clave # 4 // cine, arte, derechos y video

7/21/2019 Clave # 4 // Cine, arte, derechos y video

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/clave-4-cine-arte-derechos-y-video 1/114

acdvm :4;-;?

#0

>:44 #0KQQE >:44 - 0:4V

acdvm

//Cked Mspkelsd

/ / Hlrom Cd Gmrcd

/ /Hdem Qkble

Cls `mrmafls dc rmvës8 drtm y pkrdtmrâd

Alevmrsdakñe ale _kcckdb Imetrk`om ued câemd metrm Hlfdeemsnurol y Nloltä

Wk`ml8 ketrkod y aletrlvmrskd

// Bdri H Qtlai

// Cuads Lspked

Qlgtwdrm akmetâgkal y cd armdakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m

`v` acdvm :4;-;? #0

// Zfkckppm @unlks

Ol`dr`, armd`lr buctkbm`kd

]e –mgmatl `m akem‒ me mc drtm aletmbplräemlAkem, drtm, `mrmafls y vk`ml

Zunckadakñe Qmrkd`d me Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd - @mpdrtdbmetl `m Drtm

:4;-;?

fttp8//acdvm4;-;?.uekde`ms.m`u.al



acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm:4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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@kmz dôls4,tkmbpl pru`metm pdrd smôdcdr ale rdzñe qum cd armdakñe buctkbm`kd

ms ue tmrrktlrkl dnkmrtl, albpcmhl y gdsakedetm. Nusadbls `mgkekrcl pdrd pl`mrcl

dndradr, metme`mrcl me tl`ls sus dspmatls, ̀ lbkedrcl. Zdrd`ñhkadbmetm, dc bksbl

tkmbpl, `msmdbls el `mgkekrcl y `mhdrcl qum sm bdekgkmstm ale tl`d cknmrtd` `mmxprmskñe, ale tl`l mc dtrmvkbkmetl `m suomrkr y qumrmr fdamr cl kbplskncm, `m

kr bäs dccä `m cl qum alelambls, `m pksdr ue tmrrmel keakmrtl, kemstdncm pmrl mc

øekal smourl pdrd alequkstdr eumvds edrrdtkvds, eumvls `msdrrlccls tëaekals,

eumvds glrbds vksudcms, slelrds, täatkcms, lcgdtkvds…y pl`mr dcadezdr eumvls

tmrrmels bmetdcms `m albprmeskñe, albuekadakñe y armdakñe. Fd sk`l ue pmrkl`l

merkqumam`lr y ms ue rmtl melrbm.

Mstm audrtl eøbmrl `m Acdvm :4;-;?, punckadakñe kbprmsd y `koktdc, bumstrd

`kgmrmetms bdemrds `m lnsmrvdr, dedckzdr y dnlr`dr, mc tmbd y mc qumfdamr `mcd armdakñe buctkbm`kd. Cds alegmrmeakds rmalpkcd`ds me mc @W@ mvk`meakde cd

vdrkm`d` `m `ksakpckeds y sus aruams, qum ketmorde cd glrbdakñe `m cls eumvls

armd`lrms mspmakdckstds me buctkbm`kd. Mstds prmsmetdaklems sm ametrdrle me

trms dspmatls8 cd mxpmrkmeakd ̀ lametm me mstm prlordbd ̀ m glrbdakñe prlgmskledc9

mc prlamsl `m armdakñe, mxplskakñe y rmampakñe `m lnrds buctkbm`kdcms9 y mc

deäcksks `m eumvds glrbds `m pmesdbkmetl `mrkvd`ds `m cd präatkad y rmsuctd`ls

`m cd armdakñe buctkbm`kd.

Me cls drtâaucls `m mstm eøbmrl, mc akem, mc drtm, cls `mrmafls y mc vk`ml dpdrmame

albl el`ls suomstkvls `m rmgcmxkñe y `m `ksauskñe `m cl qum suam`m me mc drtmaletmbplräeml ale rmcdakñe d cd armdakñe drtâstkad me mstm tmrrmel. Mc akem me cls

sktkls `m mxplskakñe prlpkls `m cds drtms pcästkads9 drtkstds y akemdstds armde`l

lnrd me glrbd `m kestdcdaklems me cds qum mc akem ms mc tmbd prkeakpdc. Mc usl `m

slgtwdrm `m kevmstkodakñe akmetâgkad albnked`l ale cd mxpmrkbmetdakñe drtâstkad

omemrd kbäomems slcl plskncms me mstm mspdakl `m armdakñe vkrtudc. Dcouels

vk`mldrtkstds aletrlvmrskdcms me cd fkstlrkd `mc vk`ml drtm elrtmdbmrkadel. Mc

prlamsl armdtkvl `m ue drtkstd, su deäcksks y metlrel plcâtkal-omlorägkal. Cls

`mrmafls cmodcms `m cds lnrds y su rmcdakñe ale mc äbnktl dad`ëbkal.

Pl`ls mstls tmbds dplrtde `ms`m su mspmakgkak`d` dc albpcmhl adbpl `m cd

armdakñe buctkbm`kd9 su mstu`kl, deäcksks m ketmrprmtdakñe prmtme`m aletrknukr d

eumvls mspdakls `m armdakñe, rmgcmxkñe y pmesdbkmetl.

Byrkdb Cuksd @âdz

4. Mc prlordbd `m mstu`kls `m plsord`l, Mspmakdckzdakñe me Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd, `mc `mpdrtdbmetl `m Drtm`m cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m cls De`ms, aubpckñ `kmz dôls me memrl `m >:44.



acdvm :4;-;?

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]e –mgmatl `m akem‒ me mc drtm aletmbplräemlZfkckppm @unlks

Ol`dr`, armd`lr buctkbm`kdHlrom Cd Gmrcd


Hdem Qkble

Qlgtwdrm akmetâgkal y cd armdakñe `m^msmdraf Al`m

Bdri H Qtlai

Alevmrsdakñe ale _kcckdb Imetrk`om.]ed câemd metrm Hlfdeemsnurol y Nloltä

Cked Mspkelsd

Cls `mrmafls dc rmvës8 drtm y pkrdtmrâdCuads Lspked

`v` acdvm :4;-;? #0

âe`kam41

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4:4



acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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]e –mgmatl `m akem‒ me mc drtmaletmbplräeml

Zfkckppm @unlks*

* Zrlgmslr, Wkamprmsk`metm `m ^mcdaklems Ketmredakledcms `ms`m bdyl `m >::7 y `krmatlr `mc Bästmr`m Kevmstkodakñe me mstu`kls akembdtlorägkals y du`klvksudcms me cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m Zdrâs KKK-QlrnleemEluvmccm. @latlr me Gkclslgâd y Cmtrds (Nëcokad). Darm`ktdakñe pdrd `krkokr kevmstkodakñe (Grdeakd) - ]ek-vmrsk`d` Zdrâs KKK-Qlrnleem Eluvmccm, me memrl `m >:::. @krmatlr `m cd alcmaakñe –Drtm y Akem‒, @mNlmai-]ekvmrsktë. Alcdnlrd`lr `m cd Akeëbdtfæqum ^lydcm `m Nmcokad, `m cd ^mvum Nmcom `u Akeëbd,mta. Al-`krmatlr `m cd rmvkstd ketmredakledc –Akeëbd &Akm‒. Al-`krmatl (ale Hdaqums Dublet) `m A^MAK -Ametrl `m Kevmstkodakñe `m Akem y Du`klvksudc), ]ekvmrsk`d` `m Zdrâs KKK. Pmñrkal, pmesd`lr y dutlr `mkeeubmrdncms punckadaklems slnrm gltlordgâd, akem, vk`ml y akem y drtm aletmbplräeml.

^msubme8

Mc gmeñbmel `m cd prmsmeakd `mc akem me mc bue`l `mc drtm aletmbplräeml smlnsmrvd d trdvës `m `kstketds adtmolrâds y glrbds vdrkd`ds `m lnrds `m drtkstdsqum trdndhde ale mc akem y akemdstds qum pkmesde l ketmetde mc trdndhl drtâstkal.Mstm mspdakl `m ketmradbnkls, trdesgmrmeakds, `m mcmbmetls qum bkorde metrmmstls `ls adbpls pmrbktm lnsmrvdr ued `keäbkad skoekgkadtkvd me mc adbpl `mcd armdakñe drtâstkad. Ms mvk`metm qum mc mgmatl `m akem mstä dquâ y laupd tl`dseumstrds bdemrds `m vmr.

Zdcdnrds acdvm8

Akem, drtm, `ksplsktkvl, mspmatd`lr, mgmatl `m akem, pmcâaucds, mxplskakñe, dprl-

pkdakñe, busml.

41

Prd`uak`l plr Adbkcl Qdrbkmetl

]e –mgmatl `m akem‒ me mc drtm aletmbplräeml • Zfkckppm @unlks• 41- >;



acdvm :4;-;?

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Dnstrdat8

Pfm pfmelbmele lg tfm prmsmeam lg akembd ke aletmbplrdry drt, ade nm smmetfrluof `kggmrmet adtmolrkms de` glrbs suaf ds drt wlris tfdt kevlcvm akembd de`gkcbbdimrs wfl rmgcmat uple lr try tl bdim drtwlris. Pfks spdam lg mxafdeoms,trdesgmrs, lg mcmbmets tfdt bkordtm nmtwmme tfmsm twl gkmc`s, dcclws us tl lnsmrvmsunstdetkdc `yedbkas ke tfm gkmc` lg drtkstka armdtkle. Kt ks mvk`met tfdt tfm mggmatlg akembd ks prmsmet de` laaupkms dcc plsskncm wdys lg smmkeo.

Imywlr`s8

Akembd, drt, `ksplsktkg, mspmatdtlr, akembd mggmat, blvkms, mxplsktkle, dprlpkdtkle,busmub.

^msubl*8

L gmeðbmel `d prmsmeïd `l akembd el bue`l `d drtm aletmbplrîemd sm lnsmrvddtrdvës `m `kgmrmetms adtmolrkds m glrbds `m lnrds `m drtkstds qum trdndcfdbalb l akembd m alb akemdstds qum pmesdb lu tmetdb `msmevlcvmr ub trdndcfldrtâstkal. Mstm mspdïl `m ketmraîbnkls m trdesgmrèeakds `m mcmbmetls qum bkordb

metrm mstms `lks adbpls pmrbktm lnsmrvdr ubd `keîbkad skoekgkadtkvd el adbpl `darkdïál drtâstkad. Ë mvk`metm qum l mgmktl `l akembd mstä dquk m laupd tl`ds dselssds bdemkrds `m vmr.

Zdcdvrds Afdvm8

Akembd, drtm, `ksplsktkvl, mspmatd`lr, mgmktl `m akembd, gkcbms, mxplskïál, dprl-prkdïál, busmu.

41 - >; • Zfkckppm @unlks • ]e –mgmatl `m akem‒ me mc drtm aletmbplräeml

0

*Prd`uak`l plr Detlekl Clndtl.



acdvm :4;-;?

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@ls mxplskaklems sketlbätkads y skbëtrkads `mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu

Tum mc drtm aletmbplräeml ketmredakledc mstë datudcbmetm «kevd`k`l¹ plr cl qumyl ccdbl ue mgmatl `m akem me tl`ls cls äbnktls y `m tl`ds cds glrbds, ms uedmvk`meakd aletue`metm, blcmstd, «d cd bl`d¹. Pde krrktdetm albl ketrkodetm. Pl`dcd datudck`d` drtâstkad ms tmstkol `m mccl. ]e slcl mhmbpcl meadred pmrgmatdbmetmmstm gmeñbmel8 mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu datudcbmetm prlordbd (DN^KC/BD[L `m >::7)`ls mvmetls kbplrtdetms y skoekgkadtkvls, auyd plsturd adsk skbëtrkad el sm pum`mbäs qum alestdtdr8 plr ue cd`l, cd mxplskakñe «Cm bluvmbmet `ms kbdoms. Drt, ak-eëbd¹, aleamnk`d y aurd`d plr mc fkstlrkd`lr `m drtm Zfkckppm-Dcdke Bkafdu`. Mstdmxplskakñe sm `mgkekñ albl ued rmvksktdakñe `m cds pkmzds `m cds alcmaaklems `mcBusml Edakledc `m Drtm Bl`mrel, d cd cuz `m cds glrbds y `m cls «pmesdbkmetls

`mc akem¹, ued cuz dc bksbl tkmbpl rmdc y vkrtudc, cktmrdc y bmtdgñrkad. Cd bums-trd sm msgumrzd plr rmgcmxkledr slnrm mstd prmouetd8 ¼Añbl y me quë smetk`l smpum`m `makr qum «mc akem¹ (ale tl`ds cds albkccds emamsdrkds) cms `d glrbd, dck-bmetd, kegcumeakd, trdndhd, kespkrd, krrkod (`m bdemrd bäs l bmels suntmrräemd) cdslnrds (pketurds, msaucturds, gltlordgâd, drquktmaturd, kestdcdaklems, pmrglrbdeams,vk`mls) `m ued smrkm `m drtkstds pcästkals `mc skocl VV (`m Bdtkssm d Zkadssl,`m Ndremtt Emwbde d Grdei Qtmccd, `m Nustdbdetm d ^lnmrt Cleol, `m Afrks Nur-`me d _lcgodeo Cdkn, mta.), qum d prklrk el funkmrde sk`l emamsdrkdbmetm pumstls«`mc cd`l `mc akem¹< Zrmouetd dpdskledetm, dnkmrtd, du`dz, qum sm lrodekzd dcrm-

`m`lr `m audtrl alegkourdaklems mstruaturdetms, `mgkek`ds albl audtrl «albpl-emetms¹ `mc akem (cd suamskñe, cd prlymaakñe, mc rmcdtl y mc bletdhm), y qum mvk-`metmbmetm ms buy sketlbätkad `m msm «mgmatl `m akem¹ `mc qum mstly fdncde`l.Cd mxplskakñe mstä dalbpdôd`d `m ued rmtrlspmatkvd `m pmcâaucds mxpmrkbmetdcms,detkouds y rmakmetms qum tdbnkëe fdame pdrtm `m cds alcmaaklems `mc Busml y mstäeprlordbd`ds (me sdcd) tmbätkadbmetm smoøe cds bksbds alegkourdaklems. Dc bksbltkmbpl (l adsk), el sdnmbls sk plr dzdr l plr ue datl vlcuetdrkl, mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lutdbnkëe prmsmetd ltrd mxplskakñe, buy mspmrd`d y qum pdrmam buy `mampakledetm,albpcmtdbmetm aleamnk`d y mcdnlrd`d plr Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` (ale cd dyu`d `m @lbk-ekqum Zdìek). Mstd mxplskakñe `mnmrâd ccdbdrsm «Alccdom(s) `m Grdeam. Drqumlcloâd

`mc akem, smoøe HCO¹ (pdrd fdamr rmgmrmeakd/rmvmrmeakd dc vkmhl sumôl `m Ol`dr``m metrdr dc «Alccæom `m Grdeam¹4), pmrl gkedcbmetm mc tâtucl qum cm `kmrle gum«Wlydom(s) me utlpkm, Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` 4;07->::7. Ê cd rmafmrafm `‛ue tfëlræbmpmrù¹. Kesarktd me cd prlcleodakñe `m cd msamelordgâd `m cds Fkstlkrm(s) ù akeëbd ,sm trdtd `m ued «mxplskakñe `m akemdstd¹, alestruk`d albl ued vdstd kestdcdakñe sl-ôd`d m kedadnd`d, ued mspmakm `m lnrd adalgñekad ccmed `m fumccds y `m grdobmetls

4. Mc Alccæom `m Grdeam ms ued prmstkoklsd kestktuakñe mùadtkvd me Grdeakd (E. `mc P.).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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`kspmrsls, `m pdrtms `m tmxtls, `m kbäomems y `m slek`ls (akem, pketurd, cktmrdturd,bøskad) prmsmetd`ls `m tl`ds cds bdemrds plskncms (bdqumtds me smrkm y fdstd mednksbl, pdetdccds bäs l bmels bkekdturd me tl`ds cds plskaklems, rmprlùaaklemsbøctkpcms, pkmzds dnde`led`ds, mta). Mstls mcmbmetls lrodekzde ued mspmakm `malccdom `m rukeds d pdrtkr `m ued vkskñe `mc akem dc bksbl tkmbpl plëtkad, bmtdgâskady omlplcâtkad dtrdvmsd`d plr keeubmrdncms rmcdaklems ale mc drtm. ]ed mxplskakñetdbnkëe dalbpdôd`d `m ued rmtrlspmatkvd (ketmordc y me sdcd) `m pmcâaucds `m (y sl-nrm, y ale) mc dutlr. Metleams, ̀ ls orde`ms mxplska klems, präatkadbmetm skbuctäemds,me mc bksbl cuodr skbnñckal `mc drtm y qum sm rmsple`me albl mc `mrmafl y mc rmvës`m ued bksbd prlncmbätkad mxdbked`d, cd `m cds rmcdaklems, albpcmhds, metrm akem ydrtm aletmbplräeml. Zlr ue cd`l, tmembls mc akem me mc drtm y plr mc ltrl, mc drtm memc akem. Mc drtm albl akem y mc akem albl drtm. Ms `makr, mc akem ALBD (,) drtm aletmb-

plräeml. Dquâ cd albd ms msmeakdc plrqum skrvm albl nksdord metrm «akem¹ y «drtmaletmbplräeml¹ y `mhd dnkmrtl, me tl`ls cls smetk`ls, mc vâeaucl metrm cls `ls plcls.

Metleams, rmpktl. El ms eumvl. Els rmbletdbls dc kekakl `m cls dôls ;:8 mc bue`l`mc drtm aletmbplräeml sm meaumetrd ad`d vmz bäs bdrad`l plr cd prmsmeakd ke-skstmetm `m cl qum sm pl`râd ccdbdr ue «mgmatl `m akem¹. ]e «mgmatl `m akem¹ d cdvmz prlgue`l y supmrgkakdc, ale grmaumeakd bleubmetdc y fdstd gmtkafkstd, mvme-tudcbmetm plëtkal, d vmams ketmckometm, sk el smeskncm. ]e «mgmatl `m akem¹ mx-trmbdbmetm `kvmrskgkad`l y buctkglrbm me tl`ls cls adsls. [ qum lpmrd me tl`ls

cls ekvmcms8 me mc pcdel kestktuakledc, me mc pcdel drtâstkal y me mc pcdel tmñrkal(l arâtkal). Me mstd prmsmetdakñe ketrlùatlrkd, qukskmrd pcdetmdr cds alsds y elmetrdr me deäcksks `m uel u ltrl dspmatl me pdrtkaucdr, l prlgue`kzdr me ued ultrd datktu` skeoucdr (`m ue busml, `m ued mxplskakñe, `m ue drtkstd, `m ued lnrd).El, qukskmrd slcdbmetm trdtdr mstm «mgmatl `m akem¹ albl ue gmeñbmel `m ale-

huetl8 unkadrbm me ued pmrspmat kvd pdelräbkad y adtmolr kd c. Zlr ue cd`l, pcdetmdrue bdral y cladckzdr cds orde`ms glrbds `m mstm gmeñbmel y, plr mc ltrl, prl-plemr dcoueds rmgcmxklems slnrm cds rdzlems y cds dpumstds, fkstñrkads y mstë-tkads kbpcâaktds. @m dcoued bdemrd, ue tmxtl `m ketrlùaakñe y `m prmsmetdakñe >.

>. Zdrd bdylr keglrbdakñe, deäcksks l rmgcmxklems, rmbktl d eubmrlsls drtâaucls (mspmakdcbmetm me Lbek- nus y Drt Zrmss ), adtäclols (`m tl`ds pdrtms) y lnrds slnrm mstm tmbd, metrm cds audcms bmeakledrë mspmakdc-bmetm cls audtrl cknrls skoukmetms8 ^dyble` NMCCL]^, C‛Metrm-kbdoms 4. Zfltl, akeëbd, vk`ël , Zdrâs, m`. Cd`kggërmeam, 4;;:9 @lbkekqum ZDÌEK, Cm tmbps mxplsëm. Cm akeëbd `m cd sdccm du busëm, Zdrâs, m`. `m c‛Mtlkcm/Adfkmrs ù akeëbd, >::49 Grdeïlks ZD^GDKP, Wk`ël8 ue drt aletmbplrdke , Zdrâs, m`. ù ^modr`, >::49 ZdsadcADQQDOED], Guturm Dbemskd (Mequètms sur ue trlkskæbm akeëbd) , Zdrâs, m`. Qmpt/Kstfbm, >::7.


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acdvm :4;-;?

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¼Akem `m mxplskakñe< ¼Zlst-akem< ¼Pmramr akem<

]e prlncmbd `m tmrrktlrkl, `m k`metk`d`, `m cmoktkbdakñe, `m pl`mr, `m odedeakd y

`m për`k`d

Zdrd mbpmzdr, me mc pcdel kestktuakledc (l slakl-kestk tuakledc), me mc audc el keskstkrëbuafl bäs, ms mvk`metm qum cd kbplskakñe kevdslrd `m mstm gmeñbmel, sk el su lbek-prmsmeakd, pcdetmd prmouetds tdetl dc akem albl dc drtm. Zrmouetds slnrm cls cuodrms(rmspmatkvls). Zrmouetds qum el dnlr`drë albl prlncmbds «`m bl`d¹ (d cd bl`d),skel albl prlncmbds `mc «bm`kl `mc drtm¹. @ms`m fdam `kmz dôls präatkadbmetmel fdy ekeoued orde nkmedc (Wmemakd, @liubmetd u ltrds), ekeoøe busml (`m audcqukmrtdbdôl, `mc ametrl Zlbpk`lu dc BDA `m cd pmqumôd aku`d` nmcod `m Ckmhd), ekeoøeametrl `m drtm (albl cd Wkccd Drsle me Ekzd, Cm Grmsely me Pluralkeo, Cm Aleslrtkub

me @khle), ek ekeoued odcmrâd (bäs l bmels «d cd bl`d¹), qum el keacuyd skstmbätk-adbmetm me su prlordbdakñe mxplskaklems u lnrds qum kbpckqukme `m ued akmrtdbdemrd «dc akem¹, ms acdrl qum fdy ketmrmsms mxtmrklrms d cds lnrds y d cls albplr-tdbkmetls. Bm pdrmam qum sle ketmrmsms tmrrktlrkdcms (y plr cl tdetl `m adrtlordgâd`m cds drtms y `m omlmstrdtmokd), ms `makr, ketmrmsms dc bksbl tkmbpl `m k`metk`d`(`mc akem y `mc drtm) y `m cmoktkbdakñe rmaâprlad y plr cl tdetl, `m pl`mr skbnñckal.

Mxplemr lnrds qum kbpckqume, `m ued bdemrd u ltrd, «dc akem¹. Me mstd lplrtuek`d`cds albkccds sle mspmakdcms, d tdc puetl cds k`metk`d`ms sm vumcvme keakmrtds, y cds

bmzacds `m rmocds skmbnrde cd `u`d y cd pmrturndakñe me tlrel d cd prmouetd slnrmcd «edturdcmzd¹ `m cls gmeñbmels d cls audcms dskstkbls. Me mgmatl, uel `m cls pue-tls ametrdcms `mc prlncmbd ms mc skoukmetm8 ¼Cl qum vmbls me cds mxplskaklems ms(tl`dvâd) «akem¹< ¼Ms akem qum, albl sm fd `kafl, «bkorñ¹ dnde`lede`l sus sdcdslsaurds plr cds bäs cubkelsds `mc Busml (plr quë, ale quë gke)< ¼L ms mc akem mc qumsm emoñ, sm `msvkñ, sm trdesglrbñ, sm bmtdblrglsmñ (me quë)< ¼Ms ue «bäs dccä¹l ue «`mspuës¹ `mc akem, albl sk ëstm funkmrd `mhd`l `m smr< Cd arâtkad, skmbprmprletd d rmdaakledr l d `rdbdtkzdr, kevmetñ d`mbäs vladncls `kvmrsls pdrd fdncdr`m mstm gmeñbmel. Arml qum Hmde-Afrkstlpfm ^lylux gum mc prkbmrl, me prlplemrme sus tmxtls `m cd rmvkstd Lbeknus , cd mxprmskñe «akem `m mxplskakñe¹ (mstd glr-

bucdakñe gum rmtlbd`d plr buafls ltrls arâtk als m kestktuaklems, `m ^ëoks @urde` dGrdeïlksm Zdrgdkt, `m Drt Zrmss d Drt Glrub , `m cd Nkmedc `m Wmemakd d cd @liubmetd`m Idssmc, cumol sm `mhñ `m cd`l) l keacusl sm fdncñ `mc gmeñbmel ale mc vladncl«plst-akem¹ (¡albl sm fdncd -mstøpk`dbmetm- `m plst-`latlrd`l!), huetäe`lcl, alemc `m cd `koktdckzdakñe odclpdetm `mc bmrad`l `mc @W@ y `m cd `kguskñe `m pmcâau-cds plr Ketmremt. Zdsadcm Adssdoedu prmgkmrm cd mxprmskñe Pmramr akem . Mtaëtmrd.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

`dbmetm `kvmrskgkad`ds.Zdrd mbpmzdr, me tërbkels mstëtkals y pdrd aletkeudr ale mc tmbd qum dadndbls`m mxplemr, `krmbls qum mc surokbkmetl `mc «akem `m mxplskakñe¹ tdbnkëe sm ccmvñ dadnl slnrm cds vdrkdaklems `mc `ksplsktkvl . Acdrdbmetm sm pcdetmd mc prlncmbd `mccuodr `mc mspmatd`lr8 aude`l cds kbäomems prlymatd`ds dnde`lede «su¹ trd`kakledcsdcd lsaurd pdrd smr mxpumstds me cds sdcds `mc busml `m drtm, sm `mspcdzd uedsmrkm `m pdräbmtrls slnrm sus bl`ls `m rmampa kñe supumstdbmetm «mspmaâgkals¹ ydpdrmam ued smrkm `m ketmrrlodetms slnrm su supumstd «edturdcmzd¹. Zlr mhmbpcl,¼quë suam`m (pdrd mc mspmatd`lr `m akem) aude`l sm pdsd `m cd orde sdcd lsaurdy albuektdrkd, `le`m tl`l `msdpdrmam me cd lsaurk`d` pdrd qum mc mspmatd`lr d`-qukmrd ued bäxkbd aleametrdakñe me mc rmatäeoucl `m cd pdetdccd, d ued vkskñe bäske`kvkùdckzd`d, ale grmaumeakd me pdetdccds skbuctäemds, y bäs «kcubked`d¹ qum cd

pmcâaucd, me cd ncdeaurd `mc mspdakl busmdc< ¼Qm pum`m vmr koudc cd bksbd kbdomeprlymatd`d me cd cuz y me cds tkekmncds< ¼Me quë `kcukrâd mstm adbnkl mc mgmatl`m dnslrakñe y `m guskñe `mc mspmatd`lr alcmatkvl< ¼Mstl aletrknuym d trdesglr-bdrcl me ue suhmtl dkscd`l, `kvk`k`l y mrrdetm< ¼Tuë pdsd aude`l sm pdsd `m cdplskakñe kebñvkc y smetd`d me cd sdcd `m akem d cd plsturd bñvkc y `m pkm `mc vksk-tdetm `m pdsl me cd mxplskakñe< ¼Mc mspmatd`lr fkpeltkzd`l pum`m alevmrtkrsm meue pdsmdetm `kstdeakd`l< ¼Tuë mxpmrkbmetd aude`l sm pdsd `m cd ùrdakñe mstäe`drkbpumstd plr cd rmprlùaakñe aletkeud y øekad `m cd pmcâaucd, d bl`ls `m vkskñe bäsdcmdtlrkls, d bmeu`l grdobmetd`ls y rmpmtktkvls (mc mgmatl `m rmpmtkakñe aâackad,

cllp ) `m kbäomems qum skmbprm mstäe dfâ, qum sm pum`me vmr y sm `mhde `m vmr dvlcuetd`< Zrksklemrl `mc tkmbpl ùrdtkvl `mc akem, ¼mc mspmatd`lr sm cknmrd `m ëcme mc mspdakl `m cd mxplskakñe< ¼Qm pdsd `m cl skeoucdrkzd`lr d cl rmpmtktkvl< D cdkevmrsd, pdrd mc busml, ¼quë pdsd aude`l fdy qum lsaurmamrcl tl`l y `mhdr dc vksk-tdetm dvdezdr d tkmetds me ued fdnktdakñe lsaurd< ¼Añbl `mhdr akraucdr mc slek`lqum el sm pum`m cladckzdr< ¼Tuë kbpckad smeslrkdcbmetm mc fmafl `m mxfknkr uedkbdome prlymatd`d y cubkelsd, tde kebdtmrkdc albl mgâbmrd, `m orde glrbdtl y meblvkbkmetl, `m ued glrbd tltdcbmetm lpumstd d cds kbäomems-lnhmtl (gltlordgâd,pketurd) qum pl`âde trdequkckzdr d cd pmrampakñe busmdc acäskad< ¼Añbl d`bkeks-trdr mc «rdptl¹ `mc vksktdetm plr pdrtm `mc `mspckmoum edrrdtkvl `m kbäomems qum

aumetde ued fkstlrkd< Mtaëtmrd. Zl`mbls vmr qum mxkstm ue alehuetl `m bl`kgkad-aklems y `m ketmrrlodetms qum vumcvme pdrtkaucdrbmetm kemstdncms cds qum fdstddflrd pl`âde alesk`mrdrsm adtmolrâds mstdncmak`ds. Gkedcbmetm, ms cd k`md bksbd`m «akem¹ l `m «drtm¹ (me mc smetk`l `m lnrd `m drtm) cd qum sm meaumetrd gumrtm-bmetm rmcdtkvkzd`d. [ cls ketmrrlodetms kestktuakledcms pdrmame tdbnkëe mstëtkals.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

]e gmeñbmel omemrdakledc

Zlr ltrl cd`l, me tërbkels `m pmrsleds fdy qum alestdtdr ue gmeñbmel `momemrdakñe8 pdrmam qum ue dbpckl orupl `m drtkstds pcästkals, me cls øctkbls qukeamdôls, sm dpl`mrñ plr albpcmtl `mc lnhmtl l `mc pmesdbkmetl `mc «akem¹ y cl kealr-plrñ d su präatkad drtâstkad, albl sk sm trdtdrd `m (rm )dekbdr mc bue`l `mc drtmaletmbplräeml kesugcäe`lcm ued vk`d y ue kbdokedrkl, sk el eumvl, dc bmels rkalfkstñrkad, aucturdc y mstëtkadbmetm. Ms ue fmafl lnhmtkvl, dc bmels audetktdtkvl.[ sk el sm trdtd `m ued «msaumcd¹ prlpkdbmetm `kafd, dc bmels ms ue blvkbkmetlqum sm pum`m dgkrbdr ms adsk omemrdakledc (ale mxampaklems eltlrkds, ms vmr`d`,albl Bkafdmc Qelw l keacusl Detfley BaAdcc, auyls trdndhls pklemrls sm rmble-tde d gkedcms `m cls dôls 7: l prkeakpkls `m cls dôls ?:). Pl`ls alelambls dcou-

els `m mstls drtkstds, buafls `m cls audcms mstäe me prkbmrd gkcd `m cd msamedketmredakledc datudc, pdrd aktdr sñcl d dcouels8 @luocds Olr`le, Zkmrrm Fuyoum,Zkmrrm Nksbutf, Qtde @luocds, Qtmvm Ba Tumme, Bdri Cmwks, @luo Dktime, Zkpkccltk^kst, Mkhd Ckksd Dftkcd, Qdb Pdyclr _ll`, Pdaktd @mde, ^dkemr Lc`me`lrg, ZfkckppmZdrmel, @lbkekqum Olezdcms-Glmrstmr, mta. D mstds gkourds, yd alesdord`ds, fdyqum dôd`kr ue eøbmrl mxtrdlr`kedrkdbmetm dctl `m drtkstds bäs hñvmems, `ms`mcumol bmels alelak`ls, qum aletrknuyme bdskvdbmetm dc mgmatl `m kevdskñe qumfly dgrletdbls. Bm pdrmam qum mstd mbmromeakd omemrdakledc el pum`m pmesdrsmske su «pdrmhd¹ `mc cd`l `mc akem. Me mgmatl, sm lnsmrvd mc bksbl gmeñbmel pmrl

d cd kevmrsd, qum vdrkls akemdstds (pdtmetd`ls) sm `kmrle vumctd, fdakd mc adbpl`mc drtm pdrd prlplemr, cd bdylrâd `m cls adsls me glrbd `m kestdcdaklems, dc-oueds vmams lnrds eumvds (fmafds mspmaâgkadbmetm) l albl «`ksplskaklems me mcmspdakl¹ (bäs l bmels lrkokedcms) `m sus pmcâaucds l `m su uekvmrsl `mstked`ds dbusmls l odcmrâds. Qm trdtd `m «kestdcdaklems `m akemdstds¹ albl cds lnrds buyalelak`ds `m Afdetdc Dimrbde (qum fd fmafl `m mccds ued sumrtm `m mspmakdck`d`mstls øctkbls dôls), l cds `m Afrks Bdrimr (`ms`m su Xdppkeo Xlem me Nmdunluro,auyd prkbmrd vmrskñe `dtd yd `m 4;;:, d su rmakmetm Zrmcu`m8 Pfm Flcclw Bme`mc BlBD , pdsde`l plr cd bdoeâgkad Qkcmet Blvkm ), fkstñrkads y lrkokedcms, m ke-acusl cds `m Doeæs Wdr`d (su ketmrmsdetm Prkptyqum `m Elkrblutkmrs y tl`d su

mxplskakñe Åcm mt mccm ), me pcmel duom, ske lcvk`dr cds tmetdtkvds vdrkd`ds y bäs lbmels kevmetkvds `m Hlfde vde `mr Imuime, Dnnds Ikdrlstdbk, Dtlb Molyde, ZmtmrOrmmedwdy, cd pdrmhd Okdeekikde/^kaafk Cuaafk y, plr supumstl, cd yd rmgmrk`d mx-plskakñe `m Ol`dr` –Wlydoms me utlpkm ‒. Buafds `m mstds kestdcdaklems sle fmafdsplr akemdstds `m ued omemrdakñe buy detmrklr d cd `m cls drtkstds `mc akem `m mx-plskakñe8 Wdr`d, Bdrimr, Ol`dr` pl`râde smr sus pd`rms -y `m akmrtd bdemrd tdc vmzcl sle- ¡@m cd gdbkckd `m cls «akem-pd`rms¹ d cd omemrdakñe `m cls «drtkstds-fkhls¹!


