arte rupestre y paisaje simbólico

7/28/2019 Arte rupestre y paisaje simblico

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Fernando BerrojalBizinstituto de investigaciones histricas, unam

Arte rupestre y paisaje simblicomesoamericano en el norte de

Durango

El arte rupestre de las culturas msmcs, sv gus xcp-cs, h t msm tc s vstgs qu tsfms xps cm ptu mu, scutu cmc,

p p us pcs mps s ts ms tts s stus s

cutus phspcs.P t, umbs css s h stu u fu-t qusm fmc p ts s psmt y ssstms smbcs muchs cutus, s tmb ts sus mbts,cm ccpc spc, s mts tts, gc sc, stbuc ggfc y fc cutu.

aftumt, pt tm c sg ps pmst cmb y s stus t upst s cutus cs,ccts y pscs, s t tp scs, h mp

pf.e s tts dug y zctcs, s stus sb t upsth s muy scss, ps qu s ps stus qug pm tc sgxixs tuv cut sts mfstcs.1 est s

1. C Bghs, Descripcin de las ruinas de asentamientos aztecas durante su migracin al Vallede Mxico, a travs del actual Estado Libre de Zacatecas (1855), achm lgm (tucc, stu- tuct y ts), zctcs, Gb est zctcs/Uvs autm zctcs/Ct Bc est zctcs ( jys Bbgfcs zctcs ii), 1996.

analeSdelinSTiTUTodeinVeSTiGaCioneSeSTTiCaS,nM.9, 6 1


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16 fernando berrojalbiz

u c qu suc cut vstgc qugc g, cu, spus u bt cm sgxix, ut xxh s

scs cmpc c ts s, cm cutu my.est ft stus s h st s xpss upsts t tp

scs, qu h u vstsm b sts tts. S mbg,s spt qu, ps qu s stus qugcs sgxxsct cutu chchhut, tc msmc, sb tp pt qup stuss cb p j. Chs Ky, shy cs s hy qu v t upst st cutu.

e tm c sgxx, Pyct Hvs, isttut ivstgcs esttcs Uvs nc autm Mxc,

mp cs g mptc t upst cutu chch-hut c s stus guss st t s tts uguss.

. est qup vstgc, spus ms s tb y cups utt m dug y zctcs, h stu u s s mcs qu scut st C Chp zctcs ( j. Chs Ky y e abbtt Ky,Th achstmc Systm th r C Chchhuts Pty, zctcs: aitptt f th Chp i Pck Css Cc, Mch S. Fst y Shy Gst(cmps.), Greater Mesoamerica, St lk Cty, Th Uvsty f Uth Pss, ). l ms

bg qu stuv tb Huuqu at, jsc, gst s sts t upst, vs Fs Fuc y Pu Fb, ls auts: tupst chchhut y csmvs huch, C Bfg et al., Las vas del NoroesteII: hacia una perspectiva sistmica de una macrorregin indgena americana, Mxc, Uvsnc autm Mxc-isttut ivstgcs atpgcs ( ps); noff, dcuvt u st gvus upsts s S ny (Mxqu),Journalde la Socit des Amricanistes, Ps, Mus Hmm, t. lXViii, 19, pp. 7-6. Fucst su tss ct Uvs lb Buss sb u sts sts. eHuuqu at s c u mus, Cmut Ttuutsm, cu s mgs t upst t u ug mptt susttc scus sb cutu chch-hut g (M-at Hs, e mus Ttuutsm Huuqu at, jsc,

Primer Encuentro del Seminario Permanente de Estudios de La Gran Chichimeca, Uvs Gu ( ps). es cs s b cc y s pms tts stu sts t upst s p us uguss fcs qug( jss F. l, Durango indgena. Panorama cultural de un pueblo prehispnico en el Noroeste deMxico, Gm Pc, dug, impss Gfcs Mxc, 197; jm Gt y aPsh,Aztatln. Apuntes para la historia y la arqueologa de Durango, dug, Gb est dug-Sct eucc, Cutu y dpt, 1997).

. Mt Fc apc, ls ptus upsts Pt Ch, dug, M-at Hs et al.(s.), Nmadas y sedentarios en el Norte de Mxico, homenaje a Beatriz


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arte rupestre y paisaje s imblico 17

dt st pyct c stu v t s rms, t dug, qu cfm m tss ct. e st vstgc hc u

pm ss t upst chchhut qu s cut st v,p cs mp s stu c. e ppst pst tcus ccs ps smbc s tt, p t cut qu t upst t pp tcu ch ps. ams t upst, h ct mts pxmc ps smbc ts ts spcts s vstgs qugcs s chchhuts, sb: pt stmt, qutctu y scutu. Vy cug f-mc ts sts mbts p pp u xpcc ccpcsmbc spc qu t s hbtts t rms pc

chchhut, sgu h cuct sus xpss s cs.P cmp m s cmps sgfcs sts xpss y

ps smbc qu ptc s cs cs pm uggus s sb hst s chchhuts dug y ms c-ctmt v t rms.

Los chalchihuiteos en los territorios de Durango

Hc 6 .C. pxmmt, cutu chchhut, c-ct msmc, s st puc cmbs mptts, pcbs jsc y zctcs, qu s tuc, t ts css, pc mtvs fgutvs s stts xpss s cutu, fc xcusv mtvs gmtcs psms hst s mmt.

l cupc chchhut dug s puc pt ss cmbs 6 .C., fs ay-ls jys, s s tts st yt zctcs y xtm su dug (fg. 1).

Braniff, Mxc, Uvs nc autm Mxc-isttut ivstgcsatpgcs, esttcs Hstcs, , pp. 49-1; Mt Fc, El arte rupestre delalto Nazas, Durango, 1997, ms.; M-at Hs, l msc ms Kkp y -tsm sg s cfs msmcs, auf H (cmp.), XXIII ColoquioInternacional de Historia del Arte.Amor y desamor en las artes,Mxc, Uvs ncautm Mxc-isttut ivstgcs esttcs, 1; F Bb et al.,at upst y ps cutu: ps, pst y futu st e St P, dug,Actas del Primer Simposio Nacional sobre Representaciones Rupestres, Mxc, vmb ( ps).


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S tt u g gst c qu bc s s vs -ts, s tmb pt t S M occt y sQubs hc S. est cc ms ppcs y spcs,qu s v cb msm pc y qu f u g u tssus mfstcs cutus, c qu xst u pgmc, ccsccts t stts gups y p tt u gc qu bcbu g m pss y s ufcb c s msms fs.

Cm sut sts ccs sug sts, c cct cts g-s, ms hcts. ams sts cts hub sts vss tps,c fts gs, tms y fucs. n bstt, cct sttgc y fs fu pms s stmts st pc t m- gups cs, ccts, pscs y s gus t cmuschchhuts, mbus pbbmt mstc gu f.4

1. Mp s tts cutu chchhut s fts tps su s y

ubcc v t rms. rc ut.

m Sch

m Gu

Cutu chchhut 1. r Cchs . V B

r F 4. lm S Gb . zp 6. r Sxt-ns 7. T . r rms 9. V t rms1. r Tphus11. r Stg1. dug1. r aguv14. Mt1. r Mqut-S P16. r Sch17. at Vst1. r Chpg19. C Hust. r Bs1. Fs. zctcs. l Qum4. r Mps-juchp. Tpc6. Cuc7. Ccpc o

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Kilmetros

4. M-at Hs, zctcs y dug. ls cfs ttc-chchmc, Bt


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U spct qu stc s sts gs c cct cts g-s cstus dug s qu s vstgs qu qu su qutctu

s bsv cs u fc t gups scs. e st pmtp chchhut dug, g mpus c y cutu sbvsts tts, pvc tc qu s c sts s tumss gups qu ug gs stmts.

