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Biolgicamente hablando, la fertilizacin (o concepcin) es el principio del desarrollo

humano.unafertilizacin se produce normalmente dentro de varias horas de laovulacin2(algunos autores reportan hasta 24 horas3) cuando el espermatozoide de

un hombre, o espermatozoide, se combina con el vulo de una mujer, o ovocito

secundario, en el interior del tubo uterino de una mujer (generalmente en el tercio

externo de la trompa uterina llama la ampolla).4

Fertilization begins with the spermatozoon contacting the cells surrounding the oocyte

and ends with the mixing of the 23 male and 23 female chromosomes .5[More about

fertilization] The result is a single-cell embryo called a zygote ,6meaning "yoked or

joined together,"7and it is the first cell of the human body. La fecundacin se inicia

con el espermatozoide en contacto con las clulas que rodean el ovocito y termina con

la mezcla del hombre de 23 y 23 cromosomas femeninos.5[Ms informacin sobre lafertilizacin] El resultado es un embrin de una sola clula llamada cigoto,6significa

"yugo o unidos , "7y es la primera clula del cuerpo humano.

The zygote, like the oocyte, is encased by its protective covering, the zona pellucida , [

More about the zona]8and contains 46 unique chromosomes with the entire genetic

blueprint of a new individual. El cigoto, al igual que el ovocito, es encerrado por su

cubierta protectora, la zona pelcida, [Ms informacin sobre la zona]8y contiene 46

cromosomas nicos con el modelo gentico completo de un nuevo individuo.

Chromosomes contain tightly packed, tightly coiled molecules called DNA.9[More

about DNA] Amazingly, DNA contains all the instructions needed for this single-cell

embryo to develop into an adult. Los cromosomas contienen apretados, bien enrollado

molculas llamadas ADN.9[Ms sobre el ADN] Sorprendentemente, el ADN

contiene todas las instrucciones necesarias para el embrin de una sola clula para

convertirse en un adulto.

Figure 1.1 - An Oocyte and Spermatozoa Figura 1.1 - Una de ovocitos y

espermatozoides

LifeART LifeArt

Copyright 2002 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 2002 Lippincott,

Williams & Wilkins.

All rights reserved. Todos los derechos reservados.

The First Cell Division La primera divisin celular

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The final steps in zygote formation include replication of the male and female DNA and

the alignment of chromosomes in preparation for the first cell division through mitosis

(mi-to'sis).10The chromosomes assume a formation called a cleavage spindle, which is

a phase of mitosis. Los pasos finales en la formacin de cigoto incluyen la replicacin

del ADN masculino y femenino y la alineacin de los cromosomas en preparacin de la

primera divisin celular a travs de la mitosis (MI-to'sis).10Los cromosomas asumiruna formacin llamada un cabezal de escisin, que es un fase de la mitosis.

As the 2 sets of chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the zygote, a crease begins to

form along the equator marking the impending line of division.11(Fig xx) The zygote

or single-cell embryo completes the Como los 2 juegos de cromosomas migrar a los

extremos opuestos del zigoto, un pliegue comienza a formarse a lo largo de la lnea

ecuatorial marcando la lnea de divisin inminente.11(Fig. XX) El embrin o cigoto

sola clula completa el first cell division approximately 24 to 30 hours after

fertilization.12The process of repeated cell division is called cleavage .13primera

divisin celular de aproximadamente 24 a 30 horas despus de la fertilizacin.12El

proceso de divisin celular repetida se denomina escisin.13

The Closer Look Series: La mirada ms cercana de la serie:

Fertilization Fertilizacin

[Learn more about fertilization] [Ms informacin sobre la fertilizacin]

[Expand All] [Retract All] [Expandir todo] [bajar todos]

The process of fertilization joins the genetic contribution of a mother and father to form

a complete set of DNA so that development can proceed. El proceso de fertilizacin se

une a la contribucin gentica de una madre y un padre para formar un conjunto

completo de ADN, de modo que el desarrollo puede continuar. The structure of the

spermatozoon and secondary oocyte (reviewed in the Introduction) are uniquely

equipped for this process. La estructura del espermatozoide y el ovocito secundario