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Cls pdsd`lrms `m kbdome fkstñrkals8 mc akem mxpmrkbmetdc y mc vk`ml-drtm

Zdrd albpcmtdr mc bdpd, ms kbplrtdetm `makr, qum me mc mspdakl metrm cls `ls uek-vmrsls, metrm mstls drtkstds-qum-trdndhde-ale-mc-akem y cls akemdstds-qum-pkmesde-l-ketmetde-mc-trdndhl-drtâstkal, mxkstm ue orupl, pmqumôl pmrl ketmesl, mgmrvms-ametm, fkpmrdatkvl, `kvmrsl y dnkmrtl, `m cls akemdstds mxpmrkbmetdcms y `m clsvk`mldrtkstds. Mstls sle cls vmr`d`mrls pdsd`lrms metrm cls `ls uekvmrsls qumels laupde. Ad`d uel `m mccls tkmem su trdymatlrkd y dutlelbâd, qum el vly d rm-alestrukr dquâ. Zlr mhmbpcl, ms acdrl qum, me rmcdakñe ale cd prlymaakñe acäskad mesdcd, mc akem mxpmrkbmetdc kestdurñ cd «kestdcdakñe¹ (me mc smetk`l dbpckl, mxpde`m` ,pdrd rmtlbdr mc tërbkel `m Omem [lueoncll`) albl ltrd glrbd `m mxkstmeakd `mcakem (prlymaakñe me vdrkds pdetdccds, slnrm supmrgkakms qum el sle pcdeds, me mc

mspdakl, mta.). Pdbnkëe ms acdrl qum mc vk`ml, slnrmtl`l `mspuës `m qum pdsñ, dgkedcms `m cls dôls 6:, `m su glrbd «vk`mlmsaucturd¹ (auyl tñtmb mrd mc blek-tlr, msm aunl-kbdome buctkpckad`l, dpk cd`l, dckemd`l) d su glrbd «vk`mlprlymaa kñe¹(me pdetdccd orde`m, ale adck`d` `koktdc), ketrlùhl cd orde kbdome me blvkbkmetlme mc bue`l `m cds odcmrâds y `m cls busmls `m drtm aletmbplräeml. Lpmrd`lrmsfkstñrkals y ued mstëtkad `mc pdsdhm metrm drtm y akem, cl mxpmrkbmetdc y mc vk`mlpuskmrle me humol cds glrbds bksbds `mc meaumetrl metrm mstls `ls adbpls bdylrms.

Cds orde`ms gkourds `mc mgmatl `m akem8 ue mbnrkñe `m adtmolrkzdakñe

@ms`m bk pmrspmatkvd `m prmsmetdakñe ketrlùatlrkd, qukskmrd k`metkgkadr y `msark-nkr, `m bdemrd skbpcm y ale mc dplyl `m mhmbpcls, dcoueds `m cds orde`ms bl`dck-`d`ms `mc mgmatl `m akem. Dquâ el fdy ued vlcuetd` `m mxfdustkvk`d`, ek ued tkplcloâdskstmbätkad, ek ue `msml `m gkhdr cl qum ms kemstdncm, skel `m fdamr ue ndrrk`l rä-pk`l, ske deäcksks `mtdccd`l y ale ue plal `m rdakledck`d` `msarkptkvd, `mc tmrrmelmxtrmbdbmetm `kvmrskgkad`l `mc audc els mstdbls laupde`l. Zrlpleol, metleams, uepmqumôl rmalrrk`l plr audtrl gkourds qum sle audtrl glrbds-tkpl `m mstd rmcdakñemetrm akem y drtm aletmbplräeml, audtrl gkourds `mc mgmatl `m akem metrm ltrds bu-afds plskncms, qum cm `de glrbd d cd k`md `m dprlpkdakñe lr`meäe`lcd me mc smetk`l

`m cl bäs cktmrdc (l mxpcâaktl, l `krmatl) d cl bäs bmtdgñrkal (kbpcâaktl, ke`krmatl).

Mc prkeakpkl `m cd dprlpkdakñe

Qke ekeoued ù`d, cd k`md `m dprlpkdakñe sm kbplem d prklrk ale bdylr mvk`meakd. Mesu smetk`l prkbdrkl, mstm prkeakpkl sm alea knm, albl su elbnrm cl ke`kad, bm`kdetm ueomstl -ue omstl mgmatkvl, alestktutkvl `m ad`d pkmzd `m drtm- `m prëstdbl bdtmrkdc


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

y gâskal `m ue(ls) lnhmtl(s) gâcbkal(s). Mstm omstl `m dprlpkdakñe pum`m tlbdr glrbd`m buafds bdemrds8 rmaupmrdakñe, rmprl`uaakñe, mxtrdaakñe, aktd, rmgmrmeakd, kespk-rdakñe, rmdprlpkdakñe, dnslrakñe, `msvkdakñe, adbnkl, trdesglrbdakñe, `mglrbdakñe,`msgkourdakñe, mta. Cds dprlpkda klems pum`me, albl tdcms, smr ketmordcms l grdobme-tdrkds, gkmcms l dctmrd`ds, ̀ krmatds l ke`krmatds, mta. Me omemrdc, prkbmrl sm pkmesd memccds aude`l sm fdncd `m cd prmsmeakd `m ue mgmatl `m akem me mc drtm aletmbplräeml.Zmrl, el plrqum smde cds bäs mxpcâaktds l cds kebm`kdtdbmetm bäs vkskncms sus dpums-tds sle skbpcms l trdespdrmetms. Cmhls `m mccl. Qm pum`me k`metkgkadr vdrkds bdemrdsskeoucdrms `m dprlpkdakñe qum cm `dräe glrbd dc prkeakpkl me ued akmrtd prlormskñe.

Cd pmcâaucd mxpumstd

Qm trdtd `m cd gkourd bdtrkakdc `mc gmeñbmel. Me mgmatl, pmesdbls me smouk`d, memc mhmbpcl mbncmbätkal me mstm adbpl8 cd gdblsd >0 Flurs Zsyafl `m @luocds Olr`le(4;;1). Aude`l mc drtkstd sm dprlpkd `m cd pmcâaucd `m Fktafalai pdrd fdamr uedprlymaakñe `m mccd me vk`ml me pdetdccd orde`m, me bm`kl `m ued sdcd `m busml,rmtlbd cd pmcâaucd Zskalsks (cd drrdead `m su sdcd `m akem) pdrd mxplemrcd (elslcdbmetm prlymatdrcd) me ue mspdakl y ued kestktuakñe `m drtm. Cd mxplem keacuslketmordcbmetm (me su ketmordck`d`) pmrl el me su ketmork`d`, yd qum cd fdam su-grkr ued `kstlrskñe gue`dbmetdc, plekme`l me aäbdrd cmetd mxtrmbd cd kbdome. Cdprlymaakñe albpcmtd `m cd pmcâaucd me vmrskñe Olr`le, sm mxtkme`m, >0 flrds (me

cuodr `m cls ;: bkeutls fdnktudcms). Qm mxpmrkbmetd me cd `urdakñe `m cd rmampakñe,cd pdakmeakd `mc mspmatd`lr y cds rmocds `m cd kestktuakñe, qum tl`dvâd `mpme`mpcmedbmetm `m cd kespkrdakñe pmrglrbdtkvd buy «dôls ?:¹. Zmrl, slnrm tl`l, cdcmetktu` `m mstd prlymaakñe bmtdblrglsmd albpcmtdbmetm cd smesdakñe vksudc `mcd pmcâaucd, qum sm (rm)`msaunrm me sus bäs âegkbls `mtdccms, me cd pcdstkak`d` `mad`d uel `m sus pcdels y `m sus blvkbkmetls `msalbpumstls. Cd mxpmrkmeakd mstdetl pcästkad albl tmbplrdc8 tmembls cd kbprmskñe `m vmr Zskalsks , msd pmcâau-cd gmtkafm qum armâdbls alelamr `m bmblrkd, albl sk euead cd funkërdbls vkstl(ds â , dc bmels). Ad`d omstl, ad`d mxprmskñe `mc rlstrl, ad`d daakñe mstä dedckzd`d ,«msarutd`d aletmbpcdtkvdbmetm¹8 me mccls `msaunrkbls bkc gdamtds keslspmafd`ds,

kevkskncms, qum sm els rmvmcde `m mstd bdemrd me y plr cd `mesk`d` `m cd aäbdrdcmetd9 smrâd ketmrmsdetm albpdrdr mstd pkmzd `m @luocds Olr`le ale msd ltrddprlpkdakñe `m cd bksbd pmcâaucd `m Fktafalai, mstd vmz me cd glrbd `m ue rmbdim pcdel plr pcdel, rmdckzd`d plr Ous Wde Qdet. Me su vmrskñe Wde Qdet, Zskalsks elgueakled, albl ued «pmcâaucd mxpumstd¹ s kel albl ued «pmcâaucd kestdcd`d¹ (me ltrdpmcâaucd). Ms ued eumvd bdemrd `m trdtdr cd vkmhd aumstkñe `mc rmbdim d cd cuz `m

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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

cds präatkads `mc drtm aletmbplräeml, y ske ù`d, Wde Qdet ms fly mc akemdstd bäsketmrmsdetm me mstm smetk`l (me cd bksbd pmrspmatkvd, sm pum`me vmr su Omrry l suMcmpfdet, albl vmrsklems me glrbd gâcbkad `m prlncmbds `mc drtm aletmbplräeml.)

Bm pl`râd rmgmrkr d buafls ltrls adsls pdrd kcustrdr cd gkourd `m cd «pmcâaucd mx-pumstd¹, `mc bksbl @luocds Olr`le (pdrd el `makr ed`d `m su «kbplskncm¹ Gkvm[mdr@rkvm-ny `m 4;;=8 Pfm Qmdrafmrs `m Glr` me «aäbdrd cmetd¹ ale ued ùrdakñe `mprlymaakñe vkrtudc `m akeal dôls, ¡cd ùrdakñe `m cd `këomsks!), su ltrd kestdcdakñeketktucd`d @ëhê vu (>:::). Qm trdtd `m cd trkpcm prlymaakñe, me trms orde`ms pde-tdccds mxdatdbmetm yuxtdpumstds plr mc nlr`m, `m cd bksbd pmcâaucd `m akem emorlflccywll`mesm @.L.D. `m û`lcg Bdtë. Mstds trms prlymaaklems sñcl `kgkmrme meued buy pmqumôd uek`d` `m tkmbpl (4 kbdome/smoue`l). Cd pmcâaucd `m Bdtë, me-

tleams, sm rmprlùam d >1 kbäomems plr smoue`l me cd prkbmrd pdetdccd, d >0 mecd smoue`d y d >= me cd tmramrd. D ued pmqumôd adusd, dpdrmame orde`ms mgma-tls. Mstd bkeøsaucd vdrkdakñe `m vmclak`d`, kbpmramptkncm dc albkmezl, plal d plalalrrlm cd skearleâd `m cds trms prlymaaklems, fdstd fdamr mstdccdr cd pmcâaucd me adsktrms pmcâaucds `kgmrmetms, qum mc mspmatd`lr el pum`m allr`kedr nkme ale ëc bksbl. Ltrd bdemrd rmaurrmetm `m mxplemr ued pmcâaucd me su ketmordck`d` pmrl el me suketmork`d`, aleskstm me smpdrdr cd nde`d slelrd `m cd kbdome. @m mstd bdemrd,buafls drtkstds fde clord`l dpdrtdrsm `m cd «pdrtm vkskncm¹ `m cd pmcâaucd lrkokedc

y sñcl rmtmemr su aletkeuk`d` slelrd. Pdc ms mc adsl `m dcoueds pkmzds `m ZkmrrmFuyoum, @unnkeo , qum els prmsmetd me ue pcdel gkhl aletkeul `m ;: bkeutls, d cls`lncd`lrms (tl`l mc mqukpl albpcmtl) megrmetäe`lels, bkrde`l ued pdetdccd kevkskncmpdrd elsltrls y trdndhde`l ske `msadesl me `lncdr ued pmcâaucd qum euead vmbls,pmrl auyl `käclol me grdeaës sâ lâbls (y cmmbls me cls suntâtucls qum sm `ms-pckmode me cd pdrtm `m dndhl `m cd kbdome). Pdbnkëe mstäe cls trdndhls `m ZkmrrmNksbutf (Zlst Qarkpt/PfmZdssmeomr , 4;;7, l Pfm Zdrty , 4;;?, plr mhmbpcl), `le`m

humod ale mc `msgdsm metrm slek`l m kbdome y lgrmam, dc bksbl tkmbpl rmtrdesar kp-aklems `m cds pmcâaucds `m pdrtk`d (Detleklek, Ncdim, M`wdr`s) msarktds me tkmbplrmdc plr ued smarmtdrkd, qum `koktd d bäquked cl qum lym `m cd pmcâaucd, ske vmrcd.

Cl qum `mstdal `m cls mhmbpcls bmeakled`ls ms qum els lgrmame ued vmrskñe(«busmdc¹) `m ued pmcâaucd me ue smetk`l skbkcdr dc qum bumstrd cd fkstlrkd `mcakem `m «vmrsklems bøctkpcms¹. Dquâ, cl qum mstä me humol ms cd pmcâaucd y su mx-pleknkck`d` -y añbl mstd mxpleknkck`d` trdesglrbd, el tdetl cd pmcâaucd albltdc, skel su rmampakñe y su pmrampakñe plr pdrtm `mc mspmatd`lr. Ad`d pkmzd `m

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ue drtkstd qum trdndhd ued vmrskñe mxplekncm `m ued pmcâaucd, rmsuctd ued mxpm-rkmeakd dedcâtkad bmtdpmramptkvd `le`m mc datl `m vmr kbäomems ms aumstkled-`l albl tdc. Wmr ued «pmcâaucd mxpumstd¹ el ms vlcvmrcd d vmr, ms vmrcd (u lâr-cd) `m ltrd bdemrd y, plr aleskoukmetm, ms prmouetdrsm slnrm mstd dctmrk`d`.

Cds pmcâaucds aktd`ds

Mstd smoue`d gkourd ms buy ̀ kgmrmetm. Cmhls ̀ m qumrmr mxplemr ued pmcâaucd, ̀ m lgrmamr-els ued eumvd vmrskñe (bäs l bmels trdesglrbd`d) pdrd ccmvdrels d ued eumvd mx-pmrkmeakd `m vkskñe, mc lnhmtk vl ms nusadr (ue plal plr tl`ds pdrtms), msadrndr me cdbdtmrkd kegkektd `m cds pmcâaucds, `m tl`d acdsm `m pmcâaucds, alrpus ̀ kvmrsls, fmtmrl-oëemls l alestktuk`ls, mxtrdmrcms grdaaklems, pm`dzls, grdobmetls smcmaakled`ls, pdrd

(rm)albplemr dcol «eumvl¹. ]e trdndhl `m ke`dodakñe, `m nøsqum`d, `m pmsquksd, `mdaamsl. ]e trdndhl `m smcmaakñe , `m alrtm, y cumol `m `msaudrtkzdbkmetl. ]e trdndhl`m rmlrodekzdakñe, `m mesdbncdhm y plr øctkbl, `m bletdhm. Mealetrdr, `msgkourdr(rm)alegkourdr. Dquâ cd dprlpkdakñe ms bmels ue omstl ̀ m prmsmetdakñe (mxplemr) qum ueomstl ̀ m ̀ ms/rm-alestruaakñe. Cd lpmrdakñe el dpuetd d ue lnhmtl lrkokedrkl y lrkokedc (cdpmcâaucd bdtrkz), skel bäs nkme, d ue kbdokedrkl akembdtlorägkal bäs oclndc l trdesvmrsdc.

Zmesdbls kebm`kdtdbmetm me ued präatkad mstdncmak`d y rmalelak`d qum fdam `mmstm prlncmbd, mc bmlccl bksbl `m su datkvk`d`8 mc glue` glltdom . Els mealetrdblsme cd grletmrd metrm akem mxpmrkbmetdc y präatkads `m mxplskakñe, pums cds pmcâaucds`m glue` glltdom pum`me vmrsm tdetl prlymatd`ds me ued sdcd albl me kestdcdaklemsme cls cuodrms `mc drtm. Aude`l a kemdstds-drtkstds albl cls `m cd msaumcd dustrâdadaletmbplräemd (Bdrtke Drelc`, Bdttfkds Bóccmr, Arkstlpf Okrdr`mt, Zmtmr Psafmridssiy,plr mhmbpcl) vumcvme d vksktdr mc akem, me mspmakdc mc akem edrrdtkvl flccywll`mesm,ms pdrd fdamr pmcâaucds l kestdcdaklems qum el slcdbmetm «dalbmtme¹ cd bdtmrkdgâcbkad lrkokedc (mstm `msaudrtkzdbkmetl gâskal ms buy bdrad`l, plr mhmbpcl, meZmtmr Psafmridssiy, l tdbnkëe, `m ltrd bdemrd, me Bdrtke Drelc`), skel qum tdbnkëe«rmadrode¹ mstds pmcâaucds-bdtmrkdcms albl lnhmtls aucturdcms y trdndhde mc kbdok-edrkl l cd k`mlcloâd qum trdesbktme pdrd lgrmamrels ued rm-cmaturd yd smd arâtkad

yd smd plëtkad. @m mstd bdemrd, Flbm stlrkms (Bdttfkds Bóccmr, 4;;:) trdndhd alecds plsturds edrrdtkvds y gkourdtkvds mstmrmltkpd`ds `mc bmcl`rdbd flccywll`mesm`m cls dôls =:. Dclem (4;;6) y Zkæam tluafëm (4;6;) `m B. Drelc`, `msbmeuzde,ale fublr, mc kealesakmetm omstudc l plsturdc `m cls aumrpls y `m cls pmrsledhmslauctl me cls pckmoums `m cd kbdome lr`kedrkd. Lutmr Qpdam l @rmdbwlri (ZmtmrPsafmridssiy, 4;;; y >:::) rmkevmetde bl`ls prlpkdbmetm gkourdcms `m edrrdakñe

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d pdrtkr `m ue bksbl bdtmrkdc lrkokedc. Me mc bksbl smetk`l oclndc, bm rmgkmrl dcds pmcâaucds `m Okdeekikde y ^kaafk-Cuaafk (tl`ds `ms`m @u pðcm d c‛ëqudtmur ), lcds `m Nkcc Blrrksle (Glltprkets ), Dc ^dzutks (y sus Wksudc Mssdys ) l Bdri Cmwks (alesu Akembd ke pdrts ), mta. Pl`ds mstds lpmrdaklems qum humode ale cd adrem `m cdskbäomems gâcbkads, `msbletde y rmbletde mc akem pdrd tlbdr `m ëc k`mds y sme-sdaklems sk el eumvds, dc bmels sâ rmelvd`ds. @ms`m cumol, cd prmsmetdakñe «kestd-cdaklekstd¹ `m mstds aketds el skmbprm ms prklrktdrkd, pmrl pl`mbls alesk`mrdr qumad`d pmcâaucd ms me sâ bksbd y `m glrbd ndstdetm mxdatd, ued kestdcdakñe mspmaâ-gkad `m grdobmetls `m ltrds pmcâaucds. L d`qukmrm `kbmesklems mspmaâgkads alblmc `ksplsktkvl `m Qkcmet Blvkm `m Afrks Bdrimr (4;;=), ale sus akeal pdetdccds `mvk`ml slnrmpumstds me alcubed y su prlordbd dcmdtlrkl `m albnkedaklems kegkektds`m pcdels d pdrtkr `m cds kbäomems ordnd`ds me cls akeal vk`ml`ksals. L albl cd

`ksplskakñe me trms pdetdccds sktud`ds ueds `mcdetm `m cds ltrds (me ued mspmakm`m mstrdtkgkadakñe bmblrkdc) `m [mrvdet Okdeekikde y Deomcd ^kaafk Cuaafk me CdBdrakd `mcc‛ulbl . L tdbnkëe, plr supumstl, cd mxplskakñe-kestdcdakñe `m Ol`dr`me Nmdunluro, Wlydom(s) me utlpkm , qum ms ued lnrd kegkektd `m aktds bøctkpcms.

Cl qum qum`d `m tl`d mstd trd`kakñe `m lnrds `m drtm albpumstds plr «pmcâau-cds aktd`ds¹ ms cd k`md omemrdc `m qum mc akem ms, plr mxamcmeakd, mc kbdokedrkl`m kbäomems qum grmaumetd eumstrls mspârktus, qum laupd cd bmblrkd vksudc ale-tmbplräemd, els oustm l el. Cd kbdome gâcbkad albl bdtmrkd y albl mspmatrl,

albl gkaakñe `m kbdome me gkckorded, albl adrem gdetdsbd skmbprm dfâ, gumrtmy gräokc d cd vmz. Pl`ds mstds kestdcdaklems, `m bdemrd arâtkad, krñekad, `meue-akd`lrd l kalelacdstd, el `mhde `m rmpmtârelscl8 mc akem, cds pmcâaucds, sle, d gk-edcms `mc skocl VV, mc tmcñe `m gle`l `m eumstrd rmcdakñe ale cd kbdome y plrcl tdetl, ale mc bue`l. Eumstrl pmesdbkmetl vksudc ms «akembdtlorägkal¹. Cd pmcâaucd rmalestruk`d

Ale mstd tmramrd glrbd els bdetmembls me cds gkourds `m dprlpkdakñe, pmrl al-bmezdbls d tlbdr `kstdeakd (ale su `kbmeskñe cktmrdc) y yd el sm trdtd `m ued

dprlpkdakñe bdtmrkdc `m cd kbdome, skel `m ued mspmakm `m dprlpkdakñe me smoue`lord`l, `m ued dprlpkdakñe armd`lrd `m cd k`md glrbdc `m ued pmcâaucd, ms `makr, `mued rmalestruaakñe (me mc smetk`l me mc qum sm fdncd `m cd rmalestruaakñe `m uearkbme). Cd pmcâaucd rmalestruk`d smrâd d cd pmcâaucd (lrkokedc, bdtrkakdc) cl qum mc«aud`rl vkvl¹ ms dc aud`rl. Qm vumcvm d fdamr (rmbdim ), ale datlrms (bäs l bmelseumvls) y me ue mspârktu `m rmcdakledrsm ale mc lnhmtl `m rmgmrmeakd, qum pdrtkakpd

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acdvm :4;-;?

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`m tl`ls cls humols `kdcëatkals metrm gk`mck`d` m kegk`mck`d`, metrm rmprlùaakñe ytrdesglrbdakñe, metrm cl bksbl y cl ltrl. Mstls humols `m smbmhdezd y `m `kgmrme-akd, `le`m skmbprm `ksputde metrm sâ cd pdrtm `m kevmeakñe y cd `m rmprlùaakñe, smsktøde me mc ametrl `m cd lpmrdakñe -y `m cds lnrds qum trdndhde ale mstm bl`mcl.

Dcouels mhmbpcls8 C‛Mcckpsm `m Zkmrrm Fuyoum (4;;6) ms ued kestdcdakñe `m trmspdetdccds qum «kevmetd¹ ue pcdel smaumeakd qum «fdam gdctd¹ me cd pmcâaucd C‛dbkdbërkadke `m _kb _me`mrs (4;??). Cds pdetdccds `m cd kzqukm r`d y `m cd `mrmafdbumstrde ued smaumeakd suamskvd `m cd pmcâaucd lrkokedc me `ls pcdels, qum mb-pdcbdnde ale ued mckpsks (d cd kzqukmr`d sm vm mc pmrsledhm ketmrprmtd`l plr NruelOdez, me ue dpdrtdbmetl `m cd rkvm oduafm me Zdrks9 d cd `mrmafd, sm meaumetrdmc bksbl pmrsledhm me ltrl sktkl, mstd vmz sktud`l me cd rkvm `rlktm 9 cd pmcâaucd `m

_me`mrs lbktâd cl qum pdsdnd metrm cls `ls pcdels ordakds d ued aletkeuk`d`).Wmketm dôls `mspuës `mc rl`dhm `m _me`mrs, Zkmrrm Fuyoum (rm)gkcbñ cd mckpsksmxplekëe`lcd8 cm pk`kñ dc bksbl datlr, Nruel Odez, plr supumstl mevmhmak`l, qumrmalrrkmrd `m eumvl mc trdymatl metrm cls `ls cuodrms. Me 4;;6 cl gkcbñ dtrdvmsde`lmc pumetm `m Ormemccm me ue pcdel smaumeakd `m lafl bkeutls. Mstm pcdel smaumeakdsm prlymatd me cd pdetdccd ametrdc metrm cls `ls pcdels suamskvls `m _me`mrs. ^m-alestruaakñe `msgdsd`d `m ued dusmeakd ketmrstkakdc. ]e flbnrm qum adbked -y qumpkmesd- me ue ketmrvdcl metrm `ls pcdels `m ëplad, qum dtrdvkmsd ue pumetm pdrduekr `ls cuodrms y `ls blbmetls. K`d y vumctd `m ued bmblrkd me mc prmsmetm qum

sm vumcvm d fdamr me cd plstmrk`d` `mc rmaumr`l `m ued pmcâaucd pmrglrd`d. ]ed`kstdeakd mspdakdc rmalestruk`d me ued `kstdeakd tmbplrdc.

Pfm Pfkr` Bmblry `mc bksbl Zkmrrm Fuyoum (>:::), ms ue `ksplsktkvl rmalestruatlr`m trms adpds. Me «mc lrkome¹, ms ue suamsl qum gum cd albk`kccd `m cls pmrkñ`kals8 uegrdadsd`l dtrdal `m ndeal me Nrllicye `le`m funl tlbd `m rmfmems. Cd tmcmvkskñemstd`luek`mesm yd fdnâd gkcbd`l me `krmatl ued pdrtm `m cd daakñe (mc dsm`kl `mcndeal plr pdrtm `m ue plckaâd qum mxdomrdnd buafl). @mspuës funl ued pmcâaucdgdblsd, @lo @dy Dgtmrelle (Qyèmy Cubmt, 4;?=) qum «cl pusl me msamed¹, ketmr-prmtde mstm fmafl plckakdc (rmalestruaakñe gkaakledc) `le`m Dc Zdakel fdam mc pdpmc

`mc dsdctdetm. Zlr øctkbl, Zkmrrm Fuyoum el slcdbmetm rmtlbd mstm `lncm bdtmrkdc`m kbäomems, qum cm skrvm `m aletrdpuetl, skel qum tdbnkëe mcdnlrd me mstu`kl uedrmalestruaakñe bkeuaklsd, `mc dtdqum dc ndeal, ale `malrd`ls msqumbätkals, mxtrds(mbpcmd`ls `mc ndeal, plckaâds) y slnrm tl`l -`m fmafl tl`l mc prlymatl pdrtm `mdfâ- ale mc dsdctdetm «me pmrsled¹ (Hlfe _lhtlwkaz me mc pdpmc `m sâ bksbl y mevm-

hmak`l) , `mspuës `m fdnmr aubpc k`l su pmed, «(rm)prmsmetd cd msamed¹ pdrd Fuyoum

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`le`m pum`m prmtme`mr «lgrmamr cd vmrskñe vmr`d`mrd `m cls fmafls¹ dc bksbltkmbpl qum sm metrmod d ued rmalestruaakñe `mspuës `m adsk 1: dôls. @m mstdbdemrd, ms dc bksbl tkmbpl cd pmrsled y mc pmrsledhm `m mstm `ksplsktkvl `m trmsekvmcms, mc datlr y mc fërlm (qum rmdcbmetm gum), mc dutlr (me smetk`l albpcmtl) y mc`krmatlr `m msamed (`d cds ke`kadaklems, `krkom d cls mxtrds) m keacusl mc albmetd-rkstd `kstdeakd`l me cd plstmrk`d` (arktkad cd «gdcsd¹ vmrskñe `m Cubmt/Zdakel, mta.)

Mc trdndhl `m Alestdez ^ufb, me su prlymatl V Afdrdatmr, me pdrtkaucdr su VAfdrdatmrs/^M(fmrs)DC (>::1/>::0) y su Eded/Qunrlutkem (>::0), tdbnkëe prl-am`m `m cd cñokad rmalestruatkvd, pmrl, `ms`m ltrds pmrspmatkvds døe (rmbktl d sutmxtl me mstm eøbmrl). Me plads pdcdnrds, sm trdtd, ordakds dc melrbm smetk`l `mcknmrtd` `m kevmeakñe, `m rm-pdrtkr `m pmrsledhms `m cd gkaakñe akembdtlorägkad, rmcd-

tkvdbmetm alelak`ls y yd kestdcd`ls me eumstrd bmblrkd `m mspmatd`lr (cd Eded `mcsmoue`l mhmbpcl prlvkmem `m Wkvkr su vk`d `m Ol`dr`9 cls skmtm pmrsledhms gmbmek-els `mc prkbmr mhmbpcl prlvkmeme `m pmcâaucds y `m rmdckzd`lrms `kgmrmetms8 Dcbdvkmem `m Zmrsled `m Nmrobde, Nrmm `m Icutm `m Dcde Zdiucd, Okuckded `m Mc `mskmr tlrlhl `m Detleklek, Fdrk `m Qlcdrks `m Pdrilvsik, Cdurd `m cls Cls lhls `m Cdurd Bdrs `m Imrsfemr, ^dafmc `m Ncd`m ^ueemr `m ^k`cmy Qaltt, mta. Cds skmtm buhmrms, eke-oued `m cds audcms sm pdrmam gâskadbmetm d su bl`m cl, sm meaumetrde mspmrde`l meue dmrlpumrtl mstkckzd`l…), alesk`mräe`lcls albl pmrsledhms `m ued eumvd gkaakñe,pmrl qum yd tkmeme ue pdsd`l y ued vkvmeakd akembdtlorägkad, ued k`metk`d` qum yd

mstä dfâ . Cds lnrds (albpcmhds, qum kbpckade pmcâaucds, gltls, cknrls, kestdcdaklems)sle bmzacds buy dnkmrtds `m `käclols kevmetd`ls me sktudaklems aletmbplräemds y`m kbdokedrkls akeëgkcls bäs l bmels mvk`metms9 sm albnkede, ale gcmxknkck`d` y su-tkcmzd, prlxkbk`d` y `kstdeakd, smbmhdezd y `kgmrmeakd, rmalestruaakñe m kevmeakñe.

Gkourds glrbdcms `m ue akem vkrtudc

Mc blvkbkmetl `m smpdrdakñe `m cd dprlpkdakñe gâskad aletkeød ale mstd eumvdadtmolrâd `m gkourds pums dquâ, cd rmcdakñe ale mc akem el sm ccmvd d adnl me mc äbnk-tl `m ued (l `m vdrkds) pmcâaucd(s) me pdrtkaucdr, s kel me ue adbpl bäs «dnstrdatl¹ l

bäs omemrdc, qum mc `melbked`l cds «glrbds gâcbkads¹, tdcms albl mc adbpl/aletrd-adbpl, cd aletkeuk`d` `m cd bkrd`d l me mc blvkbkmetl, mc bletdhm dctmrel l pdrdcmcl,mta. Pl`ds mstds glrbds qum glrhdrle mc cmeoudhm akembdtlorägkal vde d smrvkr, elske smr «d`dptd`ds¹, `m bl`mcl `m pumstd me msamed pdrd `kvmrsds kestdcdaklems `mdrtkstds9 sm vm nkme, `m quë glrbd cd `ksplskakñe `m mstds lnrds ms `mu`lrd `m tl`dsmstds gkourds nkme mstdncmak`ds `m cd msarkturd gâcbkad. Me mstm adbpl, uel `m cls

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prkeakpkls rmaurrmetms ms cd trdsplskakñe ̀ m cds glrbds tmbplrdcms ̀ mc akem (me mspm-akdc `m tl`d cd `keäbkad rmcdakled`d ale mc bletdhm) , me ued `ksplskakñe mspdakdc mecd mxplskakñe y els pmrbktm albprme`mr cd vmr`d`mrd gdsa kedakñe `m cls drtkstds `mcplst-akem, plr cd gkourd `m cd buctk-pdetdccd . Cd al-prmsmeakd me ued odcmrâd, smoøelr`medbkmetls mspmaâgkals , `m vdrkds pdetdccds `m prlymaakñe pum`m pmesdrsm alblued mspmakm `m trdsplskakñe `krmatd me mc mspdakl `m cds gkourds `m bletdhm `mc akem.Fdy buafls mhmbpcls qum el sñcl auctkvde cd rmgmrmeakd d cds glrbds, skel tdbnkëecls tmbds gâcbkals tkpl, alestktuyme`l koudc eøbmrl `m tlplk , `m bltkvls `m ndsm,`m mstäe`drms `mc akem. Buafds sle cds kestdcdaklems qum prmsmetde, plr mhmbpcl,msameds `m albk`d me mc rmstdurdetm, msameds `lbëstkads, blbmetls `m rmmeaume-trl, l `m `macdrdaklems `m dblr, fuk`ds , mta., metrm `ls prltdolekstds qum mc fänktl`mc akem els fd dalstubnrd`l d vmr me adbpl/aletrdadbpl l me bletdhm dctmrel, l

bm`kdetm aletkeuk`d`ms `m blvkbkmetl, keacusl me sdctls ̀ m mhm l me mead`medbkme-tls `m äeoucl l `m omstl, mta. Me Qtde @luocds, me Qdb Pdyclr _ll`, me Qtmvm BaTumme, me @luo Dktime, me ^dkemr Lc`me`lrg y me buafls ltrls, sm (rm)meaumetrdemstds msameds kestdcd`ds me `ksplsktkvls buctk-pdetdccd8 mc adbpl/aletrdadbpl `mcakem sm alevkmrtm me ued prlymaakñe skbuctäemd slnrm `ls pdetdccds megrmetd`ds lslnrm `ls pdetdccds dckemd`ds ued dc cd`l `m cd ltrd, l slnrm `ls pdetdccds ̀ k spums-tds me äeoucl rmatl qum rmprl`uam mc äeoucl `m tlbds `m `ls aäbdrds, mta. Ocl-ndcbmetm, `krmbls qum cl qum mc akem `kstrknuym me cd suamskvk`d` `m sus pcdels, cdmxplskakñe cl plem me msamed me cd skbuctdemk`d` mspdakdc `m sus pdetdccds, huode`l

ale tl`ls cls mgmatls `m «aletkeuk`d`¹ pmrl me mc mspdakl (rkbds vksudcms, s kbmtrâd,kevmrskñe, rmtlrel, mta.). Cl detmrklr els fdam pmesdr me mc bletdhm vmrtkadc (plrlplskakñe dc bletdhm flrkzletdc) bmeakled`l plr Dnmc Odeam d prlpñsktl, `m tl`lscls lr`medbkmetls vksudcms qum, smoøe ëc, dutlrkzdnd su gdblsd trkpcm pdetdccd.

