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CDRRfRD. Of nDUIICD

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Apuntes

DE

INGLES TECNICO - MARITIMO

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Pl~OGRAMADE INGLE'S illRRESPONDIENTE A LOS EXAMENES PAE/I.,OBTENCIONDEL T.ITUW DE OFICIAL DE MAQUINAS DE 2da GLASE (E.Oe 18-5-65)

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TEMA l~- Tipos do buqUGSDorc~tGs ~ogUn sv G9~stPUG~tQ~;0;SGg6nla carga y sorvicib a.quo so dedican,... Tipo~ q,Q'buquosdo @;terra.

TEMA 2.- DiLlonsiones principalcsdo 108 buqUGs.~Ejorciciosde, ., ,

loctura y traduccion. '

~~A 3.- ~~strucci6n naval.- NODon.clatur~do las piozas princi~a-los qL~Oconponon un buqu~.-, Divisi6n irttorno. dol buquo.- .

Diyisi6n oxtor£or dol casco.- Aborturas, do casco y cubier-ta.- Ejercicios do loctura y traducci6n.

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, .._-

~~A 4.- Porsonal.- Tripulaci6n del buque;-Su clasificaci6nsegin01 dopartru:len.toa quopertonecen.- Ejer,cicio de lecturo.y traducci6n. M

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~KA 5.- Porsonas rol~cionadas con 01 buque.- Ejorcicios do lecturay -traducci6n.

, ><,~E;r\~A6..- Calc1urCLs.- ~ipos principalos do ct:tldoras';,-Vocabu:tp,rio ro-lati',:'oalas caldoras.- Accosorios de las caldoro.s.-

EjJroicJije de 10cturo.,~Y traducci6n.

X ~A 7,- ~~qu=~o.s ~+tornativas do vapor.- NODonclo.tura T910.tivo.aSl1SIa~tos.- Ejorcicios do locturaY traducci6n.

&> '/. TEMA8.- Mo'tores d~..conbusti6n £ntor.na.- NODonclatura relativa aS1;':1 partos.- Ejorcicims de lactura Y i1raducci6n .

0 XT~~A 9~- Linoa do ojos.- La h~lice.- Ejorcicios do loctura ytl'c,iucci6n.

""--'TEMA 10- Eloctricidad.- NOI.Lnclatura relativa~ Ejorciciosde locturay trAducci6n.

TEMA .., - ITOIlcncIa tura ro la ti va alas Daquinasoios do, locturo. Y traducci6n.

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a la oloctricido.d.-

elGctrico.s.- Ejorci'"

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t' ~ TEMA l~",-~;\.lI't "1S.- Nononclattt.ra rolativo. ti las turbinas,- Divor-,...;/) :~:P9s do turbinas.- Reductoros d~ volocidad.- Acoply:-L1ion-~os.- Turbina do gas.- Ejorcicios do lcctura Y tro.d'.,

I

Ta~A l~- rlQ~~inario. o.~xilio.r.- Non~Eclo.turo. r~lativa a~la Da~~ina-ri_o. Quxilio.re- Maquinillq.s, .~o~iy!etos y,co.brestantos.- .

~~A 14- M2qui~aria auxilio.r.- BODbo.s: sus divorsos tipos.- Ejor-cicios ,do lepturo. Y tro.ducci6n.

TEMA 15- Conionsadorosy evo.poro.tiJ:ores.- Ejorcicios do lecturo. yt - . ,- rCL1',~C',.;1,0n.

TEJ'I.IA16- V6J_\1'~1:tas y tuborit1.$.- Di versos' tipos.- Ins to.lo.cionos di-::-versus do tuberias.- Ejorcicios do locturo. y traducci6n.

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TEJY.[A17.- meco.niea Y Doto.:.turg:La.- Nontfnc1atura re:.ttL1;iva a Deta-'1urgia.- Motales, aleac~ones Y Do.torialas.- Ejorcicmosdo loc~ro. Y tro.duec~6n. ..' ..

J.8,,- MQq_llino.s horraniontas' Y o.ccostJ:rios oLlploadtJs a bc-rdopara 01 trabajo de los Dotalos.- Ejoreicios do locturay traduecio:n,.

TElVIA

TEMA19.- Eor:caniontas do Dano do uso LlQSfroeuonte.- EJjoreicios

do loctura Y trad~cci6n.

TEMA20.- Modidas.-Unidadosdo Dodida.-Ejoreieiosdo loctura Y"- ,tradueci,on. "

TEMA21.- ftptLratos 0 instrw~entos do Llodida.- Indiyadoros divor-sos.-,Ejorcicios do loetura Y tradBeeion~

COrJbustiblos Y lubricantos.- COLlbl,lstib1osllqufdos.-'"NO1":_-.lylatura rolativa 0.1 potroloo.- Lubrieyntos.- SustirOD.- Ejoreieios do loetura Y tradueeion.

TEMA22.-

~HA 23.- TOYDilloria.- NODonclaturo. rolativa' ~ la tornilloria.-NOLlonelatura ro1ativ~ a los rOLlaehes.-Ejoreieios doloctura y tradueeion.

T~~A 24~- ConsorvtLci6n.-NODonelatura,ro1ativa a xa consorvaeion.-Pintvxase-,Aecion ga1v6.niea.-Ejoreieios do loetura Ytrc~du e ei 6n~

m./1A 25,.-Prcvisionos.- Rolacion do l~$ prineipalo!:j provisionosdo} dopart9XJon to do Daquinas.- E j0rei ei0s do 10 etura Ytraduceion.

'I TEMA ~_6 ,,- k. Cirias.- Nononclatura rolo.tivo. alas avorias..- Tallo-"res do roparaeion.- Ejore~eios do loetura y traduecion.

