ciclo de los minerales.pdf

7/27/2019 ciclo de los minerales.pdf

1/12 1970 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


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BOSPHERE100 498 249 24910

27.1 73R 4 33 31 3 17 1.01.00 f000 H C N Ca K Si Mg P S A a Fe Ti C B A e

LI THOSPHERE100 4

2510 2

188 177 249 19137

1 27.1 80> nw 00u ' nw .0001z H C N Ca K Si Mg P S A Na Fe Ti B Ar Ne

Q0

HYDROSPHERED2 100

40U 332 10f

28 .3.1 34 1701 . 6- 6 R14.001 2

.0001H C N Ca K Si Mg P S A Na Fe T C B Ar Ne

ATMOSPHERE100 783

J .9301 .01 i i-

t- c H.0010001H C N Ca K S Mg P S A a Fe T B Ar Ne

5

1970 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


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he cell, for ll other vitl recios (desit o). After its tiliztin, hich in-clde consmpin by nmls, the re-xidized crbon dioxide cn rejoin ngeochemicl cycles i likes

All other vil rections ell, nie l The cheic redction f nirogen is one hydrogenton essentil tgreen lnts h they cnn perform

for hemselves As one resl, even elementry extbooks dmi, he crbonnd nitrogen cycles re necessrily in-terdependen itho mcroorgnismstt tke nitrogen om the ir nd hy-drgente i (the cn se cron di-oxide s crbn sorce), ll he nitro-gen in he biosphere wld soon ppen the mosphere in stbe, oxidizedform (The textbooks concede hs pnsomewht grdginly, becse mch othe bologcl nitrogen cycle opereselow the oxidtion ste f free nir

ATMSPHERE

LHHE

gen by he reversble redction f ni-re nd nitrite to mno cids nd mmoni

If, s i rns , slfr oo is recycled by wy the hydrologic cycle bindependently of green plnts, i becoes necessry o look beyond crbonnd ter for the cle o crboxyltonIn oer ords, some biologists re no

nlike rchecs who forge bo theplmbing In ther preoccpin withcrbon dioxide redcion s the strtingpin for cell biochemistry they tend toforge wo oer hydrogentons, thoseof slfr nd nirogen, tht re jst simporn

A ceck is needed here, o be sre hhese tw elements re relly inrinsic t te biosphere In the cse f sl-fr he gres show it o be very scrce,nd if i is contminn he whoe

BIOSPHER

gment miht be speros. Slfrhwever, is no cotminn; no proteicn be mde with i In fc, slfis the stening" in proein A proteincnnot perform s fnction nless it isfolded nd shped in prticlr wyThis hreedimensonl strctre is mintined by bnds between slfr omsth link one segent of proein mole

cle to nother itho these slfbonds protein wold coil rndomllike crelessl dropped rope

The reson for the pprent scrciof slfr is he low prein conen woody tisse; ny iml body contnsmch more. odmel protein, fr emple, with 6 percen of he slfros mino cid methionine, hs the epiricl forml H7N3S Ahogh oher rotins dier in the pportios, the sbstce of te biosphermst ls onn tese ve eeents

HSHRE

OUBEEEMENT CYCE s flled b mineals such asphsphus that disslve in ate ut ae nt vlatile, that s, theyae nt caed int the ai b evapatin cve aow a igh.The cued a at bttm shs that phsphus s ashedm the lithsphee int the hdsphee b un fm ainfall{cved aow at op left} The bken cued a at bttndcates that psphus in the hdsphee des nt nmallyetun t the lthsphee and that theefe the cean uld be

cme a phsphus sink The uppe staiht as at iht andleft, heve, sh that the ansms f the bisphee impede thsdeelpment b absbn sme phsphus The staiht aspintn fm the bsphee t the lthsphee and t the hdsphee ndicate the deca f anc matte On land the slubleelement ccle s cntinued hen deca etuns phsphus t thelthsphee Wthut an atmsphec link fm cean t landheve, the ccle s actuall a nea ith inteuptns