Dc gkedc ̀ m mstd cñokad sm pcdetmd cd prmouetd slnrm mc rmcdtl. Dcouels drtkstds cd pcde-tmdrle grletdcbmetm (@luo Dktime, plr mhmbpcl, l Qtmvm Ba Tumme, l Zkpkcltk ^ kst, lMkhd-Ckksd Dftkcd) ¼Ms plskncm y añbl, aletdr ued fkstlrkd me (y bm`kdetm) mc mspdakl`m ued kestdcdakñe< Cd buctkpdetdccd, me audetl fdam mspdakdc cd suamskñe `m cls pcd-els, sm pum`m utkckzdr me mstm smetk`l, pdrd rmsple`mr d cd lrodekzdakñe ̀ mc rmalrr k`l

albl tdc `mc vksktdetm me cd mxplskakñe. Qu trdymatlrkd, qum vd `m pdetdccd me pde-tdccd, gueakledrâd albl ued prlormskñe pcdel plr pcdel me cd fkstlrkd `m cd pmcâaucd.Cd bdrafd ms cd qum drtkaucd cd edrrdakñe. Gkourd `mc edrrd`lr-adbkedetm. Adbkelcumol sly (cd fkstlrkd). Mc trdymatl pum`m smr ckemdc (ms bäs nkme rdrl) y ale bäs grm-aumeakd ms albpcmhl, bø ctkpcm, mstdccd`l, cdnmrâetkal l pum`m smr dnkmrtl l amrrd`l,räpk`l l cmetl, mta. Wksktdr cd mxplskakñe sm pdrmam d «vmr ued pmcâaucd¹ y mc mspmatd-`lr (kebñvkc, smetd`l, mta. ) sm trdesglrbd me pdsmdetm (me mc smetk`l nmehdbkekdel).




acdvm :4;-;?

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Wmbls, `m mstd bdemrd, añbl dvdezdbls plr zleds `le`m cd prmouetd slnrm mcakem me cds lnrds `m drtm aletmbplräeml ms ad`d vmz bäs smaue`drkd, vkrtudc,dnstrdatd, kbpcâaktd, bmtdgñrkad. Ms mvk`metm qum sm trdtd `m ue mgmatl . Cd mx-plskakñe `m Zfkckppm-Dcdke Bkafdu` me mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu prmsmetd`d dc albkme-zl `m mstm tmxtl, bdrad `m akmrtd bdemrd, mc puetl `m ccmod`d `m mstm mgmatl.Cl qum «sm pdrmam dc akem¹ me dcoueds lnrds prmsmetd`ds me Cm Bluvmbmet`ms kbdoms d bmeu`l `mpme`m `m ued mspmakm `m vkrtudck`d` mxtrmbd8 pum`msmr ue omstl, ued plsturd, ued glrbd, ue aud`rl, ue blvkbkmetl, ue `mtdccm ‑dvmams keacusl ue skbpcm humol `m pdcdnrds (cd gked pmcâaucd `m cmafm smad qum«sm pdrmam d ue gkcbm¹ me cd Zkmrrm `m cdkt `m _lcgodeo Cdkn…). Ms mvk`me-tm qum mc mgmatl `m akem mstä prmsmetm y laupd tl`ds eumstrds bdemrds `m vmr.

>;



acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Ol`dr`, armd`lr buctkbm`kd

^msubme8

]ed cmaturd `m cls bm`kls du`klvksudcms d trdvës `m cd lnrd y mc pmesdbkmetl`m Hmde-Cua Olr`dr`. ]e rmalrrk`l plr mc usl y cds albnkedtlrkds armdtkvds,`mc akem, mc vk`ml, cds kestdcdaklems y cd kbdome `koktdc qum els pmrbktme uedvkskñe `m ued prdxks slnrm cd fknrk`mz tmaelcñokad `mc øctkbl bm`kl skocl, qumfdam `m Ol`dr` ue armd`lr Buctkbm`kd.

Zdcdnrds acdvm8

Zmesdr mc du`klvksudc, bm`kls dedcñokals, gkcbm, PW, vk`ml, kestdcdaklems,

busml, fknrk`mz, eumvds tmaelcloâds, armdakñe buctkbm`kd.

* Bdstmr ke Drts, ]ekvmrskty lg Zkttsnurof, Zmeesycvdekd, ]QD, 4;6= 9 Mormsd`l ̀ mc Zrlordbd Ord`ud`l ̀ mc Ame-trl `m Mstu`kls Cdtkeldbmrkadels, ]ekvmrskty lg Zkttsnurof, Zmessycvdekd, ]QD, 4;6= 9 Ckamesm `‛mesmkoembmet,]ekvmrsktë `m Zdrks WKKK, Wkeameems. 4;6> 9 @krmatlr `m prlymatls `m kevmstkodakñe me akem, vk`ml y buctkbm`kd.

Hlrom Cd Gmrcd*

14

Ol`dr`, armd`lr buctkbm`kd • Hlrom Cd Gmrcd • 14-0=



acdvm :4;-;?

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Dnstrdat8

D rmd`keo lg tfm bm`kd tfrluof tfm wlri de` tfluoft lg Hmde-Cua Olr`dr`. D rmvks kt

darlss armdtkvm albnkedtlrkdcs, ke gkcb, vk`ml, kestdcdtkle de` `koktdc kbdokeo, wfkafdcclw us tl rmadcc tfm prdatkams le fynrk` tmafelcloy lg tfm pdst fdcg ametury, tfdt`mtmrbkem Ol`dr`‛s rlcm ds d buctkbm`kd armdtlr.

Imywlr`s8

Pfkeikeo du`kl-vksudc, dedcloum bm`kubs, gkcb, PW, vk`ml, kestdcdtkles, busmub,fknrk`kty, emw tmafelclokms, buctkbm`kd armdtkle.

^msubl*8

]bd cmkturd `ls bmkls du`klvksudks dtrdvës `d lnrd m `l pmesdbmetl `m Hmde-CuaOlr`dr`. Prdtd-sm `m ub pmraursl pmcl usl m albnkedtñrkds arkdtkvds, `l a kembd, `lvâ`ml, `ds kestdcdïýms m `d kbdomb `koktdc qum els pmrbktmb d vksál `m ubd präxksslnrm d fknrk`mz tmaelcñokad `ls øctkbls akequmetd dels, m qum gdz `m Ol`dr` ubarkd`lr Buctkbâ`kd.

Zdcdvrds Afdvm8

Zmesdr l du`klvksudc, bmkls dedcñokals, gkcbm, PW, vâ`ml, kestdcdïýms, busmu,fknrk`mz, elvds tmaelclokds, arkdïál buctkbâ`kd.

14-0= • Hlrom Cd Gmrcd • Ol`dr`, armd`lr buctkbm`kd

>




acdvm :4;-;?

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–Mc gkcbm fd tmrbked`l. Ms trkstm qum ed`km mstë kevmstkode`l slnrm msl. Zmrl¼quë sm pum`m fdamr< [ `m tl`ls bl`ls, ale cls tmcëglels bñvkcms y cl `mbäs,fly tl`ls pum`me smr dutlrms.‒

H.-C. O.4

A@ ^LB(m)

A‛mst ^lbm.

A‛mst ^lbm tluhlurs.

A‛mst tluhlurs c‛ëocksm rlbdkem.

Ïd durdkt pu s‛dppmcmr dutrmbmet bdks ïd s‛dppmccm albbm ïd.

H.-C.O.>

Ol`dr` fd aubpck`l 6: dôls me mc dôl >:4:, ued mgmbërk`m qum bdrad cd fkstlrkd `m

cds drtms vksudcms y `m cds k`mds, alesk`mrde`l ued lnrd y ue dutlr, qum trdsakme`me,albl plals, cds adtmolrâds uekglrbms qum rkome mc alesmesl `mc mspmatäaucl y mcdatudc `ksaursl slnrm cd oclndckzdakñe. Me blbmetls pdrtkaucdrbmetm arâtkals `m prm-ple`mrdeakd dnslcutd ̀ m cd bäquked `koktdc, Ol`dr` bdetkmem ued rmcdakñe alegckatkvdale mc bue`l `mc drtm, cd dad`mbkd y cd aucturd. Mstm `ksmesl, krrmaleakckdncm, fddtrdvmsd`l `kvmrsds grletmrds qum sñcl uels plals fde trdesktd`l me mc adbpl `m cd

4. fttp8//www.acdrke.alb/mspmatdaucls/akem/gkcbm-tmrbked`l\:\=>4;06:;=.ftbc >>.:?.>:44, Pfm Oudr`kde yAcdrâe.>. A@ ^LB(m). Ms ^lbd. Ms skmbprm ^lbd. Ms cd kocmskd rlbded. Qm pl`râd fdnmr ccdbd`l `m ltrd bdemrd, pmrl sm ccdbddsâ el bäs.‒ Fmerk Nëfdr, Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` Zrmss Alegmrmeam, Bletrmdc Gkcb Gmstkvdc, 4;;= (fttp8//www.gkcbsaluts.alb/sarkpts/ketmrvkmw.agb<Gkcm2>6::).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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armdakñe du`klvksudc. Ol`dr` fd `mdbnucd`l plr `kvmrsds rmoklems `m cds drtms y clsbm`kls lgrmakme`l ue slgkstk ad`l skstmbd `m pmesdbkmetl aleametrd`l me cls `kvmrslspdsdhms metrm mc akem y cls slplrtms du`klvksudcms, auyl øctkbl gkcb Qlakdcksbl (>:4:),sm prmsmetd albl ued eltdncm sâetmsks. D cl cdrol `m adsk bm`kl skocl `m lpmrdtlrkdvkrtulsd ale cls `kvmrsls `ksplsktkvls du`klvksudcms, Ol`dr` prlùam d aletrdalrrkmetm`mc akem qum skoum mc bl`mcl `m rmprmsmetdakñe kestktuakledc, `mc metrmtmekbkmetlalbmrakdc dc akem `m dutlr, trdsame`kme`l cls mspdakls fdnktudcms me cls qum sumcmblvmrsm ue `krmatlr `m akem, akraucd`l plr dbpckls tmrrktlrkls `mc drtm tmaelcñokal,cd dad`mbkd, cd aucturd y cls bm`kls. @krmatlr `m akem, vk`ml, tmcmvkskñe y buctkbm`kd,drtkstd, arâtkal `m akem, m`ktlr `m cknrls, prlgmslr, sle cls adbpls bøctkpcms plr clsqum sm fd blvk`l Ol`dr`. Grletmrds plrlsds metrm auyls câbktms pcdetmd ue skstmbd`m rmgcmxkñe rmgmrmeakdc slnrm cls `ksplsktkvls, cls bmadeksbls k`mlcñokals y cls

mspdakls `m prlùaakñe `mc du`klvksudc tmaelcñokal. Cd rmgmrmeakd `m mstd prdxks `mOl`dr` y su mstu`kl, ms ue `mrrltmrl arâtkal qum keacukbls albl bdtmrkd `m mstu-`kl `ms`m mc aursl Drtm Ketmrdatkvl `m cd Mspmakdckzdakñe me Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd.

Mstm ketmrës me cd lnrd `m Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` els lgrmam ue `ksaursl qum sm fd `mspcdzd`ldc adbpl `mc akem mxpde`k`l, mc audc sm `mgkem me mc usl albnked`l `m cls slplrtms `mcakem ale mc vk`ml, mc buctkbm`kd y cds kestdcdaklems. Mc pmesdbkmetl `m Ol`dr` elsrmsuctd dprlpkd`l, pums rmcmvd albl ekeouel, cds prlncmbätkads qum rlbpme ale cdsadtmolrâds uekglrbms qum døe rkome metrm cds drtms y cls bm`kls tmaelcñokals, meblbmetls pdrtkaucdrbmetm arâtkals `m prmple`mrdeakd dnslcutd `m cd bäquked ` koktdc.Mc du`klvksudc bdetuvl d cl cdrol `m su fkstlrkd ued alegckatkvd rmcdakñe metrm sus`kvmrsls slplrtms y ale mc bue`l `m cds drtms. Mstds `kgmrmeakds, me dpdrkmeakdkrrmaleakckdncms, fde smetd`l grletmrds qum uels plals fde trdesktd`l. D cl cdrol `madsk bm`kl skocl `m lpmrdtlrkd vkrtulsd ale cls `kvmrsls `ksplsktkvls du`klvksudcms,Ol`dr` prlùam lnrds keacdskgkadncms, sk els rmbktkbls d cds adtmolrâds qum kbpmrdeme mc bm`kl dad`ëbkal `m cls mstu`kls vksudcms. Zlembls me glal mc adsl `m Ol`dr`pums tl`d su lnrd trdsakme`m mstls mspdakls fdnktudcms me cls qum sumcm blvmrsmue drtkstd l rmdckzd`lr du`klvksudc.

–¼^l`dbls< ¼Añbl ms plskncm qum skodbls utkckzde`l cd pdcdnrd rl`dr< Aude`lmxkstd mc rmokstrl `koktdc, metleams smrä tl`dvâd buafl bäs rk`âaucl `makr rl`dr, plrqum yd el vd d fdnmr ed`d qum `ë vumc tds. Ale mc vk`ml, tl`dv âd pl`mbls `mak rcl plrqum fdy ued aketd qum ok rd , ¼el<‒.H. -C . O. 1

Mstds grmaumetms nlutd`ms krlekzde slnrm ue mstd`l `m sktudakñe qum els rmbktm

1. Ol`dr`/Qlccmrs9 C°Metrmtkme, Hmde-Zduc Gdrokmr, ?=. Grdeakd. >::7.


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dc akem, pdsd plr cd PW y mc vk`ml, y aucbked ale cds kestdcdaklems y cds eumvdstmaelcloâds. ^malr`mbls qum fdnkme`l sk`l Ol`dr` uel `m cls prkbmrls me dprlxk-bdrsm dc vk`ml, gum tdbnkëe skoekgkadtkvd su tmbprded keaurskñe me cd kbdome`koktdc. Cd detlcñokad smrkm Fkstlrkd(s) `mc akem (4;66/;6) rmdckzd`d d cl cdrol`m ued `ëad`d, ms cd aucbkedakñe `m ued cmaturd `m cl akembdtlorägkal qum surom`m cd grdobmetdakñe `m cl gâcbkal, `ms`m su slplrtm tmaelcñokal, sus `ksaursls mfkstlrkd(s). Bdtmrkdc kegdctdncm `m deäcksks me mc aursl `m drtm ketmrdatkvl, yd smdme mc runrl fkpmrtmxtl, albl me su fknrk`mz d pdrtkr `m sus lrâomems me mc akem d ue`msdrrlccl deueakd`l me lnrds `koktdcms prmketmrdatkvds. Ms mc akmrrm `m ued akmrtdk`md, ued dgkrbdakñe slnrm mc akem pmrl, d pdrtkr `m cd bäquked keglrbätkad. Ol`dr`pkmesd mc akem gumrd `mc akem msarknkme`l ued fkstlrkd kbplskncm `m rmdckzdr ale su`ksplsktkvl. Albl me su blbmetl cl fdnâd prlpumstl ale sus vk`mls, Ol`dr` vumcvm

d mstdncmamr, ue `ksaursl pdrdcmcl dc akem bksbl.

Mc akem y mc vk`ml sle adsk cl bksbl. Cd bdylr `kgmrmeakd, qukzäs, smd cd cuz. Ms cdbksbd `kgmrmeakd qum fdy metrm cd gkclslgâd y cd akmeakd. Cd akmeakd ms mc vk`ml ycd gkclslgâd ms mc akem. Mc akem tkmem ued vk`d adsk fubded9 `kodbls uels akme dôlsalbl bäxkbl. @mspuës emamsktñ tmemr fkhls. Cls tuvl8 cd tmcmvkskñe me cl aucturdc ycl plcâtkal, y mc vk`ml me cl tëaekal y cl mstëtkal. Mstls fkhls, me bk lpkekñe, el fdedbd`l buafl dc akem duequm smd su pd`rm y su bd`rm. 0

Ol`dr` els pmrbktm alesk`mrdr ued detrlplcloâd du`klvksudc ale ndsm me cls sl-

plrtms dedcñokals qum prm`lbkedrle `urdetm mc skocl VV, pums albmezdrâd d ke-vmstkodr ale cls prkbmrls aruams metrm cls `ksplsktkvls mxtrdakembdtlorägkals dprkeakpkls `m cls dôls smtmetd. Mc vk`ml, qum fdnâd surok`l me mc bmrad`l tmcmvkskvld bm`kd`ls `m cd `ëad`d `mc akeaumetd y me cls dôls smsmetd sm aleslck`dnd alblplsknkck`d` `m bdekpucdakñe gumrd `m cls adedcms `m tmcmvkskñe, gum prletl bdtmrkd`m trdndhl pdrd Ol`dr`. Qu lnrd me vk`ml ms plal alelak`d me su tltdck`d` me clsäbnktls `mc akem y skoum akraucde`l plr akrauktls dhmels d cds buctksdcds y clad`l-rds. Cd `ksyuetkvd metrm cls skstmbds acäskals `m rmprmsmetdakñe du`klvksudc y cdsvmrtkmetms mxpmrkbmetdcms `mc akem y `mc vk`ml sm bdetkmeme me Ol`dr` albl `ls

fkstlrkds aruzd`ds, ale plals detmam`metms `m `krmatlrms qum fdyde keaurskled`lskoekgkadtkvdbmetm me dbnls smetk`ls. Me cd bktlcloâd qum sm fd omemrd`l dcrm`m`lr`m Ol`dr` albl `krmatlr `m akem, mstm dspmatl `m su lnrd el aleskoum me cd arâtkad,mstu`klsls y dañcktls, cd trdsame`meakd `m su cdnlr gâcbkad, plr bäs qum tmeod bäs`m audtrl `ëad`ds.

0. Zërmz Lrekd, Hlsë ^dbñe. Mc drtm `mc vk`ml, Bd`rk`, Qmrndc/^PWM, 4;;4.


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acdvm :4;-;?

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cd prkbmrd vmrskñe `m cd Ddtle 1=/6, aäbdrd qum pl`âd lpmrdr ued slcd pmrsled yqum prletl pmrbktkñ cd skearlekzdakñe `koktdc ale mc ordnd`lr `m slek`l Edord . Mcakem, sñcl vksudc me cd mtdpd `m rmokstrl, yd skbucdnd mc slek`l `krmatl `mc vk`ml ycd vmrsdtkck`d` `m cds adbalr`mrs , cds pmqumôds aäbdrds `m vk`ml. Ol`dr` rmdckzdmc cdrolbmtrdhm Zrëelb Adrbme (4;6>) pmcâaucd ale msameds me cladaklems buypmqumôds, `le`m mc akem sm bkbmtkzd ale cds plsknkck`d`ms `m cls mqukpls `m vk`ml.Dqumccds `ksausklems `m Ol`dr` ale Nmduvkdcd sle ued pkmzd `m rmtñrkad keë`ktdme cd fkstlrkd `m cds tmaelcloâds akembdtlorägkads?, qum pl`mbls rmalr`dr albl ueketmradbnkl slarätkal metrm `ls `ksaursls `kvmrometms. D`mbäs, mstdbls grmetm dcadsl `m ue rmdckzd`lr, qum prlùam ue pdsl aleamptudc m k`mlcñokal keë`ktl pums ydel ms mc datl `m dprlpkdrsm y `msvkdr mc prlordbd `m ued bäquked, albl prmoledndWkcëb Gcussmr, skel qum sm trdtd `m mstdr dc kek akl `m cd gdnrkadakñe `m ue bl`mcl `m

aäbdrd `m akem, qum sm sdckñ `m tl`ls cls pdräbmtrls alelak`ls.

@urdetm cls dôls lafmetd, Ol`dr` aletkeød ale mstls pdsdhms metrm mc akem y mcvk`ml kekakde`l ued smrkm øekad me cd fkstlrkd `mc du`klvksudc. Oukñe `m cd pmcâaucdZdskñe (4;6>) ms ue vk`ml qum rmdckzd cumol `m gkedckzdr su cdrolbmtrdhm Zdskñe(4;6>) pdrd pmesdr me cd aleampakñe `mc gkcb. Ol`dr` sm plem me mc aud`rl, pmrl`m mspdc` ds d c d aäbdrd y grmetm d ued pdetdccd ncdead. Mstd mcmaakñe fdam qum cdaäbdrd sm `krkhd me mc bksbl smetk`l qum cd bkrd`d `m Ol`dr`. Me prlgue`k`d` `madbpl, pdsde cls tmxtls, cds kbäomems y cls slek`ls qum akraue`de dspmatls `m cdrmdckzdakñe `mc gkcb, auyd tmbätkad prkeakpdc ms mc prlncmbd `m cd rmprmsmetdakñe`m cd pketurd me mc akem. Mc vk`ml vumcvm slnrm mstd aumstkñe me mc cdrolbmtrdhm,dpckade`l rmaursls `m cd msarkturd mcmatrñekad bm`kdetm cd bdekpucdakñe `mc aud`rlme ue ekvmc vmrtkadc. Cls me cdams l vâeaucls sm supmrpleme me cd pdetdccd skbuctäemd-bmetm, mcu`kme`l mc bletdhm acäskal flrkzletdc qum `mtmrbked mc lr`me y cd hmrdrquâd`m cds tlbds9 plr alrtm `m tlbd lgrmam ued vkskñe aleamptudc, bäs amraded d uefkpmrtmxtl. Mstd msarkturd sm lgrmam albl ue oukñe (me vk`ml) qum `msvâd prmaksd-bmetm mc smetk`l y cd gueakledck`d` lpmrdtkvd `mc oukñe akembdtlorägkal, dsâ alblmsm oëemrl dema`ñtkal `m cls bdikeo lgg . Mstd rdrmzd, sñcl prdatkad`d fdstd mcblbmetl plr Ol`dr` ale vdrkds `m sus pmcâaucds, ms ue mesdyl slnrm mc prlamsl `m

aleampakñe y pumstd me msamed `m ue gkcb. ]ed keë`ktd pumstd me dnksbl, d ekvmc`kdarñekal y skearñekal, me cls prlamsls `m alestruaakñe `m ued pmcâaucd.

Edakbkmetl `m cd kbdome `m ued edakñe ms mc elbnrm `m ue wlrisflp qum fkzl Ol`dràle su prlùatlrd Qlekbdom me Blzdbnkqum, ùrdetm mc prkbmr olnkmrel ke`mpme-`kmetm. H-C.O. `katd ue smbkedrkl me msd tkmrrd drrdsd`d, cd mx alclekd plrtuoumsd,

?. Omemsks lg Adbmrd8 Hmde Zkmrrm Nmduvkdcd de` Hmde Cua Ol`dr`. Adbmrd lnsaurd, Wlc. =. Erl. 41/40 , sprkeo-subbmr 4;6=, p. 471-4;1.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

cd audc `mnâd albmezdr d msarknkr su fkstlrkd du`klvksudc albl edakñe. Mstds mxpm-rkmeakds `m Ol`dr` dc grmetm `m lpaklems `m mesmôdezd sle vdrkd`ds y ms plstmrklrd cd mxpmrkmeakd `m sus acdsms me cd Msaumcd `m Akem `m Bletrmdc, aude`l lgrmamued vkskñe `m cd fkstlrkd `mc akem albpdrd`d ale sus prlpkds pmcâaucds, qum smrâduel `m cls lrâomems `m Fkstlkrm(s) ù akeëbd . D pdrtkr `m cd trdesarkpakñe `m msdsalegmrmeakds, sm punckad mc cknrl Ketrlùaakñe d ued (vmr`d`mrd) fkstlrkd `mc akem 6,ued cmaturd dcmhd`d `mc rmalrrk`l arlelcñokal y `m cd vkskñe meakaclpë`kad. Cds fd-nktudcms `kormsklems dtrknuk`ds d cd trdesarkpa kñe `m cds acdsms sle mc mhm `ksaurskvl`m Ol`dr`, qum cumol sm vkeaucd ale cls lafl adpâtucls `m sus Fkstlrkd(s) `mc akem .Cls keeubmrdncms grdobmetls `m cdrolbmtrdhms utkckzd`ls sle ketmrvmek`ls `koktdc-bmetm, bl`kgkade`l su vmclak`d`, tmxturd y bletdhm lrkokedcms. Mstds albnkedtlr kdssm ndsde me dqumc prlamsl `m kearustdakñe qum Ol`dr` fdnâd utkckzd`l me su lnrd

detmrklr. Msd supmrplskakñe `m kbäomems alestktuâd cd `kgmrmeakd mxprmskvd y ale-amptudc, `mc alrtm ckemdc y cd cñokad droubmetdtkvd `mc bletdhm ‑`ls adrdatmrâstkads`m cd msarkturd akembdtlorägkad acäskad‑, alestruyme`l mcmatrñekadbmetm ue alccdom ,qum ued vmz bäs, pl`mbls pmesdrcl albl ue mesdyl; qum sm damrad d cd k`md `mue fkpmrtmxtl, d pmsdr `m el lgrmamr ketmrdaakñe. Me su glrbd gkedc, cds Fkstlrkd(s)`mc akem sle kbplskncms `m aleamnkr me amcuclk`m. Mc slplrtm `mc akem sm mxtrdôd dsâ bksbl aude`l sm trdtd `m rmalestrukrcl me su fkstlrkd m fkstlrkd(s). Mstd lnrdalbpcmtd cm ccmvd d Ol`dr` ued `ëad`d y `ms`m fdam plal tkmbpl albmezñ d akraucdrrmsubk`d, `kmz dôls `mspuës `m tmrbked`d, me amcuclk`m y albl ue cdrolbmtrdhm4:

d trdvës `mc trdesgmr `koktdc tl gkcb 44

. Mc slplrtm `koktdc vumcvm dc mgmatl akem plrskbucdakñe, ue vmr`d`mrl fânrk`l tmaelcñokal y `ksaurskvl. Zrkbmrl, gum mc akem mesu glrbd purd, aude`l cl gkcbd`l knd dc cdnlrdtlrkl, sm plsktkvdnd, sm bletdndme blvklcd y sm prlymatdnd. Cd pdrd`lhd `mc slplrtm `koktdc, me cls tkmbpls `m cdbumrtm `mc akem, ms prmtme`mr prlcleodr mstm mgmatl4> .

Mstls pdsdhms `m Ol`dr` fdame rmgmrmeakd d msm bl`l `m mcdnlrdr aleamptls slnrmmc akem, me slplrtms el akembdtlorägkals `ms`m cls audcms sm alestruym ued bäqukedalbpdrdtkvd `m cd(s) fkstlrkd(s) `mc akem, me cl qum smrâd ue mcdnlrd`l y albpcmhlfkpmrtmxtl, prmketmrdatkvl.

6. Ol`dr` Hmde-Cua. Ketrlùaakñe d ued vmr`mrd fkstlrkd `mc akem. Bd`rk`. M`. Dcpfdvkccm, 4;6:.;. _mkerkaftmr, Detlekl(albp.). Cd glrbd qum pkmesd tmetdtkvds me tlrel dc akem-mesdyl. Zdbpcled, @m Wkstd, Gle`l `mZunckadaklems `mc Olnkmrel `m Edvdrrd, >::?. 4:. Blbmets aflksks `ms Fkstlkrm(s) ù Akeëbd, Hmde-Cua Ol`dr`, ;:‛, Grdeakd, >::0.44. Fdam prmaksdbmetm ued `ëad`d, `ls dad`ëbkals `m rmgmrmeakd qum fde vksktd`l cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m cls De`msrmakmetmbmetm, Qkmogrkm` Xkmckesik y Zfkckppm @unlks ‑ prmsmetm me mc alclqukl qum gmstmhñ cls `kmz dôls `m cd MAB -prmsmetdrle me mc Ametrl ^matlr ^kadr`l ^lhds `m cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m Numels Dkrms, huetl d Drcke`l Bdafd`l y @dvk`Lunkôd, audtrl cmaturds bdokstrdcms `m cds Fkstlrkds(s) `mc Akem. Cds prlgmslrds Byrkdb Cuksd @âdz y Acdu`kd Okdemttktdbnkëe pdrtkakpdrle `m cd WK Bumstrd Murldbmrkaded `m akem, vk`ml y drtm `koktdc, Numels Dkrms, >::4.4>. Amrafk ]sdk, Zdlcl. Cd bumrtm `mc akem, Ndramcled, Cdmrtms, >::=.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Cls grmaumetms alrrkbkmetls `m Ol`dr` ccmodrâde rmakmetmbmetm d ltrd zled `mketmrvmeakñe me mc äbnktl `mc drtm. Cd metmcmqukd `mc tërbkel –drtms du`klvksudcms‒el dcadezd d rmcmvdr cd bdoektu` `m cls adbpls megrmetd`ls. Cds mxplskaklems `mOl`dr` Alccdoms `m Grdeakd (>::7) y Wkdhms d cd utlpâd (>::6) qum tuvkmrle cuodrme mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu `m Zdrâs, puskmrle eumvdbmetm me arksks cls câbktms `m ueddutlrrmgcmxkñe qum sm `mspcdzdnd dflrd `m cd sdcd lsaurd d ltrls tmrrktlrkls `mmxfknkakñe. Cd metrd`d `m Ol`dr` dc busml alegrletd cls câbktms `m dbnls adbplsy cd tme`meakd me cd nøsqum`d `m cmoktkbk`d` me cls mspdakls prlpkls `mc drtm.

Ol`dr` qumrâd lgrmamr ue smbkedrkl me mc Alccæom `m Grdeam, qum vkeaucdrd cd fks-tlrkd `mc akem ale cd fkstlrkd `mc skocl VV. Msd prlpumstd, qum el sm alearmtñ, smtrdscd`d elbkedc, smbäetkad y alrplrdtkvdbmetm fdakd cd mxplskakñe Alccdom(s) `m

Grdeakd, Drqumlcloâd `mc akem smoøe Hmde-Cua Ol`dr`,41

qum sm alevkmrtm trds uedsmrkm `m emolakdaklems, me –ued mxplskakñe `m akem‒ pdrd cd odcmrâd sur `mc AmetrlZlbpk`lu40 . Cls prkbmrls arlquks prmsmetd`ls omemrdrle ued bdqumtd prlymatudcrmdckzd`d d bdel drtmsdedcbmetm plr H-C.O., `m eumvm sdcds ale `kvmrsls bl`mcls`m lnhmtls, bäqukeds m kestdcdaklems. Eumvdbmetm, mrd mc rmalrrk`l fkstñrkal plrmc akem y su bmblrkd, prlùak`l pdrd mc aletmxtl `m cd odcmrâd. Ad`d ued `m msdseumvm sdcds aletmeâd ue tñpkal qum rmbktâd d cd letlcloâd `m cd fkstlrkd `mc akem, mcbktl (dcmolrâd), cd fubdek`d` (cd kbdome), cd aäbdrd (bmtäglrd), cd(s) pmcâaucd(s)(`mnmrms), cd dckdezd (mc kealesakmetm, tñtmb, tdnø), cls mstøpk`ls (pdränlcd), cl rmdc(gdetdsâd), mc dsmskedtl (sësdbl, tmlrmbd, bletdhm), cd tubnd (gänucd)4= . @lbkekqumZdìek, aurd`lr `m cd bumstrd y pmesd`lr eltdncm `m cls äbnktls `mc du`klvksudcy `mc busml, fdaâd rmgmrmeakd dc prlymatl qum Fmerk Cdeoclks fkzl pdrd mc busml`mc akem me mc Zdcdakl Afdkcclt `m Zdrâs, plr fdnmr albnked`l tmbprdedbmetm mcdrafkvl y cls lnhmtls ale cd bâtkad sdcd `m cd Akembdtmad Grdeamsd. ]e aleamptlslnrm `ls bue`ls `kstdetms y mxtrdôls, auyd vmake`d` kbpckadnd kbdokedr eumvdslpaklems qum Ol`dr` aleaknm ndhl cd glrbd `m kestdcdaklems. Zdìek, prlpucslr `m cdmxplskakñe y uel `m cls plals pmesd`lrms slnrm mstd tmbätkad 47 , qum`drâd me uedsktudakñe keañbl`d dc el alkeak`kr Ol`dr` ale cls arktmrkls `mc bletdhm `m su prl-pumstd. Dqumccd prkbmrd vmrskñe `m cd mxplskakñe tmrbkedrâd skme`l `msdutlrkzd`d

pønckadbmetm plr Ol`dr` me su `msdrrlccl gkedc y sm mxfknkrâd kealeacusd, `mnk`l d41. –Alccæom‒ (alcmokl) sm alevkmrtm me –alccdom‒.40. –Zlrqum sm trdtd mgmatkvdbmetm `m ue daletmakbkmetl, ale mc adräatmr d cd vmz keë`ktl y `makskvl qum msd pdcdnrdsuplem. @ms`m fdam ue skocl mc akem gckrtmd ale cls busmls, y dc akem cm oustd tdbnkëe gkcbdr cls busmls plr bkcrdzlems Y…R Msl el kbpk`m qum me Grdeakd mstmbls `de`l ue okrl kekakd`l `ms`m fdam ued qukeamed `m dôls plr uekbplrtdetm tmñrkal y omstlr aucturdc, @lbkekqum Zdìek, qukme cm `kl ue orde kbpucsl d mstm blvkbkmetl `ms`m mc Clu-vrm, cd Akembdtmad, mc Nmdunluro y d trdvës `m sus cknrls – Alesmrvmr, bletrmr‒, `m 4;;> ([mcclw Elw) y `m bdemrdmspmakdc, Cm Pmbps mxplsë, (Ë`ktkles Adfkmrs ù akeëbd, >::>)‒. Grl`le, Hmde-Bkafmc, Akeëbd mt busëms, Adfkmrs ùakeëbd, Erl. 744, Dnrkc, >::7, p. 6-4:.4=. Zdìek, @lbkekqum –Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` me mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu‒, ?.>..>::7. (fttp8//www.zkembd.alb/tmxtls/smouehco.ftb), Adfkmrs ù Akeëbd, Erl. 744 (www.adfkmrsùakembd.alb).47. Zdìek, @lbkekqum. Cm tmbps mxplsë, Cm Akeëbd `m cd sdccm du busëm, Zdrks, Ë`ktkles Adfkmrs ù akeëbd,>::>.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

aumstklems `m msadcd me mc drbd`l `m cds sdcds qum el rmsple`âde d su k`md lrkok-edc. Mstd bumstrd keë`ktd tmrbkedrâd plekme`l me cd msamed `mc busml cd mxplskakñegdcck`d `m ue prlymatl `mnk`l d prlncmbds mspmaâgkals `m bletdhm y plr me`m, `mcds rmcdaklems drtkstd-aurd`lr-kestktuakñe. Mstd eumvd grletmrd metrm mc akem y cdsdrtms pcästkads, metrm mc prl`uatlr y mc aurd`lr ms rmalrrk`d plr Ol`dr` me dpdrkme-akd `m bdemrd alegckatkvd, duequm mstm `kgmrme`l fdam rmgmrmeakd d cls fdnktudcms`msvâls qum sumcme laurrkr me cls mxtmesls `mrrltmrls prlymatudcms qum fdame dued mxplskakñe `m drtm. @ms`m su lrkome albl bdqumtd, msm lnhmtl drtmsdedcbmetmalestruk`l plr Ol`dr`, sm alevk rtkñ me tmstkblekl `m cd trdeskakñe qum rmqukmrme clsprlamsls `m bletdhm.