DoelliJontaeion.-DocUdontos propios dol dopartGLlontodonaquinas.- Ejoreieios do 10etura y tradueeion.

TEJ\;IA 27... ,-

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T E M A : 1",

TIPOS DE BUQUES MERCANTES SEGUN SU OONSTRUCCION

Vooabulario

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Bridge ~.. Pu~nte, ciudadela, alcazarForecastle . . .. Castillo

Flush deck ship ~que de cuhierta corrida~aised quarter deck ship. Buque de saltilloShaft tunnel , Tunel dol ejeShelter deck ship a...~ Buque de cubierta de abrigoSinglf3 Viell de ok ship ., Buque de cubierta de pozo

Poop ~...~~ Toldilla ~

Three island ship e.o Bu.quede tres superestructuras.

TYPES OF SHIPS IN ACCORDANCETHEIR HULL OONSTRUCTION-,,- - '.e-

. A~, 1

Ships may. be classified. according to their hull cons-truction as follows:

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Flush Deck Ship- .- This, type of vessel has no superestructuresondet!k. ~e main de ck extends the whole length ofvessel.,

Throe Island Ship- This type of 'vessel has three superstructures ondeck~ Forecastle, bridge ~d poop; having twowells, one between forecastle, and bridge and theoth~r between bridge and poop.

Shelter deck ship- This type ofuvessel, which is considorable builtnowadays, .. has aeon tinuotls shelter deck abovemain deck. TflOYare no~ suitable for heavy doad-weight cargo, but they arc specially suited for:.light meaeUreillGntgoods, suCh as timber, coton .

The space be tVi~en the main de ck and nhel ter de cl~.,:

is not ;bnclude d. j,n the net or registered tonnage.

Single Well Deck Sh!E- Thts type was desigtLed to give additional ~:

oargo space. The poop is joi11ed.with the bridge.The space be~veen the forecastle and the bridgeis called the '!well"

u

Raised Q~~rter Deck Shipo~ In this type of vessel, the uppe~ deckaft hat3. been raised in order to cot:ipensate for--the 'lossof space ot!cupiedby the ~aft t'mmel'..ThiB con~truction is only used in small ships ascoasters:.

'4

TIPOS DE BUQUES MERCANTES SEGUN LA CARGAY SERVI CIO A QUE_~DEDI CAN

Vocamtario

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Buque~ de carga 0. granelBuque~ de cargo. geReraxBuque~ de cabotaje, costoro8Buque~ carboneros

Container barge ships fugue s pa~a el tran~por t:) J.':;

containers/ ba~Gaza~Container pallet ships Buques pa~a el tr~sporte de

containers/pallets.fugue~ portacon tainer~/ v8,gcne EBuquos portaco~tainerH

Ferries. . . . . . . . . . . '.~. . . .. . .. TransbordadoresForeigngoin~ shtps Buque~de alturaFrozenmeat ships Buque~para el transpol:":/O ~.8

came s '

Fruit ships ~..~ FrutorosFull container ship (F.e.) .. Buques ex~lusivamento ra~G

contain~rs

LASH Ship (Lighter aboard ship) Buqtiesportabarcaza'1,Liners .' Buque~ de linea regu.l:~,iLumbor o~ ~imber vessels Buque~ madererosOro ships ~... Buque!3 mineralerosPartial container ship (P.C..) BuCiuos portacontainors }]~lJ.-'~a-,

les.Pa~~en~r liners Buque~ de pa!3o.joros

Passont!;or and cargo liners.. Buque~ mixtosde carga~\/ fa:~nje

Reefers. . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . .. Buque!:1para cargo. ref:riL~rad.a

Roll-oh/roll-off ships Buque~ Roll-o~/roll-o~£Tankors fuques tanquesTro.m.p fugue tramp.

Bulk carrie~s ...............Car~o Itn9rs !~~)............Coastar~ ....................Oolliers ....................

Container wagoh shtp$ (C:W~)~Contaiher ships (C.V.) ......

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CLASSIFIOATION OF SI-iIPS IN ACCORDANCETHEIR CARGOAND SERVI GES

.. Vessols may be subdivtdedinto two classes: Liners andtramps. Liners include all vGssels plyirtg between definite po~ts,and'running on a more or less definite schedule, 'and tr~p ~~evessels engaged in carry cargo usually in bulk as grain.

The trading of the trOlilpvessel is world wide, and they arenot cOhfined to any parttcular run or to any particular cargo? butcarriesany Rargo that is prof~tableand convGnient~ -

Tho sfdo of the hatche!:1, the nuober of hOlds.,.twoendeclmand the ballasting arr~goDonts are imp~~t~t factors for the'classificationof ships for certain classes of cn-r.OV'\

l'

Pass~~~r and cargo liners- .

, . A combination between passenger liners ~d car~ lirtgrs,they'havo relativoly lo.rgor cargo space than passenger ships. 2.1}idirsizes var:r t~o!n about. 8,000 to 30,000 tons, and they include vesselsof maby types. their speed ~ary in aC90rdance with the particulartrade for w~ich the vessels are built.

Car~ Liners

ea~go Liners are vessels that carry cargo exclusivdly or""':.in ~ome ~ase~ have accommodation for a limited humb~r of passangorsoThe~e vessels are adapted to the carria~ of cargoes of difforentuclasses. ~hey have ono or more tweendocks illlda numbor of derricksfor hElDdling the cargo..

