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ECIENMATIONIN

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THE PHILIPPINE SOCIALSCIENCE COUNCIL

Governing CouncilLeslie E. Bauzon, chairpersonCarmencita T. Aguilar, vU:e-chairpersonRuben F. Trinidad. secretary

MembersLedivina V. CarinoEmma S. CastilloWilhelm Flieger, S.V.D.IbarraM. Gonzalez, S.J.Alejandro N. HerrinAngela Ma. PanganCesar P• PobrePaterno R. SantosPatricia A. Sto. TomasAllen L. TanMercedes B. SuleikLerma de Lima YambotAmaryllis T. Torres. ex-offidoDomingo C. Salita, ex-officio

Executive BoardAmaryllis T. Torres, presidentGeneroso G. de Guzman, vice-preSidentHector B. Morada, treasurerRuben F. Trinidad, secretary

MembersShirley C. AdvinculaMa. Concepcion P. AlfilerDelia R. BarcelonaRosarioM. CortesFe T. OtanesSabino G. Padilla, Jr.Evelina A. PangalanganEmma E. PoriaTeodoro R. SantosBruce J. TolentinoSocorro 1. Reyes, ex-officioLeslie E. Bauzon, ex-officio

PSSC Social Science InformationJuly • September 1992

Vol. 20, No. 3

ContentsEditorial

3 Nasyonalismo: Sa Likod ng mga Talumpati atPalipad Hangin

l:l Milagros C. Guerrero, Ph. D.

Main Features

7 Filipino Historians and Philippine Nationalism

l:l Bonifacio S. Salamanca, Ph. D.

12 Mabini's Plan For a Societal Change

l:l Judith B. Barroquillo

18 Pananaw ni Rizal sa Mabuting Lipunan

l:l Noel Teodoro, Ph. D.

Regulars

23 PSSC News

27 New Books Available at the CSS

"This is the second of a two-part special issue onFilipino Nationalism prepared with the assistance ofthe Philippine Historical Association (PHA). Wewould like to express our gratitude to Dr. RosarioM. Cortes of the PHA for assisting us in solicitingthe articles for this issue.

ICover Design: Mark M. Averill« IC4mero-remlymll1luscril"l'reparedby:PSSCDeslcWl'PublishingUnit

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ISBN 0115-1169 THE PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCEINfORMATION

The PSSC Social ScienceInforrrUltion is publishedquarterly by the Secretariat of the Philippine SocialScience Council with Ruben F. Trinidad as ExecutiveDirector. It is producedby the Information and SpecialServiasDivision.

All correspondence should be addressed to TheEditor, PSSC Social Science Center, CommonwealthAvenue, Diliman, Quezon City.

Editorial: LourdesS. Pacuribot, Elvira S. Angeles,MarkM. Averilfa

Circulation: Lydia G. Wencesiao, Emily G. Tuzon

The views expressed here are by the author anddo not necessarily reflectthose of the PhilippineSocialScienceCouncil.

ALL RiGHTS RESERVED

To quote from this publication, proper ackrww­ledgementshould lie given.

IEditorial I

J:1 Milagros C. Guerrero,Ph.D.

Nasyonalismo: Sa Likod ng mga Talumpati atPalipad Hangin

"A ng realidad ngpulitikangpangdaigdig aynagbabadya nahindi tayo kasingimportante sabisyon ng EstadosUnidos. Tayo-tayona lamang. Atma/ilining angtunay na kalabanng bayan, yaonghindi makabayan.

"

Noong nakaraang ika-7 ng Hulyo ng taong ito ay ginunitanatin ang ika-isang daang taong anibersaryo ng pagkatatag ngKatipunan.. Mula' 'Iutuban , hanggang Mindanao,nagpaligsahan .ang maraming opisyal ng 'pamahalaan sapagdakila kay Andres Bonifacio at pagbibigay halaga,bagamat patianod lamang,sa Himagsikan ng 1896. Sa Hanglugar saakademya, nabuhay na muli ang debateng hindi nanatapos-tapos; Sinodawang dapat jia tanghaling bayaningpambansa, si Rizal ba 0 si Bonifacio? Si Rizal, anang isanggmpo; si Bonifacio, turing naman ng isa pa. Samantala,saisang bansang nagdaranasngibayong pagsubok, ang mga ito'ybahagya .nang napansin. Bukod dito, sa estado ng mgaidentidad at kamalayang pangkasaysayan ng mga Pilipino,higit na maukilkil sa kamalayan ng balana ang imahen ninaGretchen Barretto, Robin Padilla at Richard Gomez.

Bahagi ang pagdiriwang na nabanggit sa high na malakingpaggunita sa mga mahahalagang pangyayari sa ating bayannoong piriakahuling dekada ng nakaraang siglo. Sa maiklingpanahong ito, lumakas ang kaisipan at kilusang makabayan,yumabong ito'. sa himagsikang nagsimula noong 1896,nagpatuloy sa pag-unlad sa Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikanonoong 1898-1902, at bagama't nagapi ng higit na malakas napuwersa ng Amerika at ng pagkakanulo ng mganakipagsabwatang mga lider Pilipino sa bagongkapangyarihan ay nagpatuloy pa rin sa mga unang dekada ngkasalukuyang daantaon.

Tungo sa paggunita sa mga pangyayaring ito, tinagurianang kasalukuyang dekada na "Dekada ng Nasyonalismo" ngnakaraang rehimeng Marcos. Bagamat walang kalatoy-Iatoyang ipinakitang interes ng administrasyong Aquino, hindinaman ito pinatay at ngayon nga, sa pagsisimula ngpamahalaang Ramos, patuloy ang malaki't maliit na balakin

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tungo sa pagdiriwang ng importanteng dekada sa loob at labas ng pamahalaan at akademya.

Ngunit ana nga ba ang dapat na gunitain sa kasaysayan ng ating himagsikan, sapartikular, at sa kasaysayan ng nasyonalismo? Magkakasya na lamang ba tayo sapagpapakawala ng mga bukambibig (0 platitudes) tungkol sa ating mga bayani, at isampidnatin sa ating kadakilaan bilang isang lahi ang kanilang kadakilaan na para bang isa itongmitikong magandang sakit na madaling ihawa sa marami. Sapat na ba 'yong mabanggit, saisang talumpati 0 papel pangkumperensya, ang pamana't mga aral na iniwan ng ating mgabayani't mga rebolusyonaryo, mga palasak na kasabihang nababanggit taon-taon tuwingsumasapit ang mga pista opisyal na itinatakda sa kalendaryo? Bakit ang mga ito'y tila isangdagliang dapyo ng malamig na hanging hindi makapagbawa at makaginhawa sa bigat ngating mga dalahin bilang isang bansa?

Tingnan natin ang katotohanan sa likod ng mga naggagandahang talumpati't palipadhangin tungkol sa pagmamahal sa bayan.

Ang nasyonalismong aprobado ng pamahalaan at ng mga nangungunang institusyon aytiwalag sa kasaysayan at hindi nakaugat sa karanasan ng mga Pilipino. Kinakailangan angmalalim na pagsusuri upang maliwanagan na ang mga kilusan at mga taong nagnais namakarnit ang kalayaan (isang bagay na abstract at hindi halos naging bahagi ng loob ng mgaPilipino) noong magtatapos ang nakaraang siglo ay siya ring naging dahilan ng pagkaapi ngmaraming mga Pilipino at pagkawala ng kalayaang inaadhika. At ito'y nagpapatuloy sakasalukuyan.

Kapupulutan ng maraming ha!imbawa ang ating kasaysayan. Naong 1899, ang mgamaykaya at nakauungos sa buhay na bumubuo ng Kongreso ng Malolos ay nagpalutang ngtinatawag na National Loan Bill na nagbibigay ng kapangyarihan sa pamahalaan na umutangsa halagang 40 milyong piso. Babayaran ito sa loob ng 40 taon habang ang suskritor/inbestoray kikita ng anim na porsiyentong interes tuwing ika-anirn na buwan. Ang nakasangla sapautang na ito ay ang mga ari-arian ng bayan. At sino ang magpapautang at magigingadministrador ng milyun-milyong piso? Walang iba kundi ang mga mayayamangkapitalistang mga kasapi mismo ng Kongreso. Dadalawampu't apat na katao lamang angmga ito na bumuo ng isang permanenteng lupon ng nagpapautang. Huwag na natingbanggitin pa ang mga pangalan ng mga nangaunang buwaya sa katihan! Tanging siApolinario Mabini lamang ang nakasiJip sa buktot na pakana ng mga ito. Kung hindimakapagbayad ang pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo, ang mga ilustrado-kasike- prinsipalya (satotoo'y iisang uri lamang ito) at ang kanilang mga anak at mga apo ang magmamana ngkayamanan ng buong bansa sapagka't sa kanila mapapapunta ang sedula 0 buwis na personalng pinakamaliit na mamamayan. Sa kabutihang palad ay hindi naisabatas ang bill na ito athindi natuloy ang pagiging isang gatasang pangbansa ang Kongreso ng Malolos. Ngunit kungbabasahin ang mga talumpati ng mga !ider kongreso tungkol sa kanilang kampanya para sakalayaan ng mga panahong iyon, sino ang makapagsasabi na sila mismo ang nais gumahasasa bayan?

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At ang nakaambang panganib sa mga mamamayang Pilipino ay hindi natuloy. Angpagsubok sa bayan ay tila walang katapusan sapagkat ang mga pinunong bukambibig angpagmamahal sa bayan ay kinandili at inaruga ng mga Amerikano. (Mangyari pa, ang mgamaliliit na mamamayan na nagpatuloy ng kanilang pakikilabang rebolusyonaryo aybinansagang mga "panatiko" at "tulisan.") Ang sabi nga ng historyador na si Norman Owen,kung wala ang mga lider na ito, tiyak na lilikha ang mga Kano ng isang uring makikipagtulungan sa kanila. Kaya nga, sa panahong 1900-1941 nagkaroon ang bansa ng isang lideratongtalusira at dalawa ang mukha. Totoong hindi nabawasan ang maigting na nasyonalismo ngmga Pilipino, Sinamantala ito ng ilang kinikilalang lider ng bayan, kasama na si Manule L.Quezon, ang paulit-ulit na kumandidato at kumampanya sa platapormang makabayan ng"kumpleto at tiyak na kalayaan!" gayung lingid sa kaalaman ng bayan, ang kanilang tunay naposisyon ay ang pagpapatuloy ng estadong kolonyal ng Pilipinas ng walang taning napanahong hangganan!