Msm pmqumôl bl`mcl aleametrdnd tl`ds cds albnkedaklems msamelorägkads y

tmaelcñokads qum el pu`kmrle smr trdscd`d`ds d cd msamed `m cd odcmrâd, albl lnrdtrk`kbmeskledc aleglrbd`d plr `kvmrsls lnhmtls, dpdrdtls, pdetdccds. Ol`dr` smunkadnd ale slcturd albl drtkstd, dcmhäe`lsm `m cd tme`meakd `m dcouels `krmatlrms`m akem, qum dbpcâde mc uekvmrsl `m sus pmcâaucds d skbpcms glrbds `m prlymaakñeme mc mspdakl busmdc, koelrde`l cd mspmakgkak`d` `m cds kestdcdaklems albl lnrdsdrtâstkads4? . Ol`dr` mvktd mc `kscdtm qum, ale grmaumea kd, sm lnsmrvd me cds odcmrâds,me cds nkmedcms `m drtm, aude`l sm pkmesd me ued lnrd me glrbd `m msamelordgâds `mlnhmtls, pdetdccds y bäqukeds `kspumstds me mc mspdakl y mc tkmbpl. Mc mspmatd`lrgum tmstkol `m mstd prkbmrd vmrskñe `mc prlymatl. Cd `makskñe `m rmdckzdr koudcbmetmcd mxplskakñe ‑ale rmzdols dpkcd`ls `m cls bdtmrkdcms, `m su tmaelcloâd y `m cds pkmzdsqum el ccmodrle d alestrukrsm‑ rm`ue`ñ me cd mxfknkakñe `m ue prlamsl dadnd`l d bm`kds,`mc audc sm lgrmaâde cls vmstkokls. Cds dutlrk`d`ms `mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu y cd arâtkadmspmakdckzd`d sm fkakmrle adrol `m dedckzdr mc supumstl grdadsl `mc mvmetl. Qke mb-ndrol, su mstd`l keakpkmetm, kedadnd`l, ketmrrubpk`l mrd mc dspmatl bäs omeukel qumfdaâd rmgmrmeakd d cds akrauestdeakds, y d cls dtmeudetms, `m tl`l prlamsl `m bletdhmdrtâstkal. Wlydoms me utlpkm Hmde-Cua Ol`dr` 4;07->::7, qum sm rmdckzdrâd `lsdôls `mspuës, me >::6, skmbprm me cd odcmrâd sur `mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu, yd prmsme-tdnd ued vmrskñe bmhlrd`d `m dqumc prlyma tl pmrl qukzäs pmr` kme`l su mclaumeakd.Dc smr ue bletdhm tmrbked`l y cmoktkbd`l plr tl`ds cds pdrtms, tdc vmz tmrokvmrsdnd

mc msclode pdrd mstd mxplskakñe8 –Cl qum sm pum`m `makr el sm pum`m blstrdr‒. Clsplals `krmatlrms `m akem qum fde aruzd`l mstd grletmrd keaursklede`l me mc adbpl`m cds mxplskaklems drtâstkads fde vkeaucd`l dbnls adbpls ale slcuaklems mstë-tkads vkrtulsds46 , pmrl ms Ol`dr`, qukme fd mvk`meakd`l mstls aruams, plekme`l me

4?. Wmr mc mstupme`l ̀ laubmetl slnrm cd bdqumtd qum rmdckzd pdrd cd mxplskakñe ̀ mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu, Ol`dr` Hmde-Cuay Bkëvkccm, Deem-Bdrkm8 ^mplrtdom dbdtmur (bdqumttm mxpl), Hmde-Cua Ol`dr`, 0?° Grdeakd/Qukzd, >::7.46. Zl`mbls bmeakledr d Afdetdc Dimrbde, @luocds Olr`le, Zmtmr Ormmedwdy, Dnnds Ikdrlstdbk, Afrks Bdrimr, DoeæsWdr`d, Dpkafdtpleo _mmrdsmtfdiuc. Me Dbërkad Cdtked ms skoekgkadtkvd cd lnrd `m Cuads Ndbnlzzk, Ikil Olkgbde, AálOukbdráms, Gdnkäe Flgbde, Bdrâd Zdz Meaked, Bdrkded ^le`ñe y M`mr Qdetls, qukmems vkmeme keaursklede`l me mccdrolbmtrdhm y me cds kestdcdaklems.


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

aumstkñe cd cmoktkbk`d` `m cds glrbds `m mxfknkakñe drtâstkad y cls `kvmrsls prlamslspdrd rmdckzdr ued lnrd me mc äbnktl busmdc.

@ms`m fdam bm`kl skocl H-C. O. els prlplem ued `ksauskñe slnrm cd cmoktkbk`d` ymspmakgkak`d` `m cds tmaelcloâds, cls cmeoudhms y cds glrbds mxprmskvds qum sustme-tdrle mc du`klvksudc me su fkstlrkd y qum dflrd sm prmsmetd albl ue ndedc `mndtmslnrm cd bumrtm `mc a kem, cls bm`kls dedcñokals dalbpdôd`l plr mc aynmr metuskdsbl.Me su detkakpd`l träesktl arâtkal plr cls `kvmrsls slplrtms, Ol`dr` trdspdsñ tl`dscds grletmrds qum fly sm prmsmetde albl ued glrzd`d elvm`d`, näskadbmetm metrmmc akem y mc `koktdc y slnrm cl du`klvksudc, `metrl `mc äbnktl `m cds drtms y `mc busmlqum bm pdrmame gue`dbmetdcms `m rmpdsdr albl daamsl d ued vkskñe albprmeskvd`m cds drtms ketmrdatkvds, dcol ametrdc pdrd eumstrl bñùcl `m cd Mspmakdckzda kñe me

Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd.

Me sus kekakls, mc akem el tuvl mstdncmak`l mc fänktdt pdrd cd mxfknkakñe pønckad. Mckevmetl `m M`ksle y mc `m cls fmrbdels Cubkærm, skbkcdrms me cd glrbdakñe `m cd kbd-ome d trdvës `m cd aäbdrd, el cl mrde pdrd cd prlpumstd `m su alesubl. Cd aäbdrd`m cls Cubkærm mrd tdbnkëe cd bäquked pdrd mxfknkr mc plsktkvl. Mc fdz `mc prlymatlrdtrdvmsdnd cd pmcâaucd y cd kbdome sm prlùaâd me mc cuodr `le`m mc rdyl alck skledndale cd tmcd l cd pdrm` ncdead. Mstd kbdome, bdquâekad d uctrdezd, mealetrdrâd bästdr`m su cuodr `mgkektkvl me cd sdcd `m a kem ùrdetm cd smoue`d `ëad`d `m c skocl VV.]e tmrrktlrkl mxacuskvl y amrrd`l albl cd sdcd lsaurd, cd nutdad ale ue mspmatd`lr

smetd`l, lnsmrvde`l mstätkal cd pdetdccd ncdead. ]e rktl qum sm bdetkmem fdstd cddatudck`d`. Msd prlymaakñe sm `mspcdzdrâd bäs tdr`âdbmetm, me vdrkls blbmetls `mcd fkstlrkd, fdakd ltrls tmrrktlrkls9 mc mspdakl mxplsktkvl `m cd gmrkd `m dtrdaaklems,`m cds mxplskaklems y mc busml4;. Aktmbls albl ued rmgmrmeakd, duequm el gum cdprkbmrd mxpmrkmeakd, d Edb Huem Zdki, aude`l me cls dôls smsmetd armñ cd lnrdXme glr Gkcb >:. ]e prlymatlr adrod`l ale pmcâaucd 47 bb trdespdrmetm, ms `makr,ske keglrbdakñe, pdsdnd ske gke. Mc fdz `m cuz tmrbkednd slnrm ued pdetdccd me mcäbnktl `m ued odcmrâd. @m mstd lnrd d cd kestdcdakñe sñcl cm gdctdnd mc vk` ml pr ly ma -tlr, auyl detmam`metm gum aunkmrtl plr mc blektlr `m PW plrtätkc , qum nrke`dnd

ued kbdome, el plr prlymaakñe, skel plr trdeskcubkedakñe>4

. Msd prlpumstd `m Zdki,rmcdakled`d ale mc aleamptl `m mhmauakñe `mc sk cmeakl `m Hlfe Adom, alestktuym uedrmgmrmeakd plrqum cd lnrd keacuym cd prlymaakñe y cd kbdome `m cuz ‑cd msmeakd `mcakem‑ y mc bksbl prlymatlr me mc mspdakl mxplsktkvl>> . Mc `mspcdzdbkmetl `m cd kbd-

4;. –Cds vkrtudck`d`ms ̀ m cd kbdome pdelräbkad‒, De`rë Zdrmetm me Cd Gmrcd, Hlrom y ̂ myedc, Qlgâd (albp.)8 PmrrktlrklsDu`klvksudcms, CdvrDrkd, Numels Dkrms, >:44.>:. Edb Huem Zdki, Xme Glr Gkcb, MM.]]. 4;7>/4;70.>4. Me mc tunl `m rdyls adtñ`kals mc fdz `m cuz sm lrkoked `mträs `m cd pdetdccd.>>. Mxfknkakñe me mc Gcuxfdcc, clgt `m Omlrom Bdakueds me cd adccm Adedc `m Eumvd [lri, 4;70.


04



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

ome prlymatd`d, `m cd sdcd tmdtrdc d cd rmokñe `mc drtm, ms ue detmam`metm fkstñr kal`m ue tkpl `m kestdcdakñe, qum tmstkblekdnd dqumc keakpkmetm aruam `m grletmrdsmetrm mc akem y mc busml, plr bäs qum mstd rmcdakñe mxkstkmrd `ms`m tkmbpl detms,alesk`mrde`l tl`d cd fkstlrkd `m cls pdelrdbds.

Me mstls øctkbls dôls, cd bdylrâd `m cls trdndhls gkedcms `m cd Mspmakdckzdakñe meArmdakñe Buctkbm`kd sm prmsmetde ndhl cd glrbd `m kestdcdakñe, dutlomemrdtkvd y/lketmrdatkvd, pcdetmde`l smrkds aumstklems ale rmspmatl d su prlamsl prlymatudc,mc `ksmôl `mc mspdakl, cls rmalrrk`ls pltmeakdcms y su rmampakñe, cd prlordbdakñey `ksmôl `m ketmrgdams, su mxfknkakñe y alesmrvdakñe, mstm øctkbl, ue tmbd døe elrmsumctl. Cls prlymatls `m mxplskakñe `m Ol`dr` me mc Ametrl Zlbpk`lu sle me sâbksbls, ale tl`l su `msdrrlccl y `msdakmrtls, ued kestdeakd d`bkrdncm pdrd tmemr

me aumetd slnrm cds bdemrds `m pmesdr ue prlymatl ketmordc `m kestdcdaklems pdrdmc mspdakl `m ued odcmrâd.

Dskbksbl, rmalr`mbls qum gum me 4;>;, aude`l sm `d kekakl d ued fkstlrkd `mc akemme vmake`d` ale mc mspdakl busmâstkal. Dcgrm` Ndrr alevlañ `ms`m mc Busml `m DrtmBl`mrel `m Eumvd [lri, d Krks Ndrry pdrd armdr mc `mpdrtdbmetl `m akem `mc BlBD.Mstm ccdbd`l pdrd glrbdr ued eumvd ärmd me mc busml trdsame`âd cd armdakñe `m uedrafkvl gâcbkal pums mxtme`âd cd k`md `m alesmrvdakñe y aurd`urâd. Mc damrvl `mc a kemmrd alesk`mrd`l albl ue drtm pdrd smr mxfknk`l me mc du`ktlrkl `m cd kestktuakñe,albl ued prlordbdakñe pmrkñ`kad qum `mnmrâd rmsple`mr d arktmrkls alearmtls `m

cmaturd `m cd fkstlrkd `mc akem d pdrtkr `m cd alesk`mrdakñe `m mstkcls y alrrkmetmsmstëtkads. Zlal tkmbpl `mspuës, d bm`kd`ls `m cls dôls trmketd, Omlroms Grdehu yFmery Cdeoclks armdnde cd Akembdtmad Grdeamsd. Me 4;06, Cdeoclks, gkourd ametrdc`m cd fkstlrkd `mc akem, gue`d me Zdrks mc Busëm Zmrbdemet `u Akeëbd me cd Dvmek`dBmsskem. Ndhl cd `krmaakñe `m Cdeoclks, dbnds kestktuaklems alevkvkmrle cdrol tkmb-pl me mc Zdcdakl Afdkcclt, pdrd kestdcdrsm cumol me cd datudc sm`m plsbl`mred `mNmray alestruk`d plr Grdei Omfry, kekakdcbmetm pdrd ltrls gkems. Cd prmlaupdakñekekakdc plr alesmrvdr mc akem bu`l, me pmckorl `m `msdpdrkakñe grmetm d cd kbplskakñe`mc akem slelrl, nusadnd ue aleamptl `kvmrsl me mc bde`dtl rmaknk`l plr Ndrry y

me cd prdxks qum knd d mstdncmamr Cdeoclks. Cd datktu` alrplrdtkvd `m cls busmls`m cds bmtrñplcks me bdtmrkd `m alesmrvdakñe prlpleâd ued daakñe bäs smcmatkvd `mketmrprmtdakñe `m trdymatls mstëtkals. Mstl mrd pumstl me cd msamed `m cd mxfknkakñeme sdcd. Cd prlpumstd `m prlordbdakñe mrd mc rmsuctd`l aleamptudc `m cd alesmrvd-akñe>1 me dcol qum pl`mbls dslakdr dc trdndhl `m ue aurd`lr. Cd metrd`d `mc akem dcbusml aletmbplräeml omemrñ cd armdakñe `m drafkvls, bmeøs `m prlymaakñe me sdcd

>1. ^malr`mbls qum Ol`dr` skmbprm fd rmkvke`kad`l d cd Akembdtmad Grdeamsd albl su msaumcd, albl mc cuodr `le`m

dprme`kñ akem.


0>



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

y punckadaklems qum cls hustkgkadnde. D pdrtkr `m cls dôls smsmetd, cd keacuskñe `mcakem sm dbpcâd d cls mspdakls mxplsktkvls `mc busml, kealrplrde`l mc du`klvksudcalbl lnrd `m drtm pdrd smr mxfknk`d gumrd `m cd adhd emord `mc du`ktlrkl. Cd kbdomeprlymatd`d me tl`d su kebdtmrkdck`d` sm alevmrtâd me ued pkmzd pdrd smr –bletd`d yalcod`d‒>0 . Cds `ls mxplskaklems `m Ol`dr` me mc Zlbpk`lu ‑Alccdoms `m Grdeakd yWkdhm d cd utlpâd ‑ rmgcmxklednde slnrm mstm trdscd`l ndhl cd glrbd `m kestdcdaklems,mvk`meakde`l mc alrrkbkmetl `m ue `krmatlr `m akem dflrd aleùakme`l cd alestrua-akñe `m ued lnrd du`klvksudc me ue mspdakl `m drtm. Qk nkme, cd glrbd `m cd kestd-cdakñe yd mstdnd kealrplrd`d me cds mxplskaklems, el mvktd mc `kscdtm y cls cuodrmsalbuems, qum fde ccmvd`l d prlpumstds ndedcms ske gue`dbmetl, qum hustkgkqume aleprlpkm`d` cd mcmaakñe `m ued kestdcdakñe pdrtkme`l `m sus pltmeakdck`d`ms mxprmsk-vds, `kstketds `m cd uekglrbk`d` prm`lbkedetm `m ue du`klvksudc sñck`dbmetm kestd-

cd`l me mc äbnktl `mc busml, `m cds odcmrâds y `m cds nkmedcms.

Qke ù`d, ued mtdpd eumvd pdrd Ol`dr`, pmrl rmcdakled`d ale su prdxks ale clsslplrtms du`klvksudcms. Mc akem bdetkmem `ls lpaklems `m gumrzd me su fkstlrkd, mc`laubmetdc y cd gkaakñe. Wkbls añbl Ol`dr` cls albnked armde`l ue eumvl oëemrl‑albl cl ms cd glrbd `m mesdyl ndhl cd audc dedckzd cd fkstlrkd `mc akem, y cd `m sâbksbl albl rmdckzd`lr‑ pmrl rmafdzde`l audcqukmr cñokad `m edrrdtkvd arlelcñokadl rmalrrk`l meakaclpë`kal. Mc akem ms rmvksktd`l d trdvës `m ltrls slplrtms. Mstls`ksplsktkvls mxtrdôls sle cls qum pmrbktme mcdnlrdr ltrd fkstlrkd `mc akem. Pdbnkëeels megrmetd y els fdam tlbdr plskakñe grmetm d mstm mstd`kl aletmbplräeml qumkbplem cd albpcmtd ̀ koktdckzdakñe `mc du`klvksudc. Mc trdscd`l ̀ m cl dedcñokal d ndsms`m `dtls els aleùam d`mbäs, d cd prlncmbätkad `m cd ket mr prmtdakñe `m tl`d msdkeglrbdakñe. Cls drafkvls lgrmame mc `msdgâl, døe plal meadrd`l, pdrd mstdncmamrprlordbds `m cmaturds albpdrdtkvds ‑cd `melbked`d bmtd`dtd‑ qum Ol`dr` aleaknmalbl ketmrbm`kls pdrd alesk`mrdr cd fkstlrkd `mc akem.

Qu øctkbl gkcb, Qlakdcksbl, aletkeød ale mstd rmtñrkad y prdxks `m aletrdvmeakñek`mlcñokad, `le`m Ol`dr` prlplem ue prlùatl du`klvksudc `le`m mc lrkome `m clsslplrtms, cls `ksaursls y cds aktds ms alegusl y sm alegkourde albl ued prlpumstd

fânrk`d `m gkaakñe y `laubmetdc, qum rmbktme d cd për`k`d `m cls k`mdcms `m adbnklslakdcms. Cds kbäomems `m akem, vk`ml `kok tdc m ketmremt sm albnkede me ue cdnmrketl`m sktudaklems me qum mc rmcdtl grdobmetd`l `m daaklems me mc mspdakl `m ue aruam-rl plr mc Bm`ktmrräeml, lgrmam ued cmaturd `m cd fkstlrkd y cds utlpâds aleametrd`dsme cd metmcmqukd `m Murlpd. Cd rmgmrmeakd d vdrkd`ls tmxtls y sus aktds, rmvksd uedrmtñrkad slnrm mc akem rmalegkourde`l k`mds, pdcdnrds y msameds, `ms`m Hmde-@de kmc

>0. Zdìek sm rmgkmrm d mstd daakñe ale cd mxprmskñe, `kgâakc `m trdùakr, –C‛Dppmc `ms akbdksms‒ (dcol dsâ albl –mc ccd-bd`l `m cd mxplskakñe‒)8 akbdksm dcu`m datudcbmetm dc `ksplsktkvl pdrd alcodr aud`rls me ued odcmrâd l busml y plrmxtmeskñe, d cd pdrm` `le`m sm aumcode y tdbnkëe d ue cuodr `mstdad`l me mccd.


01



acdvm :4;-;?

#0


supumstd mspmakgkak`d`, sus añ`kols, oëemrls y cuodr `m mxfknkakñe, gumrle `mrkvde`lfdakd ltrds zleds y metmcmqukds qum yd albmetdnde ue eumvl mstdtus pdrd cds drtmsbm`kätkads du`klvksudcms y cd albnkedtlrkd `m tmaelcloâds, pdrd ue adbpl qum pl`mblselbkedr, ale tl`d cd dbpcktu` y prlpkm`d` `mc tërbkel, albl armdakñe buctkbm`kd.

0=



acdvm :4;-;?

#0



acdvm :4;-;?

#0


Hdem Qkble*

* Hdem Qkble trdndhd albl aurd`lrd ̀ mc Busml `m Drtm Aletmbplräeml me mc Aletmbplrdry Drt Busmub dttfm ]ekvmrskty lg Qlutf Gclrk`d, `le`m tdbnkëe ms prlgmslrd `m Mstu`kls Busmdcms. Detmrklrbmetm, gum aurd-`lrd `m mxplskaklems me mc Bd`ksle Busmub lg Aletmbplrdry Drt, `le`m lrodekzñ mxplskaklems albl9 P.C.Qlckme8 Bktls y Blestruls y mc rmtlrel `m cd gueakñe. Qkble tdbnkëe fd laupd`l mc adrol me mc ke`mpme`metAurdtlrs Ketmredtkledc y BDQQ BlAD.

^msubme8

Mc vk`mldrtm gum `kgdbd`l plr cls arâtkals aude`l dpdrmakñ plr prkbmrd vmzd gkedcms `m 4;7: y 4;?:. D pmsdr `m su fublr y su edturdcmzd `kvmrtk`d,buafls tmñrkals el sdnâde `ñe`m alcladr d mstm bm`kl -l eumvl bm`kl - me cdadeñekad vmrtkmetm tmñrkad `mc drtm laak`metdc. Fly me `âd, mc vk`mldrtm olzd `mue pumstl kbplrtdetm metrm drtkstds y aurd`lrms, pmrl cls vk`ml drtkstds døeskoume cuafde`l cd gdctd ̀ m albprmeskñe `m sus trdndhls. Qñcl me mc øctkbl dôl,cd lnrd `m Afrkstkde Bdracdy y mc gdccmak`l @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz sm mealetrdndeme mc ametrl `m `ls aletrlvmrskds. Me mc adsl `m Bdracdy, ue orde busml mstd-

ncmak`l utkckzñ su øctkbl trdndhl pdrd dtrdmr d cls `ledetms `m dctl ekvmc. Mstlknd me aletrd `mc aletrdtl `m >0 päokeds qum mc drtkstd gkrbñ detms `m cd vmetd`m cd lnrd. Mc Prdndhl `m _lhedrlwkaz, gumol me bk vkmetrm, gum dtdad`l plr cdCkod Adtñckad plr cd ke`mameakd y gum rmtkrd`l `m ued mxplskakñe `m mxpclrdakñe`m cd `kvmrsk`d` smxudc me eumstrd aucturd aletmbplräemd.

Zdcdnrds acdvm8

Wk`ml drtm, Afrkstkde Bdracdy, @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz, Gkrm ke by Nmccy, aletrlvmrskd

me mc drtm, bm`kls, eumvls bm`kls, aucturd aletmbplräemd, prmhukakls.

Wk`ml8 ketrkod y aletrlvmrskd • Hdem Qkble• 0?-==

0?Prd`uak`l plr Keës Mc vkrd ^lafd



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Dnstrdat8

Wk`ml drt wds bdckoem` ny arktkas wfme kt gkrst mbmrom` ke tfm cdtm 4;7:s de` 4;?:s.@mspktm kts fublr de` slbmtkbms pcdyguc edturm, bdey tfmlrksts `k` elt ielw wfmrmtl pcdam tfks bm`kub‐lr emw bm`kd‐ke tfm tmcmlclokadc strmdb lg wmstmre drt. Pl`dy,vk`ml drt mehlys d prkbday dbleo bdimrs de` aurdtlrs, nut vk`ml drtksts struoocmwktf bksalestrum` ue`mrstde`keos de` prmsmetdtkles lg tfmk r wlri. Hust ke tfm pdstymdr, tfm wlri lg Afrkstkde Bdracdy de` tfm cdtm @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz wmrm dt tfmametmr lg twl aletrlvmrskms. Ke tfm adsm lg Bdracdy, d cdrom, mstdncksfm` busmubusm` fks cdtmst wlri tl dttrdat fkof-cmvmc `lelrs. Pfks wlrim` dodkest tfm >0-pdomaletrdat tfm drtkst fd` dssmbncm` nmglrm tfm sdcm lg tfm wlri. _lhedrlwkaz‛s wlri,Gkrm ke By Nmccy, wds tdromtm` ny tfm Adtflcka Cmdoum glr ke`mameay de` wds puccm`

grlb de mxfknktkle mxpclrkeo smxudc `kvmrskty ke lur aletmbplrdry aucturm.

Imywlr`s8

Wk`ml drt, Afrkstkde Bdracdy, @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz, Gkrm ke by Nmccy, aletrlvmrsy kedrt, bm`kub, emw bm`kd, aletmbplrdry aucturm, ke`mameay, aurdtlr.

^msubl*8

L vâ`ml-drtm glk `kgdbd`l pmcls arâtkals qude`l dpdrmamu pmcd prkbmkrd vmz el gkedc`m 4;7: m 4;?:. Dpmsdr `m smu fublr m `m sud edturmzd `kvmrtk`d, buktls tmñrkalseál sdnkdb le`m alcladr mstm bmkl - lu elvl bmkl - e d adeðekad vmrtmetm tmñrkad`d drtm lak`metdc. Fl hm mb `kd, l vâ`ml-drtm olzd `m ub cuodr kbplrtdetm metrmdrtkstds m aurd`lrms, bds dke`d aletkeudb cutde`l aletrd d gdctd `m metme`k-bmetl `m smus trdndcfls. Qñ el øctkbl del, d lnrd `m Afrkstkde Bdracdy m `lgdcmak`l @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz sm mealetrdvdb el ametrl `m `uds aletrlvërskds. Eladsl `m Bdracdy, ub orde`m busmu mstdnmcmak`l utkckzlu smu øctkbl trdndcfl pdrddtrdkr dls `ld`lrms `m dctl eâvmc. Kstl kd aletrd l aletrdtl `m >0 päokeds qum ldrtkstd dsskelu detms `d vme`d `d lnrd. L trdndcfl `m _lhedrlwkaz, Glol mb Bmu

Wmetrm, glk dtdad`l pmcd Ckod Adtñckad plr adusd `d ke`maèeakd m glk rmtkrd`l `m ubdmxplskïál `m mxpclrdïál `d `kvmrsk`d`m smxudc mb elssd aucturd aletmbplrîemd.

Zdcdvrds Afdvm8

Wâ`ml-drtm, Afrkstkde Bdracdy, @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz, Gk rm ke by Nmccy, aletrlvërskd eddrtm, bmkls, elvls bmkls, aucturd aletmbplrîemd, prmaleamktls.

6

0?-== • Hdem Qkble• Wk`ml8 ketrkod y aletrlvmrskd




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Afrkstkde Bdracdy- Pfm Aclai (>:4:).

0;




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Me su alrtd vk`d albl bm`kl drtâstkal, mc vk`ml fd sk`l mc ametrl `m ued numedadet k`d` `m ar âtk ads, aletrlvmrskds m ketrkods. Albmezde`l me cd `ëad`d `m 4;?:,albl mc bm`kl `m mxpmrkbmetdakñe, fublr m krrktdnkck`d`, fly sm fd alevmrtk`l meue adbpl buy albpmtk`l metrm drtkstds, qum cuafde plr su `mrmafl d `mtmrbkedr cdsale`kaklems `m su trdndhl y su cknmrtd` plcâtkad. Buafls drtkstds fde lptd`l plr clsbm`kls ndsd`ls me mc tkmbpl pdrd fdamr sus mxpmrkbmetls ‐ me alcdnlrdakñe l meslcktdrkl, edrrdtkvls l keacusl glrbdckstds. Zdrd mstm drtâaucl, qukskmrd rdstrmdr clslrâomems ̀ mc vk`ml albl ue bm`kl ̀ kvmrtk`l pmrl kealbprme`k`l, fdstd sus prlncmbdsdatudcms y pltmeakdcms. Bk lnhmtkvl ms `mgme`mr cd rmcmvdeakd `mc vk`ml metleams ydflrd, pdrd cls busmls y odcmrâds, pdrd cls pønckals slgkstkad`ls y elvdtls plr koudc.

Zlal `mspuës `m trdscd`drsm d Adckglrekd d prkeakpkls `m cd `ëad`d `m 4;?:, mc

drtkstd _kcckdb _mobde `mak`kñ albmezdr d fdamr mesdyls ale mqukpls `m vk`ml.Qm gkcbñ d sâ bksbl y dcoueds vmams, d su pmrrl, me alrtls smobmetls `m vk`mlmstdakledrkl me ncdeal y emorl. Zdrd uel `m mccls, rlakñ ue tdrrl `m `msl`lrdetmme su dxkcd. Me ltrl, Bde ^dy, su dstutdbmetm ndutkzd`l Nrdal `m _mkbdr, sm `ms-pmrtdnd dc sledr cd dcdrbd `mc `mspmrtd`lr. _mobde sm rmuekñ ale su pmrrl grme tmd cd aäbdrd y alrrkokñ ue mxdbme `m lrtlordgâd kbdokedrkl rmdckzd`l plr mcade. Albl ue pd`rm, _mobde cm mxpckad cds `kgmrmeakds metrm pdcdnrds skbkcdrms(nmmaf y nmdaf). _mobde msarknm me ue aud`mrel bkmetrds Bde ^dy cd`md su adnmzdrlode`l su pmr`ñe. Mstls vk`mls ske `u`d dnrkmrle mc adbkel pdrd cd prlcâgkad adrrmrd `m

_mobde. Bde ^dy tde slcl gum mc prkbmr pmrrl meglad`l plr sus cmetms9 cmskoukmrle buafls bäs me prlymatls drtâstkals y albmrakdcms prmsmetd`ls me ZcdzdQësdbl y `de`l lrkome d tl`d ued pdrdgmredckd adeked. Duequm `kafls msgumrzlspum`me pdrmamr skbpcmbmetm adpktdckstds u lplrtuekstds, cls prkbmrls vk`mls `m_mobde sle alesk`mrd`ls `m vktdc kbplrtdeakd. Qu glrbdtl ‐mc nrmvm pmrâl`l mequm sm `msdrrlccdnd ue `rdbd smeakccl‐ smôdcdrâd cd `mstrmzd `m ue drtkstd qummxpclrdnd, el slcdbmetm mc bm`kl skel tdbnkëe ue pmrâl`l `m cd aucturd dbmrkadedqum albmezdnd d `msaunrkr su cuodr, me ue bue`l sdturd`l plr cls bm`kls. Detms `mqum els lnsmskleärdbls ale Gdamnlli l [luPunm, _mobde sdnâd qum cd edturdcmzd`m cd aäbdrd y cd aketd `m vk`ml `drâde lrkome d `ksausklems, skbpdtâds y fublr.

Pdbnkëe prmsdokñ eumstrd armakmetm pmrampakñe `m qum cls pmrrls y tdc vmz cls dek-bdcms els alelame bmhlr qum elsltrls bksbls. Që qum cd tme`meakd d ‖detrlplblrgk-zdr‛ pum`m smr pmckorlsd, pmrl cl qum ms kbplrtdetm me cls vk`mls `m _mobd e ms cdgueakñe `mc vk`ml `m rmgcmhdr eumstrd keackedakñe plr smr aurklsls y datudr grmetm d cd




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aäbdrd4. Zlr mhmbpcl, me ue smobmetl `m ^mmc > (mc tmramr vk`ml fmafl plr _mobde),_mobde nusad armdr ue albmrakdc pdrd cd vkmhd plctrled `m su mstu`kl. D`bkrd msdskccd. Qm skmetd me mccd y cd olcpmd ale ue ndtm `m nmksnlc pdrd skbucdr blvkbkmetl,bkmetrds mesdczd cds vkrtu`ms `m ued skccd `m bdsdhms. _mobde sm nurcd `m cls al-bmrakdcms y mc alesubksbl pmrl tdbnkëe els bumstrd qum ale sñcl ued aäbdrd, uetrâpl`m y dcoueds k`mds, ue drtkstd pum`m fdamr albmetdrkls krñekals y rmcmvdetmsslnrm eumstrl bue`l aletmbplräeml.

Me ue tlel bäs smrkl, Daaleak, mc plmtd alevmrtk`l me drtkstd, tdbnkëe armñ ued smrkm`m vk`mls alrtls pmrl aleblvm`lrms slnrm mc `käclol metrm mc drtkstd y mc lnsmrvd-`lr, mc armd`lr y cd busd. Duequm Daaleak ms bmhlr alelak`l plr bdsturndrsm `mndhl`m ued rdbpd me cd Qleednme` Odccmry pdrd su lnrd Qmm` Nm`, mc usl `mc vk`ml

pdrd `dr smrmedtds dc mspmatd`lr ms cmome`drkl. Me uel `m 4;?1, tktucd`l PfmbmQleo , Daaleak ketmetd albpmemtrdrsm ale mc lnsmrvd`lr. Gubd, tlad bøskad plpucdralbl Pfm @llrs y adbked fdakd mc mspmatd`lr, dblrlsd y sm`uatlrdbmetm. @krkomsus pmesdbkmetls dc lnsmrvd`lr ‐bdsauckel l gmbmekel‐ ale mc gke `m prlvladr uedrmspumstd. Dsubkme`l qum mc mspmatd`lr ms ued buhmr vucemrdncm d sus keskeudakl-ems, Daaleak trdstlred uel `m cls orde`ms supumstls slnrm mc drtm laak`metdc ‐ mcfubdel qum plsmm mc pl`mr `m vmr ms bdsauckel y mc lnhmtl `m msd bkrd`d ms uedbuhmr>. Me mstm vk`ml, mc lnhmtl ms mc drtkstd bdsauckel. Quakl, k etmckometm y dtmetl,Daaleak humod ale mc oëemrl dc tkmbpl qum sunrdyd mc bdcmdncm rlc `mc lnsmrvd`lr.