Tmb xst cs t s pbcs uguss c scutus S y nyt, qu s vc sb t cmc y s cchs, y futs cxs c cutus sust ests Us,pcpmt mbt smbc, qu s f cgf stts xpss.

l sgut fs, Tu-C (9/1 .C.-1 .C.), st mcp spc cupc chchhut su, s s t jsc y zctcs, s hb g cutu chchhut,qu cmt cupc s tts uguss.

P t pt, ctct c cutus sust ests Us c-t, t cm my xpt pc sts tp css ct.

ls cmbs ts put tmb qu gc scp-tc y mt tt suf usts y cmbs. e sgu

tp y hy u mps c y s u qub s tcscutus. l tc s stmts ms pqus c m pb-c, u cupc ms sps y u s cutu pp s stsuguss.

La ocupacin chalchihuitea del alto ro Ramos

e v t rms s h st dug y ptc

cuc t ns. S cut mt st v StgPpsqu, vtt t S M occt. a t

Bff (cmp.), La gran Chichimeca. El lugar de las rocas secas, Mxc/M, Cs ncp Cutu y s ats/jc Bk, 1; l s tphu: mgs y sccs sbsu ps phspc, Cht Cmuss (cmp.), Asentamientos y movimientos de po-blacin en la sierra tepehuana desde la prehistoria hasta nuestros das. Simposio Internacional, StM oct, , zm, e Cg Mchc ( ps).

. Hs, l msc ms, op. cit.


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st v Stg s puc cfuc s s Stg y Tphus, pt cu tm mb rms y s c u pqu v

qu tm km t, t c Pchgu (fg. ).e pm tp, ay-ls jys (6.C.-9/1 .C.), t

rms pt s tts qu mb g st Hvs, km stc. est ug s hb c t g mps c-, p m pbbmt u t vs gups, qu fmu st c but pbc ms hcts cstus. Cm sttb u cmu c st u uv tt, st sct u g pcupc p su fs. db , s hbtts Hvs c u sstm sttgc fsv p ct tt

ccut y p pv tqus s s vcs.P cmp mptc sttgc ubcc st

Hvs y v t rms, hy qu t cut qu scut f u g c t-su, v Stg,qu s c su, pxm v Gu, ut cmt Mqut-S P, mptt cmucc st-st (fg. 1). ls C, p cu st cfuc s s Stg yTphus p fm rms, s mt t st g c Stg. e ug s cut Hvs, km cfuc,

s cm t s bfuc s p s C.e cm hc st s cm t rms.e s sstm sttgc qu cstuy s hvs, t r-

ms t u pp mptt, y qu u qu s p v sHvs, y ms s h pt s cms mptts t ys t rms y, t v Stg, tt Hv-s. P sts s s m u sstm fs y ct . Ct f, s cup s cs pmts t rms. ess cs l Tutuv, c v, su, y e ot, t (fg. ).

l pt sptt t rms cm u ft hc t y u put t hc su. Hc t s b u ms, cct, s cts gu pmts u g tt.S sgu c Pchgu s gb hst v b rms,c stmts chchhuts. Hc su s b u g tt ch-chhut, pm t rms y, ms , g v Stg.

e b stmt Hvs fs fs thc pbb qu, ms, pt s hbtts s ts t


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rms, cupc s tsfc, y st tt s g m utm p g ct ct fu v.

l stbuc stmt bc h ts cts pcps: cc cus pmt, cc ts cutv pmt y csc u sstm sttgc fsv.

. Ps chchhut rms fs Tu-C, c s s cs: e ot yl Tutuv. rc ut.

1. ot 7. ot 6. Buqu 4. e ot. ot 96. l Cyt7. l Bqu. ot 19. C ntv

1. rms 611. Ms s lp1. dvs 11. dvs 914. e g1. Pt s s 16. l Tutuv

17. l Tutuv1. C Cu19. l lm1. attc 71. l lm. attc 4 y. attc 14. Hvs

(b st fs)

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Kilmetros

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e st uv gc s bsv pc fcc sc t smmbs cmu. ls us pbs s ts y scs

ps sutus c qu hb u sstm pstg sc muy -s. a qutctu s f qu gu s sts v s c u sc u gup t. e pt stmt v f u qu pc s y pc cmp.S v cfm u sc fm p pss qu vs gcuts y gus, qu cb gs fcs.6

Sitios de arte rupestre

e spc bt stu s h scubt s cuts t ups-t, cs s sts l Tutuv, su, y e ot, t.7

e ot

e st e ot s h t v, st mp stchshst cum bc c Pchgu, qu pst mt t(fg. ). S st sb u c qu st b rms, c qu t

u psc sttgc, y qu m vsumt st t c t c, y hc su t u bu vst st v y f cuc Stg, ms ctct vsu c l Tutuv, uqu s vs st Hvs. e c s msm t bus cctstcsp u stmt fsv, y qu sus s s bstt mps,spcmt s s vtts t, st y su. e vtt st, c upt ms puc, s cutus qu cup ug cstuyts y mus fsvs.

6. Hs, zctcs y dug, op. cit.7. e ss cut t upst l Tutuv t cm bs gst

p Mt Fc (El arte rupestre, op. cit.). S mbg, st ss cmpmt suscs y s s fcs qu h vt st gst. d s xpss tupst st e ot y msm c gst c cbc M-at Hs,Fx H, lus Mgu Qut y vs ums escu nc atpg Hst: Mth Guup M Cmch, Mgt v G, Bb GGc aquc, n Cst Ms y d H M.


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Ts s xpss cts e ot s mt tc-c gb. Sgu s s Mt Fc y M-at Hs9 sb

t upst chchhut, s mgs qu s h ct e otcsp s s ts tms qu s h cc t ch t:u s h m vuvs, cs y pts, y t cs mtcs. etc tm, m s cuts, s h scubt e ot.

a ctuc vy u scpc g s xpss qus cut st st. n pt hc u vstgc xhustv t upst stmt pqu sbps s ccs st tby s m t s mtvs mptts p sustt s s quxpusts.

e tm vuvs, cs y pts st csttu p scc v-s mtvs, uqu sts pc tmb ss. exst pts pctsxcvs c, vs tms. S pu v s tps p tm: ) s qu sc s cm mt y s qu t ms 1 cm mt, qu pst u pfu my 1 cm y cs cm css. l my ptc pm tp, c ms cm pfu. e gus cs pc cuts pqus pts, vcss, scc u pt g c u pqu; ts csxst u pt g s; p s ms css s sc c cs.

d g pt sts pts, sb t s ms pqus, s uspqus cs xcvs c, stchs y pc pfus, 1 cm ch y1 cm pfu, qu sc hst bs c, hst t (fg. 4). ests xpss pvch v c p tsmtm sus sgfcs, p hcs ms sts (fg. ). ests cs tu fm ut, sus, qu cu mvmt s yusfms p gu s uvs tcs, uqu tmb fm u spt.

ass t sts pts y cs s cut us mtvs fms

p ccus gbs, c u vtc qu s tvs su t, cm u spc hu ch gb qu u spc tstch st smt u t vtc, cm cs t- (fg. 6). ests mtvs pst vuvs, gs sxus fms,y qu s sms cm st psts sts gs s fgus

. Fc, El arte rupestre, op. cit.9. Hs, l msc ms, op. cit.


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cmcs s pstcs tpmfs fms ts cuts t upst chchhut, cm vms ms t l Tutuv st St P, tmb dug.1

l uc c st c pt fms cm ccus uvs v c ct huc y xt ccu p (cm fm s ps ucs ms s). db st muchs cs-

s s stgu b s s xpss s tcmt p m hmb s s fms tus. S mbg, s psb qu ps chchhuts st tuv much mptc. Pbbmt, upcs tmtc, c s vuvs c s cy smbsm qu stb tbuy s spb s fms tussms y, m p, psc qu sts fms tus sug,

1. Bb et al., op. cit.

4. rc c c gb qu s u

pct pt sup y sc hst t. e ot. Ftgf ut.


