bioingenierÍa: pasado, presente y futuro · bioingenierÍa: pasado, presente y futuro víctor m....

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Centro de Física Aplicada y

Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla

BIOINGENIERÍA:

PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO

Víctor M. Castaño

Comisión de Especialidad de Ingeniería Biomédica

Academia de Ingeniería

Departamento de Biología Médica

Academia de Medicina

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¿Qué es Ingeniería Biomédica?

Aplicación de las ciencias y técnicas de

la ingeniería a la Medicina

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Una Cuestión Semántica

BIOINGENIERÍA: la definición mas amplia abarca

todas las posibles interacciones entre las Ciencias

Naturales y la Ingeniería.

ING. BIOMÉDICA: Centrada en el ser humano y en

el cuidado de su salud.

ING. CLÍNICA: Centrada en el paciente (excluye el

desarrollo de tecnologías).

ING. HOSPITALARIA: Centrada en la

infraestructura soporte.

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Ciencias

Naturales

BIOLOGÍA

MEDICINA

ODONTOLOGÍA

VETERINARIA

AGRONOMÍA

Ciencias Exactas

QUÍMICAFÍSICA MATEMÁTICA

La Bioingeniería es

interdisciplina

BIOINGENÍERÍA INGENIERÍAS

Ing. Electrónica

Ing. Mecánica

Ing. Civil

Ing. Química

Ing. Agronomía

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biomagnetismo y técnicas cerebrales

creación de imágenes y óptica biomédicas

biomateriales

biomecánica y biotransporte

producto sanitario

instrumentación médica

ingeniería molecular y celular

biología de sistemas

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Historia de la Ingeniería Biomédica

• Thermometer

– 1603, Galileo

– 1625, body temperature measurement

• Optical lens

– 1666, Newton

– 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz

• Stethoscope

– 1819, hollow tube

– 1851, binaural stethoscope

• Hypodermic syringe

– 1853, Wood

• X-ray

– 1895, Roentgen

– 1896, in diagnosis and therapy7

• Radioactivity

– 1896, Curie

– 1903, in therapy

• Electrocardiograph

– 1887, Waller, capillary meter

– 1903, Einthoven,

– galvanometer 1928, vacuum

tube

• Electroencephalograph

– 1924, Berger

• pH electrode

– 1906, Cremer

• Electrical surgical unit,

1928

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…

• Cyclotron, artificial

radionuclides

– 1936, Lawrence

• Assisting ventilator

– 1928, "iron lung"

– 1945, positive pressure

• Ultrasonic imaging

– pulse-echo, 1947

– Doppler, 1950s

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI)

– NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946

– MRI, 1982

8

• Computed tomography

– 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield

• Electrical heart defibrillator

– 1956, Zoll

– 1980, implanted

• Implanted electrical heart

pacemaker

– 1960, Greatbatch

• Heart valves, 1975

• Cardiac catheter, 1975

• Artificial kidney (dialysis),

1960

• Artificial heart, 1984

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nanoMedicine

A new branch of Medicine aimed to apply

nanotechnology concepts and techniques

to medical procedures

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Nanoengineering in

Nature:Nature builds devices from nanoscale components

Biopolymers…..

…assemble into

complexes….

…from which

complex machines

are built.

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Advanced nanobioengineering:

from feathers and bone to

nanotech

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Core concept of nanobioengineering:

SYNERGETICS

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bone: 100% synergetics

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Little marvels of

nanobioengineering:

feathers

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TEM of chicken feather

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Biological

Nanostructures

C. Bertozzi, Facility Director http://foundry.lbl.gov/

Molecular Foundry Facilities

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The integration of biological components into devices and

materials is a major frontier in nanotechnology

Biological Nanostructures

• Molecular motors

• Structural assemblies

• Cell-based biosensors

• Biocompatible and biodegradable materials

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Chemistry

Biology

Physics

A Modern Vision of nanobioengineerig

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• 1972 - Letokhov y Ashkin: manipulation of atoms, molecules and particles through microbeams.

• 1988 – Askin reports the first use of optical tweezers.

• 1989 - Askin reports the use of infrarred light to trap living organisms

• 1989 –Ashkin and Block: first quantitative measurement of forces using optical yweezers

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• 1990 – Combination of microbeam

and optical tweezers

• 1997 - Nobel Prize (Physics) to

Chu, Phillips, Cohen-Tannoudji for

cooling of atoms and molecules

by light.