[me`l døe bäs cmhls, me cd `laubmetdakñe `m ltrl pmrglrbdeam `m cd bksbd ëplad,Daaleak ketmetd aletrl cdr gâskadbmetm d ued buhmr, su elvkd me msm blbmetl, Idtfy@kccle, qukme albøebmetm mrd mc suhmtl l alcdnlrd`lrd me vdrkls `m sus vk`mls. Mccddpdrmam albl ued dtrdatkvd buhmr. Me mc vk`ml, Daaleak trdndhd buy amrad `m @k ccleketmetde`l ued y ltrd vmz fdamrcd dnrkr cls lhls. Mccd sm rmskstm `m vdrkds glrbdsy cd `keäbkad ‐metrm mc drtkstd y su alcdnlrd`lrd, dbdetms bdsauckel y gmbmekel‐ms tdetl mrñtkad albl gdstk`klsd. Wk mstd lnrd rmakmetmbmetm me ued mxplskakñe`m cd alcmaakñe me mc Busml `m Drtm `m Bkdbk y, duequm `ksgrutë cd tdr`m vkme`llnrds `m Omlrom Qmodc y @l Fl Quf, aude`l keormsë d cd sdcd `le`m sm mxfknâd d

Daaleak me ued skbpcm tmcmvkskñe, qum`ë gdsaked`d. Lnsmrvë y lnsmrvë ad`d vmzbäs fdakëe`lbm alesakmetm `m cd armakmetm kealbl`k`d` d bm`k`d qum cd tmeskñeme mc vk`ml prlormsdnd. Meamrrd`l me msm msamedrkl, smetâ dgkek`d` ale Daaleak y@kccle, albpckade`l cls pdtrlems `m vkskñe nkedrkls elrbdtkvls. Dôls `mspuës `m

4. Zdrd bäs keglrbdakñe slnrm cls pmckorls `m cls supumstls aucturdcbmetm `mtmrbked`ls slnrm cls dekbdcms, vëdsmNdimr, Qtmvm, Zkaturkeo tfm Nmdst8 Dekbdcs, K`metkty, de` ^mprmsmetdtkle, Bdeafmstmr8 Bdeafmstmr ]ekvmrskty Zrmss,4;;1 y Pflbpsle, Edtl, Nmalbkeo Dekbdc8 Aletmbplrdry Drt ke tfm Dekbdc Ikeo`lb, Elrtf D`dbs, BD8 BdssafusmttsBusmub lg Aletmbplrdry Drt, >::=.>. Knk`.

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cd alcdnlrdakñe `m @kccle y Daaleak, ëc rmpktkñ mstm datl ale ltrd dbdetm, mspmaâ-gkadbmetm mc vk`ml ^luof Flusm `m Huckd Clitmv, albprlnde`l d bks lhls y bmetmaurdtlrkdc, qum cds tmesklems metrm dbdetms, flbnrms y buhmrms me omemrdc, smräeskmbprm mc dckbmetl `m cd mxpclrdakñe drtâstkad. Zdrd bâ, ale cds aäbdrds ckstds ytde slcl uels ordels `m vlymrksb l, mc vk`ml pdrmam smr mc bm`kl a dpdz `m adptu-rdr eumstrls akbkmetls mblak ledcms, fubdekstds y `mtmrbked`ls plr mc bm`k l. Mcvk`ml alestktuym mc mspmhl `m eumstrds prlgue`ds, lsaurds y sunalesakmetms bmetms.

Me 4;?7, `urdetm cls dôls `m surokbkmetl `mc vk`ml albl bm`kl, ^lsdcke` Irdussmsarknkñ ue rmplrtm arâtkal `mc vk`ml datudc pdrd cd rmvkstd Latlnmr , rmvkstd qumaletrknuyñ d gue`dr me 4;?7. Mc drtâaucl `m Irduss fdncdnd `m cd mxpckadakñe psk-alcñokad `mc vk`ml y su smpdrdakñe `m cl gâskal. Qm rmgmrâd d eubmrlsls trdndhls me

vk`ml `m dprlxkbd`dbmetm cd bksbd ëplad `m Zrykeos `m Daaleak y cls prkbmrlsrlccls `m _mobde. Bmeakled Ametmrs `m Daaleak, ued alcdnlrdakñe metrm ^kafdr`Qmrrd y Edeay Flct ccdbd`d Nllbmrdeo y ltrl vk`ml `m Cye`d Nmeocks tktucd`l Elw .Pl`ls mccls kevlcuarde glrbds skbpcms `m rmtrldckbmetdakñe, me cds qum dcoøe tkpl `mtmaelcloâd cm deueakd cd ordndakñe `mc suhmtl dc suhmtl. _drflc drrmocñ ue msamedrklskbkcdr me su pmcâaucd `m M`km Qm`omwkai tktucd`d Lutmr de` Keemr Qpdam pmrl `mnk`ld qum msd keacuâd tmaelcloâds gâcbkads, Irduss el sm rmgkrkñ d mccd me mstm drtâaucl.Me mstm tmbprdel mesdyl `m Latlnmr , Irduss sm prmouetd sk cd adck`d` `m rmtrldck-bmetdakñe `m msls vk`mls pl`râd alevmrtkrsm me ue sustktutl `mc yl pskalcñokal.

Mspmaâgkadbmetm, dtrkeafmrd`l< Mstd prmouetd trdm kbpcâaktd cd k`md `m qum mc dutl-rmgcmhl y cd rmgcmxkvk`d` sm rmgkmrme d cl bksbl ‐qum dbnds sle adsls `m cd ale-akmeakd vlcvkme`l slnrm sâ bksbd ale mc gke `m rmdckzdr y rmtrdtdr ued smpdrdakñemetrm glrbds `m drtm y sus aletmek`ls, metrm prlamsls `m pmesdbkmetl y lnhmtls1.

Me ue mstkcl tâpkadbmetm Ormmenmrokdel, Irduss ketmetd `msmspmrd`dbmetm glrbucdrtmlrâds slnrm cd tmaelcloâd (cls lnhmtls), cd kbdome pcded (cd pdetdccd) y cls drtk stdsbksbls. Meglaäe`lsm me cl lnhmtudc `m mstls bdtmrkdcms, mccd dgkrbd qum mc meglqumme cd alsd ms rmbkeksametm `mc `mspcdzdbkmetl lnhmtl-cânk`l d mol-cânk`l l, me tërbk-els grmu`kdels, mc edraksksbl. Mccd aletkeød msnlzde`l mc bëtl`l `m Hdaqums

Cdade pdrd bdemhdr pdakmetms edrakskstds, qum sle mspmakdcbmetm `kgâakcms `m trdtdr.@kam Irduss `mc bl`mcl cdadekdel8 –Mc prlymatl dedcâtkal ms metleams uel, me mc audcmc pdakmetm sm `msalematd `m cd ‖mstdtud‛ `m su yl rm gcmhd`l y, plr ue bë tl`l `mrmgcmxkvk`d`, rm`msaunrm mc vmr`d`mrl tkmbpl `m cd fkstlrkd‒0 . Zrlskoum msarknkme`lslnrm cls msgumrzls `m uel `m cls drtkstds pklemrls `mc vk`ml, Zmtmr Adbpus, pdrdkevlcuardr dc lnsmrvd`lr me mc `msaunrkbkmetl `mc pltmeakdc albl mspmhl `mc vk`ml8

1. Irduss, ^lsdcke`, –Wk`ml8 Pfm Dmstfmtkas lg Edrakssksb‒. Latlnmr, Wlc. 4, prkbdvmrd 4;?7, p. =:-70.0. Knâ`., p. =6.

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me bmb , Adbpus ordnd dc mspmatd`lr aude`l ëc l mccd keormsd dc mspdakl y clsrm-prlymatd dc bksbl tkmbpl. Me cuodr `m vmr cd sktudakñe armd`d plr Adbpus albldcol rmvmcd`lr l tmrdpëutkal, cd smpdrda kñe `mc lnsmrvd`lr `m cd alestruaakñe `m cdlnrd cd fdam bmels pl`mrlsd pdrd Irduss. Dc bksbl tkmbpl, Irduss amcmnrd cd lnrd`m ^lnmrt ^dusafmenmro, qukme clord guskledr cls lnhmtls mealetrd`ls y cds kbä-omems me ue slcl pcdel pkatñrkal qum sm – ps kal clokzd y `kstkme`m tmbplrdcbmetm‒=.

Duequm Irduss ms, ske `u`d dcoued ued, `m cds bmhlrms fkstlrkd`lrds `mc drtm `mc sk-ocl VV, bm metrkstmzal plr mccd. Bm metrkstmam pmesdr albl ale tl`ds sus fmrrd-bkmetds tmñrkads y dedcâtkads sm megladrd mrrñemdbmetm me sñcl ue blbmetl `mcd fkstlrkd `mc drtm me vk`ml y `msauk`drd vmr cls rmgcmhls slakdcms me msds tmb-prdeds lnrds. [, aude`l mccd sm dtñ d cd dprlpkdakñe bm`kd`d `m cds kbäomems

aucturdcms, qum el fdyd pl`k`l vmr mc trdndhl `mc guturl drtkstd Afrkstkde Bdracdy.

Edak`l me Adckglrekd pmrl arkd`l me Qukzd, Bdracdy fd fmafl adrrmrd albnkede`lcd bøskad y cds drtms vksudcms. Qus prkbmrds pkmzds `m vk`ml blstrdnde ouktdrrdsdrrdstrd`ds plr gurolemtds l vdrkd`ds kbäomems mesdbncd`ds `m datlrms usde`lmc tmcëglel. Cd lnrd `m vk`ml bäs rmakmetm `m Bdracdy, dprlpkd`dbmetm tktucd`dPfm Aclai (Mc rmclh) utkckzd kbäomems y tkmbpl rmdc pdrd albmetdr eumstrl bue`lsdturd`l `m bm`kls y eumstrd rmcdakñe ale cd lnrd `m drtm. Bdra cdy trdndhñ ale smksdskstmetms pdrd smcmaakledr kbäomems `m cd fkstlr kd `mc gkcb pmrl ëc bksbl uekñ bm-

tkauclsdbmetm mstls smobmetls. Aude`l sm prlymatd, alkeak`m ale mc tkmbpl cladc.Cd arâtkad `mc Emw [lri Pkbms , ^lnmrtd Qbktf `melbkeñ mstd lnrd –ue rlbdeam `mtkmbpl albpcmtl ale cds pmcâaucds‒ 7. Qbktf `mckrñ `m mblakñe ale mstd lnrd m ke-acusl mxpckañ qum cm alstdnd buafl trdndhl `mhdr `m vmrcd døe `mspuës `m flrds . Meued alegmrmeakd mstm vmrdel, vdrkls aurd`lrms bm albmetdrle qum mstm kbplrtdetmy bleubmetdc trdndhl mrd, `m cmhls, su gdvlrktl `mc dôl. @ms`m cumol, cls tkmbplsfde adbnkd`l y cls arâtkals y dad`ëbkals yd el usde mc vk`ml albl afkvl mxpkdtlrkl,pmrl skoum fdnkme`l prlncmbds. Wdrkls busmls qukskmrle albprdr cd lnrd pdrd susalcmaaklems d pmsdr `m su prmakl `m ]Q@$0=:.:::. ]ed `m `kafds kestktuaklems,mc Busml `m Nmccds Drtms `m Nlstle, rmdckzñ ued prlymaakñe `m cd lnrd albl keame-

tkvl y prmbkl d sus orde`ms `ledetms. Megurmak`l, Bdracdy fkzl ued `macdrdakñedgkrbde`l qum mc busml fdnâd keaubpck`l mc aletrdtl `m >0 päokeds msarktl pdrd cdalbprd `m cd lnrd. Mc `mndtm aletkeød pmrl Bdracdy fd `kafl qum mstd nkguradakñemetrm sus ketmeaklems y cd vk`d `m cd lnrd pl`râd smr cd adusd `m qum el fdod bäsvk`mls. Arml qum gum Bkms vde `mr ^lfm, mc drquktmatl, qukme plpucdrkzñ cd grdsm–@kls mstä me cls `mtdccms‒. Qk Bkms tmeâd rdzñe, y cd dtmeakñe `m Bdracdy d cds

=. Knâ`., p. 7>.7. Qbktf, ^lnmrtd, –Ds ke Ckgm, Pkbkeo ks mvmrytfkeo ke tfm blvkms‒, Pfm Emw [lri Pkbms, gmnrmrl 1 `m >:44.

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gumrzds aucturdcms y maleñbkads ms alrrmatd, metleams elsltrls albl aurd`lrmsy mspmatd`lrms `mnmbls keskstkr me cd vkskñe mspmaâgkad `mc drtkstd y bäs ed`d.Gkedcbmetm, mc bue`l `mc drtm sugrkñ ltrl mpksl`kl mxtrdôl m kequkmtdetm. @dvk`_lhedrlwkaz mstuvl rmprmsmetd`l me ued mxplskakñe alcmatkvd me cd Edtkledc ZlrtrdktOdccmry tktucd`d Fk`m/Qmmi8 @kggmrmeam de` @mskrm ke Dbmrkade Zlrtrdkturm(Huodr dc msale`ktm8 @kgmrmeakd y `msml me mc rmtrdtl dbmrkadel). Cds prltmstds`m cd C kod Adtñ c kad adusdrle päekal y m c sunsmarmtdr kl `m c Qbktfslekdermtkrñ cd lnrd `m cd mxplskakñe. Qkoukmrle vkokckds, bdekgmstdaklems, `macdrdaklemsy msaäe`dcls `mc bue`l `mc drtm. Qm fkakmrle prmsmetdaklems acde`mstkeds `m cdlnrd y cls arâtkals sm vdckmrle `m ketmremt m kbprmsls pdrd ale`medr mc dnsur`ldatl `m amesurd. Albl cl mxpckañ mbltkvdbmetm Flccde` Alttmr me mc Emw [lriPkbms , _lhedrlwkaz el mstdnd dtdade`l d cd Kocmskd adtñckad skel rmalestruyme`l

cls mgmatls `mc mspkrktudcksbl y cd rmprmskñe, cd megmrbm`d` y cd rmgcmxkñe, trdspmr`mr d su pdrmhd megmrbd `m QK@D y rmaknkr ue `kdoeñstkal koudcbmetm cmtdc.

Albl aurd`lr y mstu`kdetm `m fkstlrkd `mc drtm, bm ccdbd cd dtmeakñe cl alebl-vm`lrds y rmcmvdetms qum sle mstds pkmzds y su rmampakñe. Els fdncde ‐albl clfdaâde fdam dôls‐ slnrm cl qum ms kbplrtdetm y cl qum el, cl qum pl`mbls `k-omrkr y dqumccl qum tde slcl pl`mbls d`kvkedr. ]sde tmaelcloâd `m eumstrl bue-`l altk`kdel y adpktdckstd pdrd submrokrels me dbnkmetms aletrlcd`ls y nkmedgked`ls. Qu lnhmtkvl ms m`uadrels y fdamrels rmgcmxkledr. Dcoueds vmams adu-

sde ue msaäe`dcl l arâtkads pmrl, ale smourk`d`, smräe cds alsds qum eumstrlsfkhls qumrräe mstu`kdr pdrd dprme`mr bäs slnrm elsltrls y eumstrd ëplad.

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==

D gkrm ke by Nmccy (Qtkcc `mc gk cbm >).


@dvk` _lhedrlwkaz, D Gkrm Ke By Nmccy (Gkcb Ke Zrlormss) y D Gkrm Ke By Nmccy Mxamrpt, 4;67-6?.Qupmr 6bb gkcb trdesgmrk`l d vk`ml (ncdeal y emorl y d alclr, bu`l), 418:7 bke. de` ?8:: bke.Alrtmsâd `m Pfm Mstdtm lg @dvk` _lhedrlwkaz y Z.Z.L._ Odccmry, Emw [lri y Pfm Gdcms Cknrdry de`Qpmakdc Alccmatkles/ Emw [lri ]ekvmrskty.



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acdvm :4;-;?

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Gkourd 48 ^msmdraf Al`m . (a >::;, B. Qtlai).

=;

Qlgtwdrm akmetâgkal y cd armdakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m • Bdri H Qtlai • =?-??



acdvm :4;-;?

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4. Ketrl`uaakñe

Me >:::, bm mealetrdnd `mpurde`l ued pkmzd `m slgtwdrm `m skbucdakñe `m gcuk`ls

qum el mstdnd gueaklede`l alrrmatdbmetm. Me cuodr `m nusadr ue –+4‒ bdc unkad`l ldcoøe ltrl mrrlr `m sketdxks me `lameds `m päokeds `m adsk k ealbprmeskncms añ`kols ,`mak`â vksudckzdr cls mcmbmetls albputdakledcms `m cls rmsuctd`ls `m skbucdakñemrrd`ls. Me msd ëplad, cd rme`mrkzdakñe mrd uel `m bks ketmrmsms pdrdcmcls, dsâqum mstdnd gdbkckdrkzd`l ale ue dvdezd`l slgtwdrm `m vksudckzdakñe drquktmatñekadccdbd`l ^d`kdeam. @mak`â rme`mrkzdr cls mcmbmetls albputdakledcms ‐me mstm adslgkcdbmetls `m vñrtkam‐ albl sñck`ls akcke`rls ncdeals me ued fdnktdakñe ncdead. Cmpm`â d ^d`kdeam qum skbucdrd cd ketmr-rmgcmxkñe `m cd cuz me tl`d cd msamed y omemrdrdued kbdome ale cls eumvls `dtls. Mspmrdnd vmr ued cäbked pcded trkdeoucdr l, me mc

pmlr `m cls adsls, ued cäbked merlccd`d `m akcke`rls `m rd`kl uekglrbm. Cd kbdome`m cd Gkourd > gum mc rmsuctd`l.

Gkourd >8 Qke tâtucl/uetktcm` . (a >:::, B. Qtlai).

=?-?? • Bdri H Qtlai• Qlgtwdrm akmetâgkal y cd armdakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m

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Mstd gdsakedetm kbdome el slcdbmetm bm dyu`ñ d unkadr mc mrrlr me mc añ`kol `mcprlordbd `m skbucdakñe, skel qum qum`ë kebm`kdtdbmetm gdsaked`l plr cd rmcdtkvdgdakck`d` `m alevmrtkr cd rmprmsmetdakñe `koktdc `m ue prlamsl mgâbmrl me ued glrbdmsauctñrkad sñck`d y vksamrdcbmetm rmdckstd. @ms`m metleams fm mstd`l mxpclrde`lmc usl `m ëstds y ltrds fmrrdbkmetds `m cd gâskad albputdakledc pdrd omemrdr kbä-omems drtâstkads.

>. ¼Añbl pum`m ue albputd`lr skbucdr cd edturdcmzd<

Ms plal präatkal ketmetdr rdstrmdr y skbucdr mc blvkbkmetl `m ad`d ätlbl l pdrtâaucdme ue skstmbd gâskal d msadcd fubded. Me su cuodr, cls akmetâgkals elrbdcbmetm dorupdeorde`ms adetk`d`ms `m pdrtâaucds amradeds y ale prlpkm`d`ms skbkcdrms me bdarl-pdrtâaucds (l mcmbmetls), y cumol rdstrmde msm orupl albl sk gumsm ued metk`d` ke`k-vk`udc. Edturdcbmetm, cds rmocds qum olnkmrede cds ketmrdaaklems metrm mstds eumvdsy bdylrms metk`d`ms `kgmrkräe `m cds `m sus pdrtms alestktuymetms. Qke mbndrol,sk sm prlymatd d`maud`dbmetm, cls mrrlrms adusd`ls plr mstds dprlxkbdaklems eldgmatdräe skoekgkadtkvdbmetm mc rmsuctd`l gkedc.

Zlr mhmbpcl, sk qukskërdbls prm`makr cd glrbd me qum ued pmcltd `m aduafl rmnltdme ued fdnktdakñe, smrâd øtkc dprlxkbdr tl`ls cls ätlbls `m cd pmcltd albl ue lnhmtlke`kvk`udc rdstrmdncm. Cds prlpkm`d`ms y albplrtdbkmetl `m mstm lnhmtl el sle cdsbksbds `m cls ätlbls qum cl aleglrbde pmrl, me su cuodr, rmgcmhde cds prlpkm`d`ms

bdarlsañpkads `m ued pmcltd `m aduafl.

Gkourd 1 ‑ Qlcuakñe (kzq.) y aud`râaucd albputdakledc d`dptdtkvd (`mr.) pdrd uedskbucdakñe nk`kbmeskledc `m ue pdrafm dskbëtrkal `m vlrtkak`d`. Eñtmsm cd bdylrrmslcuakñe aude`l cd slcuakñe adbnkd bäs. (©>::6, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Alelakme`l cds prlpkm`d`ms `m cd pmcltd, su plskakñe kekakdc y vmclak`d`, cds cmyms`m cd `keäbkad emwtlekded y ued albpcmtd `msarkpakñe `mc mspdakl plr mc qum smblvmrä cd pmcltd, pl`mbls msarknkr ue prlordbd `m albputd`lr qum rmdckam uedketmordakñe eubërkad pdrd dprlxkbdr cd plskakñe `m cd pmcltd me audcqukmr blbmetlguturl. Cd prmakskñe `m msls rmsuctd`ls `mpme`mrä buafl `m cls eubmrlsls ekvmcms`m dprlxkbdakñe fmafls, tdetl me mc bl`mcl albl me mc añbputl. D pmsdr `m su`kgkauctd`, cds dprlxkbdaklems albl mstds sle buy albuems m kearmâncmbmetm øtkcmsme adsk tl`ds cds ärmds `m cd a kmeakd y cd keomekmrâd.

Cd bdylrâd `m cds skbucdaklems eubërkads `m gmeñbmels gâskals albpcmhls sm`msdrrlccde me cls trms pdsls skoukmetms. Zrkbmrl, mc skstmbd gâskal qum sm mstu-`kdrä sm ‖`ksarmtkzd‛ l `msalbplem me mcmbmetls `kgmrmeakd`ls, ad`d uel ale

ue albplrtdbkmetl skbkcdr pmrl adpdz `m bdetmemr prlpkm`d`ms `kgmrmetms.Mstls mcmbmetls pl`râde smr pdrtâaucds, smobmetls `m ue gkcdbmetl, trkäeouclsme ued bdccd, aud`rd`ls l aunls me ued aud`râaucd, l dcoued ltrd glrbd rmcmvdetm.Zlr mhmbpcl, cd Gkourd 1 kcustrd ue pdsl `m ued skbucdakñe `m gcuhl skbpcm y clsmcmbmetls albputdakledcms qum sm mstäe usde`l. Cumol, cds maudaklems gue`dbme-tdcms (elrbdcbmetm maudaklems `kgmrmeakdcms) `mnme pdsdrsm d ue glrbdtl qum clsalbputd`lrms `koktdcms pum`de bdemhdr ale gdakck`d`. Msl kbpckad alevmrtkrcds memaudaklems `kgmrmeakdcms `ksarmtds qum rmcdakleme cds prlpkm`d`ms `m uel y ltrlmcmbmetl. Fkrsaf (4;66) `msarknm me `mtdccm dbnls tkpls `m `ksarmtkzdakñe. Gkedc-bmetm, mc orupl rmsuctdetm `m maudaklems `kgmrmeakdcms y trdesglrbdaklems oml-bëtrkads sm alevkmrtm me añ`kol `m albputd`lr utkckzde`l uel l bäs dcolrktbls.Pl`ds cds msalomeakds fmafds me msls pdsls pum`me tmemr ue orde kbpdatl me cdvmclak`d` y prmakskñe `m cd skbucdakñe, y fdy ärmds metmrds `m kevmstkodakñe (gâskadalbputdakledc, y bëtl`ls eubërkals, pdrd elbnrdr slcl `ls) `m` kad`ds d mealetrdrslcuaklems ñptkbds.

Cd skbucdakñe eubërkad usde`l albputd`lrms `koktdcms els pmrbktm metme`mr gmeñ-bmels gâskals qum sle `kgâakcms l kbplskncms `m albprlndr me mc cdnlrdtlrkl. ]sdrmstds fmrrdbkmetds pdrd cd armdakñe `m lnrds `m drtm bm prlvmm `m ue cdnlrdtlrkl

vkrtudc me mc audc mxpmrkbmetdr ale elvm`lsds câemds y glrbds me ue mspdakl`ksmôd`l plr bâ. Cds skoukmetms smaaklems `m mstm drtâaucl prmsmetde y `msarknme`ls bëtl`ls albputdakledcms grmaumetmbmetm usd`ls plr keomekmrls y `ksmôd`lrmspdrd skbucdr gmeñbmels gâskals, `ls bëtl`ls qum gumrle `m vktdc kbplrtdeakd me cdprl`uaakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m 8 cd rd`klsk`d` y cd `keäbkad `m gcuk`ls.


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acdvm :4;-;?

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1. ^d`klsk`d` y cuz

Cd rd`kdakñe el ms slcdbmetm ued dtmrrd`lrd alesmaumeakd `m cds mstdaklems euacmdrms9

cd pdcdnrd sm rmgkmrm d tl`d cd memroâd qum vkdhd me câemd rmatd (rd`kd) `ms`m sulrkome. Cds drtms vksudcms sle elrbdcbmetm dslakd`ds ale cd cuz vkskncm, qum ms uetkpl `m rd`kdakñe. Pl`d supmrgkakm rmgcmhd dcoued grdaakñe `m cd cuz qum rmaknm, ymsd cuz aletkeød vkdhde`l me câemd rmatd fdstd mealetrdr ltrd supmrgkakm qum, d suvmz, rmgcmhd pdrtm `m mccd, mta. Cd cuz aletkeudrä rmnltde`l fdstd msadpdr l fdstdqum su memroâd smd dnslrnk`d plr ued supmrgkakm (u ltrl bm`kl datkvl tdc albl cdekmncd). Mstd ketmr-rmgcmxkñe `m cuz sm `d `m glrbd adsk kestdetäemd y skrvm pdrd `drke`kadaklems vksudcms trk`kbmeskledcms `m vktdc kbplrtdeakd, tdcms albl `kstdeakd yprlxkbk`d` `mc lnhmtl (Bd`ksle mt dc, >::4) . Cd Gkourd 0 kcustrd cd vmetdhd `m keacukr

ue aäcaucl `m ketmr-rmgcmxkñe aude`l sm vksudckzde mc tkpl `m msameds albpcmhds yel-ketuktkvds tâpkads `m cds skbucdaklems `m cd `keäbkad `m gcuk`ls.

Gkourd 0 ‑ @msdrrlccl tdr`âl `m ue vñrtkam turnucmetl, vksudckzde`l mceøacml `mc vñrtkam albl ue gkcdbmetl sñck`l, skbucd`l ale ue bëtl`l`m vksalsk`d` `m vñrtkam rmoucd`l, rme`mrkzd`l me ^d`kdeam ske (kzq.)y ale (`mr.) ketmr-rmgcmxkñe. (©>:::, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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Cls bëtl`ls `m rd`klsk`d` sle dcolrâtbls albputdakledcms qum pum`me smr usd-`ls pdrd `mtmrbkedr mc ndcdeam `m cd rd`kdakñe memroëtkad metrm skstmbds `m su-pmrgkakms y lrkoked`d me mc adbpl `m trdesgmrmeakd `m adclr rd`kdatkvl. Aude`l cdrd`kdakñe dprlvmafd`d ms cuz vkskncm, cls rmsuctd`ls `m tdcms aäcaucls pum`me smrrme`mrkzd`ls albl kbäomems drtkgkakdcms `m msameds vkrtudcms (Olrdc mt dc , 4;60).@mpme`kme`l `m cd adck`d` y `mtdccm `mc bl`mcl vkrtudc, tdcms kbäomems pum`me smrbuy rmdckstds.

Cls bëtl`ls `m rd`klsk`d` elrbdcbmetm kevlcuarde cls skoukmetms trms pdsls8 `ks-armtkzdr cd msamed me pdrafms pmqumôls y rmoucdrms, ad`d uel `m cls audcms smalesk`mrdrä qum tkmem ued rd`klsk`d` uekglrbm9 mesdbncdr cd bdtrkz `m rd`klsk`d`qum ms ued smcmaakñe `m gdatlrms `m glrbds omlbëtrkads y rmgcmxkvk`d`ms `m cls

pdrafms `m supmrgkakm9 rmslcvmr cd maudakñe `m cd bdtrkz usde`l mc dcomnrd ckemdcpdrd cd rd`klsk`d` `msalelak`d `m ad`d pdrafm.

Mc ^d`kdeam Qyetfmtka Kbdokeo Qystmb (Cdrsle y Qfdimspmdrm, 4;;6) ms ue pd-qumtm `m slgtwdrm qum adcaucd cd rmgcmxkñe `m cd cuz me ued msamed y rme`mrkzd uedkbdome `m cls rmsuctd`ls. Ms utkckzd`l plr `ksmôd`lrms `m kcubkedakñe m keomekmrlspdrd vdck`dr skstmbds `m kcubkedakñe pdrd m`kgkakls memroëtkadbmetm mgkakmetms.]tkckzd ued tëaekad `m smu`lrd`klsk`d` pdrd adcaucdr cd ketmr-rmgcmxkñe8 me cuodr`m `kvk`kr cds supmrgkakms me pdrafms `mgkek`ls, omemrd dutlbätkadbmetm pdrtâaucdsvkrtudcms me cds supmrgkakms kea cuk`ds y adcaucd cd rd`klsk`d` me msls puetls. @le`m

sm rmvmcde adbnkls gumrtms me cd rd`klsk`d`, sm omemrde eumvls puetls9 mstd rmsl-cuakñe mspdakdc dubmetd`d rm`uam mc bdrome `m mrrlr `m cd slcuakñe.

Duequm ^d`kdeam tkmem buafls usls präatkals tdcms albl adcaucdr cls ekvmcms `mkcubkedakñe `m cls mspdakls `m trdndhl, elrbdcbmetm ms ue skstmbd utkckzd`l pdrdarmdr kbäomems rmdckstds `m msameds vkrtudcms. Mc slgtwdrm gueakled `m glrbd buyskbkcdr d ued aäbdrd vkrtudc. Bkmetrds ue gltñordgl bl`mrel me su mstu`kl aletrlcdtl`ls cls dhustms `m su aäbdrd, msamed m k cubkedakñe, ue ‖gltñordgl‛ qum trdndhd ale^d`kdeam pum`m usdr aäbdrds kbplskncms, ordndr msameds qum `msdgâde cds cmyms`m cd gâskad, tmemr aletrlc tltdc `m tl`ds cds supmrgkakms y prlpkm`d`ms `m cuz y,ale cls pdräbmtrls `m rme`mrkzdakñe, adbnkdr keacusl mc albplrtdbkmetl `m cd cuzbksbd. L, me mc smetk`l lpumstl, albl sm bumstrd me cd Gkourd =, cds ckbktdaklems`m cd gltlordgâd pum`me smr kegcumeakd`ds pdrd kearmbmetdr mc smetk`l `m rmdck sbl,d pmsdr `m cd mvk`metm edturdcmzd drtkgka kdc `m cd omlbmtrâd.

[l usl ^d`kdeam `mnk`l dc aletrlc qum bm lgrmam, albl ued fmrrdbkmetd qum bm


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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

dyu`d d omemrdr buafl `m bk trdndhl drtâstkal. Mxkstme ltrls prlordbds pdrdrme`mrkzdr kbäomems `m msameds vkrtudcms pmrl, fdstd fdam plal, slcl ^d`kdeampl`âd keacukr `m glrbd räpk`d y prmaksd cls mgmatls gâskadbmetm rmdckstds `m cdketmr-rmgcmxkñe `m cd cuz. Qkol usäe`lcl d pmsdr `m qum yd mstäe `ksplekncms eum-vls prlordbds plrqum mstly gdbkckdrkzd`l ale mc skstmbd, plr su fdnkck`d` pdrddutlbdtkzdr msameds buy albpcmhds, cd purmzd `m usdr slgtwdrm akmetâgkal `mskbucdakñe me tl`d bk câemd `m prl`uaakñe y plrqum skoum skme`l ordtks y `m añ-`kol dnkmrtl.

0. @keäbkad `m gcuk`ls

Cd `keäbkad `m gcuk`ls ms mc mstu`kl `mc blvkbkmetl `m cls gcuk`ls, smde câquk`ls,odsmlsls u ltrd bdtmrkd ale`mesd`d. Cd bdylrâd `m cls gcuk`ls ale cls qum ketmrda-tudbls d `kdrkl sm albplrtde `m daumr`l ale cds maudaklems `m Edvkmr-Qtlims ‐ued

Gkourd =8 ske tâtucl . (a >:44, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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smrkm `m akeal maudaklems `kgmrmeakdcms qum rmcdaklede cls adbnkls me cd vmclak`d`,prmskñe, `mesk`d` y tmbpmrdturd ale mc tkmbpl. Qle maudaklems el ckemdcms y slclsm fde mealetrd`l ueds plads slcuaklems dedcâtkads. Due dsâ, `kafds slcuaklems au-nrme tde slcl sktudaklems `m gcuhl buy mspmaâgkads y el turnucmetds. Cls gcuhls bäsketmrmsdetms slcl pum`me skbucdrsm usde`l bëtl`ls `m dprlxkbdakñe y mstl slclme albputd`lrms buy pl`mrlsls. Mc adbpl `m cd gâskad albputdakledc sm laupd `mcd rmarmdakñe `mc albplrtdbkmetl `m cls gmeñbmels gâskals me ue albputd`lr. Ms-pmaâgkadbmetm, cd bmaäekad `m gcuk`ls albputdakledc (AG@) aleskstm me rmslcvmr cdsmaudaklems `m blvkbkmetl `m cls gcuk`ls (cds maudaklems `m Edvkmr-Qtlims l vmrskl-ems skbpckgkad`ds) me ue skstmbd `m mcmbmetls `ksarmtls ale mc gke `m omemrdr ueddprlxkbdakñe `mc gcuhl rmdc.