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spb s chchhuts s mss qu mb st c, y

mufctu s vuvs.e sgu tm, s cs mtgcs, t cm h s fp Hs, csttuy s mtvs fgutvs: pstcs ss hu-ms, ms cups, spts, vs y sts.11 est sgu tm hs m cs mtgcs p c qu pc t stsmtvs c csmvs y mtg s pubs S Mocct y sust ests Us. e e ot s cut p-stcs vs y spts (fgs. 7 y), s mtvs tpmfs,u s us, y qu p s u mtv st.

l mg spt s sm muchs s cs utsqu s s pts y c p p hst su, p s s css qu pc st mg t pst cb u spt xtm. ests mgs s cut u fmt cs qu mc mt st spc mfc cumb, y t fmt p st spc, hc st.

. dbu c c gbs. e ptsup hy us pcts s qu scs qu sc p c. e ot.dbu ut.

n.a.n.M.

Pt

Pf

ctmts

1

11. Hs, l msc ms, op. cit., p. 1.


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g cm cup qu s cb y s bs, xts hc b,y s ps fm s hc b. e b qu st cctc u mt vtc qu pu tts g tp stt.

e t mtv tpmf s ms us tfcc. S h

pt t cst, u c u pc s st s xpss.U s tptcs st mtv s qu pst u futst.l tcc ut p s gbs pc s pct

c pcus ct c stumts ts cs ms us, sgus gus css u bs g, y cs s pts gs u bs pu ms ts, uqu s ps gus y pus qupst s pts g tm pu s sut cmbc sts tccs c cc gu.

auqu s fcs s muy tbs, s mtvs s c ms

gu, s ms fs y s ms bs pc qu s h pt su cst.

Atribucin de las expresiones a la cultura chalchihuitea

C qu s xpss t upst cts e ot csp cutu chchhut, p s s sguts:

7. V gb c y su bu . e ot. Ft: M-at Hs. dbu ut.


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1) S sms ts vss sts chchhuts, cut stms pcps st cutu, cgf, st y tcc.

ams sts sms, qu s h cmt scb smtvs, s h bsv qu gus gbs fm pt mus ts y fcs chchhuts: G, mu st spc

mfc cumb, y, G4, mt mu t1. lc G1 fm pt fc cumb. est tmb cu ts sts chchhuts dug, cm Ms Cu, v zp, cts gbs st s ps qu fms cmts s css chchhuts; tmb st Gm, u ps stch qu ccs st, hy us cs s qu scut st tp mtvs;1 t st qu t muchs smsc e ot s e Cpu, t Tphus, gs cs,qu s pt s mus fcs, t gbs sms.14

) l my s mts cts st csp cutu chchhut; t s stc cmc, fgus c-mcs, scutus p, tc y g pt qutctu.

. Spt gb ut c s cs y su bu . e ot. Ft: M-at Hs.dbu ut.

1.Ibidem, p. 9.14. Chstph Bbt, Hbtt t pputs gcs phspqus s bss u

Tphus, dug, Mxqu, tss ct aqug, Ps, Uvst Ps i (ppc).


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) e s xcvcs sc qu mt t p su, t- qu hy gus xpss upsts ut fc 1, s

btuv us fchs qu csp cupc chchhut st : u fch C14 cb 94 y t fch tmumscc 9 77 .1

Mc p cmt bvmt s sms qu t t upst st st c ts stmts t dug, y qu s hb cts smbsms, cts mss qu s pt y qu, p tt, mptts p s chchhuts. d sts sts, my s css s cut c sufct fmc p cc ps smbc

qu stb scts. e pm ug csttuy c Hvs, cuytt fm pt e ot. e st st s h u c c umbsvuvs y s t tcs qu s ubc s h ctscutus tt mfs cm tpmfs y fcs. ams, tspts st s h h pcts s qu s cs. S mbg,hy u usc tt cuts.

ls ts s sts s Cscmt, v zp, y e Cpu, cuc t Tphus, mbs sb cs. ests s ugs pstxpss qu t muchs smtus c e ot, s cm tmb

su stbuc st. P s sms s t s ubcc y qutctu s msms. S c sb cs sttgcs, msmqu st Hvs. Sb cm s s cut cstuccscs c s mfstcs upsts, qu vcs fm pt scstuccs. e g, s pu vt qu tm s pcts, csy vuvs s h pt sup, cc ct st, mts qumtvs qu h s gbs tm s cs mtcs, cmtpmfs, mtvs sts y vs, s ubc pts ms bs: mt y hc xt st. e Cscmt, pts bs

s h bsv us cuts, p s pcs y pc ps svuvs qu pc pt t. ls smtus s ms vts t eot y e Cpu.

1. ls cctstcs s s fchs s s sguts: C14 = lb. y m. must: is-ttut nc atpg Hst, 1; fch cvc ts pst: 169; fch cb : 94; fch c 1 sgm: 966-1; fch c sgms: 96-11.Tmumscc = lb. y m. must: i. Gfsc-Uvs nc autm Mxc.


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l Tutuv

e st l Tutuv s ubc sb u c, c v t rms, sb b qu rms (fg. ). ls cstuccs sh fts pts st: t c, cumb, su st y put stu st, qu sp st c u msg y g. auqu s csv cstuccs, s mts c-t pt su c, c m s, hst cs g, gusb, pub B. a sust xst u umbmts gs cs s ps c y s vt u p qu sp c . e s ps p qu st s ps s h

gb cut mgs ms mptt (fg. 9). a us 1 m hc t s gbs, tmb p c y ch s cut us mts gu ct.

apt st cut pcp, xst us pcs cs c pts ycs pt t st, ms cc s cstuccs, p s hct vuvs.

Conjunto principal

a ct qu st e ot, cut ms mptt t upst s h pt sup, p hbtc, s uxtm c, p , u p ft cfuc s, y

ut mts gu ct.P scb s xpss cut pcp, s sgu y s sum

gst hch p Fc,16 uqu s cmpt gus ts suys ys cmt cts scus c su ss.

est cut pcp s h v vs cuts, i Vi. Cm

y s cmt, cut st e ot, s u scpc g t upst l Tutuv, p ug fcs s ps qu svm p s ppsts st tb.

e s ps u ft cs m tu s stbuy u tt 6 cuts ps pqus mss y pc ccsbs (fg. 1). Ssp m vtc, stts tus, ccts my

16. Fc, El arte rupestre, op. cit.


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u pqu spc stu 1 m su. Ts s xpss st hchsmt tcc gb. ls supfcs css s qu pc stsgbs s ps pqus mss, my s ubcs ugs fc ccs y c muy pc spc spb p s. es cuts iii, iV y V, stus ms 1 m v su, s cs

9. P st l Tutuv. lvtmt tpgfc: FBb, a lys y agc M. dbu ut.

n.M.

l Tutuv

1 m.

Mts gu ct

Cut pcp t upst

r rms

G1

P


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sc p s cs p g u uc spc fcmt cbms s pss. n s pu g cut V, stu pt mst, p p stu cc ts s ts. au s, s pu t u

gst cut. Tmb hy qu s qu gus ps, cm cut iii, fu cubts c u ptu ct c u.e cut Vi, p sus mtvs (pc u t sb u cb), p

tm s mgs y p st pc csp u pc msct, p qu m vy cup .

e pt sup ft qu s cut s gbs, sbs cs, pc hb xst u ptfm tfcmt, uqu s pu stbc st c sgu.

ls mtvs sts ps csst su my cuts,

uqu tmb hy ts cm ccus, vs, s cts cmbs vss gus, tpmfs, mtvs sts, u psb spt y ustuctu tcu. ls cuts i, ii y iV t pcs mtvs; s ms cm-ps s s s cuts iii y V. a ctuc vy scb mms mp sts s cuts, s ms mptts p st tb.

