0&<$%".("*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2e"$r("2&.(+4"D494".2"0$("(.D.2$%&4"$"2/"5/.($"9$%D?$e"0$*"D494"&(0.(0$%.942".Ô*&D$%T

><&04".(0%$%".("9J2"+.0$**.2"245%."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"O/.2"2."O/.+.(".(D4(0%$%".("9&"O%&9.%"$%0=D/*4"245%."0.D(4D&.(D&$"k"*&5.%0$+"u<6$2."*$"V.5"+.*"1>HAU"3%49"2D&.(0&CD".Ô.%&9.(0"04"0?."V?4*.".Ô.%&.(D."0?%4/)?"I%..+49T"A.D49&.(+4"*..%"*$"<.%2&:("4%&)&($*"&()*.2$vT"'**="+.2$%%4**6"/($"D$%$D0.%&F$D&:("+.0$**$+$"+.*"9604+4"k"+.*"0&O4"+."D4(4D&9&.(04"$*"7/."+$"$DD.24"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"k"7/."D$%$D0.%&D6"D494""&(I4%9$D&:("k"DJ*D/*4T

141


Interpretaciones de la tecnociencia

>(").(.%$*"*$"$D0&0/+"C*42:CD$"(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"%.W.^&4($%"245%."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".2"O4D4""D49r(".(0%."*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42e"k".204"O4%"+&<.%242"940&<42e".2O.D&$*9.(0."O4%"(4"I4%9$%"O$%0."0.9J0&D$9.(0."+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"O4%"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+.".2O.D&$*&F$D&:(".^0%.9$"e"O4%"*$"D49O.0&0&<&dad absorbente dentro de la tecnociencia etc. En su lugar han aparecido

+.(0%4"+."*$"C*424I=$"D494"$D0&<&+$+"$D$+69&D$e".2O.D&$*&+$+.2"D494"*$"C*424I=$"+."*$"D&.(D&$"k"*$"C*424I=$"+."*$"0.D(4*4)=$e""D4("2/2"D4%%.2O4(+&.(0.2"%$9$2"+."60&D$e""2&)/&.(+4"$2=""*$"0.(+.(D&$"$"*$".2O.D&$*&F$D&:("+."*$"$D0&<&+$+"?/9$($T"1494"+&R.".("*$"&(0%4+/DD&:(e"(4"2&0/$%6"9&"9.+&0$D&:(".(".20."9$%D4"$D$+69&D4e"2&(4"7/."O%.2.(0$%6""r(&D$9.(0."9&2"&(0/&D&4(.2"D/k4"r(&D4"C*0%4".2"9&"04+$<=$"O%.D$%&$".^O.%&.(D&$".(".20."0.%%.(4T"P/.2"9&"$2O&%$D&:("2.%=$""O%494<.%"*$"$D0&0/+"C*42:CD$"+."$O.%0/%$"k"D4*$54%$D&:(".(0%."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$"k"*$"9&29$"$D0&<&+$+"0.D(4D&.(0=CD$"2&)/&.(+4"*$"*=(.$"+.*"9.(D&4($+4"O%4k.D04"del CETR.

Consideraciones entorno a la tecnociencia, la EM y la EnoM

,$"0.2&2"$"+.I.(+.%".2e".("O%&9.%"*/)$%e""7/."O$%$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"*$">#"(4".2".("%.$*&+$+""&(0%=(2.D$"$"2/"+.2$%%4**4""2&(4"7/.".2"9J2"5&.("/($"%.$DD&:("+&$*6D0&D$".("2/".(I%.(0$9&.(04"&+.4*:)&D4"D4("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2T">("2.)/(+4"*/)$%e"+.I.(+.%"7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2.".(0&.(+."k"2."O%$D0&D$"9.R4%"+.2+."*$">(49"7/."+.2+."*$">#T">20$"r*0&9$"$*"+$%"%$()4"+."%.$*&+$+"$"*42"94+.*42"D&.(0=CD42"$+4O0$"/($"$D0&0/+"+.9$2&$+4"%.20%&D0&<$"k"%=)&+$"%.2O.D04"$"62042e"I$<4%.D&.(+4".^0%$O4*$D&4(.2"&(+.5&+$2"k"*$2"D4%%.2O4(+&.(0.2"D4(I/2&4(.2"$"(&<.*"$^&4*:)&D4T"1494"5&.("?$"+&D?4"#$%&@"14%5=U"ok".2".*"D$O&0$*"k".*"9.%D$+4".*"7/."I49.(0$".20$"&+.$e"+.".20%/D0/%$"9=0&D$e"+."*$2"D&.(D&$2"k"*$2"0.D(4*4)=$2pT"",$""0.(+.(D&$"$"$524*/0&F$%"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"".("2/"I4%9$"+."$*&$(F$2"$D0/$*.2"

142


D4(".*"D$O&0$*&294"k".*"&(+&<&+/$*&294e"".2"*$")%$("+&CD/*0$+"$"<.(D.%T"d4"0&.(."O4%7/6"2.%".*"D$O&0$*&294".*"7/."+&%&R$"*$").(.%$D&:("+."O%4k.D042T",$">(4#"".("D$95&4e"<.".("*42"94+.*42".*"%.2/*0$+4"+."(/.20%$"D%.$0&<&+$+"*&5%.e"".Ô*&D$(+4"k".20&9/*$(+4"$2="2/".<4*/D&:("."&(D*/24"D$95&4"%$+&D$*"2&".2"O%.D&24T""'+.9J2"*42"+.2$%%4**42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42e"interpretados desde la EnoM, muestran la necesidad casi urgente de

/($"$^&4*4)=$"$+$O0$+$"."&(2.O$%$5*."+."*42"94+.*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42T"E.2+."*$">(4#"*$"($0/%$*.F$".2"<&20$"(4"+/$*9.(0."2&("2.O$%$%"*$"EA"+."*$"E'"k"*42"94+.*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4"24("9.+&42"O$%$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAe"D/k$"r(&D$")$%$(0=$"+."*&5.%0$+".20J".("*$"E'T"j"0.(&.(+4"O%.2.(0."2&.9O%."*$"+&9.(2&:("$^&4*:)&D$"+."(/.20%$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"S.%".20$"$24D&$D&:(".Ô*=D&0$".(0%."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("0.D(4D&.(0=CD$"k"*$"$^&4*:)&D$e"D494"$*)4"($0/%$*"k"(.D.2$%&4"2.%=$"/($"+."*$2"$O4%0$D&4(.2"de la EnoM a los debates actuales sobre el impacto planetario de la

0.D(4D&.(D&$T",$">(4#"O.%9&0.""%.*$0&<&F$%"*$"<.%+$+"D&.(0=CD$"7/."$2="O/.+."D4(R/)$%2."D4("/($"60&D$"%.*$0&<$"0$95&6("$".20$"<.%+$+T"

Autonomía de la tecnociencia

,$">#"0&.(.""D494"D4(2.D/.(D&$"<.%"$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"D494"/($".(0&+$+"D4("%.$*&+$+"$/0:(49$T"A.&CD$""*$"I/(D&:("4"94+.*4"4O.%$D&4($*"7/.".2"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"D494"O%4<..+4%""+."*42"5&.(.2"O$%$"2$0&2I$D.%"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"+.2.42T"'2="*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$""2."D4(<&.%0.".("/(".)4"D4*.D0&<4"D4("todo tipo de interpretaciones, pesimistas (antitecnólogos) y optimista y

?$20$"/0:O&D$"uC*40.D(:*4)42vT"E.D4(20%/&%".20$"I$*2$".(0&+$+"O$2$"O4%"$5$(+4($%"*$">#""?$20$".*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"4"D4(D&.(D&$"9J2"4"9.(42".Ô*=D&0$"+."*$"E'e"7/."O.%9&0."2/"%.*$0&<&F$D&:("D494"I/(D&:(T",$">#"+$".(0&+$+"$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"k"O4%"0$(04"$"2/"$/04(49=$e"*$">(4#"$O/(0$"$"2/"I/(D&4($*&+$+e"k"O4%"0$(04"$"2/"$+$O0$5&*&+$+"$"(/.<$2"$^&4*4)=$2e"O.%9&0&.(+4"2/O.%$%".*"D4(0%4*"040$*"O4%"*$".D4(49=$"+."9.%D$+4"k".*"D$O&0$*&294e"62042"<&2042"$?4%$"D494""9604+42"k"94+.*42"$"%.(4<$%"4"cambiar.

143


L$6#-&.%+,!'%&'*,#"1"#$5$,1."'+,'&%'LM'

,$">#""O$%0."+."/($"2/O/.20$"+/$*&+$+"4"2.O$%$D&:(".(0%."2/R.04"k"45R.04e""."&9O*=D&0$9.(0."".(0%."EA"k"E'T">20$""r*0&9$"2.O$%$D&:(""k"*$"&9O42&5&*&+$+"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"+."$D.O0$%"*$"I4%9$"+."%.*$D&4($%*$2"O%4O/.20$""O4%"O$%0."+.""*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"O/.2"&9O*&D$"249.0.%".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EA"$""D%..(D&$2e"**.<:"$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$""$"/(".(I%.(0$9&.(04"+&$*6D0&D4"D4("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"$+4O0$(+4"".**$"0$95&6("*$">#"O.%4"(4"245%."las creencias sino sobre sus modelos como descripciones de la realidad,

(.)$(+4"O%&9.%4"*$"E'"k"+.RJ(+4*$"I/.%$"+."D4(2&+.%$D&:("+.2O/62e"D42$"O.%I.D0$9.(0."*:)&D$"k"D49O$0&5*."D4("2/"9604+4"+."$520%$DD&:(e"O.%4"(4"D4("*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$"D494"2."&(0.(0$%J"9420%$%"$7/=T

20$"$+4OD&:("+."*$">#"O4%"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$""".("2/"D4(I%4(0$D&:("+&$*6D0&D$"D4("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"7/."04+$<=$"(4"?$"2&+4"040$*9.(0."$5$(+4($+$".("9/D?42"J95&042"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42e""**.<:"$"620$"$"O.+&%".<&+.(D&$2"+.""*$"E'".(".*"0.%%.(4"+."EA".*"0.%%.(4"O%4O&4"+.*"%$D&4($*&294"D&.(0=CD4"D494"$*)4"I4%9/*$5*.T"M&"?$k"/($"E'"+.5."+."?$5.%"/($".<&+.(D&$"D49O%45$5*."45R.0&<$9.(0."D494".(".*"9604+4"D&.(0=CD4e"/($"%.2O/.20$"D49O%45$5*."$"$*)r("O%45*.9$"4"O%.)/(0$s"2&(4"*$"E'"+.5."2.%""%.*.)$+$"$*"0.%%.(4"+."*4"2/5R.0&<4e"(4"%.$*e"I$(0$2&424"4"&(D*/24".()$424T

P/.2"?$k"7/."0.(.%".("D/.(0$"*$"*$%)$"k"D49O*.R$"?&204%&$"+.".(I%.(0$9&.(042"."&(0.(042"+."+&J*4)4".(0%."D&.(D&$"k"%.*&)&:(T""84k"2$5.942"7/."24("+42"I4%9$2""+."94+.*$%"*$"%.$*&+$+e"*$"O%&9.%$"4O.%$0&<$9.(0."$"0%$<62"+.*"9604+4"D&.(0=CD4"k"*$"2.)/(+$"$^&4*:)&D$9.(0."$"0%$<62"+."*42"9&042"k"D%..(D&$2e""9/0/$9.(0.".(I%.(0$+$2"+.5&+4"$"*$">#T"g($"D4(2.D/.(D&$"+.".204".2"7/.""*$"$D.O0$D&:("+."/("*.()/$R.""*$&D4"O$%$"?$5*$%"+."*$"E'"k"+."*$">(4#"I/(+$9.(0$+$".("$7/.**$e""?$"".(D4(0%$+4"2/"D$9&(4"O*$)$+4"+."+&CD/*0$+.2e"D4(I/2&4(.2".O&20.94*:)&D$2"k""2/2D.O0&5&*&+$+.2"(.)$0&<$2e""&(D*/24""+.2O/62"+."?$5.%"+.2$O$%.D&+4"*$"I/(D&:("O%4)%$9$+4%$"7/."0.(=$"*$">#"%.*&)&42$T"P4%"40%$"O$%0.e".("*$2"

144


24D&.+$+.2"+."&((4<$D&:(e".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAe"*$"**$9$+$"D/*0/%$"9$0.%&$*e"5$2$+$".("$520%$D042"%.2O.D04"$"*42"<$*4%.2"k""O4%"0$(04"&(D$O$F"+.".Ô%.2$%""*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"E'e""?$"O.%9&0&+4"$5%&%"*$"(/.<$"O42&5&*&+$+"k"0$95&6("(.D.2&+$+"D494"<.%.942e"+."/("D/*0&<4"$/0:(494"+."*$"E'"$"0%$<62"+."*4"7/."2."?$"**$9$+4"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"u18v"ke"245%."04+4e"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$"u18PvT

P4%"0$(04"*$".20%$0.)&$"$"2.)/&%"O$%$"+&%&)&%2."$*"9/(+4"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4e""2.%=$"(4"$0$D$%"+&%.D0$9.(0."*42"%.2042"+."*$">#"*$&D$e"*$"&+.4*4)=$"O%4O&$"+.*"D&.(0&294e"0%$0$(+4"+.".<&0$%"*$2"9.(D&4($+$2"%.$DD&4(.2"+&$*6D0&D$2"7/."%.I/.%F$("*$">#e"2&(4"9J2"5&.("4%&.(0$%"*$"$0.(D&:("?$D&$"*$"*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$"O%4O&$"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"k"$"2/"D4(+&D&:("9J2"2/0&*e".*"2&*.(D&4e"k""$*"9&294"0&.9O4"4I%.D.%""O420/*$+42"+."2$5&+/%=$".("I4%9$2"*$&D$2"$D.O0$5*.2".("*$"*=(.$"+."&(<.20&)$D&:("+.*"1>HAT

P4%"40%$"O$%0.e".*"D$%JD0.%"$O4+=D0&D4"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2."&(0.%O%.0$"$"9.(/+4""+.2+.""*$">#U"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".2"$O4+=D0&D$"O4%7/."2."D%.."7/.""+.2D%&5."*$"%.$*&+$+T"M&(".95$%)4e"O4%"/("*$+4e".20."D$%JD0.%"$O4+=D0&D4"%.2O4(+."9J2"$"2/"9604+4"+."$520%$DD&:(""k"$"2/"I4%9$*&294"7/."(4"$"ninguna necesidad que obligue a interpretar los modelos dentro de la

>#T"P4%"40%4"*$+4e""*$"**$9$+$"/(&<.%2$*&+$+"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2."+.5."9J2"2/"9604+4"$520%$D04"k"$"2/""D$%JD0.%"I4%9$*e"7/."?$"$520%$=+4"*42".*.9.(042"D4(D%.042"$^&4*:)&D42"k"D4(0.^0/$*.2e""k"(4"0$(04"$"2/"O%.0.(+&+$"+.2D%&OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"H$95&6(".2"D&.%04"7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".2"reticente a aceptar que sus modelos se han de situar en el mismo terre

(4"+."*42"I.(:9.(42"94+.*&F$+42e".2"+.D&%e".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EA""2&("O%.0.(2&4(.2"+.".^D*/2&<&294"4"$524*/0&20$2T">2"D49O%.(2&5*."7/.".204""%.2/*0."+&I=D&*"O/.2"2/O4(."+."$*)/($"9$(.%$"/($"D4(D&.(D&$".Ô*=D&0$"+."*$"2/0&*"E'T""j"O4%"40%4"*$+4"k"9J2"&9O4%0$(0.".2".*"?.D?4"+."7/."D4("*$">#""2."D4(I/(+.("&+.(0&CDJ(+4*$2""%.$*&+$+"k"(.D.2&+$+"2&("+.R$%".2O$D&4"$"*$"*&5.%0$+".(0.(+&+$"D494"2=954*4"+.*".2O=%&0/"$"*$"9$(.%$"de las tradiciones de Oriente. Y es que la libertad en Occidente ha sido

145


.(0.(+&+$"%.20%&D0&<$9.(0."+.(0%4"+.*"4%+.("k$"2.$"+."*42"9&042e"k$"2.$"+."*$2"*.k.2"D&.(0=CD$2T"'".204"2."$$+."$"9.(/+4"*$"D4(I/2&:("+."049$%"lo abstracto propio de la tecnociencia por lo concreto propio de los

<$*4%.2T"H$9O4D4"2."+.5.("D4(I/(+&%"*42"O%&(D&O&42"k"*$2""&(2.O$%$5*.2"O%.)/(0$N%.2O/.20$"""I/(+$9.(0$*.2"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"D4("*$2"O%.)/(0$2"I4%F42$9.(0."2&("%.2O/.20$"$*%.+.+4%"+."*$"E's"O/.2"+."*4"D4(0%$%&4"2.".(0%$".("/($"+&$*6D0&D$"7/."%.I/.%F$"*$">#".("*/)$%"+."2/O.%$%*$T"P4%".R.9O*4e".*"O%&(D&O&4"+."*$"2.*.DD&:("($0/%$*"D4(2&+.%$+4"D494".*"9404%"+."*$"<&+$"O4%"*$"D4294*4)=$"D&.(0=CD$"$D0/$*"(4"+.5."D4(I/(+&%2."(&"O4%"0$(04"D49O$%$%2."D4(""*$"*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$e"D494"2=954*4"+.""*$"O.%9$(.(0."D$O$D&+$+"&(+$)$+4%$"+."*$"O/%$".^&20.(D&$"?$D&$"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+.".^&20&%T">20$"r*0&9$"(4"%.2O4(+."$"*42"O*$(0.$9&.(042"+."*$"(.D.2&+$+"(&"$*""$F$%e"(&"+.5."0$9O4D4"D4(I/(+&%2."D4(".*"D%.$D&4(&294"9=0&D4T

>(0%."*$2"+&CD/*0$+.2"(4".2"*$"9.(4%".*"D4(0%$20.".(0%."*$")%$("D$O$D&+$+"+."&((4<$D&:("k"6^&04"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"D4("*$"O4D$"D%.$0&<&+$+".(".*"D$9O4"$^&4*:)&D4"O4%".*"I%.(4"7/.".2"*$">#".(".20."0.%%.(4"+."*42"<$*4%.2T"f"*4"7/.".2"*4"9&294e"O4%".*"O4D4""D/*0&<4"$/0:(494"+."2/"I/(+$9.(04e"*$"E'T

Perspectivismo y EM

>("/($"<&2&:("+/$*&20$"D&.(0=CD4N($0/%$*.F$e"0.(.942"*$2"+42"O42&5&*&+$+.2"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:(".^0%.9$2e"*$2""94(&20$2"D494"*$"&+.$*&20$e"k"*$"materialista; y luego las propiamente dualistas de correspondencia,

+."D4(2.(24"k"40%$2T"P4%".R.9O*4e".*"%.*$0&<&294"k".*"O.%2O.D0&<&294"O%42O.%$("D/$(+4"R/(04"$"/($"">#"&9O*=D&0$e"2."2$D$("D4(2.D/.(D&$2"$""*$"D4(D&.(D&$"$D0/$*"+."7/."04+4".20J".("(/.20%$2"9$(42T"#J2"D4(D%.0$9.(0.e".*"$5$(+4(4"+."*$2"&+.4*4)=$2e".2O.D&$*9.(0."+."*$"&+.4*4)=$"D&.(0=CD$"4"D&.(0&294e"(4"&9O*&D$"I4%F42$9.(0.".*"C("+."*$">#T""H4+$<=$"queda la posibilidad de creer que para nosotros los modelos son a lo

r(&D4"$"*4"7/."0.(.942"$DD.24"k"O4%"0$(04"24("*$"r(&D$"%.$*&+$+T"'2="*$"

146


>#"O/.+."+.%&<$%"?$D&$"/("%.*$0&<&294""9J2"4"9.(42"$%5&0%$%&4"."&%:(&D4e"4"9J2"2/0&*9.(0."?$D&$"/("O.%2O.D0&<&294"+4(+."04+$"%.$*&+$+".2"/($"O.%2O.D0&<$U"2&"(/.20%4"*.()/$R."k"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+.2D%&5.("*$"%.$*&+$+"k"04+4".2"D4(20%/DD&:("(/.20%$e"%.2/*0$"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".20J"r(&D$9.(0.".("(/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"7/."24("2&.9O%."O.%2O.D0&<$2T">2"+.D&%e"*42"94+.*42"24("9J2"(4"9.(42""7/."+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"24("*$"9&29$"%.$*&+$+T""j".204".(".*"I4(+4"9/.20%$"*$"<&).(D&$"&9O*=D&0$"+."*$">#"4"+.*"+/$*&294".("7/."2."I/(+$9.(0$T"3&($*9.(0.".*"O.%2O.D0&<&294"O/.+."+.2.954D$%".("/($"D4(D&.(D&$"+."$%5&0%$%&.+$+"4"+."$F$%".("*$"%.$*&+$+T"14(0%$%&$9.(0.e"*$">(4#"e"$*".20$%"".("r*0&94"06%9&(4"I/(+$9.(0$+$".("*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"E'e".<&0$".20$2"+.%&<$D&4(.2"+.*"%.*$0&<&294T"d/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"(4"0&.(.("O4%7/6"2.%"I4%F42$9.(0."$%5&0%$%&$2"(&".)4D.(0%$+$2e"(&"%.2/*0$+4".^D*/2&<4"+."/("D4(2.(24"24D&$*T"E.2+."*$">(4#""24("D4(20%/DD&4(.2"$%+/$9.(0."k"D%.$0&<$9.(0."*4)%$+$2".(""*$"24*/D&:("+."O%45*.9$2"k"(.D.2&+$+.2e".("(/.20%4"D/*0&<4"+.""*$"O*/%$*"EAT">20."%.D4(4D&9&.(04"+.*"D$%JD0.%""$520%$D04"k"94+.*$+4%"+."*$"tecnociencia posibilita y hace necesaria su colaboración con la creación

+."94+.*42"$^&4*:)&D42"7/."*$"4%&.(0.(T

Hacia la aceptación de la EnoM

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147


,$"D4(D&.(D&$"O*.($"7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".2"/($"D4(20%/DD&:("?/9$($"7/."2&"5&.("(4".2"$%5&0%$%&$"2&".2"94+&CD$5*."&(D*/24".("2/".20%/D0/%$"I/(+$9.(0$*e".2"*$")%$("$O4%0$D&:("7/."*$">(4#"O%4O4(.e"2/O.%$(+4"la creencia que solo puede haber una tecnociencia, la actual, con sus

$*&$(F$2"?&20:%&D$2"D4("D$O&0$*&294"."&(+&<&+/$*&294"7/."k$"?$("9420%$+4"2/2"*&9&0$D&4(.2T",$"D%&2&2".D4*:)&D$"k"24D&$*""?$"O%4<4D$+4"/("(/.<4"sentido de la contingencia humana que no se puede situar en el terreno

O/%$9.(0."/0&*&0$%&4"+."*42"5.(.CD&42"k"O.*&)%42"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T"H4+4".204"%.2/*0$"I$<4%$5*."$"*$"%.D.O0&<&+$+"$"O%4k.D042"D494".*"+.*"1>HA"7/."<$("$"*$"%$=F"+."*$"D%&2&2T""

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f0%$"9/.20%$"+."<&).(D&$"+."*$">#".2".*"%.+/DD&4(&294"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4"9/k"I/.%0.".(".*"O$2$+4"k"04+$<=$"<&<4T"M&(".95$%)4"620.".("2/""&+.$"+."/("94+.*4"5J2&D4"/(&<.%2$*"$*"7/."2."O/.+$"%.+/D&%"04+4"40%4"94+.*4e"$/(7/."2.$".("O%&(D&O&4e"(4"2."D4%%.2O4(+."$"*$"O%JD0&D$"+."*$"$D0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$"$D0/$*T">20$"(4"2."5$2$".("/("94+.*4"/(&<.%2$*"2&(4".("/($"O*/%$*&+$+"+."94+.*42"k".204".2"I$<4%$5*."$"*$"$D.O0$D&:("+."*$">(4#""O4%"*$"%.*$D&:("&(0%=(2.D$"7/."?$k".(0%."*&5.%0$+"k"O*/%$*&+$+T"1$+$"D&.(D&$"0&.(."2/2"O%4O&42"D4(D.O042"k"*.k.2"$/0:(49$2T"P4%".R.9O*4e".*"94+.*4"$0:9&D4"2&%<."+."5&.("O4D4"O$%$".^O*&D$%".*"D49O4%0$9&.(04"+."/("OJR$%4T">20$"O*/%$*&+$+"+."94+.*42".2"I$<4%$5*."$"*$"$D.O0$D&:("+."*$">(4#T

P4%"40%$"O$%0.e"#$%&@"14%5="?$"2.$*$+4"$D.%0$+$9.(0.""*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"u18ve".*"D/*0&<4"+."$95$2"+&9.(2&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&"2."7/&.%."$2.)/%$%"/($"D44O.%$D&:(""I%/D0=I.%$".(0%."*42"+&<.%242".2O.D&$*&20$2"+.(0%4"+."*42"O%4k.D042"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42T

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148


+."2&*.(D&$%"*42"D4(0.(&+42"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"O$%$"*&5.%$%"*$2".(.%)=$2"D%.$0&<$2"+."*$"&(0.*&).(D&$T"'+.9J2e"2&""5&.(".*"D/*0&<4"2&20.9J0&D4"+.*"silencio puede ser utilizado como un simple pero potente medio prag

9J0&D4"O$%$"$I%4(0$%"*42"%.042"+.*"D$95&4"$D.*.%$+4e""4I%.D."0$95&6("*$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."%.D4(4D&9&.(04"k"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'e"$"0%$<62"+.*"+.2$O.)4"k".*"2&*.(D&4"uLEMv""k"*$"18Pe".("*42"*=+.%.2".2O.D&$*9.(0."ke"$"0%$<62"+."2/".R.9O*4e"$*"%.204"+."*$").(0.T

,$"&(<.20&)$D&:("(4"24*4"D4(D/.%+$"D4("LEM"2&(4"7/."LEM".2"*$"I4%9$"O/%$"+."&(<.20&)$D&:(e".2"*$".2.(D&$"+."04+$"&(<.20&)$D&:(T

>(".20."2.(0&+4"2."?$("&+4"+&I/(+&.(+4".(0%."*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"+&I.%.(0.2"I4%9$2"+."O%$D0&D$%"*$"9.+&0$D&:("O4%"2/2"5.(.CD&42"$"*$"2$*/+"9.(0$*"k"D4%O4%$*"k".2O.D&$*9.(0."$"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+T"M&("+/+$"?$k".("*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("D&.(0=CD$"+.2&(0.%.2$+$"/($"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"/($"*&5.%0$+"7/."2."O4+%=$("$5%&%"$*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'T"M&(".95$%)4"O4D42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"O/.+.(""$D.%D$%2."k"$O%4<.D?$%"*42"0.^042"+."*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"245%.".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'e"+.5&+4"$"*$""&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+.(0%4"+."*$">#"k"$"*$"$D0&0/+"de monopolio que tienen las religiones.

Papel único de la creatividad como puerta al cultivo de la DA

,42"D/$0%4"O%&9.%42".*.9.(042"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"24("*42"7/."9J2"$0.(D&:("&(0.%O%.0$0&<$"?$("%.D&5&+4"O/.2"?$("0.(&+4"/("6^&04".2O.D0$D/*$%".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAT"P4%".R.9O*4e"*$2"**$9$+$2"*.k.2"D&.(0=CD$2"24("*$".^O%.2&:("+."(/.20%4"O4+.%"+."D4(0%4*"245%."*$"(.D.2&+$+T">204"D4(0%$20$""D4("*$"*&5.%0$+"k")%$0/&+$+"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+e".*"7/&(04"D49O4(.(0."+."*$"$D0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$e"0$*"D494"9/.20%$"*$"O%4O&$"?&204%&$"+."*$"D&.(D&$T"

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149


el desapego de no quedar atado a ninguna respuesta , la disposición

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'/(7/."2."?$".2D%&04"9/D?4"245%."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"$%0=20&D$"k"D&.(0=CD$e"*$"$0.(D&:("245%."620$2"2."?$"D.(0%$+4"9J2".(""2/2"$/04%.2"D494""O.%24($R.2"y en sus resultados tangibles, la obra de arte y el conocimiento tecno

D&.(0=CD4e"7/.".("*$"9&29$"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"*&5.%0$+T"'2="2."?$"D$%$D0.%&F$+4"*$"24D&.+$+"O420N&(+/20%&$*"D494"M4D&.+$+"+.*"14(4D&9&.(04e"O/.2"2."?$"<&204".("620."*$"I/.(0."+."*$"%&7/.F$e".("*/)$%""+.""**$9$%*$"24D&.+$+"+."*$"*&5.%0$+"D%.$+4%$e"4"+."*$"&((4<$D&:("O$%$"/2$%"/("06%9&(4"9J2"(./0%4""D4("*4"D/$*"2.""%.D4(4D.%=$"*$"D.(0%$*&+$+"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+T""j".(".204"D%..942"0&.(."9/D?4"7/."<.%"*$">#"04+$<=$"*$0.(0.".("*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("D49r("+."*$"%.$*&+$+T"M&(".95$%)4"*$"%.$*&+$+"(4".20J".("*42"%.2/*0$+42""2&(4".("2/"I/.(0.e"(4".("*42"D4(4D&9&.(042"7/."24("%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2"2&(4"en su origen, en la libertad creadora.

P%.D&2$9.(0."*$">(4#""O.%9&0."D4%%.)&%"$7/.*".%%4%"D49r("+."*$">#"."&(0.%O%.0$"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"2/"D4(D49&0$(0."*&5.%0$+"D494"*4"9J2"%.$*e".*"2=954*4"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"9&29$e"+."*$"E'T"20$".2"*$"I/.(0."(4"k$"+."*$"riqueza que nace del conocimiento sino de algo primordial, la salud de

la humanidad, su plenitud.

150


14%5="$D.%0$+$9.(0."?$D."(40$%"7/."*$"D&.(D&$"?$D."$520%$DD&:("+."*42"<$*4%.2"k"O4%"0$(04"(4".2"D$O$F"O$%$".Ô%.2$%"(&"D/*0&<$%"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"E'"7/.".2"+."0&O4"$^&4*:)&D4T">204".2"$2=".("2/"9604+4"k"D4(0.(&+42T"P4%"0$(04".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'"+.<&.(."$/0:(494"%.2O.D04"$*"9604+4"k"D4(0.(&+42"D&.(0=CD42T">2"+.D&%e"2/"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"k"D/*0&<4"(4".2"O42&5*."(&"$"0%$<62"+."*42"9604+42"(&"+.*"*.()/$R."k"""94+.*42"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"O.%4""*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$"(.D.2$%&$"$"*$"$D0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$".2"O$%$".*"D&.(0=CD4"*$"O/.%0$"$5&.%0$"$"*$"2$5&+/%=$"+."*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2e"7/."*/.)4"0.(+%J("7/."2.%"*.=+$2"2&95:*&D$9.(0."2&("*$">#".("*$"7/."2.".Ô%.2$%4(T"

,$"D%.$0&<&+$+"+.*"D&.(0=CD4"k"O4%"0$(04"*$"D4(D49&0$(0."D4(D&.(D&$"+."2/"*&5.%0$+".2"/($"O/.%0$"?4k"&9O4%0$(0.""O$%$"".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"E'"k"+."*$"18Pe"D4("*$"D4(2&)/&.(0."$D.O0$D&:("k"O%494D&:("+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"$^&4*:)&D$""0$("D49O*.9.(0$%&$"$"*$"D&.(0=CD$"k""(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"&(2O&%$%"k"4%&.(0$%""04+$"$D0&<&+$+T

",$"D%.$0&<&+$+"+.*"D&.(0=CD4"24*4".2"O42&5*.".("*$"*&5.%0$+T",&5.%0$+"k"D%.$0&<&+$+"24("+42"D$%$2"+."*$"9&29$"94(.+$T"">20$"*&5.%0$+"+.*"D&.(0=CD4e".*"(4"7/.+$%"$0$+4"$"2/2"94+.*42e""O/.+."**.<$%*."$"%.D4(4D.%"7/."*4"9J2"%.$*"+."2/"$D0&<&+$+".2"O%.D&2$9.(0."2/"*&5.%0$+"k"(4"2/"4%)$(&F$D&:("24D&$*e""(&""2/2"9604+42e"(&""2/2"94+.*42T"'2=".*"D&.(0=CD4"$"0%$<62"+."2/"*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$""O/.+."**.)$%"$"+.2D/5%&%"*$"*&5.%0$+"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T">2"+.D&%e"7/."620$"(4".20J".("2/2"94+.*42"k"O4%"0$(04"(4".20J"249.0&+$"(&".2"249.0&5*."$"".**42T"f"+&D?4"+."40%$"9$(.%$e"$*"D&.(0=CD4"(4"*."%.2/*0$".^0%$4"O.(2$%"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".20J"9J2"+.*"*$+4"+."*4"+.2D4(4D&+4"(4240%42"+&%=$942"D4(4D&9&.(04"2&*.(D&424""7/."+.*"*$+4"+."2/2"D4(4D&9&.(042"4"94+.*$D&4(.2T">2"*$"&(.I$5*."*&5.%0$+"*$"7/."2."9$(&C.20$".("*42"94+.*42e"O.%9&0."?$D.%*42"k"D$95&$%*42T",$"+&CD/*0$+".20%&5$".("%.D4(4D.%".Ô*=D&0$9.(0."k".^0.(+.%"$"04+$"2/"<&+$"".*"LEM"7/."+."$*)/($"9$(.%$"O%$D0&D$"9.+&$(0.".*"9604+4"D&.(0=CD4T"

151


H$95&6("O/.+."2.%"/("&9O.+&9.(04"&(2$*<$5*."$"*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"E'e".*"&(0.(04"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"+."%.+/D&%"04+4"$"2/2"D$0.)4%=$2"k"9604+42e"&(D*/24"*42"<$*4%.2"k"*$"9&29$"D%.$0&<&+$+T"M&(".95$%)4e"$r("2/O4(&.(+4"7/."O4+$942".Ô*&D$%"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"9.DJ(&D$9.(0.e"O4%"O%/.5$"k".%%4%e"2.*.DD&:("($0/%$*"4"D/$*7/&.%"40%4"94+.*4e".20$2".Ô*&D$D&4(.2"4"94+.*42"(4"24("*$"%.$*&+$+"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+e"7/.".2"O%.<&$"$"04+4"94+.*4"&(D*/24".*"94+.*4"5J2&D4".2O$D&4N0.9O4%$*T""H&.9O4"k".2O$D&4"24("*42"94+.*42"5J2&D42"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$e"k"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"(4".2"%.+/D&5*."$"".2042"94+.*42"(&"$"2/".*$54%$D&:(".("/($"0.4%=$"+."*$".<4*/D&:(T""Q/."620$"D%.$0&<&+$+"2."7/&.%$".Ô*&D$%""9.+&$(0."I4%9$2"9.DJ(&D$2"(4".2"*4"importante ni dice nada del conocimiento silencioso que se da en ella.