Cd AG@ ms utkckzd`d me buafds ärmds akmetâgkads y `m cd keomekmrâd y, dflrd, uelsplals drtkstds mstäe usde`l sus bëtl`ls pdrd armdr lnrds `m drtm omemrdtkvds mketmrdatkvds. Qm fde armd`l ued vdrkm`d` `m bëtl`ls y dcolrktbls pdrd rmslcvmrmc blvkbkmetl `m cls gcuk`ls, ad`d uel `m mccls ale vmetdhds y `msvmetdhds rmcd-akled`ds ale su prmakskñe, gdakck`d` `m prlordbdakñe y pltmeakdc mstëtkal. Cds

dpckadaklems, bëtl`ls y sus `mrkvdaklems sle dedckzd`ls plr _mssmckeo (>:::).

Cls bëtl`ls `m vñrtkam sle bëtl`ls `m cd bmaäekad `m gcuk`ls albputdakledc qumalesk`mrde qum mc bm`kl gcuk`l mstä albpumstl `m pdramcds `m akraucdakñe ke`mpme-`kmetms l vlrtkak`d`, y rdstrmde mc blvkbkmetl y cds prlpkm`d`ms `m msls mcmbmetlsd bm`k`d qum mvlcuaklede me mc tkmbpl. Cd akraucdakñe y vlrtkak`d` sle bm`k`ds

Gkourd 7 ‑ @kedbl y `mtdccm. (©>::7, B. Qtlai).

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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Bk trdndhl detmrklr sm fd dplyd`l gumrtmbmetm me cls bëtl`ls `m vñrtkam pdrdsu kespkrdakñe y aletmek`l omlbëtrkal. Bk tmsks (Qtlai, >::7) gum cd prkbmrd melgrmamr ue añ`kol pdrd skbucdr gkcdbmetls aletkeuls `mc vñrtkam, y msl bm ccmvñ dbks prkbmrls trdndhls (albl mc qum dpdrmam me cd Gkourd 0). Msm añ`kol mvlcuakleñfdstd uel qum gumrd adpdz `m bdemhdr mc pmrpmtul mstkrdbkmetl y pcmodbkmetl `mcds cäbkeds `mc vñrtkam, pmrbktkme`l cd armdakñe `m cds supmrgkakms y aurvds ketrkead-`ds y supmrpumstds mhmbpckgkad`ds me Pfm Prluncm _ktf Dcolrktfbka Drt (Gkourd 6).Albl kevmstkod`lr akmetâgkal `m plstord`l, aletrknuâ d `msdrrlccdr vdrkls añ`kols`m bëtl`l `m pdrtâaucds `m vñrtkam. Me msls prlordbds, cls mcmbmetls albputdakl-edcms mrde skbpcmbmetm pdrtâaucds msgërkads `m `kvmrsls tdbdôls (rmprmsmetd`dsme cd Gkourd = albl nclqums rmatdeoucdrms). Albl el tmeâde ekeoued alematkvk`d`y, plr tdetl, el pl`âde rmprmsmetdr ekeouel `m cls mcmbmetls trd`kakledcms `m cds

drtms vksudcms, pdrd dcouels trdndhls `mak`â trdzdr sme`mrls me mc ärmd `m gcuhlm kestdeakdrcls. @yedbl (Gkourd 7) ms ue mhmbpcl `m bk trdndhl `m msm pmrkl`l.Bäs rmakmetmbmetm, bm fm ketmrmsd`l me mc drtm me tkmbpl rmdc y mc vk`ml. Me clsalbputd`lrms `m fly `âd ms plskncm alrrmr pmqumôds skbucdaklems (`m bmels `m4::: mcmbmetls) me tkmbpl rmdc. Cd Gkourd ; bumstrd ued kbdome `m bumstrd `mued kestdcdakñe alestruk`d usde`l bk prlpkl añ`kol y alrrk`d me tkmbpl rmdc me bkalbputd`lr.

Gkourd 6 ‑ Kzqukmr`d8 `mtdccm `m Pfm Prluncm _ktf Dcolrktfbka Drt 9 @mrmafd8 kbdome albpcmtd(©>::;, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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=. Cd armdakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m

Mc aleamptl `m ^msmdraf Al`m surokñ aude`l albprme`â qum bk prlpkd ketmrgdamale bk trdndhl ‐mc añ`kol `mc albputd`lr bksbl‐ mstdnd dusmetm me mc trdndhl gk-edc. Bkmetrds ue pketlr olzd `mc nmemgkakl `m cd lnsmrvdakñe `krmatd y aletkeud `mcprlormsl `m su trdndhl, ue drtkstd qum trdndhd ale slgtwdrm `m skbucdakñe a kmetâgkadomemrdcbmetm el tkmem msm prkvkcmokl. Bk prlamsl aleskstm me armdr bletdôds `meltds bdeusarktds qum aletkmeme bdtmbätkads y dcolrktbls, y lnsmrvdr ued pde-

tdccd `m albputd`lr ccmed `m sâbnlcls tmxtudcms qum rmprmsmetde cd sketdxks `m A lGlrtrde. Qlcl `mspuës `m ue orde `msdrrlccl sm `ksplem `m prltltkpls vksudcms `mcrmsuctd`l gkedc.

Mc añ`kol qum omemrñ cd `keäbkad ms ue bëtl`l pdrd pdrtâaucds `m vñrtkam vks-alsl qum `msdrrlccë bkmetrds mstdnd me Dppckm` Qakmetkgka ^msmdraf, Kea. (Qtlai yOfdrdifdek, >:4:). Me cd smaakñe detmrklr sm prmsmetd ue rmsubme omemrdc `mc dc-olrktbl. Mc gcuhl kekakdc mrd mc `m `ls dekccls `m vñrtkam metrmcdzd`ls y ale vmatlrms`m blbmetl pmrpme`kaucdr ‐ ued sktudakñe qum smrâd buy `kgâakc `m armdr me cd vk`d

rmdc pmrl qum mc añ`kol bdemhd ske prlncmbd. Mstm gcuhl me pdrtkaucdr ms skbkcdr dcprmsmetd`l plr Nrd`y mt dc (4;;6) pmrl ale ue dekccl `m eøacml orumsl albpumstlplr ued eunm `m pdrtâaucds `mc vñrtkam me cuodr `m ue tunl fumal y trkdeoucdr.Bkmetrds cd skbucdakñe alrrâd, d ketmrvdcls rmoucdrms `m tkmbpl `m skbucdakñe, mcmstd`l `mc skstmbd (cd unkadakñe y prlpkm`d`ms `m ad`d pdrtâaucd `mc vñrtkam) smoudr`dnd me ue drafkvl. Cls `dtls me msls drafkvls bumstrde mc `msdrrlccl `mc gcuhl

Gkourd ; ‑ Meaud`rm `m ^ltd;\6, ue bëtl`l `m vñrtkam nk`kbmeskledc ale4?: pdrtâaucds `m vñrtkam. (©>:4:, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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(Gkourd 4:). Dc koudc qum mc gltñordgl qum mspmrd mc blbmetl pmrgmatl pdrd tlbdrued gltlordgâd, yl mxdbkeë cls drafkvls y msaloâ uel qum aletmeâd glrbds `m ordey bm`kded msadcd dord`dncms.

@mnk`l d qum bk kevmstkodakñe bm mxkom el slcl tlbdr eltds d bdel skel tdbnkëe cmmry msarknkr keglrbms `m kevmstkodakñe, `mak`â qum cd bmhlr glrbd `m prmsmetdr mc añ-`kol me cd pkmzd gkedc smrâd kestdeakdr ad`d pdrtâaucd `mc vñrtkam me cd skbucdakñe aleue pm`dzl `m pdpmc me mc qum mstä msarktl mc añ`kol `m skbucdakñe bksbl. Tumrâd qumcd kbdome gkedc rmgcmhdrd mc adls y cls dnrubd`lrms smetkbkmetls qum mxpmrkbmetëpdrd tmrbkedr bks prlymatls `m kevmstkodakñe y sdnâd qum fdamr gcltdr cds päokeds memc mspdakl bm `drâd buafd lplrtuek`d` pdrd qum mc slgtwdrm rme`mrkzd`lr dormodrdprlgue`k`d` y `kbmeskledck`d` d cd msamed. Puvm qum fdamr amrad `m ued `lamed `mrme`mrkzdaklems `m prumnd pdrd mealetrdr mc tdbdôl, `mesk`d` y aurvdturd `mc pdpmcdprlpkd`ls pdrd cd msamed ‐vdrkds `m mccds dpdrmame me cd Gkourd 44. Dc gkedc, slclsm usñ ue sunorupl `m cds >=;;4: pdrtâaucds lrkokedcms, rmsuctde`l 10=17 päokeds‐ued orde adetk`d` `m tl`ds bdemrds. Ad`d päoked sm aurvd dcrm`m`lr `mc mhm `mcd vlrtkak`d` cladc (mc mhm `m rltdakñe cladc `mc gcuhl), y cd omlbmtrâd `m ad`d päoked

aleskstm me 06 trkäeoucls (pdrd ue tltdc `m 4.7B `m trkäeoucls me cd msamed).

Fdstd mstm puetl me cd armdakñe `m ^msmdraf Al`m, yl bm fdnâd albplrtd`l øekad-bmetm albl armd`lr y msauctlr. Zmrl d bm`k`d qum cd omlbmtrâd gkedc sm mstdncmaâd,dsubâ mc pdpmc `mc gltñordgl `m mstu`kl8 aletrlcdr cd unkadakñe `mc suhmtl y cd kcu-bkedakñe, dsâ albl mealetrdr ue puetl `m vkstd y ue meaud`rm d`maud`ls. Qkme`l


:

Gkourd 4: ‑ Wdrkds mtdpds `m cd mvlcuakñe `m `ls dekccls `m vñrtkam metrmcdzd`ls. Cd mtdpd gkedcblstrd`d ms cd gumetm `m c ls `dtls usd`ls me ^msmdraf Al` m. (©>::;, B. Qtlai).



acdvm :4;-;?

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ue bl`mcl vkrtudc, pu`m usdr slgtwdrm pdrd vksudckzdr y bdekpucdr cd omlbmtrâd alemc gke `m mealetrdr ue puetl `m vkstd qum dametudrd mc dbpckl blvkbkmetl `m cdsmstruaturds d orde msadcd `mc vñrtkam y rmvmcdrd cd trk`kbmeskledck`d` ketrâesmad`mc suhmtl. ]së tdetl Zdrd Wkmw (Fme`mrsle, >::?) albl lnhv (Ickndelv, >:44)pdrd prmvksudckzdr cd omlbmtrâd y msalomr cd vkstd d`maud`d. Zdrd mvktdr slbnrdsgumrtms, kcubkeë cd msamed ale ued cuz dctd, dprlxkbd`dbmetm ue >=% bdylr qum cdomlbmtrâd bksbd. El qumrâd qum mc gle`l gumrd tltdcbmetm lsaurl dsâ qum unkquëtl`d cd msamed me ue sdcñe dctl, akcâe`rkal, ale pdrm`ms buy lsaurds (pmrl el em-ords). ]ed vkstd `m pmrgkc `m mstd msamed dpdrmam me cd Gkourd 4>. Clorë dhustdr cdunkadakñe `mc suhmtl y cls vmatlrms `m puetl `m vkstd ale vdrkds rmpmtkaklems `m rvume mc prmvksudckzd`lr `m ^d`kdeam.

Zdrd bdpmdr mc añ`kol `m albputd`lr d cd omlbmtrâd gkedc, msarknâ prkbmrl ue sarkptpdrd cmmr tl`ls cls drafkvls `m añ`kol gumetm me mc prlordbd m kbprkbkr ad`d pä-oked (=?7 me tltdc) albl ued kbdome me msadcd `m orksms. Mstds kbäomems gumrlemesdbncd`ds `mspuës me ued orde kbdome `m dprlxkbd`dbmetm =:::: plr 7::::pkxmcms qum gum usd`d albl bdpd `m kbäomems me ^d`kdeam. Cd Gkourd 41 bumstrdued päoked `m bumstrd y mc orde bdpd `m kbäomems gkedc. Aude`l qum`ñ ckstd cdomlbmtrâd `m pdpmc gkedc, sm msalokñ ued päoked dc dzdr y sm oudr`drle sus allr-`med`ds me mc bdpd me cd `msarkpakñe omlbëtr kad. Cd Gkourd 40 kcustrd mc rmsuctd`lgkedc `mc bdpmd`l `mc tmxtl `m cd kbdome `mc alehuetl d ued päoked ke`kvk`udc me mctrdndhl gkedc. Buafds `m cds päokeds `mc añ`kol qum dpdrmame me cd kbprmskñe gkedcsle cmokncms ske emamsk`d` `m dyu`ds.

Mc prkeakpdc prlordbd `m rme`mrkzd`l `m ^d`kdeam, rpkat, damptñ albl kesubl cls0:6BN `m cd omlbmtrâd y cls drafkvls `mc bdpd `m kbäomems y omemrñ cd kbdomerdw `m 1.>ON, 17::: plr >0::: pkxmcms, me 0 `âds usde`l 0 eøacmls `m bk tmrbk-edc. @mnk`l d qum ^d`kdeam armd drafkvls `m kbdome ale puetl gcltdetm y vdclrmsmxplemeakdcms `m pkxmcms, cd kbdome aru`d sm dnrkñ ale Akempdket (Bksa. , >:44) pdrdgkhdr cd mxplskakñe m kearmbmetdr mc aletrdstm detms `m dpcdedrcd d ued al`kgkadakñeckemdr `m 6 nkts plr adedc.

Cd kbdome gkedc gum rm`kbmeskled`d d 4:::: plr 777? pkxmcms m kbprmsd me 4>>V 64 ametâbmtrls me pdpmc Fdfembufcm Zfltl ^do 1:6 `m Kbdomike`, Kea., usde`lued kbprmslrd `m 6 tketds (1 ekvmcms `m emorl) y glrbdtl deafl. Cd kbprmskñe gcltdme ue bdral prlgue`l `m bd`mrd emord s ke vk`rkl (`mnk`l d su tdbdôl).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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Fd sk`l mxpumstd me cd bumstrd ALCCLQKLE8 VW me Dxklb Odccmry me Nlstle, BD,me >:4: y me Mcmatrlekas Dckvm KW me cd Odcmrâd Qadrglem/Fdrtcmy `m cd ]ekvmrsk-

`d` `m Pdbpd me >:44.

Aleacuskñe

]e drtkstd `koktdc `m 1@ tkmem qum smr d cd vmz msauctlr y gltñordgl `m mstu`kl, `k s-akpckeds qum mxkome ue metme`kbkmetl keedtl ̀ mc albplrtdbkmetl gâskal ̀ m sus bm-`kls . ]sdr, l bmhlr, armdr fmrrdbkmetds `m añbputl qum kbktme msm albplrtdbkmetlgâskal `d dc drtkstd `koktdc ue pl`mr kebmesl pdrd armdr lnrds qum vdyde bäs dccä`m cls câbktms `m ad`d `ksa kpcked. [l utkckzl bks fdnkck`d`ms albl akmetâgkal, drtkstdy prlordbd`lr pdrd fdamr tdcms fmrrdbkmetds y pdrd omemrdr kbäomems `m alsds

qum l el pum`me mxkstkr l elrbdcbmetm pdsde `msdpmraknk`ds. Fdamr ^msmdraf Al`m gum adtärtkal plrqum gkedcbmetm guk adpdz `m rmvmcdr ‐me cd kbdome bksbd‐ dcol `mcketmesl trdndhl tëaekal qum sm fdam detms keacusl `m trdzdr mc prkbmr pkxmc.

Gkourd 4> ‑ Wkstd prlymatkvd pdrdcmcd `m cd msamed m kcubkedakñepdrd ^msmdraf Al`m. (©>::;, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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Dord`makbkmetls

Tukskmrd dord`mamr d Qdetkdol Mafmvmrry plr su mstâbucl m kevdcudncm rmtrldckbme-

tdakñe9 dc rmstl `mc prlgmslrd`l y pmrsledc `m cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m Pdbpd plr kevk-tdrbm d mxplemr bk trdndhl9 y dc @latlr Ofdrdifdek `m Dppckm` Qakmetkgk a ^msmdrafplr pmrbktkrbm usdr cls añ`kols dccâ `msdrrlccd`ls pdrd bks prlpkls gkems armdtkvls.

Nkncklordgâd

Nrd`y, B., Cmledr`, D. y Zuccke, @.K. (4;;6) ^moucdrkzm` vlrtmx sfmmt mvlcutkle ke tfrmm`kbmeskles. Hluredc lg Albputdtkledc Zfyskas 407, =>:-=0=.

Alttmt, O.-F. y Ilublutsdils, Z. (>:::). Wlrtmx Bmtfl`s. Adbnrk`om, ]I8 Adbnrk`om ]ek-vmrskty Zrmss.

Olrdc, A. B., Plrrdeam, I. M., Ormmenmro, @. Z. y Ndttdkcm, N., –Bl`mckeo tfm Ketmrdatkle lgCkoft Nmtwmme @kggusm Qurgdams‒, Albputmr Ordpfkas, vlc. 46, el. 1, pp >41->>>, 4;60.

Gkourd 41 ‑ ]ed päoked y =?7 päokeds `mc añ`kol `m albputd`lr alclad`ds me cds flhds gcltdetms me^msmdraf Al`m . (©>::;, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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Fme`mrsle, D. (>::?). ZdrdWkmw Ouk`m, d Zdrdccmc Wksudckzdtkle Dppckadtkle. Iktwdrm Kea.

Fkrsaf, A. (4;66). Eubmrkadc Albputdtkle lg Ketmredc de` Mxtmredc Gclws. Eumvd [lri, E[8Hlfe _kcmy & Qles.

Ickndelv, Q. (>:4:). lnhv (albputmr slgtwdrm). Albprd`l dc dutlr, `kakmbnrm >:4:.

Cdrsle, O._. y Qfdimspmdrm, ̂ .D. (4;;6). ̂ me`mrkeo wktf ̂ d`kdeam8 Pfm Drt de` Qakmeam lgCkoftkeo Wksudckzdtkle, Qde Grdeaksal, AD8 Blrode Idugbdee.

Bd`ksle, A., Pflbpsle, _., Imrstme, @., Qfkrcmy, Z. y Qbkts, N. (>::4). ]sm lg ketmr-rmgcmatklede` sfd`lw glr surgdam aletdat. Zmramptkle de` Zsyaflpfyskas, 71(>)846?‑4;0.

Bksa. (>:4:). Akempdket (albputmr slgtwdrm). Wmrskle :.>>.4-4; kestdcd`l `mc pdqumtm ^ZB.

^lsmefmd`, C. (4;14). Pfm Glrbdtkle lg vlrtkakms grlb d surgdam lg `ksaletkeukty, Zrla.^ly. Qla. Cle`le Qmr. D, 410, 4?:-4;>.

Gkourd 40 ‑ Zrkbmr pcdel `m ^msmdraf Al`m me mc qum sm vm cd sketdxks `mA me cd omlbmtrâd `m cd päoked aurvd. (©>::;, B. Qtlai).


?=



acdvm :4;-;?

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Qtlai, B. (>::7). D ^moucdrkzm` Kevksak` Wlrtmx Qfmmt Bmtfl` glr Pfrmm @kbmeskledcGclws _ktf @meskty Ketmrgdams, tmsks `m @latlrd`l, ]ekvmrskty lg Bkafkode, Dee Drnlr,Bkafkode, ]QD.

Qtlai, B. y Ofdrdifdek, D. (>:4:). D OZ]-daamcmrdtm` Nlue`dry Mcmbmet Bmtfl` de` Wlr-tmx Zdrtkacm Bmtfl`. DKDD 0:tf Gcuk` @yedbkas Alegmrmeam de` Mxfknkt, >6 hue-4 huc >:4:,

Afkadol, KC.

Qtlai, B. (>:44). Dcolrktfbka gcuk` kbdomry, Nrk`oms Alegmrmeam le Bdtfmbdtkas, Buska,Drt, Drafktmaturm, Aucturm. Alkbnrd, Zlrtuodc.

_mssmckeo, Z. (>:::). Zrkeakpcms lg Albputdtkledc Gcuk` @yedbkas, Eumvd [lri, E[8 Qprkeomr-Wmrcdo.

Gkourd 4= ‑ Zrkbmr pcdel `m ^msmdraf Al`m blstrde`l cd ketmr-rmgcmxkñe`m cd cuz y adrdatmrâstkads `m msadcd bm`kd. (©>::;, B. Qtlai).


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acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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trdesglrbdakñe. Mstls `knuhls bmtdbñrgkals el qukmrme trdesbktkr aletmek`ls skelfdamr prmouetds. Qk nkme mxkstm ued cktmrdturd mxtmesd slnrm su lnrd, el emamsdrkd-bmetm mealetrdbls me mccd cds rmspumstds y alemxklems nusad`ds. Cd emamsk`d` `m ms-tdncmamr vâeaucls ale cd fkstlrkd `m Alclbnkd y me pdrtkaucdr mstdncmamr alemxklemsale cds glrbds `m fdamr, pmesdr y mesmôdr drtm fly dquâ, sle mc lrkome `m mstd ale-vmrsdakñe qum sm ccmvñ d adnl metrm Nloltä y Hlfdeemsnurol mc 4= `m Huckl `mc >:4:.

_I8 _kcckdb Imetrk`om

CM8 Cked Mspkelsd

CM8 ¼Dcoued vmz fd mstd`l me Nloltä<

_I8 El, euead fm mstd`l me Nloltä pmrl arml qum uel `m bks bletdhms mstuvlued vmz me Nloltä. [ ue dbkol buy amradel mstä me Nloltä me mstm blbmetl,fdakme`l ued pmcâaucd slnrm cd tlbd `mc Zdcdakl `m Hustkakd y mc hukakl dc alrl-emc qum mstuvl kbpckad`l me cd tlbd y qum sm mstä `msdrrlccde`l plr mstls `âds.

CM8 Cd tlbd `mc Zdcdakl `m Hustkakd, laurrk`d me 4;6= ms tdc vmz uel `m cls bl-bmetls bäs `mckad`ls qum vkvkñ Alclbnkd me mc skocl VV. ^maupmrdr cd bmbl-rkd `m cl qum suam`kñ msm `âd, mstdncmamr rmsplesdnkck`d`ms slnrm cd trdom-

`kd laurrk`d skoum skme`l ued tdrmd buy kbplrtdetm. ¼Añbl sm ccdbd su dbkol<

_I8 Deous Oknsle.

CM8 Fdy `ls tmbds slnrm cls qum qukskmrd prmouetdrcm8 tmeol aurklsk`d` plr alelamrmc pdpmc qum fd huod`l mc tmdtrl me su lnrd datudc y tdbnkëe qukskmrd sdnmr slnrmcds rmcdaklems qum sm pum`me mstdncmamr metrm cd fkstlrkd `m Qu`ägrkad y cd fkstlrkd`m Alclbnkd. Bäs d`mcdetm pl`mbls vlcvmr slnrm msl.

Albmeambls fdncde`l `mc mgmatl qum tkmem mc drtm slnrm cd slakm`d`. Zlr mhmbpcl,

cd glrbd me qum su lnrd dgmatd cd aleakmeakd y cd smesknkck`d` `m cd ometm. ¼Armmustm` qum mc drtm pum`m adbnkdr cd glrbd `m pmesdr `m cd ometm<

_I8 El sm trdtd qum mc drtm pum`d adbnkdr cd glrbd `m pmesdr `m cd ometm. Ms qumtmembls qum metme`mr qum mstdbls fmafls, me ued dctâskbd prlplrakñe, plr cdsalsds qum fmbls lâ`l, cds alsds qum fmbls vkstl, cls cknrls qum fmbls cmâ`l, cds

>

?;-;; • Cked Mspkelsd • Alevmrsdakñe ale _kcckdb Imetrk`om. ]ed câemd metrm Hlfdeemsnurol y Nloltä



acdvm :4;-;?

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pmcâaucds qum fmbls vkstl, cd bøskad qum fmbls lâ`l, y qum msl albplem me ordebm`k`d cd bdtmrkd `m cd qum mstdbls fmafls. El ms qum elsltrls smdbls dcol `mdetmbdel y mc drtm pum`d dôd`kr dcol d msl. Cl qum suam`m bäs nkme ms qum mc drtmpum`m smr uel `m cls albplemetms gue`dbmetdcms `m cl qum slbls. [ el arml qum mcdrtm pum`d smrvkr albl kestrubmetl pdrd dgmatdr d cd slakm`d` l prlvladr cd ke`ko-edakñe pønckad l dcol dsâ, pmrl arml qum d ekvmc ke`kvkùdc, mc drtm ms dnslcutdbmetmgue`dbmetdc me cl qum slbls. [ msd ms cd ndsm pdrd metme`mr cd kbplrtdeakd `mctrdndhl l `m smoukr trdndhde`l. Me mc tmdtrl laurrm cl bksbl8 pl`mbls pmesdr medcoueds pmcâaucds l cknrls l kbäomems l aud`rls qum el sñcl els fde trdesglrbd`lskel qum fde aleslck`d`l cl qum slbls, alsds qum sle albl gkrbms kbpucsls qumrmaknkbls me `mtmrbked`d ëplad. Zl`mbls metme`mr cl kbplrtdetm qum ms mc drtm y`d`d su kbplrtdeakd, smetk r qum el fdy emamsk`d` `m mxpckadrcl tl`ls cls `âds skel

sñcl damptdr qum mc drtm ms gue`dbmetdc.

CM8 ]stm` dadnd `m rmaknkr mc Zrmbkl Iyltl, uel `m cls rmalelakbkmetls bäs kbplr -tdetms `mc bue`l d cd –ometm qum fd fmafl dplrtms skoekgkadtkvls pdrd merkqumamr cdakvkckzdakñe fubded‒. Mstm prmbkl nusad –ke`kvkùls qum tmeode ue ck`mrdzol ëtkalndsd`l me cd aleakmeakd fubded…‒. Msds sle pdcdnrds buy kbplemetms. ¼Añbl smskmetm dc rmspmatl<

_I8 [l `krâd qum msds sle pdcdnrds qum mbpcmdrle cds pmrsleds qum msarknkmrle cd

alevladtlrkd `mc prmbkl, el pdcdnrds qum yl usdrâd. D bâ bm ketmrmsd cd nrmafd qummxkstm metrm cd skbpckak`d` y dcoueds vmams cd mstupk`mz `mc trdndhl aude`l cl mstäsfdakme`l, l cd datkvk`d` `m fdamr drtm, `m fdamr ued lnrd y mc pl`mr y mc skoe kgkad`lqum msd lnrd pum`m tmemr `mspuës, aude`l mstä tmrbked`d. Dsâ qum cd alsd el msqum aude`l uel mstä trdndhde`l pkmesm8 –mstl qum mstly fdakme`l ms pdrd cd fu-bdek`d`, pdrd trdmr cd pdz, pdrd trdesglrbdr mc bue`l‒. El, msds k`mds hdbäs aru-zde bk bmetm. Zmrl dc gkedc, aude`l cd lnrd mstä tmrbked`d, ms mvk`metm qum dgmatdd buafd ometm `m bdemrds `kgmrmetms. ]ed alsd kbplrtdetm qum `msaunrâ aude`lalbmeaë d fdamr drtm ‑l el aude`l albmeaë skel aude`l mstdnd d bm`kl adbkel‑ms qum emamsktdnd tmemr buafd bäs alegkdezd me mc fmafl `m el sdnmr quë mrd cl

qum mstdnd fdakme`l, me mc fmafl `m el alelamr mc skoekgkad`l, `m el sdnmr auäcmrd cd rdzñe pdrd fdamr `kstketds alsds. Dprme`mr d trdndhdr ale cd keamrtkùbnrmy cd ù`d, sdnkme`l qum dc gkedc cl qum rmsuctd rmvmcd cl qum mrms y el skmbprm msmstøpk`l l adrmam `m skoekgkad`l, pmrl pdrd bâ, albmezdr ale ue bmesdhm, skmbprmms ue `msdstrm.

Alevmrsdakñe ale _kcckdb Imetrkòm. ]ed câemd metrm Hlfdeemsnurol y Nloltä• Cked Mspkelsd • ?;-;;

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mstäe fdakme`l. @m fmafl, mccls `mnmrâde `makr qum tkmeme ue kbpucsl pdrd trdndhdr,l –tmeol ued k`md damrad `m ued kbdome pdrtkaucdr ale cd qum qukmrl trdndhdr, pmrlel cms pum`l `makr añbl vd d smr dc gkedc plrqum msl cd `mstrukrâd‒. El sm pum`mmsarknkr msl me ued prlpumstd, msl cl së. Fm trdndhd`l `url pdrd armdr ue mspdakl`le`m prltmomr mc drtm, `le`m `mhdrcm mspdakl dc drtm y d cd keamrtk`ubnrm.

CM8 Arml qum cls mspmatd`lrms pum`me pmraknkr msl me su trdndhl. Zlr mhmbpcl, me cdsmrkm –Qmvme Grdobmets glr Omlroms Bëckæs‒ tuvm cd kbprmskñe qum ustm` mstdnd memsm msamedrkl y mstdnd albmezde`l d kbprlvksdr, albl qukme fdam kbprlvksdaklems`m tmdtrl. Zmrl detms `m kbprlvksdr, ustm` tkmem qum mstdr smourl `m dcol, ¼akmrtl<

_I8 Wly d mxpckadr añbl gueakled msd kbprlvksdakñe. Mstdnd ketmrmsd`l me cl qum

suam`m aude`l mc tkmbpl vd fdakd dträs, ms `makr aude`l plems d rmtrlam`mr uedpmcâaucd y cd prlymatds me rmvmrsd. Fdy akmrtds alsds qum sle lnvkds, dcol sm adm,vlcvmrä d tu bdel. Fdy alsds qum el sle slrprmskvds pmrl fdy ltrds alsds qum sâsle ued slrprmsd. ]ed `m cds alsds qum el pu`m prmvmr gum cd smesdakñe `m pmrgma-akñe utñpkad qum mxkstm aude`l mc tkmbpl sm `mvumcvm. Me ltrds pdcdnrds, tø dr rlhdsdcol dc ltrl mxtrmbl `m cd fdnktdakñe, ued `lamed `m lnhmtls, y aude`l prlymatds cdaketd fdakd dträs, dtrdpds ad`d uel `m cls lnhmtls, tl`ds cds vmams 9 tl`ls rmormsded tus bdels. Ccdbë d bk fkhl, qum arml qum tmeâd eumvm dôls aude`l albmeaë d fdamrmstl, y cm `k ued adhd ccmed `m lnhmtls y cm `k hm8 –buy nkme, adbked plr cd fdnktdakñe

fdakd dträs y vm drrlhde`l cls lnhmtls d tu dcrm`m`lr‒. [ cl gkcbë. Cumol cm blstrëcd aketd me rmvmrsd, `m bl`l qum sm vmâd adbkede`l fdakd `mcdetm y d bm`k`d qumadbkednd knd dodrrde`l msls lnhmtls qum vlcdnde fdakd ëc `ms`m tl`ds pdrtms `mcd fdnktdakñe. [ ëc sm pusl gmck z. @khl8 –¡sly buy numel! ¡Qly buy numel! ¡Bkrd añbldodrrl cds alsds! ¡Ms gdetästkal!‒, cl audc mhmbpckgkad, bäs l bmels, cd muglrkd `mmsd pkmzd qum kevkmrtm mc tkmbpl. Metleams `khm8 –Qâ, vdbls d huodr ale msl, vdblsd fdamr msl…‒, y cd smoue`d alsd, qum tkmem qum vmr ale cd kbprlvksdakñe, ms mctrdndhl ale cd ordbätkad `m cd glrbd. El ms sugkakmetm prlymatdr cd pmcâaucd me rm-vmrsd. Fdy ued ordbätkad pdrtkaucdr me cd glrbd albl datøds fdakd dträs `m bdemrdqum pum`ds prlymatdr cd aketd d cd kevmrsd. [ msl pum`m kbpckadr mc äeoucl dc audc

adbkeds aude`l vds fdakd dträs, pdrd qum tm vmds albl sk mstuvkmrds adbkede`l fd-akd `mcdetm. ¼@mnms fdamr ued pdusd detms `m drrlhdr ue lnhmtl l `mspuës `m qumdrrlhds ue lnhmtl, `m bdemrd qum pdrmzad albl sk mstuvkmrds dtrdyme`l dcol fdakdtu bdel, dcol qum mstä me ltrd pdrtm< [ `m ued mxtrdôd bdemrd, mstls rmgkedbkme-tls damrad `mc bl`l me qum gueakled cd glrbd ms `le`m tkmem cuodr mc vmr`d`mrltrdndhl `mc akacl `m prlymaaklems slnrm Bëckæs y ltrds aketds skbkcdrms.


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acdvm :4;-;?