TOJ.~..ko re ...,

--- , Tank~rs arc vOBsols""desi@lod'-'forthe carriage of liquids irt'bulk,such as yetrol and its p!'oducts~ Wine otc~ Tho>vcargo"'spaceisStibdividiod into separate t3hk~ by moans of bulkheads and eyory tankis connoctod...,totho pumping system for loading or unloading"

Bulk 6arriors- ~_.... ...,

illlk' ctirriors arc VGssol~. designed to carry CD:l:'gOOSin bu11I9

such b,s coal, sugar, ofl and tiros. Thoy have lbngi't1J.dtnal bttlkheads

and o.s the bulk car€:,"tjes are usually loaded frem a SpUixt or spi t,

they have nb" clorridkso Among the bulk rorriers arc "'ch3_cc~Esand coll=!-G rs 0

Ore Shi DS--

",-".

The Ora Ships havo sove!'alfeatures; owing to tho donsityof ore tlnd tho wo.y in whtch it stbvvs, the centre of grtLvity of.~..t}le

cargo is lovvor than in otl'J.er tYIJes of cargo, to compdnso:te this;the bottom of the; holds aro rai}3od a 'considerable distance abovethe bottom of tho ship, all this r.mkos the rolling motion of theship eaGY and rogular. Tho machinory is locatod aft'tn ordor toloo.ve a.,froG uninterrupted space for the cargo holds s ...

Oolliers

Colliers arc vessols' spe~ially'fitted for carrying coal~They havo Latchos as lo.rgoo.spO}3siblet and they have no derricksto faci.:l_i tato the loadirlg and discharhing by moans of Ghoro cranesand othor '~ech:iical G~ds~

~umber ~d ~im9or Y?~sels

Those ships havo a broad boam in relation' to draught, inorder to compollsatt:..for the cuntro of'gravity Cl1used by the carriagoof °lo.rge dotHt loads. The holds arc as faj:\as possi bIt] fJ;oe of,obstructions and havo water ballast tanks carof~lly subdividod.

,

REFRIGERA~D SHIPS

Rofrig~r~ted sh#-ps are ships equipped. t'o transpor't ref'ri-gora.tod ca.rgo. Most of, then ha.vo 'beon designed to carry specialrefrigera.ted cargo, l¥t other vessels- are-atlle, 1;0 carry all types-of refrigeratod cargo. Tho princi~o.l !.rPes are:

Frozen neat ships~illed neat shipsGenoral refrigerated-.shipsFruit-oarr.ying ships.

FRUIT SHIPS

,.,

Aro shJ.;.ps spoctimlly design.od for the carriage of fruiitnainly bano.nase Tl'~oy include vessels whoJ.ly or in part oquippb'd "

with rcfrigor~tod cargo spaco, or without refrigerated cargo gpacein this case are fittod with D.spocip.lventilation arrangGnonto

The rofric;orr:1tod conparments- art:! cooled'-'by Deans- of '-'coldair kept in oonst~1nt circulcrtion by Deans 9f fans; o~ractors\vithdrmv tho hoc,tocl cnd Doisture ladon air.

AUXILIARY SHIPS

Th0ro are: a gr oat ya:t"ioty in this group , \dio.tJ. includeS"~. ", to"I '-'

predgors- used to s'o'oop Dud fron the botton of the soO:..

Hop..E.~ (Go:rrgu.:tles) nro usod to carry the nud:-away to t~'10 'opon -soa.

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Oable shj,~ aro ships equipod f9r layi.ng and repairing.telegraphand telophone cables" Thoy htiye at -Ghe b0\7 largo wheo'to f3.cili to. to handling eableS"o

!£2.ErooJw£§. o.re'-'ships,~to""'broak ice and ;I:lalw a'-'naviga"'o:-' '3 1::1.041TJ.lesg vessels have an appearance s-iDilo.:r to 0. .tugboat.!

Tonders arc SDcrllvessels-used to""attencl. on largorvOl3solg-O,g ip. supplying provisions, landing pass-angers andnail.

0.1"0strongly buxlt vessels, ~f goall tonnage ~ithpoworful c:lgines-spoci9-ly designed for tovv:tng~Thoyhavo onplo engino rOOD. Thoro arc two t-YJ;lcS':~.m hnr'bour tu.g and the soo. going tug, the fomer jusod to help o.~hor sh:rps in their"-'IlOl1.oeuvi'Os- withirthe harbour; and the sea ~ for gaving J)l;I"pOSCS' Dltowing ships which arc not under COI1DQ.Ild'.

Tugs-

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NEW SHIP DESI GNS.

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In the new designs of ships an importan~ consid~rat~onhas 'been that of improving the cargo hand!l~ng ch~:cacteristics ofthe ships, and :t.o increase the hatch §ize€i- .

The lnost popular tJf the new ships is the "Containership" and new types of this variety are: -

The LASH-8HIP (tighter aboard ship) andThe IDLL-ON-ROLb OFF"

The last ~ne is a trailer ship ca~able~~floading of tr~ilers 'and rolling equipment such as:etc; this clas!? of ship was called, "Turnpike type It

Merchant Fleet.... Recently has been developec1 a new type of ship knovm as

It(). B.O." (Oil/Bulk/Ore)

- !o replace the basic types of ships built in Ue~o from1937/44 as the Liberty', Victoryt OI-M-AVI, 021 03 aJ.1.d,04, theU.s 3 Administration has 'de~relopedc the following typea-:

side ~d end

trucl{s ~ 9a;rs,in the UQSO

The I sland typeThe Freedon typeT.b.e OJ..ipper ~peThe Pipeline ~JPeI'he BuTr:lctype'ti

-r' WARSHIPS---- ,

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T~e n~val vessels are~cla~!?ified"into two'categories:Fighting ships mld Auxiliary )ships. Fighting ships ,include:

Aircraft c~rriers Porta-aVion~s

HeaV'J cruiserE! .." 0 o. Cru.cero~ pesado~Light crufsers Crttcerosli~erosDestroy~rs &0 0 DestructoresFrigates oooooo...oo...FragatasSubmarinds 0.0 Subma~inos

L&~d~ng shi~s 0...0. Buques do'desembarcoMine sweepers '0... '; . . . . . . .. Dragat1inasSubmarine. ch§sers ...'.!:". Ca~ submarinos

The ~uxiliary ships provide services for the fighting shipsthese are~

-, T8l1.kers ()

Tr~~s~orte de muhicionesBuqu~s hospitalesTransport8 dG avtonesPetrolei"'osNodr:r.zas dt.. su bmarinos

Transportes"

Amt..lunitioh ships 0 .Hospital ships eG........Aircraft carriers eo o

Suoot-1.rinet9ndors .......Transports 0 0.0."