,$"D%.$0&<&+$+"".20J"=(0&9$9.(0."/(&+$"$"*$")%$0/&+$+T"">*"O%4+/D04"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"O/.+."%.)&20%$%2.".("*$"9.94%&$e"2.%"$($*&F$+4"k".Ô*&D$+4"$"O420.%&4%&"&(D*/24"O4%"/("94+.*4"9.DJ(&D4e"O.%4"(&".*"O%4+/D04"(&"2/".Ô*&D$D&:("(&"2/"%.O%4+/DD&:("9.DJ(&D$".2"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+e"D494"/($"I404"+."/("D/$+%4"(4".R.%D."(&()/($"D%.$0&<&+$+e"$/(7/."2."450.()$"/("%.2/*0$+4"2.9.R$(0."."&(D*/24"9.R4%$+4T">("*$"D%.$0&<&+$+""(4"?$k"%.O.0&D&:("$/(7/."O4+$942"I4%9/*$%"94+.*42"%.O.0&0&<42"+.".**$T"

8$D."I$*0$"&(2&20&%".("LEM"D494".2O.D&CD&+$+"?/9$($"O$%$"+.2?$D.%"*$2"D4(I/2&4(.2"2.)r("*$2"D/$*.2"*$2"(/.<$2"0.D54*4)=$2e").(60&D$2e"D&5.%(60&D$2e"%.O%4+/D0&<$2".0DTe"D%.$%J("/("2.%"O420N?/9$(4"9/D?4"9J2"D$O$D&0$+4"7/.".*"$D0/$*T"M4*4"+.*"D/*0&<4"4"(4"+."*$"E'""+.O.(+."(/.20%$"?/9$(&+$+"4"/($"$(&9$*&+$+"+.O%.+$+4%$"$*".^0%.94"k"O4%"0$(04"&(<&$5*.T"1/$*7/&.%"9.R4%$".("(/.20%$2"D$O$D&+$+.2"2&("/("D/*0&<4"+."LEM"(42"**.<$"$"*$"+.O%.+$D&:("&(2420.(&5*.T

,$"D%.$0&<&+$+".2""$DD&:("*&5%.e".2O4(0J(.$e""k")%$0/&0$e""**$9$+$"0$95&6("(4N$DD&:("4"$DD&:("2&("$D04%e""7/."*$"($0/%$*.F$""2&954*&F$"9$%$<&**42$9.(0.".("2/"D$O$D&+$+"+."&%""2&.9O%."9J2"$**J"+."(/.20%$2"%.O%.2.(taciones.

152


Esta libertad de la realidad, cuando se entiende como la dimensión de

*$")%$0/&+$+e".*"2=954*4"+."*$"E'e""(4"+.O%.D&$".*"<$*4%"+."*42"94+.*42"2&(4"7/."*42"2&0r$".("2/"0.%%.(4"O%4O&4e".*"+."*$"(.D.2&+$+"4"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAT"M&(""4*<&+$%"*$"I.D/(+&+$+e"*$"+&CD/*0$+"k".*"%&)4%"+.*"9604+4".(".*"7/."2."5$2$("*42"94+.*42"k"7/.".^D*/k."*$"$%5&0%$%&.+$+"k"*$"O/%$"I/(D&4($*&+$+e"$/(7/.".20$"r*0&9$"2.$"2/"O%&(D&O$*"D$%$D0.%=20&D$T"g("D&.(0=CD4"(4"$D.O0$%=$"(/(D$"/("94+.*4"9J)&D4"D4("/($"D*$%$""I/(D&4($*&+$+"O.%4"(4"$2.7/&5*."$"2/"D49O%.(2&:("9.0:+&D$T"P4%".R.9O*4e"/("&(<.20&)$+4%".("9.0.%.4*4)=$"(4".20$%=$"2$0&2I.D?4"D4("/($"9J7/&($"+."O%.+&DD&:("+.*"0&.9O4"2&"(4"O/+&.2.".(0.(+.%"2/"I/(D&4($9&.(04T"d&""/("D&.(0=CD4".(").(.%$*"$D.O0$%=$"7/."*42"94+.*42"2.$("I%/04"O%&(D&O$*9.(0."+."/("9J2"4"9.(42"D49O*.R4"D4(2.(24"24D&$*e"$/(7/."620."2.$"/("I$D04%"D4(0.^0/$*".("2/".*$54%$D&:(T"",42""""94+.*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"45.+.D.("$"/("%&)/%424"9604+4"+.".^O.%&9.(0$D&:("k"$"*$"*:)&D$"k"O4%"0$(04"(4"24("$%5&0%$%&42e""O.%4"(4"O4%".**4"+.R$("+."2.%"2&9O*&CD$D&4(.2e"$520%$DD&4(.2e"$D40$D&4(.2e"+.*&9&0$D&4(.2"2.)r("(/.20%$"D$O$D&+$+"."&(0.%.2.2"+."/($"%.$*&+$+"&(C(&0$e"9&20.%&4"&(24(+$5*."+.*"7/."I4%9$942"O$%0."k"2."(42"%.<.*$".(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"(4"+/$*"4"2&*.(D&424T"'2="*42"94+.*42""D&.(0=CD42"$+7/&.%.("2/"<.%+$+.%$"+&9.(2&:(T"M4("?.%%$9&.(0$2"+."k"O$%$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAT"j"2/"D/*0&<4"*&5%.""k"%.2O4(2$5*.""O/.+.".(D4(0%$%""/("I/(+$9.(04".(".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'T"">(04(D.2"0.(+%=$942"*$"$D0&<&+$+"D&.(0=CD$"5$2$+$".("*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$e"18PT

P4%"0$(04e".2"/%).(0."4I%.D.%"$*"D&.(0=CD4"k"$*"0.D(:*4)4"9.+&42"O$%$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'e"?$D.%*."$2.7/&5*."O%4k.D042"D494".*"+.*"1>HAe"O/.2".("/($"24D&.+$+"+&(J9&D$"+."&((4<$D&:("D4(20$(0.e"%.2/*0$"D4?.%.(0."k"$D.O0$5*."&(0%4+/D&%".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'"$"0%$<62"+.*"2=954*4"+."*$"libertad.

"'+.9J2e"*$"*&5.%0$+"D494"2=954*4"+."*$"E'""O.%9&0.e".("O%&9.%"*/)$%e""/2$%"/("*.()/$R.""*$&D4"9/k"$D.O0$+4".("(/.20%42"+=$2T">("2.)/(+4"*/)$%e".20."*.()/$R."+."*$"*&5.%0$+"**.<$"$"*$"*&5.%0$+"+.*"*.()/$R.e".2"+.D&%e"0&.(.""

153


*$"<.(0$R$""+."?$D.%"$D.O0$5*."*$"O*/%$*&+$+"+."*.()/$R.2"k"I4%9$2".("7/."*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"E'"?$"2&+4"k".2"".Ô%.2$+$"+.O.(+&.(+4"+."D/*0/%$2e"momentos históricos y personas, pues con la libertad hemos aceptado

7/."*$"E'"O$%$"($+$".20J"$0$+$"$"(&()/(4"+.".**42e""2&(4"7/."$*"D4(0%$%&4"&9O/*2$"*$"O*/%$*&+$+"+.2+."2/"/(&+$+".(".*""2&*.(D&4"+."04+$"I4%9$T"M&(".95$%)4e".204"(4"2&)(&CD$"7/."04+42"*42"*.()/$R.2"O/.+$("4"**.)/.("$"".Ô%.2$%"2&95:*&D$9.(0."$"*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"+."*$"E'e"D494"?.942"<&204".(".*"D$24"+.*"*.()/$R."D&.(0=CD4T"">("0.%D.%"*/)$%e".20."*.()/$R."+."*$"*&5.%0$+"(42"$?4%%$"$+.9J2"*$"5r27/.+$"+."2=(0.2&2e"24*/D&4(.2"&(0.)%$*.2"4"&(0.)%$+4%$2"+."*$"O*/%$*&+$+".("*$"/(&+$+T"1$5."?$D.%"(40$%"$7/="/($"242O.D?$T"j".2""7/.""*$"5r27/.+$"+."*$"/(&+$+"$"0%$<62"+."2=(0.2&2e".206"&9O/*2$+$"O42&5*.9.(0."O4%""/($">#"&9O*=D&0$T""'(0.".**4"?$k"7/."$C%9$%"7/.""*$"*&5.%0$+".2".*".2O$D&4"O%4O&4"+."*$"O*/%$*&+$+e"7/.".2"<&20$"D494"*$"D$%$"%.*$0&<$"4"I.(496(&D$e"*$"EAe"+."*$"/(&+$+""+."*$"E'"en el silencio. O lo que es lo mismo, es a esta unidad a la que apunta

*$"O%4O&$"O*/%$*&+$+"+."*$"EAT"3&($*9.(0.e"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"*&5.%0$+"+."*$"%.$*&+$+".^&).".("(4240%42"(4"/($""<&2&:("D4(D.O0/$*"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"O$%$""O4+.%(42"94<.%"$+.D/$+$9.(0.".(".**$e""2&(4"24*4"/($"$D0&0/+"+."$0.(D&:("2420.(&+$e"+."+.2$O.)4"k"+."&(0.%62"O4%"04+4""7/.".2".*"I/(+$9.(04"+."/($"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$T">("+.C(&0&<$e"2."0%$0$"+."*$""(4N+/$*&+$+".Ô%.2$+$".(".*"*.()/$R."2&95:*&D4"+."*$"*&5.%0$+T

Naturaleza como símbolo de la nodualidad entre DA y DR

,$"($0/%$*.F$"$"9.(/+4"2."D4(I/(+."D4("2/2"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2e".2O.D&$*9.(0."*$"D4294*4)=$".<4*/0&<$"D&.(0=CD$"N".*"94+.*4"D&.(0=CD4""+."*$"%.$*&+$+"9J2"$95&D&424"N"/0&*&F$+4"&(D*/24"O4%"94<&9&.(042"D494">D4*4)k"$(+"A.*&)&4(e"O$%$"+.I.(+.%"k"2.(2&5&*&F$%"?$D&$"D49O4%0$9&.(042"sostenibles. Desde la EnoM, la naturaleza es precisamente esta acción

.2O4(0J(.$e"*&5%."k"D%.$+4%$"7/.".2D$O$"$"04+$"%.O%.2.(0$D&:(T">2"+.D&%e"+.2+."*$">(4#"*$"($0/%$*.F$".2"<&20$"D494"/("9$%$<&**424"2=954*4"+."*$"E'e"D494"/("<$*4%e"2&.(+4"2/2"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2".Ô%.2&4(.2"+."*$"EAT""

154


>("+.C(&0&<$e"*$"($0/%$*.F$"2."(42"%.<.*$"%.$*9.(0.".(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"silencioso y no en representaciones.

La EnoM permite una nueva comprensión de la tecnociencia

>*""+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"9.DJ(&D$"D/J(0&D$"?$"9420%$+4"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."/($"2/O.%$D&:("+."*$">#"+.(0%4"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T"P$%0."+."*$2"+&CD/*0$+.2"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"9.DJ(&D$"D/J(0&D$"24("+.5&+$2"$"*$"">#""&9O*=D&0$"7/."*$2")/=$T"M&"/(4"O$%0."+."*$"O%.0.(2&:("+."**.)$%"$"D4(4D.%"D494"$D0r$"en realidad la naturaleza, como es en realidad el micromundo, o como

O%.0.(+=$">&(20.&(e"0.(.%"/($"+.2D%&OD&:("D49O*.0$"+."D/$*7/&.%"2&0/$D&:("%.$*"&(+.O.(+&.(0.9.(0."+."2/"452.%<$D&:(e".(04(D.2"*$"9.DJ(&D$"D/J(0&D$".2"/("%.</*2&<4"$"+&D?$"O%.0.(2&:("k"O$%$"(4240%42"/($"D*$%$"9/.20%$"+.*"C("+."*$">#T""

",$"+&2D&O*&($"$D$+69&D$"**$9$+$""L(0.*&).(D&$"'%0&CD&$*e"L'e"O4%"940&<42"9J2"D49.%D&$*.2"7/."D&.(0=CD42e".2"40%4".R.9O*4"+."*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."$+4O0$%"*$">(4#T">20$e".("2/"&+.$*"+."D%.$%"9J7/&($2"&(0.*&).(0.2"O%.2/O4(."7/."*$"9&29$"%$D&4($*&+$+"0.D(4D&.(0=CD$".2"I.(496(&D$"k"O/.+."2.%"%.O%4+/D&+$".("*$2"9J7/&($2T""E.(0%4"+."*$">#".204"2."O/.+."""&(0.%O%.0$%"k"2."?$"&(0.%O%.0$+4"D494"/($"$9.($F$"O4%"2/"D49O.0&0&<&+$+"D4("*$"&(0.*&).(D&$"?/9$($"T"M&(".95$%)4""*$">(4#"$*"*&5.%$%".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EA"+.*"O.24"+."+.2D%&5&%"*$"%.$*&+$+"O.%9&0."40%$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("9J2"$+.D/$+$"+."*$"L'T""P$%$"*$">(4#"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"E'".2"*$"9&29$".2O.D&CD&+$+"?/9$($"k""*$")$%$(0=$"+."*$"*&5.%0$+"D%.$+4%$".("EAT">(04(D.2"*$"L'"(4"+.R$"+."2.%"/($"I4%9$e"9J2"4"9.(42"$D.O0$5*."2.)r("*42"<$*4%.2"<&).(0.2e"+."D/*0&<4"+."*$"EA"k"(4"/($"$9.($F$"(&"D49O.0.(D&$"$"*$"$DD&:("?/9$($"D%.$0&<$e"*&5%."k")%$0/&0$T"

E&D?4"+."40%$"9$(.%$e"+.2+."*$">(4#e".*"&+.$*"+."*$"L'"O/.+."2.%"+&I=D&*"06D(&D$9.(0."4"9$*"O*$(0.$+4e"."&(D*/24"O.%(&D&424"k"%.O%45$5*."+.O.(

155


+&.(+4"+."*$"$^&4*4)=$"$D.O0$+$e""O.%4""(4"04D$"O$%$"($+$"*$"+&9.(2&:(".2O.D=CD$"?/9$($"O/.2"2."9/.<."+.(0%4"+.*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAe".2"+.D&%e"+.(0%4"+."*$"94+.*$D&:("+."*$"O%4O&$"%$D&4($*&+$+"0.D(4D&.(0=CD$T"'*)4"O$%.D&+4"2."O4+%=$"+.D&%"+."*$"M&9/*$D&:("L(I4%9J0&D$e".2O.D&$*9.(0."*$"**$9$+$"A.$*&+$+"S&%0/$*"k"0$95&6(""+."*$"&().(&.%=$").(60&D$T"

Todos estos desarrollos son bien comprensibles desde una EnoM, pues

O4(.("04+$<=$"9J2"+."%.*&.<.".*"D$%JD0.%"94+.*&F$+4%""+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T"P/.2".(".**42"k$"(4"?$k"/($"D4%%.2O4(+.(D&$".(0%.".*"94+.*4"k".*"I.(:9.(4"94+.*&F$+4e"2&(4""$9542"2."I/(+.(".("/($"(/.<$"D4(20%/DD&:("0.D(4D&.(0=CD$e"k$"(4"?$k"%.I.%.(D&$2"45*&)$+$2"D494"(4"2.$("$^&4*:)&D$2T">2042"+.2$%%4**42""2."?$("&(0.%O%.0$+4"D494"/("$<$*"$*"O.%2O.D0&<&294""O4%"*$"&(W/.(D&$""+."/($">#"*$&D$"7/."2."%.2&20."$"+.2$O$%.D.%T",$">(4#".("D$95&4"O.%9&0."&(0.%O%.0$%*42"2&("D$.%".("(&()r("0&O4"+."%.*$0&<&294T

",$"L'e""*$"A.$*&+$+"S&%0/$*"k"*$"L().(&.%=$").(60&D$"(4"0&.(.("O4%7/."2.%".("O%&(D&O&4"/($"$9.($F$"O$%$"*$"18"k"9.(42"O$%$"*$"18Pe"2&(4"$*"D4(0%$%&4e"O/.2"?$("D%.$+4"""*$"(.D.2&+$+"&(.*/+&5*."+.*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"E'e"*$"(.D.2&+$+"/%).(0."+.""*$"18"k"?$20$"+."*$"18P"O$%$"2&0/$%".2042"desarrollos en su lugar, orientarlos y dirigirlos a buen puerto, dado su

O40.(D&$*"0%$(2I4%9$+4%"D/k42".I.D042"+."04+4"0&O4"D4("2/2"D4%%.2O4(+&.(0.2"%&.2)42"k$"2."?$("+.R$+4"(40$%"k"9J2"*4"?$%J(".(".*"I/0/%4T",$2"$D0/$*.2"D%&2&2"%.<.*$("*$"(.D.2&+$+"+.*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"18Pe"O/.2"+.".**$"depende no ya el destino humano sino el de nuestro planeta.

Tecnociencia y axiología

,$">#"k"*$">(4#"2."2&0r$("+.(0%4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$e"4"2.$"+.(0%4"+.*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"EAe"O.%4"24*$9.(0.".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$""EA"+.2+."*$">(4#"O/.+."&9O/*2$%"".*"W4%.D&9&.(04"+."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$""""D$O$F"de orientar el desarrollo de la tecnociencia. El paso de la EnoM al cul

156


0&<4"+."*$"E'".2"k$"+."O4%"2="/("2$*04"&(D49.(2/%$5*.e"O.%4"%.2/*0$""D$2&""imposible sin la adopción de la EnoM en la tecnociencia.

,$"$D.O0$D&:("+."*42"D4(4D&9&.(042"D&.(0=CD42"D494"94+.*42">(4#""y no como descripciones de la realidad –EM– implica la necesidad de

<$*4%$%"+&D?42"94+.*42e""O/.2"2&("*$">#""*42"94+.*42"(4"2."O/.+.("R/20&CD$%"$"2="9&2942"D494""+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"D494"<$*4%.2"+."O4%"2=T"'*"94+.*$%"*$"%.$*&+$+""(4"24*4"%.$*&F$942"9r*0&O*.2"$520%$Dciones sino que dirigimos nuestras preguntas en una cierta dirección.

'2="450.(.942"%.2O/.20$2"$+.D/$+$2"$"(/.20%$2"O%.)/(0$2"k"(4"+.2D%&OD&4(.2"+."D494".2"*$"%.$*&+$+T"M4942"O4%"0$(04"%.2O4(2$5*.2"+."*$2"$520%$DD&4(.2"%.$*&F$+$2"k"+."*$"+&%.DD&:("7/."049$"(/.20%$"&(<.20&)$D&:(e"+."*42"<$*4%.2"&9O*=D&042"4".^O*=D&042"7/."*$""?$("4%&.(0$+4".("D$+$"D$24T"

,$"&(I4%9$D&:("7/."O%4O4%D&4($"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$".2"4O.%$D&4($*e"O$%$"D4(2.)/&%"45R.0&<42e"24*<.(0$%"O%45*.9$2e"k").(.%$%""9J2"&(I4%9$D&:(T"P.%4".*"+&2D.%(&9&.(04"+."*$"$DD&:("60&D$"(4"($D."+."*$"&(I4%9$D&:("7/."2&.(+4"(.D.2$%&$"(4".2"2/CD&.(0.e"2&(4"7/."+.O.(+.""+."LEMT

>("06%9&(42").(.%$*.2e"0.(.942"(.D.2&+$+"+."/($"*/D&+.F"k"/("D4%$R."7/."?4k"*$"9$k4%=$"+."D&.(0=CD42"k"O4*=0&D42"04+$<=$"(4"0&.(.("O$%$"$I%4(0$%"*$"4%&.(0$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$"+."*42"O%4k.D042"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"<&).(0.2"k"+."I/0/%4T">204"(4".2"O42&5*."2&("*$"2/O.%$D&:("+."*$">#""7/."O42&5&*&0.".*"D/*0&<4"$/0:(494"+."*$"E'""k".*"D4(2&)/&.(0."W4%.D&9&.(04"+."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$T""M4*4".*"C("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O/.+."O.%9&0&%".20$"D4*$54%$D&:(".(0%."*$2"0%.2"+&9.(2&4(.2e"&(I4%9$D&:(e"<$*4%.2"k"18PT",$"O%&9.%$"%.2/.*<."O%45*.9$2e"*$"2.)/(+$"&9O/*2$"*$"$D0&<&+$+"k"*$"0.%D.%$".2"*$")$%$(0=$"+."D$*&+$+T"P4%".R.9O*4e"?$D.""I$*0$""/($")%$("$0.(D&:("&(<.20&)$+4%$"""O$%$"**.)$%"$"O%4O4(.%"D$95&42"O%4I/(+42e"5$2$+42".("(/.<42"k""$0%$D0&<42"<$*4%.2""O$%$"2/O.%$%".*".20&*4"+."<&+$"D4(2/9&20$"+."*$2"9&(4%=$2"**$9$+$2"+.2$%%4**$+$2T"P/.2"D4(2&+.%$(+4"24*4"2/"D4(2/94"+.".(.%)=$e""?4k"2$5.942"7/."04+$2"*$2"I4%9$2"9$2&<$2"

157


+."O%4+/DD&:(".(.%)60&D$e"$D0/$*.2"k"I/0/%$2e"0&.(.("k"0.(+%J("/(")%$("&9O$D04"245%."*$"5&42I.%$"k"O4%"0$(04"245%."*$"2/O.%<&<.(D&$"?/9$($T

>(".20."2.(0&+4"(42"?$D.("I$*0$"(4D&4(.2"$9O*&$2"245%."*$"D$*&+$+"+."/($"0.D(4*4)=$s"0$*.2"7/."&(D*/k$(""2/"I$D&*&+$+"+."2.%"+.D4(20%/&+$"k$"+.2+."2/"+&2.4T">204"O.%9&0&%=$"(4"7/.+$%"$0%$O$+42".("(/.20%$2"O%4O&$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2e""(4"24*4"O4+.%"9.R4%$%*$2"2&(4"(4"+.O.(+.%"040$*9.(0."de ninguna.

P$%$".**4"O4+%=$"2.%""&9O4%0$(0.""*$"C)/%$"+.*"O%4+/D04%"4"O%49404%""0.D(4D&.(0=CD4"D$O$F"+."&(0.)%$%"".("*42"O%4k.D042e"4%&.(0$D&4(.2"$^&4*:)&D$2".^O*=D&0$2"4"<$*4%.2""7/."<$k$("9J2"$**J"+."*42"5.(.CD&42"94(.0$%&42e"$O*&D$(+4""*42"O420/*$+42"$^&4*:)&D42"$D.O0$+42""k"D4(D%.0J(+4*42""D%.$0&<$9.(0."$"0%$<62"+."<$*4%.2"2.)r("*$2""(.D.2&+$+.2"+."D$+$"O%4k.D04"0.D(4D&.(0=CD4"D4(D%.04T"'+.9J2"*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("+.*"O%4+/D04%"O4+%=$"+&%&)&%2."9J2"$"*42"$2O.D042"$^&4*:)&D42"7/."$"*42"O%4O&$9.(0."0.D(4D&.(0=CD42T">204"2/O4(."/($"2/O.%$D&:("+."*$">#""k"+."*$2"D4(I/2&4(.2"7/."620$"D49O4%0$".(".*"D$9O4"D&.(0=CD4"k"$^&4*:)&D4T"M."+.5.".<&0$%"*$"&9$).("+."/($"O4*&D=$"94%$*"245%.".*"D&.(0=CD4"7/."&9O4(."(4%9$2"k"%.20%&DD&4(.2"$"2/2"O%4k.D042T"M."0%$0$"9J2"5&.("+."4I%.D.%"$"*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42"I4%9$D&:(".("*42")%$(+.2"O420/*$+42"$^&4*:)&D42"O$%$"7/."2."D4(D%.0.("+.(0%4"+."D$+$"O%4k.D04".("<$*4%.2"O%4O&42"+.*"O%4k.D04T",$"g>"k$"O&+."7/."2.".2O.D&C7/.("*42"<$*4%.2"24D&4.D4(:9&D42"+."*42"O%4k.D042"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42e"2/"D49O.0&0&<&+$+T"M."0%$0$%=$"+."$9O*&$%"".20$2".2O.D&CD$D&4(.2"5$2J(+4*$2".("%.2/*0$+42"+."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$T"j".("*$"%$=F"+."$95$2"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2e"$?4%$"I/.%0.9.(0."%.*$D&4($+$2e"*$"$^&4*:)&D$"k"*$"0.D(4D&.(0=CD$"+.5.%=$"?$5.%".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"18Pe""O/.2".2"*$"r(&D$")$%$(0=$"+."D$O$D&+$+"O$%$"$I%4(0$%"*42"%.042"actuales que plantea la tecnociencia.

158


La aventura humana

>*"D$9&(4"$(+$+4"4"O4%"$(+$%e"?$20$"k"+.2+."*$">(4#"k"*$"(/.<$""D49O%.(2&:(""+."*$"%$+&D$*"k"D49O*.0$"*&5.%0$+"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"""(42"**.<$"$"*$"O*.($"D4(D&.(D&$""+."*$"$<.(0/%$"?/9$($T"M&("O4%".**4"4*<&+$%"7/."*$"0%$(2&D&:("+."/($"06D(&D$"O%.N&(+/20%&$*"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."*$"(.D.2&+$+"e"+.*"deseo o del temor a una tecnociencia con poder de incidencia planetario,

$*"2.%<&D&4"+."*$"<4*/(0$+"k"+.*"4%)/**4"+.*".)4"&(+&<&+/$*"k"D4*.D0&<4e".2"*$"9J2"O.*&)%42$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T"S$D&$%"4"2&*.(D&$%".20.".)4"D4*.D0&<4""D4(0&(r$"2&.(+4"*$")%$("0$%.$e"7/.".("(/.20%4"0&.9O4"2."O%.2.(0$"D494"/%).(0."O$%$"(/.20%$"2/O.%<&<.(D&$T

Apéndice: algunas consideraciones dispersas en torno a la EM y a la EnoM

Atractivo de la EM

,$">#"?$D."+."*$"(.D.2&+$+""*$"%.$*&+$+T"",$"D4(I/2&:("+."(.D.2&+$+"k"%.$*&+$+"7/."*$0.".(".*"I4(+4"+."*$">#".2"/($"D$*$9&+$+e"/("&9O.+&9.(04"$"*$"I.*&D&+$+"7/.".2"/($"+."*$2"0%.2"D$%$2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"R/(04"$*"M.%"k"*$"14(D&.(D&$T",$">(4#".2"/("O%&9.%"O$24"O$%$"2$*&%"+.".20$"D4(I/2&:(T

,$"I%$2."+."P%40J)4%$2e".*"?495%.".2"*$"9.+&+$"+."04+$2"*$2"D42$2e"0&.(."%.)/204"$">#T"'*"&)/$*"7/."*$"+.">&(20.&(""9$%$<&**J(+42."+."7/."2.$942"D$O$D.2"+."+.2D%&5&%"*$"%.$*&+$+T"H$95&6("'%&20:0.*.2"D4("2/"$C%9$D&:("+."7/.".*"$*9$e"(4"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"O/%$e""$5%$F$"04+$"%.$*&+$+T",$"D&.(D&$"+.*">2O=%&0/"+."&*5.%""?/.*."$"*4"9&294T

,$">#"2/O4(.".*"+/$*&294U"*$"2.O$%$D&:("+."EA"k"E'"k"O4%"0$(04"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."&(0.%9.+&$%&42T"8$"+."/(&%"E'"k"EAe"D/$(+4"+."O4%"2="k$"son inseparables.

159


,$">#"0$95&6("2/O4(."+$%"O%&4%&+$+"$"EA"245%."E'T">2"+.D&%e"2/O4(."O4(.%"E'"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."EAT">(04(D.2"*$"/(&+$+"+."E'"2."0%$+/D.".("/($"r(&D$"I4%9/*$D&:("<J*&+$"+."EAe"/($"%.<.*$D&:(e".("*/)$%"+."*$"libertad en DR.

Aproximaciones a la EnoM

g($"$O%4^&9$D&:("$">(4#"2.%=$"+.D&%"7/.".*"*.()/$R."4".*"O.(2$9&.(04"(4"$)40$"*$"%.$*&+$+T"f0%$"I4%9/*$D&:("9J2"D.%D$($"$"*$">(4#"2.%=$"+.D&%"7/.".(0%."*4"7/."0.(.942"O4%"%.$*&+$+"k"620$"?$k"/($"+&I.%.(D&$"7/."A$&94("P$(&XX$%"?$"**$9$+4"*$""+&I.%.(D&$"D4294*:)&D$T",$"E4D0$"L)(4%$(D&$"+."d&D4*J2"+."1/2$"2."O4+%=$"D49O$%$%"$"*$">(4#T

g($"I4%9/*$D&:("9.0$I:%&D$"+."*$">(4#"2.%=$U".204"7/."D49r(9.(0."**$9$942"%.$*&+$+".2".*"9$O$".(".*"7/."(42"94<.942T"d4"?$k"D4%%.2O4(+.(D&$".(0%."9$O$"k"%.$*&+$+"O4%7/.".20$"r*0&9$".20J"<$D=$"+."I4%mas, es pura presencia. El conocimiento silencioso no compite con los

94+.*42"0.D(4D&.(0=CD42T

La EM supone subordinación del conocimiento a las valoraciones

>*"9&04"D/$(+4".2"<&).(0."(4"O/.+."+.R$%"+."2.%"*$"9&29$"%.$*&+$+"k"O4%"tanto tenemos la EM.

>("*$"M4D&.+$+"+."*$"&(I4%9$D&:(e"*$">(4#"".2"(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"D4(20%/&%"*&5%.9.(0."D4(4D&9&.(04"k"<$*4%.2""+.2+."/($"18""$2.(0$+$".(".*"D4(4cimiento silencioso.

d&()/($"D4(20%/DD&:("O/.+."0.(.%"D$%JD0.%"+."$524*/04T"M4*4"*$"D4(ciencia de la DA nos libera de cualquier absolutización, garantizando

$2="(/.20%$"*&5.%0$+"+."D4(20%/DD&:("k"+.D4(20%/DD&:(T

160


xd.D.2&0$".*"+/$*&294"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"O$%$"2.%"D4?.%.(0.y

M&*.(D&4"D494"D$O$D&+$+".2O.D=CD$"+.*".2O=%&0/"?$D&$"*$"*&5.%0$+"k"+/+$"como capacidad racional.

EnoM e investigación

H4+$2"*$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"$D0/$*.2"k""04+$<=$"9J2""*$2"+.*"O$2$+4"?$("+."2.%"$?4%$"<&20$2"D494"&(D&0$D&:("$"*$"&(+$)$D&:(e".2$".2"*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T

SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

B$/9."')/20="O%.2.(0$"2/"O4(.(D&$"2.*.DD&4($(+4"$*)/(42"I%$)9.(042"."&+.$2"D*$<.T",$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"&(&D&:"2/"$(+$+/%$"5$R4"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"u*$&D$ve"k".(".2."9$%D4".*"7/.?$D.%"D&.(0=CD4".%$"&(0.%O%.0$+4"D494"+.2D%&OD&:("C+.+&)($e"9J2"4"9.(42"<.%42=9&*e"+."*$"%.$*&+$+T">2"*$"O%4O&$"+&(J9&D$"$D.*.%$+$"+."&((4<$D&:("D&.(0=CD$"k"0.D(4*:)&D$"*$"7/."O4(."$*"+.2D/5&.%04".*"D$%JD0.%"&(20%/9.(0$*"+."04+$"0.4%=$"4"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"k"**.<$"$"$5$(+4($%"04+4"0&O4"+."D%..(D&$2e"%.*&)&42$2"4"*$&D$2e"O4%"&(D49O$0&5*.2"D4(".2$"+&(J9&D$T"'r("$2=e"0$95&6(".(".*"9/(+4"D&.(0=CD4"k".("2/"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"O.%<&<."04+$<=$"$*)4"+.".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"j"9&.(0%$2"2."O&.(2$".*"7/.?$D.%"D&.(0=CD4"D494"+.2D%&OD&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"u&+.(0&CD$(+4"*42"94+.*42"k"*$"%.$*&+$+"9&29$v"(4"2."049$".("D4(2&+.%$D&:("/(".*.9.(04"D*$<.U"2/""*&5.%0$+"k"D%.$0&<&+$+"5J2&D$2T"d&"0$9O4D4"2."+$"*$"2/CD&.(0."&9O4%0$(D&$"$"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."/($"&(<.20&)$D&:("$^&4*:)&D$"D$O$F"+."4%&.(0$%"$"*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$T"'D0/$*9.(0."&(<.20&)$D&:("5J2&D$"k"D%.$0&<&+$+"+."*42"&().(&.%42"2."2/O.+&0$("$"*$"+.9$(+$"+.*"9.%D$+4T"H4+$<=$"5$R4"*$"&(W/.(D&$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"*$2"O%.)/(0$2"$^&4*:)&D$2"?$("2&+4"2/520&0/&+$2"O4%"O%.)/(0$2"06D(&D$2"245%."*$".CD&.(D&$".("%.*$D&:("$"*42"45R.0&<42"7/."2."O.%2&)/.(T"

161


B$/9."')/20="+.C.(+."7/."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2.".(0&.(+.e"2."&(0.%O%.0$"k"2."O%$D0&D$"9.R4%"+.2+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"7/."+.2+."*$"9=0&D$T"149O%.(+.%"7/."*42"94+.*42"(4"+.2D%&5.("2&(4"7/."24("I%/04"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"*&5%.e".20&9/*$"*$".<4*/D&:("k"D$95&4"+."*42"9&2942e"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."2/"I/(D&4($*&+$+"$2="D494"*$"$+$O0$5&*&+$+"$"(/.<$2"$^&4*4)=$2T"j"+."$?="*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*$"(.D.2$%&$"$24D&$D&:(".(0%."&(<.20&)$D&:("0.D(4D&.(0=CD$"k"$^&4*:)&D$T",$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"I$<4%.D.".*"+.2$%%4**4"$^&4*:)&D4"+J(+4*."*$"&9O4%0$(D&$"7/."2."9.%.D.e"$"*$"<.F"7/."O4(.".("O%&9.%"06%9&(4"*$"*&5.%0$+"k"D%.$0&<&+$+T"#J2"7/."+."o24D&.+$+"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04p"')/20="O%.I.%&%=$"?$5*$%"+."24D&.+$+"+."*$"&((4<$D&:(e"O/.2"*$"o%.$*&+$+p"(4".20J".("*42"%.2/*0$+42"+."*$"0.D(4D&.(D&$"2&(4".("2/"I/.(0.e".("*$"*&5.%0$+"D%.$+4%$".("*$"7/."2."4%&)&($T"E."$?="7/."O/.+$"&(0.%O%.0$%2."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"2/"D4(D49&0$(0."*&5.%0$+"D494"*4"9J2"%.$*e"*$"%.$*&+$+"9&29$e".*"2=954*4"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$T"

>*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"k"2/"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"+.<&.(."$/0:(494"%.2O.D04"$*"9604+4"k"D4(0.(&+42"D&.(0=CD42e"(4"2."D/*0&<$"+.2+.".**42T"P.%4"2="$"0%$<62"+."*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$U"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"conciencia de libertad son hoy una puerta importante para la conciencia

+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"k"2/"/*0.%&4%"D/*0&<4T">*"D&.(0=CD4"$"0%$<62"+."2/"*&5.%0$+"D%.$0&<$"O/.+."**.)$%"$"+.2D/5%&%"*$"*&5.%0$+"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e".2"+.D&%e"7/."620$"(4".20J".("2/2"94+.*42e"(&"2."249.0."$".**42T">2$"&(.I$5*."*&5.%0$+"7/."2."9$(&C.20$".("*42"94+.*42"+.<&.(."2=954*4"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$s"k"*$"($0/%$*.F$e"D/$(+4"(4"*$"&+.(0&CD$942"k"D4(I/(+&mos con las representaciones que hacemos de ella, es precisamente esa

$DD&:(".2O4(0J(.$e"*&5%."k"D%.$+4%$"7/.".2D$O$"$"04+$"%.O%.2.(0$D&:(s"O4%".**4"9&294e"+.<&.(."2=954*4"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$e"2&.(+4"2/2"%.O%.2.(0$D&4(.2".^O%.2&4(.2"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("%.*$0&<$T"

>("*$"9.+&+$".("7/."2."049$"D4(D&.(D&$"+.*"<$*4%"+."*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"*$"D4(D49&0$(0."*&5.%0$+e"D45%$"&9O4%0$(D&$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"9&29$s"k"620."2.".(D/.(0%$"=(0&9$9.(0."%.*$D&4($+4"D4(".*"D/*0&<4"+.*"2&*.(D&4e"D4("*$"

162


capacidad de silenciar los contenidos del conocimiento, el apego a los

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165


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#$%&@"4O&($"7/.".("D&.%0$"9.+&+$"2."<$").(.%$(+4"/("+.2O*$F$9&.(04"del capitalismo, desde un concepto distinto de mercado, o del campo

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167

La epistemología mítica en la espiritualidad de empresa

LA EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA EN LA ESPIRITUALIDAD DE EMPRESA

Queralt PratiPubill

Introducción

>*"45R.0&<4"+.".20."0%$5$R4".2"$($*&F$%"2&"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"2&)/."presente en la disciplina de la espiritualidad en la empresa. Esta disci

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168

Queral PratiPubill

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8.942".2D4)&+4".*"(r9.%4"+."D&0$D&4(.2"D494"O%4^k"+."*42"$%0=D/*42"7/."24("D.(0%$*.2e"+."*42"7/."9J2"2."?$5*$".("*$"+&2D&O*&($T"g($"4OD&:("+&I.%.(0."2.%=$".2D4).%"0$95&6("*42"*&5%42"9J2"*.=+42e"D4("9J2"%.*.<$(D&$T"M&(".95$%)4e"(4"0.(.942"D4(4D&9&.(04"7/.".^&20$"/($"5$2."+."+$042"7/."&(+.^."*42"*&5%42"9J2"D&0$+42e"k"$5$(+4($942".20$"4OD&:("O4%"*$"I$*0$"+."9604+4".("*$"2.*.DD&:("+."*42".2042T"H&.(."/($"O%45*.9J0&D$"similar la de haber seleccionado manualmente el material a partir de las

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como una descripción de tal como la realidad es.

