chemistry-biochemistry-presentation (2).ppt

8/20/2019 Chemistry-Biochemistry-Presentation (2).ppt

1/43

Chemistry & BiochemistryChapters 2 & 3

Honors Biology

Mrs. Gutierrez


2/43

Why study

chemistry ina biology

class? !"en the most basicunits o# li#e$ cells$are made o# smallerand smaller subunits

%he structure and#unction o# allli"ing things are

go"erned by thelas o# chemistry


3/43

What is Chemistry?

%he study o# the composition$ structure$ properties$and reactions o# a substance.

'll li#e processes in"ol"e chemical changes. ( )igestion ( *eproduction

( Groth

( *espiration

+nce chemical changes are understood$ li#e processes can be better understood.


4/43

matter energy

atoms mass

elements

,2-,

molecule

compound

structure

proton neutron electron

nucleus isotope ion

hydrogen

pH

acid base

/ineticheat

mo"ement'cti"ationenergy

reactions

potential

position

stored

battery '%0

chemical

bonds

ionic

co"alenthydrogen


5/43

What is pH?

pH stands #or the potential1poer o# thehydrogen ion H4

p+H is the

potential1poer o# thehydro5ide ion +H64

pH and p+H add up to -7 ( !58 i# the p+H o# a solution

is 9$ hat is the pH? ( ' pH o# 9 is considered

neutral


6/43


7/43

http811.:ohn/yr/.com1pH.htm

l

pH scale ;uanti#ied

http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html


8/43

pH Concentrations

What type o# a solution has a pH o#


9/43

=ndicators

>indicate the concentration o# a substance by color.

@ni"ersal indicator is only one e5ample.


10/43

http811.bg#l.org1bg#l1custom1r

esourcesA#tp1clientA#tp1/s31scien

ce1acids1inde5.htm *ead the >Help section to re"ie

Chose >itmus *eactions

%ype your @ name

ollo directions

http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm


11/43

*eaction o# Darious Materials to

pH & itmus 0apersMaterial%ested

*eaction to*ed itmus

*eaction toBlue itmus

pH accordingto pH paper

HCl

Ea+H

H2+


12/43

+ther ays o# measuring pH

pH meter

( Hand6held de"ice

pH probe

( @ses a computer

inter#ace


13/43

pH ab

Fou ill be using atechni;ue called titration

'n acid or base ill be

placed in a buret andsloly added to the testsolution ( Water

( Bu##er

( Cell homogenate

%he computer ill assist inrecording any changes in pH

'cid

or

base

%est soln.


14/43

Hypotheses

'n assumption subjectto verification or

proof.

Written in the “If…then…” #ormat.

!5ample8 ( =# acid is added to

ater$ then the pHillAAAAA

( =# base is added toater$ then the pHillAAAAA


15/43

Chemical Bu##ers

Chemical substances thatneutralize small amountsor either acid or base

added to a solution B@!* )+ E+%

E!C!'*=F E!@%*'=! %H!+@%=+E %+ ' 0H 9I

!58 stomach acid remainsat a pH o# 2 regardless o#hether you ingest acidicor basic substances


16/43

'pplication o# Bu##ers

Chemicalreactions illonly occurnormally in asystem thatresists a changein pH

%his is part o# a process /nonas homeostasis

%he pH o# many li"ing things tends to be around neutral.


17/43

Biochemistry

%he chemistry o# biological substances and processes.

=n"ol"es carbon compounds ( +rganic

Carbon6based and originated #rom a li"ing thing !58 proteins$ lipids$ carbohydrates$ and nucleic acids

( =norganic >not organic

!58 ater


18/43

Monomer "s. 0olymer

>Mono J >-

' monomer is the

basic building bloc/

>poly J >many

' polymer is made up

o# many monomers

Ho do the 2

>bo5cars :oin

together to #orm

a long train?


19/43

More analogies?

•


20/43

)ehydration ynthesis or

Condensation *eaction


21/43

Condensation1Hydrolysis

)emonstration http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sb

ioac1biochem1condense.htm

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm


22/43

Eote8 Glucose and #ructose are isomers


23/43

Hydrolysis

Molecules ill not only need to be built$ asin the case o# ma/ing ne muscle and bone$

but they ill also need to be bro/en don$

as in the case o# digestion o# #ood. %his time$ ater must be added among

enzymes4 to brea/ the bonds.