(revisado en la Introduccin) estn en inmejorables condiciones para este proceso. Tobriefly summarize, the successful spermatozoon must combine speed (to reach and enter

the oocyte first), strength (to help get through part of the corona radiata) and chemicals

(to penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida).25Para resumir brevemente, el

espermatozoide de xito debe combinar la velocidad (para llegar y entrar en el ovocito

en primer lugar), la fuerza (para ayudar a conseguir a travs de parte de la corona

radiata) y productos qumicos (para penetrar en la corona radiata y la zona pelcida).25

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Figure 1.2 - Fertilization Figura 1.2 - Fertilizacin

LifeART LifeArt

Copyright 2002 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 2002 Lippincott,

Williams & Wilkins.

All rights reserved. Todos los derechos reservados.

Fertilization begins when the spermatozoon makes contact with the oocyte26and

involves several distinct steps:27La fertilizacin comienza cuando el espermatozoide

hace contacto con el oocito26y abarca varias etapas distintas:27

1. Penetration of the corona radiata La penetracin de la corona radiata2. Penetration of the zona pellucida La penetracin de la zona pelcida3. The zona reaction La reaccin zona4. Fusion of male and female cell membranes La fusin de las membranas

celulares masculinos y femeninos

5. Formation of male and female pronuclei La formacin de proncleos masculinoy femenino

6. Fusion of male and female pronuclei La fusin de los proncleos masculino yfemenino

1. 1. Penetration of the Corona Radiata La penetracin de la corona radiata

Penetrating the surface cells of the oocyte (corona radiata) is accomplished in part

through the spermatozoon's "active swimming movements"28and in part through the

use of digestive enzymes contained in the acrosome of the spermatozoon. Penetrar en

las clulas de la superficie del ovocito (corona radiada) se logra en parte gracias a los

movimientos de la natacin "activos" del espermatozoide de28, y en parte a travs del

uso de las enzimas digestivas contenidas en el acrosoma del espermatozoide.

2. 2. Penetration of the Zona Pellucida La penetracin de la zona pelcida

Upon reaching the zona pellucida, the full dose of acrosomal enzymes is released. Al

llegar a la zona pelcida, la dosis completa de enzimas acrosmica se libera. The

process of enzyme release and hole formation in the zona is called the acrosomal

reaction . El proceso de liberacin de enzimas y la formacin de agujeros en la zona se

llama la reaccin acrosomal. This reaction also changes the spermatozoon membrane

enabling it to bind to the oocyte membrane.29Esta reaccin tambin cambia la

membrana espermatozoide que le permite unirse a la membrana de oocitos.29

3. 3. The Zona Reaction La reaccin de la Zona

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Entry of the first spermatozoon through the zona triggers a change throughout the entire

zona pellucida which prevents additional spermatozoa from entering into the newly

forming zygote. La entrada del espermatozoide primero a travs de la zona provoca un

cambio en toda la zona pelcida que impide que los espermatozoides adicionales de

entrar en el cigoto recin formado. This "zona reaction" ensures that the DNA from only

a single spermatozoon joins with the maternal DNA.30The zona pellucida also helpsprevent the embryo from implanting prematurely in the wall of the uterine tube - an

example of a condition called ectopic pregnancy (More about ectopic pregnancy).31

Esta "reaccin de zona", asegura que el ADN de slo un espermatozoide se une con el

ADN de la madre.30La zona pelcida tambin ayuda a prevenir que el embrin se

implante antes de tiempo en la pared de la trompa uterina - un ejemplo de una condicin

conocida como el embarazo ectpico (Ms sobre el embarazo ectpico).31

4. 4. Fusion of Male and Female Cell Membranes La fusin de las membranas

celulares Masculino y Femenino

The spermatozoon now travels quickly across the perivitelline space (a fluid filled spacebetween the inside of the zona and the cell membrane of the oocyte) and attaches to the

cell membrane of the oocyte. El espermatozoide ahora viaja rpidamente a travs del

espacio perivitelino (un espacio lleno de lquido entre el interior de la zona y de la

membrana celular del ovocito) y se une a la membrana celular del ovocito. The cell

membranes fuse forming one cell allowing free entry of the male nucleus (with tail

attached) into the oocyte. Las membranas celulares se fusionan formando una clula que

permite la entrada libre del ncleo masculino (con la cola adjunta) en el ovocito.