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173


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Relevancia del estudio

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174

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Antecedentes

'(0.2"+."O%4D.+.%"$"O%.2.(0$%"*42"%.2/*0$+42"+."(/.20%$"&(<.20&)$D&:("2.%=$"(.D.2$%&4"%.$*&F$%"/($2"$D*$%$D&4(.2T"

P%&9.%4e".*"$(J*&2&2"7/."+.2$%%4**$942"$"D4(0&(/$D&:("(4".2".^?$/20&<4"k"*:)&D$9.(0.".20J"2/R.04"$"9&2"O$%J9.0%42"+."D49O%.(2&:("+."*42"$%0=culos de espiritualidad en el mundo de la empresa.

M.)/(+4e".*"45R.0&<4"+.".20."$%0=D/*4"(4".2"D%&0&D$%"$"*42"$/04%.2"7/."0&.(.("/($"<&2&:("9=0&D$"+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"O4%7/.".(0.(+.942"7/."*$"&(0.%O%.0$D&:("9=0&D$"I4%9$"O$%0."+."(/.20%$"?&204%&$e"k".2"O4%"0$(04"D49O%.(2&5*."7/."04+$<=$".206"O%.2.(0."+."/($"9$(.%$"/"otra. Este estudio epistemológico pretende poner luz sobre los plantea

mientos de los autores en la disciplina de espiritualidad en la empresa

O$%$"9420%$%"*42".7/=<4D42".("7/."5$2$("2/2"$O4%0$D&4(.2T"P%.0.(+.942"9420%$%"7/."2."O/.+."&(<.20&)$%"$7/.**4"7/."+.(49&($942"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"2&("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"040$*9.(0."$+.D/$

176

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+$"$*"2&)*4"llLT"P4%"0$(04e"(/.20%42".2I/.%F42"<$("+.20&($+42"$"I$D&*&0$%"$"(/.20%42"D4()6(.%.2"/($"$O%4^&9$D&:("(4"9=0&D$"$"*$"o.2O&%&0/$*&+$+pe".("2&(04(=$"D4(".*"949.(04"7/."(42"?$"04D$+4"<&<&%e"/("+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$"O4%7/."<$*."*$"O.($T"1%..942"7/.".20$"D*$%&CD$D&:(".O&20.94*:)&D$".2"I/(+$9.(0$*"O$%$"O.%9&0&%"7/.".*"D/*0&<4"+.".20$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(4"9=0&D$"+.*"2&)*4"llL"2."O%4O$)/.T"

Planteamiento, los 46 artículos más citados en la espiritualidad en la empresa

>2"&9O4%0$(0."+.20$D$%"7/."*$")%$("9$k4%=$"+."*42"$%0=D/*42e"2:*4"?$k"/(4"7/."2."9/.20%$".2D6O0&D4"%.2O.D04"$"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"u-%4V(e"[__\ve"O%.0.(+.("D4(0%&5/&%"D4("2/2"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2"$"9.R4%$%"*$"2&0/$D&:("*$54%$*"+."2/2"0%$5$R$+4%.2e"*$"4%)$(&F$D&:("k"$D0/$D&:("+."*$".9O%.2$T"'2="+.20$D$("*$2"2&0/$D&4(.2"D$+$"<.F"9J2"I%.D/.(0.2"+4(+."*42"&(+&<&+/42"(4"0&.(.("(&()r("O%4O:2&04"(&"2.(0&+4".("2/"0%$5$R4e"+4(+."(4"O/.+.(".^O%.2$%"04+$2"2/2"D$O$D&+$+.2".94D&4($*.2"k"2.(2&0&<$2e"&(+&<&+/42"(4N&(0.)%$+42"$"(&<.*"O.%24($*"k"0$9O4D4"$"(&<.*"24D&$*e"O4%"*$"I$*0$"+."O.%0.(.(D&$"$"/($"D49/(&+$+e"$I.D0$(+4"04+4".**4"(.)$0&<$9.(0."$"2/2"<&+$2"u#&0%4II"$(+"E.(04(e"baaavT">2").(.%$*9.(0.".(0.(+&+4"7/."*$".9O%.2$"0&.(."7/."4D/O$%2.".("O%4+/D&%"O%4+/D042"k"2.%<&D&42"7/."2&%<$("$"*$"?/9$(&+$+"+."9$(.%$"O42&0&<$"u,.<ke"[___s"M?..Oe"[__nve"k"7/."*$".D4(49=$".20J"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."*$"?/9$(&+$+"k"(4"$*"%.<62"uB$DX24(e"baaavT

'2="*$"+&2D&O*&($"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".(".*"9$($).9.(0"($D."/(J(&9.mente por una preocupación con la deshumanización y la instrumentali

F$D&:("+."*42"2.%.2"?/9$(42".("(/.20%$"24D&.+$+T">20$"O%.4D/O$D&:("<$"9J2"$**J"+.*"D49O4%0$9&.(04"+."*$2".9O%.2$2e".2"/($"O%.4D/O$D&:("7/."$5$%D$"*$"24D&.+$+e"*$"O4*=0&D$"k"*$".D4(49=$T"M."D.(0%$("*42".2I/.%F42"+."*$"+&2D&O*&($".("I49.(0$%".("*$".9O%.2$"/($"<&2&:(".2O&%&0/$*e"k"60&D$"7/."D4(2&+.%$("2."?$"+.R$+4"+."*$+4T"'2=e"*42"$/04%.2"$C%9$("7/."*$"R/2

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0&CD$D&:("+.".20$"I4D$*&F$D&:(".2O&%&0/$*".("*$".9O%.2$".2"/($"(.D.2&+$+"7/.".*"2&20.9$".D4(:9&D4"k"24D&$*"+.9$(+$e"/($"(.D.2&+$+e"(4"/("I$D04%"9J2"$"0.(.%".("D/.(0$"k"0$9O4D4"/("*/R4"+."24D&.+$+.2"$<$(F$+$2T"

>2"&(0.%.2$(0."D4(20$0$%"7/."*$"R/20&CD$D&:("+.".20$"(.D.2&+$+"+."D/*0&<4"+."*$"+&9.(2&:(".2O&%&0/$*"(4".2"&(0%=(2.D$e".20$"$%)/9.(0$D&:("&%=$".("*=(.$"D4("2/"%.D?$F4"$"*$"+.2?/9$(&F$D&:("."&(20%/9.(0$*&F$D&:(e"2&(4"7/."2."$%)/9.(0$".2)%&9&.(+4"%.O.%D/2&4(.2".D4(:9&D$2"O42&0&<$2"O$%$"*$".9O%.2$T">2"+.D&%e".*"+&2D/%24"245%."*$".CD&.(D&$e"&(20%/9.(0$*&F$"0$95&6("*$"(4D&:("+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$T"'2=e"D%..942"7/.".20$"(4D&:("+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"&(20%/9.(0$*&F$+$"<$".("contra del desarrollo de ese misma espiritualidad, esto no quiere decir

7/.".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"(4"0.()$".I.D042"O%JD0&D42e"7/."O/.+$("4"(4"$I.D0$%"$"*$".CD&.(D&$"k"$"9/D?$2"40%$2"<$%&$5*.2T"'*)/(42"$/04%.2"+.0.D0$(".20$"&(20%/9.(0$*&F$D&:("u-.(.C.*e"[__\s"#&**&9$(".0"$*Te"[__\v"k"$C%9$("7/."(4"2."+.5."**.<$%"$"*$".9O%.2$"O4%7/."2&)(&C7/."/("$/9.(04".("*42"5.(.CD&42e"2&(4"O4%7/.".2"*$"+.D&2&:("D4%%.D0$e"O4%7/.".2"*4"7/."2."+.5."?$D.%T">(0.(+.942"7/."D4(".20$"$O%4^&9$D&:("R/20&Ccan la espiritualidad como un deber, incluso sagrado, y entendemos que

.2$"R/20&CD$D&:(".20J"04+$<=$"$(D*$+$".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T"M:*4"/(42"O4D42"$C%9$("7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"0.(+%=$"7/."2.%"<$*4%$+$".("2="9&29$"k"(4"O4%"*42"5.(.CD&42"7/."O/.+."$O4%0$%"uw%$?(X.".0"$*Te"[__\vT

M."$C%9$"7/.".20$"5r27/.+$".2O&%&0/$*"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4".2"&(0%=(2.D$"k"<$"9J2"$**J"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"O.%24($*e"O4%7/."*$"5r27/.+$"+."2&)(&CD$+4"k"2.(0&+4"+."2/2"<&+$2"k"+."2/"0%$5$R4"0&.(."/($"I4D$*&F$D&:("(4".("/(4"9&294"2&(4".("*42"40%42"u'2?$%"$(+",$(.N#$?.%e"[__]vT"M."O/.+."$C%9$%"7/.".20$"D4(D.OD&:("04+$<=$"0&.(."%$=D.2".("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"O%.2.(0$(+4"D494"D$%$D0.%=20&D$"+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"k"%$2)4"+.C(&04%&4"*$"I4D$*&F$D&:(".("*42"40%42e"$/(7/.".*"9&294"O*$(0.$9&.(04"7/."$%)/9.(0$("0&.(."D494"O%.9&2$"7/."2."5/2D$".*"2&)(&CD$+4"k".*"2.(0&+4"+."<&+$"+."/(4T

178

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'2=e"*42"$D$+69&D42"2/R.042"$"*$2"+.9$(+$2"D&.(0=CD$2"+."*$"&(<.20&)$D&:(".("D&.(D&$2"24D&$*.2e"7/.%&.(+4"+.C(&%".*"45R.04"+.".20/+&4"*&9&0$("*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"/0&*&F$(+4"+&<.%2$2"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2"7/."O420.%&4%9.(0."&(0.(0$("9.+&%"D4(".*"C("+."D4(2.)/&%"R/20&CD$D&:(".9O=%&D$"k"+.9420%$%"7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"0&.(."&9O4%0$(D&$e"I$<4%.D&.(+4"O42&0&<$9.(0."*42"%.2/*0$+42"+."*$".9O%.2$T"P%.0.(+&.(+4"$2="I$<4%.D.%".*"&(0.%62"O4%"*$"espiritualidad y el crecimiento de esta disciplina.

P.%4"*$"D4(D.O0/$*&F$D&:("k"*$"O%.0.(+&+$"5r27/.+$"+."O$%J9.0%42"+."9.+&D&:("<$".("D4(0%$"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+e"(4"O4%7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"sea sagrada, sino porque al intentar instrumentalizarla estamos de hecho

+.R$(+4"+.".(0.(+.%"7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+e"4"9.R4%"+&D?4"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($e"0.()$"<$*4%".("2="9&29$e"k"(4"O4%"*42".I.D042"7/."O4+$942"450.(.%".("*$".9O%.2$T"M&"+.2.$942"+.2$%%4**$%"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"O$%$"D4(2.)/&%"/($"9.R4%$".("(/.20%4"*&+.%$F)4"4".("(/.20%$".9O%.2$e".20$942".(".I.D04"9&($(+4"(/.20%42".2I/.%F42"k"*$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."+.2$%%4**$%".20$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"7/."<$*."+."O4%"2=e"/($"D/$*&+$+"7/."$I.D0$"$"04+$"*$"<&+$"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4T

'+.9J2"+."*$"O%.4D/O$D&:("O4%"*$"+.2?/9$(&F$D&:("+.*"2.%"?/9$(4".("*$".9O%.2$"k".*"&(0.%62".("I49.(0$%"O%JD0&D$2".9O%.2$%&$*.2"$*"2.%<&D&4"+."*$"?/9$(&+$+e"*42"$D$+69&D42"R/20&CD$("2/"&(0.%62"k"2/2"$O4%0$D&4(.2".("*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"+."*$"2&)/&.(0."9$(.%$U

t">*"+.2$%%4**4"k"D/*0&<4"+."/($"<&+$".2O&%&0/$*"%.7/&.%."7/."04+$2"*$2"I$D.0$2"+.*"&(+&<&+/4".206("&(0.)%$+$2e"k".*"&(+&<&+/4"O$2$"9/D?4"0&.9O4".(".*"0%$5$R4e".2"$O%4O&$+4"O4%"0$(04"I$D&*&0$%".20."D/*0&<4".(".*"$95&.(0."*$54%$*"u'2?$%"$(+",$(.N#$?.%e"[__]vT

t",$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"/($"+&9.(2&:("?/9$($e"k"D494"0$*".20J"O%.2.(0.".("*$"<&+$"+.*"&(+&<&+/4T"P4%"0$(04"0&.(."2.(0&+4"7/."2.".20/+&."(4"

179


2:*4"D494"I4%9$"O$%0."+.*"0%$5$R4"+.*"&(+&<&+/4"2&(4"0$95&6("+."*$"4%)$(&F$D&:("I4%9$(+4"O$%0."+."*$"D/*0/%$"4%)$(&F$0&<$"u;402&2"$(+"w4%0.F&e"[__cvT

t",42"$/04%.2"+.C.(+.("*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."&(<.20&)$%"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"O4%".*"%&)4%"7/."$O4%0$("k".<&0$%"7/."$O%4^&9$D&4(.2"(4"%&)/%42$2"D494".*"d.V"')."D4(I/(+$("$"*$").(0.e".(".20$"+&9.(2&:("+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"0$("&9O4%0$(0."u#&0%4II"$(+"E.(04(e"baaavT

t"H$95&6("+.C.(+.("7/."D4("2/"O420/%$"O%.0.(+.(".<&0$%"7/."2."9$(&O/*."$"*42".9O*.$+42"k"$"*$2".9O%.2$2T">2"+.D&%e"2/2"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2"O.%9&0.("+&2D%&9&($%"$7/.**42".2I/.%F42"7/."%.$*9.(0."24("o.2O&%&0/$*.2p"k"$7/.**42"7/."2:*4"/0&*&F$(".*"06%9&(4".2O&%&0/$*"O.%4".("%.$*&+$+"(4"*4"24("uE.$(".0"$*Te"[__\s"#&**&9$(".0"$*Te"[__\v

P4%"0$(04e"O%.0.(+.("7/."D4("2/2"$O4%0$D&4(.2"0.:%&D$2"k".9O=%&D$2"2."D%.$%J("/($2"5$2.2"I/.%0.2"O$%$"&9O*$(0$%"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$"4%)$nización.

g($"+."*$2"O%&9.%$2"9$0&F$D&4(.2"7/."%.$*&F$(".2"2.$*$%"*$"+&I.%.(D&$"I/(+$9.(0$*"7/.".^&20.".(0%.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"k"%.*&)&:(T"'2="*$"%.*&)&:("2."<."D494"+&<&2&<$e"+4)9J0&D$e"D4(".20%/D0/%$"I4%9$*e"&(04*.%$(0.e"D.%%$+$e"k".^D*/k.(0."+."04+42"*42"7/."(4"D49O$%0.("*$"D%..(D&$"O$%0&D/*$%"u#&0%4IIe"[__\vT">("D$95&4"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"2."D4(D&5."+."/($"9$(.%$"O.%24($*e"/(&<.%2$*e"04*.%$(0.e"$5&.%0$"."&(D*/2&<$T

'/(7/."$"O%&9.%$"<&20$".20$"2.O$%$D&:(".(0%.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"k"%.*&)&:(".2"$D.O0$+$"O4%"*42"$D$+69&D42"?$k"$*)/($2"D4(0%$+&DD&4(.2"7/."2."O%.2.(0$(U"x+."+:(+."2$*."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+ye"9/D?42"$+<&.%0.("7/."2&("/("I/(+$9.(04"%.*&)&424".2"&9O42&5*."D/*0&<$%"/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D4("2.(0&+4e"+.(40$(+4".(".20$"r*0&9$"O/(0/$*&F$D&:("7/."?$k"9/D?$2".2O&

180

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%&0/$*&+$+.2"7/."2."+.(49&($("$2="O.%4"7/."2.)r(".**42"(4"2."*.2"O/.+."denominar espiritualidad.

H$95&6(e"xQ/6"4D/%%."D/$(+4"?$k"+&<.%2$2".2O&%&0/$*&+$+.2".("*$".9O%.2$ye".(".20$"O%.)/(0$".20J"&9O*=D&04"7/."2."0&.(."/($"<&2&:("+.".2O&%&0/$*&dad bastante similar a religión, porque se piensa que crea problemas, di

<&2&:(e"O4%"0$(04".2".^D*/2&<$T">(".20$"9&29$"*=(.$e"xQ/6"4D/%%."D/$(+4".*"&(+&<&+/4".2".2O&%&0/$*"k"*$"4%)$(&F$D&:("(4"*4".2y"kx2&"*$"4%)$(&F$D&:(".2".2O&%&0/$*"k".*"&(+&<&+/4"(4y

'+.9J2"D4(2&+.%$("7/.".("24D&.+$+.2"D$+$"<.F"9J2"O*/%$*&20$2".2"+&I=D&*"7/.".^&20$"/($"0%$+&D&:("%.*&)&42$"+49&($(0."7/."O/.+$"/0&*&F$%2."D494"I/(+$D&:("$"(&<.*"24D&$*"k"$"(&<.*".9O%.2$"u1$<$($)?e"baaavT"'2="2."$+<&.%0."7/."/0&*&F$%"*$"%.*&)&:("D494"2&20.9$"+."*.)&0&9$D&:("24D&$*"O/.+."**.<$%"$"*$"I$*0$"+."D4(C$(F$"k"$"*$"%40/%$"+."*$"+.94D%$D&$T">204".2"$2=e"O4%7/."+.2+."*$"&*/20%$D&:("2."?$".2D*$%.D&+4"7/."*$"%.*&)&:(".2"/($"I/.(0."+."2/O.%20&D&:("."&%%$D&4($*&+$+"4O/.20$"$"*$"%$D&4($*&+$+"+."*$"D&.(D&$"u1$<$($)?e"baaavT"

Es interesante destacar que los estadounidenses no tienen una hostilidad

+&%.D0$"$"*$"%.*&)&:(e"O.%4"2&"7/."*$"0&.(+.("$"0%&<&$*&F$%e"$"0%$0$%*$"D494"/($"$CD&:("4"/($"2$*&+$".94D&4($*T"M."9.(D&4($"$"E&42"D494"/($"I4%malidad, pero para los estadounidenses no es aceptable permitir la en

0%$+$"+."D%..(D&$2"%.*&)&42$2".("*$2"+&2D/2&4(.2"+."*$2"O4*=0&D$2"Or5*&D$2"u1$<$($)?e"baaavT"

P4%"0$(04e"/("O*$(0.$9&.(04"7/."+.I.(+&.%$"*$".(0%$+$"+."D%..(D&$2"%.*&)&42$2".("*$".9O%.2$".(D4(0%$%=$"*$"4O42&D&:("+."*$"4O&(&:("Or5*&D$"(4%0.$9.%&D$($"k"+."*42"+&%.D0&<42"O4%7/."<$".("D4(0%$"+."*$"+&<.%2&+$+"k"*$"&(D*/2&:(".("*$".9O%.2$"u34%%$k"$(+"M04%Xe"[__[vT

181


'2=e"7/."*42"$D$+69&D42"&(0.(0$("(4"/0&*&F$%"*.()/$R."%.*&)&424"(&"D4(D.OD&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"O4%7/."O$%$"*$")%$("9$k4%=$"24("I.(:9.(42"+&I.%.(0.2T"'/(7/."$*)/(42"(4"?$D.("*$"2.O$%$D&:(".^O*=D&0$9.(0."k"O%.2.(0$("O4%".R.9O*4"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D%&20&$($"uE.*5.D7e"baaav"+.20&*$+$"directamente de la religión.

'2=e"$/(7/."*$")%$("9$k4%=$"O%.0.(+.("9420%$%"7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"/("I.(:9.(4"+&I.%.(0."$"*$"%.*&)&:(e"*$"9$(.%$".("7/."2."O%.2.(0$"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"040$*9.(0."%.*&)&42$T"P%.D&2$(+4e".2"9$k4%&0$%&$9.(0."/($"$O%4^&9$D&:("%.*&)&42$"D%&20&$($T

A.2/9&.(+4e"<.942"k$"$*)/($2"D4(0%$+&DD&4(.2"+."*$"+&2D&O*&($"+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$T",$"O%&9.%$e"*42"$/04%.2"$+<&.%0.("*$"D%.D&.(0."instrumentalización del ser humano, pero al mismo tiempo, en una gran

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P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.e".20$2"D4(0%$+&DD&4(.2"(42"O.%9&0.("$%)/9.(0$%"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."4I%.D.%"/($"5$2."2:*&+$"245%."*$"7/."*$"+&2D&O*&($"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"O/.+$"2.)/&%"$<$(F$(+4T"'2=e"2."%.7/&.%."/($"+.C(&D&:("+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"$(D*$+$".("/($"$(0%4O4*4)=$".(".*"7/.".*"&(+&<&+/4"2.".(0&.(+."D494"/("$(&9$*"2&95&:0&D4"7/."?$5*$e"k"+4(+."*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+".2"/($"D$%$D0.%=20&D$"k"D$O$D&+$+"

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&(0%=(2.D$9.(0."?/9$($T",$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$".2"620$"D$O$D&+$+"2/0&*"I%/04"k"4%&).("+.*"&(0.%62"O4%"*$"%.$*&+$+"0$*"D494".2e"O4%".*"+.2$O.)4"k"/("2&*.(D&$9&.(04"+."*42".27/.9$2"9.(0$*.2T"g($"D/$*&+$+"7/."2."O/.+."452.%<$%e"O.%4"(4"2."O/.+."+.C(&%e"(&"9.+&%e"(&"<$*4%$%T"P4%"0$(04e".20$"5$2."7/."$O4%0$942"I%/04"+."*$2"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2"+.*"E%T"14%5="uba`\s"baa[s"baans"[__bs"[__ns"[__cs"[_b_v".2"+=CD&*"&(20%/9.(0$*&F$%e"(4"0&.(."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"O4%"0$(04"(4".2".7/&O$%$5*."$"*$"religión.

'"D4(0&(/$D&:("O%.2.(0$942"/("%.D4O&*$04%&4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"7/."?.942"+.0.D0$+4".("*42"0.^042"9J2"D&0$+42"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$U

t"Nunca se cuestiona la palabra espiritualidad, sino que se acepta. Esta I$*0$"+."D/.20&4($9&.(04"+."*$"O$*$5%$"&9O*=D&0$9.(0."$D.O0$"*$".^&20.(D&$"+.*".2O=%&0/"D494"/($".(0&+$+

t",*.<$".("*$")%$("9$k4%=$"+."*42"D$242"$"O.(2$%".(".*".2O=%&0/"D494"4O/.204"$"*$"9$0.%&$T"M."O&.(2$"7/.".*"2.%"?/9$(4"0&.(."/("$*9$e"4".2O=%&0/"k"/("D/.%O4T

t">20.".2O=%&0/".("9/D?42"D$242"2."D4(2&+.%$"0%$2D.(+.(0."k"D4(.D0$+4"$"/($".(0&+$+e"$"/("O4+.%e"$"/("E&42e"$"/($".(.%)=$e"$"/("O*$(T">2"+.D&%e"2."D4(.D0$"$"$*)/($".(0&+$+"2/O.%&4%T"P4%"0$(04"*$"*.)&0&9&+$+"+.*"2&20.9$"+.".20$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".20J"$<$*$+4"O4%".20.".(0."2/O.%&4%T

t"'*)/(42"$/04%.2"$C%9$("(4"2:*4"*$"0%$(2D.(+.(D&$"2&(4"*$"&(9$(.(D&$"+.".20.".2O=%&0/T"'C%9$("7/.".20J".("04+4e"7/."(4240%42"24942"O$%0."de este todo.

t",$"9$(.%$"+.".(I4D$%".20$"&(9$(.(D&$".2"7/."0.(.942".20.".2O=%&0/e"que sentimos conectado con todo.

183


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t">*"O%4O:2&04".2"7/."(4240%42"$<$(D.942"?$D&$"/("+.2$%%4**4".2O&%&0/$*T

t"'2=e".20$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(42"0%$(7/&*&F$e"O4%7/."(4"&9O4%0$"*4"9$*"7/."<$k$("*$2"D42$2e"2."$C%9$"7/."+."$*)/($"9$(.%$"04+4"$D$5$%J"24*/D&4(J(+42.T"

t"d/.20%4"45R.0&<4e"O%4O:2&04".2"?$D.%".*"5&.(T

t"M.".(0&.(+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D494"$*)4"2$)%$+4e"O4%"0$(04e"(4"+.5."instrumentalizarse.

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t",$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"/("I.(:9.(4"O.%24($*T

t",$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2".(0.(+&+$"D494"/($".20%/D0/%$"+."D%..(D&$2"7/."**.<$"$*"+.20&(4"7/."04+42"+.2.$942T

t",$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(4".2"%$D&4($*e"O4%"0$(04"D/$*7/&.%"D49O%49&24"D4(".**$"O/.+."+.2.954D$%".("I$($0&294"k"O4%"0$(04"&%%$D&4($*&+$+T"1/$*7/&.%"o+.<4D&:(p"$"$7/.**4"7/."o(4"2."<.p"O/.+."**.<$%"$*"I$($0&294e"0$(04".(".*"9/(+4"+."*$".9O%.2$"D494"I/.%$"+.".**$T"

t">*".9O*.$+4".2O&%&0/$*"+.9/.20%$"/(")%$+4"9J2".*.<$+4"+."2.(2&5&*&+$+"k"D49O%49&24"k"$0%&5/042"O.%24($*.2"5.(.CD&4242"D494"24(U"$/9.(04"+."*$"$*.)%=$e"D49O$2&:(e"2.%.(&+$+"k"2&)(&CD$+4".(".*"0%$5$R4T

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t"8$k"/($"2.%&."+."<$*4%.2"7/."+.C(.("$*"&(+&<&+/4".2O&%&0/$*T">2042"<$*4%.2"24("/(&<.%2$*.2"k"24("+.C(&+42"O4%"*$2")%$(+.2"%.*&)&4(.2"+."la humanidad.

A.2/9&.(+4e"*$"O%45*.9J0&D$"+."*$"D4(D.OD&:("&9O.%$(0."+."*$".2O&%&tualidad es que aunque se quiere separar de la religión que se considera

(4"$O0$"O$%$"*$2"(/.<$2"24D&.+$+.2"(4"2."D4(2&)/."k$"7/."2."D4(0&(r."0.(&.(+4"/($"(4D&:("9=0&D$"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+T",$"O%45*.9J0&D$"+.".20$"D4(D.OD&:("9=0&D$".2U

1. M."5$2$".("D%..(D&$2"+."D494".2e"4"+.5."2.%"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+T"M&"2."2.O$%$"*$"+.C(&D&:("+.".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"$"*$"+."%.*&)&:(".20$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"9J2"$5&.%0$e"2&"2."%.*$D&4($"4"&(D*/24"2.".(0&.(+."7/."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(4"O/.+.".^&20&%"2&("%.*&)&:(e".(04(D.2".20$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".20J"D49O*.0$9.(0."+.C(&+$".("04+42"2/2"06%9&(42e".("*4"7/."2."0&.(."7/."creer y como se tiene que actuar.

2. ,$"D%..(D&$"9=0&D$"(4".20J".^O*=D&0$e"O4%7/."O%.D&2$9.(0.".*"2&20.9$".20J"+&2.$+4"O$%$"7/.".204"(4"2.$"$2=e".2"+.D&%e"*$"D4(D.OD&:("9=0&D$"**.<$"&9O*=D&04"7/."(4"2."O/.+$(".(0%.<.%"40%$2"O42&5&*&+$+.2T

\T">20$"<&2&:("9=0&D$".2".9&(.(0.9.(0.e"/($"<&2&:("9=0&D$"D%&20&$($e"*4"7/."+.9/.20%$".*"O4D4"D4(4D&9&.(04"+."40%$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"+."2$5&+/%=$T

]T">20$"D4(D.OD&:("9=0&D$"0$95&6("0&.(."/($"O%45*.9J0&D$".(".*"9604+4e"$*"(4"O*$(0.$%2."+.2+.".*"&(&D&4"*$2"?&O:0.2&2"7/."2.".20J("$2/9&.(+4e"D4(+/D.("*$2"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2"?$D&$"/("D$9&(4"O42&0&<&20$"k"O4%"0$(04"9=0&D4"uw&()"$(+"1%4V0?.%e"[__]vT"#/D?42"$/04%.2"D%&0&D$("*$2"$O%4^&9$D&4(.2"O42&0&<&20$2"uE.$(".0"$*Te"[__\s"34%($D&$%&"$(+"E.$(e"[__bs"3%.2?9$(e"baaas"8.$04(".0"$*Te"[__]s"w%$?(X.".0"$*Te"[__\s",&O2N&.%29$e"[__\v"k"$54)$("O4%"9604+42"D/$*&0$0&<42e"2&("

185


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Otro de los problemas de rigor que presenta la disciplina reside en la

D4(D.OD&:("O.%24($*e"&(+&<&+/$*"7/."O%.2.(0$"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+T"#&.(0%$2"*$"%.*&)&:(".2"D4(D.5&+$".("/("9$%D4"+."I4%9$2e"%&0/$*.2"k".20%/D0/%$e".^D*/2&<$"k"+&<&2&<$e"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"2."O%.2.(0$"*&5%."+."I4%9$2e"&(D*/2&<$"k"040$*9.(0."2/5R.0&<$T">20$"D4(D.OD&:("O%4+/D."D494"+&CD/*0$+"/($"$5/(+$(D&$"+."O/(042"+."<&20$e"+."I$*0$"+."D%=0&D$"k$"7/."04+$2"*$2"4O&(&4(.2e".^O.%&.(D&$2"<&<&+$2"k"?&204%&$2"O.%24($*.2"2."D4(2&+.%$("&)/$*9.(0."%.*.<$(0.2T">(".20."O/(04"O4+%=$942"$%)/9.(0$%"7/.".("<.F"+."/("O*/%$*&294"2$(4"2."O.%9&0."/("%.*$0&<&294e"+4(+."04+4"<$*.T"P4%"0$(04e"2.%=$"&9O4%0$(0."$O4%0$%"04+4".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"+."40%$2"+&2D&O*&($2"D494"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"+."2$5&+/%=$".(".*"J%.$"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$"empresa.