Ang lideratong ito'y wala halos tigil sa kahihingi ng kalayaan sa pamamagitan ng mgamisyong pang-independensya habang hindi rin naman ito gumugol ng panahon upangmakahanap ng sistemang pangkabuhayan na hahango sa kahirapan idinulot ng "malayangkalakalan" (free trade). Ang sistemang ito na umiinog sa pagluluwas ng iilang produktonghilaw ng bansa sa iisang pamilihan (Estados Unidos) ay nakatulong ng malaki sa dimapigilang transpormasyon sa pagkapesante ng malaking bilang ng dating mga malalayangmagsasaka. Ang kapalaran ng mga ito'y hawak ng napakaliit na minorya sa lipunan. Ang dimakatarungang pamamalakad sa lupa na dinanas ng mga magsasaka sa panahon ng mgaKastila ay nagpatuloy at tumindi sa ibayong pagmamalupit at pang-iinis ng mga "mayroon"sa mga "wala." Noong huling hati ng ikatlong dekada ng siglong ito, sa harap ngpagoorganisa ng uring magsasaka, napilitang maghandog ang Pangulong Quezon ng isangprogram ng katarungang panlipunan (social justice) upang maibsan di-umano ang paghihirapng nakararami sa lipunan. Noon, kabikabila ang papuri sa kanya dahil dito; ngunit ngayon,ang isang malalimang pagsusuri sa programa'y makapagpapatunay na ito'y hungkag, walanglaman, sapagka't hindi tapat at pabalat bunga lamang sa implementasyon. Inalis nito ang anamang lakas at kapangyarihang mayroon ang mga opisyal ng pamahalaan, sa ehekutibo atlehislatura, na para-parang nagmamay-ari ng malalaking lupain. Ang kapalarang sinapit ngprograma ni Quezon ay siya ring naging kapalaran ng sumusunod na mga pagtatangka sareporma sa lupa pagkatapos ng ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig. Ngunit basahin ang mgatalumpati sa tuwing sasapit ang kaarawan ni Rizal 0 ng anibersaryo ng Pagbabalikwas saBalintawak at walang salang iindayog ang imahinasyon sa kalayaang halos abot-kamay nabago pumutok ang digmaan noong 1941. Mababanaag sa nakaraang kasaysayan na hindi papumuputok ang Bulkang Pinatubo'y abut-abot na ang paghihirap ng mga tao.

At kung nakaligtas man ang bayan sa National Loan Bill noong magtatapos angnakaraang siglo , hindi naman ito nakaalpas sa pangungurakot ng rehimeng Marcos at itongbandang huli, sa di maitatangging malakihan at karumaldumal na pagnanakaw ng salapi ngbayan sa pamamagitan ng tinaguriang behest loans. Samantala, hindi lamang ang GitnangLuzon ang nalunod sa lahar; ang mga buhay at panaginip ng libu-libong mga mamamayan aykasamang natangay nito. Ang loob ng marami'y hindi matahimik sa kabila ng pagpapasa ng

batas na magtatakda ng 10 bilyong piso dahil sa mga ulat na mismong mga opisyal na lokal atpanglalawigan ang nagsasamantala sa kanilang mga kababayan sa Gitnang Luzon.Samantala, maraming lugar sa bansa ang maaaring dumanas ng kapalaran ng Gitnang Luzonkahit na walang bulkan sa mga lugar na ito. Ang walang patumanggang pagkapanot ng atingmga kagubatan at buong pagmamalaking paggahasa sa ating kapaligiran ay magbubunga ngekolohikal na pagbabago: kung hindi dilubyo, ay pagkatuyot. Ang trahedya ng Ormoe ay isalamang babala. Sa mataas na antas ng pulitika, pansinin na ang Kalikasan na ang pumasok saeksena sa problema ng mga base militar upang mabigyan ng resolusyon ang krisis sapagpapasiya ng pamunuuang Pilipino. Sa pagputok ng bulka'y walang nagawa ang mgaAmerikano kundi lisanin ang Clark Base. Sapat na marahil na senyales ng langit ang abo'tlahar ng Pinatubo; kakampi ng bayan ang bulkan. Ngunit di naglipat taon ay pinag-uusapanna naman ang pagkakabit ng bagong tanikala sa mga kamay ng inang bayan sapamamagitang ng mga bagong pribelehiyong ibibigay sa Estados Unidos. Pansinin ang mgaaktor na responsable sa mga bagay na ito; silang ang bukambibig ay pagmamahal sa bayan.Ang sitwasyon sa ating bayan ay parang mga eksena mula sa mga dula ni Pirandello; hindidapat na masilaw sa artipisyal na liwanag, kailangang tumingin sa mga anino upang makitaang katotohanan.

Sa katapusan ng siglo, ang kalaban ng mga Pilipino'y mga Kastilang dahilan ng kanilangkahirapan at kawalan ng katarungan sa lipunan. Pagkuwa'y napalitan ang huli ng isangbagong mananakop na lalo lamang nagpaigting sa kanilang kasawiang palad. Ngayon, angpinakamalubhang suliraning kinakaharap ng bansa ay ibayong kahirapan pa rin ng mgamamamayan at ng lain pang pinalaking agwat sa pagitan ng nakararaming mahihirap atiilang mayayaman. Noon, tinalikuran ng lahing Pilipino ang Espanya na ayon kay Bonifacio'y"inang kuhila" at walang habag. Mainam gunitain ang kanyang babala sa tulang "KatapusangHibik ng Pilipinas": "Sa 'sang maliwalanag ngayon ay sasabog/ and barila't kanyon katuladay kulog/ang sigwang masasal ng dugong aagosl ng kanilang bala na nagpapamook." Ngayon,wala nang luang Espanyang maaaring itakwil at kalabanin dahil sa kanyang pagmamalupit.Ang realidad ng pulitikang pangdaigdig ay nagbabadya na hindi tayo kasing importante sabisyon ng Estados Unidos. Tayo-tayo na lamang. At malilining ang tunay na kalaban ngbayan, yaong hindi makabayan. Pasisinungalingan ang mga magagandang pananalita tungkolsa pagmamahal sa bayan kung makikitang tumbalik naman dito ang kanilang mga gawa.Sinasabing ang kasalukuyang administrasyon ay may bisyon ng pagbabago na may apat nahaligi: maka-Diyos, makatao, makabansa, at maka-kalikasan. Sana, hindi lamang itongpananalitang pang-akit at pangligaw. Ano nga ba ang nasyonalismo at damdamingmakabayan kundi pagmamahal sa kapwa taong una sa lahat ay kalahi't kadugo sa iisangbayan.

MilagrosC. Guerrero,Ph. D., vice-presidentof the PhilippineHistoricalAssociation, ispresentlyteachingat the

Departmentof History,Universityof the Philippines,Diliman, Quezon City.

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Bonifacio S. Salamanca, Ph. D.*

Six years later, then UP President Salvador P.Lopez told a similar gathering: "The proclamation ofPhilippine independence on June 12, 1898 formalizedour aspiration to freedom and symbolized ourattainment of nationhood."

Filipino Historians andPhilippine Nationalism

I n a paper read during the 10th Annual Seminarof the Philippine Historical Association (PHA),

the late Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J., said that theoccasional uprisings and revolts by our forefathersbefore Rizal's time "were not national for the simplereason that Filipinos were not yet conscious of (their)nationality". "But in Rizal's time," the well-knownJesuit historiancontinued,"thiswas no longer true. Bythat time Filipinos had become conscious ofthemselves as a nation ..."

the common realities that bind us to work for noother but the welfare and prosperity of our country.

Last but not least, there is the disturbing findingof an empirically-based study that a whoppingmajority of Filipino school children would rather becitizens of another country than grow up as Filipinos.

Did something go wrong in the long intervalbetween the 1890s and the 1980s? Or has our sense ofnationhood,orloveofcountry,beenwellallalongbutwe had assumed it wasn't? If it really was neverintense, why was this so? What has been done all theseyears to strengthen our nationalism or sense ofcommitment? Lastly, what ought to be done furtherabout it?

These are some of the questions to which thehistorian cannotclairnpossessionofthe answers. But,because of hiscalling, he isperhaps in abetterposition than hisfellow socialscientists to offersome. Herein liesone of the ways ahistorian can

contribute towards instilling a deeper love of country:by looking at the experience of his people - anendeavor he is uniquely prepared to undertake - hecan provide an intelligent understanding ofcontemporaryreality,e.g.thecurrentstateofFilipinonationalism. The knowledge thus gained could,hopefully, constitute the basis for suggested courses ofsocial action by the national leadership. In thisconnection, one recalls to mind the observation by thelate Don Rafael Palma, statesman, nationalist, and ahistorian in his own right, that history teaches a people"what to do in each stage of its development in thelight of its past experiences".

"Whatdoesaninquiryintoourpastsince1898tellus? tOb~gin with, it is that we had scarcely attained