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mos sulfeeduces eside s still un-cle. The known ones e obligteneobes, nd thei hbi s mud.Swmps, mshes nd he oo of euophic lkes mus ll be impont ndhey my be quniively moe impo-tn hn the blue mud of estuies ndcontinentl shelves. The sulfu mebo-lsm of such lge sysems is not esy to

sudy, even wih isotopic ools. MinzeSuive, now he Univesiy of Wshngton, ineced dioctively lbeledsulfe ons nto one euophic lke,Linsley Pond in Connecicut. Sufe e-ducion poved o be nense, s hdbeen expected This lke howeve hsuie bi of feous on in its deep-e wtes, nd moe in he mud self.In he pesence of he feous ion llhe lbeled sulde ws mly held inhe mud s feous sulde, nd no hydo-gen sulde escped At lest fo he du-ion of the dioctive lbel, with is hlf-life of 89 dys, this mss of mud wsno souce of mosphec sulfu bu sink

It follows fom l of this th the cy

cling of sulfu in ntue is no lesselevn o cboylton hn he cy-cling of cbon nd nitogen. Wihoudowngding phoosynthesis, we cnsy ht cbon xtion s only one of lest thee citicl seps in the globl

synhesis of potein. All thee e hydro-gentions, chieved wih the d of enzymes, which e themseves poeins,nd theefoe occu only in the bio-sphee. Of the thee educions, howeve only the eduction of cbon cllsfo geen plnts d sunligh The ohewo, the educion of nitogen nd ofsulfu, e ccomplshed neobicly,by micobes. Thus the locus of he nito-gen nd sufu eductions is boadyspeking, oxygendecient sol nd mud.Boh loci e seped splly fom

h iy, sunli wold whee geenplns (ddiced, like humn societies,to he exenl disposl of wses) ehoughtlessly libeting oxygen.

With hee citicl seps fo ve ele-ments, movng though fou "spheesof bsct spce one feels he need fo picue "systems modeljust tokeep ck of the etions. The wodi-mensionl nlogue on pge 152 s simple but dequte Although i fils ospecfy uxes, o ny chemicl quni-

ties, i povides menl fmewok fohe movemen of ve elemens: hydogen, oxygen, cbon, nitogen nd sulfu, ehe lone o n combintions suchs we, nite he dioides of cbonnd sulfu, nd cbohyde. The syn-heic outpu s the biosphee, with he

IN OPU NE EXPOR(KILOGRAMS (KILOGRAMS (KIOGRAMS

PER HECAR) PER HECARE) PER HECARE)

CALC (Ca++) 2.8 > 3.0 +02MAGNESIM (Mg) 1 > 1.8 +07

SOD (N) 2.1 ) 4.2 +21POTASSI (K) 1.8 ) 1.1 -07

CLORID (C-) 28 > 41 .3SFAE (S04--) 300 29.4 -0.6

AMONIM (N+) 2 1 ) 0 3 > -8NRA (03-) 7 ) 8 > -19

SLICON DOXIDE (SO,) .9 > 20.9 19 0 AUMIN (A1 + +) 4 +

BICARBONAE (HC03-) 0 07 > +0.7OA 51.4 71.7 20.3

EUTROPHICATON O DRY LAND is indicated by the imbalance between the quantiyof certan ions faling from the atmosphere on the forest at Watershed No.6 at ubbard

Brook n Ne w ampshire and the ouput of these ons i n the brook tself. nput smaller

arrows at left of some eements such as calcium magnesium and sodium is smaler than

the output larger arrows at right) . The input of potassium ammonum ulfate and nitrate

however s larger (larger arrows at left than output of these substances smaller arrows.

The excess of inpu ndicaes that the forest s utilizng these four substances as it grows.

a

DRY AER

AS

NROE

b

DR MAR

AS

NIRGEN

10

10

0 10 10' 05

BOASS (KIOGRAMS PER HECARE)

1 1 1 1

BIOMASS (KOGRAMS PER ECARE PER YEAR)

199,725

OTHER EVIDENCE FOR EUTROHCATION is provided by studes of the earth's stand

ng crop on dry land. n a bomass or weighable dry matter that incudes ash and nitrogen

totals about 200000 klograms per hectare.n b he rst set of bars shows that the dry matterncreases in an average year by 13,381 kilograms per hectare color. About kilo

grams is lost n the form of litter fall gray such as fallen leaves and branches giving a

mean inrement" of 248 kilograms per hectare pen bar. The second set of bars show

that ash increases by 489 kilograms per hectare coor but s reduced by litter fall gray

to 79 klograms open bar. The thrd set of bars shows that nitrogen increases by 162 ko

grams color, a gain that is reduced by ltter fall gray to 38 kiograms per hectare