Conclusiones

>20."$%0=D/*4"?$"O%.0.(+&+4"2$D$%"$"*$"*/F"*42"O*$(0.$9&.(042"04+$<=$"9=0&D42"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".(".*"9/(+4"+."*$".9O%.2$T";%$D&$2"$".20."$(J*&2&2"D%..942"7/."O4+.942"O%4O4(.%"$+4O0$%"*$2"5$2.2"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"+."/($"9$(.%$"(4"9=0&D$T"'2=e"*$"&(<.20&)$D&:("+.".24"7/."(4"O4+.942"D4(D.O0/$*&F$%e"(&"$D40$%e"7/.".20J"9J2"$**J"+."D/$*7/&.%"I4%9/*$D&:("O.%4"7/.".2"O%4I/(+$9.(0."k"r(&D$9.(0."?/9$(4e"I%/04"+."nuestra condición de hablantes simbióticos puede ser desarrollado por

*42"&(+&<&+/42"+."(/.20%$"24D&.+$+T"

>20$"D4(D.OD&:("(4"9=0&D$".(%$=F$".*"oI.(:9.(4p".2O&%&0/$*e"7/."+.R$942"+."**$9$%".2O&%&0/$*"O$%$"+.(49&($%*4"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($e".("/($"$(0%4O4*4)=$"7/."+.R$"+."*$+4"D/$*7/&.%"D4(D.OD&:("7/."?$)$"%.I.%.(D&$"$"/($"+&9.(2&:("2/O.%N($0/%$*T"M.".(%$=F$".(".*"2.%"?/9$(4".(0.(+&+4"

186

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como un animal que habla y que es simbiótico, y que gracias a este

*.()/$R.".2"D$O$F"+.".(0.(+.%"7/.".("*$"%.$*&+$+"?$k"9J2"7/."*4"7/."2/2"+.2.42e"&(0.%.2.2e".^O.D0$0&<$2"k"9&.+42"*."9/.20%$(T">20$"+&9.(2&:("(4"%.*$0&<$"$"*$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"+.*"7/."(42"?$5*$("04+$2"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"+."2$5&+/%=$".2"+.2+."*42"$42"a_"45R.04"+."$0.(D&:("O4%"*42"$D$+69&D42"+."*$".9O%.2$T

'/(7/."2&"5&.("*$")%$("9$k4%=$"2."$D.%D$("$"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D494"/($"O=*+4%$"7/."O/.+."O$*&$%"*$"+.2?/9$(&F$D&:("."&(20%/9.(0$*&F$D&:("+.*"2.%"?/9$(4".("*$".9O%.2$e"$*)/(42"<$("9J2"$**J"$*"$C%9$%"7/.".("*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"$D0/$*.2"+."D49O.0&0&<&+$+"+."*$".9O%.2$e"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"k"*$"&((4<$D&:("24("&9O4%0$(0.2e"k"2:*4"D4("&(+&<&+/42"O*.($9.(0."&(0.)%$+42".("04+$2"2/2"D$O$D&+$+.2"2."O/.+.("O%4+/D&%".2042".I.D042T"M&(".95$%)4e".*"O*$(0.$9&.(04"$*".20$%"$(D*$+4".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"+&I=D&*9.(0."2."O4+%J"O4O/*$%&F$%"$"/(42"&(+&<&+/42"+.*"2&)*4"llL"7/."entienden que no se puede creer en nada, que todo cambia y lo que ayer

I/(D&4(:"?4k"k$"(4".2")$%$(0=$"+."6^&04T">20$"9&29$"*:)&D$"0.(+%=$"7/."aplicarse en la disciplina de la espiritualidad en la empresa, que busca en

*:)&D$2"O$2$+$2"24*/D&4(.2"$"*$"O%45*.9J0&D$"$D0/$*"2&("?$5.%"%.$*&F$+4"/("$(J*&2&2".^?$/20&<4"+."*$2"?&O:0.2&2"+."5$2.T"

'+.9J2"+."*$2"?&O:0.2&2"+."5$2."?$k"40%$2"O%45*.9J0&D$2"7/."(.D.2&0$("ser aclaradas, como el pensar que la espiritualidad es la solución a todos

*42"O%45*.9$2"+."*$".9O%.2$T"'2="2/"&(20%/9.(0$*&F$D&:("+."I$D04"<$".("contra de esta misma espiritualidad.

1%..942"7/."0$95&6("2.%=$"(.D.2$%&4"7/."*42"$D$+69&D42"9420%$%$("D4("9J2"6(I$2&2"7/."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"(4".2"/("I$D04%"$+&D&4($*"4"/("*/R4"2:*4"+.".9O%.2$2"O/(0.%$2e"2&(4"7/.".2"/($"(.D.2&+$+"&(0%=(2.D$"+."D/$*7/&.%".9O%.2$"/"4%)$(&F$D&:(T">2"&(0%=(2.D$"O4%7/.".2"*$"5$2."O$%$"+.2$%%4**$%"O%4O:2&042"k"<$*4%.2"$"*42"7/."*42"&(+&<&+/42"+."*$".9O%.2$"O/.+$("$+?.%&%2."*&5%.9.(0."k"7/."I/(D&4(.("D494".*.9.(042"+."D4

187


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+.2$%%4**$%"9604+42"$+.D/$+42"O$%$"O4O/*$%&F$%"/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"(4"9=0&D$".("*$2".9O%.2$2T"

>20."$%0=D/*4"?$"O%.0.(+&+4"$($*&F$%"*4"7/."2&)(&CD$"/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"9=0&D$"k"(4"9=0&D$"D4(".*"C("+."$<$(F$%".(".20."O%4O:2&04T"

SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

P%$0N&NP/5&**".("*$".Ô42&D&:("+.*"%.2/9.("+."2/"O4(.(D&$".Ô4(."7/.".*"45R.0&<4"+."2/".20/+&4"?$"2&+4"+.0.D0$%"2&"04+$<=$"2.".20/+&$"."&(<.20&)$"245%."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$"5$R4"*$"&(W/.(D&$"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$T

M."?$("&(<.20&)$+4"*42"$%0=D/*42"$D$+69&D42"9J2"D&0$+42"245%."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".("*$".9O%.2$T">(".2042"$%0=D/*42"*42"$/04%.2"+.0.D0$("7/."*42"2&20.9$2".D4(:9&D42e"O4*=0&D42"k"+.*"9/(+4"+."*$".9O%.2$".20J("+.9$(+$(+4"D$*&+$+"?/9$($e"O.%4"2/2"%.W.^&4(.2"245%.".20."0.9$"$+4*.D.("+.".20$%"$(D*$+$2".("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"+."9$(0.(.%"9$k4%&0$%&$9.(0."/($"O.%2O.D0&<$"&(20%/9.(0$*&20$"k"+."I/(+$9.(0$%"2/2"24*/D&4(.2".("*$"60&D$"7/."2/O4(.("&(0%=(2.D$"$"*$"($0/%$*.F$"?/9$($T

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188

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Aunque con casi total unanimidad separan la religión de la espirituali

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Resume los trazos de la caracterización habitual de la espiritualidad

2/5k$D.(0.".("04+42".2042"$%0=D/*42U"(4"D/.20&4($("*$"+&I.%.(D&$D&:(".(0%."D/.%O4N.2O=%&0/e"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".20J"%.*$D&4($+$"D4("/($".(0&dad superior, presupone que somos parte de un todo, conduce a que los

acontecimientos y el destino humano acaben bien, ayuda a hacer el bien,

.2"/("D$9&(4"+."O.%I.DD&:(e"&9O*&D$"*$"+&I.%.(D&$D&:(".(0%."2$)%$+4"k"O%4I$(4e"2."0%$0$"+."/("I.(:9.(4"&(+&<&+/$*e"2.").(.%$".(04%(4"+."/($"estructura de creencias y no cae dentro de lo racional.

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189


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Al iniciar el debate se plantea la cuestión de que las empresas por su

9&29$"+&(J9&D$"+.5.("9.+&%*4"04+4e"?$20$".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+e"9&+&.(+4".*"5.(.CD&4"7/."620$"O/.+$"$O4%0$%T"

'2=e"P%$0N&NP/5&**"O/(0/$*&F$"7/."*$"O%&9.%$"$O%4^&9$D&:("?$D&$"*$".9presa pasa por introducir el tema en el plan de estudios de los estudiantes

+."9$($).9.(0T">2"&9O%.2D&(+&5*."7/."/("*=+.%".9O%.2$%&$*"*4"0.()$"muy claro para implantarlo dentro de la empresa.

f0%$"&(0.%<.(D&:("$C%9$"7/.".^&20."/(".*.9.(04"I$<4%$5*."$*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$U".2"7/.".2$"D/$*&+$+".2"/(".*.9.(04"&(0%=(2.D4"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4T"

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>("40%$"&(0.%<.(D&:("2."O4(+.%$"7/."*$"<&2&:("&(20%/9.(0$*&20$"+."*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"2.%=$"*$"7/."*$"<."D494"(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+"+."&(+&<&+/42"k".7/&O42T"P.%4".**4"&%=$".("D4(0%$"+."7/."O%.D&2$9.(0.".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"D/$(04"9J2")%$0/&0$e"9J2"O%4+/D0&<$T

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190

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f0%$"&(0.%<.(D&:("%.2$*0$"7/."*42".20/+&42"O%.0.(+.("**.)$%"$*".9O%.2$%&4e"2&(".95$%)4"I$*0$"?$D.%"?&(D$O&6".("7/.".20$"<&2&:("04+$<=$".20J"24*$9.(0.".(".*"J95&04"$D$+69&D4T"d4"?$"**.)$+4"04+$<=$"$"*$".9O%.2$T"

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M."&(&D&$"$7/="/($"+&2D/2&:("245%."2&"/("2&20.9$"+."D%..(D&$2"2&("E&42"2&)(&CD$"/($"I/.%0."D%&2&2"+."%.*&)&:("$"*4"7/."14%5="O/(0/$*&F$"7/."E&42e"9&042"k"%.*&)&:(".20J(".(".*"9&294"O$%$+&)9$T"P$%$"6*"&(0/&%"*$"+&9.(2&:("$524*/0$"k"%.*$D&4($%*4"D4("oE&42p"O4%"I$*0$"+."40%4"oD4(D.O04p".24"(4".2"D%..%".("E&42T"j"O.%24($*&F$(+4"+&D."2&"$*)/&.("*."O%.)/(0$U"x.%.2"D%.k.(0.ye"2&".2"&(0.*&).(0."*."%.2O4(+.%JU"o(4"(.D.2&04"D%..%pT"P.%4"2&"(4".2"D%.k.(0."*."%.2O4(+.%J"7/."(4"*4".2T"j"2&".2"D%.k.(0."*."%.2O4(+.%=$U"oD%.4pT"14(D*/k."7/."+.2+."/($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"*$&D$"2:*&+$"2."$D4).("todas las religiones.

14(".**4"0.%9&($"*$"+&2D/2&:("245%."*$".^O42&D&:("+."P%$0N&NP/5&**

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191


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193


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El desarrollo en competencias y el cultivo de la calidad humana

195

EL DESARROLLO EN COMPETENCIAS Y EL CULTIVO DE LA CALIDAD HUMANA

Teresa Guardans

>*"2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4"./%4O.4"5/2D$"+$%"%.2O/.20$2"$+.D/$+$2"$"*$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"+."I4%9$D&:(".(".*"9/(+4"+."*$"D%.$D&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(042e".("D$95&4"D4(0&(/4T"xQ/6"*/)$%"4D/O$".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($".(".*"(/.<4"2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4y

Introducción

d4"?$k"$2O.D04"+."*$"<&+$"?/9$($"7/."(4"7/.+."$I.D0$+4"O4%"*$"0%$(2I4%9$D&:("+."*42"94+42"+."<&+$T"je"9/k".2O.D&$*9.(0.e"*$"+."*42"oD$D?4%%42p"?/9$(42T"E."/($"&(I$(D&$"7/."$O%.(+=$"$"$(+$%"$*"0&.9O4"7/."$O%.(+=$"$"%.D4(4D.%"*42"94<&9&.(042"+."*42"$20%42e"*$2"**/<&$2"k"*42"<&.(042e"$"40%$"7/.e"$(0.2"+."+$%"*42"O%&9.%42"O$242e"9$(.R$".*"%$0:("k"?$D."2/2"O%&9.%$2"&(D/%2&4(.2"O4%".*"D&5.%.2O$D&4e"<$"/("$5&294T"

1$95&$"*$"O.%D.OD&:("+.*"9/(+4e"*42"?J5&042e"*$2"I$D/*0$+.2"7/.".(0%$(".("R/.)4".("*$"&(0.%$DD&:("D4("*$"<&+$e"D4(".*"$O%.(+&F$R.e".("*$2"%.*$D&4(.2"?/9$($2T"1$95&$("*$2"F4($2"D.%.5%$*.2"9J2"k"9.(42"$D0&<$2T"1$9bia la percepción intergeneracional al romperse la cadena de transmisión

connatural a cualquier especie. Cambia el uso del cuerpo, el desarrollo

9/2D/*$%e"*$"D44%+&($D&:("+."94<&9&.(042e"D$95&$".*").204T"1$95&$("

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los modos y los tiempos del sistema sensorial, de la percepción. Cam

5&$("*42"*$F42"I$9&*&$%.2e"*42"94+42"k"*42"0&.9O42"D49O$%0&+42e".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*42"*$F42"24D&$*.2T"g($"&(I$(D&$"7/."D%.D.".("/("9/(+4".(".*"7/."2."?$"0%$(2I4%9$+4".*"D4(D.O04"+."D4(4D&9&.(04e"+."<.%+$+e"+."<$*4%e".*"2.(0&+4"+."*$".^&20.(D&$e"k"*$"0%$(29&2&:("+."04+4".**4e"D494"5&.("2."<$"&(2&20&.(+4".(".2042".(D/.(0%42T"E."*$"?.0.%4(49=$"$"*$"$/04(49=$e"2&("O&*$%.2"CR42"."&(04D$5*.2e"2&"(4"D4("*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+."7/.".*"9/(+4e"*$"%.$*&+$+".("7/."<&<&942e".2"O/%$"D4(20%/DD&:("+."*$".2O.D&."y responsabilidad suya.

L(D.%0&+/95%.e"+/+$e"(.D.2&+$+"+."$2/9&%"(/.<42"I/(+$9.(042e"(/.<42"94+42TTT"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+."+40$%"+."2&)(&CD$0&<&+$+"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"k"$"*$2"%.*$D&4(.2"?/9$($2T">("C(e"04+4"D$95&$e"k"(4"<$"$"+.R$%"+."D$95&$%"NO4%7/.".2$".2"O%.D&2$9.(0."*$"D*$<."+.".20$"0%$(2I4%9$D&:(U"<&<&%"+."cambiar. Y con ello el proceso de maduración y socialización de los

(&42"k"(&$2"2."<."O*.($9.(0."$I.D0$+4e"$"04+42"*42"(&<.*.2U"I=2&D4e"2.(24%&$*e"O2=7/&D4e"D4)(&0&<4e"$I.D0&<4TTT56 Construcción de la identidad O.%24($*e"D4(20%/DD&:("+.*"<$*4%e"+.*"2.(0&+4"60&D4e"D4(20%/DD&:("+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"D4(20%/DD&:("+."*$"o?/9$(&+$+p".("D$+$"/(4TTT"$"*42"7/."*$".2D/.*$"+.5."$k/+$%T">*"2&)(&CD$+4"+.".(2.$%e"+.".+/D$%".2e"(.D.2&0$"2.%"k"<$"$"2.%e"040$*9.(0."40%4T"

56. Será importante estudiar y subrayar una y otra vez el alcance de las transformaciones y el análisis de sus consecuencias para poder situar las mejoras educativas sobre base sólida, sobre los verdaderos retos, necesidades, oportunidades y recursos que ofrece el nuevo escenario. Si no es cuando pueden aparecer “diagnósticos” atribuyendo los distintos “síntomas” a causas que escapan a nuestra responsabilidad, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la aparición de una nueva especie humana, con la conciencia genéticamente modi!cada, que se mani!esta en una serie de dones innatos como la percepción de determinados espectros de energía, la regeneración rápida de los tejidos celulares, cambios que permiten que los recién nacidos del tercer milenio estén ya “sintonizados” con una nueva “frecuencia energética”. Véase por ejemplo el proyecto Pedagogía? 3000, impulsado por Noemí Paymal, y su manual de referencia (www.pedago-oogia3000.info), en el loable propósito de reunir y potencializar lo mejor de las metodologías, procedimientos y técnicas pedagógicas del pasado, del presente (y del futuro...). Pero ¿para educar a quién? A una generación de niños y niñas “clarividentes y místicos por naturaleza”, que detentan unos cambios estructurales que pueden reconocerse incluso en su ADN (...)


197

,$"%.W.^&:("O.+$):)&D$"(4"?$".20$+4"+4%9&+$e"5/2D$"O4(.%2."$*"2.%<&D&4"de una educación integral, con menos desequilibrios entre la adquisi

D&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(042"k".*"+.2$%%4**4"D/$*&0$0&<4s"O.%4"*$"/%).(D&$"+."$+$O0$%"*$".(2.$(F$"$*"(/.<4"o2&20.9$"+."O%4+/DD&:(pe"*$"O%4+/DD&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(042"?$"D4(<.%0&+4"*$2"%.I4%9$2"+."*$".(2.$(F$".("45R.0&<4"social primordialmcT"j".(".2."O%.)/(0$%2."/(42"D:94"D4(2.)/&%"9.R4%.2"O%4I.2&4($*.2"k"40%42"D:94"D4(2.)/&%"o9.R4%.2"O.%24($2p"u.(0%."40%$2"D42$2"O4%7/."2&"(4"0$9O4D4"O4+%J("2.%"9.R4%.2"O%4I.2&4($*.2TTTv"2$*0$"$*"%/.+4"*$"%.W.^&:("245%.".*"+.2$%%4**4"&(0.%&4%e"2&"?$"+."0.(.%"4"(4".2O$D&4".("*$".2D/.*$e"k".("7/6"O/.+."D4(2&20&%"620.T"

El nuevo escenario escolar

'"9.+&$+42"+."9$k4"u[_b_ve".*"$*/9($+4"+."n"D/%24e".*"r*0&94"D/%24"+."O%&9$%&$e"O$2:"2/"o%.<J*&+$pU"/($"O%/.5$"O$%$".<$*/$%".*")%$+4"+."+.2$%%4**4".("oD49O.0.(D&$2"5J2&D$2pT">2"k$"*$"2.)/(+$"O%494D&:("7/."2."249.0."$".20.".^$9.(e"D/k4"45R.0&<4"r*0&94"(4".2"*$"D$*&CD$D&:("+."*42"$*/9(42"2&(4"*$".<$*/$D&:("+.*"(/.<4"94+.*4"+.".(2.$(F$"O4%".*"7/."?$"$O420$+4"*$"g(&:(">/%4O.$T",$"g(&:("2."?$"O%4O/.204"2/O.%$%"/($".+/D$D&:("0%$(29&24%$"+."D4(0.(&+42"O$%$"<4*D$%2.".("o/($".+/D$D&:("D/k$"C($*&+$+".2"D4(2.)/&%"7/."*42"(&42"k"(&$2"$+7/&.%$("*42"instrumentos necesarios para interpretar la realidad y desarrollarse como

O.%24($2"D$O$D.2"+."&(0.%<.(&%"D%=0&D$"k"$D0&<$9.(0.".("*$"24D&.+$+"O*/%$*e"+&<.%2$"k".("D4(0&(/4"D$95&4".("*$"7/."<&<.(T"g("D/%%=D/*/9"O4%"D49O.0.(D&$2"2&)(&CD$".(2.$%"$"$O%.(+.%"k"2.)/&%"$O%.(+&.(+4"$"*4"*$%)4"+."04+$"*$"<&+$p58.

57. Como lo demuestran la sucesión de informes nacionales y multinacionales sobre la educación para el siglo XXI: i.e. Francia y el equipo coordinado por E. Morin, la Unesco y su “informe Delors”, etc. 58. Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament d’Educació. Currículum educació primària. Barcelona, Serveis de Comunicació, Difusió i Publicacions, 2009. p. 5

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,$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2".("*$".+/D$D&:("24(".*"%.W.R4"+.*")%$+4".(".*"7/."k$"2."?$"$2/9&+4e"D4*.D0&<$9.(0.e".*"D$95&4"+."o9/(+4pe".*"D$95&4"D/*0/%$*e".*"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$".(".*"7/."<&<&942"&(9.%242T"M."?$"+.R$+4"$0%J2"$*"9.(42".("0.4%=$N"/($"<&2&:("+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"D494"$*)4"CR$+4e"$524*/04e"+.C(&0&<4e"7/.".%$"O42&5*."0%$(29&0&%e"k"$+7/&%&%"O4%"$D/9/lación; se busca pasar a tomar la responsabilidad de un conocimiento

7/."2."2$5."94+.*$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"k"O%.O$%$%"$"*$"D&/+$+$(=$"O$%$"2/"papel como constructores y gestores de mundos.

,$"(.D.2&+$+"+."**.)$%"$"$D/.%+42"245%."*$"+.C(&D&:("+."oD49O.0.(D&$"5J2&D$pe"&+.(0&CD$%*$2e"D/J*.2"2.%=$(e"7/6"$5$%D$(e"D:94"2."+.2$%%4**$(TTT".0DT"O/24".("9$%D?$"N"?$D."/(42"$42N"/("O%4D.24"+."%.W.^&:("7/."2&)/."$5&.%04"245%."*42"J95&042"7/."D4(C)/%$("*$".^&20.(D&$"?/9$($e"2/"($0/%$*.F$e"D:94"2."&(0.%%.*$D&4($("k"+."7/6"+.O.(+."2/"+.2$%%4**4T"P%4(04"&%%/9O&:"*$"D/.20&:("+."2&"O/.+."?$5*$%2."+."/($"D49O.0.(D&$"5J2&D$"o.2O&%&0/$*pe"4"(4T"j"$"O$%0&%"+."$?=".*"+&20&()/&%".(0%."*4"o.2O&%&0/$*pe"*4"o.^&20.(D&$*p"k"*4"o60&D4ps".(0%."D49O.0.(D&$"k"o.20$+4"+.*"2.%ps".*"O*$(0.$%"2&"04+$2"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"2."O/.+.("0%$0$%"k"+.2$%%4**$%".2O.D=CD$9.(0."4"*$2"?$k"7/."24("o+.%&<$D&4(.2"+.pe"2&"04+$"%.$*&+$+"?/9$($"O/.+."$54%+$%2."+.2+.".*"$(J*&2&2"D49O.0.(D&$*e".0DT".0DT"g("+.5$0."7/."(4".2"5$*$+="O4%7/."$D$5$%J"+$(+4"*$"O$/0$"+.*"0%$0$9&.(04"7/."%.D&5&%J("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2".(".*"9$%D4"D/%%&D/*$%T"je"*4"7/.".2"9J2"&9O4%0$(0.e"*$"O$/0$"+.*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($".(".*"J95&04".2D4*$%T"g("+.5$0."7/.".20J"I4%F$(+4"$"+.C(&%"?$20$"+:(+."**.)$"*$".+/D$D&:("o&(0.)%$*pe"2&"?$k"J95&042"7/."7/.+$(".^D*/&+42"+."*$".+/D$D&:("D49O.0.(D&$*"4"(4e"2&"O/.+."45<&$%2.".*"+.2$%%4**4"D/$*&0$0&<4"?/9$(4s".("7/6"D4(2&20."620.T"je"04+4".**4e"$"9.(/+4"$"0%$<62"+."/(42"+&2D/%242"7/."+&20&()/.("D*$%$"k".^O*=D&0$9.(0.".(0%."o%.*&)&:(p"k"o.2O&%&0/$*&+$+p"k"7/."2."2&0r$("+.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+."/($".^O.%&.(D&$"o.2O&%&0/$*p"*$&D$T"

E.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+.*"O%4k.D04".+/D$0&<4"+."+.2$%%4**4"&(0.%&4%".(".*"7/."0%$5$R$".*".7/&O4"+."+&+JD0&D$".(".*"9$%D4"+."1>HAe"2."(42"O*$(0.$"


199

*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."O42&D&4($%"(/.20%$2"O%4O/.20$2"+."D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($".("%.*$D&:("$*"(/.<4"9$%D4".+/D$0&<4T"P4%"/($"O$%0."2."?$D."(.D.2$%&4"D*$%&CD$%"$"7/6"$O/(0$("*42"+&20&(042"+&2D/%242e"+.0.D0$%"2.95*$(F$2e"D4&(D&+.(D&$2"k"+&<.%).(D&$2".("%.*$D&:("$"D4(D.O042"D494"o+.2$%%4**4"&(0.%&4%pe"o.2O&%&0/$*pe"o&(0.)%$*pe"o.^&20.(D&$*pe"oO*.(4pTTTT"2&("O.%+.%"+."<&20$"*$"0.4%=$"+."*$2"&(0.*&).(D&$2"9r*0&O*.2"7/.".20J".("*$"5$2."+.*"+.2O*&.)/."D49O.0.(D&$*e"O$%$"$2="O4+.%"+&20&()/&%"7/6"2.".20J"4I%.D&.(+4"k"7/6"(4e".("%.*$D&:("$*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($T"j"$"/("(&<.*"9J2"D4(D%.04e"/%)."%.D4).%"*$2"O42&5&*&+$+.2"+."D/*0&<4"7/."4I%.D.".*"$D0/$*"+&2.4"D/%%&D/*$%e"k"%.<&2$%"+.2+."$?="*$2"O%4O/.20$2"7/."<.(&942"?$D&.(+4"O$%$"I$D&*&0$%"2/".(0%4(7/.".(".*"$D0/$*"2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4T

>(".20$2"OJ)&($2"D49O$%0&%.942e"2/9$%&$9.(0.e"*$2"*=(.$2").(.%$*.2"+."04+4".**4e"$2="D494"$*)/($2"+."(/.20%$2"%.W.^&4(.2"$"O$%0&%"+."D:94"<$942"<&.(+4"7/.".<4*/D&4($".*"+.2O*&.)/."D/%%&D/*$%T"g("0.9$"7/."(4".2"$R.(4"$"/(">(D/.(0%4"D494"620."7/."2."O*$(0.$"o.*"C("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"2/2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"0$(04".(".*"4%+.("%.*&)&424"k".2O&%&0/$*"D494".(".*"$^&4*:)&D4"k"24D&$*pT">/%4O$".20J"D4(20%/k.(+4"2/"94+.*4"+.".(2.$(F$"+.2+.".*"O%.2/O/.204"&9O*=D&04"+.*"C("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"k".2".(".2."9$%D4".(".*"7/.".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"&(0.%&4%"+.5."?$D.%2."/("*/)$%T",42"(&42"k"(&$2"7/.e"?$D."/($2"O4D$2"2.9$($2e"?$("<&204".<$*/$+$2"2/2"D49O.0.(D&$2e"<$("$"2.%"*42").204%.2"+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"k"+.*"P*$(.0$".("/(42"O4D42"$&042TTT"

La enseñanza por competencias

,$"(.D.2&+$+"+."2/O.%$%"/($".(2.$(F$"I/(+$9.(0$+$".(".*"$O%.(+&F$R."9.94%=20&D4"+."D4(4D&9&.(042".%$".<&+.(0."O$%$"D/$*7/&.%"O.%24($"&9O*&D$+$".(".*"J95&04".+/D$0&<4e"$/(7/."%.2O4(+&.(+4e"7/&FJ2e"$"+42"O%.4D/O$D&4(.2"+&20&(0$2U

$v"O%.4D/O$D&:("O4%"*$"&(D$O$D&+$+"9$(&C.20$"+.*"$*/9($+4"+."$O*&D$%"*42"D4(4D&9&.(042"$+7/&%&+42"$"*$"<&+$"%.$*"u<&+$".("/($"%.$*&+$+"D$9

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biante) y, por tanto, su poca o nula preparación para dar respuesta a los

O%45*.9$2"D4("*42"7/."&5$("$".(I%.(0$%2."$"*4"*$%)4"+."2/"<&+$

b) preocupación por un crecimiento desequilibrado propiciado por un

2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4"I4D$*&F$+4"245%.".*"+.2$%%4**4"D4(D.O0/$*e".("9.(42D$54"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"+."$D0&0/+.2e"?$5&*&+$+.2"k"O%4D.+&9&.(042T"P%.4D/pación por un desarrollo pleno.

E."/($"I4%9$"/"40%$"*$".+/D$D&:("D49O.0.(D&$*"%.D4)."*$2"$2O&%$D&4(.2"+."+&20&(0$2"&(20$(D&$2"k"D4*.D0&<42"&(0.%.2$+42"O4%"*4)%$%"/($"o.+/D$D&:("O$%$"*$"<&+$p"$/(7/.".20$".^O%.2&:("O/.+$".(D.%%$%"2&)(&CD$+42"%.*$0&<$9.(0."+&20&(042"2.)r("*$"9$(.R.".*"&(I4%9."+."L,61$#$41'/'J,&,#ción de Competencias59"+."*$"f1E>e"4".*"&(I4%9."O$%$"*$"g(.2D4"245%."la Educación para el siglo XXI60e"O4%"O4(.%"+42".R.9O*42T"S.942"7/."en el marco de la educación competencial caben las aspiraciones tanto

+."7/&.(.2"O%4D/%$("/($"I4%9$D&:("9J2"*&)$+$"$"*$2"I/0/%$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"O%4I.2&4($*.2"+.*"$*/9($+4e"D494"+."7/&.(.2"O.%2&)/.("2/"+.2$%%4**4"&(0.)%$*"D494"2.%.2"?/9$(42T"'2O&%$D&4(.2"7/.".("2="9&29$2"(&"24("(&"+.5.%=$("2.%"D4(0%$+&D04%&$2s".^&20."/("$D/.%+4"5$20$(0.").(.%$*&F$+4".("7/.e"2&("9$%)&($%".*"D$%JD0.%"I/(D&4($*"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"D49O.0.(D&$*e"620$2"+.5.("D4(0%&5/&%"$*"O*.(4"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"O.%24($*&+$+".("04+42"*42"J95&042"+."*$"<&+$"u.("*$"*=(.$"+."*$"o.+/D$D&:("$*"2.%<&D&4"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"O*.(4"+."*$"O.%24($pe"O%4D*$9$+$".("*$"E.D*$%$D&:("g(&<.%2$*"+."*42"E.%.D?42"8/9$(42vT"

59. OCDE. Informe Pisa 2003. Aprender para el mundo del mañana. Progra-ma para la evaluación internacional de alumnos. PDF: http://www.oecd.org/da-taoecd/59/1/39732493.pdf. OCDE. De!nición y Selección de Competencias (DeSeCo). PDF: www.deseco.admin.ch/.../deseco/.../2005.dscexecutivesummary.sp.pdf60. Delors, Jacques (coord.) Educació": hi ha un tresor amagat a dins. Informe per a la Unesco de la Comissió Internacional sobre Educació per al Segle XXI. Barcelona, Mediterrà-nia, 1996. 251 p.


201

¿Cuándo es “básica” una competencia?

xQ/6".2"*4"7/."D$%$D0.%&F$"$"/($"oD49O.0.(D&$"5J2&D$py"8.942".(D4(0%$+4"+&20&(0$2"+.C(&D&4(.2"7/.e".(").(.%$*e"2."D49O*.9.(0$(T">*"E.O$%0$9.(0"+>+/D$D&:"+."*$";.(.%$*&0$0"+."1$0$*/(k$e"O4%".R.9O*4e".(0&.(+."7/."/($"D49O.0.(D&$"5J2&D$".2"o*$"D$O$D&+$+"+.*"$*/9($+4"O$%$"O4(.%".("O%JD0&D$"+."/($"I4%9$"&(0.)%$+$"D4(4D&9&.(042e"?$5&*&+$+.2"k"$D0&0/+.2"+."D$%JD0.%"0%$(2<.%2$*e".2"+.D&%e"7/."&(0.)%.("2$5.%.2"k"$O%.(+&F$R.2"+."+&I.%.(0.2"J%.$2e"7/."$"9.(/+4"2."$O%.(+.("(4"24*$9.(0.".("*$".2D/.*$"k"7/."2&%<.("O$%$"%.24*<.%"O%45*.9$2"+&<.%242"+."*$"<&+$"%.$*pT",$"f1E>"*$"+.C(."D494"o*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."%.2O4(+.%"$"+.9$(+$2"D49O*.R$2"k"**.<$%"$"D$54"0$%.$2"+&<.%2$2"+."I4%9$"$+.D/$+$T"M/O4(."/($"D495&($D&:("+."?$5&*&+$+.2"O%JD0&D$2e"D4(4D&9&.(042e"940&<$D&:(e"<$*4%.2"60&D42e"$D0&0/+.2e".94D&4(.2"k"40%42"D49O4(.(0.2"24D&$*.2"k"+."D49O4%0$9&.(04"7/."2."94<&*&F$("D4(R/(0$9.(0."O$%$"*4)%$%"/($"$DD&:(".CD$FpT"d40.942"7/.e".("$95$2"+.C(&D&4(.2e"*$"o.CD$D&$p".20J"en el punto de mira.

'"(&<.*"($D&4($*e"2."D%.$("D49&2&4(.2"+.".20/+&4"k"2."2/D.+.("N+.2+.".*"$4"[___N"+&<.%2$2"14(I.%.(D&$2"d$D&4($*.2"+.">+/D$D&:("D4(".*"C("+."&+.(0&CD$%"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"O%4O&$2"+."*42"+&20&(042"J95&042e"2/")%$+$D&:(".("*$2"+&20&(0$2".0$O$2"k"*$2"O$/0$2"+.".<$*/$D&:(T"

,$"g(&:(">/%4O.$"D%.:"/(")%/O4"+."0%$5$R4".(D$%)$+4"+."&+.(0&CD$%"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"D4(2&+.%$+$2"D*$<."O$%$".*"$O%.(+&F$R."$"*4"*$%)4"+."*$"<&+$"k"+.".*$54%$%"/($"O%4O/.20$"7/.".(".*"[__n"2."D4(<&%0&:".("/($"A.D49.(+$D&:("$"*42"O$=2.2"9&.95%4261s"2.)r("*$"9&29$e"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"D*$<."u.(0.(+&+$2"D494"D495&($D&:("+."+.20%.F$2e"D4(4D&9&.(042"k"$D0&0/+.2"$+.D/$+$2"$*"D4(0.^04v"24("aquellas que todas las personas

61. Recomendación del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 18 diciembre de 2006, sobre las competencias clave para el aprendizaje permanente (2006/962/CE). Diario O!cial de la Unión Europea, 30.12.2006.

Teresa Guardans

202

precisan para su realización y desarrollo personal, así como para la ciudadanía activa, la inclusión social y el empleoT"20$2"+.5.%=$("?$5.%"2&+4"+.2$%%4**$+$2"O$%$".*"C($*"+."*$".(2.$(F$"4"I4%9$D&:("45*&)$04%&$".("*$"9.+&+$"(.D.2$%&$"O$%$"*$"<&+$"$+/*0$"k"+.5.%=$("2.)/&%"+.2$%%4**J(+42.e"9$(0.(&6(+42."k"$D0/$*&FJ(+42.e"D494"O$%0."+."/("$O%.(+&F$R."$"*4"*$%)4"+."*$"<&+$T"1$+$"O$=2"?$"%.D4)&+4"k"D4(D%.0$+4"*$"A.D49.(+$D&:("aportando sus propios matices.

¿Cuáles?