Thus, we are constantly reminded by our national nationhood when we found ourselves drifting into aleaders of the need for national unity, especiaUy in collision with the United States, our erstwhile allythese critical times. Thus, we. are warned that the against Spain. The ensuing Filipino-American Warsolidarity forged during the "EDSA Revolution" may was· therefore the first major challenge to ourbe disintegrating too soon with dire consequences. to nationhood, a challenge we probably could have

~~~ci~~~~~zsp:~~~~~ ~:~~e:these words by a high I ~;:~=:,h~~eW~~e~e:~:e~:n~~:".:~:i;t~ra~~:~U~ can disagree and debate on the burning I the very same power three-quarters of a century later.

issues of the day. But we should be ever mindful of

The above statements inform us that Filipinoswere already one people before the turn of thecentury, instead of the "many peoples" they had beenearlier; that their consciousness of nationality byRizal's time had triggered a successful war forPhilippine independence, whose proclamation on;une 12, 1898 represented our attainment ofaationhocd. Viewed in the context of the colonialstrugglesf:Jremancipationinmoderntimes,thiswasaremarkable and impressive achievement - it was thefirst in the world of Colonial Asia - somethingFilipinos can rightly be proud of.

Today, however, almost a century after ourattainment of nationhood, we are assailed by strongdoubts and reservations about our nationalism.

Theca-optation of the Filipino elite by a colonialregime which also provided a huge market for its

patently for them. The U.S. also undertook putativesteps to solve the vexatious friar question andunwittingly or unconsciously embarked on amini-agrarian reform program through the purchaseof the friar haciendas. The American colonialadministration, as it were, thus helped the Filipinorealize the social and economic objectives of theirearlier nationalist movement against Spain.

If the Filipino-American War was a telling frontalphysical blow to our nationhood, what followed wasno less devitalizing both to our nationalist aspirationsand unity. For after imposing its sovereignty over thePhilippines with brute force the United Stateschanneled its imperialist energies towards thematerial and social development of our country, withthe ecd in view of establishing a government that,though initially not of and by the Filipino people, was

Above all, the American government "co-opted"the Filipino elite - the ilustrados and landed, orprovincialgentry-intothecolonialregime.Fromtheoutset, three of them - Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera,Benito Legarda and Jose de Luzurriaga - wereappointed to the Philippine Commission, the highestpolicy-making body in the Philippines. Filipinoparticipation in decision-making would then betremendously enhanced with the creation of thePhilippine Assembly in 1907. By 1916, only theGovernor-General and Vice Governor-Generalremained as the American participants in the highestlevel of decision-making; even such participationwould cease with the establishment of the PhilippineCommonwealth in 1935.

ward's principal exports, effected an enduringreconciliation between Philippine nationalism andAmerican imperialism. This reconciliation had aconsiderable effect on the nationalists' ideal ofindependence. TWice during the first twenty years ofAmerican rule, American high officials were at onceflattered and baffled by the Filipino leaders' disavowalof independence. So it was in 1900,whenthePartidoFederal proposed Philippine statehood within the

American Federal Union. And so it was in

c=.===:::-~=============_===:> ~~~4o~~~r e:~; ~~~;~n:~~~a:-:~~~~l ~~~~:~--- - , , ~d:;e~f~::r%i:~O;r~~~~~~of~~(~~::~te~:~:

In retrospect it probably would period.

have been better for Filipino The collaboration of the Filipino elite -

nationalism had the U.S. steadfastly :~~e~th~:,;:~~a~~ t~~f~~:s~ ~t h~~b~~~e~~refused the demand of the Filipino Filipino armed resistance against the U.S. of

elite for a categorical statement of ~~:e;~~s~~:" :'~h~~;S a~~r~f ~~Sa~~~~i:tC~Philippine independence policy, carry on a lingering guerrilla war, and must

, , ::~eai~~e~~t~~~:~r~e~~~:;:~ee~~~~~~~..~ ~__ themselves to be coopted by the Americans.-~Worse,theFilipinoelitedidnotundertake

tangible moves to soothe this feeling ofbetrayaI. Instead, during the first fifteen years ofAmerican rule they devoted their efforts, with a lot ofbombast, to securing from the United States a firmcommitment to a policy of independence. When thiswas accomplished in 1916,with the enactment of theJones Law, the same elite then spent most of theirtime competing for supremacy in Philippine politics.Such dramatics inhibited serious consideration ofurgent socioeconomic reforms; and when vocal butlegitimateprotestswereaired,theiradvocateswouldbe sternly reminded of the "discipline ofindependence", of the need to present a united stancebefore the Americans. Should such admonitions fail todeter ugly uprisings at the countryside aimed atactivating reforms, the American-trained and ledPhilippine Constabulary could always be unleashed.

In retrospect, it probably would have been betterfor Filipino nationalism had the U.S. steadfastlyrefused the demand of the Filipino elite for acategorical statement of Philippine independencepolicy. For this would, in all likelihood, haveradicalized the nationalist movement and compelledthe governing elite to promise attractivesocioeconomic reforms as a means of convincing thepeasants and urban poor, whom they had earlier

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steeped in Philippine history and culture. They musthave been professional historians or serious studentsof our nation's history, for them to be able to distill sowell theethical beritageof the Filipinopeople.

Before leaving the politicalleadership's 'efforts tofoster love of country before WoridWarII,abriefmention should also be made of the NationalEconomic Protectionism ASsociation (NEPA). Theentity was formally incorporated on November 19,

A more important document was the "Code ofEthics of the Commonwealth of the Philippines," orsimply "Quezon's Citizenship Code," which becamean integral part of the curricula of all levels of theeducational system during the second semester ofacademic year 1939-1940. Again, there is strongreason to believe that Bocobo, then Secretary ofPublic Instruction, had a hand in framing the Code.

The immediate background of this Code gives usan idea of the probable reason for its issuance. On his60th birthday (i.e., August 19, 1938), PresidentQuezon once more scolded his countrymen for theireasy-going ways and tendency towards. parasitism,their lack of earnestness and "skin-deep" patriotism.Such a life, Quezon bewailed, was in sharp contrast tothe exemplary conduct and heroism of our forefathers,who had led a life of toil and communal service, eachconsidering himself "an active part of the politic"."But," lamented Quezon, "these traditions are eitherlost or forgotten. They exist only as a hazy mist in ourdistant past. We must revive them for we need theanchorage of our political and social obligations."

A casual perusal of the "Decalogue" of AngBagong Katipunan and of "Quezon's CitizenshipCode" suggests that those who formulated them were

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For this (U.S. refusal to make acategorical policy statement on PhilippineIndependence) would, in aff likelihood,have radicalized the nationalist movementand compelled the governing elite topromise attractive socioeconomic reformsas a means of convincing the peasantsand urban poor, whom they had earlierdeserted, to join the battle once more forindependencia, .for nationhood... ..

deserted, to join the battle once more forinaependencia, for nationhood. Philippine historywould have taken another turn. The politicalleadership would have transformed itself into areforming elite, and a more cohesive Filipino societywould have emerged thereby, instead of a fractioussociety of rich and poor, each suspicious of the other.

But this scenario did not happen - because theU.S. did not cooperate. In 1916, as we have mentionedearlier, it formally promised to withdraw from thePhilippine colonial venture - upon the establishmentof a "stable government". The redemption of thatpromise would be facilitated by the Great Depression,which started in 1929. As every student of Philippinepolitical history knows, that event set in motion theforces in the U.S. that would result in the passage ofthe Hare-Hawes-Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Actsin the early thirties.

We did not have to fight the U.S.,once more, forher to set us back on the road to independence.

It maybe suggested that by 1916,ifnotearlier,thecampaign for independence as a unifying force inPhilippine political life had begun to lose its potencyand mystique. Thereafter, only the elite would bedeeply committed to it - at least as. publicmanifestations went - especially on accountof the brusque and unsympatheticGovernor-General Leonard Wood. Andalthough the vast majority of the Filipinospublicly supported their leaders in thelatter's quarrels with GeneralWood,it is stillprobably correct to say that the zest of theirearlier passion for independencia hadconsiderably waned.

The national leadership and other eliteswere no doubt plainly aware of this reality.They therefore hastened to seek fresh or newanchors for Philippine nationalism, orFilipino loyalty, to augment a fadingaspiration and discipline for independence.They sought one in an ethical code for allFilipinos.

The first on record to be offered was the"Decalogue" of Ang Bagong Katipunan, anorganization established in the early thirties under theleadership of then Speaker Manuel A. Roxas of theHouse of Representatives. Internal evidence suggestsa contribution by Dr. Jorge C. Bocobo, at the timeDean of the U.P. College of Law and an adviser toRoxas,

1934 and is, by the way, still ongoing. Evidently areincarnation of the short-lived Ang BagongKatipunan, this organization of Filipino business andlanded elites preached through the media, populargatherings and the schools, the gospel of economicnationalism as well as that of "mutual help, of theneed of intelligent citizenship and of stronger spirit ofnational union in every effort to build up for thiscountryasolid,sound,lastingfoundation."

It was this conjunction of government and private

~:~~~:, :~ r~:~~:r~n:~~~~l~:~s:na:~~~;~~ ;;:~P:71~on the rhetoric of independence, which transformedthe Philippine nationalist movement into one ofFilipinism.

By all accounts, Filipino behavior during theSecond World War attests to the success of the prewarefforts to nurture Philippine nationalism, or to instillFilipinism. Filipinos from all walks of life and socialstations responded to the call to arms and fought sideby side at Bataan and Corregidor - which readilybecame symbols of national identification - andcontinued the struggle in unrelenting guerrilla warfareagainsttheJapanese.Suchmanifestationsofnati?nalunity and love of country no doubt helped convinceU.S. President Harry S. Truman to disregard advicethat the withdrawal of American sovereignty bepostponed beyond 1940, when the country shouldhave fully recovered frnm the ravages of war.

Unfortunately, wartime efforts collapsed soonafter 1946, despite the compelling necessity to sustainit for the rapid rehabilitation of our devastatedeconomy and reconstruction of our shattered socialinstitutions. Instead,Filipinism sank to a new low, asthe Huk rebellion gathered momentum and corruptofficials cynically robbed the nation of much neededfunds. All along, Presidents Roxas and Quirinorepeatedly appealed - amidst mounting anguish andfrustration - to the people's sense of national unityand love of country. But, with very negligible effect, ifany: something was palpably wrong with Filipinonationalism.

It was to strengthen national unity that twomovements were launched in the latter half of thefifties,enterprisesinwhiehFilipinohistoriansaeti~ely