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TEMA:

I J

DIMENSIONES DE LOS BUQUES (SHIP"S DIMENSIONS)

Vocabulo.rio

After drQ.ugh t ' ' ':B:roadth .".."..' '.."."."IW' tho' hoad """"".' "'.'By the stern e,.,...e ", ,Chango..of'1irit:l e e.....Depth. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .Depth of, hold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~

Drau~J. t ........................DrGught aft...~ ,...Draught narks ..................Extrone broadth ,D(4~ l~v.M~~~'ExtroI1o 'longth ".?'.. 0. . . . . .."0... ..Forward: drcmcJ1-t . ~ . ~ .. " ." " . . . " " .. .Freeboard length ~..~ &~

LOIlgth . 0. 0 . . . Cl. " . . . . .. 0 0. . . 0 0 0 ~ ~

Length betwoen l)Orpondiculars ..Longth overall oo ~.........Length on the floating line".....

Li(;r.l t draught 0 . 0. . . . ... "Load drClught 0"'."""""""

Main broc..d th ......................TVIoan draught ",..', 0"".Mouldod broad th """"'."""'.'!Moulded depth ..................

STT~T""'" -')T1' ~T1' I\J

r"" O~T"L_LJ: 0 L ._~:l.La-,;).L.~

Eslora. no.xina

C::::.lc,do a pro aE~lora. do franco bordoEt31oraE~lora entro perpendicularosE~lora total 0 DQxinaEslora, en la linea de f10-tacion"Calado on lo.stroCalado on cargo.Mango. on la naestraCalado IJ.odio

I:1o.nga do tro.zadoPun tal do tro.zo.do

Tho dinonBions ot~ 0. ship arc: Length,.. broadth, dopth anddraugh t"

LENGTH

illl1.oro <lre two nOG-suros of length: Length be~twoGn porpendi-oul.nro (J."Qdextrm:.c lc:mgth or Im~gth OVG1~allo

J.J?Il;~~h J)(::twc<:r:~ por..J2::m.dloulars is the distance botweem, two-cporpendiculars to tho SU:.I.lOr water linG, drawn botween,theforo side of tho stOD and tho a~tG~ side of storn post.

Extrene lc:ngth or'-'longth overall is the dist::mce betweontwo porpcnaiculars to the w~tor line dra~v.nat the Gxtronoproyoctions of -the bow D.l1dstern.

er

Calado a popaMan ga

. .

Buque con Da calado a proaBuque con DS calado a popo.Caubio de as ion toPun talPuntal do bode go.Calo.doCO-lado a popaEscala do caladosMango. 9n 01 fuorto, 0 Danga

,.ntlxma..

BREADTH

DEPTH

DRAUGHT

>- -'"'~~

., .,

.- Breadth is"the width of a vessel. There are two measuresof breadth. ExtreBe bread~h and mould~d breadW'1

Extrmaebreadth is the''di$tance from side to side in tC-10

widost part of th~ vossel~ ,

MqUlded. breadth 1!:'!fthe distance from side to side of t]J.O

frame in, .the wid.est ps:rt Qf the vessel..- Depth is the vertical distance b9tween the inner Sidh ofthe koel Blate an~ the upper deck.

.- Draught is the distance between the lowest paint of thokeel and:the floating line, the draught is ind:1:o8tcQorb'

numerals called drau;ghtDarks at the stem and 8tO'Ii~L rvo~tin feet or deciDotors. The bottom,.ofeach n:§llilo:C'cJ.~~h;J.JJ.indicate the draught to that line.

Whon showing the draught in feet, these nUi2erals a:cosix:__intfues in 'heie!;ht,such arrangement being cor"'~.::;c-:lv{'

towqrds a close est;imationby eye of any draught"

We may conside;;-:

Foroward drctught as the depth "GO which a vessoJ- '~,H

sed at her stOD.

After drau~t as the depth to which a vessel :1.::; :b:::'E:'n;;;:~at her after end.

~_~9.raught' as tho n1ID.ermcalDoan of draught::; I'-:~~:.:~:;;/"<Lat ste:p+and stern.

TRIM .- TriD is 'tho difforence in a ves~el' s forward e~;'5 a::"t<.,.,;

--- draughts, as a triD of 18 inchos by the st9rnJ~.8;:J..3 cdeeper draught by .that amount at aftce.r end'.

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EJERCI oros :pE <X),NVE~SAQION

1.- Toll De the ~ifferont dinensions of a ship

2.- How mo~y measures of length are there in a ship?

3.- What is the difforoncd botween length overall andbetwoen porppndiqulars?

4.- How many Deasures of breadth are there in a ship?

long..'lih

..

5.- What is the difference between extreDe breadthand Douldurl.. breadth?

6.- How dg you Imow the draught of 0. ship?.,

7.- How is the draughtindicated?

8.- How we can find the mean draught of a ship?

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9.- Define the tern "Tr~D".\~

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J)IHENSIOHZS DE r.os BUCJUES- ~ ~ ,. .~~ -

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~ : ~1\. ~11. t.... .

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: .~.' D!Jloro. entro perpendiculo.res.

: :~.1,enlrf,li fH3t,reen' perp coofcu1o.rs... I,.