5. 5. Formation of Male and Female Pronuclei Formacin de los proncleos

masculino y femenino

Fusion of the oocyte and spermatozoon cell membranes releases the oocyte to complete

its second meiotic division. La fusin de las membranas celulares ovocito y el

espermatozoide libera el ovocito para completar su segunda divisin meitica. This

process forms two unequal cells - a mature oocyte with almost all of the cell contents

and a second polar body.32(Sometimes, the first polar body also divides.) Este proceso

forma dos clulas desiguales -. Un ovocito maduro con casi la totalidad de los

contenidos de las celdas y un segundo cuerpo polar32(A veces, el primer cuerpo polar

tambin se divide.)

The tightly packed nucleus of the mature oocyte now spreads out and forms the femalepronucleus. El ncleo apretada del ovocito maduro se extiende y forma el proncleo

femenino.

The tightly packed male nucleus loses its tail and also expands forming the male

pronucleus.33El ncleo apretada hombre pierde su cola y tambin se expande

formando el proncleo masculino.33

6. 6. Fusion of Male and Female Pronuclei La fusin de los proncleos masculino y

femenino

Once the 2 pronuclei are formed, they enlarge, replicate their DNA in preparation forthe first mitotic cell division,34and draw close to one another. Una vez que los

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proncleos 2 se forman, se agrandan, replicar su ADN en preparacin para la divisin

mittica de las clulas primero,34y dibujar cerca uno del otro. Their membranes

degenerate allowing the female and male DNA to join for the first time. Sus membranas

degenerado permitiendo que el ADN masculino y femenino para unirse por primera vez.

This marks the end of fertilization and this single cell is properly called a zygote. 35

Esto marca el final de la fertilizacin y esta clula nica que propiamente se llamacigoto.35

Movie 1.2 - Cell Division Movie 1.2 - Divisin Celular

Play Movie|See SnapshotsReproducir Pelcula|Ver instantneas

MitosisDynamic Division, Magnificent Multiplication Mitosis - Divisin

de Dinmica, multiplicacin Magnfico

After the first cell division, these 2 daughter cells are called blastomeres and proceed

with mitosis independently. Despus de la primera divisin celular, estas 2 clulas hijas

se llaman blastmeros y proceder con la mitosis de forma independiente. Two cells

become four, four become eight, and so on as these and subsequent daughter cells

divide repeatedly.36The first days of cell division do not increase the size of the

embryo because the blastomeres become smaller as their numbers increase. Dos clulas

se vuelven cuatro, cuatro convertido en ocho, y as sucesivamente como stas y lasclulas se dividen repetidamente subsiguientes hija.36Los primeros das de la divisin

celular no aumentan el tamao del embrin porque los blastmeros se hacen ms

pequeas como su nmero aumenta. Additionally, after the third round of cell division,

the cells become more tightly packed in a process called compaction . Adems, despus

de la tercera ronda de la divisin celular, las clulas se vuelven ms apretada en un

proceso llamado compactacin. As compaction proceeds, the cells of the embryo

divide into 2 populations with distinct destinies. A medida que avanza la compactacin,

las clulas del embrin se dividen en 2 poblaciones con destinos distintos. (described

below) (Descrito ms adelante)

Subsequent cell divisions occur take about 8 hours to reach completion as will becomeapparent by reviewing Figure 1.8 below. Divisiones celulares posteriores producirse

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tomar aproximadamente 8 horas para llegar a la terminacin como se harn evidentes

mediante la revisin de la Figura 1,8 a continuacin. Replication of DNA over that time

period requires an assembly rate exceeding 208,000 nucleotides per second.37

Amazingly, DNA replication is accomplished with an average of only 1 error per billion