participated. The first was the enactment of the RizalLaw (R.A. No. 1425). A prominent Filipino histori~n

reportedly prepared the initial draft of the bill;thereafter the historical fraternity served as apassionate interest group during the odyssey of the billuntilitwassignedintolawonJune12,1956.

By that time, the late UP History ProfessorGabriel F. Fabella, Sr., had already started thecampaign to make June 12 a day to remember by allFilipinos. As founding PHA (Philippine Historical

~:~~~~~~~on~)wft~e;~~e;~d:r:~~~::~~~~r~~;~~;~~r~:~the Ycteransofthe Philippine Revolution, particularlyGeneral Aguinaldo, to petition the Congress andPresident of the Republic in 1960, "to adopt anddeclare June 12 of every year as Independence Day"for the country. Rather surprisingly, then PresidentCarlos P. Garcia, of "Filipino first" fame, failed to acton the petition, which his successor eventually didthrough Proclamation 28 of May 12, 1962. Congresssubsequently passed a law (R.A. 4166) on August 4,1964, formalizing the transfer of PhilippineIndependence Day from a colonial July4th to one thatisamoreauthenticsymboloftheFilipinonation.

Three years later, the Movement for theAdvancement of Nationalism (MAN) was launched inManila. A professional historian and an Englishinstructor turned student of history were among theinitiators of MAN, which was "inspired by thenationalistic and patriotic teachings and struggles ofour revolutionary heroes and other great leaders ..."One who goes over the constitution of MAN cannothut be reminded of Rizal's La Liga Fillpina and Roxas'Ang Bagong Katipunan.

The decade of the seventies is one of the mostexciting periods in our contemporary history. It was,among others, the decade when Proclamation 108]was issued placing the entire country under martiallaw for almost a decade. It was also the time when aconstitutional convention was convened to write aneweonstitutionfortheFilipinopeople,onethatwouldbemore reflective and expressive of their aspirations,values and temperament. Framed in a setting ofnational independence, the 1973 Constitution isunderstandably a more nationalist charter, and fromthat perspective, at least, a better one than thecolonial document it replaced.

The decade of the seventies is significant in yetanother respect.at least.from the standpoint of thispaper: at the beginning of the decade, representativesof several civic organizations - including theexecutive director of the PHA - conceived theMabuhay ang Pilipino Movement. Formally launchedin 1972, MPMwas initially organized for the purposeof re-awakening among our citizens their pride inbeing Filipinos. Coopted by the martial law regime,MPM later broadened its goal to include themobilization of the private sector in the crusade for

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national renewal and progress. Unfortunately, internalbickerings and its reputed image as a "tool" of theadministration - several men in government and inthe armed forces, including a presidential assistantand Chief of Civil Relations of the Army wereprominent in the movement - contributed to thedecline of MPM.

It was a view to energizing MPM that a smallgroup within MPM, together with the two officers ofthe PHA (among them the author) formed BinhingMakabayan. The founders envisioned BinhingMakabayanasa"nationalmovementtoserveasaraUyingpoint and a catalyzer for individual and groupefforts towards national renewal and progress" and asa structural reflection of the "harmonization andsynchronization of the people's and (their) leaders'advocacy of nationalism both in theory and practice."Alas, after a modest but successful debut at CalambaonJuneI9,1981,BinhingMakabayansoonlapsedintoinactivity. It is now more moribund than themovement it had planned to energize.

The late President Quezon once said: "People nolonger long for a country simply because they wereborn there. They must see and feel that in that countrythey enjoy a happy life, that they have an opportunityto improve their lot."

This Quezonian insight may sound shocking, ifnot cynical, to those of us who have an abiding faith inthe efficacy of national symbols in generating patrioticfeelings or a sense of nationhood, but, unfortunately,there is a ring of truth to it. Americans today,according to a recent cover story of Time magazine,are exuding a patriotic feeling unprecedented over thelast couple of decades. This "ebullient surge" Timehas attributed to visible material prosperity andeconomic abundance, likewise unprecedented over thepast 15 years; to the reality that life had never beenbetter for most Americans; and to the buoyantoptimism that the future could be just as good, if notbetter.

The Philippines today is not exactly the paradisethat we would like it to be, to put it mildly.To many ofour countrymen, there just doesn't seem to be a brightfuture out here. This could very well be one strongreason why we don't witness a desirable commitmenton the part of our people, why we appear to be still "anation in the making." Yet, precisely because we aremomentarily denied the generative effect ofabundance and of enjoyment of a good life, the morereason we should strive to seek an alternative method

of intensifying our love of country, something which iswell within our capacity to undertake.

I have in mind a more sustained study andteachingofhistory- our history in particular. This isnot being naive,or quixotic. As my late mentor at Yale,Prof. HajoHolbom,has written:"In thegrowthof modernnationalism the influence of the teaching of history isof primary significance..." To our own Rafael Palma,among "the sources of knowledge that nourish andintensify one's love of country is History". Thus,Palma, wisely counseled, that from "childhood weshould study the history of our country"; this meansthe teaching of Philippine history at all levels of theeducational system - both private and public - asprescribed by Pfofessional historians.

"Education," according to Rousseau, "ought togive national form to the soul of the people and guidetheir opinions and tastes in such a way that they willbecome patriots through inclination, through passion,through necessity." That is how it should be. Buteducation will be an effective medium for weldingFilipinos into a 'nation and for making them patriotsthroughinc1ination, passion, and necessity only if it isinformed by Philippine history.

This, then is the challenge that awaits Filipinohistorians and educators. In partnership with thegovernment and other relevant institutions of society.it should not be impossible - through the properteaching of our history - to produce Filipinos whocan truthfully repeat these moving words of RizaJ,ournational hero:

"In my heart I have suppressed all lovesexcept that of my motherland; in my mind, I haveerased all ideas which do not signifyher progress;and my lips have forgotten the names of the nativeraces in the Philippines in order not to say morethan Filipinos." 0

"Bonifacio S. Salamanca, Ph.D. in IntemationalRelations, Thle University,seniorprofessor of historyatthe College of . Social Sciences and Philosophy,University of the Philippines has just returned fromHawaii as a Visiting Lecturer. He was a formervice-chairmanof the PSSC Executive Board and is theimmediate past president of the Philippine HistoricalAssociation.

This article also appeared in the Bulletin ofAmerican Historical Collection, Vol. xv, No. 2(59),April-June 1987.

Mabini's Plan For a Societal Change

Iudith Bi Batroouillo"

Introduction

A die-hard nationalist and philosopher, Mabiniwas a political and moral leader of the PhilippineRevolution. He was among the early i/uslrados whoworked for the assimilation of the Philippines as aregular province of Spain. He remained a pacifistduring the first phase of the Revolution (11\96-1897).However, the events of Biac-na-bato and theirconsequences changed his mind and he joined theRevolution.

Mabini was a horne-grown intellectual but he wasbrilliant and well-read. His knowledge of worldgeo-politics of the late 19th century gave him aforesight of American economic interest in the Pacific.He did not believe the Americans when they promisedAguinaldo that they will help the Filipinos fight forfreedom. He warned his compatriots but his warningremained unheeded and many of his suggestions wereoverruled. Nevertheless, he remained as the adviser ofthe Revolution.

Mabini perceived that the 1896 Revolution wasnot only a political but also a moral revolution. Hesaid that the prerequisite to the attainment of thegoals of the revolution was to have independencewhich he believed at that time could be achieved onlywith the force of arms. The old and oppressiveSpanish government must be destroyed and a new onethat is democratic should be established, free fromexploitation. This would represent a system in whichthe fundamental demands of the Reform Movementwould be made viable. These were the ideas that dweltin Mabini's mind which he expressed in his threedocuments, namely: Ordenanzas de la Revolution, theVerdadero Decalogo, and the Programa Constitucionalde la Republica Filipina. The three documents puttogether comprised a compendium of Mabini'spolitical and moral ideas.

Copies of these documents reached Aguinaldowhen he was still in Hongkong. Since he needed a manof proven patriotism who could counsel him onpolitical matters, he decided to take Mabini as hisadviser.

The Beginning of Mabini's Liberalism

Apolinario Mabini was the second among theeight children of Inocencio Leon Mabini and DionisiaMagpantay Maranan, farmers of the barrio of Talaga,Tanawan, Batangas. Apolinario was born on July 23,1864.His education was a continuous struggle againstpoverty but despite these difficulties he succeeded inhis studies. He finished law in 1894 from theUniversity of Santo Tomas.

Mabini's introduction to the secret literature ofthe Propaganda Movement was through NumerianoAdriano, a founding member of Rizal's La LigaFilipina under whom Mabini worked as his assistant inAdriano's Law office. Rizal's novels and his otherwritings depicting the miseries of the Filipinos as wellas other stimulating articles published in the LaSolidaridad influenced Mabini's decision to join theReform Movement. In 1892,he joined Masonry and in1893 he joined the La Liga Filipina which he andAdriano revived that year.

As a Reformist Mabini stood for the attainment ofsocial betterment by peaceful and legal means. Hebclievedthat the educated segment of society shouldbe the leaders in this movement because they were ina better position to mold society in accordance withthe canons of reason and natural law.

From reform to revolution

The Katipunan was discovered in 1896.Numeriano and his colleagues were arrested and laterexecuted. Apolinario Mabiniwas also arrested on thecharge that he had been a member of the La LigaFilipina. As early as January 1896, Mabini hadcontracted paralysis of both legs. Because of hiscondition, he was imprisoned in San Juan de DiosHospital. The general amnesty proclaimed by GeneralPrimo de Rivera on May 17, 1897 set him free. Hewent to Los Baiios hoping that the hot springs therecould restore his physical strength. It was during thistime that he pondered that with the failure of theReform Movement, the only recourse for the Filipinosto get the reforms they wanted was through a

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revolution. It was also during hisconfinement when hewrote his three documents, which he believed couldgive direction to the Revolution.

Mabini felt that it was his duty to give suggestionsto end the revolution successfully. He observed thatthe terms set by the Pact of Biac-na-bato were beingviolated by both the Filipinos and the Spaniards. Hefeared that the fighting might resume and end in thesame way as before. So he wrote Gen. Paciano Rizaland expressed his desire to give his services to themovement. His Ordenanzas de la Revolucion was thefirst document to be implemented.