1. Cqus vst ft cutpcp t upst l Tutuv.

dbu Mt Fc.

n.

mts

.

c. V

c. iii

c. iV

c. iic. i


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Conjunto III

a m tu ft cs, us 1 m su, s ubc st gupcfm p vs mtvs t s qu pm cut (fg. 11). lsmtvs qu s cut st p st pcmt fgmtsb scch p. B s cus fs (mtvs y9)s bsv sts y pts ss (mtvs 1 y11) us mtvs muyss, t m qu hy s pu cc cbmtcus , uqu sspch qu u s p s u cut ctm s su t.

e pt sup qu p pcp s stgu u gup

s cts (mtv ) qu s cmb fts gus y, ut s,u cut (mtv 6) qu t bs ms ch qu su pt sup, y cuy t s bsv vs s tcus. es psb qu mtv csst tmb u cut gu c s qu s cu sut, p pc qu b qu mg h suf pcss s, p qu st pt s cut cmpt.

a ch xst u tpmf (mtv 7) ucs mss,csttu p u t gtu qu s pg t s ps y s g sxu mscu, y qu su pt sup s p fm

cb. ds ts hts qu s b gu hc b cst-tuy s xtms. est tpmf st u mt u qus su cut (mtv 6).

e pt f ch s bsv s cuts fgmts(mtvs y9) qu pst u cc t sm cmpust ps cts qu s tcu fm u cmp tm; t mbs xst u mt ccu c s gs qu suct, s cus p s stfms sfms. ests s gs ys pc hbs hch c gu hmt fs. e t

mtv 9 s bsv tmb u put t s s ts fs.U c mtv s cut s st mgs y stu u p ft, pt f qu cut. S tt upqu cut (mtv 4) gb g y muy supfc, psvsb. Ps su t vs s cts qu pt ct fguhc s pusts, ms u cuv fm U vt supt f. e cut sup qu fm p s s tsxst u put.


21/47


Conjunto V

est fm p u gup mtvs qu s cut pt t ft cs, mts b cut t, u muy fcccs; m b st p s c u gup mtvs qu s fc

tfc. S tt u s cuts fts tms y fms,s tgus us p su vtc y u mtv fm us, pcu tpmf c sgs v, ts s s c vs tccs gb. T gup mtvs v tts st stu, y qu, b- su ubcc u ug bstt ccsb y cus cc s, s t u gst cu .

e p pcp st cut V, stu pt sup, st cm-pust p vs mtvs fts (fg. 1). e mtv 17 s u cutqu ps su t vs s qu s g ct y pt hc

s xtms cu fm u mtv st, st s. e cut su pt f ts pqus ts vtcs qu cug hc xt m fcs (fg. 1).

e sgut cut (mtv 1), mys mss, pstcm cc t vs s us qu fm u cmbccmp, y su f cug u s 1 s m fcs.d sts, xtm ch tm cuv hc b, y tss css s s cts qu s ut c s s m u ps-

11. dbu cut iii st lTutuv. dbu Mt Fc,

cg p ut.

4

ctmts

1

6

7

9

1

11


22/47


(mtv 1). e s ms, c vtc y cmb cc u

gu puc; cus gus s cvt g-g, m ys.e mtv 19 s h sc cut 1 (fg. 14). C qu s putfc g ms qu u gup s cuvs, cm c Fc su -gst. S s cmp c ts cuts t upst chchhuts, cm ls auts, cc C Hust, ft t zctcs y

jsc,17 c qu s tt u tpmf. T u b qu tc tm cut, mts qu t, xt hc b, p u btqu csst u vtc cb u ccu. e tc s b ptc cut, b s tt u p. e pt sup cb

st pst p u fm v, y pt sup s u hc b, qu p pst u pum u tc.l vc st scc tpmf c cut h

s y cmt t t upst chchhut: p tts pss qu pt scus.1 ams, Fc, su ss, st

17. Fuc y Fb, op. cit.1. Fc, El arte rupestre, op. cit.; Hs, l msc ms, op. cit., p. 1.

1. Cut V st l Tutuv.Ft: Mt Fc.

19

1817

16

20

2115


23/47


mptc scc cut y tpmf st st t upst.19

a qu p mtv 1 s h sc mtv 16, u p-stc tpmf fm (fg. 1). est tm mtv st csttup u ccu qu fm cb, u t gtu p tc, y tstsvss qus hc b p s xtms. e xtm t-c, pt s ps, s bsv u pqu ccu c u put t, pstc qu p csp g sxu fm,

sm fgu b h e ot. est ps fm tm sst c m mtv 1. Sg Fc, st tm mtv s uuts m s tfc. e m p, p tts u spt.l fm u s sm cup spt y smccu supt sup, ms b fm v, s cb. e csmvsmsmc, mu y spt t u stch c.

1. Cut V st l Tutuv,t s mtvs 1, 16, 17, y1.

Ft: Mt Fc.

17

16

20

21

15

19. Fc, idem.


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db s gup xst u mtv st t (mtv ) cts xts qu m ys; su t hy u cuc-

fm gb ms g (fg. 1). a su pc u tpmfc tc fm u spc pum y c u g m ccu ys ts (mtv 1) qu tc s s fcs cut sup- (mtv 1). e tpmf pst cmpt su pt f, cuygb s ms supfc y sgs ms mpcss qu st mtv.est cct c mtv sfm p vs ys.

e t upst chchchut tmb pc bstts cssu tpmf sc u ccu. e st ls auts, tzctcs y jsc, vs tpmfs s sc tt scus cugu-

s cm ccus. e st st, p mmt, s h bsv qu ss tpmfs scs scus cugus t msm pscqu mtv 1 p l Tutuv, sb t u m bt cs s xts hc b, ft spct.

e cut tcc, ts s mtvs h s s mt gb p pcus y cmt gus ts s bsv cs.e us pcs mtvs gb s pfu, s supfc, y pcs, ms qu pcus, u sp, cm mtv 1.

ls vss xpss t upst l Tutuv csp

cutu chchhut. ls s st tbuc s s: 1) s xpsss sms muchs ts cuts upsts chchhuts, p s tms,p s mtvs, p st y p tcc. Hy qu c qu s cu-ts s u s mtvs ms fcuts t chchhut t dug. l ubcc gup pcp y s ms xpss t upst tmb s sms ts cuts chchhuts.1 lg my s mts, qutctu y gc st c-sp cutu chchhut, p qu u s cupcs ug, t v ms mptt, fu st cutu; s btuv u fch C14

u bu ctxt, 1161 .C. (cb),

sg cu hub u cupc st p qu s chchhuts s st .

. Fuc y Fb, op. cit.1. Fc ( ppc), op. cit., Hs, l msc ms, op. cit.. ls cctstcs st fch s: lb. y m. must: Bt119; fch cvc

ts pst: 96; fch cb : 1161; fch c 1 sgm: 17-119; fchc s sgms: 119-179.


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escutus s cs

ls scutus p s buts cutu chchhut y s hct my s css cs c vcs cupc

st cutu, y stch c c xpss upsts. e t rms s scub cut scutus, ts s cus s h ss cs: l Tutuv y e ot.

e st l Tutuv s ct u scutu tpmf y fc(fg. 1) xcvc u fc s cuts vt sb u p-tfm qu fm pt pt 1. l scutu s ctb sb u ps cut t cc mu st ch cut. Qu p csp u cut mstc.

e st scutu cb s sppc, pus pst mt

p, qu must mptc st pt cut b. ls mss st scutu s 1 cm t, 1 cm ch y11cm sps. dch cb t fm ptg y xtm put bb. l c s pt ms tb. l s s y s ms s mt u humt p c, m-ts qu ft y s sts, psts cmu ptubc. ls s y bc s s mt u gb pcctu y fm g. e ch hy u ccu pqu y

14. Cut V st l Tutuv,t s mtvs 1 y19.

Ft: Mt Fc.