,$",.k"f%)J(&D$"+.">+/D$D&:(".2O$4*$"u,f>e"[__nv".20$5*.D."4D?4"D49O.0.(D&$2"5J2&D$2U"

bT"149O.0.(D&$"D49/(&D$0&<$"*&()q=20&D$"k"$/+&4<&2/$*[T"149O.0.(D&$".(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"."&(0.%$DD&:("D4(".*"9/(+4"I=2&D4\T"149O.0.(D&$"9$0.9J0&D$]T"149O.0.(D&$"$%0=20&D$"k"D/*0/%$*mT"H%$0$9&.(04"+."*$"&(I4%9$D&:("k"D49O.0.(D&$"+&)&0$*6. Competencia social y ciudadana

cT"149O.0.(D&$"O$%$"$O%.(+.%"$"$O%.(+.%"`T"149O.0.(D&$"+."$/04(49=$"."&(&D&$0&<$"O.%24($*"

,$".+/D$D&:(".("D49O.0.(D&$2"(4"2/20&0/k."$*"94+.*4"D/%%&D/*$%"4%)$(&F$+4".("J%.$2"+."$O%.(+&F$R."2&(4"7/."*4"D49O*.9.(0$e"+$(+4"$2="*/)$%"$"/("94+.*4"+.".(2.$(F$"9&^04T">*"D/%%=D/*4"D4(0&(r$"4%)$(&F$+4"O4%"J%.$262s"k"R/(04"D4("*42"D4(0.(&+42"k"45R.0&<42"+."D$+$"J%.$"4"9$0.%&$e"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"5J2&D$2"I4%9$("O$%0."+."*$2".(2.$(F$2"9=(&9$2"+."*$".+/D$D&:("45*&)$04%&$T",$2"J%.$2"2."$2&.(0$("245%."/($"0%$9$"+."45

62. Áreas de Primaria: Lenguas, Conocimiento el medio natural, social y cultural, Educación artística, Educación para el desarrollo personal y la ciudadanía, Educación Física, Matemáti-cas. En Secundaria: Lenguas y Literatura, Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Ciencias Sociales, Geo-grafía e Historia, Tecnología, Informática, Educación Física, Educación para la Ciudadanía, Educación ético-cívica, Religión (opcional), Educación plástica y visual, Música


203

R.0&<42"D49O.0.(D&$*.2"$"*42"7/."+.5.("+$%"$O4k4T">*"%.04".20J".("7/."*$"&(.%D&$"+."/("94+.*4".+/D$0&<4"5$2$+4".("*$2"9$0.%&$2"D4(2&)$"&(0.)%$%".*"+.2$%%4**4"D49O.0.(D&$*e"?$20$"**.)$%"$"0%$(2I4%9$%"+."%$=F".*"2&20.9$"+.".(2.$(F$s"D4(".20$"C($*&+$+"D4%%.("%=42"+."0&(0$"uk"+."OJ)&($2"V.5v"$($*&F$(+4"k".^O*4%$(+4"04+$2"k"D$+$"/($"+."*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2e"O4(&6(+4*$2".("%.*$D&:("D4("*42"45R.0&<42"k"*42"D4(0.(&+42"+."*$2"J%.$2".("*$2"7/."2."+&20%&5/k.".*"?4%$%&4"*.D0&<4U".("D$+$".0$O$e"7/6"J%.$2".20J("implicadas en el desarrollo de cada una de las competencias, cómo ha

D.%*4e"D/J(+4e"+:(+.TTTn\"j"+."$?="*$"(.D.2&+$+"+.".<$*/$%".2."+.2$%%4**4"D49O.0.(D&$*e"/($".<$*/$D&:("7/.".20."$4"?$"+.R$+4"O$0.(0."7/."04+$<=$"2.".20J"9/k"*.R42"+."*42"45R.0&<42"+.2.$+42T

>*"D/%%=D/*4"D$0$*J("&+.(0&CD$"+42")%/O42"+."D49O.0.(D&$2U"*$2"0%$(2<.%sales, que constituyen la base del desarrollo personal y de la construc

D&:("+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"k"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2".2O.D=CD$2"O$%$"D4(<&<&%"k"habitar el mundo (competencia social y ciudadana, competencia en el

D4(4D&9&.(04"."&(0.%$DD&:("D4(".*"9/(+4"I=2&D4v

,$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"o+.254%+$(p"/("+&2.4"D/%%&D/*$%"4%)$(&F$+4"2.)r("*$2"$2&)($0/%$2"0%$+&D&4($*.2e".^&)&.(+4"/("0%$5$R4"9.0$+&2D&O*&($%T">*"D4(D.O04"+."oD49O.0.(D&$p"(4"O$%0."+."*$2"+&2D&O*&($2"2&(4"+.*"&(+&<&+/4"k"2/2"%.D/%242T",$"&+.$".2"7/.".*"2.%"?/9$(4e".("2/"<&<&%e"O4(.".("R/.)4"/("o2$5.%"?$D.%p"7/."&(D*/k."$2O.D042"D4(D.O0/$*.2e"$D0&0/+.2"k"?$5&*&+$+.2"4"O%4D.+&9&.(042e"k"*$"oD49O.0.(D&$p".20J"%.*$D&4($+$"D4("*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."$D0&<$%*42"k"94<&*&F$%*42"O$%$"O4+.%"?$D.%"I%.(0."$"2&0/$D&4(.2"+&20&(0$2"k"$D0/$%".(".**$2"+."I4%9$".CD$FT"g($"+."*$2"D4(D%.D&4(.2".2".*"0%$5$R4"O4%"O%4k.D042s".2"+.D&%e"2."?$D.("D4(W/&%"<$%&42"D$9O42"+&2D&O*&($%.2e"$"(&<.*"+."D4(D.O042e"$D0&0/+.2e"?$5&*&+$+.2"k"O%4D.+&9&.(042e"D4("*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"D49O.0.(D&$*e"$*%.+.+4%"de un tema determinado, situación o proyecto.

63. véase, por ejemplo: Antoni Zabala; Laia Arnau. Cómo aprender y enseñar competencias: 11 ideas clave. Barcelona, Graó, 2009. 226 p.

Teresa Guardans

204

,$"$2O&%$D&:("$"/("2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4"7/."(4"7/.+$%$".(D4%2.0$+4".("unas materias como compartimentos estancos es heredera de ensayos

$(0.%&4%.2e"D494".*"+."*42"o.R.2"0%$(2<.%2$*.2pe"0.9$2"0%$(2<.%2$*.2"$0.(+&+42"$"0%$<62"+."*$2"+&20&(0$2"J%.$2"u.+/D$D&:("O$%$"*$"D4(<&<.(D&$e"O$%$"*$"2$*/+e"O$%$"*$"O$Fe"9.+&4$95&.(0$*e"<&$%&$e"$/+&4<&2/$*TTTv"

>(04(D.2e"D494"$?4%$e"*$"O%.)/(0$".2"2&"2."%.D4)."2/CD&.(0.9.(0.".*"+.2$%%4**4"D/$*&0$0&<4"?/9$(4T",$".+/D$D&:("D49O.0.(D&$*".20J"D*$%$9.(0."$*"2.%<&D&4"+."/($"9.R4%").20&:("+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04".("*$"24D&.+$+")*45$*&F$+$e"24D&.+$+"+."*$"&(I4%9$D&:("k"+.*"D$95&4"D4(0&(/4e"O.%4"¿tiene en cuenta la doble dimensión del conocimiento humano, la nece

2&0$+$"k"*$")%$0/&0$e"4"2:*4"*$"O%&9.%$"+.".**$2y"x8$%J"I$*0$"0.(.%".("D/.(0$"(/.<$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"4".2"<&$5*.".^O*4%$%"D$+$"/($"+.".**$2"+.2+.".2$"+45*."O42&5&*&+$+"?/9$($y"

xM."(.D.2&0$%=$"/($"(4<.($"D49O.0.(D&$e"*$"oD49O.0.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*p"D494"%.D*$9$("$*)/($2"<4D.2Ny"P.%4e"7/&.("+.2$%%4**$%$"/($"?&O4060&D$"D49O.0.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*e"x.("7/6"D$9O4e".("%.*$D&:("$"7/6"?$5&*&+$+"4"O42&5&*&+$+"?/9$($"2.%=$"D49O.0.(0.y",$"D49O.0.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"%.C.%."$"*$".^D.*.(D&$".("o&(0.*&).(D&$".2O&%&0/$*p"+&%=$("$*)/(42Ns"k"2."$5%."$?="/("+.5$0.".(0%."O2&D:*4)42e"(./%:*4)42e"0.:*4)42e"C*:24I42e"$(0%4O:*4)42e".0DT"245%."7/6"2.%J".24"+."2.%"o.2O&%&0/$*9.(0."D49O.0.(0.pTTT"g("+.5$0."7/."0&.(."+."O42&0&<4".*"?$5.%"0%$2*$+$+4"*$"%.W.^&:("245%."*$"espiritualidad del coto de lo religioso al mundo de las ciencias humanas

k"D4)(&0&<$2"O.%4".(".*"7/.e"+."949.(04e"2.".(0%.9.FD*$("D%..(D&$2e"2/O/.2042"$D%=0&D42e"+$042"I/.%$"+."D4(0.^04e".0DT"Q/.+$"/("5/.("0%.D?4"O4%"$(+$%T">D?.942"/("<&20$F4"$"*$"0.4%=$"+."*$2"o&(0.*&).(D&$2"9r*0&O*.2ps"0.4%=$"7/.e".("D&.%0$"9$(.%$e")/&:e"4"$k/+:e"4"&9O/*2:e"*$"&+.(0&CD$D&:("k"D$%$D0.%&F$D&:("+."*$2"+&20&(0$2"D49O.0.(D&$2e"k"$"*$"7/."</.*<.("*42"4R42"*42"+.I.(24%.2"k"+.0%$D04%.2"+."/($"O42&5*."o&(0.*&).(D&$".2O&%&0/$*pT


205

Competencias e “inteligencias múltiples”

84V$%+";$%+(.%"I4%9/*:"O4%"O%&9.%$"<.F"2/"0.4%=$"+."*$2"o&(0.*&).(D&$2"9r*0&O*.2p".("ba`\n]e"D4(0%$".*"O%.2/O/.204"D49r(9.(0."$D.O0$+4".("2/"949.(04"+."7/."/($"O.%24($"D4("2/2"D$O$D&+$+.2"D4)(&0&<$2"O*.($9.(0."+.2$%%4**$+$2"$D$5$%=$"O.(2$(+4"D494"/("D&.(0=CD4T"P$%0&.(+4"+."2/"O%4O&$".^O.%&.(D&$".(".*"D$9O4"+.*"$%0."k"+."*$"9r2&D$"0%$5$R:"O4%"ampliar en concepto de cognición considerando que las capacidades de *42"$%0&20$2".%$("0$("D4)(&0&<$2"D494"*$2"7/."*42"O2&D:*4)42"D4)(&0&<42"$0%&5/=$("$"*42"9$0.9J0&D42"k"D&.(0=CD42T"j"$2="D494"*$".2D/.*$"+."P&$).0".20/+&:".*"+.2$%%4**4"D4)(&0&<4"&(I$(0&*".("*$"<.%0&.(0."+.*"O.(2$9&.(04"D&.(0=CD4e";$%+(.%"k"2/2"D4*$54%$+4%.2".20/+&$%4("*$2"I$2.2"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"$%0=20&D4"k"D:94"I$<4%.D.%*4T"

;$%+(.%"+.2$%%4**:"2/2"0%$5$R42".("D4(0$D04"+&$%&4"D4("$+/*042"k"O.7/.42"7/."O$+.D=$("*.2&4(.2"D.%.5%$*.2e"D4(20$0$(+4"7/."2."450.(=$("9.R4%.2"%.2/*0$+42"2&"2."D4(2&+.%$5$"*$"9.(0."?/9$($"D494"/("D4(R/(04"+."I$D/*0$+.2"%.*$D&4($+$2".(0%."2="7/."D494"/($"9J7/&($"r(&D$"+."/24").(.%$*"I/(D&4($(+4"D4("&(+.O.(+.(D&$"+.*"D4(0.^04"k"+.*"D4(0.(&+4T"

>20$5*.D&:"/($"2.%&."+."D%&0.%&42"&+.(0&CD$0&<42"+."*$2"+&20&(0$2"I$D.0$2"D4)(&0&<$2e"4"inteligenciasT">("*/)$%"+."/0&*&F$%"06%9&(42"D494"facultades, capacidades, habilidadesTTTe"O%.C%&:"$O%4O&$%2."+.*"06%9&(4"inteligencia"k"o.9O*.$%*$"+."(/.<$2"9$(.%$2"%.+.C(&6(+4*$p65T"g($"4OD&:("7/."2."?$"9420%$+4"D/$(04"9.(42N"+/+42$e"<&2042"*42"/242"k"+.%&<$D&4(.2"+."*$"0.4%=$"$"*42"7/."?$"+$+4"O&.T"

64. su primera formulación apareció en 1983, Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences(New York, Basic Books)65. La inteligencia reformulada: las inteligencias múltiples en el siglo XXI. Paidós, 2001 (ed. inglesa 1999), p. 44

Teresa Guardans

206

>("$7/.**$"O%&9.%$"<.%2&:("+.C(&:"2&.0."inteligenciasU"*$"&(0.*&).(D&$"*&()q=20&D$e"*$"*:)&D4N9$0.9J0&D$e"*$"9/2&D$*e"*$"D4%O4%$*ND&(.2060&D$e"*$".2O$D&$*"k"+42"&(0.*&).(D&$2"oO.%24($*.2pU"*$"&(0.%O.%24($*"uD$O$D&+$+"para entender e interactuar con otras personas) y la intrapersonal (ca

O$D&+$+"O$%$"D49O%.(+.%2."$"2="9&294"k"+.".9O*.$%".2."D4(4D&9&.(04".("*$"%.)/*$D&:("+."*$"O%4O&$"<&+$vT">("%.<&2&4(.2"O420.%&4%.2"*$"*&20$"2."amplió con la inclusión de la inteligencia naturalista y, medio entre pa

%6(0.2&2e"$O$%.D&:"/($"O42&5*."&(0.*&).(D&$".^&20.(D&$*e"O.%4"+.R$5$"I/.%$"*$".2O&%&0/$*"k"*$"94%$*s"(4"O4%7/."(4".^&20&.%$"$*)4"&+.(0&CD$5*."D494".Ô.%&.(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"4"D494"J95&04"94%$*e"2&(4"O4%7/."2/"($0/%$*.F$"(4"2."D4%%.2O4(+=$"D4("*42"D%&0.%&42"/0&*&F$+42"O$%$"+.C(&%".*"D4(D.O04"de inteligencia66.

d4"O4+.942"$7/=".^0.(+.%(42".("*$".Ô42&D&:("+.".242"D%&0.%&42"O.%4e".("*4".2.(D&$*e"7/.+$("%.D4)&+42".("2/"+.C(&D&:("+."o&(0.*&).(D&$pT">("*$"O%&9.%$"<.%2&:(";$%+(.%"*$"+.C(=$"D494U"oD$O$D&+$+"+."%.24*<.%"O%45*.9$2"4"+."D%.$%"O%4+/D042"7/."24("<$*4%$+42".("/(4"4"9J2"D4(0.^042"D/*0/%$*.2pT"g($"+.C(&D&:("O420.%&4%"I/.U"oO40.(D&$*"5&4O2&D4*:)&D4"O$%$"O%4D.2$%"&(I4%9$D&:("7/."2."O/.+."$D0&<$%".("/("9$%D4"D/*0/%$*"O$%$"%.24*<.%"O%45*.9$2"4"D%.$%"O%4+/D042"7/."0&.(.("<$*4%"O$%$"/($"D/*0/%$pncT";$%+(.%"+.R$"D*$%4e"O4%"0$(04e"7/."2/"D$9O4"+."$(J*&2&2".2"*$"D4)(&D&:(".(".*"J95&04"2/R.04N45R.04s"7/.+$"I/.%$"+."2/"+.C(&D&:("/("I/(D&4($9&.(04"D4)(42D&0&<4"7/."(4"O.%2&)$"/("%.2/*0$+4T"P4%".24"9&294e"$"O.2$%"+."*$2"D%=0&D$2e"(4"$$+."/($"o&(0.*&).(D&$".2O&%&0/$*p"$"2/"*&20$U"oO4%"D/$*.27/&.%$"7/."2.$("*42"O4+.%.2"&(0.*.D0/$*.2"7/."2."O/.+$("%.W.R$%".("*42"*4)%42"+."*42"5/+$2"4"+."B.2r2e".20J"D*$%4"7/."*$2".Ô%.2&4(.2"o%.24*/D&:("+."O%45*.9$2p"4"oO%4+/DD&:("+."$*)4p"(4"24("+.2D%&OD&4(.2"$+.D/$+$2Tp68

66. ibid. pgs. 57-88.67. ibid. 2001, p. 4568. ibid. p. 67


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I4%9$*e"40%42"D4("&(7/&.0/+.2"O.%24($*.2s"?$k"7/&.("%.*$D&4($".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D4(".*"*4)%4"+."D&.%042".20$+42"C2&4*:)&D42"k"D.%.5%$*.2e"k"7/&.("*$"%.*$D&4($"D4("/($"<.%+$+"o9J2".*.<$+$pTTTTU

o*42"o.R.9O*42p"+."*4".2O&%&0/$*"O/.+.("$5$%D$%"/($".(4%9."<$riedad de capacidades, inclinaciones y logros del ser humano,

k"$*)/(42"+.".**42"(4".(D$R$(".(".*"O%4k.D04"+."&+.(0&CD$%"40%$2"&(0.*&).(D&$2T">("O%&9.%"*/)$%e"?."+.C(&+4"+.*&5.%$+$9.(0."*$"inteligencia .("06%9&(42"$94%$*.2U"(&()/($"&(0.*&).(D&$".2".("2="9&29$"o5/.($p"4"o9$*$p"k"2."O/.+.".9O*.$%"D4("C(.2"O%424D&$*.2"4"$(0&24D&$*.2p69 –escribe.

P4%"04+4".**4"(4"D%.."7/."D4%%.2O4(+$"&+.(0&CD$%".*"D$9O4"+."*4".2O&%&0/$*"D4("*4"7/."6*"+.C(."D494"inteligencias; 7/&FJ2"O4+%=$"?$5*$%2."+."/($"o&(0.*&).(D&$".^&20.(D&$*p"7/."0.(+%=$"7/."<.%"D4(".*"$2O.D04"9J2"D4)(&0&<4"+."*4".2O&%&0/$*U"o&(7/&.0/+"O4%"*$2"D/.20&4(.2".2.(D&$*.2e"TTT"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."2&0/$%2."/(4"9&294".("%.*$D&:("D4("*$2"I$D.0$2"9J2".^0%.9$2"+.*"D42942"*4"&(C(&04"k"*4"&(C(&0.2&9$*NTTTe"*$"+."2&0/$%2.".("%.*$D&:("D4("+.0.%9&($+$2"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2".^&20.(D&$*.2"+."*$"D4(+&D&:("?/9$($e"D494".*"2&)(&CD$+4"+."*$"<&+$"k"+."*$"9/.%0.e"k"D&.%0$2".^O.%&.(D&$2"D494"2.(0&%"/("O%4I/(+4"$94%"4"7/.+$%2."$524%04"$(0."/($"45%$"+."$%0.p"TTT"*$"oD$O$D&+$+"+."*$".2O.D&."O$%$"&(0.%.2$%2.".("D/.20&4(.2"trascendentales, capacidad que se puede despertar y desplegar en unas

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o*4"9.R4%".2"+.R$%"$"/("*$+4".*"06%9&(4"espiritual, con sus conno0$D&4(.2"D*$%$9.(0."O%45*.9J0&D$2"k"?$5*$%"+."/($"&(0.*&).(D&$"7/.".^O*4%$"*$"($0/%$*.F$"+."*$".^&20.(D&$".("2/2"9r*0&O*.2"I$D.0$2T">("D4(2.D/.(D&$e"/($"&(7/&.0/+"9$(&C.20$"O4%"*$2"D/.20&4(.2"

69. ibid. p. 67

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208

.2O&%&0/$*.2"4"%.*&)&42$2"2.%=$"/($"<$%&.+$+"TTT"+."/($"O42&5*."&(0.*&).(D&$".^&20.(D&$*pT"uibid. p. 68)

E."04+$2"9$(.%$2"&(2&20.".("(4"D$0$*4)$%"$"620$"D494"/($"&(0.*&).(D&$"9J2s".2"$*)4"+."40%4"4%+.(e"o2/"+&20$(D&$"+."*$2"40%$2"&(0.*&).(D&$2"$D4(2.R$("O%/+.(D&$pc_s".("2/"D$24e"9/k"%.*$D&4($+4"D4("*$"9r2&D$e"+.2D%&5."D:94".(".2."J95&04e"O/.+.("+.2<$(.D.%2."*$2"4D/O$D&4(.2"9/(+$($2"k"O%4+/D&%2."/(".(D/.(0%4"D4("*$".^&20.(D&$"7/.".(%&7/.D."k".((45*.D.e"?$D&6(+4*."2.(0&%2."9J2"?/9&*+.T";$%+(.%"+.R$".*"0.9$"$?=e"$5&.%04"$"I/0/%$2"%.<&2&4(.2e"%.D4(4D&.(+4"7/.".2D$O$"$*"45R.04"+."2/2"0%$5$R42T"1494"<.%.942e"40%42"+.0%J2"+."6*"2."?$(".2I4%F$+4".("o.(9.(+$%*."*$"O*$($p"k"?$D.%*."/(".2O$D&4"$"*$2"habilidades espirituales en la lista de o&(0.*&).(D&$2pT"

,$"+&20&(D&:("7/.".20$5*.D.";$%+(.%".(0%."*4".2O&%&0/$*"k"*4".^&20.(D&$*"+.R$".(0%.<.%"7/."2/"O.%D.OD&:("+."*4"o.2O&%&0/$*p"2."%.C.%."k".20Je"$")%$(+.2"%$2)42e"9.+&$0&F$+4"O4%"*$2"I4%9$2"%.*&)&42$2".("7/."2."?$"<.%0&+4s"*$"o.2O&%&0/$*&+$+p"$O/(0$"$"/($".Ô.%&.(D&$"+/$*"k"$"2/2".Ô%.2&4(.2"24D&$*.2T">("D$95&4e"*42"%$2)42"k".R.9O*42"$"*42"7/."$*/+."D4("2/"&(0.*&).(D&$"o.^&20.(D&$*pe"*."$D.%D$("9J2"$"*$2"O/.%0$2"+.*"2&*.(D&4s"+.2D%&5."2&0/$D&4(.2"+."D4)(&D&:("2&*.(D&42$e"O.%4"2&("%.D4).%".2."+$04T"M&(".Ô*&D&0$%*4e"2."$D.%D$"$"*42"I%/042"+."/($"$D0&0/+"D4)(&0&<$"7/."$%%$(D$"+.*".)4"k"<$"9J2"$**J"+."6*T"P.%4"$*"(4"D4(0$%"D4("/($"+&20&(D&:("D*$%$".(0%."religión y espiritualidad, ni entre conocimiento desde la estructura del

.)4"k"D4(4D&9&.(04"2&*.(D&424e"7/.+$"$?="%.D4)&+4".*"+$04"+."/($".Ô.%&.(D&$"<&0$*"<$*&42$e"O.%4"2&("**.)$%"$".^0%$.%"9J2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"+.".**4T"

>*"D4(D.O04"+."o&(0.*&).(D&$p"+.";$%+(.%"2."?$"O4O/*$%&F$+4e".^0.(+&do, distorsionado, empequeñecido, ampliado..., se ha utilizado hasta la

2$D&.+$+e"k"?4k"+&2O4(.942"+."o&(0.*&).(D&$2p"O$%$"04+42"*42")/2042"k"4D$2&4(.2T"'<$2$**$+42"O4%"0$(0$"&(0.*&).(D&$TTT"P%45$5*.9.(0."2/"4OD&:("

70. ibid. p. 73


209

0.%9&(4*:)&D$"(4"I/."9/k"$D.%0$+$".("*$"9.+&+$".("7/."2/2"o&(0.*&).(D&$2p"?$k$("$*&9.(0$+4"*$"&+.$"+."O*/%$*&+$+e"+."D4(R/(04"+.".(0&+$+.2"$/0:(49$2e".("*/)$%"+."I$D.0$2"+."/($"/(&+$+T"P.%4"2&.(+4"R/2042"D4(";$%+(.%e"?$k"7/."$)%$+.D.%*.".*".2I/.%F4"O4%"**.<$%"*$2"O$/0$2"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"D4)(&0&<4"9J2"$**J"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"9.(0."D&.(0=CD$T"f04%)$(+4"O%40$)4(&294"$*"D4(R/(04"+."D$O$D&+$+.2"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4e"=(0&9$9.(0."implicadas en su relación con el entorno, su capacidad de interpreta

D&:(e"&(0.%%.*$D&:("k"D%.$0&<&+$+e"I$<4%.D&:"&(<.20&)$D&4(.2"k"O%4O/.20$2".+/D$0&<$2".("%.*$D&:("$"I$D.0$2"+.0.%9&($+$2e"O%4O/.20$2"2.(2&5*.2"$"*$"D49O*.R&+$+"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4T"j"O4+%=$942"$C%9$%"7/."2&%<&:"+."$O4k4"k"4%&.(0$D&:("$"*$"%.W.^&:("245%."*$".+/D$D&:("D49O.0.(D&$*T"

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P$%$"E$($?"4?$%"k"L$("#$%2?$**"o*$"&(0.*&).(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"(42"+$"D$pacidad de discriminar. Nos da nuestro sentido moral, una capacidad

+."$0.9O.%$%"*$2"%.)*$2"%=)&+$2"D4("D49O%.(2&:("k"D49O$2&:(e"k"/($"

71. B. Mac Gilchrist, K. Myers y J. Reed. #e intelligent school. London, Paul Chapman Publishing, 1997.

Teresa Guardans

210

D$O$D&+$+"&)/$*"O$%$"<.%"+:(+."0&.(.("2/2"*=9&0.2"*$"D49O$2&:("k"*$"D49O%.(2&:(pc[T"P$%$".2042"$/04%.2"*42"&(+&D$+4%.2"+."/($"&(0.*&).(D&$".2O&%&0/$*"+.2$%%4**$+$"2.%=$(U"D$O$D&+$+"+."W.^&5&*&+$+e"D$O$D&+$+"+."$/04D4(4D&9&.(04e"+."2/O.%$D&:("+.*"+4*4%e"+."&(2O&%$%2.".("&+.$2"k"<$lores, de no causar daño y de criterio autónomo.

AT">994(2".("/("$%0=D/*4"7/."$O$%.D&:"$D49O$$+4"+."*$"%.2O/.20$"+."8T";$%+(.%c\"%.*$D&4($"*$".2O&%&0/$*&+$+"D4("*$2"oD/.20&4(.2"r*0&9$2p"(ultimate concernv"k"*$"+.C(."9.+&$(0."04+$"/($"2.%&."+."?$5&*&+$+.2"7/."*."2.%=$("O%4O&$2U"+.2+."*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."0%$2D.(+.(D&$"+.*"9/(+4"I=2&D4"k"D40&+&$(4"O$%$"$*D$(F$%"/($"O.%D.OD&:("9J2".*.<$+$e"?$20$"D49O4%0$%2."+."/("94+4"<&%0/424e"O$2$(+4"O4%"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+.".(0%$%"en estados iluminados.

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oD4(D&.(D&$"2&("I%4(0.%$2pe"2&("2.O$%$D&:(".(0%.".*"2/R.04"k"*$"%.$*&+$+e"conciencia no dual.

72. D. Zohar, I. Marshall. La inteligencia espiritual: la inteligencia que permite ser creativo, tener valores y fe. Barcelona, Plaza Janés, 2001. p.573. R. Emmons. “Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition and psychology of ultimate concern”, en: #e International Journal for the psychology of Religion. 2000 Vol 10 (1), pgs. 3-26, y la respuesta de Gardner en el mismo número, pgs. 27-34 “A case against spiritual intelligence”


211

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74. P. González (coord.). !"#"$%&'"()"')*&+'&),)-,).&/0"*"'.%,)"(0%+%*1,-2)-,)3%/"'(%4')"(0%+%*1,-)5)+"-%6%&(,)"')"-).&'*"$*&)3")-,()7&/0"*"'.%,()89(%.,():31.,;<,(=)Madrid, Escuelas Católicas, 2009. p. 63

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+."&(I4%9$D&4(.2"(4"+$"D494"%.2/*0$+4"/($"%.*$D&:("2&)(&CD$0&<$"D4("*$"%.$*&+$+s"$+9&%$D&:(e"O%4I/(+4"&(0.%62e"+.2D/5%&9&.(04e"+.R$%2."24%O%.(+.%e".*"D/*0&<4"+.".242"*$F42"<$*&4242"D4("*$"<&+$e"D4("*$".^&20.(D&$TTT"son rasgos de una actitud interior que no nace de la acumulación de

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213

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$%0&20$2e"9r2&D42"k".2D%&04%.2"O$%$"D%.$%"+."*$"($+$e".(04(D.2"<&<&%J(".("/("+.2&.%04"D/*0/%$*"k".("/("<$D=4".2O&%&0/$*pTcm

x>2"$+.D/$+4"**$9$%*."o.2O&%&0/$*p"$".2.".*.9.(04".2.(D&$*"+."*$"D4)(&D&:("?/9$($e"7/."($D."k"2."D/*0&<$".(".*"2&*.(D&4"+.*"k4e"k"7/."+40$"+."2/"+&9.(2&:("<.%+$+.%$9.(0."?/9$($"$"*$".^O.%&.(D&$"D4)(&0&<$e"$"*$".^O.%&.(D&$"+."<&+$ycn

1%/F$(+4".(0%."*$2"*=(.$2"+."I/.)4"+."*42"+.I.(24%.2"k"+.0%$D04%.2"+."*$"&(D*/2&:("+."/($"(4<.($"D49O.0.(D&$".(".*"D/%%=D/*4e"*$".2O&%&0/$*e"(/.20%$"O%.)/(0$".2"2&"*4"7/.".(0.(+.942"O4%"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"I4%9$"O$%0."k$"+.*"$D0/$*"+&2.4"D/%%&D/*$%"4"(4T"M&"(4"I/.%$"$2=e"x7/6"I$*0$%=$ye"xD:94"I$<4%.D.%*4y"'D*$%$+4".20."O/(04"0.(+%.942"9J2".*.9.(042"O$%$"O4+.%".D?$%"/("<&20$F4"$*"+.5$0."245%."*$"D4(<.(&.(D&$"+."/($"(4<.($"D49O.0.(D&$T

Competencias y cultivo de la calidad humana

Cuando se entra en la descripción del alcance de cada una de las ocho

D49O.0.(D&$2e"2/2"45R.0&<42"k"O%4D.+&9&.(042e"$2="D494"*42"45R.0&<42").(.%$*.2"+."D$+$"/($"+."*$2".0$O$2".+/D$0&<$2e"<.942"7/."2."$O/(0$"9/k"$*04T"H$(04".("%.*$D&:("$"*$2"D49O.0.(D&$2"D49/(&D$0&<$2"k"9.04dológicas, como a las de conocimiento y actuación en el medio natural

k"24D&$*e"k"D4(4D&9&.(04"k"+.2$%%4**4"O.%24($*e".*"*&20$+4"+."45R.0&<42".2"

75. citado en P. González (coord.). op.cit. p. 7276. !"#!$%&'(!')*!+(&#,-.(!/#!#0+&#/(!1&(2,#/,!3%&&(45(6!782!.#92-:;(<!4(!/%&+&#/(!#/!#4!+&-2,-‐+-%!.#4!+&#=)2>(&!*!4(!5(/#!.#4!.#/(&&%44%!.#4!,%2%,-'-#2>%!#2!>%.(/!/)/!;#&:#2>#/?!@/>#!#0-=#<!2#,#/(&-('#2>#<!4(!-2>#&&%=(,-A2<!#4!+&#=)2>(&!+%&<!#4!(/%'5&%!$&#2>#!(4!B#,B%!.#!#0-/:&<!C)(2.%!>%.%!#44%!4(>#!+&%$)2.('#2>#!#2!#4!/#&!B)'(2%<!4(>#!#2!D4!4(!;-.(!#/+-&->)(4E?!FInteligencia espi‐ritual. Barcelona, Plataforma, 2010. p. 117)

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$9O*&4U"+.2O.%0$%".*"&(0.%62e"*$"D49O%.(2&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+".("7/."2."<&<.e"la toma de conciencia de la interacción con el medio natural y social, la

corresponsabilidad en la creación de conocimiento, en la gestión de la

%.$*&+$+e"D$O$D&+$+"+."&(0.%O%.0$D&:("k"+."D49/(&D$D&:(e"+.".9O$0=$e"comprensión y actuación capaces de captar hechos y procesos, predecir

D4(2.D/.(D&$2e"+&%&)&%"*$"$D0/$D&:("?$D&$"*$"9.R4%$"k"O%.2.%<$D&:("+."*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"+."<&+$"O%4O&$e"+."*42"+.9J2"k"+."04+42"*42"2.%.2"<&<42T">*"+&J*4)4"&(0.%).(.%$D&4($*e".*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"%.2O.04"k"$O%.D&4"+."*$"O*/%$*&+$+"D/*0/%$*e"+."*$2"$O4%0$D&4(.2e"9$(&I.20$D&4(.2"k"O%4+/DD&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2".("2/"$9O*&$"+&<.%2&+$+"k"O*/%$*&+$+"+.")6(.%4e".2O$D&4"y tiempo, como parte del patrimonio cultural de la humanidad. El re

D4(4D&9&.(04"+."*$2"+&I.%.(D&$2".(0%."*$2"O.%24($2"D494"O%4O&$2"+."*$"%&7/.F$"?/9$($e"D4*$54%$(+4".("*$"(4"+&2D%&9&($D&:(".("(&()r("4%+.(T",$"&(&D&$0&<$"k"$/04(49=$"O.%24($*e"*$"*&5.%0$+"k"W.^&5&*&+$+e"5$2$+$2".("la toma de conciencia de las propias capacidades, de las estrategias para

desarrollarlas. En síntesis, se busca que más allá de la acumulación de informaciones, el alumnado comprenda el mundo del que forma parte y pueda participar positivamente en su construcción, desarrollando para ello los necesarios recursos competenciales.