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4,:'.., .~... "iI'I "t-

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. ~E/Jle en 10. flotaci6n== LeI1{St,h on~he floo.t:L'1g lino""..,.. fro- .0. .. ... .. ~ .. ... .. . .. ~ . . .. . \to ,.' 10 .,':

1rE~iol;' ;;,{';..;~o.-;'~irwe len~h- or 1.c~ "over~fl. .. . .V

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- - - .,.--- - - - - - - ~ - - --- - - - -- - - - - - ::::.,'fill .I_~--' , . T.'I' B .L'1.. ..wo.ngo. Cu.JQJ;ao. 0""""" .coX"1i::'owe rea.d ~

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. .. .. . ,. . , ~... . . e. . .,. ....I., .. ... .. . .0 ~ 0>....., "" .Mango. do tra.zo.do c;lU Liouldc-J. b,~'",c.d't.n~

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nAn "B" 9 Punto.l .... to' Dr,.th. . ... .

."C" "D" Co.lo.do. 0_,°a, Drooght

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;:,.;'l\l'tP'c~bUJ.ari 0

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., ,.:./ ron. . . . .,t , ,t. ;,After pea~".. .~,Bar keel '. ..,d' d.' " .

]3Qam f.~.~ ~ ','

--

Beam kr,lee, .. ...~.,Bilge ...'... ,f,' .. '.'Bilge keel...!>.' .,. .,Bu.1.khe aci., "!J' .~ ."Eo ttom "0' «:.~.. .f.f'.f'f~Breast hook, . 'f"Bul1:t.angle. '"

., " ", .'

Bu.1wark./~,~",.. 0'Camber t. .,. .~.f.. .f.'!'Carling. ,"~'.f.f' .',Caulkingd" .,. ., "Ceiling, ' eo .1.

Cellul?-:r:'.. <ioublE) dbottom. . .....

.;

TEMA/..'" ..

/

3

CONSTRUCc:rON NAVAL., . . . -

Oontraroda~ique de popaQuilla de barraRaoConsolaSentinaQuilla de balanceMarnparotFondoBu.zardaPerfil de ~gulo(lOn nervioT.Ta~a de amuradaBrusca del baoCarlinga'Galafa teoPlan de la

Frame.. . . . - . -, .,' Ouadema :---

Freeing ports '.'.'. POl"tas ded~ sagU.eE slora', VagraHembras tim6nMedio baDBraz.olaE s cobenLimeraPuntal bodegaQuebra1itoDoble EJolapeDoble solapecon aboqui-ll~iento etilas plan tiliaS'PicaderosConsolaS(tl)brequiD.a,Ouader.n~ ;

ma$s:flra.

Main pieoo of rud~. tMecha-'-- -- - del tim6n~.. ., " .,. "

~~Q..1W ".',",f .,. ~',' Bc ca re gi stroMasthole,,~ ,." ,':, FogonaduraPlanking" .t .. ....'. Tablb6n:Pillars, .t..." . .'.' Pun tale Ej

P1.ate:?. .,.. ...".'.' Planchas-Poop. . . - .,.!',f'.t. .., ToldillaPounding i.. 0. . ..",', Pantocazo .

Propeller P9:?};"'"., CQdaste popelJ:I°J)~ller '. ."".,,', H~lioe.PropellE?r" f:('l3lD,e:.:,Vano h~liceRudder .'.f.~ .,' ... ~i, 'Tim.6nSagging .'..!f'.!'.~.~'."',~ ArrufoScuppe'p,~,.~~. .i, ImbornalRacking P§!.ndeoRai se d quqrte r de cl{. Bu.que de'

aloa~ar ele-v vado'.

Plwnb stem ; .""!f' Roda vertical:Diamond. plate ..i. Refuerzo exa-

'" .. ... gonal. '

Deck house supe+>estruc-- - turo:.

Girder ~.~~~~....Gudge ons !.'.'! ,f',f'.'!'f'Half beam ",,',Hat ""'... coamin g .! i.1,;.1..1. " ".',.It

Hawse pipe" i,,'t',fI"t.i~

Helm port '.'""""Hold pil+().:('. i. . ",.1.,Hogging. . ."." ,f'".1"',In mld out ! .i",J oggle plating' ,I.

bodega Keel P+9,~l,cf3.. '..!,.:,,!Knee'" ,'. '.1" .,..".f'.!",~.!".f'.fI'

Keelson ...,;~.~,Main f'J1'ame!...I...----

Doble.. fondo oe-lular.

Canter gi.J,:'d~:r"!,, Quilla verticalChannel '," .f"','- Perfil en "U"Clinker i Tingladillo

Cle a t i~.',.,.,! ,!".t' .~f",~ Ga1.apagoOoaming i Brazola 19n-

,. .,. "gi tudinal.Cofferdam,.."... CoferdamColli~~9n bulk-,head ,

'--'"

Mamparo <le. colisi6n.

Bovedilla ...,

pa j a de cadenas'OabiertaEsloras de ccubiertaTrancanilQuilla dQble0 de caj6nQuilla planal1'l,:!;'ongaBn,que de cubiez-t£. corrida

Fore oastle " .~.r~ "'.' CastiJ.lo proa",Fore peak..., o Pique de proaJ.

\,-

Counte r ...., .~..

Chain.. J..9.ck,:E?r .','Deck ' ~ .. .. ;. .!f ,I' .,

\)QV~ ~~_.~;~s~~:~si.i.~.~

Deck stringeJ,:'.,i,Duct keel """8O8O.

~O'-"Ma\IlGt~\e, -~~w QtJ-~,Fla.-t p+~te. k,:e9J...'!-Floar F. '.. .. .. o'.,!Flush deck ship'c>

."