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CM8 Me dcoueds `m cds pkmzds `m mstd smrkm `m`kad`d d Bëckæs, ustm` sm rmgkmrm dcprlamsl `m armdakñe albl ue rmsuctd`l gkedc, aumstklede`l dc mspmatd`lr damrad`m cd pmrampakñe `mc tkmbpl, damrad `mc prlamsl y `ms`m cumol, damrad `m mstds`keäbkads `m armdakñe. ]stm` usñ bdtmrkdc me vkvl y mstrdtmokds tdcms albl m`k-tdr, alrtdr, blvmrsm fdakd dträs, tdc albl ustm` els dadnd `m mxpckadr, l alrrmr cdaketd me rmvmrsd y plr supumstl, `knuhdr y nlrrdr, l `mrrdbdr dcol y ckbpkdr. ]stm`els fdam smetkr keañbl`ls ale eumstrd prlpkd pmrampakñe `mc tkmbpl y mc mspdakl.¼Zum`m mxpckadrels ue plal bäs damrad `m añbl mxpmr kbmetd ustm` mc prlamsl qumdetmam`m d cd armdakñe `m ued pkmzd<

_I8 Cd pkmzd surokñ cumol `m bkrdr cds a ketds `m Omlroms Bëckæs y metme`mrcl albldrtkstd. Ëc bksbl fdaâd cds pketurds, me su mstu`kl, me grmetm `m cd aäbdrd. Dsâ qum

ms ued mspmakm `m `rdbd `m cd aäbdrd, mc drtkstd y sus pke turds y mc tmcñe `m gle`l.Gum albl aletkeudr msd glrbd `m humol qum fdambls ad`d `âd, `makr mesdymblsdcol `kstketl9 dodrrdr cls cknrls alrrkme`l cd aketd fdakd dträs gum ued pmcâaucd ladbkedr plr mc mstu`kl. Qk mc msamedr kl ms mc mstu`kl, sk mc tmrrmel `m cd pmcâaucd msmc mstu`kl, audcqukmr alsd qum mstë suam`kme`l me mc mstu`kl pum`m alevmrtkrsm mepdrtm `m cd pmcâaucd y cd pmcâaucd pum`me smr damrad `m cd datkvk`d` qum tkmem cuodrdetms `m qum laurrd cd lnrd `m drtm. ¼Auäc ms cd acdsm `m pmesdbkmetl l el pmesd-bkmetl qum tkmem cuodr< ¼Añbl ms mc tkmbpl qum trdesaurrm detms qum albkmeam mcprlamsl `m `knuhdr< [ dsâ, cds pmcâaucds aleskstme prkeakpdcbmetm me gkcbdrbm d bâ

bksbl adbkede`l fda kd dträs y fdakd `mcdetm dcrm`m`lr `mc mstu`kl, d vmams mrd cdgkcbdakñe `mc blvkbkmetl rmdc me mc mstu`kl y d vmams ued rmprmsmetdakñe `m mstm.Zmrl cd prmouetd bäs dbpckd slnrm cd armdtkvk`d` l cd vkskñe, msds sle alsds qumuel vm me mc trdndhl aude`l cl fdam. Fdstd akmrtl puetl, yl s kbpcmbmetm qumrâd al-pkdr dcoueds `m cds tëaekads `m Bëckæs y vmr `ñe`m els ccmvdnd msl. [, dc gkedc `m cdrmdckzdakñe `m cd smrkm `m grdobmetls albmeaë d trdndhdr me cd pmcâaucd –Hluremytl tfm Blle‒. Metleams bm kbpusm cd rmocd qum, pdrd fdamr msd aketd, sñcl pl`âdusdr mcmbmetls qum yd mxkstkmrde me cds ltrds pmcâaucds. Cds tdzds `m adgë fdnâdedpdrmak`l me ued pmcâaucd, cds flrbkods fdnâde sk`l gkcbd`ds pdrd ltrd pmcâaucd ysm vlcvkmrle pdrtm `m cd edrrdtkvd `m –Hluremy tl tfm Blle‒. Mstly ketmrmsd`l me cd

pdrtm `mc trdndhl qum sk nkme el ms akmod, dc bmels el vm cl qum mstä fdakme`l. Zmrlcds pmcâaucds sle fmafds `m msd bdemrd y cumol cds rmøel y `kol –Wdbls d vmr quëfdy dquâ‒. –¼Gueaklede albl ued alevmrsdakñe ketmrmsdetm metrm `kstketds kbäomemsqum sm vme me mc bksbl mstd`l<‒. Qupleol qum glrbdcbmetm bk ketmrës, dflrd qumcl rmaumr`l, mrd cl skoukmetm8 [l pmesë8 –Me ued sdcd `m mxplskaklems ms buy albøeblstrdr skmtm u lafl pketurds, ued huetl d cd ltrd y uel el emamsktd qum tmeode ued

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acdvm :4;-;?

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CM8 Albl alclbnkdels metme`mbls buy nkme cl qum skoekgkad vkvkr me ue pdâs alecdrols y prlgue`ls alegckatls slakdcms y plcâtkals. ¼Añbl fd dgmatd`l su trdndhl y

su vk`d cd sktudakñe slakl-plcâtkad `m Qu`ägrkad<

_I8 El alelzal buafl slnrm cls `mtdccms `m cd datudc sktudakñe plcâtkad `m Al-clbnkd, sñcl cl `kgâakc qum ëstd fd sk`l ùrdetm buafls, buafls dôls. Me Alclbnkdms bäs albpckad`l plr cd glrbd me qum cls adrtmcms `m cd `rlod ske ù`d dgmatdetdbnkëe cd plcâtkad. @m bl`l qum dccä fdy mcmbmetls qum elsltrls el fmbls tmek`l.Me Qu`ägrkad cls dsuetls plcâtkals sle buafl bäs smeakccls, buafl bäs `krmatls,me akmrtl smetk`l. [ tdbnkëe fdy ue orde dnksbl, ue orde adbnkl metrm cd ëpladdetmrklr d 4;;: y cd ëplad plstmrklr d 4;;:8 detms `m 4;;: pdrmaâd kbplskncm qummc skstmbd `mc dpdrtfmk` ccmodrd d su gke, duequm ad`d `âd sm vlcvâd bäs `kgâak c pdrd

mc olnkmrel slstmemrcl y `ms`m 4;;:, albmezdrle cls pdsls `kgâakcms , l albl `krâdedcouels, cls pdsls gäakcms fdakd cd `mblardakd y cls dôls `kgâa kcms pdrd aletkeudr cd`mblardakd. Dsâ qum sly alesakmetm `m dcoueds alsds qum `mnme smetkrsm `m glrbdbuy skbkcdr me Alclbnkd y dcoueds ltrds qum `mnme pdrmamr buy `kstketds.

Fm tmek`l `ls vk`ds albl drtkstd. Cd prkbmrd tuvl cuodr fdstd qum aubpcâ bäs l

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_kcckdb Imetrkòm me su mstu`kl. Gltl alrtmsâd `m Bkoumc Qdcdzdr.




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

bmels >= dôls y cumol cd smoue`d albmezñ aude`l tmeâd 1:. @urdetm vdrkls dôlssuspme`â albpcmtdbmetm bks datkvk`d`ms albl drtkstd. Prdndhë me ltrds ärmds. Elfkam `knuhls. [ cumol rmormsë dc `knuhl pmrl rmormsë `m ued bdemrd buy `kstketd.Cd lnrd ale cd qum ustm`ms `mnme mstdr gdbkckdrkzd`ls ms tl`l mc trdndhl qum fmfmafl `ms`m qum rmormsë dc `knuhl. Cd lnrd qum fkam detms, fdstd 4;6:, ms `makrcls prkbmrls `ls dôls `mspuës `m tmrbkedr cd uekvmrsk`d`, mstdnd kevlcuard`d meplcâtkad `m ued bdemrd buafl bäs `krmatd. Mrde dgkafms pdrd ske`kadtls, pkmzds `mtmdtrl pdrd blvkbkmetls plcâtkals. Me akmrtl blbmetl ccmoñ d fdnmr ue dnksbl tdeorde`m metrm mc drtm qum fdaâd pdrd bâ bksbl y mc drtm qum fdaâd pdrd cls `mbäs,qum `mak`â qum el pl`âd smoukr trdndhde`l me elbnrm `m ltrd ometm9 el smetâd qumgumrd yl bksbl. Dsâ qum suspme`â bks datkvk`d`ms drtâstkads ùrdetm vdrkls dôls. Bmguk pdrd ued msaumcd `m tmdtrl me Zdrâs pdrd alevmrtkrbm me datlr. [ dfâ `msaunrâ

qum el pl`âd smr datlr dsâ qum rmormsë d Qu`ägrkad y trdndhë me cd keùstrkd `mcakem plr ue tkmbpl y cumol, `mspuës `m vdrkls dôls, rmormsë d fdamr `knuhls me bkmstu`kl. [ metleams albmeaë d fdamr bks kbäomems `m mstu`kl `m cd bdemrd me qumcds `msarknâ detmrklrbmetm8 ske tmemr ue prlordbd, ske bmesdhm, ske ued prlpumstd.

CM8 Dsâ qum `mak`kñ trdndhdr oukd`l slcdbmetm plr sus prlpkls ketmrmsms.

_I8 @mak`â trdndhdr `kakme`l qum fdrâd prkbmrl cd lnrd y `mspuës fdrâd cds prm-ouetds. Detms yl skmbprm `maâd8 –¼Auäc ms cd kbdome qum fdy qum fdamr<‒ ¼Tuë

kbäomems emamsktd mc bue`l< ¼Tuë emamsktd mc ske`kadtl< ¼Tuë emamsktd cd cuafd<‒[ cumol trdtdnd `m aubpckr ale msd tdrmd. [ cls `knuhls sm qum`dnde dtdsad`ls9 elpl`âd smoukr trdndhde`l. Aude`l rmormsë gum buy `kgâakc vlcvmr dc `knuhl, pmesë qumsk knd d mbpmzdr d `knuhdr, el `mnâd aumstkledrbm. Qk fdnâd ued kbdome qum qumrâd`knuhdr, cd `knuhdrâd y el `krâd –¼quë skoekgkad mstl<‒ l –¼plr quë emamsktd mstdrdfâ<‒ Qkel qum cm `drâd d cd kbdome mc nmemgkakl `m cd ù`d. [ `m ued glrbd mxtrdôd`msaunrâ qum dc trdndhdr `m msd bdemrd, cls `knuhls albmezdrle d mstdr bäs al-ematd`ls ale cl qum mstdnd suam`kme`l. Qm vlcvkñ buafl bäs gäakc tmemr ued bdemrd`m rmprmsmetdr l blstrdr cd slakm`d`, aude`l cd kbdome el tmeâd qum mstdr dfâ. Pl`dcd lnrd qum sm fd `kvucod`l ms cd lnrd `m cd smoue`d gdsm, cd gdsm prkeakpdc `m bk

trdndhl ale mccd. Metme`â mc vdclr `m pmrbktkr cd mxkstmeakd `m ue mspdakl pdrd dcolqum el ms alkeak`meakdc ‑el ms dc dzdr qum surome cds alsds‑ pmrl qum tdbplal msdcol qum sm metkme`m `m detmbdel, ue mspdakl qum pdrd bâ pdrmam alrrmsple`mrsm`m bdemrd buy âetkbd ale ued pdrtm `m cl qum skoekgkad smr ue smr fubdel. Ms cdnrmafd metrm sdnmr cl qum uel pkmesd, sdnmr cl qum uel vd d `makr, `mhdrsm slrprme-`mr y smr alesakmetm `m tl`ds msds ltrds tlrbmetds qum tkmeme cuodr me eumstrl


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acdvm :4;-;?

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ketmrklr y sle pdrtm `m elsltrls y rmalelamr qum msd ms cd bdemrd me qum vdblsplr mc bue`l.

CM8 Msl sumed buy akmrtl. ¼Auäe`l ccmoñ su gdbkckd d Qu`ägrkad y auäc mrd cdsktudakñe me cls smsmetds, aude`l ustm` mrd ekôl y cd plcâtkad `mc dpdrtfmk` tl-`dvâd mstdnd vkometm<

_I8 Dc koudc qum cd bdylrâd `m cds gdbkckds hu`âds `m Qu`ägrkad, bk gdbkckd ccmoñ`m Cktudekd. Fdam amrad `m 44: dôls, fdakd 4;:: gum aude`l bk gdbkckd ccmoñ dQu`ägrkad9 funl ued orde mbkordakñe fdakd Qu`ägrkad `ms`m vdrkls pdâsms `m Mu-rlpd `mc Mstm, Cdtvkd, Cktudekd y ^uskd Y…R [l edaâ me 4;==, dsâ qum me cls smsmetd,metrm 4;7: y 4;?>, mstdnd me cd msaumcd. Mstm gum mc pmrâl`l `m bdylr rmprmskñe

me Qu`ägrkad. Gum cd ëplad `m cd bdsdarm `m Qfdrpmvkccm, `le`m gumrle dsmsked`dsplr cd plckaâd, ?: pmrsleds. D cl cdrol `m mstls dôls , yl vkvâd buy alesakmetm `m clqum mstdnd suam`kme`l me Qu`ägrkad plrqum bks pd`rms mrde dbnls dnlod`ls ycls `ls mstdnde rmcdakled`ls ale cls adsls plcâtkals `m cd ëplad. Dsâ qum tdbnkëeguk alesakmetm, `ms`m ued m`d` buy tmbprded, `m vkvkr me ued slakm`d` buy plaledturdc.

CM8 Qu pd`rm ms dnlod`l pmrl el sdnâd qum su bd`rm tdbnkëe gumrd dnlod`d.

_I8 Qâ, cls `ls sle dnlod`ls. Dnlod`ls kbplrtdetms.

CM8 ¼[ mstdnde kevlcuard`ls me prlamsls d gdvlr `m cls `mrmafls fubdels<

_I8 Qâ, acdrl. Bk pd`rm gum uel `m cls dnlod`ls `m Emcsle Bde`mcd y mc dnlod`l`m cd gdbkckd `m Qtmvm Nkil aude`l ëstm gum dsmsked`l. Pdbnkëe gum dnlod`l `m cdsgdbkckds `m cd ometm qum burkñ me cd bdsdarm `m Qfdrpmvkccm, dsâ qum mstuvl buykevlcuard`l me cls prkeakpdcms hukakls plcâtkals `m cd ëplad. [ mstly smourl qum msladbnkñ bks pmrampaklems `mc bue`l me mc qum mstdnd armakme`l. @âd trds `âd, me cdadsd sm rmspkrdnd cd rdnkd `m bks pd`rms fda kd mc bue`l qum cls rl`mdnd. [ supleol

qum cd gumrzd prl`uatkvd `m cd rdnkd mrd ndstdetm mvk`metm me cd ometm qum bm rl-`mdnd aude`l mrd ekôl.

CM8 ¼@khl ustm` qum su fkhl tmeâd eumvm dôls plr cd ëplad `m sus mxpmrkbmetls alemc akem y cds kbprlvksdaklems<

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acdvm :4;-;?

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prmouetd buy smeakccd, pmrl ¼añbl pmraknm ustm` msm adbnkl d cl cdrol `m mstlsvmketm dôls<

_I8 Msd ms ued prmouetd bäs `kgâakc `m cl qum uel pkmesd. Me akmrtds alsds, cdvk`d `kdrkd fd adbnkd`l plal detms y `mspuës `mc gke `mc dpdrtfmk`. [ cd acdsmbm`kd ncdead prkvkcmokd`d qum detms olzdnd `m prkvkcmokls, tl`dvâd skoum olzde`l`m prkvkcmokls. Dflrd sm cms fd subd`l ued acdsm bm`kd emord qum tdbnkëe olzd `mcls bksbls prkvkcmokls. Zmrl sk mrms ue afkal emorl `m acdsm trdndhd`lrd, ue afkalemorl `mc adbpl, tu guturl tl`dvâd ms buy, pmrl buy `kgâa kc. Qk mrms ue afkal emorlketmckometm y metrds d ued uekvmrsk`d`, `m rmpmetm fdy ued melrbm `k gmrmeakd me tusplsknkck`d`ms. Zdrd dcoueds pmrsleds mc bue`l fd adbnkd`l plr albpcmtl, pdrd dc-oueds fd adbnkd`l bmels `m cl qum uel mspmrdr âd. Zlr ltrd pdrtm, me mc pdâs sm vkvm

ued dtbñsgmrd buy `kstketd9 tl`dvâd ms ued albnkedakñe `mc lptkbksbl plstmrklr dcd trdesglrbdakñe y pmskbksbl detm mc dubmetl `m cd alrrupakñe y mc fmafl `m vmrañbl `kstketds pdrtms `mc olnkmrel sm pdrdckzde y `mhde `m gueakledr. Zdrd bâ, cdøekad bdemrd `m vkvkr ms el smr pmskbkstd ek lptkbkstd, skel metme`mr qum mstls `lsguturls sm `msdrrlccde dc bksbl tkmbpl. El ms ue dsuetl `m mcmokr metrm uel y ltrl9me tu adnmzd tkmems qum trdtdr `m bdetmemr cds `ls vksklems.

CM8 Fdncmbls slnrm tmdtrl. ]stm` albmezñ mstd metrmvkstd bmeaklede`l su pdrtkak-pdakñe albl `krmatlr `m ue bletdhm qum trdhmrle d Nloltä. Zrlndncmbmetm sm trdtd

`m _lyzmai le tfm Fkofvmc`, `m cd Fde`sprkeo Zuppmt Albpdey qum sm prmsmetñme mc WK Gmstkvdc Knmrldbmrkadel `m Pmdtrl `m Nloltä me 4;;7. Me msm blbmetl,ustm` ketrlùhl adbnkls skoekgkadtkvls me mc tkmbpl y cls pmrsledhms pdrd datudckzdrcd lnrd `m Omlrom Nuafemr. Dcol skbkcdr fd laurrk`l me su rmgmrmeakd dc ^my ]nø,mc pmrsledhm `m Hdrry qum pmrslekgkad cd krrdakledck`d` y cd mxtrdvdodeakd `m clstkrdels y cls olnmredetms. ¼Tuë rmcdakñe mstdncmakñ ustm` metrm cd Albkskñe pdrdcd Wmr`d` y cd ^maleakckdakñe `m Qu`ägrkad y mc ^my ]nø<

_I8 Arml qum cd pumstd me msamed `m _lyzmai yd tmeâd trms dôls aude`l gum d Nl-oltä y me cls øctkbls dôls fd sk`l rmvksd`d9 sm vd d prmsmetdr ltrd vmz mstm dôl y

mc prñxkbl y døe skoum vkometm. Cds bdrklemtds skmbprm sm vme koudcms pmrl qukmemscds bdekpucde tkmeme vmketm dôls bäs qum aude`l mbpmzdbls. Cd prlùaakñe `m]nø tlbd lnvkdbmetm ued albnkedakñe `mc pmrsledhm nurcmsal `m cd msarkturd `mHdrry y cd bmzacd ale cd slnrkd mvk`meakd lntmek`d plr cd Albkskñe pdrd cd Wmr`d`y cd ^maleakckdakñe mvk`meakd `m cls dnusls albmtk`ls aletrd cls `mrmafls fubdelsqum tuvkmrle cuodr ùrdetm cd mrd `mc dpdrtfmk`. Me mc msamedrkl, cl qum tmeâdbls

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acdvm :4;-;?

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qum fdamr mrde `ls alsds8 vmr sk sm pl`âd albnkedr ued acdsm `m pmrsledhm qum mrdmstd mspmakm `m nugñe, cl orltmsal `m Hdrry, ale cd edturdcmzd `laubmetdc `m cdmvk`meakd subkekstrd`d plr cls tmstkols detm cd Albkskñe. [ d ekvmc vk sudc, albnkedrmc bdtmrkdc `m drafkvl `m msd ëplad, kbäomems `m eltkakmrls y alsds albl msds,ale ued dekbdakñe buy aru`d. Prdndhdr ale tmxtls m kbäomems `m drafkvl, y tmxtlsy pmrsledhms dekbd`ls. [ mealetrdbls, l cl qum mspmrändbls mealetrdr y qum me-aletrdbls, ms qum `m fmafl pl`âdbls plemr cds `ls alsds buy amrad y cds `kstketdsglrbds tmrbkednde plr rmglrzdrsm butudbmetm. El ms qum mc fmafl `m plemr ueddekbdakñe dc cd`l `m ued pkmzd glrbd`d plr kbäomems `m drafkvl `mvdcudrd cds kbä-omems `m drafkvl9 cl qum suam`âd mrd qum, `m fmafl, msl tm fdaâd vmr cds kbäomems`m drafkvl ale ued grmsaurd qum el tme`râds sk sñcl vkmrds ued aketd `laubmetdcaleglrbd`d plr kbäomems `m drafkvl.

CM8 Dsâ qum msl tdbnkëe gum ued mstrdtmokd pdrd rmaletmxtudckzdr…

_I8 Mc pmrsledhm `m ]nø y mc pmrsledhm `m _lyzmai mrde me akmrtd glrbd, sñcl uedmxausd pdrd trdndhdr slnrm tmbds su`dgrkadels mspmaâgkals. @m bl`l qum cls pmr-sledhms qum dpdrmaâde me cd prl`uaakñe `m _lyzmai mrde pmrsledhms su`dgrkadelsy mc ]nø qum fkakbls ms ue ]nø su`dgrkadel. Zmrl sm trdtd me pdrtm `m tlbdr cdtrd`kakñe `m msls pmrsledhms m fkstlrkds y `drcms ued bkrd`d `k gmrmetm y fdamr qumcd ometm qum alelam msds fkstlrkds vumcvd d albprme`mr sønktdbmetm cl qum msds

fkstlrkds pum`me qumrmr `makr y cl aletmbplräemds qum sle Y…R duequm el emamsktdsalelamr cds fkstlrkds pdrd qum tm dtrdpme. Zum`ms `msaunrkrcds plr prkbmrd vmz ymccds el tme`räe mc pmsl `m cd trd`kakñe, pmrl skoume skme`l sñck`ds pkmzds `m msark-turd ale cds qum pum`ms trdndhdr, cd lnrd `m Hdrry y `m Nuafemr.

CM8 Fdam ue pdr `m dôls sm armñ me Alclbnkd cd Cmy `m Hustkakd y Zdz cd audc mstd-ncmakñ albksklems pdrd rmaupmrdr cd bmblrkd `mc alegckatl y nusadr cd rmpdrdakñe`m cds vâatkbds. ¼Armm ustm` qum me mstd acdsm `m alegckatls sm pum`m dcadezdr cdvmr`d` plcâtkad<

_I8 El alelzal ed`d slnrm cds ale`kaklems `m cd Albkskñe me Alclbnkd pmrl meQu`ägrkad mc dsuetl mrd buy acdrl8 mc mstdncmakbkmetl `m cd Albkskñe pdrd cd Wmr-`d` y cd ^maleakckdakñe gum pdrtm `m cds emolakdaklems metrm mc olnkmrel sdckmetmy mc eumvl Alesmhl Edakledc Dgrkadel. [ fdnâd ued lpakñe8 trdtdr `m tmemr uedmspmakm `m hukakls mstkcl Eurmbnmro me cls audcms cd ometm smrâd dausd`d plr susdatls y sk fdnâd albmtk`l datkvk`d`ms arkbkedcms pl`râd smr adstkod`d. Msd mrd ued


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acdvm :4;-;?

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dctmredtkvd. Zmrl cumol sm `msaunrkñ qum knd d smr kbplskncm dvmrkoudr cd vmr`d` yfdamr hustkakd. Dsâ qum cd ltrd lpakñe mrd armdr cd Albkskñe9 msl gum cl qum tuvkblsm kbpckad ued pdrd`lhd. Cd pdrd`lhd ms qum pum`ms dvmrkoudr cd keglrbdakñe, pmrlmc prmakl plr dvmrkoudr cl qum suam`kñ ms aleam`mrcms ued dbekstâd d cls pmrpmtrd-`lrms. @m bl`l qum lgrmakëe`lcms cd øekad bdemrd `m clordr qum cd ometm `khmrd clqum fdnâd fmafl mrd lgrmamrcms dbekstâd. Me ltrds pdcdnrds, el fdnâd hustkakd. Fdnâdqum mcmokr metrm `ls lpaklems8 trdtdr `m fdamr hustkakd pmrl d sdnkme`ds `m qum elsm dvmrkoudrâde buafds alsds u lntmemr cd vmr`d` pmrl d adbnkl `m cd hustkakd. Msdms cd pdrd`lhd qum ccmvñ d sktudaklems ëtkads ndstdetm albpckad`ds me Qu`ägrkad.Cd pdrd`lhd ms qum d bm`k`d qum cd ometm rmvmcdnd, alsds ad`d vmz bäs tmrrkncmsslnrm cl qum fdnâde fmafl ad`d vmz sm damradnde bäs d ued dbekstâd.

CM8 Ms slrprme`metm añbl dcouels dspmatls `m cd sktudakñe sle buy skbkcdrms meAlclbnkd.

_I8 ¼@m vmr`d`< ¼Quam`m dcol pdrmak`l dccä me Alclbnkd<

CM8 Dquâ tmembls pdrd`lhds skbkcdrms.

_I8 Buafds pmrsleds emamsktdnde sdnmr quë fdnâd laurrk`l ale sus gdbkckd. [mstly smourl qum d dcoueds pmrsleds cms fdnrâd oustd`l qum cd ometm qum cms fkzl

alsds tmrrkncms d sus gdbkckds cd funkmrde ccmvd`d d hukakl y d prkskñe, l cd funkmrdemhmautd`l, l cms funkmrde `d`l cd rmtrknuakñe qum qumrâde, pmrl aude`l vkmrle qummsl el suam`mrâd, pdrd buafd gum ue orde dckvkl skbpcmbmetm sdnmr qum laurrkñ.Zmrl cd ltrd alsd bäs kbplrtdetm qum msl ‑plrqum arml qum d ekvmc ke`kvk`udc fdybuafd ometm qum el sm sketkñ rmaleakckd`d dc sdnmr cl qum fdnâd laurrk`l ale bkmb-nrls `m su gdbkckd qum gumrle dsmsked`ls l tlrturd`ls‑ gum qum, `urdetm cls `lsdôls qum mstuvl gueaklede`l cd Albkskñe, mc pdâs metmrl rmaknkñ tl`ls cls `âds ke-glrbdakñe damrad `m añbl fdnâd sk`l eumstrd fkstlrkd. @m bl`l qum ed`km pu`kmrd`makr `mspuës –dy, yl euead supm‒ l –Adrdbnd…‒. El gum albl me Dcmbdekd, `le`mmstls prlamsls albmezdrle 1: ñ 0: dôls `mspuës, l me buafds pdrtms `mc bue`l,

`le`m ek skqukmrd fde albmezd`l, `le`m cd ometm el fd dsubk`l cd rmsplesdnk ck`d`plr su fkstlrkd. Msl skoekgkañ qum rmalelamr eumstrd prlpkd fkstlrkd gum pdrtm `m cdvk`d `kdrkd `m tl`ls, el sñcl `m uels audetls albkskled`ls. Mc tmbd mstdnd me cdrd`kl, me cd tmcmvkskñe. Gum ue mvmetl slakdc buy pønckal y `kgue`k`l.

CM8 Arml qum elsltrls tdbnkëe mstdbls me ue prlamsl skbkcdr.

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acdvm :4;-;?

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_I8 Me Alclbnkd, me Nloltä, ùrdetm mc dôl >:4:, smoøe arml, tuvl cuodr mc hukakld uel `m cls omemrdcms l alrlemcms qum pdrtkakpdrle me mc adsl `mc Zdcdakl `m Hus-tkakd. [ metkme`l qum cl ale`medrle.

CM8 Qâ, ustm` sm `mnm rmgmrkr dc adsl `mc alrlemc rmtkrd`l Dcglesl Zcdzds Wmod plrcls fmafls laurrk`ls me mc Zdcdakl `m Hustkakd fdam >= dôls.

_I8 Bm prmouetdnd sk msm hukakl gum ue orde mvmetl me Alclbnkd l ued alsd pmqumôdqum sñcl skoukmrle ueds audetds pmrsleds.

CM8 Me omemrdc cls bm`kls `m albuekadakñe cl skoukmrle y tdbnkëe gum uel `m clstmbds qum sm bmeakleñ ùrdetm cls `mndtms `m cd pdsd`d adbpdôd prmsk`meakdc. @m-

sdglrtued`dbmetm, mc tkmbpl sm els dadnd y qukskmrd prmouetdrcm ue pdr `m alsdsdetms `m tmrbkedr. Mc tmdtrl `m bdrklemtds pdrmam smr ued rmgmrmeakd kbplrtdetmme buafds `m sus lnrds, albl mspdakl `m rmprmsmetdakñe. Me pkmzds albl –NcdaiNlx / Afdbnrm Elkrm‒, mc msamedrkl dcu`m dc tmdtrl y dcoueds vmams dc akral, me bklpkekñe. Msl bm rmaumr`d mc akral `m Adc`mr, pmrl alclrmd`l ale fublr –emorl‒. Qkembndrol, mstd pkmzd mstä rmcdakled`d ale ue fmafl fkstñrkal mspmaâgkal8 cd rmnmckñey mc omelak`kl `mc pumncl Fmrmrl d albkmezls `m c skocl VV. ¼Tuë els pum`m aletdrdamrad `m mstd pkmzd y damrad `mc pdpmc qum humod mc fublr me su lnrd<

_I8 [l el së auäc ms mc pdpmc qum humod mc fublr me bk lnrd. Qkmbprm mspmrl pl`mrfdamr ued albm`kd pmrl plr cl omemrdc, bks dbkols bm `kame qum el sle albm`kds.Bm ketmrmsd mc tmdtrl y arml qum ued `m cds alsds qum ske ù`d fdam mc akral `mAdc`mr ‑bm meadetd su akral y a kmrtdbmetm cl tmeâd me cd adnmzd, smoøe arml, aude`lmstdnd pmesde`l me cd pkmzd –Ncdai Nlx‒ ‑, ued alsd qum fkzl y qum fka kmrle buafdslnrds `m cls orde`ms `d`dâstds, ms qum dc tkmbpl qum mrde ued rmgmrmeakd `m uedvkskñe `mc bue`l, plr mhmbpcl, ued rmgmrmeakd `m bue`l kbplskncm `m cd ZrkbmrdOumrrd Bue`kdc, dc bue`l `m cls `d`dâstds, tdbnkëe cm dnrkmrle tl`l ue cmeoudhmglrbdc, ued bdemrd `m metme`mr mc bue`l. ]e mhmbpcl `m mstl ms mc fmafl `m qumAdc`mr fkzl `knuhls trk`kbmeskledcms, `knuhls ckemdcms `mc bue`l, me sus lnhmtls,

pdrd blstrdr cl smeakccls qum pum`me smr cls bdtmrkdcms. ]el pum`m blstrdr añblsm fdam dcol y døe dsâ clordr qum msm dcol tl`dvâd rmtmeod ued bdokd gdsakedetm.]el vm añbl Adc`mr mstä lpmrde`l cls `kvmrsls lnhmtls `m su akral pmrl skoumeskme`l cls lnhmtls cls qum fdame ad`d eøbmrl. ]el tl`dvâd armm me mccls. [ msd tdb-nkëe ms cd edturdcmzd `mc tmdtrl `m bdrklemtds. ]el pum`m vmr añbl cd bdrklemtd msbdekpucd`d pmrl el pum`m mvktdr dtr knukrcm ued pskquks d cd bdrklemtd. [ msd ms ued


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acdvm :4;-;?

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fdol. Msl rmsple`m cd smoue`d prmouetd.

Me audetl d cd ltrd prmouetd. Mstly ketmrmsd`l me dqumccds trdymatlrkds `mc bl`mreksblqum el tmrbkedrle ale ^ybde l Zlcclai. Msd tme`meakd me bl`mreksbl qum ccmoñ keacusld elvmcds ̀ mc tkpl idgikdel y Bdx Nmaibde l qum pdsd me ^uskd d trdvës `mc alestrua-tkvksbl y cds aketds `m @zkod Wmrtlv, cd mrd gkourdtkvd `mc bl`mreksbl, supleol.Qly buy alesakmetm `m cd acdsm `m trdymatlrkd qum vd `mc mxprmskleksbl d Zlcclai ycumol `m cd acdsm `m pketurd lstmetlsd qum fdy me dcoukme albl @m Illekeo9 qukskmrd

_kcckdb Imetrk`om me su mstu`kl. Gltl alrtmsâd `m Bkoumc Qdcdzdr.


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acdvm :4;-;?

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pl`mr trdndhdr albl ëc. [ msd ms cd bdemrd `m dcoukme qum fd pdsd`l d trdvës `mcmxprmskleksbl dnstrdatl pmrl auyl elbnrm sm bm dadnd `m msadpdr…

CM8 ¼Tuë acdsm `m trdndhl fdam msm drtkstd<

_I8 Albmezñ albl mxprmsklekstd dnstrdatl, pmrl tmrbkeñ pketde`l d tl`ls clsflbnrms ale tøekads y adpuafds puetkdou`ds y zdpdtls orde`ms y akodrrkccls.

CM8 ¼Zfkckp Oustle<

_I8 ¡Qâ! Cd lnrd `m Zfkckp Oustle. Cl audc el qukmrm `makr qum el fdyd cmaaklemsqum dprme`mr `m cl qum laurrkñ me cls akeaumetd, pmrl qum msds cmaaklems pum`me

bdekgmstdrsm `m ued bdemrd qum el tkmem qum tmrbkedr sñcl mxkstkme`l d cd bdemrdormmenmrokded. Mc vmr`d`mrl tmbd `m cd pketurd el skmbprm ms cd pketurd. Ms akmrtlqum cd pketurd ms pdrtm `m cd bdtmrkd prkbd ale qum trdndhdbls, pmrl el tkmem qumtmrbkedr dfâ.