M&"(42"D.(0%$942".("D49O.0.(D&$2"D494"*$"+."o'O%.(+.%"$"$O%.(+.%p"4"*$"+."o'/04(49=$"."&(&D&$0&<$"O.%24($*p"<.942"*$"&9O4%0$(D&$"7/."2."404%)$"$"I49.(0$%".*"O.(2$9&.(04"D%.$0&<4e"*$"D/%&42&+$+e"*$"&(0.%%4)$D&:(e".*")/204"O4%"$O%.(+.%TTT"M/"<&(D/*$D&:("D4(".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"&+.(0&+$+"O.%24($*"k"*42"O%4O&42"<$*4%.2e"$2="D494"*$"$O.%0/%$"k"*$"W.^&5&*&+$+e".*"D49O%49&24"?$D&$".*"40%4T"14O&$942U"%.2O4(2$5&*&+$+e"O.%2.<.%$(D&$e"D4(4D&9&.(04"+."2="9&294e"$/04.20&9$e"D%.$0&<&+$+e"$/04D%=0&D$e"D4(0%4*".94D&4($*e"D$O$D&+$+"+.".*.DD&:(e"D$*D/*$%"%&.2)42"k"$I%4(0$%"*42"O%45*.9$2e"D$O$D&+$+"+."+.94%$%"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."2$0&2I$Dción inmediata, aprender de los errores, asumir riesgos. Desarrollo de

*$2"O%4O&$2"4OD&4(.2e"&9$)&($%"O%4k.D042e"D$O$D&+$+"+."0%$(2I4%9$%"*$2"&+.$2".("$DD&4(.2e"<&2&:(".20%$06)&D$"+."%.042e"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"4O4%0/(&


215

+$+.2e"$D0&0/+"O42&0&<$"?$D&$"*42"D$95&42e"W.^&5&*&+$+"O$%$"$+$O0$%2."+."I4%9$"D%=0&D$"k"D4(20%/D0&<$T"8$5&*&+$+.2"+."%.*$D&:(e"2$5.%2."O4(.%".(".*"*/)$%"+.*"40%4e"<$*4%$%"40%$2"&+.$2e"+&$*4)$%e"2$5.%"D49/(&D$%"*$2"O%4O&$2"decisiones, capacidad de cooperación...

M."$O/(0$"$*04e"9/k"$*04T"x3$*0$"$*)4y"M=U"049$%".("D4(2&+.%$D&:(e"+."I4%9$".2O.D=CD$e"*$"($0/%$*.F$"O%4O&$"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($e".*"2&*.(D&4"+."2=TTT"El verdadero valor de un ser humano lo determina el grado en el que haya logrado liberarse del “yo” –nos recordaba EinsteinccT"3$*0$"0.(.%"9/k".("D/.(0$"7/."*$".^O.%&.(D&$"?/9$($"+."<&+$"$5%."$"*$"D49O%.(2&:("9J2"$**J"+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+.*"2/R.04T"Q/.".*"<.%+$+.%4"&(0.%62e".9O$0=$e"W.^&5&*&+$+e"*&5.%0$+e"D%.$0&<&+$+TTT"(.D.2&0$("la capacidad de silencio del yo. Necesitan de la gratuidad, necesitan la

capacidad de silenciar la mirada, la comprensión, el sentir egocentrado.

M:*4"$2="2."+&*/k.("%.$*9.(0."*$2"I%4(0.%$2"&(<&2&5*.2e"+&<&2&4(.2e".20.%.40&O42e"CR$D&4(.2e"&(.%D&$2e"94<&9&.(042".)4D.(0%$+42TTT"

Como ya se ha insistido en otras ocasiones y en otros encuentros, el

J95&04"+."*$")%$0/&+$+".2".*"J95&04"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($T"E."/($"I4%9$"9J2"2&9O*."4"9J2"D49O*.R$e"04+$2"*$2".2O.D&.2"2."$*&9.(0$(e"2."%.O%4+/D.(e"2."+.C.(+.(e"D/&+$("+."2/"0.%%&04%&4"k"+."*42"2/k42T"M:*4"*$".2O.D&."?/9$($".2"D$O$F"+."&%"9J2"$**J"+.*"D=%D/*4"+."*42"&(0.%.2.2".)4D.(0%$+42e".2"D$O$F"+."&(0.%62")%$0/&04e"+."$94%")%$0/&04e"+."+.+&D$D&:(")%$0/&0$T"'?="%$+&D$".*"I/(+$9.(04"+."*$"<.%+$+.%$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"&(0.%&4%e"+.".2$"D$O$D&+$+"+."&(0.%.2$%2."7/.".(2$(D?$e"7/."**.<$"9J2"$**J"+."2=e"7/."O.%9&0."O.%D&5&%".*"<$*4%"9$kr2D/*4"+."04+$"%.$*&+$+T"Q/."?$D."$".20$"especie capaz de asombrarse, capaz de admirarse, y de entregarse en

consecuencia.

M/"O42&5&*&+$+"k"2/"D/*0&<4"2.".()$%F$"245%.".*"0%&O*.".R."+."&(0.%62e"+&20$(D&$"k"2&*.(D&4"&(2&20."2&.9O%."14%5=NT"'($*&F$(+4"*$"O%4O/.20$"

77. >%()%3",()5)&0%'%&'"(=)Barcelona, Bon Ton, 2000. p.19

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D/%%&D/*$%"<.942"7/."*$"O%.4D/O$D&:("O4%"+.2O.%0$%"k"D/*0&<$%".*"&(0.%62"O4%"*$"%.$*&+$+"u24D&$*e"O.%24($*e"$95&.(0$*TTTv".2"/(4"+."2/2"45R.0&<42"O%&94%+&$*.2T"g("&(0.%62"D$O$F"+."&(0.%O%.0$%e"D%.$%e"D4(2.%<$%e"D4(20%/&%e"940&<$%TTT"P.%4"2."0%$0$%J"+."/("&(0.%62"o+."D4%04"$*D$(D.p"2&"(4"2."0&.(.".("D/.(0$"7/."*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."&(0.%62"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"0&.(."2/"D$*$+4".("*$2"?4(+/%$2"+.*"o9J2"$**J"+.*"k4pT"j"7/."*$"<=$"O$%$"2/O.%$%".*"*=9&0."+.*"%$+&4"+.*"k4".2".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"$0.(D&:("O*.($"u4"2&*.(D&$+$v"k".*"+&20$(D&$9&.(04"+."2="7/."*$"?$D."O42&5*.T

x1:94"D4(D%.0$%*4y"xQ/6"?$5&*&+$+e"7/6"O%4D.+&9&.(04e"7/6"%.D/%24y">*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"$0.(D&:(e".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"$0.(D&:("O*.($"D494"O/(0$*"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04T",$"$0.(D&:(".2"$O%.(+.%"$"+.0.(.%2.e".2"452.%<$%e"I4D$*&F$%e"D4(D.(0%$%2.e".2"$O.%0/%$"*rD&+$e".2"?$D.%".2O$D&4"&(0.%&4%e".2"24*0$%"*$20%.e".2".20$%"O*.($9.(0."O%.2.(0.2s".2"94<&*&F$%"*$2"D$O$D&+$+.2"+."O.%D.OD&:("k"D49O%.(2&:("9J2"$**J"+."*42"*=9&0.2"+.*"2.%"(.D.2&0$+4T"Es puesta en acto de la gratuidad, es mirada gratuita, sentir gratuito,

pensar gratuito.

>*"D/*0&<4"+.*"2&*.(D&4"+.*"k4".("*$"&(I$(D&$"$<$(F$"O4%"*$2"<=$2"+."*$"construcción de un yo atento, un yo que aprende a reconocer y a gustar el

sabor de la acción gratuita, de la atención gratuita; un yo que no se cierra

245%."2="9&294"2&(4"7/."D4(20%/k."2/"$/04.20&9$"+.2+."*$"O.%D.OD&:("+.*"<$*4%"+.*"40%4e"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"&*&9&0$+$e"+."/("D$9&(4"+."+.2$%%4**4"D494"2.%"?/9$(4"&*&9&0$+4T">("40%$2"4D$2&4(.2"(42"?.942".^0.(+&+4"245%."elloc`s"?4k"2:*4"7/.%%=$942"O4(.%"+."%.*&.<."7/."2&"+.2O.%0$%".*"&(0.%62".2"/(4"+."*42"45R.0&<42"O%&94%+&$*.2"+.*"D/%%=D/*4e"620."2."+.2$%%4**$".("*$"9.+&+$".("7/."$<$(F$"+."*$"9$(4"+."*$"$0.(D&:("O*.($U"+.*"2&*.(D&4"&(0.%&4%"*rD&+4e"$5&.%04e"%.D.O0&<4e".(".*"7/.".*"k4"2$5."+.R$%"*&5%."*$".2

78. véase las actas de los anteriores Encuentros. Y también: Maria Fradera; T. Guardans. La séptima dirección: el cultivo de la interioridad. (http://www.bubok.com/libros/20592/La-septima-direccion-El-cultivo-de-la-interioridad). Edición catalana en editorial Claret, 2008.


217

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&(0.%62"O4%"*$"%.$*&+$+"u$2="D494".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"."&(0.%O%.0$D&:("+."*$"$O4%0$D&:("+."*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2"+."2$5&+/%=$v"I4%9$%=$"O$%0."+."+&20&(0$2"competencias y, muy especialmente de las de interacción con el mundo

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2&*.(D&$+$"4"O*.($T"E."*$"9&29$"I4%9$"7/."/("O%4k.D04"D494"o3&*424I=$"\Yb`p"2."O%4O4(.".*"o+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."O.(2$%"%$F4($5*.9.(0."D494"5$2."+."/("2.%"?/9$(4"9J2"$0.(04e"9J2"%.W.^&<4e"9J2"%$F4($5*."ke".("D4(2.D/.(D&$e"9J2"*&5%.e"9J2"D%.$0&<4e"9J2"I.*&FpTTT".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"$0.(D&:("2420.(&+$e"4"D4(0.9O*$0&<$e"2."?$**$".("*$"5$2."+."/($"<&+$"?/9$($"D$O$F"+."$+9&%$%2.e"+."&(0.%.2$%2."+.2&(0.%.2$+$9.(0.e"+."?4(+$"D49/(&:("D4("*$"%.$*&+$+e"D4("*$"<&+$e"+."$/06(0&D$"W.^&5&*&+$+"k"apertura..., como hemos dicho ya.

N!,'#-&.$)"'+,'&%'%.,1#$41'!8'@-,'1,#,!$.%'!,*'$1#"*0"*%+"',!0,#86#%mente en el currículo. Aprender a atender, la atención como recurso, como procedimiento, como competencia metodológica, como se quiera. d4"?$k"J%.$e"4"$D0&<&+$+"4"2&0/$D&:("7/."(4"5%&(+."4O4%0/(&+$+.2"+."D$%$"$"94<&*&F$%"/($"$0.(D&:("O*.($e"*rD&+$e"2&*.(D&$+$e"%.D.O0&<$T"

1494".*"$94%"$2/9."2/"$/06(0&D$"+&9.(2&:("+."o$94%p"D/$(+4"?$"<4*$+4"9J2"$**J"+."*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."$O$%.R$9&.(04YD49O$=$"+."/("$(&9$*"<&<&.(0.e"D/$(+4"2."$+.(0%$".(".*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"+.*"40%4e"O4%7/.".2e"O4%"2/".^&20&%"9&294e"k$"(4"O4%"*4"7/."9."O/.+$"$O4%0$%"4"(4e"$2="D4("04+4T">*"2$*04"+."D/$*&+$+"(4"(42"*4"+$"/($"D49O.0.(D&$".2O.D=CD$"/"40%$"2&(4"*$"94<&*&F$D&:("+.*"2.%"245%."*$"5$2.e"245%."*$"0%$9$e"245%."*$"D49O%.(2&:("7/."<$"0.R&.(+4"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."$0.(D&:(e"+."D4(0.9O*$D&:(T"

Nos ayudemos o no ampliando el listado de competencias, haciendo

.^O*=D&0$"+."/($"I4%9$"/"40%$"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."2.%"D49O.0.(0.2".("o$O%.(+.%"$"2.%pe"4".("o$O%.(+.%"$"$0.(+.%pe"*4"7/."2="(.D.2&0$942".2"2.%"D4(2D&.(0.2"+.*"$9O*&4"?4%&F4(0."7/."4I%.D."/("+.2$%%4**4"?/9$(4"O*.(4s"k"$**J"+4(+."2."*.."7/."-1'#-**8#-&"'0"*'#"50,.,1#$%!'!$91$6#%',1!,O%*'%'aprender y a seguir aprendiendo a lo largo de toda la vida, pueda leerse que -1'#-**8#-&"'0"*'#"50,.,1#$%!'!$91$6#%',1!,O%*'%'%0*,1+,*'/',1!,ñar a ser, y a seguir haciéndolo a lo largo de toda la vida. Conscientes +."7/."24("I$D.0$2"&(+&24D&$5*.2"k"+."7/."$O%.(+.%"$"o2.%"?/9$(42p".2"

Teresa Guardans

220

$O%.(+.%"$"&%"9J2"$**J"+."2=e".2"D%.D.%".(")%$0/&+$+T"j".2"+.2+."$?="+.2+."+4(+."$+7/&.%.("2/"+&9.(2&:("<.%+$+.%$9.(0."?/9$($"04+42"*42"40%42"45R.0&<42"+.*"D/%%=D/*4T"

SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

,$2"+&20&(0$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2"<&<&+$2"O4%"*42"2&20.9$2".+/D$0&<42".20J(".("%.*$D&:("+&%.D0$"D4(".*"$5$(+4(4"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"$C%9$"HT";/$%+$(2".("*$"O%.2.(0$D&:("+."2/"O4(.(D&$NT"E."/($"I4%9$"/"40%$"+&%JNe"*$".+/D$D&:("5/2D$"D:94"O$2$%"+."/($".20%/D0/%$"5$2$+$".("*$"0%$(29&2&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(042"O%.+.C(&+42e"$"/("2&20.9$"7/."0.()$"O4%"45R.0&<4".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*42"$*/9(42"O$%$"D$O$D&0$%*42"O$%$"*$"D%.$D&:("+."D4(4D&9&.(042e"*$"W.^&5&*&+$+"&(0.%O%.0$0&<$"k"D%.$0&<$e".*"%&.2)4e"*$"&(D.%0&+/95%.TTT"*4"O%4O&4"+."/("$O%.(+&F$R."$+.D/$+4"$"*$2"(/.<$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2T">20."D$95&4"2.".20J"D4(D%.0$(+4".("/("94+.*4"D$%$D0.%&F$+4"O4%"*$"o.(2.$(F$"+."D49O.0.(D&$2pe"O4%".*"o+.2$%%4**4"D49O.0.(D&$*p"D494"5$2."+.*"$O%.(+&F$R."uversus a un modelo centrado en la adquisición de conocimientos).

>*"D$95&4".+/D$0&<4"?$"$%%$(D$+4"7/&FJ2"D4("9$k4%"I/.%F$"7/.".("40%$2"4D$2&4(.2"O4%7/.".*".2D.($%&4"O%4I.2&4($*"k".D4(:9&D4"*4".20J".^&)&.(+4T"P$%.D."7/."/%)."&(D4%O4%$%"$*"9.%D$+4"*$54%$*"O.%24($2"D$O$D.2"+."?$D.%"I%.(0."$"*$2"(/.<$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"+.R$%"+."%.O%4+/D&%"/("94+.*4"4524*.04T"P.%4"*$2"/%).(D&$2"+.*"9.%D$+4"(4"%.2/*0$("&(D49O$0&5*.2"D4("*$2"+.9$(+$2"k"O%4O/.20$2"+."/("2&20.9$".+/D$0&<4"7/."$2O&%$"$"0%$5$R$%"por una educación integral y que hace suyas las distintas competencias

.(I4DJ(+4*$2"?$D&$"/("?4%&F4(0."9J2"$9O*&4"7/.".*"+."*$"2&9O*."&(2.%ción laboral del alumnado.

'($*&F$(+4"*$2"+&20&(0$2"O%4O/.20$2"O.+$):)&D$2"+.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"de un desarrollo que tenga en cuenta todas las dimensiones, procurando


221

<.%"7/6".2O$D&4"4D/O$".*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($e"HT";/$%+$(2"D4(D*/k."7/.".*"$D0/$*"+&2.4"D/%%&D/*$%"4I%.D."9/D?$2"O42&5&*&+$+.2"O/.2"O%.2/O4(.e".("D&.%0$"9$(.%$e".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($T"M:*4"+.2+."*$"D$*&+$+"O/.+.("$*D$(F$%2."45R.0&<42"0$*.2"D494"*42"7/."2."O%4O4(.(U"I49.(0$%".*"O.(2$9&.(04"D%.$0&<4e"*$"D/%&42&+$+e"*$"&(0.%%4)$D&:(e"*$"$O.%0/%$"k"*$"W.^&5&*&+$+e"*$"$/04(49=$"O.%24($*e"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."$O%.(+.%e".*"D49O%49&24"?$D&$".*"40%4e"*$"%.2O4(2$5&*&+$+e"*$"O.%2.<.%$(D&$e"*$"$/04.20&9$e"*$"$/04D%=0&D$e"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+e".*"DJ*D/*4"+."%&.2)42"k"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."$I%4(0$%"O%45*.9$2e"D$O$D&+$+"+."+.94%$%"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."2$0&2I$DD&:("&(9.+&$0$e"$O%.(+.%"+."*42".%%4%.2e"$2/9&%"%&.2)42T"Desarrollo de las propias opciones, imaginar proyectos, capacidad de

0%$(2I4%9$%"*$2"&+.$2".("$DD&4(.2e"<&2&:(".20%$06)&D$"+."%.042e"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"4O4%0/(&+$+.2e"$D0&0/+"O42&0&<$"?$D&$"*42"D$95&42e"W.^&5&*&+$+"O$%$"$+$O0$%2."+."I4%9$"D%=0&D$"k"D4(20%/D0&<$T"8$5&*&+$+.2"+."%.*$D&:(e"2$5.%2."O4(.%".(".*"*/)$%"+.*"40%4e"<$*4%$%"40%$2"&+.$2e"+&$*4)$%e"2$5.%"comunicar las propias decisiones, capacidad de cooperación... Todos

62042"24("$*)/(42"+."*42"45R.0&<42"+.*"+&2.4"D/%%&D/*$%e"/("D/%%=D/*4"7/."O4(."*$"$+7/&2&D&:("+."D4(0.(&+42"$*"2.%<&D&4"+.*"+.2$%%4**4"+."*$2"D$O$D&+$+.2"+.*"$*/9($+4e"+."$D/.%+4"D4("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"7/."D4(D&5.".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"(4"D494"$*)4".20J0&D4"7/."+.5$"$+7/&%&%2."2&(4"D%.$D&:("constante, interpretación, modelación... etc.

HT";/$%+$(2"D4(D*/k."7/."0$(04"O$%$"**.<$%"$"D$54"/("D/%%=D/*4"0$("$95&D&424"D494"O$%$"D/*0&<$%"*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"u+."?.D?4e"+42"D$%$2"&(2.O$%$5*.2"+."/($"9&29$"94(.+$v"2.%=$"(.D.2$%&4"D4(2&+.%$%".2O.D=CD$9.(0."*$"&9O4%0$(D&$"+.*"D/*0&<4"+."oLEMp"u&(0.%62e"+&20$(D&$9&.(04"k"2&*.(D&4ve".2"+.D&%e".*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"$0.(D&:("O*.($"k"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"+.*"(&<.*"+.")%$0/&+$+"+."*$2"D$O$D&+$+.2"?/9$($2e"0%$5$R$(+4"2&20.9J0&D$9.(0."2/"+.2$%%4**4e"D494"O&.F$"I/(+$9.(0$*"7/."O42&5&*&0$"/("+.2$%%4**4"?/9$(4"O*.(4"."&9O%.2D&(+&5*."O$%$"**.<$%"$"D$54"/("O*$(0.$9&.(04".+/D$0&<4"D494".*"7/."2.".20J"O%4O4(&.(+4T">(".2O.D&$*e"&(2&20."7/."?$k"que tomar muy en cuenta el papel de la atención plena y las posibilidades

Teresa Guardans

222

+."+.2$%%4**4"+.".20$"D$O$D&+$+"u7/."2."I4%0$*.D."k"2."$O%.(+."$"?$D.%"/24"de ella, como de cualquier otra capacidad); no basta con presuponerla.

>("*$"%4(+$"+."D49.(0$%&42"2/%)."*$"D/.20&:("+."7/."+.2O/62"+.*"%$20%.4"7/."+/%$(0."*$".^O42&D&:("2."?$"?.D?4"+."*$2"+&20&(0$2"O%4O/.20$2"O.+$):)&D$2"7/."2.".20J("**.<$(+4"$"*$"O%JD0&D$".("*$2"+&20&(0$2".2D/.*$2e"D/$*"2.%=$".*"2&)/&.(0."O$24e"7/6"O%4O/.20$2"O4+%=$("?$D.%2."O4%"O$%0."+.*".7/&O4"+&+JD0&D4"+."1>HA"O$%$"D4(0&(/$%"$+.*$(0.".("%.*$D&:("$*"(/.<4"9$%D4".+/D$0&<4T

H.%.2$"D49.(0$"7/."0%$5$R4"(4"I$*0$e"7/."$?4%$"/%)."$<$(F$%".("*$"D4(D%.D&:(".("9$0.%&$*.2"k"O%4k.D042"D4(D%.042"O$%$"I$D&*&0$%".*"0%$5$R4"+."*42".+/D$+4%.2T"8$5%J"7/."2.)/&%"&(2&20&.(+4"0$95&6(".("*$"&(I4%9$D&:("k"I4%9$D&:("+.".+/D$+4%.2e"$?4(+$%".("*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"k"$O4k42"$*"desarrollo de la cualidad humana.

>("*$"9.2$"2."D49.(0$"*$2"&(9.(2$2"+&CD/*0$+.2"+."*42".+/D$+4%.2"O$%$"O4+.%"?$D.%"I%.(0."$"*$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2s"I$*0$"+."0&.9O4"k"+."%.D/%242"O$%$"$+$O0$%"*$".+/D$D&:("$"*$2"(/.<$2"(.D.2&+$+.2"k"45R.0&<42"O%4O/.2042T"M/%).".*"0.9$"+."?$20$"7/6"O/(04".2"O42&5*.".+/D$%".("D$*&+$+"humana si antes no se ha adquirido un cierto grado de calidad. A lo que

T. Guardans contesta que como en cualquier otro tema poco puede en

2.$%2."2&"+."$*)4"(4"2."2$5.e"O.%4"7/."+."04+$2"I4%9$2N".(".*"9/(+4"+."*$".(2.$(F$"(4"?$k"9/D?4"9J2"%.9.+&4"7/."?$D.%".*"D$9&(4"$(+$(+4T"je".24"2=e"I$D&*&0$%*.2"$*"9J^&94"*$"0$%.$"$"*42".+/D$+4%.2e"4I%.D&6(+4*.2"recursos de calidad.

M."D4(D*/k."7/."(4"24*4".2".("*$".2D/.*$"+4(+."?$k"7/.").(.%$%e"$O%.(+.%e".(2.$%"*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($e"2&(4"7/."?$5%=$"7/."&%"D%.$(+4"*$"2/CD&.(0."9$2$"D%=0&D$"7/."I/.%$").(.%$(+4"*$"2/CD&.(0."D4(D&.(D&$"24D&$*"O$%$"&9O%.)($%"O4D4"$"O4D4"04+42"*42"J95&042U".2D/.*$e".9O%.2$e"9.+&42"+."D49/(&D$D&:(z.2"+.D&%"$"04+$"*$"24D&.+$+T

Texto y tradición como problema en el marco de una nueva epistemología

223

TEXTO Y TRADICIÓN COMO PROBLEMA EN EL MARCO DE UNA NUEVA EPISTEMOLOGÍA

Juan Manuel Fajardo Andrade

Presentación:

>*"0.9$"O%4O/.204"245%.".*"7/."2.".*$54%$".*"O%.2.(0."0%$5$R4".2"El problema de la herencia de las tradiciones religiosas en una epistemología no míticaT",$"&(0/&D&:("245%."*$"7/."2."+.2$%%4**$"(/.20%4"0%$5$R4".2"7/."(42".(D4(0%$942"$(0."/($"I4%9$".O&20.94*:)&D$"(/.<$e"7/."2."O%.2.(0$"D4("*$2"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2"+."/($"9/0$D&:(e"I%.(0."$"*$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2"7/."?$20$"?$D."O4D4"2."<.(=$("+$(+4"%.2O.D04"$*"J95&04"+.*"D4(4D.%ca.

>20$"I4%9$"+."D4(4D.%"7/."+.(49&($942"nueva esta implicando, por sus D$%$D0.%=20&D$2e"/($"9/0$D&:(".("(/.20%$"I4%9$"+."conocer, asumiendo D494"0$*"*$2"+&20&(0$2"4O.%$D&4(.2"7/."<$("+.2+.".*"O.%D&5&%"?$20$"*$"$520%$DD&:("9J2".*$54%$+$e"&9O*&D$(+4e"45<&$9.(0.e"*42"+&20&(042"J95&042"y momentos de la acción humana.

79. Interesante la crítica que realiza J. Searle a la epistemología profesional especializada, como la denomina, y que indica cómo el “problema epistemológico”, en la línea del programa cartesiano, es hoy obsoleto (sic). [Searle, John: “La !losofía en el nuevo siglo”, en Filósofos actuales de habla Inglesa. Dworkin, Kitcher, Broghossian, Koertge, Searle.] El asunto está, coincidiendo con el análisis de Searle, en que nos encontramos ante una forma nueva, no intuida dentro de los esquemas !losó!cos y epistemológicos elaborados incluso avanzada buena parte del siglo XX. El factor información y conocimiento, como veremos más adelante, son en la segunda parte del s. XX un detonante que desarrolla exponencialmente una serie de valores y perspectivas, que están dando paso a una forma completamente nueva de con!gurar (y de asumir, en el análisis) la naturaleza del conocer.


224

>(".20."D4(0.^04e"*$"O%.)/(0$"%.2O.D04"$"*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2".2"O.%0&(.(0."x1:94".(I%.(0$%(42"k"*..%"*$"0%$+&D&:("7/."2.".(D/.(0%$"O%.2.(0.".("*$2".^O%.2&4(.2"%&042e"%&0/$*.2e"$DD&4(.2e"0.^042e"+4D0%&($2e"D%..(D&$2N"7/.e"$"2/"94+4e"45R.0&<$"/("O40.(D&$*"?/9$(4"+."2$5&+/%=$y">(".*"O%.2.(0."0%$5$R4"$54%+$%.942"*$"0%$+&D&:(".("%.*$D&:("D4("*42"0.^042T"j".*"D$95&4"7/."2/I%.".*"0.^04".("*$"(/.<$"D49O%.(2&:(".O&2069&D$80.

1. En el marco de una nueva epistemología

>("(/.20%$"6O4D$e"+.0.%9&($+$"O%4I/(+$9.(0."O4%".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"D494"I$D04%"D.(0%$*e"$2&20&942e"k"24942"O$%0."+."/("O%4D.24"+."D$95&4"O%4I/(+4"k"%$+&D$*"O$%$".*"D/$*"(4".2".^$).%$+4"O%4O4(.%"7/."2."0%$0$"+."/("2$*04"D/$*&0$0&<4".("(/.20%4"O%4D.24".<4*/0&<4"9&294"D494".2O.D&.81. >20."D$95&4"0&.(."&9O*&D$D&4(.2".("(/.20%4"94+4"+."2&0/$%(42"I%.(0."al mundo y a nosotros mismos. Es a este modo al que le denominamos

(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$T

,$".O&20.94*4)=$e".20$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$e"2."D4(C)/%$"$"O$%0&%"+."4O.%$D&4(.2"k".20%/D0/%$2"+."I/(D&4($9&.(04"7/."2."O%4+/D.(".("*$".20%/D0/%$"D4)(&0&<$"D.%.5%$*"k"D4%O4%$*e"k"O4%"0$(04".(".*"4%+.("+."*4"5&4*:)&D4T"f%+.("7/.".("(/.20%$".2O.D&."2&)(&CD$"?$5*$%"+."%.O%.2.(0$D&:(e"&9$)&($D&:(e"9.94%&$e"*.()/$R.T"E."$?="7/.e"?$5*$%"+."/($"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"D4(2&20$".("?$5*$%"+."/($"(/.<$".20%/D0/%$".("(/.20%$"D4(C)/%$D&:("D494".2O.D&.T

,$"(4<.+$+"+."*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$e"$/(".("O%4D.24"+.").20$D&:(e"2.".<&+.(D&$".("/($"2.%&."+."$2O.D042"k"2&0/$D&4(.2".("*$2"7/."*$"%.2O/.20$"7/."2."0&.(.".(".*"O%.2.(0."+&20$"9/D?4"+."$7/.**$"7/."2."$2/9=$"D494"($0/%$*"u*$"7/."+.5=$"2.%v"?$20$"$?4%$T"'"94+4"+.".R.9O*4"2."O/.+."&(+&

80. Utilizaré el término epistémico, o comprensión epistémica, para referirme al hecho y los procesos del conocer.

81. !!"#$%&%'(%!)%!*+&%,%!-+!-%,(#&+!.#%!/+,%!+-!&%0*%,(1!%-!2-30141!56%&&%!789:;!.#6%'!+<1&=+!-+0!,1'=6,61'%0!=%!-+!'#%9+!01,6%=+=!%'!0#0!6)*-6,+,61'%0!+'(&1*1-3$6,+0!:!,1$'6(69+0>!?&+'!*+&(%!=%!-+!lectura aquí realizada está inspirada en su propuesta.


225

D$%".*"O%4D.24"+.".(2.$(F$N$O%.(+&F$R.e"k"*42"%.042"7/."D4(**.<$"O$%$"*$"&(20&0/D&4($*&+$+"k"*42"2&20.9$2".+/D$0&<42T",42"R:<.(.2"?4k"I/(D&4($("D4("/($"*:)&D$"+."0&O4"&(0/&0&<$"k"+."&(0.%$DD&:(e"$"+&I.%.(D&$"+."*42"antecesores donde la linealidad de razonamiento y su estructura lógica

eran lo natural"+."D$%$"$*"O%4D.24".+/D$0&<4T",$2"+&CD/*0$+.2"%.2O.D04"$"*$"$+$O0$D&:("+."O%4)%$9$2"$D$+69&D42"k"2/"&9O*.9.(0$D&:(".(".*".2pacio del aula, es solo una muestra de un cambio en el cual encontramos

/($"4I.%0$"<J*&+$"k"7/."I/(D&4(:"+/%$(0."9/D?4"0&.9O4"O$%$"/("0&O4"+."9.(0$*&+$+e"+.".O&20.94*4)=$e"O.%4"7/."(4"2$5."%.2O4(+.%"$"*42"%.042e"O4%"&(242O.D?$+42"9/D?42"+.".**42e"+."/($"(/.<$".20%/D0/%$"9.(0$*e"/($"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$82.

,$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"+."*$"7/."$7/="?$5*$942".2"/($"D4(C)/%$D&:("9.(0$*e"(/.<$".20%/D0/%$"D4)(&0&<$e"7/."D4(**.<$"/("94+4"(/.<4"+."4O.%$%"k".20$5*.D.%"*$"%.*$D&:("+.*"2.%"?/9$(4"$(0."2="9&294e"*42"40%42e"y el mundo. No es que la exterioridad cambie, pero si su densidad de realidadT",$".^0.%&4%&+$+e"$"*$"7/."O4+.942"%.I.%&%(42"D494"*$2"D42$2e"*$"%.$*&+$+"I.(496(&D$e"(4".2"*$"%.$*&+$+"%.$*"+.*"2.%"?/9$(4T"d/.20%$".2O.D&.e".(".*"O%4D.24".<4*/0&<4e"I/."D4(C)/%$(+4"/($".20%/D0/%$"O$%0&D/*$%"O$%$"*$"D/$*"*4"%.$*"2."+$".(".*"(&<.*"+."$7/.**4"7/.".2"%.$*"O$%$"(4240%42e"k"O4%"0$(04e".("*$"94+.*$D&:("7/."?$D.942"+."*$"9&29$T",4"%.$*e".(04(D.2e".2"/("$2O.D04".20%.D?$9.(0."&(0.%%.*$D&4($+4"D4("*$".20%/D0/%$"D4)(&0&<$"que tenemos, y por tanto, aspecto importante a considerar en cualquier

+&2D/2&:(".O&2069&D$"D4(0.9O4%J(.$T

>20$"I4%9$".O&2069&D$"(/.<$"%.O%.2.(0$"/($"0%$(2I4%9$D&:("%$+&D$*"7/."$I.D0$"04+4"D4("/($"O%4I/(+&+$+"(4"<&20$".("(/.20%4"+.2$%%4**4"D494".2O.D&."+.2+."$7/.**$2"9/0$D&4(.2"7/."(42"?$("D4(C)/%$+4"D494".*"homo sapiens sapiens que somos [asumimos, por considerarla una postulación

82. !!5#%=%!,1'06=%&+&0%;!+-!&%0*%,(1;!%-!+'@-6060!.#%!&%+-6A+!5>!789:;!%'(&%!1(&10;!01<&%!-+0!'#%9+0!,1'=6,61'%0!=%!%=#,+,63';!:!-+!*&1*#%0(+!=%!41&)+0!pedagógicas!+=%,#+=+0!+!-+0!'#%9+0!,1'=6,61'%0B!7%9C;!DEEFB!GGFHGIF!J+#'.#%!=%!)1=1!%0*%,6+-;!GKGHGIFL>


226

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g($"O.%2O.D0&<$"D4)(&0&<$"+."0$*"=(+4*."D4(C)/%$"0$(04"(/.20%$".20%/D0/%$"9&29$"+."D4(4D.%"/(".R.9O*4"+.".**4".2".*"$/)."O4%"+.2$%%4**$%"O%4O/.20$2"O.+$):)&D$2"k"+&+JD0&D$2"+."D$%$"$"enseñar, por no decir #"169-*%*e"*42"O%4D.242"9.(0$*.2"O$%$".(I%.(0$%"*$"9/*0&O*&D&+$+"+."&(I4%9$D&:("k"D4(4D&9&.(04".("(/.20%$"6O4D$e"0$*.2"D494"los árboles de conocimiento"O%4O/.204"O4%"P&.%%.",6<kT",6<ke"[__cUb]b22"e"D494"la densidadrealidad de las cosas.

,$2"D42$2"?$("+.R$+4"+."2.%e"+."$*)r("94+4e"*4"7/."?$20$"$?4%$"?$5=$("sido de modo naturalT"-$R4"/($"(/.<$"9&%$+$e"*$2"D42$2"2."+.20.%%&04%&$*&F$(e"2."+$"/($"2.O$%$D&:(".("2/"45R.0&<&+$+"%.2O.D04"$"(/.20%4"$D.%D$9&.(04"$".**$2e"k"2."O%4+/D."*4"7/.".("06%9&(42"+."P&.%%.",6<k".2"la virtualización83T"P%4D.24"7/."(4".2"4O4(.%2."4"(.)$%"*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&(4"considerar las D42$2".("2/"+&(J9&D$e".("2/"D$O$D&+$+"+."O40.(D&$*&+$+"y actualización.