On April 24, 1898, Spain declared war against theUnited States. Mabini right away grasped theimplication of the situation regarding the Philippines.Mabini wrote a letter to the Revolutionary leadersalerting them of the probability that the Americanfleet could appear in the Philippines. Considering thatSpain was already weak, she would sue for peace andthe United States might impose the condition, thatSpain should cede to them a part of the Philippines.Mabini advised that should this happen, Filipinosshould let the Spaniards and the Americans alone tofight it out between themselves. Meanwhile, thegovernment of the Filipinos should be organized andonce established, it would be in a better position todeal with the winning forces.

A copy of this plan fell into Aguinaldo's hands.Aguinaldo was impressed by the ideas of Mabini andupon his return to Cavite in May 1898 to resume therevolution, he decided to call Mabinito help in themovement.

Mabini's participation in the revolution

Mabini was brought in a hammock carried bysoldiers all the way from Bay, Laguna to Kawit, Cavitearriving on June 12, 1898 in time for the proclamationof the Philippine Independence that afternoon. Fromthat day, Mabini became Aguinaldo's principaladviser, replacing Ariston Rianzares Bautista, theauthor of the June 12 proclamation.

Mabini's influence was immediately felt. On June23, a decree drafted by Mabini was promulgated byAguinaldo changing the dictatorial government into aconstitutional one. This was in accordance with theguidelines set by the Ordenanzas.The Proclamationdefined the objectives of the government and urgedthe well-to-do and the educated segment of society tosupport the revolution.

The decree made adequate provisions for theconduct of the national affairs. Consequently, the

towns and provinces were organized as they fell intothe Revolutionary forces following the plan laid out inthe Ordenanzas de la Revolucion.

The Ordenanzas de la Revolucion

The Ordenanzas explained how the Revolutionwas to be organized and directed. It presented ageneral outline for the establishment of a republic: thepolitical, administrative, economic, military, andjudicial organization of the proposed revolutionarygovernment. This later on served as the matrix for themany organic laws written by Mabini.

The document gave Mabini's definition of arevolution as a violent means utilized by the people toregain their natural and inalienable rights byoverthrowing a government and substituting it withanother "more in consonance with reason andjustice." A revolution, therefore, ought not to be anexpression of the will merely to destroy but shouldrather represent an attempt to establish a governmentsignifying progress and absolute absence of any formof tyranny.

Mabinijustified the revolution against Spain byasserting that the Spaniards had subjected theFilipinos to indignities, denied them justice andopportunities for' education, and violated theirinalienable rights. He said that the function ofgovernment is essentially to prevent the violation ofthe individual's 'natural rights and give him theopportunity to enjoy the fruits of his labor.

Mabini explained that man was conceived as acreature of God-and possessed of certain inalienablerights, called natural rights, based on natural law.Natural law is the law created by God, promulgated inthe conscience of man and discoverable by reason. Bythe fact that man was given life, man is enjoined bynatural law to preserve it. Consequently, man has theright to seek those means necessary to maintain andperpetuate his life. But since life is purposive, man hasto work for what is good and just. Nobody thereforeshould prevent any man from enjoying his naturalrights. And iMabini claimed that the SpanishGovernment perpetuated in the Philippines theviolationofth~Filipinos'naturalrights.

The Ordenanzas stipulated that once theRevolution succeeds and their independence isrealized, the people will be ready for a republic. Therepublic will represent a social system in which thepeople would be able enjoy their rights, since thepeople themselves will elect their representatives who

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independence be attained to make an internalrevolution possible. It is dear then that the twoaspeetsoftherevolutionareintimatclyintertwinedforit is impossible to bring about the reforms wanted andneeded by the people as long as the country is underforeign rule.

Mabini wrote the Verdadero Decalogo (TrueDecalogue) as a moral code for the people to adhereto and eventually bring about a national discipline. Itcan be briefly summarized as follows: (1) It exhortsthe love of God and one's honor; God as the fountainof truth and justice, andhonorasa force causing mento become truthful.just, and industrious; (2) God is tobe worshipped in a manner dependent on theconscience of man. Conscience is the faculty whichsingles out what is good or evil; (3) It is a duty todevelop one's talent but always within the path of whatis judged as good and just; (4) The nation is to be

Spanish rule and all the bad attitudes ingrained in theminds of the Filipinos like blind obedience, so manysuperstitions.selfish interests, and others. The internalrevolution signified that the people had to changetheir attitudes, their ways of thinking, and behaviortowards each other and towards their socialinstitutions, and that there should be a regeneration.

However, Mabini emphasized that the externalrevolution had to succeed first, that absolute

would be given the authority to bring about thecommon well-being.

One of the powers of authority was identified withthe executive branch of the government and conceivedby Mabini as being localized in one person elected bythe members of society. On him was conferred bycommon consent the right to command others andclaim obedience from them. Such an authority has tobe guided by natural law in all his actions; but since heis human, it might be possible that he mightdisregard this moral limitation and begin to act ,--.--------

arbitrarily. To prevent such possible tyranny,Mabini suggested that the members of societyshould elect a group of men that will determinethe limitations of the power of the executiveauthority and the extent of how much force andresources he needs in order to fulfill his mission.This group of men is identified as the legislativebranch. Both the executive and the legislativebranches arc to have direct with thelatter serving as check to the abuses ofthe former.

Both the executive and the legislativerepresented two aspects of authority in society, orsimply in government. The third one was thejudiciary, which Mabini said is the conscience thatjudges and punishes those who arc bad. Thesethree powers should he independent of oneanother, in the sense that one should not encroachupon the functions of the other; hut the last twoshould be subordinated to the first, in the samemanner that both will and conscience arcsubordinate to the intellect. But this"subordination" did not imply a radical degree ofimportance. It meant a difference of function andelectoral responsibility. In the final analysis, all thethree branches of government arc responsible to thepeople.

Mabini sinccrcly bclicvcd that it was through agood political institution that the citizens could beguaranteed the maximum well-being. In turn, thegovernment expects the citizens to be virtuous andeminently patriotic. To guide the people towards thisview, Mabini had his other two documents, theVerdadero Decalogo and his Programa Constitucionalde la Republica Filipina, distributed among the people,especially the masses.

TheVerdadcroDecalogo

Mabini perceived the Revolution as having atwo-fold aspect: the internal and external. Theexternal revolution was the process of destroying the

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loved as the patrimony of the race, something light that one's neighbor is also a member of theinherited from the ancestors to become the future of nation; but over and above the moral and socialtheir descendants; (5) The happiness of the nation relation with one's neighbor, apolitical consciousnessshould have precedence over that of the individual; of his neighbor's role is essential.(6) Independence is to be a major aspiration; (7) Thepeople are not to recognize any person as an authorityunless he has been properly elected by the people; (8)The people are to work for the formation of a republicand reject a monarchy. The republic makes the peoplenoble, dignified by their reason while a monarchennobles a single family or a group of families; (9)One's neighbor should be loved but should he attemptto destroy one's life he can be annihilated for thesupreme law of self-preservation prevails; and (10)One should consider his countrymen more than hisneighbor with whom he is bound by commonaspirations and interests.

Mabini's critics considered his "True Decalogue"blasphemous for writing the qualification "true"before the title. They opined that it was an aspiration

• "Mabini envisioned that the implementation of his'constitutional program would have continued the internalrevolution. In time it could have served as a connectivemedium for the re-orientation of Filipino oalues."

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista considered thesecond precept blasphemous when it provided thatGod was to be worshipped in the manner theindividual's conscience deemed it proper and righteous. Bautista said that this might make someindividuals believe that human sacrifices were properas needed by their religion. But Mabini propoundedon the idea of natural law. He said man is equippedwith 'reason and virtue based on natural law, divorcedfrom revelations which is adhered to by some people.

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera believed that the (TrueDecalogue's) tenth is contradictory to its ninthcommandment. This precept could' be taken in the

Mabini's Constitution provided for a republicangovernment. The provisions in the 130 articles aregrouped into ten titles in the following order: citizensand individual rights, territory, the Congress, theSenate, provincial and local governments, theExecutive Department, the Judiciary, taxation, themilitary, and public instruction. Most of thesedemocratic provisions are now found in our presentConstitution. I will point out a few which I considerrelevant to certain issues that confront ourgovernment today.

The Bill of Rights under Mabini's Constitutionprovided that the Philippines must not have a statereligion, leaving religion to individual's choice.

Mabini's Constitution was in favor of requiring acivil marriage prior to any religious weddingceremony.

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By January 1900, the guerilla warfare had notbeen completely extinguished and the Americansexiled the Filipinos who were still sympathetic to the"insurgents" to Guam. Among them was ApolinarioMabini. In Guam, he wrote his book, La RevolutionFilipina, which presented his views on the majorevents and personalities of the Revolution. After thecapture of Aguinaldo, the United Stales proclaimedthe end of insurrection in the Philippines and offeredamnesty to the prisoners in Guam. Mabini refusedbecause of the requirement that he had to take anoath of allegiance tothe United States.

By February 1903, Mabini felt that he was gettingweak. He was afraid to die away from home so hedecided to return to the Philippines on the condition

Mabini and the Malolos Congress: MalolosConstitution

It also provided for the abolition of capital composed of the representatives of the people.punishment based on the principle that punishment Calderon was afraid of a dictatorship of Aguinaldoought tobe remedial in nature. backed by his loyal,ignorant military men.

Mahini also urged that political rights he granted Mabini argued that with the imminent war withto women. Mahini believed that if women were the Americans, it was important that the executivehonoredandrespected,theywoulddevclopnational branch be given the powcr to make decisions duringconsciousness and would be better ahlc to teach their critical situations. Besides, Mabini said that thechildren patriotism. Assembly was not truly representative of the people