SHEER straque traca de cintaShell plating planchas costadoShelter deck cubierta abrigoShoe plabe' pie de rodaSide girder vagraStern ~codastestem ro~aStern tube '"b0cina

Stringer vagrastanchion candelero

Transon varenga de la bobedillaBattens serretas

Watertight bulk-heat..mamparo estancoWeb frames bularcamas

Well deck cubierta de pozo

, Welding' ~oldado

1- \fJt ~~v\<. ~\-r~ ~~~" Ikvk ~vf:.. r~lo-f'

'""--"

~

.-.

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--

~----.- u....

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Sheer stroke...Shell plating.

Sho1tor doc~ .".Shoo plato ..,...Sido girder....Stern. . . . . . . . . .

Traca d~ cirttaPlanchas costadoGu.bierta abrigoPie de rodaVagraCodasteRodo.BocinaVagraCandelero

Tanks' . . . . . . . .. T&"'lque s

Transon Varenga de labovedil3::a

Battens e oSerretasTunnol Tunel

Water~ight bulk- ~

head ~.~... MaDparo e~tancoWeb fraDes BularcanasWell dec~ Gu.bierta de pozoWelding Soldado

'1weeN\~c.}.. ~\iCG\~k.,

tMPF ~K eu.M!U~ ..r~r-wl&V'

SteLl. . . . . . . . . . .Storn tube .....Stringer. . . . . . .Stanchion. . . . . .

-'

THE HULL

The hul!t ts the fra.tlo v,vork of the vesse~, together with oJ.l

decks, deck houses and~plat1ng. .Tht!J prinoipal structuraJ. 1;!art of the hull is 'thekeel, which

rtms from stem sets the bow of 'the ship to the ste'rn post'. The keelis joined to the stem by the shoe, and to ther stern post by thecoffin plate . "-'

The fi~st.type of keel used in iron shiP? was the bar keelbut later was substituted by the fxat plate keel. Connected to the

flat pl~te keel and inner ibot'tOD is the centre gtrde~ , and if t..'he

keel~has two centrQ girgers is called a duct keel

Keolson~- The keol~on is a longitudinal girder running parallel tothe keel, Jtmd attached to the centre girdero

Floors .- The "floors are vertical platgs running atharship at inter-vals of no more than la feet. They are between the outerand irtn~rbOttOD and u$ually have holes cu~ in then forpurposes o,flightening~

Frones .- The~frtlD.esare the ribs of>.Jtheshfp. ~ey a~e the trans-vb'rso strongthenint! m(jH:lber~..of a ship. The side platin~is attached to these'frDIlos. For thd'I:lain body of the).)shiptho frene spacin~ is about 30 inches, but that d~ponds on'the part of the sHip; for exonple near the collision bulk-head the~ are closer.~

Pc OLlS .- The beaDs ~ athwartship froti side to side>.J9fthe vessel. and are fas~ened to thefraneg by be~-kn§es.

plati~ .- Theushell plating fOrDS the outer skin of the'vesselcontributes to the longitrtdinal strength~ f-hepl~tes are

laid in fore and aft lines called .sYrake~ . The strakenext to the keel is tho garho~rd ~trake, and tho strakenear tho upper deck is the sheer strake

Shell

I~

"",'

'--'"

/l

For ide~tification ~urpo~es, the strak9s ard lettered. ~o thegarb~ard ~trake corresvonds the letter A., o,ls9 the platoff inthe same strake are numbered starting from aftc

~ames of D~cks

ThtJ decks of a ship oorrespond to thef'loors of a buildings Thenaraee of d.Qc.ks;fBre:

... ....

Main Db'ck~ is tHe' principal. deck of a sh~p, which for st:r"Uctu.r2.J.reasons is an essential part of the hull.

"--'"

Second De..Q!c,~.ird Dock etc tire other'decks beltiw the m~in ctee>:numborod i~'sequence from topside down, 9r in passenger ships ar~lettered as: A deck, B deck, C deck Qtco

A part dock ~bove the main deck i~ called accord~ng to itsposition' on th~ shiP9 at the bow it is calldd!orecast~e fte~samidships it is oalled ~~ deck ~ at the stern it is calledl2.9°;P dock

A boat decl\:is a de.ck designed for thg stowage of tho lif\3:qos~

f:..;promenade de ek: is a do ck 9.esignep. as a promenade for papseE;~-:;2,"':-~

'Special nrunes for decks are used aboard special types ofships:

A flush a.et.!!\:is an upper deck eJttt:nding" continutius13T over 'f;}'.'3

longth .of the ship without erections such as forecastle and :pcc"P

A shelter deck Is a continuous deck above main deckt>

NMI.[ES OF BUIK,HEADS...,'

Bullrhetldsare' importf:l.Iltelements tJf tran!:lverse stretlgt".I:l(.They incroase the safety of the ship as in case of co}:lisiont£:,('!

damage and flooded may be confined to onj3com.pa;.~tmento

Rhe n~~es of .~po different bulkheads arc as follOW3g

Oollision bullDloadl~tor peak bullu1oadFore engine-rooD bulkhead

Alt~mr engine room bulkhead

Besides ~hese bulkhoads , tller~ are additional bulkheads~pac9d uniforrilelyand depending its number on the length of t.!:"';ship.

Coff e rdon-OofferddD i~ the space betv'lOen two tulkhoa.ds to prevc~~:t:

leakage i~ oil t~~s to the engine-rood 0\ 'l

- ----NC1!3EClJi...TURt..DE LLD ?£::'~-::J3 PRHJCI:21..L3J DE mJ BU.;J@

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NOtiENCLATURA DE LAS PJ'ill.TEUET.}WTY.J-iF.S DEI. BUQ.::JE

FI GURA "A"-

"--'

(1).- Stec Bodo.(2).- FOrefoot Pie de rodo.(3) .- Keel. . .. .. Quilla.(4).- Bilae keel 2\111l.a.de

ba.lanooPorta.