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eprcal copoon of proten. ecentrl or regulatory poton of te bo-pere n t odel follo fro eac a or all ve eleen t bot ource and a teporary nk. For anyeleent tat g be eped o cyclearound te edge of te odel te bopere provde everl genergy l

AENE RBOSE

erntve e o nteretn of eere e reducon of carbon nrogennd ulfur eac concentrated a a deren nerace o ben ou of edate conact t ar ater al-oug ale n prncple to cyclendependenly e ource of e y-drogen a energze te bopere

HOSHATES

__-__-.____'_____" (,.______.______N C

C C - "

CHH H H

\ \ / H H H H H I INCNCCCCC p =

L H \

0

UNVERSAL FUEL of living mater s adenosne triphosphate ATP. High-enegy hos

hate onds of ATP -) each store 12 calories and eease 75 caoies when roken

t jIIR-HALDHD

0II II

+

RO-P-Oo

ACI POPHA

oI

HO-P-O

o

IORGAICPHOSPHA

+ ADP

G +HYDROG

o 0II II

R--O-POI

ACD PHOPHA

t jIR--OH + APACDPRODUCON OF ATP shown n generalzed for consists of two stages. The s stageegns as aldehyde eacs with an noganic hosphae to poduce hydrogen and acd ospae In second stage botom acd phosphae (sading eacts wh ADP (adenosne dphosphate) o make an organc acd and ATP color stands fo radicals o sde gous

TP +

H20H

H

H

HOOH H

OH

H H

GLCOS

ADP +

H2H

H

H H H II

H -H H 0

GUCOIPHOSPHA

and canno long avod te boperloop a lon e bopere funcon

eay o be beued by o facnan odel t functon oever to clary toug furter ougdrup e odel non lo ua e lne on paper More or le ntantly by reference to te table o boperc copoon e can ee a teodel ncoplee. Poporu aeen lef out along calcu potau lcon and agneu four eleent ta are cooner n e bopere an ulfur . ll any or all oee cycle aely toug te odelor ll ey drup t beyond repar

For poporu bu not ye for oer te aner clear one ncan odcaton te odel can accoodate poporu. Fr le u bure a e ade ure for ulfur

poporu necear o e bopee t not a conttuent of poenbut no proten can be ade tou e genergy popate bond" reverby ovg beeen adenone dpopate (DP and adenone trpo-pate (P) e unveral fuel or llocecal ork n e cell epooyntetc xaton of caron ouldbe a rutle our de force f ere notfolloed by e poporylaon o eugar produced. u loug neterDP nor P contan uc popor

u one poporu ato per oleculeof adenone abolutely eental. Nolfe (ncludng crobal lfe poletou

O ur provoa odel o te bopere a been contruced on texplc aupon 1 e boperenecearly contan e ve eleent oroen and (2) all ve are bot olublend volatle no add poporua x neceary eleen e canafely aue t olubly n aer nde crucal ueon concern t volaly. Excep a ea pray n coaal

OCH0H

H

H0

H H II O-

+

O

H20H H

H HHO H20H

H20H

OO

H H

DH2

0 H

OH H H HHO 0 H20H

+

oII

H-PI

H H 0

GUCOSEIHOPHAE

H H

FRUCOSE

SYNTHESS OF SUCROSE s an exampe of a reacon fo which (color suppes enegy he eacton begns t upe eft ashe oecule cobnes wth gucose oecue eeasng 7

6

H H H H

SUCROSE IORGAC HOSHATE

caoes The'eacton poduces AD n gucose-ospae In second sage of the eaco (boom) gucose--hoshe obines ih fucose yiedng sucose nd inogc hosae