19

18


26/47


pfu, y qu c s s u gu p s s h -tcmt p mc s . U s sgs ms sbsts scutu s qu pt sup cb s xcv u pt muy

pfu, qu cub t st pt sup. e pt s bsv sts sustcs qums.l cb scutu st sp cup p u spc c-

u t su xts, ms u pqu tm pt ts.est fu pc scutu c u g sxu mscu, cb s pt g.

e cup, qu pst mt scutu, t fm cummc, c s hmbs y s bs mcs u g v. ls bsst fxs, uqu pgs cup, y s ms s py ts.

ls s s ms st mcs mt fs css.l p s tb tc, ps, c supfc gu. agus sgus, cm gus tus, h s pvchs p c mg.

e cpt xcv cb ct sts sustcs qums, cu pc c c fug. a spct qus u cm-pc c u s pubs qu vv ctu S Mocct, huch, qu p hb h sgs cutus s

1. escutu p l Tutuv.Ft: P gs.achv Pyct Hvs isttut ivstgcs esttcs Uvs nc autm Mxc.


27/47


chchhuts. e tmp pcp sus cts cms, ccu scutu p qu pst s fug, Ttw, t su tmp, ust b fug ct; s c, qu umb qu

sb su cb.4

e u xtm msm pt 1, supfc, s ct u cb p, tpmf, pqu tm. Sus mss s cm t, 4. cm ch y7 cm sps. S bsv qu st fgmt pt cu, p qu s uc qu fmb pt u scutu msg. e pt sup cb hy u pt xcv. e g, mps t u spc csc ym pust. l c pcs msm tp qu t: tb tc ps, c gus.

e st e ot, supfc u s ts ms gs y mps

s cstus fc cct c (t), s ct uscutu g tm (fg. 16). Sus mss s 1 cm t, cm

. g a, imgs sxu y ptcs tu. e cs s scutu-s fcs chchhuts M, dug,Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estticas,Mxc, Uvs nc autm Mxc-isttut ivstgcs esttcs,v. XXV, m. , , pp. 7-6; Fuc y Fb, op. cit.

4. atu Gut, La peregrinacin a Wirikuta, Mxc, isttut nc atpg Hst/Uvs Gu, , p. 64.

16. escutu fc h e ot. Vst pf.Ft: P gs. achv Pyct Hvs

isttut ivstgcs esttcs Uvs nc autm Mxc.


28/47


ch y1. cm sps. Su cb s tpmf, uqu s cutst, c s sgs mcs squmtcmt. d hch, t fm

tgu, c vtc hc pt sup, y cb fm cm. n t xcv u pt pt sup. d c st mc t supbt, qu ct hc ct p c , u fm tgu tmb squmtc.

l spc t cb y cup s bstt mc. U c-u ch, gu, sp mbs pts. e cup s mc, fmtbu y bstt g. e ft y qu st bstt bgus y fm u gu ct. e cmb, ch y ptts st b gus. n s h mcs s xtms

sups s fs. l bs s ct y st tb, uqu ft upc guc.

l scutu g fc u spct mc y fm p cut s sm g sxu mscu. l cb tpmf s g.

Cm Hs fm, ts sts chchhuts sts scutus s cu-t cs c cuts t upst s pst s mtvsqu pc e ot: vuvs, cs y pcts. icus st Cscmt, v zp, u sts scutus pc t u pt.

Elementos para la aproximacin al paisaje simblico

P ts s mss sts xpss s cs cs qufmb pt sc ps smbc cstu p s chchhuts t rms, y qu t ps s csttuy c vss mts ysupp vs pspctvs y ccpcs. a ctuc vy c-mt vs ss mts y pspctvs.

Aspectos estratgicos y territoriales

est pqu v sc t rms u spc g mp-tc sttgc, cm y s h xpc ms b, tt pm pc

. Hs, l msc ms, op. cit., p. 1.


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cupc chchhut, pt cc st Hvs, cm sgu, qu s g m utm.

P su cct put t y s, st tt t u cs-c spc, tt su c c ts cmus su cutu, cmt s ccs sus hbtts, cs c uvsy sus ss. e s pqu v s hb gb c xpss su psmt ptc y smbc c c su tt. dspusqu s spcsts gb ss sgs c s sts, l Tutuvy e ot, u c xtm s spc, t y su. es pquv t rms cfm u tt ct p sus hbtts,qu s c p s hs, sp c u sts cs u

bu vs t.ests xpss s pu mp gb pm tp

s chchhut, p qu s fu cmpt, y s mtvs y sgfcs sgu.

U s tms ms psts t upst dug s s cuts. sts, muchs css, s h scs tp-mfs, u ps qu cg cut, cm cu cut l Tutuv (fg. 14). U s tptcs sts fgus s qu sscus cgs p pss, cm y s h mc. d cu c

st tptc, c scu pst u gup sc. ls scus ppst s mss:6 u fcc gups scs, pus tss scus t mtvs stts scs y hy s gus; p tm-b u ms s t gups hb muchs scus ftsus, qu st suppusts, smbs us p u . e stsmss s vt pcp qu hy gups sups ts, y quts t u v pc. S mbg, tmb hy qu s qu puhb ct qu t sts cuts p su ubcc p, sutm y p su tmt c ts, p qu s psb qu hub

cts fcs t s gups cmu. P pc qu stt gs fcs scs y qu s qu scs mm.7

6. Idem.7. F Bb, ls pss phspcs t rms, dug, Mxc,

tss ct atpg, Mxc, Uvs nc autm Mxc-F-cut Fsf y lts, .


30/47


ot s xpccs s cuts s qu smb s uts s mgcs qu s pubs chchhuts, cmpc

c fm qu t s hps a s y t sus mgcshstcs y mtcs. rcms qu s chchhuts c stsps u mgc mp s su, s zctcs, y qucmt, pcp , hb pt s ct Mxc.ests mss s t ctxt u stmt c spus u g mgc, sts u t uv, y s csgutsfs p stb s cupc, p qu s bstt pbb qu sgb ut pm tp c. Tmb st cscc u sc gu stb tt c s ms spcts

su cutu.ls gbs c t, e ot, t t tp mss,

s cus p cmucc s vs csts c s T y s fmu, cm s v ms t. S mbg, psc stscuts t upst s s cs qu m t y s v must qu u sus mss y u sus mss smbcscsp s mcs tts. ests xpss s spus vst s ss y ts s pbs y ts s xts qu g-, p qu sup qu tt. ls l Tutuv tsmt

mss ms cgs suts ptc y sc, cm s sss hb gu sus mgcs hst h, y sus s, qu cmtb gc scptc su cmu; ms, s cc ut s mts gu ct.

Espacios simblicos

e st e ot, pt sup c s cmp u cst

cs tump mt p u spc mfc p s chch-huts.S tt, cm y s h cmt, u spc v p vs

ts pqus stts tus, qu must u b tb cstucc. S csv u pqu fc ct pg u cc gbs. Pu hb ms fcs s pc qu h s csv

. Fc, El arte rupestre, op. cit., pp. 1, 11 y1.


31/47


32/47


ug susttu ct sc bc. Tmb cmt qu ts cx, hs cutu chchhut pt t SM occt dug, s pusts y sfs qu s cub t spubs, csgs s futs sgxvii, s pc u cut

.Idem.

17. P cumb mfc l Tutuv. l stuctu s ptfm my st, sb qu pbbmt hb u tmp. dbu ut.

aB

Cuvs v 1 m

Ct

Squ

afmtcs

mts 1

n.a. n.M.

1

19

4

9


33/47


gu tu. e ts pts Msmc, p Csc f y Pscsc, cm u s ugs pt Chch it, s vs

scups pst ugs pt c tus gus, y ug pt s cvt u pcp cut est Chch it,fus y cmpmts c vt smbsm csmgc ymc pt c s cuts gus qu b scs.1 e my s c ug pt c smbc gu.

ams, ug pt Msmc t u smbg cc ctu s ccs sts y ft. l cftc s

ugs ug pstb uch csmc t s fus ts y fmu, y s fus csts, s cm tmb s cftcs t

gups hums.e ug s cut cut my s xpss upsts

s ubmt u s spcs smbcs ms mptts lTutuv. Pt sc csttuy s mts gu ct,qu s h u stc my 1 m (fg. 9). e cutu ch-chhut muchs sts fts cctstcs, cm s hbtcs,sgs fsvs, s sc futs gu ct, p tv hs xp c pfu sgfc st x bstt cut.