(10 9 ) nucleotides.38190?39La replicacin del ADN durante ese perodo de tiempo

requiere un tipo de conjunto superior a 208.000 nucletidos por segundo.37Sorprendentemente, la replicacin del ADN se lleva a cabo con un promedio de slo 1

error por cada mil millones (10 9) nucletidos.38190?39

Figure 1.3 - Mitosis in Action Figura 1.3 - La mitosis en Accin

Copyright 2001-2002 Centro Riproduzione Assistita (CRA), Catania, Italy. Copyright 2001-2002 Centro Riproduzione Assistita (CRA), Catania, Italia. All rights reserved.

Todos los derechos reservados. (www.cragroup.it) (www.cragroup.it)

Notice the zona pellucida surrounding the embryo in each of these pictures. Observe la

zona pelcida que rodea al embrin en cada una de estas imgenes.

Early Pregnancy Factor Factor de Embarazo Temprano

As early as 24 to 48 hours after fertilization begins, pregnancy can be confirmed by

detecting a hormone called Tan pronto como 24 a 48 horas despus de la fertilizacin

comienza, el embarazo se puede confirmar mediante la deteccin de una hormona

llamada early pregnancy factor orEPF in the mother's blood40(The test for this

hormone, however, is not widely available). "Factor de inicio del embarazo" o EPF

en la sangre de la madre40(La prueba de esta hormona, sin embargo, no est

ampliamente disponible). This substance helps prevent the mother's immune system

from rejecting the soon-to-be-implanted embryo and allows pregnancy to proceed.41

Esta sustancia ayuda a evitar que el sistema inmunolgico de la madre rechace el

embrin de pronto-a-ser-implantado y permite que el embarazo para continuar.41

Embryo Transport in the Uterine Tube Embriones de transporte en la

trompa uterina

As cell division proceeds, the embryo is on the move. A medida que avanza la divisin

celular, el embrin est en movimiento. The uterine tube steers the embryo toward the

uterus by cilia motion of epithelial cells lining the uterine tube wall and continued mild

muscle contractions.42The cells of the corona radiata disappear within about 2 days43

while the zona persists in protecting the embryo and preventing premature implantation

in the uterine tube. La trompa uterina dirige el embrin hacia el tero por el movimiento

de los cilios de las clulas epiteliales que recubren la pared del tubo uterino y continu

contracciones musculares leves.42Las clulas de la corona radiata desaparecen al cabo

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de unos 2 das43mientras que la zona persiste en la proteccin del embrin y la

prevencin de la eyaculacin implantacin en la trompa uterina.

The Closer Look Series: La mirada ms cercana de la serie:

The Step-by-Step Instruction Manual El paso a paso el manual de

instrucciones

[Learn more about DNA] [Ms informacin sobre el ADN]

[Expand All] [Retract All] [Expandir todo] [bajar todos]

The DNA molecule has an incredible shape, La molcula de ADN tiene una forma

increble,

called a double helix. llama una doble hlice.

Movie 1.3 - DNA Movie 1.3 - ADN

Play Movie|See SnapshotsReproducir Pelcula|Ver instantneas

The ability of DNA to store such a mind-boggling quantity of information lies in its

structure. La capacidad del ADN para almacenar tal cantidad alucinante de la

informacin reside en su estructura. This beautifully complex molecule resembles the

shape of a twisted ladder, which is called a double helix .55Alternating sugar and

phosphate molecules link together to make up the sides of this ladder. Esta molcula

compleja muy bien se asemeja a la forma de una escalera de caracol, que se llama una

doble hlice.55alterna molculas de azcar y fosfato se unen para forman los lados de

la escalera. The rungs of the ladder consist of molecules called bases : cytosine (si'to-

sen), guanine (gwahn'en), adenine (a-den'en), and thymine (thi'men).56Two of these

molecules join to form a base pair , and connect one side of the ladder to the other by

bonding to the sugar molecules. Los peldaos de la escalera estn formados pormolculas llamadas bases. Citosina (si'to-sen), guanina (gwahn'en), adenina (A-

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