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II

CH2 0

o

o

H

o

C C N C C NH C CH N C

///NH C CH NH C CH NH C CH N C CH

o RLU 0 RGL 0 RHS 0 RV

BAS UNON O SULUR i lig matte appea to e tooide a likage betwee the polypetide ha a pote

molecle hee lkage help the pote mata t theedimeoal hape o that it a pefom it ftio thi egmetof a oie ili molecle dilde od (colo) ae fomedetwee lf atom, which ae peet the amio acd cytieytie i a it of oth polypeptde ha Becae the molecle i dplayed i two dmeio it i atteed heefoe theod etwe the top ad ottom cytie gop o the ppe

hai appea boke the omal theedmeioal tate, owve, thi hai i twited ad folded ecae of the dlde

bod i a way dicated y the oloed lie that joi the two f atom he othe od i oe of two that lk the chahe hape of the li molecle m!taed by thee bod eae it to otol the metaolim of ga he othe amo aidi thi molela egmet, whoe ide hai ae idiated y thelette , ae gltami acid GLU, alae ALA, eie SER,ale VAL, htdie HS, lecie LEU ad glyce GLY

zon or a dut n t cnty f x-pod popat rock poporu unknon n t atopr; non of tordnary copound a any aprcabapor prur It trfor track tydroogc cyc oy partway fro ttopr to t ydropr and n aword uncopcatd by a bopr tocan woud b t ony nk In trf y od t aount to uncoupngt atoprc rror (xcpt foratr) ottng t afarro ongt rtur of poporu fro t y-dropr t t topr and angt bopr' oporu a a fd-back oop drtng o f t on

ay o fro rok to can Got-rcay at at t od gnranoug to accoodat t cango ron of wc w b ndd fany prannt nk ar dcovrd nt yt

For any oub but nonvoat nt a cod natura cyc pobony troug t bopr odnt at t aon y any ntanadu cobat nck and oybdnu aong tar bt knon aquatc organ and cyc an

tn t ydropr No ort od nonquanttat toug t uggt otng If t boprdand uc an nt a popruand t ca of ron and anganoud b ar) t atrnat nfrnc ar prb dpndng o

t agnud of rror and uxIf t topr contan an ap up-py of poporu or f t ux to tydroprc nk arg t boprcan tak o at t nd and at trt It coony bd uc -nt a odu and cacu ar tuatd by trrtra gtaton a-toug coogt ar bgnnng to doubtt On t otr and f t quantty canty or t ux a t nt b n crtcay ort uppy nd f ortuppy cronc t output of t n-tr yt coud b xpctd to b ad-jutd to t rat of xpotatn of oncrtca nt uc a t prfor-

nc of a buraucracy coy gardto t upy of par cp

In undturbd natur t cronc ortag of poporu notorou; tat at ot pop an by o nfr-tty" In t tpr poporu carcr tn carbon and n t ydropr bcau poporu fa n tpartprbon rang t fa t oup at a n t cart of conttunt npag 151. part fr t natura carctypoporu fry oub ony n acd

outon or undr rducn condtonOn t urfac of an akan and oxdzd art t tnd to b obzd acacu popat or frrc popat Inak atr wr t utput of carboydrat trfty attund t poporuconcntraton f t ordr of 50 cro

gra pr tr doubng t poporunput coony doub t tandngcrop of pankton and pondd

ndr t condton t tuaton a ak cang dratcay If po-poru pntfu ntrat ay bcot crtcay ort nutrnt for a cropat nd about 15 ato of ntrogfor on of poporu Bugrn agaay tn tak r t pankton bcauby rducng atoprc ntrogn tcap t dpndnc tt ot agaav on ntrat Man judgnfro uc rcnt xprnc t po-poru put probaby av doubdaganbut t ubjct undr dcuo

no ongr undturbd natur attartd a cottag utrpcaton" ypag fro a f ptc tank abn caatd nt a noo tratd" ag and poypopat d-trgnt o conr bogoccaparty t atopr a bgun t dr nto ak ntrat and ufa frot cobuton of fo fu

It oud b rong to rad too ucnto a yt od Conrvng bogocca party" jut a gur ofc tcncay yprbo and ron

ca at tat ftr a t pouton of tar by ntrat and ufat qut nd-pndnttcnoogcay patay andpotcayof t pouton of atr bypoporu f t accratd pporu cyc n ak tak adantag oft addd nput dar not ay tat