for ~~t~I:~s:n~~~:~~:~~ ~:sa(l"n t~~~~'t~~;. ~~)i:(~;~~~: ~~~~na~~~yA:~a~e~gU~~:I~o o:~o ~~oi~f~~~d ~~~~t:~~rsa~%:~n:ec~)~d~~~han~r~~~I:~~ et~)uc:~\~~~~dt~ :~~ac~~~~:~da~~:r~~~I~~;~h~~:~~~e~r~~:~y;;,~:~~~~t~~~~~~~\~~~U~ng~~ea~ttl:~~~~:gu~~ o~::ft:~()~:~ ~:ld~~~n,~u~~:tit~~io~heo~e~~~~i:r~ ~~o~~~:a:~~French in the secondary education. Mabini considered ::i~ii~~;~~ a~~~~~~~n~as inaugurated with Emiliocducationtube one of the most important factors in ,

social progress. It would make the people virtuous and The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10,aware or their political rights and duties. In brief, 11-:91' ceding the Philippines to the; United States.education was to serve a political and moral end. Mabini vehemently protested this intrusion on the

cons~:~i:~~r\~:i,~;r~:th:to~~~ i~~~~m~(~~~t~~~~f t~~ ::jVrer~~~~~ o~~~e :e~:~:~n~~~la~~I~~~~~s ev~:~ua:~~internal revolution. In time it could have served as a Americans in February 1il99.

connective medium for thc re-orientation of Filipino After the fall of Malolos to the Americans,values. Mckinley offered autonomy to the Filipinos under the

UnitedStatesgovernment.MabiniurgcdtheFilipinosto continue their struggle for independence butprominent members of Congress opted to accept theoffer of autonomy and they asked Aguinaldo torepudiate Mabini's stand on independence and relievehim as President of a new Cabinet. Under thispressure, Aguinaldo on May 6, 1899notifjedMabiniof the formation of the Cabinet. On May 7, Mabiniresigned and left for Rosales, PangasinanAguinaldo,on the other hand, continued the struggle by resortingto guerilla warfare. He finally hid in Palanan, lsabelafrom where he conducted the war.

After the fall of Manila to the Americans onAugust 13, 1898, the Rcvolutionary Governmentaccelerated the organization of the towns andprovinces. On September 15, 1898, Aguinaldoconvoked the Revolutionary Congress in the Basilicaof Barasoain in Malolns, Bulacan. The Congress thendecided to frame a constitution, which Mabiniobjected to on the ground that the Congress was thereonly to advise Aguinaldo and that once theconstitution was formed thegovcrnmentwould neverbe able to enter into any form of negotiation with theAmericans, except within the absolute premise of theconstitution. However, Mabini was defeated by themajority in the Congress headed by its electedpresident, Pedro Paterno. The Congress approved theConstitution drafted hy Felipe Calderon onSepternher28,1898.

Calderon's Constitution provided for a legislativebranch superior to the executive branch, It providedfor a permanent commission which would sit as thelaw-making body if the Congress was not in session.The Cabinet was responsible to the Assembly, not tothe President. Calderon reasoned out that thelegislative branch had to predominate because it was

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) that he be allowed to take the oath after landing inManila. Mabini was back to his home in Nagtahan byFebruary 26, 1903. Unfortunately, on the evening ofMay 13,1903, he died a victim of the cholera epidemicthat raged Manila. True enough, he had come backsolely to die.

Conclusion

This paper has presented the political and moralideas of Mabini which is the essence of hisnationalism: freedom and emancipation, tandem tonational unity. This vision he nursed at a time when itwas political treason for a Spanish subject to conceivea society independent of Spain. But he workedtenaciously for it. His ideas were noble, majestic, andinspiring to the Filipino people. That is why he iscalled the "Sublime Paralytic".

What was Mabini's vision of a good society? Circa1898: A nation that is absolutely independent,democratic (that which respects the rights of man andupholds his dignity, allows freedom and opportunityfor self-improvement as well as participation in thedecisions vitally affecting the individual, the familyand community), and one where there is nationalconsciousness, where the individual is willing to putnational interest above his own. Circa 1991: How doesour nation fit into Mabini's mold? 0

For your typesetting needs:

*Prof. Judith B. Baroquillo teaches history at theCollegeof Arts and Sciences, Universityof the East. Shesits as treasurer in the Board of Governors of thePhilippine Historical Association. She is also a Boardmember of the Philippine History Foundation.

References

Corpuz, O. D., The Roots of the Filipino Nation.Quezon City; Aklahi Foundation, Inc., 1989.

Mabini, Apolinario M. The Philippine Revolution.Translated by Leon Ma, Guerrero. Manila:National Historical Commission, 1969.

Majul, Cesar Adib. Apolinario Mabini: Revolutionary.Manila: National Historical Commission, 1970.

Reyes, Adriano, C. The Political, Social and MoralPhilosophy OfApolinario Mabini. Manila: CatholicTrade School, 1964.

Romero, Ma. Corona, Julita Santa Romana, andLourdes Y. Santos. Rizal and the Development ofNational Consciousness. Quezon City: J. M. C.Press, 1978.

neblldetterg. annuals, manuals; brotbureg. inbitationg. ltttefbeabg. programg. prite(ijtg. maga,ineg. journalg. reportg. monograpbg. tertifitateg. bookS:

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Pananaw ni Rizal sa Mabuting Lipunan

Noel Teodoro, Ph. D.•

H ~na~u~~f~aa~~a~:~:: ~Rizal sa Mabuting Lipunan" atmarami-rami na rin namang mgapag-aaral ang lumabas tungkoldito, Kabilangsa mgaitoang ThePolitical and Constitutional Ideasof the Philippine Revolution (1967)at A Critique of Rizal's Concept ofFilipino Nation (1959) ni CesarMajul, TIle Ideas of Liberalism inthe Fiction of Rizul (1965) niPctronilo Bn. Daroy, at Rizal andthe Philippine Revolution (1963) niTcodoro Agoncillo. Gayunparnan,maibabatayangpagtalakayhinggilsa pag-unawa ni Rizal sa ideal 0

huwaranglipunansamgaidcyanainilahad at matatagpuan sa mgapangunang batis ng kanyangkaisipan gaya, halimhawa, ngdalawangnohcla,NoliMeTangcre(1887) at El Filibusterismo (1891),at tatlong rnahahalagang sanaysay- (1) "Liharn sa mga Kahahayang

Dalaga sa Malolos" (ISS'», (2)

"Filipinos dcntro de cicn anos"("Pilipinas sa Loob ng SandaangTaon," 1889), (3) "Sabre faindolencia de los [ilipinos"("Tungkol sa Kalarnaran ng mgaPilipino," (IS9ll) - na pulosiniluwal noong panahon ngKilusang Rcpormista sa Espanya,mula IS82hanggang 18%.

Ipinapakilasa mga akdaniRizal, hindi lamang anglarawang-diwa ng isang mahuting

lipunan,kundipatinaangrnganamumukod na katangian ngkontckstonghistorikalsapanahonng pananakop ng mga Espanyol,

t

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dantaon 19, na maitutulad sa isang malawak naentabladonaginagalawanngmgataoatinstitusyonnaang mga kilos, pag-uugali, uri ng ugnayan at halagahinay pawang lihis 0 taliwas sa ideya ng modelongIipunan na dinalumat at pinanday ni RizaI sa kanyangdiwaatnanglumao'ysinalasakanyangmgaakdangpampanitikan at pangkasaysayan.

Sa kanyang dedikasyon sa Noli, malinaw nainilarawan ng manggagamot ang katayuan ng Iipunangkolonyal na kapagdaka'y maihahalintulad sa kalagayanng isang pasyente na nangangailangan ng dagliangoperasyon sapagkat pinahihirapan ng kanser, sakit nasumisira sa lakas at laman ng tao 0 sa alinmang bahagingkatawangmakapitannito."Sakasaysayanngmgadinaramdam ng tao," aniya, "ay kabilang ang isangsugat na lubhang napakasama, na sa munting masalingay kumikirot at nagbibigay ng matinding sakit, ..Sapagnanasa ng iyong ikabubuti, na siya rin namangikabubuti naming lahat, at sa paghanap ng lalongmabutinglunas, aygagawin ko sa iyo angginagawangmgataosaunasakanilangmgamay-sakit:inilalantadsa mga baitang ng Sambahan ang mga may-sakitupang ang bawat manggaling sa pananalangin saLumikhaaymaghatolsakanilangisang'kagamutan'."Thladngisangespesyalistasapatolohiya, hinangadniRizal na ugatin at siyasatin ang mga sanhi,palatandaan at paraan ng paggamot sa mga sakit atsugatnglipunan,pangkatngmgataongmay"kasiraanatkarupukanngloob."

Sa unang kabanata ng Noli, ang lipunan ayinihambing sa bahay ni Kapitang Tiyago, na bukas sakaninuman at sa lahat ng bagay, liban sapangangalakal 0 anumang bago at mapangahas naideya ° paniniwala, lipunang katatagpuan ng "mgadapo,langaw,ocolado(mgataongkumakainsagugolngiba,nagsisidalosahandaankahithindianyayahanng may-ari ng handa) na nilikha ng Diyos.i dala ngkanyang walang hanggang kabutihan, atnagpakadami-daming lubos sa Maynila." Mula rito'y

tuntunin ng budhi, ibang pagpapahalaga sakagandahan,naibang-ibasamgainihasiksakanilanglipingsingawngkanilanglupaatngkanilangsarilingpandamdam. Nang magkagayo'y nababa sila, naabaangkanilanganyosamalasngkanilangsarilingmgamata,ipinagmakahiyaangtalagangkanilaatsarilingpambansa,upanghangaanatpapurihananglahatngnagbubuhat sa dayuhan at hindi nawawatasan;nanlumc ang kanilang diwa at sa huli'y sumuko." Sapaglipasngmgataonat dantaon,angkulturaat mgainstitusyonnglipunangisinunodsabalangkasngkabihasnangbanyagaaynagbigay-daansasalinlahingmga katutubong mapanlait at asiwa sa kanilangpagka-Pilipino. Nagbalatkayo si Dra. Dona Victorinade los Reyes de de Espadana upang itago angkanyang

mapagpaumanhin, hindi lamang sa dahilang siya'ynararapatnamaginggayon,kundisadahilangangtao,na kulang sa kanyang kalinga at kanyangpinababayaan, aywalanggaanongkapanagutan, dahilnga sa hindi tumanggap ng kaukulangpagpapahalaga."

TuladngNoli,angikalawangnobclanakarugtongnitong huli'y nagsisimula sa pamamagitan ngpaglalarawan sa isang tiyak na bagay, isang uri ngsasakyang-dagat, angbaporTabo na sumasagisag parin sa lipunangkolonyal: "angbaporaymayanyonghagol, na halos bilog na wari'y tabo ... napakarumikahit na may nasa siyang maging maputi, malumanayat waring nagmamalaki dahilsakanyangbanayadna

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Sa mga katagang binanggit ni Padre Florentino kay Simoun,

ipinahihiwatig no ang bayang Pilipino'y kailangang may sapat no

katigasang-Ioob upang ipahayag no taos ang nco at Iantad ang

dibdib, ang kanyang karapatan so pamumuhay so lipunan at

patibayin ito so pamamagitan ng mga pagpapakasakit, ng

kanyang sariling dugo.

katutubong identidad, Naging mapagkunwari si DonaConsolacion, sinadyang madiin ang pagbigkas ngsalitang Pilipinas, at pilit na iginiit ang kanyangkamangmangan sa kinagisnangwika, bagama't hindinapigilangumiyaknangkumantasiSisangmalungkotna kundimang Tagalog. At walang pag-aatubilinginaglahi niDon Santiago de los Santos ang mga Indiosa harap ni Padre Damaso, at dahil sa kanyanganak-anakangmistisa'y(MariaClara)inakalangsiya'yinapongmgaKastila.

Naglalamandinngilangkabatiran(illsights)angKabanata 49 ng Noli tungkol sa kahulugan ngkatagang Iipunan batay sa pagkaunawa ni Elias:"Dapatninyongisaalang-alang,"wikaniyakayIbarra,"ang katotohanan na ang mga tao'y maaari lamangpaghigpitan ng pamahalaan kung ito'ynagbibigay ngmgakailangansaikabubutingkanilangasal.Saatingbayan sa dahilang walang Iipunang matatawag,sapagkat hindi nagkakaisa ang bayan at angpamahalaan, ay nararapat na ito'y maging

lakad ... taglay niya ang sadyang ugali ng mgabagay-bagayngbayan,isangwari'ytagumpaylabansapagkakasulong ... hindinagbabago,hindiayos... atkung ibig niyang mag-anyong makabago aynasisiyahannasaisangpahidngpintura".

Waringisangpagongnanabuhaysamatandangpanahon, ang bapor Tabo ay nahahati sa dalawangpalapagnaangmgalulangpasaheroaysumasagisagsa pagkakahati ng lipunan sa mga uringmagkakasalungat at gayundin sa kawalan ngpagkakapantay-pantaylalonasa,pagtatamasangmgapangunahing karapatan at pribilehiyo. "Sa ilalim ngkubyerta ay nangagdungaw ang mga mukhangkayumanggi at maiitim na mga tagarito, mga Intsik atmistiso na nagkakasiksikan kasama ng mga lulangkalakal at mga kaban; samantalangsaitaas,saibabawng kubyerta at sa lilim ng isang panambil nanagtatanggol sa kanila sa init ngaraw, aynangakauposa maginhawang luklukan ang ilang sakay na suottaga-Europa, mga prayle at mga kawani, na humihitit

WI

• ng malalaking tabako, samantalang tinatanaw ang mgadinadaanan, na hindi man napupuna ang mgapagsusumakit ng kapitan na maiwasan ang mgabalakidsailog."

