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www.unhabitat.org - Community Based Sanitation , 3-5 March 2009, AsianDevelopment Bank, Manila , ADB-DMC SANITATION DIALOGUE,

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www.unhabitat.org

ADB-DMC SANITATION DIALOGUE

3-5 March 2009

Asian Development Bank, Manila

Community Based Sanitation

Presentation by

Water and Sanitation Section I IWater, Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch

UN-HABITAT, Nairobi




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UN-HABITAT and Water and Sanitation : ABrief Introduction

• Multi Donor Water and Sanitation Trust Fund since 2003supports UN-HABITAT’s world-wide programme on waterand sanitation;

• Combination of Normative and Operational activities;• Working with Local authorities, civil society, utilities on the

ground;

o Demonstrating innovation and good practice;supporting policy;

o dialogue at national levels and regional ministerialconsultation and global dialogues;

• Active programmes in Asia, Africa and Latin America andthe Caribbean Regions;

• Regional Initiatives: Lake Victoria and the Mekong Region;




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UN-HABITAT and Water and Sanitation : ABrief Introduction..contd

• Launch of WAC in Osaka at WWF3 March2003

• Grants: US $ 10 million

• Investments: US $ 500 million by ADB• Second phase of partnership with ADB in

2007 doubling grant levels for capacitybuilding & technical assistance to US$20

million & increasing investments to US$ 1billion with special focus on sanitation




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Thematic AreasThematic Areas

Water for Asian Cities(WAC) P rogramme

Water for Asian Cities(WAC) P rogramme

MEK-WATSANProgramme

MEK-WATSANProgramme

Objective :Pursue the Millennium Development Goal 7 Target 10 of halving proportion of people w ithout sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to half by 2015

Objective :Pursue the Millennium Development Goal 7 Target 10 of halving proportion of people w ithout sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to half by 2015

Increased focus on sanitation scaling up of successful interventions and enhancement of activities in the region by moving into new countries based on needs in consultation w ith

strategic partners like Asian Development Bank

Increased focus on sanitation scaling up of successful interventions and enhancement of activities in the region by moving into new countries based on needs in consultation w ith

strategic partners like Asian Development Bank

UN-HABITAT’s Water and Sanitation P rogrammesin Asia




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The Challenge in Asia

• Of the 2.5 billion people lackingimproved sanitation across theworld; 1.8 billion or 72% live inAsia;

• Huge economic loses; 1%-7% of GDP (WSP study)

• Progress on sanitation has not keptpace with the rapid urban growth;

• Drinking water progress broadly on

track with MDG– but problemsremain- inequitable access, poorquality.




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Community Based Sanitation: An option toaddress the crises quickly and at lower cost

Why the crisis ?

• Rapid urbanization and proliferation of slums;

• Lack of access to land- No space for toilets;

• Lack of Awareness ( lack of sanitation kills and is ahuge drag on the economy);

• Lack of demand; And if there is demand lack of funds

• Lack of resources/lower priority in budgetaryallocations;

• Right to water and sanitation notrecognized/implemented;




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Community Sanitation : Some Case Studies

• UN-HABITAT’s Water for Asian Cities Programme(WAC) supports four towns in Madhya Pradesh, India-complements ADB Loan Assisted Project;

• Participatory poverty mapping and situation analysis(PPSA) showed;

o 1,537 poverty pockets in these cities with total

population of 475,368 households (2.4 millionpeople):

o 151,626HHs (758,000) people defecate in the

open;• UN-HABITAT supported a “Tripartite partnership

model” brining together the municipality and Civil

Society ( Wateraid and City NGOs).