E.2+."*$"O.%2O.D0&<$"+."*$"<&%0/$*&F$D&:(e"04+$2"*$2"D42$2"2."(42"O%.2.(0$("D4("/($"+.(2&+$+"(/.<$T"M4("D42$2e".20J("$?=e"0$*"D/$*"?$(".20$+4"+/%$(0."$42T"P.%4"*$"%.*$D&:("7/.".20$5*.D.942"D4(".**$2".2"D49O*.0$9.(0."(/.<$T"H4+4"2."0%$(2I4%9$T">("*$"(/.<$"D49O%.(2&:(e".*".2O$D&4"

83. “La palabra virtual procede del latín mediaval virtualis, que a su vez deriva de virtus; fuerza, potencia. En la !losofía escolástica, lo virtual es aquello que existe en potencia pero no en acto. Lo virtual tiende a actualizarse, aunque no se concretiza de modo efectivo o formal… lo virtual no se opone a lo real sino a lo actual: virtualidad y actualidad sólo son dos maneras de ser diferentes” (Lévy, 1999: 17)


227

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2. 123.%)*)%4'#$,-#,.*,'5#6*,)4'(&57*)%+',-#.,)4'4)#7

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a. Cambio en la consideración del sujetoU

,42" D4(4D&9&.(042" D&.(0=CD42e" *$2" 06D(&D$2e" *$" &(I4%9$D&:(e" *42"+&<.%242" O%4D.242" +." &(0.%$DD&:(e" )*45$*&F$D&:(e" D49/(&D$D&:(e"&(0.%(.0e".0DTe".20J(").(.%$(+4"(4"24*$9.(0."/($"(4<.+42$"I4%9$"+."O%.2.(D&$e"2&(4e"+."94+4"9J2"O%4I/(+4e"/($"(4<.+42$"D49O%.(2&:("de nosotros mismos, los otros, el entorno, el mundo.

,$")*45$*&F$D&:(e"O4%".R.9O*4e"4"+."94+4"O$%0&D/*$%"*$2".^O.%&.(D&$2").(.%$+$2"+.2+.".*"$DD.24"$"&(0.%(.0e"D4(**.<$("$"/("(/.<4"94+4"+."comprender"*$2"%.*$D&4(.2e"D494"0$95&6("*$2"O.%D.OD&4(.2"9&29$2"de tiempo y espacio.

84. A estos ámbitos les dedica P. Lévy un tratamiento especial en sus trabajos.


228

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b. Cambio en la consideración del textoU

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>2".("*42"0.^042e"*42"+&<.%242"0.^042"u*.()/$R.2"k"+&2D/%242e"D/.%O42"y acciones, socialización e instituciones, utensilios y herramientas)


229

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E." $?=" *$" (.D.2&+$+" +." O40.(D&$%" k" .+/D$%" *$2" D$O$D&+$+.2" +."&(0.*&).(D&$e"+."&(+$)$D&:(e"+."D%.$D&:(T"1/*0&<$%"*$"&(0.*&).(D&$".2"&9O/*2$%"*$"*&5.%0$+T"j"*$"*&5.%0$+"(4".2"2&(4".^O%.2&:("+."(/.20%$2".20%/D0/%$2"D4)(&0&<$2"O%4I/(+$2e"O%4O4%D&4($+$2"O4%"*$"5&4*4)=$e"7/."?$("O.%9&0&+4"$+$O0$%(42"k"245%.<&<&%T"

P4%7/."*&5.%0$+".2e"0$95&6(e"D$O$D&+$+"+."?$5&0$%"(/.20%4"O%4O&4"cerebro, nuestra propia mente, y por ende, nuestra propia condición

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230

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14("*$"**.)$+$"+."*$".2D%&0/%$e"k"O4%"0$(04e".(D4(0%$%(42"$(0."/("(/.<4"modelo cultural [modelo que nadie pone en duda al considerar el

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c. Cambio en la consideración del mundoU

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231

nuestros sensores [sentidos] y nuestros procesos de comprensión

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3. El problema de la herencia de las tradiciones religiosas en el marco de una nueva epistemología

M&".*"+&$)(:20&D4"%.2O.D04"$"*4"7/."2/D.+.".("*$"$D0/$*&+$+".2"O.%0&(.(0.e"*$"&(7/&.0/+"245%."7/6"?$D.%"D4("04+4"$7/.**4"?.%.+$+4"+.*"O$2$+4".2"5J2&D$e"+.5&+4"$"7/."2."0%$0$"+."2$5.%".(I%.(0$%"las cosas, las situaciones, *$2"%.*$D&4(.2e"*42"0.^042e"D4("/($"(/.<$"<&2&:("+."*4"7/."+&D?$2"D42$2"24(e"D494"0$95&6(".*"94+4"+."$O%4^&9$D&:("7/."+.5.942"?$D.%"?$D&$"ellas.

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232

con posibilidad de relectura, en la medida que se les descubre, se les

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(/.20%$"O%4O&$"D4(+&D&:("5&4*:)&D$T"1$O$D&+$+"O$%$"0%$(2I4%9$%(42e"para reconstruirnos, para crearnos.

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>(".*"0.^04"%.*&)&424"$2="$2/9&+4e"+4(+."*$"<&%0/$*&+$+"2."O40.(D&$e".*"2.%"?/9$(4"2."$5%."$".Ô.%&.(D&$2"+."O%4I/(+$"0%$2D.(+.(D&$e"2&("O.%+.%"O4%".**4".*"D$%JD0.%"?/9$(4e"D4)(&0&<4T">*"0.^04"(4"O%4O4%D&4($"$2="*$"040$*&+$+"+.*"2.(0&+4e"O4%7/."(4"O/.+."0.(.%*4".("2=e"$/(7/."O4%"*$"($0/%$*.F$"simbólica que lo constituye, impulsa a la construcción y reconstrucción

D4(20$(0."+.*"2.(0&+4T"M.(0&+4"O40.(D&$+4e"D%.$+4e"D4(20%/&+4e".("*$".Ô.%&.(D&$"D49/(&D$0&<$"k"+."&(0.*&).(D&$"D49O$%0&+$e".("*$"9.94%&$"k"*$"&9$)&($D&:("D%.$+4%$e".("+.C(&0&<$e"0$95&6(e".("2/"D$O$D&+$+"+."0%$(2I4%9$D&:("+."*$"O%4O&$"%.$*&+$+T


233

4. Texto y conocimiento absoluto. Retos de una nueva epistemología

,$"(/.<$"D4(+&D&:(".O&2069&D$"O.%9&0."/($"2.%&."+."D4(+&D&4(.2"+."O42&5&*&+$+"O$%$".(I%.(0$%(42"$"*$2"D42$2e"k"$2/9&%"2/"%.$*&+$+".("2/"D4(+&ción virtual, no objetiva. Es, considero, una posibilidad que no implica, (.D.2$%&$9.(0.e"*$"D4(D&.(D&$"k"*$"D$O$D&+$+"O$%$".(I%.(0$%"*$"%.$*&+$+".("2/"D4(+&D&:("+."O42&5&*&+$+e"$/("D/$(+4".2"/($"6O4D$ND4(+&D&:(".("*$"7/."2."(42"O%.2.(0$"D494"O42&5&*&+$+"9J2"D.%D$($"k"O*$/2&5*."7/."momentos anteriores.

E&D?$"O42&5&*&+$+".^&)."+."(/.20%$"O$%0."/($"2.%&."+.".2I/.%F42"O4%".*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"k"I4%9/*$D&:("+."*42"O%4D.242"7/."2/5k$D.("$".20$"D49O%.(2&:("(/.<$T">(".20."0.%%.(4e".*"$<$(D."+."*$2"+&<.%2$2"D&.(D&$2e".2O.D&$*9.(0."*$2"D&.(D&$2"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"$O4%0$("9$0.%&$*"2/CD&.(0."k"<J*&+4e"7/."O.%9&0."/($"%.I4%9/*$D&:("+."(/.20%$"O%4O&$"D4(+&D&:("D494"2.%.2"<&<&.(0.2e"%.+&9.(2&4($(+4"*$2"O.%2O.D0&<$2"$(0%4O4*:)&D$2T

>*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"k"I4%9/*$D&:("+."*42"O%4D.242"+.".20$"(/.<$"$(0%4O4*4)=$e".^&)&%J"*$"D$O$D&+$+"+."I4%9/*$%"k"O%4O4(.%"O%4)%$9$2"k"9.+&42"+."$O%.(+&F$R.e"7/."O.%9&0$("?$D.%(42"D$%)4"+."(/.20%$2"<&+$2"k"*42"+&<.%242"(&<.*.2"+."%.$*&+$+T"A.$*&+$+"7/."(4".2"45R.0&<&+$+e"2&(4"<&%0/$*&+$+T"P4%"0$(04e".2"5$R4".20$"(40$"D4(20&0/0&<$"7/."2."+.5.%J"O.(2$%"k"I4%9/*$%"*$2"O%4O/.20$2"+."D:94"?$D.%"O$%$"7/."2."$O%.(+$"$".(I%.(0$%"*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&("$)40$%"*$"O40.(D&$*&+$+"?/9$($".("*$"$D0/$*&+$+"+."*4"<&%0/$*e".("/($"2.%&."+."&(20$(0.2T"3%.(0."$".**4".*"%.04"+."D:94"O40.(D&$%"*$"libertad y la capacidad de responsabilizarse y apropiarse de la realidad,

7/.".(".*"I4(+4"(4".2"40%$"D42$"+&20&(0$"$*"2="9&294T

j"D4(".**4".*"+.2D/5%&%e".(I$0&F$%e"*$2"D4(+&D&4(.2"$O%4O&$+$2"+."(/.20%$"O%4O&$"D4(+&D&:(T"E.2$%%4**$%"*$"D%.$0&<&+$+e"*$"&9$)&($D&:(e"*42"O%4cesos de sentir y pensar, de modo que seamos capaces de desarrollar la

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234

u*.()/$R.e"&9$)&($D&:(v".("2/"(&<.*"(4"&(0.%.2$+4e"r(&D4"7/."O.%9&0.".*"salto en libertad, apertura de cambio e indagación.

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Bibliografía:

,6<ke"P&.%%.U"¿Qué es lo virtual?."P$&+:2T"-$%D.*4($T"baaa

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Resumen

B/$("#$(/.*"3$R$%+4"D49&.(F$"*$"O%.2.(0$D&:("+.*"%.2/9.("+."2/"O4(.(D&$"%.D4%+$(+4".*"0.9$"O%4O/.204"O$%$".20.">(D/.(0%4".%$".*"O%45*.9$"+."*$"?.%.(D&$"+."*$2"0%$+&D&4(.2".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"k"que quiso abordarlo a partir de la constatación de que nos encontramos

.("/("D$95&4"O%4I/(+4"7/."D4(**.<$"/($"(/.<$"9$(.%$"+.".20$%".(".*"9/(+4T"g($"(/.<$"9$(.%$"7/."$O$%.D."&(+.O.(+&.(0.9.(0."+.*".20$+4"D/*0/%$*"+."D$+$"D4*.D0&<4"?/9$(4e"+."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$"%.*&)&:("k"+."*$2"&(20&0/D&4(.2"4"2&"2."<&<.".(">/%4O$"4".("'96%&D$",$0&($T

M."0%$0$"+."/("I.(:9.(4"&(D4(2D&.(0.e".("O%4D.24e"+."%.D&.(0.").20$D&:(e"04+$<=$"&(+.0.%9&($+4"O.%4"7/."I4%9$"O$%0."+."*$2"(/.<$2"9$(.%$2"+."O.(2$%e"2.(0&%e"$D0/$%"452.%<$5*.".("04+42"*42"D4*.D0&<42"?/9$(42T


235

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M/"0%$5$R4"2."O%4O4(."&(+$)$%"*$2"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2"+."*$2"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+."D4(4D.%""*$"%.$*&+$+"+."*$2"(/.<$2").(.%$D&4(.2"O$%$"2$D$%"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"%.2O.D04"$*"D/*0&<4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$T

B/$("#$(/.*"?$5%=$"**.)$+4"$"+42"D4(D*/2&4(.2U"*$"O%&9.%$".2"*$"(.D.2&+$+"+."/(".2I/.%F4"0.:%&D4"O$%$"+&*/D&+$%".*"D$95&4"$(0%4O4*:)&D4"+."9$(.%$"7/."O/.+$"2.%"$D.O0$+4".(".*"J95&04"$D$+69&D4e"O/.2"?$"D4(20$0$+4"7/.".*"/24"+."0.%9&(4*4)=$"D494".2O&%&0/$*&+$+".2"049$+4".(".2."J95&04"D494"/($"%.9&04*4)&F$D&:("+."*$"%.*&)&:(T"'2="7/."2."?$".2I4%F$+4".("%.I4%9/*$%".*"0.9$".("40%42"06%9&(42"7/."2.$("9.R4%"$D.O0$+42T

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236

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"<&%0/$*"O%4<4D$"D$95&42"O4%".R.9O*4".("*$2"%.*$D&4(.2"&(0.%O.%24($*.2"7/."$5$(+4($".*"D4(0$D04"+."/("k4"D4("/("0/"45R.0&<42"O$%$"<&%0/$*&F$%*42T">**4"<$"$").(.%$%"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2".("*$2"D4(C)/%$D&4(.2"D.%.5%$*.2"7/."94+&CD$%$("*$"O.%D.OD&:("D4%O4%$*"*4"D/$*"7/."2."0%$+/D&%J".("/("2$*04"D/$*&0$0&<4".("*$"%.*$D&:("D4("*$2"D42$2"y personas.

,4"7/."**$9$942"24D&.+$+.2"+."D4(4D&9&.(04"2.%=$"D4(D49&0$(0."$"*$"24D&.+$+"+."*$"<&%0/$*&+$+e"O.%4"$2="D494"*$"O%&9.%$"O/.+."D4(2&+.%$%2."7/.".20J"$/2.(0.".("$*)/(42"O$=2.2"*$"2.)/(+$".2"O$*O$5*."IJD&*9.(0."en todos.

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SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

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237

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14%5=".Ô%.2$"2/"+&CD/*0$+"245%."$*)/(42"O/(042"O*$(0.$+42T",."%.2/*0$"+&I=D&*"<.%"*$".7/&<$*.(D&$".(0%.".T9T"D4("45R.0&<$D&:("k".T(T9T"D4("<&%0/$*&F$D&:("O/.204"7/."*4"<&%0/$*"0$95&6("2/O4(."45R.0&<$D&:(e"*4"D/$*"*."**.<$"$"(4"O4+.%".(0.(+.%"*$"o<.(0$R$p"%.2O.D04"$*"$DD.24"$"*$"ET'T""H$95&6("*."O%.2.(0$"+&CD/*0$+"*$"$C%9$D&:("7/."*$"<&%0/$*&+$+"**.)/."$"$I.D0$%"$"*$".20%/D0/%$"+.*"D.%.5%4"k"$"0%$<62"+.".**$"%.O.%D/0$".("*$"D$O0$0&<$"D4%O4%$*T"P/.2"O$%$"14%5="*42"?/9$(42"D494"$(&9$*.2"+40$+42"+."W.^&5&*&+$+"O4%".*"?$5*$"2."$+$O0$("$"*42"D$95&42"2&("0.(.%"7/."O$2$%"O4%"D$95&42"$"(&<.*.2"I=2&D42"*4"7/."2/O4(+%=$".(0%$%".("/(".0$O$".<4*/0&<$"(/.<$T"'+<&.%0."7/."O*$(0.$%"2&("+&CD/*0$+".*"$5$(+4(4"+."*42"0.^042"2&)(&CD$".9O/R$%"$"0.(.%"7/."&(<.(0$%"+."(/.<4"*$"24O$T

B/$("#$(/.*"O/(0/$*&F$"7/.".*"06%9&(4"<&%0/$*&+$+"$O/(0$"$*"D4(4D&9&.(04"/2$+4"O4%"14%5="k"$"*$"9/0$D&:("+."A45*.2T"S&%0/$*&+$+".2"W.^&5&*&+$+".("*$"94+.*$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"D494"&(+&D$(+4"*$"I$*0$"+."*&(.$*&+$+"*:)&D$".("*$"9$(.%$"+."O.(2$%"+."*42"R:<.(.2T

14%5=".Ô%.2$"7/."(4"&)/$*$%=$"24D&.+$+"+."D4(4D&9&.(04"D4("<&%0/$*&+$+T",$"0.D(4*4)=$"D%.$"(/.<$2"I4%9$2"+.".20$%e"+."%.*$D&4($%2."O.%4"(4"<."7/.".**4"0.()$"7/."+.2.954D$%".("/($"(/.<$"$(0%4O4*4)=$T"3$R$%+4"$D*$%$"7/."*$"(4D&:("+."<&%0/$*&+$+"?$D."%.I.%.(D&$"$"*$"(/.<$""%.*$D&:("y comprensión de lo humano y de la realidad.

L(0.%<&.(."')/20="O$%$"&(+&D$%"7/."7/&FJ"2."+.5.%=$"2/20&0/&%".*"06%9&(4"<&%0/$*&+$+"O4%"2&9/*$D&:("4"94+.*$D&:(T"B/$("#$(/.*"$$+."7/."*42"humanos hoy se han descubierto como modeladores de la realidad, in


238

D*/24".*"0&.9O4"k".*".2O$D&4"2."O.%D&5.("(4"D494"D$%$D0.%=20&D$2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"2&(4"/("O%4+/D04"?/9$(4T"84k""*$"(4D&:("+.".2O$D&4"k"0&.9O4""+.2+."*42"9/(+42"<&%0/$*.2"7/.+$"94+&CD$+4T

'"O$%0&%"+."$7/="2.").(.%$"/("+&J*4)4"9/k"&(0.(24"245%."2&".*"0&.9O4"k".*".2O$D&4"2:*4"24("94+.*42e"$"*4"7/."B$/9."')/20="%.2O4(+."7/."2=T

S&)&*U"P.%4e"+.R$(+4"$O$%0.".*"0&.9O4"k".*".2O$D&4e"7/."O4+%=$("2.%"2:*4"94+.*42"4"D$0.)4%=$2"$"O%&4%&e"O%.)/(04U".("(/.20%4"D4(4D&9&.(04"?/9$(4e"x2:*4"?$k"94+.*42y"14(".*"D4(4D&9&.(04"?/9$(4e"2:*4"D4(2.)/&942".*$54%$%"94+.*42e"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"2&9O*.9.(0."(/.20%$2e"2&("(&()r("<$*4%"+."45R.0&<&+$+e"+&%.D0$"(&"&(+&%.D0$y

')/20=U"'C%9$%*4"2.%=$"<4*<.%"$"*$".T9TO4%7/."2.%=$"O%.0.(+.%"7/."(/.20%$2"D4(20%/DD&4(.2"+.2D%&5.("*$"%.$*&+$+T"'2=".2"7/."(4"24*4"?$k"94+.*42T"M&"24*4"?/5&.%$"94+.*42"k"(4"?/5&.%$"94+.*$+4e".*"06%9&(4"9&294"94+.*$D&:("(4"0.(+%=$"(&()r("2.(0&+4T",4"7/."7/&.%."+.D&%2.".2"7/."$".24"7/."(/.20%42"2$5.%.2"94+.*$("(4"?$k"(&()r("0&O4"+."$DD.24"7/."(4"2.$"94+.*$D&:(T"d4"?$k"(&()r("0&O4"+."$C%9$D&:("O42&5*."D494e"O4%".R.9O*4e"7/.".2"$*)4"4"7/.".2"2.%"7/."(4"2.$"k$"94+.*$D&:(T"P4%"D4(2&)/&.(0.".2"D49O%.(2&5*."7/."/($2"94+.*$D&4(.2"2.$("9J2"$O0$2"7/."40%$2T"d4"04+4"<$*.".("*$2"94+.*$D&4(.2T

S&)&*U"14(".2$2"9$0&F$D&4(.2"k4".20$%=$"+."$D/.%+4T"'2/9&6(+4*$2e"k4"+&%=$U"O$%.D."D&.%04".O&20.94*:)&D$9.(0."7/."04+4"(/.20%4"D4(4D&9&.(04".2"D4(20%/&+4"D4("94+.*$D&4(.2e"(4"D4("$DD.24"+&%.D04"+.2D%&O0&<4"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."?$k$"$?=T"j"(4"0.(.942"40%4"0&O4"+."$DD.24"$".2$"%.$*&+$+"7/."(4"2.$"9.+&$(0.".*"/24"+."94+.*$D&4(.2T"#/k"D&.%04T"P.%4".**4"(4"7/&.%."+.D&%"+42"D42$2U"(4"7/&.%."+.D&%"7/."(4"?$k$"%.$*&+$+"u2&(4"9.%$2"modelaciones), ni que con nuestras modelaciones no consigamos acer

D$%(42"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"u.2"+.D&%e"7/."/($2"94+.*$D&4(.2"(4"2.$("9.R4%.2"7/."40%$2e"7/."/($2"%.2O4(+$("$"*$"%.$*&+$+"9.R4%"7/."40%$2vT"'C%9$%"


239

7/."(4"?$k"($+$"9J2"7/."94+.*42"2.%=$"I/(+$9.(0$*&294e".20$%=$942"04+$<=$".("*$".T9T

14%5=U"H4+4"24("94+.*42".2"*$"$C%9$D&:("$524*/0$"7/."O4+.942"?$D.%"+.2+."(/.20%4".20$+4"+."D4(4D&9&.(04T"8$k"D4(20%/DD&:("245%."algo y ese algo es como nada porque cualquier caracterización es mo

delación.

S&)&*U"j4"D%.4"7/."$?="O$2$942"+."*$"2/O.%$D&:("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e"$"*$".(0%$+$".("/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=20&D$T"E$942"/("2$*04".O&20.94*:)&D4"%$+&D$*e"O/.2e"+.".20$%".("/($"5r27/.+$".O&20.94*:)&D$"*&9O&$"y desarmada, pasamos a instalarnos en una solución epistemológica

$+7/&%&+$"O4%"<=$"9=20&D$T"H4+$2"*$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"245%."*$"%.$*&+$+"$5soluta que es nada e inconceptuable, y sobre el conocimiento humano

7/.".(04(D.2"2.%=$"9.%$2"94+.*$D&4(.2"$524*/0$9.(0."&(2.%<&5*.2"O$%$"D4(4D.%"*$"%.$*&+$+"$524*/0$9.(0.e"04+$2".2$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"(4"24("%.2/*0$+4"+."/($"5r27/.+$".O&20.94*:)&D$"+.2(/+$e"2&(4"*$"D4(2.D/.(D&$"+."$D.O0$%"/($"+.0.%9&($+$"<&2&:("%.*&)&42$"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"$524*/0$e"*$"+."*$"(4"+/$*&+$+T"S&2&:(e"&(2&204e"7/."(4".2"+.2(/+$9.(0.".O&20.94*:)&D$e"2&(4"%.*&)&42$e"$+7/&%&+$"O4%"I."4"O4%".^O.%&.(D&$"0%$(2D.(+.(0.T"

14%5=U"M=e"2$5.942"*4"7/."?$k"O.%4"(4"O4+.942"D4(D.O0/$*&F$%*4T

S&)&*U"P.%4"+.D&%"7/."04+4"24("94+.*42e"k"7/."I/.%$"+."*42"94+.*42"(4"?$k"9J2"7/."*$"($+$e"k"7/."04+42"*42"94+.*42"24("&)/$*9.(0."&(D$O$D.2"+."+.D&%(42"($+$"245%."*$"%.$*&+$+"u(4"+&)4"&(D$O$D.2"+."+.2D%&5&%(42"*$"%.$*&+$+ve"$"9="9."O$%.D."7/."24("$C%9$D&4(.2")%$0/&0$2e"/($"$O/.20$"(4".O&20.94*:)&D$"2&(4"%.*&)&42$"uO4%"I."4"O4%"D%..(D&$"4"O4%".^O.%&.(D&$"9=20&D$ve"k".(".2."2.(0&+4e"+."$*)/($"9$(.%$"<4*<.%=$"$"2.%"/($".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$e".(".*"2.(0&+4"+."(4"D%=0&D$e"&().(/$e".("D/$(04"%.*&)&42$T"

14%5=U"d4e"O$%$"+.2D4(D.O0/$*&F$%"2."0&.(."7/."?$5*$%"k"0/"9."+&D.2"7/."entonces estamos conceptualizando. No, con palabras se intenta echar


240

I/.%$"*42"D4(D.O042T"'".**4"0/"%.2O4(+.2"*/.)4"(4"?$k"($+$e"$"*4"7/."0."D4(0.204"7/."(4T">(04(D.2"9."+&D.2"$?"*/.)4"?$k"$*)4"O.%4"0.()4"7/."decir que no.

')/20=U",4"7/."?$k".2"*4"7/."$O$%.D."D/$(+4"<.2"7/."04+4"24("94+.*42T

14%5=U",$"D4(D*/2&:("(4".2"7/."*$"%.$*&+$+".2"/($"94+.*$D&:("D4(0&(/$"2&("/("94+.*$+4%"7/."94+.*.e"(4T">*"94+.*$+4%".2".*"<&<&.(0."7/."(4".2"nadie, que tiene una noticia por conocimiento silencioso de la realidad

no modelada, de la D.A.

,$"%$+&D$*&+$+"+."*$"(40&D&$"+."*4"7/."%.$*9.(0.".2"k"24k"(4".20J".("(&()/($"+."*$2"O42&5&*&+$+.2"+.".(9$%D$9&.(04"+."/("O45%."5&D?4"<&<&.(0.T"P4%"*4"0$(04"%.2/*0$"&)/$*9.(0."I$*24"$C%9$%"7/."o.2p"4"7/."o(4".2p"O/.2"no hay manera de conceptualizar lo que es nada.

'9$(+4U"&00).(20.&(".(".*"oH%$D0$0/2"*4)&D/2"O?&*424O?&D/2p"+&D."7/."nosotros que lo que conocemos y intuimos se encuentra dentro de un

)%$("?4%&F4(0.".O&20.94*:)&D4"9J2"$**J"+.*"D/$*".("O/%$"*:)&D$"C*42:CD$"(4"O4+.942"&%T">24"(42"&(D$O$D&0$"O$%$".(0%$%".(".242"0.%%.(42T"P.%4".("45%$2"O420.%&4%.2"2/"O420/%$"D$95&$"D4(D&5&.(+4"7/."?$k"40%4"R/.)4"+."*.()/$R."7/."(4"45.+.D."$"*$2"*.k.2"+."*$"*:)&D$"C*42:CD$"7/."O42&5&*&0$("entrar en esos otros terrenos.

14%5="U",4"%.$*9.(0."%.$*"k"7/."k4"24k".2"/($"&(D:)(&0$"$524*/0$"+."*$"7/."0.()4"(40&D&$T",$"D49O*.R&+$+"+."*$"&(9.(2&+$+"+."*4"7/.".^&20."(4".20J"?.D?$"$"*$"9.+&+$"+.*"D.%.5%4"?/9$(4"7/.".20J"D4(C)/%$+4"O$%$"D49.%"k"+.O%$<$%e"(&"0$9O4D4"+."*$"*.()/$"7/."D4(20%/k."O$%$"7/."O/.+$"comer y depredar este pobre bicho que somos. Esto que acabo de decir

(4"D$.".(".*"D$9O4"+."*$"D%..(D&$"2&(4".(".*"+.*"%$F4($9&.(04T"H."+.R$"sin nada pero se tiene noticia.

14(".20."&(0.(24"+&J*4)4"0.%9&($"*$"2.2&:("D4(+&D&4($+42"O4%"*$"?4%$"de la comida.

El fin de la epistemología mítica o el cambio de paradigma epistemológico

241

EL FIN DE LA EPISTEMOLOGÍA MÍTICA O EL CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA EPISTEMOLÓGICO

José Maria Vigil

>*".O&20.94*:)&D4".2".*"r*0&94"+."*42")%$(+.2"D$95&42"+."O$%$+&)9$"7/."(42".20J("+.2$C$(+4"$*")%/O4"+."*42"D%.k.(0.2"9J2"+."I%4(0.%$T"d4".2"$*)4"(/.<4e"(&".2"*$"O%&9.%$"<.F"7/."2."O%.2.(0$T">("*$"?&204%&$"k$"2."*."?$"<&204e"%.D/%%.(0.9.(0.T"P.%4".20$942"$(0."/("(/.<4".95$0.e"/($"(/.<$"</.*0$"+."0/.%D$e"+.2O/62"+."/("O.%=4+4".(".*"7/."D%.=$942"7/."(4"?$5=$"O%45*.9$".O&20.94*:)&D4"O$%$"(/.20%$"I.e"&(20$*$+$".("/("D:94+4"%.$*&294"&().(/4e"?$20$"?$D."2:*4"/($2"+6D$+$2T"S/.*<."$?4%$e"+."(/.<4e".*"+.2$I=4".O&20.94*:)&D4e"k"O%45$5*.9.(0."</.*<.".(".*"9&294"O*$("7/."40%42"O$%$+&)9$2e".(".2O&%$*e"<4*<&.(+4"$"O$2$%"O4%"+4(+."k$"O$2:e"D4("*$2"9&29$2"O%4O/.20$2e"2:*4"7/."D4("9J2"I/.%F$"k"D4("9J2"O%4I/(+&+$+e".(0%$(+4"9J2"$+.(0%4"k"9J2"O%4I/(+$9.(0.T"

(Otros paradigmas que por haber aparecido antes los consideramos

$(0.%&4%.2e"O.%4"7/."24("+."?.D?4"D4.0J(.42e"k"2&9/*0J(.42e"O4%7/."04+42".20J("$?=".("*$"$%.($e"*/D?$(+4"R/(042N"24(".*"O$%$+&)9$"94+.%(4"u0.4*4)=$"%.D4(D&*&$+$"D4("*$"94+.%(&+$+ve".*"*&5.%$+4%"u0.4*4)=$"+."*$"*&5.%$D&:(ve".*"I.9&(&20$"u&(0.(04"+."2/O.%$D&:("+.*"O$0%&$%D$*&294ve".*".D4*:)&D4"u.("D/$(04".(D/.(0%4"D4("*$"**$9$+$".D4*4)=$"O%4I/(+$ve".*"O420N%.*&)&4($*"u*$"$2&9&*$D&:("+."*42"(/.<42"O*$(0.$9&.(042"antropológicoculturales sobre la religión, su origen y sus mecanismos

+."I/(D&4($9&.(04ve"k".*"O420.=20$"u.("D/$(04"$2/9."D%=0&D$"$*"0.=294"9&294"k"+&J*4)4"D4("*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"(4"0.=20$2vT"H%$2"04+42".**42"N7/."(4"

Jose María Vigil

242

+.R$("+."2.%")%$(+.2"D49O$%0&9.(042".("*42"7/."O4+%=$942".(D4(0%$%"+.2+45*$9&.(042"k"2/5+&<&2&4(.2N"9&"O.%D.OD&:(".2"7/.".*"r*0&94"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$"7/."<&.(."$249$(+4"O4%".*"?4%&F4(0.e".2".*"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$".O&20.94*:)&D4e"k"7/."(4"<$"$"2.%"9.(42"D4(94D&4($(0.vT

1%.4"7/."O4+.942"O%.2.(0$%*4"D*$%$9.(0."D494"$*)4"2/%)&+4"I/.%$"+."*$"%.*&)&:(T"d4"*4".20J("O*$(0.$(+4"*42"0.:*4)42e"(&"*$"0.4*4)=$e"(&"*42"D%.k.(0.2".("D/$(04"0$*.2e"(&"*$"I.T">*"D$95&4"2.".20J"+$(+4"?$D."0&.9O4e".("*$"D/*0/%$"94+.%($e"I/.%$"+.*"9/(+4"+."*$"I.T"P.%4"*$2"O.%24($2"%.*&)&42$2"(4"+.R$942"+.".20$%".(".2$"D/*0/%$e"k"(4"+.R$942"+."$<$(F$%"D4(".**$e"+."94+4"7/."0$%+."4"0.9O%$(4"0$95&6("D$95&$942"D4(".**$T"j"*4"7/.".20J"2/D.+&.(+4".2".24U"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"$D0/$*".2"40%$e"k$"(4".2"*$"7/.".%$e"*$"7/.".%$"0$95&6("(/.20%$"D/$(+4"D49.(F$942"$"2.%"D%.k.(0.2T"P$/*$0&($"."&9O.%D.O0&5*.9.(0.e"2&("$I%4(0$%".*"D$95&4"D4(2D&.(0.9.(0.e"?.942"&+4"D$95&$(+4"(/.20%$"O%4O&$".O&20.94*4)=$e"$*"9&294"%&094"D4("que la ha ido cambiando la sociedad, y llega un momento en que nos

+$942"D*$%$9.(0."D/.(0$"+.*"?&$04e"+."*$"2.O$%$D&:(e"+.*"D4(W&D04"7/."2."+$".(0%."/($"I."7/."?$5=$"2&+4".*$54%$+$"D4("40%$".O&20.94*4)=$e"k"*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"u.*"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$".O&20.94*:)&D4v"7/."k$"es nuestra.

>2".*"D4(W&D04"I.N%$F:(T"P.%4TTT"x(4".%$"62."/("D4(W&D04"k$"2/O.%$+4y"

M/"r*0&9$")%$(".+&D&:("?$5=$"2&+4".(".*"2&)*4"lSLLe"($+$"9.(42"7/.".(0%."*$"L)*.2&$NL(7/&2&D&:("k"*$"$20%4(49=$"+.";$*&*.4";$*&*.&T">("<&+$"2/k$"$D$5:"I%$(D$9.(0."9$*U";$*&*.4"2:*4"2$*<:"*$"<&+$"O4%7/."2."$D45$%+:"k"D*$/+&D:"N$/(7/."+&D.("7/."(4"+.R:"+."9/%9/%$%"$7/.*".O/%"2&"9/4<.e"7/."0%.2"2&)*42"9J2"0$%+."2.%=$"%.D4(4D&+4"<.(D.+4%T",$"L(7/&2&D&:("u$?4%$"**$9$+$"14()%.)$D&:("O$%$"*$"E4D0%&($"+."*$"3.v"*."%.?$5&*&0:"(creo que la que necesitaba rehabilitación era ella, no Galileo, que siem

O%.".20/<4".("*4"D&.%04ve"k"?$20$"*."?$".%&)&+4"/($".20$0/$".("*42"R$%+&(.2"<$0&D$(42e"k"?$"+.D*$%$+4"$D$5$+$"*$"O42&5&*&+$+"+."(/.<42"D4(W&D042"


243

.(0%."D&.(D&$"k"%.*&)&:(T"14(20$".("/("5/.("(r9.%4"+."+&2D/%242"24*.9nes de la ocasión.

P.%4".(04(D.2e"xk$"(4"O/.+."+$%2."/("(/.<4"D4(W&D04".(0%."*$"D&.(D&$"k"*$"%.*&)&:(y",$"O%45*.9J0&D$"&(?.%.(0."$*"D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$".O&20.94*:)&D4"(42"+&D."7/."2=T",4"7/.".^O.%&9.(0$942".(".2."D$95&4".2"/("D4(W&D04".^$D0$9.(0."&)/$*"7/.".*"7/."2."+&4"D4("*$"$20%4(49=$".("el caso de Galileo.