Sa kanyang mga artikulong nalathala sa mgapahina ng La Solidaridad, tinukoy at inisa-isa ni Rizalang mga naturang balakid na humahadlang sakatuparan ng anumang layon 0 gawain tungo saikasusulong ng kapakanan at kapakinabangan ngPilipinas.Laganapangimoralidad,kaguluhan,intrigaat katiwalian sa pamahalaan. Sinisi niya ang mganamumuno na ayon sa kanya'y kailangang panagutinsa bayan na noo'ywalang tinatamasang kalayaan atmga karapatang sibil bukod pa sa nananatilingmaralitasakabilangkanyangnapakayamanglupainatkasipagan hanggang sa humalukipkip na lamang buhatsasandalingmapagkilalaniyangisangkahangalanangpagsisikap, na ang kanyang paggawa ay siyangmagigingsanhingkanyangkahirapansailalimngmgapanginoongmaylupa,asendero,tagakolektangbuwis,at mga prayle na walang hunus-diling nagsabi sakatutubona"huwaghumiwalaysakanyangkalabaw."Maidaragdagpa rito and sistematikongpag-alipustasapagkataongIndiongmgamanunulatnaEspanyolnanagpapalagaynaang"Indioayisangnilikhangnakahihigitnangkauntisamatsing, datapwatmalakiangkababaankaysatao,isangmatsingnakamukhangtao, makupad umunawa, tulala, napakapangit,marumi, masunurin, palangiti, masamang magbihis,tamad, mahiligin sa bisyo, batugan, walang utak,walangkagandahangasal,atmaramipangiba."

Sa "Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" idiniinniRizalna"kapagangisangbahayaymaguloatwalangayos ay hindi nararapat isisi sa pinakabatang anak nisa mga utusan, kundi sa pinakaulo ngsambayanan,lalo na't kung ang kapangyarihan nito'y walanghanggahan. Ang walang kalayaan sa paggawa ay hindinararapat managot sa kanyang ginagawa; at angbayang Pilipino, palibhasa'y hindi panginoon ngkanyang kalayaan, ay hindi nararapat panagutin ni sakasawiang palad niya, ni sa mga kalaban niya."Kaugnay nito'y tinuligsa niya ang mga nakatataassampu ng kanilang mga galamay sa pamahalaan sapagpapasigla at pagpatataguyod ng sugal, atpagpapalaganapngrelihiyongnakabataysapamahiin,na nagtuturongpatubiganatdiliginangmgabukidsapanahon ngtagtuyot, hindi sapamamagitanngmgatudling, kundi sa pamamagitan ng mga misa'tpanalangin; na alagaan ang kanyang mga hayop sapanahon ng salot sa pamamagitan ng agua bendita,mga panalanging pambugaw ng masamang espiritu, atmga pagbasbas na nagkakahalaga ng limang piso

bawat hayop; na itaboy ang mga balang sapamamagitan ng isang prusisyong sinasamahan nglarawan ni San Agustin, at ibapa.Sinisirinniya, sakabilang banda, ang mga Pilipino sa pagkuha nila sahain ng mga mananakop at dahil dito'y may malakingbahagi ng sagutin sa pagpapatuloy ng naghaharingkaayusan.

Nangangailangan, samakatwid, ng pag-iiba, nganyo, kalagayan, ugali at mentalidad ang mga tao'tinstitusyonnabinuhayatipinintaniRizalsakanyangmga akda. Mahalagang maisakatuparan ang mgakinakailangang pagbabago na hahawan ng landastungo sa mabuting lipunan. Paano ito maisasagawa?Makailang ulit na marahil nabanggit ang dipagsang-ayon ni Rizal sa paggamit ng dahas saanumang gagawing: hakbang upang rnatamo angpagbabago at maitayo ang pundasyon ng huwaranglipunan, Sa halip ay hinanap niya ang kabutihan ngbayan sa pamamagitan ng edukasyon na siyangtatanglaw sa daang patungo sa pagkakasulong.Hinangad niya ang katahimikan at kaayusan upangituloy ang mapayapa at mahinahong kilusangnaglalayong iangat ang dangal at kaalaman ngsambayanan. "Hindi ko ibig sabihin," anya, "na angatingkalayaanaytuklasinsatalasngsandata;angespada ay di lubhang kagamitan sa mga bagongkabuhayan, ngunit 00, ating tutuklasin sapamamagitan ng karapatan, sa pamamagitan ngpagpapataas ng uri ng katwiran at ng karangalan ngtao, na ibigin ang tapat, ang mabuti, ang dakila,hanggang sa mamatay nang dahil dito, at pag angisangbayanaynakasapitna sagayongkalagayan, angDiyos ay nagbibigay ng sandata at lumalagpak angmga maniniil na, wari'y mga kastilyong baraha atkumikinang ang kalayaan na kasabay ng unangliwaywayl" Sa kanyang manipesto na may petsang 15Disyembre 1896,' muli niyang idiniin ang pape! ngedukasyonatkalayaansapaghubogngisangmabutinglipunan,sapagkatkapagwalangpagtuturoatwalangkalayaan, iyang lupa't iyang arawng tao, aywalangpagbabagong magagawa, walang kaparaanangmakapagbibigayng bungang ninanasa. Naglalaman ngganitong mensahe ang huling bahagi ng naturangpahayag: "Mga kababayan, nakapagbigay ako ng mgapatunay... na ninanais ko ang mga kalayaan ng atingbayan at patuloy ang pagnanasa ko ng mga ito.Datapwatinilalagaykongbatayanangpagkakatutongbayan, upang "sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral atpaggawa ay magkaroon siya ng sariling katauhan atmaging karapat-dapat siya sa mga iyon. Ipinayo ko saakingmgasinulatangpag-aaral,angmgakatangiangpambayan sapagkat kung wala ang mga ito ay walanamang katubusan." Kung babalikan ang kanyang

"Liham sa mga Kababayang Dalaga sa Malolos",malinaw na ang cdukasyon ng kababaihan ay maynatatanging kahalagahan sa paningin ng bayanisapagkatsilaangunanghumuhubogsakamalayanatkaisipan ng tao, nagsisilbing larawan ng bayan atsimbolo ng kalayaan habang maaya't marunong, mulatangisipatrnalakasangloob;hindimangmang,lugami,atalipinngmalingpaniniwalaatpananampalataya.

Alinsunod sa argumentong inilahad sa Kabanata49 ng Noli na- sa Pilipinas ay walang "lipunan"sapagkat "walang pagkakaisa ang bayan atpamahalaan"mahihinuhanaangmabutinglipunan,sadiwani Rizal, ayisangkapisanan ngmga tao na angpagkakabuo ay nakabatay sa pagkakatugma ng rngamithiinngbayan at pamahalaannanagkakaunawaanatnagkakatulungan.Kunganoangbayanaygayondinang pamahalaan. "Sa isang parnahalaan na maymasamang hilig ay bagay ang isang bayang walangtuos; sa pangasiwaang walang budhi ay mgamamamayang maninibad at mapangayupapa sa loobngbayan,ngunit mgatulisan at magnanakawsa mgakabundukan! Kunganoangpanginoon,gayon dinangalipin."Sakabilangbanda,angisangbayangmabaitatmabutiangasalaylarawanokapilasngpamahalaangmakatarungan,tumatanggap ngkatwiran, tumutugonsa pangangailangan ng mga pinamumunuan, atkumikilala sa batas at mga karapatang pantao nainilatag sa dokumentong Declaration des droit, del'homme (Deklarasyon ng mga Karapatan ng Tao),matibay na pamana ng tradisyon ng liheralismo atRebolusyongPransesngl7H9nanabasaattumagossakaisipanniRizalnangnililiripangideyangmabutinglipunan na saganang kanya'y kinabibilangan ngmalalayang tao na may sarilingkakanyahan, dangal,paggalang sa sarili, at handang ibuwis ang buhay sapagtatanggolnglahat ngmgakatangiangnabanggil.Sa mga katagang binanggit ni Padre Florentino kaySirnoun, ipinahihiwatig na ang bayang Pilipino'ykailangang may sapat na katigasang-looh upangipahayagnataasangnooatlantadangdibdib,ang

kanyang karapatan sa pamumuhay sa lipunan atpatibayinitosapamamagitanngmgapagpapakasakit,ngkanyangsarilingdugo.

Marahil ay di na kailangang sahihin pa anglarawang-diwa ng mabuting lipunan ay nasasalig sabai-bairang. sa hinay-hinay, sa unti-unting paggawa atpagtitiis at hindi sa pagbabagong mapanghimagsik,sapagbabagong gagamitin ang lakas at ang pamimilitupangmaratingangpinakamimithi.D

'Noel Teodoro, Ph. D. in history and civilizationsof the world, University of Paris, is a young assistantprofessor of history at the College of Social Sciencesand Philosophy, Universityof the Philippines.

MgaPilingSanggunian

Pangunang Batis

Rizal, Jose. Noli me tangere, 1887. Tinagalog niPatricio Mariano. Quezon City: Roberto Martinez&50ns,1962.

ld, EI filibusterismo, 1891. Tinagalog ni PatricioMariano. Quezon City: Roberto Martinez andSons, 1962.

Id. Mga Akdang Pampuiitika at Pangkasaysayan,1882-1896. Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ngIkasandaangTaon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.

Pangalawang Batis

Daroy, Petronilo Bn. 771C Ideas of EuropeanLiberalism in the Fiction of Rizal. Quezon City:U.P.,1965.

Majul, Cesar A. The Political and Constitutional Ideasof Philippine Revolution. Quezon City: U.P. Press,1967.

Yabes, Leopoldo Y. (ed.).Jose Rizal on His Centenary.Quezon City: Office of Research Coordination,U.P.,1963.

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II.

Ipssc News I/23

PSSC Silver Jubilee plans bared

Prof. Rul1en F. Trinidad, Dr.: Leslie E. Bauzon, Dr. Amaryllis T.Torres, and Prof. Carmencita T. Aguilar during the Midyear CouncilMeeting.

Dr. Amaryllis T. Torres,Executive Board president,revealed before the memberassociations during the MidyearMeeting the PSSC plans to markthe 25th year anniversary of theCouncil in 1993 through ayear-long celebration.

A 'Walk for a Cause' at theu.p.Academic Quadrangle and anational symposium on "Envi­ronment and SustainableDevelopment: Social SciencePerspectives" in January willserve as the Council's welcome to1993.

The month of February willbe devoted to socials through theholdingofa Valentine's Party andDance for social scientists andstudents. PSSC will also hold itsannual meeting during thismonth. The National SocialScientist Awards in the fields ofcommunication, demography,economics, social work, andsociology will also be given in thesame meeting.

In April, there will beenvironmental tours at Mt.Banahaw and the Lagunalakeside towns. A cultural nightwillbe the main event in May.

There will be a tree plantingactivity in July and a benefitmovie in August. The PSSC

midyear meeting will also be heldin the latter month.

Inclusively from March toOctober, member associationsare invited to hold their activities :at the Alip Auditorium, ;PSSCenterforfreeifthethemesof such activities are related toenvironmentandsustainabilityofdevelopment which is the PSSC'stheme. The scheduling of their:activities will be on 'first-come,first-serve'basis.

The Third National SocialScience Congress serves as the

culminating activityof the Jubilee.This two-day Congress inDecember has for its theme"Environment and SustainableDevelopment: Challenges to theSocial Scientists."

The month of December willalso feature the launching of thePSSC Social Science Ency­clopedia, book festival/sale, andbazaar. A dinner, an awardsnight, and a video/slidepresentation on thePSSCwill capthe year-long celebration.

The PSSC SociJl1 Science Information accepts artides, news, pressreleases, a'lnouncements, and otherIOriU!-UpS concerning

:;hO~~~~n:ese::e t: s;;: rs.:Pa:;,~:s t:;;U:~m~. ;::,e':~:~-but~::le;:~~ ::'e:se~r~: i~nn;';:r, r1;~~n~a: !Science Information, PSSCenler, P.O. Box 205, U.P. Post Office,Diliman, Quezof City.

•PSSC EncyclopediaProject moves forward

Need for closer collaboration among membersstressed in PSSC midyear meeting

PSSC Staff receive Service and Cash Awards

December 1992 is thedeadline that has been set forcompletion of the manuscripts forthe PSSC Social ScienceEncylopedia. This was announcedby Dr. Domingo C. Salita,chairman of the Council EditorialBoard (CEB), in his reportduring the PSSC MidyearMeeting, August 15, 1992,PSSCentcr.

Under the project, PSSCintends to produce a three­volume Philippine encyclopediaof social sciencesanthropology, communication,demography, economics, gco-graphy, history, linguistics,political science, psychology,public administration, socialwork, sociology, and statistics. Itwill cover the discipline's historyand state of the art, thebiographical sketches ofdistinguished social sciencescholars, and brief write-ups onterms,coneepts,ortheoriesusedin or relevant to the Philippinecontext.

The Council Editorial Boardmeets every month with thechairpersons of the disciplineeditorial boards to follow-up andreceive the finished entries for theencyclopedia.

So far, Dr. Salita reportedthat the final write-ups for thedisciplines of geography, linguis­tics, and statistics have beenreceived by the Secretariat. Withrespect to other disciplines, heexpressed confidence that thedeadline for submission will bemet.

Dr. Amaryllis T. Torres,president ofthc PSSC ExecutiveBoard, urged a closer collabora­tion among the memberassociations of the Council duringthePSSC Midyear Meeting heldon August 15, 1992 at the AlipAuditorium,PSSCenter.

She said that greaterparticipation of members isneeded in order forPSSC to takea more active role in respondingto critical social issues con­fronting the country.