7



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ntrat and uat av bn dran ntot bop rom t atmopr, aU.S. or a dran to a Caadanrut bra n t Nortat baout o 1965 Wat t mod t u tat mattr an oo tat ay rom ttandont o t bopr. I t agmnt o t poporu y a-

ratd to t pont r ntrognand uu a a rta a poporuud to b, and tr a n ouro ntrat and uat n t atmop,t atmopr adquaty oud toa ot ubytm to nur t u- o t ny aratd oop. Toop, non a utropaton, tuampd rom a autrn nuan to aytm probm, ad around u aa La Er t tratn to bom aanr n t goba oytm

T troub tartd, o ou,

t ord' onay popou ya rt vrd and tn aratdby uman atvty Sn brd guano aovrd on dt and, atr to buppmntd n rtlzr by popato, an popat a bn tod to t topr n nrang aount A a dv or grongpop v nang numbr tat annot atd, but popl

a to ontnu t our n t bopr, ty l av to ay or attnton to a rou. ooru mu too vauab to b tougtard t bugrn alga.

T trm utropaton, mannrmnt, uuay nadvrtnt, not ordnarly appd to ort and drt. I dar to xtnd t to t trtrabopr bau to n n o v-dn av uddny appard to uggt tat t non outon o ar btrat and uat ao nourag tboom on dry and. T rt ln o vn om rom ubbard Broo,N.., r F. rbrt ormann o tYa Soo o Fortry and Gn E.Ln o Corn Unvrty av adx ortd atd undr otudy n 1963 Wat ntrt u r

t drn, p tar o oy-tm, btn t nput o on n ran-a (pu dry aout, any) and t out-put a maurd at a dam at t oot oa dranag ban.

Among t ommon on ntrng andang Watrd No. 6 at bbadBoo, lord and tr potv onaum, agum and odumoan x o output ov nput, p

ANOOVERED ISAND o the coast f Peu s a souce o phosphate and ntate etize Guano hs een deposted dun many menniums y eneatons o ds

8

umaby dd rom t oa oand o. T our on onom, onybary, to t da tat t boprat x at on t ay to ta. In ontrat, otaum and ammo-num (N) and t to maor ngatvon, uat and ntat, ar avdy dby t gmnt o t bopr, a

ndatd by t at tat tr nput x-d tr output In t a o otaum a but 700 gram pr tar apturd. Coty t nonvoatl"mnra, nudn a, tat a omt a N ampr y amountdto om 13 ogram tar n atypa yar. Wt uat, ntrat ndmmonum addd, t tota rad5 4 logram pr ta.

T ond n o vdn ndattat t bor a a ol bom-ng argr. Eoogt xpt to nd

grot n odary ort, but maxvgtaton oud b n a tady tat,t annua gan baanng o. Aordng to gur I a ompdom Rodn and av, t manod vgtaton not yt at max.Atr t non quantty o dad a,ran and otr ttr ubtratdom t nt produton o n t,t dn aay potv, at anaag 148 oram o n bomap tar o and p ya. Wt amang up . prnt o t boma,about 6 ogram o a annuatdran rom an arag ta toutan t nrmnt o arboydrat.T nput o aborn mnt at ubbard Boo oud od t a tov, t no ontbuton o t oatopr.

T omparon mpront,and t may b madng. art omndutra uat, (a uurad) pap a ly to orrod tbop a to nour t, t ord

gtaton may b n no dangr o ntant utropaton. (I t bopr ay bomng arg, t nput o ndutra arbon doxd may onttutanot maor nutnt.) T mod oyng dord at ubbad Brooar nont atonng. Addd toat no o an ay nr aboutotr voat nt, u tud un-dror t nty o a goba vo bomtry. Wat an b ad tauan tat tr a unqu andnay ubqutou ompound, t t

mpa ormua H 296 14 8 C 48N 16PS, ad vng matt. It ynt-, on an oxdzd and un arboxyatdart, t ot ntrat at o ma ngnrng r pormdand tmot dat opaton tat pop avvr tampd t



12/12

Whieprints tat won'. winkleyour nose "

Our nose-saving secret i ourened P wheprint proc.

There are no fume or odors Becausr new process compleely l m naes ammona rom

hepr n ng

There's no chemcal mxng

Theres no d l clean-upur revoluonr P process s featured n he new

run ng PD80 ableop whteprnrFor ful l n omaon o r a demonsaon o r p roes

d he PD-80, re o Marke Develop men Deprmen,

800 W t C l R d Mt P Il l 60056

)

ciclo de los minerales.pdf

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