Tmpc s u tm tt c t s stus msmcsts.

ls cutus ct Mxc pc cc cqust s s msstus spct. l stc cgc y cutu t s chchhut-s y pubs cm s mxcs y s pupchs s g. Vy s gusspcts sb smbg gu sts tms cutus tt qu sv tc g p xp sgfc cu-tu chchhut. esty csct qu s pu pc mccmt psmt sts cutus Pscsc t ugus, gus

1. jff K Kwsk, ls s sts y ft gc: tms fumts smbsm ug pt msmc Cp, Chch it y Tchtt, M

Ts Ut (cmp.), El juego de pelota en Mesoamrica. Races y supervivencia, Mxc, SgXXi (Ccc amc ust, 9), 199, p. 7.

. Mcs G y a lus iqu, e ug s ss y ug s hmbs.Smbsm y cct tu ug pt t s mys, Ut (cmp.), op. cit., p. .

. Kwsk, op. cit., pp. -; G iqu, idem.; Fp Ss ogu, e sgug pt cpt s mxcs, j F (c.), El juego de pelota en elMxico precolombino y su pervivencia en la actualidad, Bc, Fuc Fch/Musu et-gc/ayutmt Bc/Cs nc p Cutu y s ats/isttut nc atpg Hst-Mus nc atpg, 199, pp. 14-146.


34/47


35/47


d st ps mgc s pu v qu gu ct y ug s cut st cs c u uch. est uch s

t Hutpcht, qu pst m s, y Cp, h u hchc, c p sb ms pss, cu hb t cfct c pm y hb s b p mt qu. Spu c, p tt, qu pst psc t s y m scu, fmu. Cm sut uch, Hutpchtct cb y c c Cp. S tt, pus, u muttu, u scfc. est uch s u mtf ccpc u uvs tc msmc, y t cfct tcct s s mbts. e st cs, y c c gu ct, s

vct m s. d cut Ptt s bsv qu hb guct st ug y qu stb muy c c scfc, y qu schb mptts fs s scfcs.

lRelacin de Michoacns u s futs ms mptts p c-c cutu s pupchs vsps cqust. e fgmtqu s csv pm pt s xpc cbc u fst:Scu.9 l s ppt st cbc s Cuup. est fst, qu ptcp vs scts y s hc bs c pssqu pst ubs, s scfc s pss. S c s

cs s scfcs y s vs u pb cc p -s u fut gu ct, supustmt c st s. e sms futs gu ct, cs ts ss, s ch sg s scfcs. S c qu s vps s mts s s ubsqu puc uv, y qu stb cg s Cuup, y qup st chb sg s futs. d st s s cmt qus m ts s ss T, y qu v s hmbs vv T s s sms p sus cutvs. est s vb, tmb,s hmbus.

e st txt s bsv qu gu ct st c c scf-c; c y sg s ch gu. est scfc s hc h s Cuup, cg s vps gu ct

Mesoamrica, Mxc, Uvs nc autm Mxc-isttut ivstgcsHstcs, 1991, p. 4.

9. jm ac, Relacin de Michoacn, M, Ptm nc/ayutmt M/Tstm, 1, pp. 6 y61.


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qu s cvt ubs gs uv. Qu cy sg st gu s vps qu sub c u m

cmucc ct y fctv s fs s. P tmb smptt s c st s c uv, c t y c smtmts y s cuss T. P s st tmb cc s hmbus.

d smbg s mxcs p t vc gu ctt s chchhuts, s pu st c c u uch, u c-fct; qu tmb c uch csmc t s s mbts uvs.

ams s sp c c scfc y vc, y sc-c c mbt s, c vct pm s. C

s spcts css s pupchs hy u ccc futc c scfc. P s mbts c s qu ms s sc s s uv, s mtmts y cuss T.

C qu s pu c qu p s chchhuts st s m-ts gu ct t u g mptc, smbc y sg v, cm hms ms t, y s xt qu s cc sgbs su pxm.

Culto a los cerros

ds cs, l Tutuv y e ot s s s ps sb s qu s v cfm ps smbc s chchhuts t rms. lssts sb sts cs s pcps t gc sc yptc, s cut s spcs y stuctus cmuts sgf-cc sg ms mptt. ests sgfcs s sumb p qu chsspcs s cfm cm s s ps fc ps susccs y su csmvs.

P ccs mptc sts ugs csmvs shbtts t rms hy qu cs ccpc s cs tc msmc. P tm s s st tcvy fx sb s cutus ct Mxc Pscsc f,spct s cus s cut c buts ccmts. P tmbpqu, cm s jh B: s cs csmgcs cut uv y s cs sug cm u csmvs stuctu fs Pcsc, cspts s pms cutus mptts cuc,


37/47


cm Cucuc, Xc, Tpcy y, tumt, Chctg.4 Cm yh mc, cutu chchhut sug nt cm sut

u mgc qu pt ct Mxc pcps , p qu t st st tp fxs, smp t cutqu s pu sv tc p pxms s ccpcsuguss s qu s hg u smc utmtc. S mbg, cms v ctuc, s smtus sp.

P s hbtts ct Mxc Pscsc f, s cs gs mcs gu qu s cctb c s gus subts, y s s s qu fmb s s, s gs y m. ams, tm -hut altpetl, pub, sgfcb tmb mt gu.41 l Tutuv

p pst g c c sts s s u g c p cu bt gu, st cs ct, qu s m rms.

P t pt, s c qu uv pc s cs cuys cumbss gb s ubs. as, s uv, Tc, pt s cs.Tmb s s cb c s pqus ss qu puc tmt y uv, tlaloque, svs s Tc. e s cs s hc scfcs, s spcmt, p ptc uvs, qu muy mptts, tts custs p cc gc.4 e cm e ot s umbss cs qu s pcts y scu susmt hst t, u

c fc scu gu uv, cut uv.e cx c t, stb s ccs qu m, s mspts cmstbs, s cuss y s qus g gus t s cs, p qu sts s csb fut s mt-mts.4 P tt, tmb stb cs c ft, y qu su t s s sms ts s cuss y qus css p v s hmbs y tb su t u v qu hb cump pt mu su cc.44 ls vuvs gbs e ot y s scutus

4. jh B, e cut mxc s cs cuc Mxc: puts p

scus sb gcs, jh B y Bt abs (cs.), Graniceros: cosmovisiny meteorologa indgenas de Mesoamrica, Mxc, e Cg Mxqus/Uvs ncautm Mxc-isttut ivstgcs Hstcs, 1997, pp. 49-9.

41. B, Csmvs y bsvc, op. cit., p. 4 ; Graniceros: cosmovisin,op. cit., p. .

4.Ibidem, Csmvs y bsvc, pp. 466 y474.4.Ibidem, p. 471.44. af lp aust, Tamoanchan y Tlalocan, Mxc, F Cutu ecmc,

1994, pp. 161-16.


