boxers presentacion ingles
TRANSCRIPT
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The Boxers as a historical inquiry
Who tells fact/truth
Historians or fiction writers?
Historians may not provide balancedexplanations using foreknowledge ofoutcomes of a historical event. Historians are endowed with wide-angle vision
and have ability to construct a morecomprehensive story of the past
Historians, like non-historians, will howevermythologize history for different reasons and
different purposes.
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Fiction writers,
although they aregenerally seen asmyth makers, may
act as fact-seekinghistorians andprovide at leastsome individuals
experienced past.
Three Keys used to
deal with the issue:
Event
Experience Myth
Each possesses its
legitimacy in its sphere
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The BoxersA Narrative History
Questions: the Boxermovement symbolized: Chinese superstitiousnessand backwardness
Rise of nationalism andantiforeignism
patriotism and anti-imperialism
An uprising? A rebellion? Afiasco? A catastrophe?
How was the movement
formed?
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Formation of the Boxers
Different martial arts groups
Church cases
Dynamic of sprit possession
Drought
Killing of Brooks, von Ketteler, many Christiansand Chinese-Christians
Foreign invasions
Qings mobilization of the Boxers War with Allies expeditionary forces
Massacre lf the Boxers and innocent citizens
The Boxer Protocol (1901)
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The Boxers and the Martial Arts
Question: The Myth of the Boxers
The true meaning of the word boxers
Big Swords (Dadao hui)
The Plum Flower Boxers (Meihua quan)
The Red Boxing School (Hong quan)
The Spirit Boxers (Shen quan)
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The Boxers united
in Righteousness
(Yihe quan)
The Red Lantern
(Hongdeng zhao) The Eight Trigrams
(Bagua quan)
The Militia United in
Righteousness (Yihe
tuan)
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Direct Causes of the Movement
The Experienced Past--Flood and drought Prolonged drought
Farmers: Natural disaster suggested heavensreaction to official immorality and misconduct
Widespread and protracted drought caused famine;farmers were out of work and dedicated their timesto practicing martial arts/boxing
Missionaries accounts show that hungry peoplekilled missionaries and Christian, including Chinese
Christians
The experienced past were depicted morein fiction than in history
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Boxer Motives
Anti-imperialism?Antiforeignism?
Anxiety over Drought?
Boxerswereexecutedby Allies
Soldiers
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Anxiety over drought has beenignored.
Weather pattern in late Qing (seechart below) indicates potentialdrought due to high temperature anddry weather
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Boxers were executed by Allies Soldiers
Boxers head was hung anddisplayed
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Russian Soldiers to execute boxers
Yiheyuan before its destruction
by Allies armies
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Woodcut promoting devil-quelling
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Russian Soldiers to execute boxers
Yiheyuan before its destruction
by Allies armies
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Religious Experience of the Boxers
The spirit possessions of the Boxers Spirit possession, a ritual of popular religion
predated the Boxers, was seen as a way toenhance physical prowess and attain the bodyinvulnerability to bullets
The much stressed notion of invulnerabilityeffected by spirit possessions spurred
Boxer possession into a mass
phenomenon in the last years of thenineteenth century
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Possessing gods
Deified historical figures in the Romance ofthe Three Kingdoms
Guandi
Zhang fei Zhao Yun
Major characters in novels
Sun Wukong in Journey to the West Jiang Ziya in Enfeoffment of the Gods
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Boxer (spirit)possessionspread rapidly
Shamanismwas morewidespread inNorth China
Young peoplein the Northwere
susceptible tothe spirits andthe possessionritual (?)
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Boxer magic and Women
The failure of Boxer magicwas attributed to foreignmagic which they saw asassociated with femalebody or pollution
The boxers called forfemale deities to help resistforeign magic
They also limited womensactivities because theyposed danger to theeffective operation of theirmagic
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Mercenaries hired by the Qing toquell the Boxers in 1900
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Women Boxers?
The Red Lanterns were regarded as the firstorganized womens military force in Chinese history
How much weight should be placed on the RedLanterns remain a moot point
Was magical power attributed to them because of theirpresexual and prepubescent purity or non-pollution? (theywere 11-12 to 16-17)
Or because the were perceived to have been empowered
by female deities such as the Holy Mother of the GoldenSword (Jindao shengmu) and the Venerable Mother of thePear Mountain (Lishan laomu)?
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Experiencers and Rumors
The variety of rumors
Wish
Dread
Danger, uncertainty, and the proliferation ofrumors
Generic rumors: anti-foreign and anti-
Christian lore The well-poisoning scare
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Violence and Death
Metaphor for the cruelty of the Boxers or thebrutality of the foreign relief forces
Death resulted from combat and many forms
of violent acts find expressions in: Boxer pogroms against Chinese Christians
Foreigners butchered women and childrenwithout mercy
Government soldiers fired their guns at theretreating and fleeing Boxers, who werefrightened when their comrades were shot to
death by foreign guns
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A restaurant in Beijing in 1900
Mythologization of
the Boxers followsthree patterns:
Everyday
mythologization Autobiographicalmythologization
Literary mythologization
In poetry, drama,fiction, art
All can be positive and
negative
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Allies armyItalian soldiers in 1900
The Boxers asMyth
alternatepraise andrevilement of
the Boxers inmodern Chinaindicates thatmany myths
have beenformed aroundthe Boxers
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Characteristics of Myth
Chinese mythologization and demythologizationof the Boxers focus on the following themes:
The Boxers invulnerability
The Boxers indiscriminating xenophobia as a barbaricstance
The Boxers barbaric revolutions
The Boxers superstitions and irrationalism as
endemic in Chinese The Boxers symbolize a prime trait of Chinese culture
in general
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The Boxers represent nationalism, anti-foreignism,
and anti-imperialism The Boxers represent a movement of nationalliberation directed against imperialism and shouldbe accorded the highest honor
The Boxers represent anti-imperialist patriotismand Boxerism the spirit of patriotic resistance tounjust foreign aggression and oppression
The Red Lanterns symbolizes patriotism andfemale emancipation
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Western mythologization of the Boxers
The Boxers is an emblem of barbarism,cruelty, irrational hatred of foreigners,and superstition
Boxerism characterized Chinesenationalism, which is barbarous,antiforeign, hideous, and amount tomob action