For the first half of this year,she also noted the accomplish­ments of the Council: theinvolvement in the Surigaoexcavation project for theprotection of cultural treasures;the holding of public fora!consultations on environmentalissues, issue-oriented politics, andagrarian reform; continuation ofthe Research Awards Program;participation in the evaluationsurvey of the 1991 Census of

Three members of theSecretariat received service andcash awards during the PSSCMidyear Meeting held last Aug.15,1992, at the PSSCentcr. Theywere Marcial M. Frias, GeronimoY.BenozaandLeoEMalinay.

Mr. Frias has been with thePSSC since 1972. He has beenserving as messenger/driver incharge of deliveries, pick-up, andoth~rerrandsfortheCouneil.He

received the 20-year service andcash award.

Mr.BenozaandMr.Malinaywere employed in PSSC in 1987as building maintenance assistant

Agriculture and Fisheries;promotion of institutionallinkages with local and foreignorgani7.ations;undertakingofthePhilippine Social ScienceEncyclopedia projcet; and publi­cation and info-dissemination.

Organizationally, sheinformed the members that thereis an ongoing assessment of theCouncil's structures andfunctions.

Finally, she expressedoptimism that the next half of thisyear will be a more productiveperiod of the Council. This is inview of the preparation for theyear-long eclebration of theCouncil's Silver Jubilee in 1993and the continuation of theongoing projects of the PSSc. ButPSSC's success in achieving itsmandate, sheadded,will dependon the collective efforts of itsmembers.

and accounting assistant,respectively. Mr. Malinay wassubsequently promoted asaecountantin1989andin1990,asthe division coordinator forCenter Management, Securityand Accounting. They bothreceived the five-year award.

The PSSC Service and CashAwards are designed to giverecognition tothe continuous anddedicated service of deservingPSSC employees. Starting thisyear, they will be given annuallyto qualified employees who haverendered5,l0,15,or20yearsofservice to the Council.

'team recommended further study'of the area to establish its past~environmental setting which may.have some influence on the'cultural activities of the:prehistoric inhabitants of thei area, They plan to conduct1 further excavations in summer

next year and study of availablehistorical documents in Surigao.Ethnographic research on theupland inhabitants will also bestudied.

MingDynastyabout14tht016thcenturyA D.,

The 'project started in 1990when dug-out log coffins andceramic plates and jars whichpreliminary studies indicated tobe'Dehua wares produced in thecoastal region in Southern Chinaduring the late Ming period about17th century AD. wereaccidentalIy discovered in thearea.

Prehistoric cultural treasures found in. SurigaoAfter completing the third

field season, excavation atSurigao yielded archaeologicalremains which may be vital inreconstructing the culturalpatterns of the Philippines in

lJ prehistoric period:

This assessment was made byDr. Leslie E. Bauzon and Dr.Eusebio Z. Dizon, project leadersof the study on "Archaeology,Prehistory and Ethnohistory ofSurigao, Southern Philippines"during the PSSC MidyearMeeting last Aug. 15, 1992,at thePSSCenter, Quezon City,Philippines.

TheSurigao project aims toestablish the chronology andculture of Surigao prehistory inparticular and Philippine pre­history in general.

Excavations were conductedat Panhutongan, Placer, Surigao,which is located at thenortheastern tip of Mindanao.Panhutongan is found along thecoastofSurigao facing the PacificOcean. The archaeological teamalso surveyed caves and rockshelters in the area.

Found at the site weredug-out wooden coffins, stoneriprap, wooden posts, humanskeletal remains, earthenware!stoneware/porcelain sherds, glassbeads, metal implements andfragments, shells, soil samples,and animal bone fragments.

Preliminary findings revealthat these materials wereassociated with the Neolithic andAge of Contact Period. There arealso indications that earthenwarejars were used for burial becauseof human skeletal remains foundin it. Sherds of tradewareceramics were attributed to the

Presently on its secondphase, three field seasons werealready completed: November­October 1991, April-May 1992,and July-August 1992.Arrangements are being made tocontinue the project to 1994.

The Surigao team wascomposed of Dr. Bauzon, Dr.Dizon, Fernando A Almeda, Jr.(Surigaonon Heritage Center),Regino P. Paular (NationalHistorical Institute), Irenetta C.Montinola(SurigaononHeritageCenter), Wilfredo P. Ronquillo(National Museum) and Jesus T.Peralta (National Museum). The

Under the auspices of thePhilippine Social Science Coun­cil,theArchaeologicalDivisionofthe National Museum, and theSurigaononHeritageCenter, it ispresently funded by the DaiwaBank Foundation for Asia andOceania, the Toyota Foundation,the Oriental Ceramics Society,Caltex Philippines, thePresidential Committee onCulture and Arts, and severalfriendsofPSSC.

Lsocia(~SCientiStSonthemove)

• Research Colloquium

• New RIMCU Director

Dr. MichaelA. Costello is thenew director of the ResearchInstitute for Mindanao Culture(RIMCU), Xavier University, anassociate member of thePhilippine Social Science Coun­cil. His appointment took cffecton 30 June 1992.

Succeeding Dr. Francis C.Madigan, S. 1., Dr. Costello holdsadistinguishedcarcerasayoungsociologist. Born on June 30,1948,hereceived his doctoratedegree from the University ofChicago in 1978. He taught atHarper Community College,Illinois and at Western CarolinaUniversity.

At present, he is a professorat the Xavier University. Hestarted his teaching career in thisUniversity as Philippine FulbrightProfessor in 1978. He has been adeputy director at the RIMCUsince 1979. He is also a memberof the Philippine SociologicalSociety, the Philippine PopulationAssociation, the InternationalUnion for the Scientific Study ofPopulation, the PopulationAssociation of America, theAmerican Sociological Asso­ciation, and the Health ResearchNetwork of the PPA and theDepartmcntofHcalth.

He has also written andedited a number of publications.He contributed articles to: thenew edition of Chester Hunt'sSociology in Philippine Setting;ESCAP's Consequences ofPopulation Change in Asia: AMethodological Guideline (Bang­kok, 1989); Urbanization andGeographical Distribution of

Population, CICRED, Paris andPusan, S. Korea, 1990; andscholarly journals such as, theSoutheast Asia Journal, PhilippineStudies, Kinaadman, PhilippineSociological Review, Social Forces,Philippine Quarterly of Cultureand Society, Journal of SoutheastAsian Studies, and PhilippineIoumal of Linguistics.

• Katipunan Comme­morative Programs

Dr. Wilfn'do V. Villucorta,professor of Political Science andInternational Relations andSenior Vice-President for Exter­nal Operations of De La SalleUniversity, talked on the"Prospects of Revolution 100years after Katipunan" in hisinaugurallccture as holder ofLorenzo Taiiada DistinguishedProfessorial Chair in PoliticalScience. Sponsored by the De LaSalle University, the lecture wasdelivered on July 8,1992, atWilliam Shaw Theatre, DL<;U.

Dr Lsagani Ri Mcdina of theUniversity of the Philippines andFr. Jose S. Arcillu, SJ. of theAtenco dc Manila University alsodelivered lectures in comme­moration of the centennialanniversary of Katipunan last July22. 1992 at Adamson University.

Dr. Medina spoke on "IsangPagbabalik-tanaw kay AndresBonifacio" while Fr. Arcilla readhis paper on "Pia Valenzuela onthe Katipunan."

The program was sponsoredby the Philippine NationalHistorical Society in cooperationwith the Adamson University andthe National Historical Institute.

Dr. T. K. Majumdar, seniorfellow at the Indian Council ofSocial Science Research,presented his research findingson the "Squatters and the State:A Comparative Study of Indiaand the Philippines" in acolloquium held on July 28, 1992at the PSSCenter. His studysought to provide insights into thedynamics of interaction betweenthe squatters and their popularorganizations and the state in thecontext of the political economyof urban development. It alsoaimed to contribute to policy­making that would encouragepopular participation among theinhabitants of squatter settle­merits for improving theirsocioeconomic and ecologicalsituation.

Dr. Majumdar, PSSC VisitingFellow, left the country recently.

• Historian returns fromHawaii

Dr. Bonifacio S. Sulumunca,senior professor of history at theUniversity of the Philippines,Diliman, came back on July 14,1992 from University of Hawaii atHilo where he was VisitingLecturer during the first term,1992 and the summer session.

During his stay there, hedelivered lectures on "AnAmbiguous Legacy: TheAmerican Impact on PhilippinePolitical Institutions, 1899-1946,""U.S. Military Bases andPhilippine Business: A HistoricalPerspective," and "The U.S.Military Bases Agreement: ItsNegotiation, Revision, andTermination,1947-1991."

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Presents the memoirs ofGeneral Santiago V. Alvarez, one Lydia N. Yu-Jose's Japan Viewsof the leaders of the Magdiwang the Philippines (1900-1944) ,faction of the Katipunan inCavite, (Ateneo de Manila Universitypresents a participant- eyewitness' Press, 1992); P150

~r~~:n:ll;fw:7~e~8~ T~;~~;t:~ I Traces the development ofnow translated into English by Japan's interest in the PhilippinesPaula Carolina S. Malay, it from 1900-1944. Through acombines history and presentation of selectedautobiography to create a documents, the.book exposes ~heday-by-day account of the Japanese reactions to changingRevolution in all its complexity economic conditions in theand contradictions. PHilippines.

Available at the Central SUbslriPtion Service, PSSCenter,Commonwealth Avene. Tel.9229621 loco318 (ask for Lydia or Emily).

• Info: network regionalmeetiing

Alana Gorospe Ramos, PSSCcoordinator for Research andTraining iDivision, attended theThird Asia-Pacific InformationNetwork in SocialScience-Regional AdvisoryGroup (APINESS-RAG) meetingon August 25-29, 1992, NewDelhi,India.

Launched in 1986,APINESS-RAG meets every twoyears to discuss activities andproblems encountered by itsnetwork members now totalling15. PSSC through its Informationand Special Services Division(ISSD) is the contact center inthe Philippines.

Mrs. Ramos attended inbehalf of Mrs. Lorna P. Makil,ISSD coordinator of the PSSc.

New Books

Santiago V. Alvarez's TheKatipunan and the Revolution:Memoirs of a General (with theoriginal Tagalog text), translatedinto English by Paula Carolina S.Malay (Ateneo de ManilaUniversity Press, 1992); P265(bookpaper); P178 (newsprint).

lIIoney Carandang's MakingConnections (Ateneo de ManilaUniversity Press, 1992);PI56

Examines the group therapyprogram for Filipino autistic children and their families which theauthor has developed with agroup of young therapists. P150

I . .Council, U.P. P.O. Box 205, extrnt of public and mediaDiliman, Ouezon City. aWfeness, and (4) theory and

Call for conference papers for methodology of research.

national symposium on IAbstracts of the papersenvironment and sustainable should be sent to the PSSC

development ~:J::;:~t19~; or before 30

I

This is a call for conferencepapers. The Philippine SocialScience Council is planning asymposium on the theme"Environment and SustainableDevelopment: Social SciencePerspectives" to be held onJanuary29and30,1993.

The symposium will consistof four panels, namely, (1) localand national factors whichhinder development, (2)government response toenvironmental issues, (3) the

AnnouncementsAttention: All PSSC regularand associate members

The Philippine SocialScience Council is pleased toannounce that awards for PSSCNational Social Scientist will begiven in the fields ofCommunications, Demography,

I Economics, Social Work, and:Sociology. Please submit yournominees to the PSSCSecretariat on or beforeNovember 15,1992. Theawardees will be announcedduring the PSSC AnnualMeeting on February 20,1993.For details and inquiries, pleasecall PSSC Secretariat, tel. nos.9229621 loc. 305 or 318 (ask forGigi 'luzon) or write toPhilippine Social Science