24/43

!5ample8

Ma/ing ne

muscle #or

groth in your

body

!5ample8

)igesting muscle

a#ter eating meat

in order to get the

monomers to

ma/e ne muscle


25/43

*e"ie

Monosaccharide K2Monosaccharide K-

)isaccharide


26/43

*e"ie o# chemical reactions

http811.isc6online.com1ob:ects1inde5

At:.asp?ob:=)J'0-37

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004


27/43

CarbohydratesType ofCompound

Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)

Functions

onosaccharide Glucose$#ructose$galactose

CLH-2+L

Carbon$ hydrogen$o5ygen

!5actly a-C82H8-+

itsel# ource o# energy7Cal1g4

!isaccharide ucrose$maltose$

actose

C-2H22+--

C$ H$ + 'ppro5.a -C82H8-+

Mono6saccharide

ource o# energy7Cal1g4

"olysaccharide Glycogen$

starch$

cellulose

C$ H$ + 'ppro5.a -C82H8-+ Mono6saccharide tored energy inanimals

tored energy in plants

tructural componento# plant cell alls

http://www.ilexikon.com/images/6/69/Glukose-Ring.png


28/43

*ecall

Monomer monomer J polymer H2+

%his is called

)ehydration synthesis or condensation

!5ample8

CLH-2+L CLH-2+L J C-2H22+-- H2+

Fou try8

3CLH-2+L4 J C-NH32+-L 2H2+


29/43

ormation o# a polysaccharide

http811science.nhmccd.edu1biol1dehydrat1deh

ydrat.html

http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbioac1biochem1condense.htm

i id

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html


30/43

ipids

Type of

Compound

Examples Elements Subunit

(monomer)

Functions

Tri#lycerides ats$

+ils

Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen

3 #atty acids and aglycerol

tored energy,Cal1g4$ insulation$ner"e impulses$ protection

econdary sol"ent o#

cell

$axes !ar a5 ame - #atty acid andalcohol chain

0rotection$aterproo#ing

Steroids Hormones$

cholesterol

ame used carbon rings *egulate chemical

reactions

"hospholipids Cellmembranes

same 2 #atty acids and aglycerol

*egulates hat entersand lea"es a cell


31/43

ormation o# a %riglyceride

http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbi

oac1biochem1triglyc.htm

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm


32/43

Why cholesterol is good and

bad4 http811.iley.com1legacy1college1boyer1

7939,1animations1animations.htm

0 t i


33/43

0roteinsType ofCompound

Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)

Functions

Hemoglobin

Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen$nitrogen

'mino acid General #unction o# a protein is building andrepair. (May be used asan energy source as alast resort 7Cal1g4?

Binds gases in red blood cells

=nsulin ame ame *egulates blood sugarle"els

'lbumin ame ame Eourishing componento# egg hites

Oeratin ame ame tructural componento# hair$ s/in$ and nails

!nzymes ame ame 'ct as a catalyst byregulating chemical

reaction rates


34/43

ormation o# a polypeptide

http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbi

oac1biochem1amino.htm


35/43

!nzymes

Most enzyme are proteins

%hree characteristics ( *eusable

( peci#ic

( Catalyst loer the acti"ation energy !a4o# a

reaction4 ( http8113.#hs.usyd.edu.au1bio1homeostasis1C

ontrolAystems.htm read #rom the introductionto the de#inition o# homeostasis4

http811 mhhe com1physsci1ch


36/43

http811.mhhe.com1physsci1chemistry1essentialchemistry1#lash1

acti"a2.s# hort "ideo clip o# e5othermic reactions.


37/43

2H2+2 → 2H2+ +2

catalase


38/43

Catalase

'n enzyme #ound in any

li"ing tissue$ plant or

animal

Catalase or/s best under

constant conditions

homeostasis4 o#

temperature and pH

0redict hat the graph

ould loo/ li/e i# the

li"er$ containing catalase$is

( Boiled

( 'cidi#ied


39/43


40/43

What happened?

%he enzyme catalase as denatured E+%/illed4.

ince enzymes are speci#ic$ catalase no

longer >#it the substrate.


41/43

Type ofcompound

Examples Elements Subunits(monomers)

Functions

%ucleic &cids )E'

*E'

Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen$nitrogen$ phosphorus

Eucleotide tores geneticin#ormation #orma/ing proteins

)irectlyin"ol"ed in proteinsynthesis

$ater =ce$ li;uid

ater$"apor

Hydrogen$

o5ygen

H2+ 0rimary sol"ent

o# the cell6polar

6cohesi"e

6adhesi"e

http811programs northlandcollege


42/43

http811programs.northlandcollege.edu1biology1Biology----1animati

ons1hydrogenbonds.html hort "ideo clip about aterPs polarity and

hydrogen bonding properties.


43/43

Eice ;uiz re"ieing the Big 7

Molecules http811science.nhmccd.edu1biol1macmole.ht

ml

chemistry-biochemistry-presentation (2).ppt

Documents