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fcs hs s s cs s f tmb ft y, ut cs cs c uv, p hc fc sts ugs cm c

s mtmts.ls tmps, pms y cs t u quvc spc. ls p-

ms fcs c cct tmps qu puc fgu s cs. d st m s h sug qu Tmp My bcb sub pm s cs y pm Tc Tctpt, c s mtmts.4 a su v, s tmps pcs csms y suspss pstb s cs.46 e s s mts t rms hycstuccs cm qu fm u ug sg y l Tutuv pcqu hub u tmp.

ams, s cs sgs y s ccb cm s uv v qu s tcs qu mb s tmts, g y ctsfms cm gt y umtsm.47 Tmb s ss pts s cmus s tsfmb cs tt s.4

ot vcuc mptt qu b ss s s cs pts qus, cc gc, s muts y s csts, s cm tmb scs c g y gtmc s gups tcs.49

P t t, s xt qu s cs, tc ms-mc Pscsc, tuv u pp mptt csmvs y

tu. ls stus s cs stb mcs ps p vstgscm pqus ptfms pts s mus, tscs cstuccsy mtmts ps tus. e muchs css st scs fmts vstss cs tus qu st ts c vs, pt-gfs, mquts y pcts cm f B s cus csttuymstss vstgs qugcs qu h s tpts hst h ctxt cu. e cs sts cs t rms, mbs hy cstuccs spcs cm, ms s qu s cut sus s, y xst pcts y ptgfs fmts vstss cs

tus. e st tb tt fm u tptc spct.

4. B, Csmvs y bsvc, op. cit., p. 47.46. lp aust, op. cit., p. 171.47. B, e cut mxc s cs, op. cit., pp. 67-6.4. lp aust, op. cit., p. 17.49. B, e cut mxc s cs, op. cit., p. ..Ibidem, p. 6.


39/47


escutus

ot spct mptt cut s cs, tmb c c tupst, c s sstms smbcs y c cstucc ps, cs-ttuy s scutus p hs s. B h s qu scs xst u cut s ps sgs: tt gs cs, ps,cm pqus mgs mtcs c sgs tscs, cs bstcts,cuy s m ms s st Mc.1 l ut pp qusts mgs ptc cuts gcs ccs. U s cs ms vcs s h ct sts scutus, tt qugcs cmcumts, s c Tc, stu mt v Mxc. e

pc mxc hb u stu cumb s ctb sttu Tc p muttu pqus s, pstcs sts cs cuc. l sttu p Tc vb su cbu cpt, hu t, y hb ts sms. Bmc tmb qu st c, cm l Mch, s h hscutus m t, c sgs tpmfs s Tc, gus s cus t u vg spct fc. Fmt, ut cmt qu Tmp My pc f fgus p tubus ctxt cut Tc, s qu ug pt cut s tqus cm

cs fcs. d m ms g, cs qu ptc cutmxc s cs, gu y t.

Cm y h cmt, s s cs t rms h pcvs scutus p. d s ts hs, u pc cmpt, c-svs cmt cb. d s ts s, e ot (fg. 16) spc su fm y spct s Tc hs c Tc y l Mch. Cmpt s fm t cc y tbu, qu sm uf, ms puc e ot p cu qu sp cb tc. Tmb h s ts cmt pt sup, c sgs

cspts cb. l scutu h l Tutuv, uqutmb ps sgs fcs, s sm ms sct s futs, qu subcb stu c Tc. e scpc s s qu vb su cb u cpt s qumb hu y sms, muy pc

1.Ibidem, p. 6..Ibidem, p. 66.. B, Csmvs y bsvc, op. cit., pp. 469, 47 y47.


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cpt xcv cb scutu l Tutuv. Pgs tsh cmt qu st scutu p cs c fug, y c

Tc s vcu c st s qu, sg B, tmb s u t, y p tt tmb s c c fug.

es tst s qu scutu e ot, c c c uv, sxu, fm, fmu y ft, cm vms ctuc, pst u f c ms sgs tpmfs y tcpt cb c vcs fug. a st spct hy qu squ e ot s c st v s h ct fgus cmc fms, c sx s.

e cmb, scutu l Tutuv, c c c s,

u, mscu, c y fug, t s ccv xcv cb c sts sustcs qums.

P t pt, qu p l Tutuv s gb s cu-ts t upst p s pt s cut s ps sgs fm gs ps qu s B.

La concepcin dual del universo

l vs uvs cm u vs y u cfct t s mbts,fs umbs ps pscs, s pmt p-smt msmc. et sts pscs stc s s s tps fus pusts: s ss fs y hms, cs c pc suvs, y s ss gs y ss, cs y scs, vcus c s scs. es xpss upsts t rms s pu bsv tmb stccpc p.

e st l Tutuv, g my s mgs s f suts scptcs y tts qu st vcus c gu,

Msmc c c pc scs. e s xpss upstsm s mss sb t s gups qu cfm c-mu, sus s y s mgcs qu s h t sts ps. a v, st mc u tt qu ptc u cmu tm.e sts mss subyc fs tt, cfct y uch,p tmb sc.

es c qu s mss s sc c m c y sc, mscu, u qu s v csms mt msmc.


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ams, p s cut sts xpss s t hc sust, s qu cb s m, p qu sts mgs s p

c c u, c s .n bstt, tmb pc m f, sxu, hm

y fm p mtv mu sptfm, y p s pcs pts ycs. l u ccpc uvs msmc st ps-t, uqu pc qu s sgfcs ft sf mscu. e mtvpmt st cut s cut y pc s mtvs sgu mptc t upst chchhut: vuv y v.

e e ot, s xpss gbs tsmt mss uv, scu gu, sxu, fm. ls fcs tsm

hum, s vuvs y psc scutus fcs s h tpt Hscm mgs sgs qu s ug cut t v y mut, cm mtfs m tu tmb f u t c, t y fmu, qu s puc cu gu uv c s pts y scu p s cs hst pt t,4 tm-b vc ft, c t, uvs y s hmbs, sxu. Cm xpc af lp aust, sxu gptc mbt fm csms. P s vs s fs s mus ptc sxu. Mts hmb s ptcp pcs

sxu ut cpu, mu m t, s fm mstuc hst pt, y ms , hst mut pt.

ams, ct sxu mt msmc ccbcm m pc u s fus pusts u b c6qu s cb c ft, pucc y ccmt hmby uvs, ts sts mts qu csp m s ssfs y hms, scus, ctus y tsts.7 e st st, tmb susttvs s s g a u tb qu c s scutuschchhuts tpmfs y fcs c mts y ts huchs y hps

sgxx: P pt b st mt fu p m sus fcs v[bb chc gv] sxuc fmu, fut p-m s fus fts tu, pus u s mbs

4. Hs, zctcs y dug, op. cit., pp. 1, 9 y.. lp aust, op. cit., p. 17.6.Idem.7.Ibidem, p. 161.


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t ct s gvs csp h+nari, tm qu t tscss vc p ct.

e csmvs msmc, m s ss st m s ss hms y fs s u g c. e t c s tsms qus gcs, ms, ms y s cts gu. lscuvs s s pcps puts cmucc c st mu y s ugsp s qu s vts y ubs.9 e ot pu pst, p tt, m s ss m hm y f uvs, y c t st fut t v mu.

e st cut upst s mtvs mts s s cs qu s pcts y s vuvs. l usc cuts s tt. e st fc

t mc t s xpss s s cs s scub u pscxcuyt t cuts y vuvs qu fm cc u ps s psm u ccpc u, y c u s cs s xpcu mbt s u. e st st, c qu s u csu qus ugs pt st c su y e ot, cm tmpcc qu s ftut psc scutu tpmf c hy cb, sc fug, l Tutuv y e ot, s cm psc fgus cmcs fms cmt e ot.

a stbc puts t psmt s huchs ctus y

cutu chchhut, qu h cv tm cut: umsmc, mbt ft, sxu, t qu v c mut, ch, cu, fst sm, s.6 ls vuvs,pstcs vg t, u fu ust, p vc,t ts css, t s. e cmb, s cuts, cs cs suts ptcs s s, gc sc, s mgcs y mtc tts, mt , mbt pust.

e ts tts uguss hms bsv st psc xcu-yt t cut y vuv. U s pss t upst

fmu u scus smt t rms s qu s c pub S ncs Pss, v Tphus, km st g bt st tb. e s p Pss xst uc spc mptc, pus su cumb y sus fs s h sts

. a, op. cit.9. lp aust, op. cit., p. 161.6. a, op. cit., pp. y9.