~soa.lc. do oo.la':dos

(7) .- Go.rboo.rd'.stroke. Traco. do o.pa-ro.duro.

(8).- Portholes Portilios(9).- Jack staff ... Torrotito

(10).- Stay Est~(11).- Toppina lift.. Anantillo(12).- Forecastle ... Cnstillo(13).- Derrick Punto.l, pluca(14).- ForG:1ast shroud. Obenque del

trinquet e .(15).- Fobe topao.st. Mo.stelero dol

trinquete(16).- Crosstree Cruoeta(18).- Co.rgo runner.. .ADnnte(19).- Guy Osta(20).- Wireless aerial. AntOIlQ.de

rad:l.o(21).- Monkey islrold. ~1a~stral

(5).- Freeing port .(6) .- Draught CQ,rks.

(22).- Ni'.vlgn. ti'on bri dgo. 0 1'\.",(H,,"I.("' c'k :.~(.". ..

VGgu.C":!..~;::la

Wireless roac oTelegrafiaChart rOOD ~~arto de

d e:!:'!',;)ta.

'1.heel house ~ Cas eta t5JOcnol

(23).- I.o't7er bridge PU.ence bDjOJolly boat Eot3 se~~~i.c.ioBridge ladder Esc~la puenteSide lights Luces costado

(24).- Bu.l'\mrks Rega1o.(25).- Vlhiwtle Silbato(26).- Co'\:;1 iia.:.:1guera(2,', ) ,,"""Fi:.u:,Dcl C~1.;b:1en6o.(~G)Q- Funnel stQY ~ Estayde l~

ol:ine:p-ca( 2 O) ... n".-1,' ;.r...", T"o",,~ .l"\"~ ~ . .":"""'J ." .eJ.'.« :'-," '--'c

cnh1 s.tto,

C~O)~~ :r.liDS(j~J. (l:i..3h: .. ,..) Di,9CO 1'11;:];;01"'" l;) "..., ';:'0 r, "r n-i -, m..," ,." .~.'.tVJ.", ,_l;'J\~ 'J'~"'.J..\E.C " : u.ca tiC: Ol..u.'JQ.

«:> c») """ I"~"T"" '" """" pc T;'n""~';'r.~v,... .. J.:),.. '0) .', .k""', . Q ,;> ."J ,../ ~~.:J.

('1':, ) - ~i i -'.d.°1 n "".' ?,r, .1 ~'.) e ~ (:°_,-,.. .. & ...~,""""" " .Lt ,-' ".\.",

---

FIGURA nB"--(1).- FUnnel......(2).- ~xnnol~st~ ..(3).- Acconod~tion

ladder .......(4).- Gala,yskylight

Chicenoo.

Esto.y cbinenca.

Esco.la 1'001Lucbrero. decoci no..

(5).:" Lifeboat davit.f>esoon'tes boteso.lvavido.o.

(6-).:" 00v1 ventila:tor. Lfu.nguero.(7J.~.Da.~it. guys ... -Oata'de los

, .. ,.. ~"pesoantes.

(8).- Derrlck 'crnt'Ches. SOportes de.. . . , . . > loa pescantes..

, (9}~'- Cargo ,runner. Aiilinto-'{lOl'.~ D~rrick' ...~~~Pwit,al'(11).- Sto.y ES£ay{12}.';"-Topping lifil. Acantillo.(13,).- \1irel,oss aeria.l~'-.Antona. de

,...0 .,'. , ," ra.dio.

.(19).- 'Mc.inea.st Pa."':I;oca.yorr' ,

(15).- Geff &~ Pico caL~;~0j~(16).- I!fu:tn Dast Sill.'oudB. OceDq!18's 0::;'7'::1"

(':rA:, - Do '('~ !g . ."'-r', ~J"( f'..~,,2':'.. r1:,.~ t) , .. ~1_1J 't,"J.,u .,Xl "Q." ..J,. -".1. .-. _L' ..,~. . ~..c'urd. c.b;-:n

(JJ3).- hoeing port. 0" .. I'or~...'.(!..c~,,""Pi)CTJ"... ~o. . .0". ~. 1J\::.ld:;.Iin,,," "-

( r",, ) ~ "..,.+~'J 0 IJ'Ir"...,f",~.",";"",.6') e- '-'~; ~,-"". ~. " . . .. ..,.,-",-\.~.:."..:.-'-V(~11) ,,~. E.u",dgu sta.ff 0 to,.." .lLsto. ~Jf.:::ld\?X'Q,{ <}ro\ - "'~ ~ -i ,. Tt . ':;" i 1,,~...). t;Ol:'::?",u,r:' '..0 J..;ove Q.

(c-::J).- r~'L';!.'lder (>."" T~L)<m

(8ii-)<Y"'"iT[','n"""~{nd-Bl~,Q.ft;J<J"'. Ejo do ~ola.

P5)."'" l'::'c,y.ellc:i:' u.pO2~(;W:'C1'11:20 de la.h~:U.~'e

(0~ ) - P~~~ell ~r 11~~i~ o\(~" ." '-"';" . ..:; ",'.P "

(O"' ) <;'-'.. ~'-n .,...,o ro,}. COC1ro"". e<.',j 0"" ",,~\:;-.v. }!. "'ILl ,. ) ,~ ",

(20).'- ScappeT 0..'. JT:!boJ'no..~(

" 9 ' P .A-' 'J n '<" ."..

. ~~, )."'" or "l.:t')J~0 " .rorIJ:A.:'.:..Q,

(30 ).- Bilge lwol QnL:,lo. :::,1:~[~DCC(31)e~ Keel Qui~lla

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CONSTRUCCION NAVAL=~--~-- -== --==~=

(15)

J.