• Today –full micro and

nanomanipulation with light

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• A laser can be regarded as a light cannon which

emmits photons in straight trajectories

• The total effect (force) of photons is known as

radiation pressure

• For dielectrics, it has two components: scattering

and gradient forces

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θ = transmission angle

r =reflection angle

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Smart membranes

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Thus, the corresponding differential equation for the x-region is:

Similar considerations can be drawn for the y-region. As a result, a

pair of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations describe

the way the change in pore size with time:

The solutions to these equations are:

where is the phase difference. The relations between the ki’s

and the parameters a, , are given by:

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The steady state and the eigenvalues are:

and

respectively. The imaginary character of the eigenvalues indicate,

as observed in the experiment, that the solutions oscillate around

the steady state. The application of this simple model to other

physical, chemical and biological oscillatory systems is under way.

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Poluted water

20 ppm Cr VI

Treated water

Keratin

biofiber

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

time of analysis (min)

Cr V

I R

em

ovin

g %

0 5 15 20

Untreated Keratin biofiber

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5

Time of analysis (min)

Cr V

I R

em

ovin

g %

Keratin biobifer treated with

Sulfuric acid (pH 6)

0 5 15 20 25

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5

Time of analysis (min)

Cr V

I R

em

ovin

g %

Keratin biobifer treated with

Sulfuric acid (pH 3)

0 5 15 20 25

Active sulfur sites to

retain metals

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Water with 20 ppm of Cr VI

Water after treatment with

modified keratin biofiber

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Removing Cr VI with

nylon – keratin

membranes

Nylon membranes without keratin

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Nylon membranes

with keratin

Micro and nano spheres

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Optics, medicine and

nanotechnology

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Nanogold

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Nanoparticles in

Medicine

Fluorescent labels

Drug Delivery

Patogens detection

Protein Detection

DNA-related research

Tissue Engineering

Cancer treatment

Sorting and purification of biomolecules

NMR image enhancement

Magnetic nanoparticles

http://mx.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geum58MftEIGABTtrF8Qt./SIG=1f2j8ric4/EXP=1157399292/**http://mx.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%253A%252F%252Fmx.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253DDNA%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253DFP-tab-img-t340%2526x%253Dwrt&w=2155&h=1792&imgurl=www.alzheimers.org%252Frmedia%252FIMAGES%252Fhigh%252FDNA_HIGH.JPG&rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.alzheimers.org%252Frmedia%252FIMAGES%252Fhigh&size=3.2MB&name=DNA_HIGH.JPG&p=DNA&type=jpeg&no=3&tt=324.771&oid=57c655048ef4a9e4&ei=UTF-8

http://mx.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geul0VMvtEvy8BQEXF8Qt./SIG=1hqijkao9/EXP=1157399445/**http://mx.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%253A%252F%252Fmx.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253DTEJIDOS%252BHUMANOS%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253DFP-tab-img-t340%2526b%253D1&w=430&h=322&imgurl=www.biolaster.com%252Ftraumatologia%252Fhombro%252Ftratamiento%252Ftendon_biceps_rotura_parcial.jpg&rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.biolaster.com%252Ftraumatologia%252Fhombro%252Ftratamiento&size=9.7kB&name=tendon_biceps_rotura_parcial.jpg&p=TEJIDOS+HUMANOS&type=jpeg&no=15&tt=35&oid=8c2328c64195e8c6&ei=UTF-8

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Functionallization

with fluorescein

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OBJECTIVES

Functionalization

Peptides

•Protein

•DNA

•Carbohydrates (glyconanoparticles)

Biocompatibility

http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/cellengineering/alternativewebsite/Magnetic%20research.html

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Typical approach

Biocompatible

magnetic

nanoparticles

BioMEMS

Synthesis magnetic

nanoparticles

Modification various

routes and conditionsBiocompatibilization

specific brain

structures

Caracterization

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BiocompatibilizationHollow hybrid magnetic nanoparticles

200nm

Nanoparticles PVA-stabilized

Natural Polymer + Anionic monomer

(Chitosan) (acrylic acid)

Crosslinking

Hybrid nanospheres

http://www.ipen.br/cqma/nano/mag/images/slide0016_image039.png

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Magnetic properties• Super paramagneticroom temperature

• Ferrimagnetic 78K

http://macbeth.if.usp.br/~goya/spm.htm

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Efecto Magnético

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Nanoencapsulation of acetyl salicylic acid within

enteric polymer nanoparticles 1

© 2007 Advanced Study Center Co. Ltd.

Rev.Adv.Mater.Sci. 14(2007) 14-34

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Micro Electro

Mechanical Systems

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MEMS

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ElectrodesCapacitor

Coil

bioingenierÍa: pasado, presente y futuro · bioingenierÍa: pasado, presente y futuro víctor m....

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