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Gwalior City: An Overview

• Population : 0.83 Million (2001 Census),

0. 95 Million (2005 estimated)

• Area : 176.67 Sq. Km.• No. of Municipal Zone : 20

• No. of Municipal Wards : 60

• No. of Notified Slums : 149

• No. of non- notified slums : 80

• % Population in notified slums : 24.27• % of Population in slums : 32.87




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Sanitation Status in Poverty Pockets

• Household access to improved Sanitation : 68.50 %» HH having toilets : 62.08 %» HH Using community Toilet : 6.42 %» HH in Open defecation : 31.50 %

• No. of Community Toilets in the City : 115» Properly Maintained and not crowded : 07» Properly maintained but Crowded : 14» Not Maintained, not usable : 37» Poorly Maintained, but used : 57

• Users paying for the services in CTs : 02

• Solid Waste Disposal» Collected at door Step : 31.68%

» Collected at neighborhood points : 14.96%» Dumped in open area : 38.42%» Disposed in drain : 14.94%

( Sou r ce: PPSA dat a ,20 05 )




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Laxmanpura: A Notified Slum in Gwalior

Situation BeforeHouse hold 229 HH with OD 97

Families 327 House hold Toilet 110

Population 1635 Community ToiletUser

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Belo Poverty LevelFamilies

70 Community Toilet 1

Disabled 10 Sewer Connectivity 70%

Pucca House

(Brick andconcrete)

50

AnganwadiBhawan

2

Kuchcha House

( non durablematerials)

179 School 1

Drains Coverage 300 Meter Pucca Road 390 Meter




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Situation before: contd… .

• 150 years old slum located in the heart of city, lacking basicsanitation and hygiene.

• 52% families had no access to improved sanitation facility.

• The Primary School in the slum had no water and sanitationfacility.

• No proper arrangement for waste water disposal

• Unhygienic use of dilapidated and poorly maintainedexisting community toilet (30 years old structure).

• Narrow ,internal roads were covered with garbage and

wastes, sometimes prevented outsiders in paying a visit tothe habitation.




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Situation before: contd… .

Sanitation Status• Household access to improved Sanitation : 57.64 %

» HH having toilet : 48.04 %

» HH Using community Toilet : 09.60 %

» HH in Open defecation : 42.36 %

• Status of Community Toilet (one 6 seater CT in dilapidatedcondition)

» Poorly Maintained, but used : 01

• Users paying for the services : None

• Solid Waste Disposal» Collected at door Step : 55.55%

» Collected at neighborhood points : 18.52%

» Dumped in open area : 18.53%

» Disposed in drains : 7.40%




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Gwalior Municipal Corporation14

Old Community Toilet in Laxmanpura




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The Process:

• Stakeholders Consultation• Identification of Community Leaders• Regular Community Meetings and interaction

• Sharing of plan, design and estimation• Selection of CUGC (Community User GroupCommittee)

• Selection of Office bearers of CUGC

• Opening of Bank Account• Registration of CUGC• Construction/ Rehabilitation Activities

• Regular Meetings• Handing over the infrastructure to the community• Operation and Maintenance by the Community Group• Handholding support by Local partner NGO and GMC

Participatory Planning and Management of




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Baseline Survey Stakeholders

Consultation

Formation andregistration of Community UserGroups (CUGs)

MoU between CUGs and

Municipal

Corporation / DUDA

Micro planning

and designing of infrastructure inconsultation with

CUGs

NIT by CUGsMonitoring of

constructional worksby CUGs

Handing over of assets to CUGs

for O&M

Community awareness campaign

Capacity buildingof the community

for O&M

O&M of communityassets by CUGs

through collection of user charges

Participatory Planning and Management of Community Assets

Community mobilisation: Radio Talk Road Show




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Community mobilisation: Radio Talk, Road Show ,street play etc




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Participatory Planning and Monitoring

User Card

User Token

R l i F d F S it ti Sl




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Local NGO IdentifiedFor RSF

Management

NGO facilitate/trainsSHGs and CWSCs

SHGs mobiliseMake monthlyContributions

Individual HHs applyFor funds

Applications Received andassessed

Technical support byNGO (design/estimates)

SHGs provide loans Construction of Toilets Progressive loanPayback

Needs of 5000 Households in each city beingaddressed by SESI; more than 5000 toiletsbuilt; 35 slums no more open defecation

Revolving Fund For Sanitation: SlumEnvironmental Sanitation Initiative (SESI)




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Laxmanpura Community Toilet

CT Management Group



Examples from Nepal




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Examples from Nepal

• National Level Capacity Building to supportGovernment Initiative in Sanitation

• Capacity building and demonstration complementing

ADB supported projects :o Urban Environment Improvement Project

o Small Town Water Supply Sector Project

Integrated urban water and environmental




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sanitation initiatives in UEIP municipalities

• Dhulikhel Municipality:o Bio Gas attached

Community Based Waste

Water Treatment (WWT)was constructed benefiting2,000 population.

o RBTS construction manualprepared and 25professionals from ten

municipalities were trainedon RBTS.