;$*&*.4"<&4"uO4%7/."*4"2/k4"(4".%$".2O.D/*$D&:(e"2&(4"2&9O*."452.%<$D&:(v"7/.".*"9$O$"+.*"D&.*4"(4".%$"D494"+.D=$"*$"%.*&)&:("N$O.*$(+4"&(D*/24"$"*$"A.<.*$D&:(e"$"*$"$/04%&+$+"+&<&($"O4%"0$(04NT",42"$20%42e"k"*$"H&.%%$"9&29$e".20$5$("+&2O/.2042"+."40%$"9$(.%$T"P42&D&4(.2"7/."2."D4(2&+.%$5$("45<&$2"+.2+."*$"I."uD.(0%$*&+$+"+."*$"0&.%%$e".*"*/)$%"+.*"O*$("+."E&42e"+."*$"D%.$D&:("+.*"2.%"?/9$(4e"+."*$"%.+.(D&:("+.*"8&R4"+."E&42ve".%$("D4(0%$+&D?$2"O4%"*$"(/.<$"$20%4(49=$T"j$"(4"2."O4+=$"2.)/&%"D%.k.(+4".(".*"<&.R4"9$O$T"8$5=$"7/."?$D.%"*$"0%$(2&D&:(".(0%."/($"I.").4D6(0%&D$"k"$(0%4O4D6(0%&D$e"$"40%$"?.*&4D6(0%&D$e"D4("04+4"*4"7/.".**4"implicaba.

'*)4"2.9.R$(0.".20J"4D/%%&6(+4(42"D4("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"$?4%$"u."&(2&204".("7/.".20."o$?4%$p".2"O4%"*4"7/."04D$"$"(4240%42e"(4"O4%7/.".20.942"$(0."/($"(4<.+$+"?&20:%&D$"$524*/0$vT"H$95&6("(4240%42"?.942"<.(&+4"D%.k.(+4e"+.2+."?$D."5$20$(0."0&.9O4e"D4("/("9$O$".O&20.94*:)&D4"0%$+&D&4($*e"k".*"0.*.2D4O&4".O&20.94*:)&D4"+."*42"(/.<42";$*&*.42"$D0/$*.2"(42"+&D."7/."$7/.*"9$O$".20J"<&.R4e"7/."(4".2"$+.D/$+4e"7/."(4"D4%%.2O4(+."$"*$"%.$*&+$+e"k"7/.".*"<.%+$+.%4".2"40%4T"

Nos encontramos entonces, en nuestra propia conciencia, con una nue

<$".+&D&:("+.*"D4(W&D04"I.N%$F:(e"O4%"9/k"2/O.%$+4"7/."*4"0.(=$942"+.D*$%$+4"+.2O/62"+."7/."*$"L)*.2&$"%.?$5&*&0$%$"$";$*&*.4T"E."?.D?4e"D494"O.%24($2"+."?4ke"I/(D&4($942"k$"D4("/($"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$e"

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O.%4".(".*"O*$(4"+."(/.20%$"%.*&)&42&+$+e"620$e"2&)/."94<&.(+4"04+$2"2/2"O&.F$2"+.(0%4"+.*".27/.9$"+."9$O$"<&.R4e".*"7/."k$"?.942"+.2.D?$+4".("*$"24D&.+$+T",$".27/&F4I%.(&$".20J"2.%<&+$U"/($".O&20.94*4)=$".("*$"calle y en la ciencia, y otra en la religiosidad.

d4".20$942"7/.%&.(+4"D4(20%/&%"/($"$*.)4%=$e"2&(4"0%$0$(+4"+."%.I.%&%(42"$"/("D4(W&D04"%.$*T"14(D%.0.942"O/.2"D/J*.2"24(".242"D4(W&D042"D4(D%.042"7/."2."+$(".(".*"<&.R4"9$O$".O&20.94*:)&D4"7/."?$5=$942"?.%.+$+4"k"7/."04+$<=$"9/D?42"D%.k.(0.2"9$(.R$(".("2/"%.*&)&42&+$+T"

t",$"<&.R$".O&20.94*4)=$"(42"+.D=$"7/."*$"<.%+$+".%$"$+$.7/$0&4"%.&".0"&(0.**.D0/9U"*$"<.%+$+"+."(/.20%$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"D4(2&20=$".("7/.".^O%.2$5$("D.%0.%$9.(0."*$"$+.D/$D&:(e"*$"D4%%.2O4(+.(D&$"D$5$*".(0%."*4"7/."(/.20%$"&(0.*&).(D&$"D%.."k"*$"%.$*&+$+"45R.0&<$T"d/.20%$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"N$0.(D&:(U"0$95&6("*$2"%.*&)&42$2N".20J("%.2O$*+$+$2"O4%"/($"D4%%.2O4(+.(D&$"C+.+&)($"k".("r*0&9$"&(20$(D&$"D49O%45$5*."D4("*$"%.$*&+$+T"8$k"/($"%.$*&+$+"C%9."k"D4(0/(+.(0."7/."%.2O$*+$"(/.20%$2"$C%9$D&4(.2"<.%+$+.%$2T"

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<&$9.(0.e"(4"+.2D%&5.("*$"%.$*&+$+"$"*$"7/."2."%.C.%.(T"d4"D4(2&)/.("nunca una adaequatio rei et intelectum.

d4"?$D."I$*0$"+.D&%"7/."2&"$D.O0$942".20$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"N7/."$7/="(4"<$942"$"R/20&CD$%e"O.%4"7/."$C%9$942"7/.".2"?.).9:(&D$".("*42"2.D04%.2"$<$(F$+42"+."*$"24D&.+$+Ne"2$*0$"?.D?$"O.+$F42"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"D*J2&D$"%.*&)&42$e"O4%".R.9O*4"*$"+.*"D%&20&$(&294"0%$+&D&4($*e"7/."?$"$C%9$+4"9&*.($%&$9.(0."7/."2/"<&2&:("%.*&)&42$"D4%%.2O4(+."45R.0&<$9.(0."$"*$"%.$*&+$+"%.*&)&42$"9&29$T"

t",$"<&.R$".O&20.94*4)=$"%.*&)&42$"2."I/(+$9.(0$5$".("*$2"D%..(D&$2"7/."<.?&D/*$5$("*42"%.*$042"2$)%$+42e"*42"9&042"N.(".*"9.R4%"2.(0&+4"+."*$"O$*$5%$NT"H4+$2"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"*42"0&.(.(T"d$%%$D&4(.2"%.I.%&+$2"(4%9$*9.(0."$"/("0&.9O4"O%&94%+&$*e"D$%)$+$2"+."<$*4%"2&95:*&D4e"$"0%$<62"+."*$2"D/$*.2"2."<.?&D/*$("<$*4%.2"k"D%..(D&$2"I/(+$9.(0$*.2"O$%$".2$"+.0.%9&($+$"%.*&)&:(T",42"%.*$042"2."D4(2&+.%$5$("*&0.%$*9.(0."?&20:%&D42e"D&.%042e"*&0.%$*.2e"k"$+.9J2e"D$2&"2&.9O%."%.<.*$+42e".2"+.D&%e"+$+42"$"D4(4D.%"$"*$"?/9$(&+$+"O4%"O$%0."+."*$"+&<&(&+$+e"*4"D/$*"*.2"404%)$5$e"2&"D$5.e"/("9$k4%"<$*4%"+."D%.+&5&*&+$+e"040$*e"45*&)$04%&$T"

P4%".R.9O*4e"+/%$(0."9J2"+."bc"2&)*42".(".*"9/(+4"D%&20&$(4"$D0/$*9.(0."+."J95&04"O%40.20$(0.e"k"+/%$(0."9J2"+."ba".("*42"J95&042"D$0:*&D42e"*42"D%&20&$(42"?$(".20$+4"O.(2$(+4"O4%".R.9O*4"7/.".%$"?&20:%&D4"k"*&0.%$*".*"

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D4(0.(&+4"+."*$"-&5*&$T"M:*4".("*42"r*0&942"+42D&.(042"$42"O$%$"*42"O%4testantes, y en el siglo pasado para los católicos, se ha tomado conciencia

+.*"D$%JD0.%"9=0&D4"+.".242"0.^042T"M4("*&0.%$0/%$"9=0&D$"N&(2&20&942"/($"r*0&9$"<.F"7/."*$"O$*$5%$"(4"0&.(."O$%$"(4240%42"2.(0&+4"(.)$0&<4Ne".*$54%$D&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"7/."<.?&D/*$("(4"/($"&(I4%9$D&:("?&20:%&D$"2&(4"/("9.(2$R."+."$*04"<$*4%"2&95:*&D4"4"$^&4*:)&D4T"

H$95&6("$7/=e"*$"D%&2&2"7/."O/.+."D$/2$%"$*"D%&20&$(4".20$"(/.<$"O.%2O.D0&<$".O&20.94*:)&D$".2")%$<.T"P4%7/."04+4".*"D$O&0$*"2&95:*&D4"+.*"D%&20&$(&294"?$"2&+4"9&*.($%&$9.(0."0%$(29&0&+4"$<$*$+4"O4%"/($"2.)/%&+$+"+."D.%0.F$"*&0.%$*"?&20:%&D$"7/."O.%9&0=$"D4(C$%"O*.($9.(0.".(".**$"y que descartaba la tentación de no someterse a su propuesta religiosa.

M$5.%"$?4%$"7/."$7/.**4"(4".2"?&204%&$e"7/."(4"24("($%%$D&4(.2"*&0.%$*.2"C+.+&)($2"4"+.2D%&OD&4(.2"N$/(7/."2.$"($%%$0&<$2N"+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"2&(4"2:*4"2=954*42e"O%4+/D."/($")%$("D4(94D&:(".("*$"O.%24($"%.*&)&42$"+."<&2&:("0%$+&D&4($*T"

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t"H%$+&D&4($*9.(0.e"*$"%.*&)&:("?$")4F$+4"+."/("%.2O$*+4"+."D%.+&5&*&+$+"2$)%$+$e"D494".20$(+4"%.2O$*+$+$"O4%"/("0&O4"+."O%.N.^&20.(D&$".0.%($e"+.2+.".*"949.(04".("7/."I/."D%.$+$"*$"?/9$(&+$+"9&29$"k"%.D&5&:"+."E&42"*$".(D49&.(+$"%.*&)&42$T",$"%.*&)&:("?$"2&+4"0%$+&D&4($*9.(0."D4(2&+.%$+$"D494".*"2/O%.94"D/.%O4"+."2$5&+/%=$"O%&94%+&$*e"%.2O$*+$+$"O4%"*$"%.<.*$D&:("+&<&($e"2&.(+4"O4%".**4"*$"r(&D$"9.+&$D&:("<J*&+$"O$%$"D/$*7/&.%"I4%9$"+."$/06(0&D$"<&+$".2O&%&0/$*T"


247

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2.)r("(/.20%4"&(0.%62e"D4(4D.942"D494".("I/(D&:("+."O$0%4(.2"&(20$*$+42".("(/.20%$"9.(0.e"k"D4(".2$2"D$O0$D&4(.2"2.*.D0&<$2"$"O$%0&%"+."(/.20%42"94+.*42e".*$54%$942"(/.20%4"O.(2$9&.(04e"7/."<&.(."$"2.%"/($"94+.*$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."(42"%.2/*0$"r0&*"O$%$"(/.20%42"O%4O:2&042"+."2.%.2"<&<&.(0.2T"

A.*.<$(D&$".2O.D&$*"0&.(.".*"*.()/$R.e"7/."(4".2"2:*4"/("9.+&4"+."D49/(&D$D&:(e"2&(4"7/."2."D4(20&0/k."O$%$"(4240%42".("*$"D$2$"+.*"2.%T",4"7/.".2e"*4"%.NO%.2.(0$942"2&.9O%."D4("*$2"O$*$5%$2e"D4(".*"*.()/$R.e"k"2&("6*e"2&(".**$2e"(4".2"O42&5*."O$%$"(4240%42".*"O.(2$9&.(04T">*"D4(4D&9&.(04".2"/($"<.%2&:("+."%.O%.2.(0$D&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."(42"%.2/*0$"r0&*"O$%$"?$56%(42*$2"D4(".**$"k"O$%$"D49O$%0&%*$"D4("*42"+.9J2"ND494"2.%.2"2&95&:0&D42"7/."24942NT"P.%4".2$"<.%2&:("+."*$"%.$*&+$+e"(4"O%.0.(+."2.%"/($"I404)%$I=$"+."*$"9&29$e"2&(4"2:*4"/("9.+&4"O$%$"245%.<&<&%e"O4%"*4"7/."2.%J"2/20&0/&+$"O4%"40%$"<.%2&:(".("D/$(04".(D4(0%.942"4"2.$942"D$O$D.2"+."D4(20%/&%"40%$"9.R4%e"9J2"O%JD0&D$e"9J2"r0&*T"

'2=".2"*$"D&.(D&$"$D0/$*e"9/k"94+.20$e"7/."(4"%.&<&(+&D$"4%)/**42$9.(0."45R.0&<&+$+"(&"2.)/%&+$+e"(4T"P%.C.%."%.D4(4D.%"?/9&*+.9.(0."2/"O%4<&2&4($*&+$+T"d4"O%.0.(+."+.9420%$%"($+$T"M$5."7/."2:*4"?$D."?&O:0.2&2e"%.D4(4D&+$9.(0."O%4<&2&4($*.2e"7/."2.%J("2/20&0/&+$2"O4%"40%$2"9.R4%.2".("D/$(04"$*)/&.("*$2".(D/.(0%.T">*"D4(4D&9&.(04e"$2=e".("*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$e"(4".2"k$"%.$*&20$N45R.0&<&20$s"O%.0.(+."2.%"9J2"5&.("2&9O*.9.(0."I/(D&4($*e"r0&*e"O%JD0&D4T"j"*$".<4*/D&:("+."(/.20%4"O.(2$9&.(04".2"/($"D4(0&(/$"D%.$D&:("+."<.%2&4(.2".*$54%$+$2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"u(4"


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D4O&$2"4"I404D4O&$2"$/049J0&D$2vT"d4"0.(.942"40%4"$DD.24"$"*$"%.$*&+$+"7/."(4"2.$"620."+."?$D.%"<.%2&4(.2"+.".**$e"k".2"+.".2$"I4%9$"D494"(42"$D.%D$942"$".**$U".2"+.D&%e".2$2".*$54%$D&4(.2"4"<.%2&4(.2"(4"24("94+.*$D&4(.2"<$($2e"2&(4"7/."0.(+.(D&$*9.(0.e"/($2"24("9.R4%.2"7/."40%$2e"(42"$D.%D$("$"*$"%.$*&+$+s"(4"24("2&9O*.2"O$*$5%$2e"2&9O*."*.()/$R."I/.%$"+.*"D/$*"(4"?/5&.%$"($+$T

H$95&6("$7/="2.".D?$"+."<.%"IJD&*9.(0."*$"D4(0%$+&DD&:("k"D$2&"$"O%&9.%$"<&20$"&(D49O$0&5&*&+$+".(0%."*4"7/.".20$"O42&D&:(".O&20.94*:)&D$"$D0/$*"$C%9$"k"*4"7/."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"%.*&)&42$"0%$+&D&4($*"?$"2420.(&+4"k"04+$<=$"2420&.(.T">*"+.2$I=4".*"+.2$%%4**4"$D0/$*"+.".20$".O&20.94*4)=$"obliga a recrear la comprensión misma de la religión, si no se quiere caer

.("*$".27/&F4I%.(&$T"x>2"O42&5*.e"2.%J"O42&5*.e"2.%"O.%24($"%.*&)&42$"k"D49O$%0&%"*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$y"j4".204k"D4(<.(D&+4"+."7/."2=e"O.%4"D&.%0$9.(0.e"$*"O%.D&4"+."%.D%.$%"*$"%.*&)&:(".^O%.2J(+4*$"+.2+.".*"(/.<4"(cambio de) paradigma epistemológico.

t"'O/(0.942"$"/("r*0&94"%$2)4e"O.D/*&$%"+.*"(/.<4"O$%$+&)9$".O&20.94*:)&D4U".*"$5$(+4(4"+.*"2.)/(+4"O&24T"H494"*$"&9$).("+."A4).%",.($.%2e".("2/"*&5%4"f0%4"D%&20&$(&294".2"O42&5*.T",.($.%2"?$D.".(".2."*&5%4"/("$(J*&2&2"9/k"&(0.%.2$(0."245%."*$2"2/50.%%J(.42".O&20.94*:)&D42"+."*$"%.*&)&:("0%$+&D&4($*T"M420&.(."7/."5$R4"*$"%.*&)&:(e"D494"5$R4"04+4"2&20.9$"+."O.(2$9&.(04e"?$k"/(42"$^&49$2"5J2&D42e"$^&49$2"7/.e"O4%"ser tales, no pueden ser demostrados, pero que proporcionan unos plan

0.$9&.(042"+."5$2."&9O%.2D&(+&5*.2"O$%$"94<.%2.".("/("+.0.%9&($+4"2&20.9$"+."O.(2$9&.(04T"H4+4"2&20.9$"0&.(.".242"$^&49$2"4"O420/*$+42"5J2&D42e"9/D?$2"<.D.2"+.2D4(4D&+42e"0%$(2O$%.(0.2e"7/."2&(".95$%)4".20J("49(&O%.2.(0.9.(0."$D0/$(0.2T"

g(4"+.".**42".2"*$"+&<&2&:("+.*"9/(+4".("+42"O&242T"E.2+."?$D."9&*.2"+."años, la mayor parte de las religiones se han apoyado sobre esa cosmo

<&2&:("+.*"9/(+4T"8$ke".(D&9$"+.".20."9/(+4e"40%4"9/(+4e"2/O.%&4%e"

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250

donde Dios reina y desde donde da órdenes sobre este mundo nuestro,

que depende enteramente de aquel piso superior, en una clara e indiscu

0&5*."?.0.%4N(49=$T"P%45$5*.9.(0."I/."P*$0:("7/&.("9.R4%".^O%.2:e"realmente con genialidad, ese esquema de pensamiento, sobre todo en el

H&9.4T",$2"%.*&)&4(.2"?$("<&<&+4"040$*9.(0."O.(+&.(0.2"+.".2."9/(+4"+."$%%&5$e"+.".2."2.)/(+4"O&24e"I/.(0."+."%.<.*$D&:("k"+."?.0.%4(49=$T"j"?$"2&+4"*$"94+.%(&+$+e"D494"I%/04"+."*$"%.<4*/D&:("D&.(0=CD$"&(&D&$+$".(".*"2&)*4"lSLe"*$"7/."O4D4"$"O4D4"?$"+.294(0$+4".2$"&+.$"+.*"2.)/(+4"O&24T",$"94+.%(&+$+".2".*"%.D4(4D&9&.(04"+.".20."9/(+4".("04+4"2/"<$*4%e"rechazando la dualidad de mundos tradicional religiosa.

Q/6"+/+$"D$5."+."7/."04+$<=$"?4k"*$"9$k4%=$"+."*$2"O.%24($2"%.*&)&42$2e"$/("<&<&.(+4"D&<&*9.(0.".("9.+&4"+."*$"94+.%(&+$+e"0&.(.("$(D*$+$"2/"<&2&:("%.*&)&42$".(0.%$9.(0.".("*$"D4294<&2&:("0%$+&D&4($*"O%.94+.%($"dualista y heterónoma de un mundo en dos pisos... En el mundo diario,

.(".*"0%$5$R4e".("*$"D$**.e".("*$"D&.(D&$e".("*$".D4(49=$e".("*$"O4*=0&D$e".("*$"9.+&D&($TTT"04+4"I/(D&4($"O$%$".**42".("/("24*4"O&24e".02&"E./2"(4("+$%.0/%s"O.%4".(".*"O*$(4"+."2/"D4(D&.(D&$"=(0&9$"k"+."2/"%.*&)&42&+$+e"pueden seguir cómodamente instalados en el doble piso religioso premo

+.%(4"0%$+&D&4($*T"x'D.O0$%.942"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"$D0/$*e"4"O%.I.%&%.942"D4(2.%<$%"*$"%.*&)&:("O%.94+.%($"O$%$"(4"D4%%.%"%&.2)42"&((.D.2$%&42y

Concluyamos

,$".O&20.94*4)=$"N.*"D4(4D&9&.(04"+.*"D4(4D&9&.(04N".2"/($"+&9.(sión inalienable del ser humano. No hay ser humano completo sin su

.O&20.94*4)=$T"d4"?$k"0$9O4D4"O4%"0$(04"2.%"?/9$(4"%.*&)&424"D49O*.04"2&(".O&20.94*4)=$T">*"O%45*.9$".2"7/.".2."2.%"?/9$(4"%.*&)&424"O/.+."$*5.%)$%"+42".O&20.94*4)=$2".("D4(W&D04U"*$"7/."%.D&5.e"D494"O4%":2942&2e"+."*$"24D&.+$+"94+.%($e"7/.".20J".("D4(0&(/4"+.2$%%4**4"k"0%$(2I4%9$D&:(e"k"*$"7/."$%%$20%$"D4(2&)4"*$"%.*&)&:("7/."O%4I.2$e"7/."(4%9$*9.(0."O%4D.+."+."*42"0&.9O42"O%.94+.%(42e"04+$<=$"O%$D0&D$"


251

.*"%.$*&294"&().(/4e".("(4"O4D42"D$242"&(0.%O%.0$"04+$<=$"*42"9&042"*&0.%$*N+.2D%&O0&<$9.(0.e"D%.."7/."*$"<.%+$+"2&)/."2&.(+4"*$"$+$.7/$0&4"%.&".0"&(0.**.D0/2e"&)(4%$".(0.%$9.(0."*$"9.+&$D&:("+."(/.20%$"I4%9$"O%.D&2$"+."D4(4D.%"9.+&$(0."94+.*42e"C*0%42"2.*.D0&<42e"94+.*$D&4(.2e"ke"+.2+."*/.)4e"2&)/."<&<&.(+4".(".*"O&24"+."$5$R4e".(".20."<$**."+."*J)%&9$2"O.%4"O.(+&.(0."?.0.%:(49$9.(0."+."*$"(4%9$"<.(&+$"+."$%%&5$T"Q/&.(.2"$*5.%)$(".("2/"D4%$F:("k".("2/"9.(0."*42"+42"9/(+42".O&20.94*:)&D42"D4(0%$O/.2042"k"0$*"<.F"&(D49O$0&5*.2e".20J("+.20&($+42"$"2/I%&%".2$".27/&F4I%.(&$"04+$<=$"?4k"0$("I%.D/.(0.T

Q/&.(.2e"O4%".*"D4(0%$%&4e"?$("+.D&+&+4"N4"$2="*4".^O.%&9.(0$("2&("?$ber tomado decisiones ser personas de hoy plenamente, es decir, en

04+$2"*$2"I$D.0$2"+."2/"<&+$e"0$95&6(".("*$"+&9.(2&:("%.*&)&42$e"2."<.("abocadas a un proceso de maduración, de relectura de su cristianismo

+.2+."*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$T",42"D%.k.(0.2"D*J2&D42"9J2"0%$+&D&4($*.2"no se reconocen en ese cristianismo, tan distinto del de los cristianos

7/."$D.O0$("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"94+.%($s"9/D?42"+."$7/.**42"D%..("7/.".("%.$*&+$+"(4".2"O42&5*.".*"&(0.(04e"k"7/.".242"D%&20&$(42"+."*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$"k$"(4"24("0$*.2e"k$"(4"24("D%&20&$(42T">2"*4"9&294"7/."*42"cardenales pensaron de Galileo Galilei y por eso decidieron en concien

D&$"7/.9$%*4"2&"(4"2."$%%.O.(0=$T"H/<&.%4("7/."O$2$%"\__"$42"O$%$"7/."la Iglesia aceptara el geocentrismo, y han tenido que pasar cuatrocientos

O$%$"7/."*."+.+&D$%$"/($".20$0/$".("*42"R$%+&(.2"<$0&D$(42T"

>2"O%45$5*."7/."(4"2.%J("(.D.2$%&42"40%42"\__"$42"O$%$"7/."*$"L)*.2&$"$D.O0."*$"(/.<$".O&20.94*4)=$e"D494"*42"(.D.2&0:"O$%$"$D.O0$%"*$"$20%4(49=$"$D0/$*T">*"D4(W&D04"I.ND&.(D&$"$?4%$"2.".20J"+$(+4"(4"D4("*$2"D&.(D&$2"I=2&D$2e"2&(4"D4("*$2".D4*:)&D$2"k"*$2".O&20.94*:)&D$2T"P4%".24".2"7/.".20$"2/O.%$D&:("+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"uk".("2.(0&+4"9J2"$9O*&4e"D4("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"D%=0&D$e"&().(/$e"&+.$*&20$ve".2"/(4"+."*42"2&)(42"D*$%42"+.".2."D$95&4"+."O$%$+&)9$"7/."<&.(.e".*"(/.<4"O$%$+&)9$"epistemológico.

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SESIÓN DE TRABAJO

,$"2.2&:("+.+&D$+$"$"*$"O4(.(D&$"+."B426"#G"S&)&*"I/."O.D/*&$%e"k$"7/."*42"%./(&+42"(4"+&2O4(=$("+.*"+4D/9.(04T"S/.*42e"D4(.^&4(.2e"I$**42".("*42"4%+.($+4%.2TTT"/("Dr9/*4"+."D&%D/(20$(D&$2e"?&D&.%4("7/.".*"0.^04"(4"llegara a tiempo para el Encuentro.

'2="O/.2e"B426"#G"S&)&*".Ô*&D:"D/J*".%$".*"0.9$"7/."?$5=$"$54%+$+4"k".*"D49.(0$%&4"I/."$<$(F$(+4"245%."*$"9$%D?$T"149.(0:"7/."*$"O4(.(D&$"0.(=$"%.*$D&:("D4(".*"*&5%4"7/.".20$5$".9O.F$(+4"$"O%.O$%$%e"/($".Ô42&D&:("245%."*$"D%&2&2"+."*$2"%.*&)&4(.2e"O.%4"9J2"O.(2$(+4".(".*"I/0/%4"7/.".("*4"7/."&5$"7/.+$(+4"$0%J2T">Ô*&D:"7/."*.")/20$%=$".Ô4(.%"+."I4%9$"D*$%$"k"$9.($".*"0%J(2&04"<&<&+4"D4(".*"C("+."9420%$%"+&I.%.(D&$2"k"D4(0%$20.2".(0%."*42"9/(+42"D/*0/%$*.2"O%4O&42"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"9=0&D$"k"*$"%.$*&+$+"O%4O&$"+."*$".(0%$+$".("*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T"g($"45%$"+&%&)&+$"k$"(4"$".(04%(42"D.%D$(42"$"*4"%.*&)&424e"2&(4"$"04+$".2$").(0."7/.".20J"k$"+."**.(4"<&<&.(+4"*$2"D4(2.D/.(D&$2"+.*"D$95&4"+."2&20.9$2"+."%.I.%.(D&$2T"E&%&)&+$"$").(0."24*&+$%&$e"D49O%49.0&+$"D4("*4"24D&$*"k"D4("D$*&+$+"O%4I/(+$e"O.%4"$*.R$+$"4"&(+&I.%.(0.".("%.*$D&:("$"*$"%.*&)&:(e"O4%"9/k"O%4)%.2&20$"7/."O/.+$"2.%"uD494"*4"?$"2&+4"*$"0.4*4)=$"de la liberación).

,$"45%$"%.D4%%.%=$"*$"%.*&)&42&+$+"O%4O&$"+."*42"+&20&(042"94+.*42"D/*0/%$*.2"u%.*&)&42&+$+"D$F$+4%$N%.D4*.D04%$e"+."*$2"D/*0/%$2"$)%=D4*$2"k")$($+.%$2e"%.*&)&42&+$+".("(/.20%$".%$"/%5$($e"+."&((4<$D&:(v"O$%$"+.25%4F$%"y situar creencias, mitos y religiones desde la prehistoria hasta la actua

*&+$+"k"O%4O4(.%e".(04(D.2e".*"+.5$0."+."*$"o**.)$+$p"+."*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$T"'54%+J(+4*4"$2=".2"D/$(+4"O/.+."+&20&()/&%2.".(0%."*4"O%4O&4"+."D$+$"94+.*4"k"9420%$%"+."I4%9$".<&+.(0."*$"+&I.%.(D&$e"O4%".R.9O*4e".(0%.".*"94<&9&.(04"+."B.2r2"k".*"D%&20&$(&294"D494"%.*&)&:("$)%$%&$"autoritaria. Tanto para poder interpretar y comprender las distintas tra

+&D&4(.2"%.*&)&42$2"k"D/*0/%$*.2"D494"O$%$"D4(20%/&%".*"O%.2.(0.NI/0/%4"


253

%.2/*0$"9/k"r0&*"<.%"D:94"D4(20%/&942"*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."+.0.%9&($+$2"O.%2O.D0&<$2T"1:94"2."4%)$(&F$e"2."<."k"2."2&.(0."*$"%.$*&+$+"+.2+."/("O$%$+&)9$"+.0.%9&($+4s"k"7/.".2"O42&5*."<.%*$"+.2+."40%4T"1$95&$%"+."94+.*4"O$%$+&)9J0&D4"2.%=$"D494"/("<.%"%$+&D$*9.(0."+&20&(04e"D494"2/D.+."$*"9&%$%"$7/.**$"&*/20%$D&:("+45*."7/.".2"*$"<.F"/($"<&.R$"k"/($""R4<.("D4("2495%.%4T"

S.%"*$2"%.*&)&4(.2"k"*$2"D4(C)/%$D&4(.2"D/*0/%$*.2"+.2+.".20$"O.%2O.D0&<$e"I$D&*&0$"*$"D49O%.(2&:(T"j"O.%9&0.".^O*4%$%"*$"O.D/*&$%&+$+"+."/($".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$e"7/."2$5."7/."O/.+."?$D.%"9$O$2"+."*$"%.$*&+$+"O.%4"7/."(4"0&.(."I/(+$9.(04"O.(2$%".(""06%9&(42"+."/($"24*$"I4%9$"<J*&+$"+."<.%".*"9/(+4e"/($"24*$"%.$*&+$+T",$"D/.20&:("k$"(4".2"D%..%"4"(4"D%..%".("E&42e"2&(4"D49O%.(+.%".*"O$O.*"+."*$2"9&04*4)=$2"k"+."2/2"?&R$2e"9&04*4)=$2"k"D%..(D&$2e"O$%$"049$%"D4(D&.(D&$"+."*4"(/.<4"+."*$"situación, en todos los órdenes.

B426"#G"S&)&*"&(2&20&:".("*$"&9O4%0$(D&$"+."O4+.%"**.)$%"$"*$2"(/.<$2").(.%$D&4(.2e"*$2"7/."k$"<&<.("&(9.%2$2".("*$"(/.<$"%.$*&+$+T"#$%0$";%$(62"*.".^O%.2:"2/2"+/+$2"+."7/."/($"45%$"+.".20.".20&*4e"O4%".R.9O*4e""O/.+$"**.)$%"$".2."Or5*&D4e"O.%4"7/&FJ2"2="7/."2.%J"/("5/.("&(20%/9.(04"O$%$"7/."*42"O$+%.2"O/.+$("D49O%.(+.%"9.R4%"$"2/2"?&R42T

M."O*$(0.$".(".*"+&J*4)4"2&"O4+%=$"D49O$%$%2.e"4"(4e"*$".O&20.94*4)=$"(4"9=0&D$"D4("/($"D%..(D&$"9J2"uoD%..%".(".*"C("+."*42"9&042pe"oD%..%".("7/."*$2"9&04*4)=$2"(4"24("%.*$042"+.2D%&O0&<42vT"M.%=$"/($"D4(0%$+&0&4"&("0.%9&(&2"D49.(0$"14%5=s".20/+&$%"k"D49O%.(+.%"*$"D4(20%/DD&:("k"O$O.*"+."*$2"D%..(D&$2"k"9420%$%"*$"I$*0$"+."+.2$%%4**42".7/&<$*.(0.2".("/($"24D&.+$+"7/."<&<."+."*$"&((4<$D&:("D4(0&(/$".2"+."/("4%+.("040$*9.(0."+&20&(04"$*"+."*42"*.()/$R.2"$^&4*:)&D42"+."*42"9&042T"

M45%."D:94"$k/+$%"$*"D$95&4"+."9.(0$*&+$+"O$%.D=$"D*$%4"7/."D/$(0$"9J2"D4(D&.(D&$"2."+6"+.*"9&294e"9J2"O42&5&*&+$+"+."&%"$+7/&%&.(+4"*/

Jose María Vigil

254

D&+.F"k"+$%"%.2O/.20$2"$+.D/$+$2T"P.%4"2$5&.(+4"7/."*42"0%J(2&042"(/(D$"24("IJD&*.2T"d&"0$9O4D4"O/.+.("I4%F$%2."*42"0&.9O42e"D4("O%&2$"O4%"O4+.%"4I%.D.%"D4(D%.D&4(.2e"9.+&42"k"I4%9$2"D4*.D0&<$2"$+.D/$+$2e"D$O$D.2"+."2/20&0/&%"04+4".*"$(0&)/4"$(+$9&$R.T",42"94+42"+."?$D.%"D49/(&0$%&42e"*42"%&042"7/."$D0/$*&F$5$("*42"9&042e"7/."5.5=$("+.".**42"k"$"*$"<.F"*.2"+$5$("I4%9$"k"*42"9$(0.(=$("O%.2.(0.2".(".*"D4*.D0&<4e"2.".(%$=F$(".(".*"2.(0&%s"k".*"2.(0&%".2"*.(04e"(4"45.+.D."$"*$2"<4*/(0$+.2T"8$5%J"7/."0.(.%"O$D&.(D&$e"2$5.%"7/."+/%$(0."/("0&.9O4"9J2"4"9.(42"*$%)4"<&<&%.942"$"*$"&(0.9O.%&.e"+."*$2"O%&2$2"2:*4"O4+%J("2$*&%"D?/%%42T"H4+$"*$"$%0&**.%=$"O/.20$".("*$2"<=$2"+."+.2$%%4**4"+."*$"D$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$"7/."2.%Je"$?4%$e"*$"I/.(0."+."*$2"I4%9$2"D4*.D0&<$2T"

A modo de conclusión

255

A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN

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,$"D49O*.0$"4"O%4)%.2&<$"+.2$O$%&D&:("+."*$2"24D&.+$+.2"O%.&(+/20%&$*.2e"la generalización de la industrialización, el asentamiento de las socie

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256

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+."*$"D/$*&+$+"?/9$($"O%4I/(+$e"k"D:94"D4(2.)/&%*$e"2&"(4"7/.%.942"que el enorme poder de nuestras tecnociencias, y las consecuencias que

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257

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,$2"%JO&+$2"0%$(2I4%9$D&4(.2"+."*$2"0.D(4D&.(D&$2"(42"I/.%F$("$"D45%$%"conciencia de que nuestros saberes no describen la realidad sino que

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258

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259

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260

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Estos han sido los campos que en este Encuentro hemos abordado, ob

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y urgentes, a ello hemos querido contribuir en la medida de nuestras

posibilidades.

consecuencias del final de la - cetr.netcetr.net/files/1292934112_sete_encontre_per_imprimi.pdf ·...

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