CM8 Zmrbâtdbm dacdrdr dcol slnrm mstl8 cl qum ustm` dadnd `m `mak r ms qum el mstä`m daumr`l ale Ormmenmro me cl qum tkmem qum vmr ale cd bdemrd albl ëc `mgkemcd pketurd, d trdvës `m sus adrdatmrâstkads øekads, skel qum ustm` cd `mgkem `m ltrdbdemrd. ¼Zl`râd mspmakgkadrels auäc smrâd msd bdemrd<

_I8 Zdrd bâ tkmem qum vmr ale mc fmafl `m qum cd pketurd l mc `knuhl sle ued bmb-nrded metrm elsltrls y mc bue`l, metrm eumstrds vk`ds ketmreds y mc bue`l lnhmtkvlqum mstä gumrd `m elsltrls. Aude`l tkmems ue `knuhl, ued glrbd slnrm cd tmcd, msdglrbd el mstä tde slcd, albl sk el funkmrd dcol qum laurrkmrd `metrl `m elsltrlsaude`l cd vmbls. ]ed pdrtm `m elsltrls bkrd msd glrbd y el pl`mbls aletmemr-els9 suam`m cl bksbl aude`l bkrdbls cd bdrklemtd y el pl`mbls mvktdr vmr d uedpmrsled me cd bdrklemtd. Aude`l bkrdbls cd tmcd, mc `knuhl l cd prlymaakñe, elpl`mbls aletmemr mc kbpucsl `m rmalelamr alsds. Cd adtmolrâd `mc rmalelakbkmetl,cd adtmolrâd `m cd dslakdakñe, mc fmafl `m qum cds alsds suokmrme ltrds alsds,

cd smesdakñe `m alemxkñe, cd smesdakñe `m rmslcvmr mekobds, tl`ds cds alsds qumOrmmenmro `krâd qum sle ued bdcd lnsmrvdakñe. Ëc `kam8 –deucd msl, pletm me ue ms-td`l `m dpmrturd Xme me mc audc cl øekal qum vms ms cd glrbd y cd glrbd ms tl`l yms cl øekal qum emamsktds‒. Zdrd bâ, msd ms ued mspmakm `m `mglrbdakñe `m cl qumms smr ue smr fubdel y cd `mglrbdakñe `m cl qum ms cd lnsmrvdakñe. [ msd acdsm`m purmzd bm pdrmam albpcmtdbmetm flrrme`d. Arml qum uel tkmem qum `mgme`mr

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Cls `mrmafls dc rmvës8 drtm y pkrdtmrâd

^msubme8

Cd pkrdtmrâd suplem eumvds glrbds `m albprme`mr cds rmcdaklems aucturdcms yalbmrakdcms. Me mc drtâaucl, cd grdsm `m cd `krmatlrd drometked Cuarmakd Bdrtmcrmsubm mstl `m glrbd acdrd8 –Cd pkrdtmrâd rmsuctñ ue prmhukakl pdrd cd orde ke-ùstrkd pmrl ue nmemgkakl pdrd cls dutlrms, yl fm k`l d buafls cuodrms `le`m

bks pmcâaucds sñcl sm fde vkstl me cd vmrskñe pkrdtd, metleams ¼quë vly d mstdrme aletrd `m cd pkrdtmrâd<‒. @m mstd bdemrd mc drtâaucl nusad bm`kdr metrm cdsemamsk`d`ms `m ued keùstrkd plr fdamrsm ad`d vmz bäs rkad y cd plsknkck`d`d ekvmc oclndc `m d`lptdr ue eumvl skstmbd `le`m cd prlùaakñe aucturdc skrvdprkeakpdcbmetm d gkems mùadtkvls y auyd `kguskñe el smd dplad`d plr gkemsalbmrakdcms.

Zdcdnrds acdvm8

Drtm, mùadakñe, pkrdtmrâd, [lutunm, `mrmafls `m dutlr, dutlr, akem, Cuarmakd

Bdrtmc, Fktcmr.

*Cuads Lspked, drtkstd, prlgmslr dslakd`l y datudcbmetm `krmatlr `mc @mpdrtdbmetl `m Drtm `m cd Gdauctd``m Drtms y Fubdek`d`ms `m cd ]ekvmrsk`d` `m cls De`ms. Bdstmr ke Gkem Drts `m cd uekvmrsk`d` Pmbpcm, PycmrQafllc lg Drt, Zfkcd`mcpfkd (>::1).

Cuads Lspked*

Cls `mrmafls dc rmvës8 drtm y pkrdtmrâd• Cuads Lspked • 4:4-4:7

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Dnstrdat8

Zkrday kevlcvms emw wdys lg ue`mrstde`keo tfm aucturdc de` albbmrakdc rmcdtkles.Ke tfm drtkacm, tfm wlr`s lg `krmatlr Cuarmakd Bdrtmc Drometked mxprmssms tfks ke dacmdr k`md, –‒ Zkrday wds d nkds glr tfm nko keùstry nut d nmemgkt tl tfm dutflrs, Kfdvm nmme tl bdey pcdams wfmrm by gkcbs fdvm lecy nmme smme ke tfm pkrdtm` vmr-skle, tfme wfy db K olkeo tl nm dodkest pkrday< –. Pfus, tfm drtkacm smmis tl bm`kdtmnmtwmme tfm emm`s lg de keùstry nmalbkeo mvmr rkafmr de` ke d cdromr sadcm tfmplssknkckty lg d`lptkeo d emw systmb wfmrm aucturdc prlùatkle bdkecy smrvms tfmpurplsm lg mùadtkle de` tfdt kts `kssmbkedtkle ks lvmrsfd`lwm` albbmrakdc me`s.

Imywlr`s8

Drt, mùadtkle, pkrday, [lutunm, alpyrkoft, dutflr, akembd, Cuarmakd Bdrtmc, Fktcmr.

^msubl*8

D pkrdtdrkd supým elvds glrbds `m albprmme`mr ds rmcdïýms aucturdks m albmrakdks.El drtkol, d grdsm `d `krmtlrd drometked Cuarmakd Bdrtmc rmsubm kstl `m glrbdacdrd8 –D pkrdtdrkd rmsuctlu ub prmaleamktl pdrd d orde`m ke`østrkd, bds ub nmemgâ-akl pdrd ls dutlrms. Mu guk d buktls cuodrms le`m bmus gkcbms sñ sm vk rdb ed vmrsál

pkrdtd. Metál plr qum qum vlu mstdr aletrd d pkrdtdrkd<‒. @mstd bdemkrd l drtkolprlaurd bm`kdr metrm ds emamssk`d`ms `m ubd ke`østrkd plr gdzmr-sm ad`d vmz bdksrkad m d plssknkck`d`m d eâvmc oclndc `m d`ltdr ub elvl skstmbd le`m d prlùïálaucturdc skrvd prkeakpdcbmetm d gkes mùadtkvls m auhd `kgusál eál smhd lpdad`d plrgkes albmrakdks.

Zdcdvrds Afdvm8

Drtm, mùadïál, pkrdtdrkd, [lutunm, `krmktls `m dutlr, dutlr, akembd, CuarmakdBdrtmc, Fktcmr.

4:4-4:7 • Cuads Lspked • Cls `mrmafls dc rmvës8 drtm y pkrdtmrâd

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Zkrdtmdr d cls pkrdtds

D pdrtkr `m Latunrm, [lutunm, mc sktkl `m vk`ml me ketmremt, `mhñ d Fktcmr me pdz9 pmr-

bktkñ qum cls usudrkls `mhdrde bletd`ds cds smaumeakds4 `m cds rdnkmtds qum dqum- hde dc `katd`lr ad`d vmz qum rmaknm ued bdcd eltkakd8 qum ^kaiy Bdrtke ms ody, qumBlaius tkmem bäs dbkols me Gdamnlli qum ëc y ]rknm huetls, qum Dcmbdekd pmr`kñaletrd Mspdôd me mc bue`kdc, qum Pmcbmx el drrmocd ek adeamcd su susarkpakñe d nde-`d deafd9 metrm ltrls buafls `m cls akmetls `m `mtledetms qum fdame qum mc Gufrmr,me su nueimr, fdod kbpclskñe y rmodôm d cls bkcktdrms `m su aâraucl bäs âetkbl

Me dnrkc [lutunm fdnâd nlrrd`l> buafls `m mstls vk`mls pums Alestdetke1, cd albpd-ôâd dcmbded qum tkmem cls `mrmafls `m mxfknkakñe `m cd pmcâaucd –Cd adâ`d‒, dcmodndued vklcdakñe d su prlpkm`d`8 mc k etmesl `rdbdtksbl `m cd smaumea kd `m trms bkeutlsakeaumetd smoue`ls `mc cdrolbmtrdhm y cd gdbd `mc kegdbm sm prmstdrle pdrd qumarmd`lrms `m tl`l mc bue`l usdrde cd msamed pkrdtmd`d. ]ed `m mstds armdaklemskeacusl `dnd aumetd `mc fmafl08 –cls vk`mls tkmeme cls suntâtucls adbnkd`ls y ustm`dpdrmam `kakme`l oómvled`ds‒ cm `maâd ue bkcktdr d Fktcmr detms `m qum mc slcmbembmodcñbdel bletdrd me añcmrd.

Zmrl el tl`ls cls dcmbdems adrmame `m fublr y mc `krmatlr `m –Cd adâ`d‒, LckvmrFkrsafnkmomc, sm tlbñ me smrkl= cds pdrl`kds8 –Fm vkstl 40= `m mccds. Pmeol qumquktdrcms mc du`kl me dcmbäe aude`l cds vml. Buafds vmams cds câemds sle tde `kvmr-

tk`ds qum bm râl d adradhd`ds. El pl`r âd tmemr ue bmhlr aubpck`l albl `krmatlr. Qkrmaknkmrd `mrmafls `m dutlr plr mccds smrâd døe bäs gmckz.‒

Ms `kakmetm qum mc armd`lr `m cd pumstd me msamed `m Cd adâ`d tmeod ued vkskñelpumstd d cd `m cls –armd`lrms‒ `m cd pmcâaucd8 bkmetrds uel mstä gdsaked`l plr mcvkrus `m cd armdakñe, cls ltrls cm tmbme d mstd mpk`mbkd `koktdc9 bkmetrds uel cm `ddc mspmatd`lr gdauctd`ms `m m`ktlr, cls ltrls qukmrme ue rmamptlr pdskvl.

Qlnrm mstd pdrd`lhd, Cuarmakd Bdrtmc `krmatlrd `m akem drometked, fd `kafl 78 ‒Cdpkrdtmrâd rmsuctñ ue prmhukakl pdrd cd orde keùstrkd pmrl ue nmemgkakl pdrd cls

dutlrms, yl fm k`l d buafls cuodrms `le`m bks pmcâaucds sñcl sm fde vkstl me cdvmrskñe pkrdtd, metleams ¼quë vly d mstdr me aletrd `m cd pk rdtmrâd< Zmrl arml qum`mnmbls `m bl`kgkadr mc bmrad`l pdrd qum mc pl`mr `m cd pkrdtmrâd smd d gdvlr `mcd keùstrkd aucturdc, qukzä sm trdtd `m ue dsuetl `m mckbkedr d bm`kd`lrms pdrd qummc `kemrl ccmoum `krmatdbmetm d cls armd`lrms, tdc vmz msd ms cd trdesglrbda kñe qumsm emamsktd.‒

4. fttp8//www.ylutunm.alb/rmsucts<smdraf\qumdry2fktcmr+sm+metmrd&dq2g>. fttp8//www.ylutunm.alb/wdtaf<v2HlqoC[gQVxc1. fttp8//www.ylutunm.alb/wdtaf<v2iNL=`f;qrcT0. fttp8//www.ylutunm.alb/wdtaf<v2`P_\lMcùW6&pcdyemxt24&ckst2ZC;GD>@10:GG:;;=N:&ke`mx246=.

fttp8//www.eybdo.alb/`dkcy/metmrtdkebmet/>:4:/:4/tfm\`krmatlr\lg\`lwegdcc\le\dc.ftbc7. fttp8//www.msarknkme`lakem.alb/metrmvkstds/cuarmakd-bdrtmc-bm-qum`d-ued-smesdakle-`m-qum-sly-dglrtued`d


4:1



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Cuks Lspked, akemdstd alclbnkdel, fd pdrtkakpd`l `m mstm prlamsl8 me ue vkdhm rm-akmetm d Ckbd, `mhñ alpkds `m sus pmcâaucds me ued `m cds bdylrms ndfâds `m pkrdtds`m Cdtkeldbërkad, ued kevladakñe dc pkrdtml `m ndhl prma kl pmrl `m dctd adck`d`.

–El ms `m `ñe`m tlbds cds alsds, ms d`ñe`m cds ccmvds‒, `khl Hmde Cua Ol`dr` dc k e-vladr cd rdakledck`d` `mc drtm8 m c dutlr detmplem cd rmdck`d` mxtrdôd `m cd armdakñed cls gmu`ls slckpskstds y bmradetkcms `m cls qum dnlode `lobätkadbmetm plr cls–`mrmafls `m dutlr‒, cm `mhd cd rdnkmtd d ltrls, cl suyl ms mc adbkel dnkmrtl `m cdarmdakñe.

Me Alclbnkd, mc Zrlordbd Detkpkrdtmrâd `m Lnrds Akembdtlorägkads mevâd adrtds ddcoueds uekvmrsk`d`ms prkvd`ds me cds qum bdekgkmstde, qum mccls rmprmsmetde cls

ketmrmsms `mc Mstd`l y cls `mrmafls `m cls prlùatlrms y `kstrknuk`lrms `mc bdtmrkdcdu`klvksudc qum rmplsd me sus nknckltmads y d`vkmrtme slnrm ue usl `mckatkvl8 smôd-cde qum cls `ksals `m pmcâaucds el sm pum`me prmstdr pdrd usl mxtmrel y dsmvmrde,ske d`huetdr prumnd dcoued, qum cds kestktuaklems mstäe fdakme`l akraucdr alpkds –eldutlrkzd`ds‒ l –pkrdtds‒9 dacdrde qum mstd präatkad `m prëstdbl el pum`m aletkeudrme cds datudcms ale`kaklems.

Albl cds nknckltmads `m cds kestktuaklems prkvd`ds pmrbk tme mc daamsl d su bdtmrkdcalbl ue smrvkakl kbpcâaktl me mc pdol `m ued bdtrâaucd, mc Zrlordbd Detkpkrdtmrâd`m Lnrds Akembdtlorägkads pdrmam alesk`mrdr qum mstl kevlcuard ued trdesdaakñe

blemtdrkd, qum cds plem dc bksbl ekvmc `m ued tkme`d `m dcqukcmr tkpl Nclainustmr.Qke kbplrtdr qum mc prlpñsktl `m cds nknckltmads ms cd mesmôdezd9 cd –rmprlùaakñe,mxfknkakñe, vmetd l dcqukcmr‒ sle smôdcd`ds albl daaklems prlfknk`ds ske cd `mnk`ddutlrkzdakñe, (plr mhmbpcl, d cls hdr`kems kegdetkcms `m Krcde`d sm cms alnrñ? plrblstrdrcm d sus pärvucls pmcâaucds `m @ksemy).

Dedcgdnmtksbl y Zkrdtmrâd

Mc Zrlordbd Detkpkrdtmrâd `m Lnrds Akembdtlorägkads el `ksarkbked metrm cd präa-tkad pkrdtd `mc qum alpkd pmcâaucds y cds vme`m me ue doäafmsm me cd adccm, l me cls

dcrm`m`lrms6 `m cd bksbd uekvmrsk`d`, y cd uekvmrsk`d` prkvd`d ‐ske äekbl `m cu-arl‐ qum albprd mstm bdtmrkdc `m glrbd cmodc y cl prlymatd l prmstd d cls usudrkls`m sus nknckltmads pdrd qum cl ccmvme d sus adsds, sm dsubm qum dbnls datls sm`msprme`me `m cd bksbd rdâz arkbkedc y `mnme smr gksadckzd`ls.

Mc prlncmbd pdrd cds nknckltmads `m cds kestktuaklems mùadtkvds prkvd`ds mstä me

?. fttp8//www.tkbmsleckem.al.ui/tlc/emws/wlrc`/krmcde`/drtkacm066>7=6.mamfttp8//www,tkbmsleckem.al.ui/tlc/emws/wlrc`/krmcde`/drtkacm066>7=6.mam6. fttp8//mspdelc.upku.alb/vkmw/plst/4>?7?:4:10?61/

0




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

qum el fdy gkourd cmodc pdrd adeamcdr mc trknutl l d`qukrkr cd ckameakd qum sm cmsmxkom. Dcoueds uekvmrsk`d`ms fde fmafl adsl lbksl `m cd d`vmrtmeakd `mc ZrlordbdDetkpkrdtmrâd `m Lnrds Akembdtlorägkads y detm ue plskncm adsl cmodc mstäe ckstds d`mgme`mr su plskakñe, hustkgk ade`l mc usl dad`ëbkal `m cds pmcâaucds albl –bdtmrkdcpdrd cd mesmôdezd‒9 ltrds, `mspuës `m alesuctdrcl ale sus pcdetkccds `m dnlod`ls,sm fde rmuek`l ale cls bkmbnrls `mc Zrlordbd Detkpkrdtmrâd `m Lnrds Akembdtlorä-gkads y ale cd @krmaakñe Edakledc `m @mrmafls `m Dutlr pdrd ccmodr d ue daumr`lcladc, qum cls mxlemrm d mccls y d tl`ls cls ltrls skstmbds `m nknckltmads `m fdamrpdol dcouel ‐pums `le`m pdoum uel, pdode tl`ls‐.

Mc plskncm daumr`l dc qum sm ccmoum, cumol `m smr rmvksd`l y pmrgmaakled`l plrcds pcdetkccd `m dnlod`ls `m cls `kgmrmetms mstdbmetls arklccls, smrä trdùak`l

pdrd smr prmsmetd`l d cds adsds bdtrkams `m cls ketmrbm`kdrkls qum tkmeme cls`mrmafls ketmredakledcms `m albmrakdckzdakñe `mc bdtmrkdc du`klvksudc, tdc vmzmccls detmpleode sus ketmrmsms ‐y cls ketmrmsms `m cls trdtd`ls `m cknrm albmrakll daumr`ls `m albmrakl `m sus Mstd`ls‐, y albprme`de cl qum ms cd mùadakñe9 tdcvmz mstls aleslrakls qum vkvme `mc cuarl `m cd ketmrbm`kdakñe alesk`mrme qum mstmadsl bmrmam ued mxampakñe qum nmemgkakm d cls usudrkls `m cds nknckltmads `m cdsuekvmrsk`d`ms prkvd`ds `m ued cmhded rmpønckad dgrkaded, pmr`ñe, surdbmrkaded. Dcbmels, akmrtd plrlsk`d` `m mstds k`mds yd sm fd vkstl me dctds kestdeakds, dsâ cl`mbumstrd ‐duequm ale akmrtd dbnkoóm`d`‐ Grdeaks Ourry, @krmatlr Omemrdc `mcd Lrodekzdakñe Bue`kdc `m Zrlpkm`d` Ketmcmatudc, me cd alegmrmeakd Mc guturl `mc`mrmafl `m alpkd; qum `kl d albkmezls `m mstm dôl8 –emamsktdbls fdncdr bmels metërbkels `m pkrdtmrâd y bäs me tërbkels `m cd dbmedzd gkedeakmrd qum sm akmremslnrm cd aucturd me mc skocl VVK, plrqum ms mstl cl qum mstä me rkmsol sk el slblsadpdams `m tmemr ued plcâtkad `mc `mrmafl `m alpkd mgmatkvd y ndcdeamd`d‒. Qkembndrol, ued alsd ms cl qum `kam mstm gueakledrkl y ltrd alsd ms cl qum pkmesde clsrmprmsmetdetms `krmatls `m cls ùmôls `mc emolakl, plr mhmbpcl, Ormo Grdzkmr, vkam-prmsk`metm `m cd BZDD (Bltkle Zkaturm Dsslakdtkle lg Dbmrkad), dc smr ketmrrlod`lslnrm kekakdtkvds `m añ`kol dnkmrtl pdrd cd prlùaakñe ketmcmatudc, dgkrbñ 4:8 –sk ms-tdbls fdncde`l `m `mblardtkzdr cd aucturd, msl el mstä me eumstrls ketmrmsms. Me

vmr`d` el bm ketmrmsd‒.

Bkmetrds msm träbktm keakmrtl aubpcm su prlamsl dcoueds kestktuaklems mùadtkvdsfde tlbd`l cd bm`k`d adutmcdr `m adeamcdr mc prëstdbl `mc bdtmrkdc gâcbkal y`drcm daamsl sñcl d cls prlgmslrms qum cl emamsktme plr ueds audetds flrds pdrdsus acdsms (sm d`vkmrtm qum mc Zrlordbd Detkpkrdtmrâd `m Lnrds Akembdtlorägkads

;. fttp8//www.wkpl.ket/dnlut-wkpl/me/òl/spmmafms/ò\ncumsiyaleg\44.ftbc4:. fttp8//www.metmr.al/ltrls/%M>%6:%;A`mblardtkzdr-cd-aucturd-el-fdam-pdrtm-`m-eumstrls-ketmrmsms%M>%6:%;@/

4:=




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

tlbdrä eltd `mc usl `m mstm bdtmrkdc me acdsm y pum`m aletmbpcdr qum mstm tkpl`m usl ms mc bksbl qum fdaâde buafls akemacunms qum gumrle pmrsmouk`ls, suspme-`k`ls y gkedcbmetm acdusurd`ls me cds uekvmrsk`d`ms. Ms `m mspmrdr qum detm mstdlrgde`d` gâcbkad dcouels bkmbnrls `m cds uekvmrsk`d`ms prkvd`ds sm kbpdakmetme yrmaurrde d ltrds vâds `m fmafl pdrd supckr cl qum pdrmaâd odrdetkzd`l pmrl dflrdsm cms ekmod (y qum d`mbäs ekeoued pcdtdglrbd `koktdc cmodc lgrmam `m glrbd –mgma-tkvd y ndcdeamd`d‒). @ms`m dquâ cms fdambls ue ccdbd`l8 mstu`kdetms, su mùadakñedu`klvksudc el ms dcol prkblr`kdc, alegñrbmesm ale cmmr cknrls y gltlalpkds y skëe-tdesm dglrtued`ls, plr cmy44 ustm`ms el pum`me sdadr cknrls `m cds nknckltmads lgltlalpkdr bdtmrkdc dcouel (pmrl msm rmacdbl cmodc qum`d pdrd bäs tdr`m, prkbmrlmstä mc tdetml ale cds pmcâaucds, cumol, aude`l smd mc blbmetl, vme`räe ltrds 4> da-aklems hurâ`kads).

Mstu`kdetms, plr dflrd ckbâtmesm d cl qum lgrmam cd adrtmcmrd `m akems `m su buctk-pcmx bäs amradel, l d cls –mstrmels mxacuskvls‒ qum cls prlùatlrms y `kstrknuk`lrmsdutlrkzd`ls fdräe me cls ametrls aucturdcms uekvmrsktdrkls, albl ued mstrdtmokd`m bmrad`ml pdrd prlblakledr cds pmcâaucds `m tmbplrd`d detm mc tdromt huvmekc`m pønckal adutkvl. Mstu`kdetms, vdyde d cls supmrbmrad`ls m ketmetme pmsadr dc-oøe tâtucl metrm cds oñe`lcds `m lgmrtds (Nusade`l d Embl ms ued orde pmcâaucd),nusqume pmcâaucds me `ksaltkme`ds, fdode cd kevmrskñe, pdoume ue prmakl qum supmrdme `mameds `m bkcms mc `mc bmrad`l emorl. Mstu`kdetms, mxpclrme cd lgmrtd tmcmvk-skvd edakledc y vmde ale hukakl cl qum lgrmam, l d`qukmrde pdqumtms `m tmcmvkskñeplr adncm y meauëetrmecm mc drtm dc @ksalvmry Afdeemc y adkode meadetd`ls 41 detmmc vkrtulsksbl `m Amsdr Bkccäe, mc meadetd`lr `m pmrrls. Mstu`kdetms, alegâme me cdsdutlrk`d`ms, mccds yd mstä tlbde`l adrtds me mc dsuetl, plr mhmbpcl, fde mxpm`k`lue prlymatl `m cmy40 ,qum nusad pmedckzdr ale aäramc y buctds mc usl y trägkal `maudcqukmr drafkvl qum omemrm rmacdbls `m `mrmafls `m dutlr, mstl ms plr mc nkme`m tl`ls (keacusl pl`rä smr nmemgkaklsl pdrd uel qum ltrl dutlr)9 tdbnkëe, `ms`mmc Mstd`l sm fd prlpumstl ued rmglrbd mùadtkvd4= qum nusad glbmetdr qum fdyduekvmrsk`d`ms ale äekbl `m cuarl pdrd qum me ue guturl el sñcl smd cd rdzñe cdqum gue`m cd uekvmrsk`d` skel qum smde cd lgmrtd y cd `mbde`d cds qum `mpurme mc

skstmbd mùadtkvl, slnrm tl`l fdy qum cknrdr cd adrod dad`ëbkad `m tl`l msl qumlgrmame cds drtms, cds fubdek`d`ms, cd gkclslgâd, dcoueds akmeakds slakdcms y mc akemvkstl albl drtm, mstls `mvdemls sle ue cuhl qum sñcl pum`me smr lgrmak`ls 47 plr uedmùadakñe `m ëcktm4? .

44. fttp8//www.cdskccdvdakd.alb/mcnclouml/clspked/4?0;6/cd-uekvmrsk`d`-kcmodc4>. fttp8//www.tfmdtcdetka.alb/tmafelcloy/drafkvm/>:44/:1/nlyaltt-fdrpmralcckes-puncksfmr-ckbkts-cknrdry-m-nlli-cme`keo/?46>4/41. fttp8//www.ylutunm.alb/wdtaf<v2bhFdmb7d;;[&gmdturm2pcdymr\mbnm``m`#!40. fttp8//oudtsdbdrdcdpdpdyd.nclosplt.alb/>:44/:0/cls-bmhlrms-vkeaucls-slnrm-cd-ccdbd`d.ftbc4=. fttp8//www.rdzlepunckad.alb/ke`mx.pfp<lptkle2alb\aletmet&vkmw2drtkacm&k`24;;:8cd-rmglrbd-sdetls-d-cd-

mùadakle-supmrklr-`ls-pdrd`kobds-ued-slcd-slakm`d`&adtk`2>:8malelbkd-y-slakm`d`&Ktmbk`2>;47. fttp8//www.oudr`kde.al.ui/drtde``mskoe/>:44/dpr/4:/drt-safllcs-gue`keo4?. fttp8//www.mcbdcpmesdetm.alb/ke`mx.pfp<`la2`kspcdy\aletmek`l&k`2646

:7




acdvm :4;-;?

#0

Al`d

Cd albuek`d` m`uadtkvd qum prmtme`d mackpsdr su dedcgdnmtksbl du`klvksudc y tl`l

mc qum `msmm mhmraktdr su bkrd`d m ketmetm tmemr daamsl d mstm bdtmrkdc plr ltrdsvâds, EL `mnm fdamr cl skoukmetm8

4. EL tmeod ue albputd`lr d cd bdel ale alemxkñe d nde`d deafd.

>. EL `msadroum m kestdcm ue prlordbd `m `msadrod `m gkafmrls l – tlrrmets ‒ pdrdketmradbnkl `m drafkvls plr Ketmremt, pum`m smr audcqukmrd `m cls >6 qum dpdrmameme mstd päoked8fttp8//www.slgtleka.alb/s/prlordbds-pdrd-`msadrodr-tlrrmets EL sm suokmrm usdr utlrrmet 8

fttp8//utlrrmet.slgtleka.alb/

1. EL dnrd su edvmod`lr y EL daam`d d päokeds ̀ le`m sm pum`m daam`mr d –Plrrmets ‒`m cl qum ustm` mstä nusade`l, pum`m smr audcqukmrd `m cls >4 qum dpdrmame me mstdpäoked8fttp8//www.albl`msadrodr.alb/prlordbds/tlrrmet/albl-nusadr.pfp EL sm suokmrm usdr Pfm pkrdtm ndy 8fttp8//tfmpkrdtmndy.lro/

0. Me mc aud`rl `mc nusad`lr `m dcouel `m mstls prlordbds EL msarknd mc elbnrm `mcl qum ustm` mstä nusade`l9 plr mhmbpcl, dcol rdrl, albl cd pmcâaucd Kg `m Cke`sdyDe`mrsle.

=. EL fdod acka me mc mecdam y EL fdod ack a me –`lwecld` tfks tlrrmet ‒.

7. Qk fkzl adsl lbksl d cl detmrklr mc –tlrrmet ‒ qum`drä me su adrpmtd `m `msadrods ,EL vdyd dc prlordbd `m `msadrod `m gkafmrls, plr mhmbpcl ]tlrrmet , y me drafkvll –gkcm ‒ EL smcmaaklem –dnrkr ‒ ek –lpme tlrrmet ‒.

?. EL aletmbpcm albl sm `msadrod mc drafkvl me su albputd`lr. EL sm rmalbkme`dvmrcl me ue prlordbd `m rmprl`uaakñe albl cl pum`m smr WCA pcdymr 8fttp8//www.vk`mlcde.lro/vca/ EL cl `msadroum ek cl kestdcm y sk cl fdam EL dnrd drafkvl l –gkcm ‒ ek smcmaaklem –dnrkr ‒ pdrdvmr cl qum `msadroñ.

6. Me adsl ̀ m qum qukmrd vmr cd pmcâaucd ale suntâtucls, pums buafds sm aleskoume me @W@ cmodcpmrl ske cd lpakñe ̀ mc suntktucd`l me mspdôlc, pum`m mealetrdrcls ordakds d cd cdnlr ̀ m deñekbd

4:?

http://www.softonic.com/s/programas-para-descargar-torrents

http://utorrent.softonic.com/

http://www.comodescargar.com/programas/torrent/como-buscar.php

http://thepiratebay.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If....

http://www.videolan.org/vlc/

http://www.videolan.org/vlc/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If....

http://thepiratebay.org/

http://www.comodescargar.com/programas/torrent/como-buscar.php

http://utorrent.softonic.com/

http://www.softonic.com/s/programas-para-descargar-torrents



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

y el rmbuemrd`d `m dcouels usudrkls, EL vdyd d ued päoked `m nøsqum`d `m suntâtucls alblpum`m smr8fttp8//www.slclsuntktucls.alb/EL `msadroum mc drafkvl, usudcbmetm ale tmrbkedakñe –.rtg‒, EL cm adbnkm mc elbnrm pdrdqum alkeak`d ale mc elbnrm `mc drafkvl `m vk`ml qum `msadroñ (pmrl `mhde`l cd tmrbkedakñe‒ .srt‒9 plr mhmbpcl, sk sm trdtd `m cd pmcâaucd Kg , cls drafkvls smrâde –kg.dvk ‒ `m vk`ml y –kg.srt‒ `m suntâtucls). EL pleod dbnls drafkvls me cd bksbd adrpmtd. EL dnrd WCA , ek drafkvl, eksmcmaaklem dnrkr mc drafkvl `m vk`ml, tdbplal vdyd dc bmeø –vk`ml ‒ y me –suntâtucls ‒ datkvm clssuntâtucls.

;. Gkedcbmetm8 EL vmd cd pmcâaucd.

Mstu`kdetms, EL pkrdtmme y bmels due pkrdtmme d cls pkrdtds9 plr mhmbpcl, EL sm cms laurrd`msadrodr me su albputd`lr cd pmcâaucd KG y alpkdr m ketmrprmtdr mc gdblsl gkedc dcmoñrkal qumbdrañ d dcouels `m sus pd`rms y dnumcls me mc tubuctulsl y detkdutlrktdrkl 4;76.

EL, EL, EL cl fdode…:6

http://www.solosubtitulos.com/

http://lucasospina.blogspot.com/2011/01/piratear-los-piratas.html

http://lucasospina.blogspot.com/2011/01/piratear-los-piratas.html

http://www.solosubtitulos.com/



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

4:;

Mstä `krkok`d d prlgmskledcms `m tl`ds cds `ksakpckeds.

Cdnlrdtlrkl buctkbm`kdale albputd`lrms Bdaketlsf `m øctkbd

omemrdakñe mqukpd`l ale aäbdrds,bkarñglels, tdncmtds `m `knuhl, tdrhmtds

mcmatrñekads ndsd`ds mebkarlaletrlcd`lrms, metrm ltrls.

]ekvmrsk`d` `m cls De`msGdauctd` `m Drtms y Fubdek`d`ms

fttp8//armdakle-buctkbm`kd.uekde`ms.mù.alarmbuctkJuekde`ms.mù.al

Pmc/gdx8 (=?) (4) 11> 00=: Aleb.8 (=?) (4) 11; 0;0;mxt. >717/>7>7/>7:0D.D. 0;?7 - Nloltä - Alclbnkd - Qur Dbërkad.

mab

Pkmbpl pdrakdc7 p.b.-; p.b.

cuems d vkmremsy sänd`ls me cd bdôded.

4 4 p r l

b l a k l

-

e m s

]e dôl dad`ëbkalmstruaturd`l me audtrlbñùcls.



acdvm :4;-;?

#0

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mcsm {cld`('gdkcurm.ftb')9 }

} gueatkle cld`(urc)

{ cladtkle.fr mg 2urc9 } 3/sar k pt5 3 p d c k o e2 " a m et m r " 5 3 g l et g d a m 2 " d r k d c " sk z m 2 " ->" 5

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Mc audrtl @W@ Acdvm :4;-;? aletkmem cds alegmrmeakds `m cls trms `âds `m cd amcmnrdakñe`mc `ëakbl dekvmrsdrkl `mc prlordbd Mspmakdckzdakñe me Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd, me cds qumpdrtkakpdrle cls plemetms8 Zfkckppm @unlks, Hlrom Cd Gmrcd, Qdetkdol Mafmvmrry, ^mhdem

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`v` acdvm :4;-;?#0

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acdvm :4;-;?

#0

@âd K8 Pmrrktlrkl Fânrk`l

//Acdu`kd Blet kc cd

//Byrkdb Cu ksd @âdz

//Zfkc kppm @unl ks

//Hlrom Cd Gmrcd

//Qdet kdol Mafmvmrry

@âd KK8 Xled `m Mxpmrkmeakd

//^m hdem Adetlek

//Zc ke kl Ndrrdzd

//Pknmr kl Fmreäe`mz

//Adrcls Bdeskc cd

@âd KKK8 Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd

//Bdeumc Fmreäe`mz

//Qmro kl `m Xunkrkd //Emcsle ^mblcked

//Oclr kd Alrtës

Zrlymatls `m Armdakñe Buctkbm`kd

Zrlymatl Zønckal

//Ed`yd Adc`mrñe

//Hude Gmckpm Acdv khl

//Dcmhde`rl ^lhds

//Bdur ka kl Cdoued

//Xdbkrd Zdëz Aurm

Zrlymatl 1AL //Ekalcds Adbdafl

//@kmol De`rës Cñpmz

//Grdeaksal ^dbârmz

//Adtdck ed ^dbârmz

Nloltä Wkrdc

//Mbkc kl Xdpdtd

//Hude ^kadr`l ^keañe

Dcuakedaklems @koktdcms

//Oukc cmrbl Zdafmal

//Qmndst käe Zm`rmrls

//Qdet kdol Euômz

//@kmol Dalstd

//Cmledr`l Zmrkal

Alrdzled`d

//De`rës Bura kd

//Zdlcd Dcndl

//@dek cl Drkds

//Deokm ^ukz

`v` acdvm :4;-;? #0

`v` acdvm:4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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acdvm :4;-;?

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Dord`makbkmetls

Qdetkdol MafmvmrryAdrlcked Bdzl



acdvm :4;-;?

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clave # 4 // cine, arte, derechos y video

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