Promotion of Community Led and School Led




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Total Sanitation

• CLTS Tools used and 10 communitiesdeclared Open Defecation Free inBharatpur and RatnanagarMunicipalities

Community Managed Waste to Energy




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demonstration in Bharatpur Municipality

• Establishment of community basedbiogas plant utilizing waste waterfrom toilets

• Lankhu Squatter community of 17hh

• Total cost of the project USD 7,000

• Gas production 6 hrs a day for one

stove for each 17 hh

• Operating cost USD 45/month

• Fee from each hh USD 3/month

Revolving Fund for Sustainable Onsite




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Sanitation – Hetauda Municipality

Biogas Attached Toilet• Total Cost of Biogas Attached Toilet

• USD 400

• Gov. Subsidy USD 150• Municipal Revolving Fund @ 3%

USD 150 (for 2 yrs)

• Local Contribution USD 100Ecosan Toilet

• Total Cost of Ecosan Toilet USD 300

• Municipal Subsidy USD 110• Municipal Revolving Fund @ 3%

USD 90 (for 2 yrs)

• Local Contribution USD 100

Human Value Based Water Sanitation HygieneEd ti




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Education

• Selection of 10 pilot schools in theValley

• Identification of schools for WATSANdevelopment

• Revision of national school curriculumto identify subjects/topics forintegrating HVWSHE

Sanitation and Disability




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Sanitation and Disability

Habitat Agenda endorsed by the world’s governmentsProminently addresses the issue of persons with

disabilities- over 100 References;

• Commits governments to “promoting attaining thegoals of universal and equal access to qualityeducation, the highest attainable standard of

physical, mental and environmental health, and theequal access to all to primary health care, makingparticular efforts to rectify inequalities relating tosocial and economic conditions, including housing,without distinction as to race, national origin, gender,or disability, respecting and promoting our commonand particular cultures”

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UN-Convention on the Rights of Persons w ithDisabilities




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Disabilities

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• Adopted by UN General Assembly on 13December2006 and entered into Force on 3 May 2008

• Purpose: To Promote, protect and ensure the full andequal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamentalfreedoms by all persons with disabilities and to

promote respect for their inherent dignity

• A development and a human rights instrument; cross

sectoral; cross-disability and legally binding

Barriers to Water and Sanitation




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Barriers to Water and Sanitation

Integrated Solutions




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Integrated Solutions

From WEDC Publication: Water and Sanitation For Disabled People and other

vulnerable groups

Modest Adjustments Can Mean a Lot




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(illustrations from WEDC publication)

Tw o w ooden pos ts to gu ide a bl ind person to a to a to i le t o r a w ater t ap

Small Adjustments Can Mean a Lot




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Raised Platform

provides better access

Concrete ramp from house

to toilet and tap

Conclusions and Recommendations fromUN-HABITAT experience




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UN HABITAT experience

• Community based sanitation options can deliver quickresults at low cost; Requires participatory planningand management;

• Municipal – NGO partnerships are very important(social mobilization, budgets, support for watersupply, electricity, maintenance)

• Awareness Required at policy and community levels;• Revolving funds can lower financial barriers.

Conclusions and Recommendations from UN-HABITAT experience




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HABITAT experience

• Advocate and Implement the Rights Based Approach to improveaccess to water supply and sanitation;

• Sanitation should be inclusive; Community based approaches

can better consider needs of people with disabilities;• Conventional sewerage and community based sanitation are not

incompatible; they can complement each other and Community

based interventions should be built-into city wide plans;

• Consider decentralised wastewater treatment systems ( where

space is available and it is technically feasible);

• Small waste to energy systems are feasible; explore carbon

market financing

ADVOCATE DEMONSTRATE IMPLEMENT




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