clase métodos de muestreo ambiental 2015.ppt

7/24/2019 clase Mtodos de Muestreo Ambiental 2015.ppt

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Mtodos de Muestreo

Ambiental


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Muestreo de agua: Objetivos

1. Determinar el impacto de distintas

actividades (agricultura, actividad

humana, industrial, vaciado dedesechos) sobre la calidad del agua

supericial o prounda

!. Asegurar "ue las uentes de aguason seguras para el consumo

humano.


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#orld #ater $uppl%

97.2% Saline2.15% Icecaps& Glaciers

0.307% in Ground

Water < 0.5mi deep

0.307% in

Ground

Water >0.5mi deep

0.005% soil

moisture

0.01% in surace

!aters & t"e

atmosp"ere

2.#% $res"


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$actores de la calidad del aua

relacionados a la salud "umana

ain compounds are ' () *) pat"oens) andanti+iotics

Surace and round!ater pollution potential

,i" (-3'( leels can cause +lue +a+/s/ndrome met"emolo+inemia

,i" (-3'( can lead to etiolo/ o stomac"

cancer onl/ limited eidence aaila+le

acteria and pat"oens can +e disease causin

nti+iotics as eed supplements are indin

!a/s to !ater


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$urace &ater

Monitoring' ield runo' Open ditchesdrains

' *rrigation canals' +ondsa-esreservoirs

' #etlands

' $treams, rivers (Danube iver)

' Ocean, $ea (/lac- sea)


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/ioaerosoles' erosoli4ed +ioloical particles capa+le o

elicitin diseases inectious) alleric) orto6ienic acute or c"ronic' micro+es) +/'products o liin oranisms' Si4e rane 0.028100 micrometers

' omposition aries !it" source andenironmental conditions' *articles can contain ar/in amounts o

!ater'

Some are colloidal particles o soil)eetation) ot"er material' :iruses) +acteria and uni spores and

"/p"ae in aerosols due to small si4e' an/ proto4oa too lare to remain air+orne


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ir+orne icro+es and t"eir ;eseroirs

Viruses: Mostly humans but some animals

Some rodent viruses : Lassa Fever Virus and Hantavirus.Bacteria: Humans (TB & staphylococci! other animals (brucella and anthra"!

#ater (Legionella$ soil (clostridia.Fun%i: soil and birds (Cryptococcusand Histoplasma dead plant material$ #et suraces (#ood and other buildin%

materials indoor air (mycotic air pollution sta%nant #ater or the opportunistic un%i (e.%.! Aspergillussp..


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/ioaerosol $amplers

' 0umerous sampler t%pes

' $ome adapted rom dust or particle

samplers

' $ome designed speciicall% or microbes

' e& speciicall% or nonmicrobial

bioaerosols (e.g. endoto2in), but generall%thought samplers used or microbe

collection are adaptable


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$pore 3raps

' 4.g. 5irst, /ur-hard, Airocell,Allergenco

' *nitiall% designed or ungalspore and pollen

'$ample at 16!6 itersminute' +articles impacted on tocoated glass slide or adhesivetape

' Advantages: nonselective,

direct anal%sis ater collection' Disadvantages: ma% mas-

problem species, does notassess viabilit%


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*mpactors


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*mpingers: Air dra&n through

li"uid (e.g. &ater, broth,

mineral oil)


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Muestreadores

por centr7uga


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Aerosol $amplers or large

volumen


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ilters: continuous lo& or 8 time


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$econdar% 9oncentration and

+uriication' +4 (pol%eth%lene gl%col)' Organic locculation' *M$ (*mmunomagnetic separation)' igand capture

' /4aDs (/iodetection 4nabling Device)' 9apillar% 4lectrophoresis' Microluidics' 0ucleic Acid 42traction

' $pin 9olumn 9hromatograph%' lotation' $edimentation' 4nrichment


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"emical *recipitation et"ods

' :iruses precipitate !it" pol/et"/lene l/col

or aluminum "/dro6ide

; resuspend *G precipitate in a=ueous +uer

; dissole aluminum loc in dilute acid solution; +ot" "ae +een used as second'step

concentration and puriication met"ods

' *arasites precipitate !it" calcium car+onate

; dissole precipitate in dilute sulamic acid


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-t"er ;ecoer/ and oncentration et"ods

' inerals) suc" as iron o6ide and talc used to

adsor+ iruses

' S/nt"etic resins ion e6c"ane and

adsor+ent' -t"er ranular media lass +eads and sand

ess !idel/ used less relia+le) cum+ersomeuncertain elution) desorption) e6c"ane

eiciencies


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Initial Recovery and Concentration of

Pathogens

Flotation centrifugation Layer or suspend samples or microbes in

medium of density greater than microbedensity; centrifuge; microbes float to surface;recover them from top layer

Isopycnic or buoyant density gradientcentrifugation

Layer or suspend samples or microbes in amedium with varying density with depth buthaving a density to the microbe at onedepth!

"icrobes migrate to the depth having theirdensity #isopycnic$

Recover them from this specific layerFlotation% microbe

density & medium

density

Isopycnic density

gradient% microbe

density medium

density at one

depth


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Immunomanetic Separation

'

'

'

'

(ead

)ntibody

"icrobe


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Virus 'apture lus )T*') to +etect ,nectious

Viruses * The s'-) System

The cell receptor %ene or 'o"sacieviruses and

-denoviruses has been cloned and e"pressed!

producin% a soluble protein receptor! s'-)

/"pressed! puriied and bound s'-) to solidphases to capture inectious 'o"sacieviruses

rom environmental samples

The nucleic acid o the s'-)*captured viruses is )T*')

ampliied or detection and 0uantitation


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-pplication o s'-) #ith ara*Ma%netic Beads or

Virus article 'apture and then )T*')

: Virus article

: s'-)

'ulture 1 media$

:s'-) produced

()T* ')

s'-)

puriication

: Blocin% protein

-mine Terminated Support Ma%netic Bead : BioSpheres(Biosource

re*coated to provide available amine %roups or covalent couplin%

o proteins or other li%ands by %lutaraldehyde*mediated couplin% method

'ovalent couplin%to parama%netic beads

Blocin%post*couplin%

Sample

containin%viruses

2-

e"traction


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Muestreo de suelos


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?esarrollo

deprotocolo

por e=uipos

clase métodos de muestreo ambiental 2015.ppt

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