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c stuctus, s p cc cuts t upst. U s, ms g, s cut l C. e st st hy u g ct

xpss upsts, ms tmt p mtv cut,ms ts tvs tm s cs mtcs: tpmfs yu v ms, qu vcs pst scs. P vuv, scm s pts s qu s cs, st psts.61 a t lC, km stc, s ubc u p muy t y ch, st s cmps y ms, t : Psc Cu. e hy umbs vuvs gbs, s cm pcts s qu s cssuss qu sc p c. n hy cuts mtvs tp-mfs mfs.6 S tt p tt s sts ubcs u psc

muy cc t-su, qu puc s u mss bs-v t rms; tsmt, pus, mss sms. l fcms vt spct qu ps s qu sts s cuts stscs fscmt c sts pvsts stuctus, hbtcs ts fucs, y s vuvs st fu spc mstc.

e ps chchhut cc c M, hc su, tm-b hms bsv st psc xcuyt t cut y vuv.6

e v pc e ot, uqu s but. st s u smtvs ms cctstcs t upst st dug. e ts

sts s cut sc cuts. S mbg, cs t rms, s pc e ot, sc cs, pcts y vuvs. S puc, p tt, qu ptcp cc ps ptcu t rms, y s psc mss fts s s tps fus uvs.

ams s fcs qu hy s mtvs t upst lTutuv y e ot, ubcc s cuts s ft. Mtsqu l Tutuv cut s cut cumb st, p c, s stuctus ms bs y ms vts,

u xtm st, ut us mts gu ct, e ot cut t upst cup cm c, cu s hs cstuccs.

61. Fc, El arte rupestre, op. cit.6. Bbt, op. cit.6. Bb et al., op. cit.


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El eje norte-sur y las orientaciones astronmicas

exst p tt s cs s xtms tt t rms qut fts c s vs csts uvs y c fmu, cmbts sg y v sc y ptc cmu, qu stmc spc cmu chchhut. ests cs, ms, scut s xtms u t-su, y cs sb msm m- (fg. ). P tt, s vs st g msmc, svs t y su, mptts p st cmu. P pyt hptss m ct s tcs s fcs chchhuts.

l Tutuv s st v m s h csv s cs-

tuccs y m s pu bsv tc s fcs.S h gst cut tcs stts, ccs s cut tstmc.64 C qu csp ts tts pcs, c u scus s sgu u tm tc p cstu s stuctus st. Ts s cu c psc u cut sts qu sctb bv cst t ccump, f c stu cc t ggfc T, y p tt tc u t-su (cmucc ps stm dFs). es cmb tc s b mvmt pcs

T, b cu s gup sts cmb psc p u bsv- qu s cut t rms. est qu c qu, pc cupc v p s chchhuts, sts v u gup sts c hc t ggfc y, sg s cmbs psc s gup sts c g tmp, s chchhuts cmbb tc s uvs fcs qu b cstu.

l mptc st cc t-su y ubcc s s csms vts s xtms s fu u u smbsm s s cs sgs, u cctstc csmv-

s msmc, qu s mfst u t-su.

64. Bb, op. cit., pp. -4, cu .1.


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El paisaje simblico

e tt v t rms s pst uvs mtu,y cm st s hb cmpust p s mbts, s psm s u s cs stus msm , u t y t su, smbu mbt c u s. ag pc s hb smb ctsg cu Tchtt, Tmp My pstb uvs c su u, p qu s hb g s tmps, cm scs: t c cut Tc, m hm y f; su,c Hutpcht, m g, s, c y sc.6

e cs t rms, v psts s u u

msm ug c s tmps cs, s hb sp s s pmts,ubcs ug ggfc qu s csp t tt psqu puc uvs, vst u t.

es u sp tmb f uch csmc t t s sfus uvs, s cmbt smb c v qu s ug pt.e cutu chchhut, s ftmt s f t s s sfs tu hb s tm vs pstcs, cm s qu sbsv s cps cs pseudo-cloisonnhs st atVst. e s s pc cm u gu, pt s y cst, h cptu

su pc u spt, pt tst y fmu.66

e ts tts cutu chchhut s hb pst ps, stt fm, st uch csmc, st ccpc u uvs.es cs tt yct pub Pss cuc Tphus, cm y s h xpc.

e t rms, uch csmc s pst mt ps,c xpsmt p smb t cspt .

P cmp cstucc s ps smbc, hy qu t cut qu s chchhuts g sts ts u mvmt mg-

t. Cm f lp aust, l tm pss u tt mpc xts stts mfstcs fu v.67 a g

6. B, Csmvs y bsvc, op. cit., p. 4.66. Thms H y rbt B. Pckg, agus Cssc P Chchhuts Cutu

t lt Msmc Cmsm, e. Psty (cmp.), Middle Classic Mesoamerica: AD4-7, nuv Yk, Cumb Uvsty Pss, 197.

67. lp aust, op. cit., p. 17.


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st p, p pps st tt, tuv qu sgfc t spc, su csmvs, su smbsm, b vcu c

sus ss, su g y sus csts, y cstu u ps smbc g.

e ps t rms: mts pcuss s pss smbcs ct Mxc Pscsc f?

a g st tb s h vst smtus tbs t fmc s pss smbcs y tus ct Mxc p Pscsc f,sb t s mxcs, y qu h ct v t rms.U s mbts s stc ms ts sms s cut s

cs. e e ot, s gbs tsmt mss sms s cut Tc s cs ct Mxc, y ccpc sts cscm ug s gu ts s mtmts. e l Tutuv, t c vc smbc, us mts gu ct fu c cm st gu.

Tmb m tc s sms humc stscs. e s s css t rms xst cstuccs spcs cm, scs fmts css vstss ( cs l Tutuv, p c, cm, p psc gu ct), s

gb ptgfs y pcts, cm s c spct cuc Mxc s pstms pc phspc. ams, cus s h ct, sts s vcs t rms, scutus fm pc sscs cut s cs ct, stc h l Tutuv,c u cpt cb hy sts sustcs qums.

P t pt, s xt qu ctms xps pssmbc t rms ccpc u uvs, t ht tc msmc. l qu sp s tc, fm -pst t xpctmt y m t sm s cutus ct Mxc vsps cqust. est smtu s t m spc

cmpc st ps, qu s u pstc uvs y ccpc u st xps ggfcmt u tt, c csmbsm c Tmp My p pst tmb uvsc su vs hstc s mbts.

T t cfm y fu t qu s chchhutsg u mgc s ct Mxc, pt u tcqu s hb g y qu fu s sus ts ts.dspus su ppy sptt, pt mptt s chchhuts


47/47


gs su y ptcp cc Tu y cfmc smb-sm gs ct Mxc Pscsc.6 es gc ps qu sts

s s tsmt ut c s pts pcts t qu y hbs Hs, cm s cust, chc-m y tzompantli. n quc qu h t dug s s tcts cts smts ct Mxc, qu s spcts qu cfm s psssmbcs, p mp, s mxcs g ct y xcusvmt sdug. P suby qu st fmc, cu fm pt s s st tb, s u v muy mptt vstgc y cmps s cutus ct Mxc Pscsc qu y s pu ssy.

est ps pmt msmc s cfs sptts p-

vv ct fm fuy s pss qu s c spus, cm qu cstuy s tphus, qus g pc spus bchchhut, c u tc t ft. n bstt, ccs spcs sgs msmcs y s sm sus ccpcs, scm s scutus p.69 ls mts smbcs chchhuts smc c s s tphus, ug u ps uv y g.

6. Hs, Los toltecas, op. cit.

69. Bb, op. cit.n.B. ls vstgcs qu s bs st tcu fu pys mt u ctt

isttut ivstgcs esttcs Uvs nc autm Mxc (1)c Cs nc Cc y Tcg (Ccyt, pyct U4611-S) y Pgm apy Pycts ivstgc ivc Tcgc Uvs nc

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