,(9)

---(7 )

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l (4) r-'I,

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(I;) ~ (2)

\;. ~&'" 2uilla plana. ".. & Flat plate keel(2)..- Trac.a. de aparadura. Ga.rbOQ.rd, stra.l:o(3).,- Quilla. vertica.l eo Centre girder(4).- Va.renga. Floor(5).- Va.gra. ~ Side girder(6) ".- Pla.noha. cergen ~ o. ~ Margin plato(7).~ ~unt~l o.~..'o..G ~ Pilla.r(3),,== Cni,.'1.G.O3:nn.8"" " FrQ.O.o(9) """;'Entropuonto (t..". e. I)... . . .. "..f: 'l11ocn-dock

(10).."'" Conl3o1a.~ ~ o. . . ... . . . . .. DoD.Dlwoo(11).- Trace. de ci:i1ta. 0. Sheer stra.ko(12).- 1'";:n11.'OOo ,,.. Dulvla.rk,(13).- Tra.nca.nil 'DecI~string or(14).'" Ang111a.r dol tranc.::mil ~...~. Dock stringer Q.ngle(15).~ Cubicrta. d~ frana:.o bordo ... Froobonrd deck(16).- Qailln. dob~lQ.n(OO...;.;~.. .. Bilge keel:11 ~ '~~ rk..~~' - .' tw~,-,- ~kJ~;'?- 1....-. 1~ UJ "'-

tr

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(10 )

?-(s)

EJERCICIO DE LECTURA Y TRADUCCION

The Hull of a ship

, In forl:1or tiDos, i t wa~ custoDaryuto bui::Ed, ships entirO'ly 0 i.'wOQd, 9~k and pino ch~O'flY used for 'this purpose. In our days,however, sea-going vessels are aloost exclusively constructed of :iron$'

"

The l~ttor I1aterfal is eTIployed f~ various shapos~ such a~bars, a.nglG~', bulb bars, plates etc, as Day be required, y.nd't.."1.ose:par~te parts arojoined tOgO'ther by riveting 0]:' welding. As thorive.ts arb pllioed in their ppsftions while fn a state of. 'white heat,their cons~quent cooling, helps to make those connections all theDore rigid.. ,

, Tho fr8D~ng of. a ship Day be 'ba~ed on, one or othor of seV'e~l--." existin,g SYStODS, viz,: The transverse systeD, the lon~tudinal sys-

teD or SODe intGrmediate systoD, which is, Dore or less a cODbina-tion of tho twp,.

We Dt:lySt:ly,that the 'Dajori ty of the world's ooean' goi1'ig I

I1erchant vessels of the present day are built on the transverse sys-'tODof fro..r.1ing,vvith cellttlarwatertight double bot'toDs,' and'with asufficiont 1'iuobor of tr~sverse wat~rtightbulkheadsto satisfytherequiroDonts of any classificat~on societyo

'Sufficient lon~tudino.1 strongth is afforded by longitudinal~irders~ oa11od deok-stringers aocording to their pesition in theship, and o.l~oby the regidity of the double bo~toD, the constructionof tho D4in strength deck qnd tpe sholl ,plating&

As the presenoe of side stringers itt oargo hold~ is genera~lyconsidered 'undesirable, they Day be diS!i~nsed, if the shel:L.-,plat~sare given sifficiont ~dditional thiokness to I1akeup for the loss in

--- longi iiu.dinal st~Gngth.

Tho fro..r.1es,a9ck beaos and bullrheads stiffe~ers are ustially

made of.bulb ctnglos.In ordihary shipyard p~actice the frao@s ardjogglod, so cs to allow all strakos of the shell plating, inh¥ers a~'well as o~tor~ to be p~acod in direc~ contact with the fraoes.

This also applies to deck,beaDs and deck platfng, and .to floorsand plating of the inner battoD. The bl,lilc1ing of a ship is cm:moncedwith the laying of the flat plato koel.

To tho contre line of the flat plate keel is then Jriveted orweldod Cl.vorti~al plate dalled centro gird9r, which runs tho fulllongth of the ship fron stem,to stern post.-

Th~ centre girder fOrDS part of the collular double botton.Transverse plates called floors are placed at righ'tangl~s to thecentr~ gi~~er to which they are joitiedat ~qual distances apart on .

both sidos. They genorally extend as far as the turn of the bi~dges.In the spaoes bo~veon the floors are joined longitudinal plates aDregular distances apart. I~

"'--

'. /1

...

Large hold.s have been cut out in floors and intercostals in b'rffgr

to rec1uco tho weight of material and :t;orcOJ;:]Dunic3tionpurposos.

, The cellu.lardouble bOttOD is f~nished by 0.copplete cover-

ing of JP:LqtcJs,the o1J,'tcr~he~l plat:ing 0:1:'!:nner bOttOD atig.the Dar-ginalP+l:1tos fQ:r;p.~rg the s10J?:i-ng -tank s~des at the b:ilm7:&~

All the !rapes,aro now erected, the lower epd of each f'rDDeis furnisllod vd th' 0. larbJ\) tank knee for thcr t;onnection to the r:mrgi-nal P:La.t9. ~hile 'siI).;LJ"a;r~~p~ knQoJpit'ackets serve for the connectionof the upper onds -to . the de ck CgDr;1s.

When steIa and stern-post, :fra1ne's, de ck beatls and bulkheadshave been fixed in position, the ship is said to t}e "in fraDe It andthe puttin~ ol the side and geck platings may be starti~g.

The shell plating:. is arranged in fore and aft strakes. Thejoi~ts £11"0made wqter~ght.

Tho transverse watertight btilkheads extend fron the flat.keel right tip to the deck, thus dividing the hull intb'sepa-cODpartoents, [:md the double bottoD,into 0.nUDber of separateon either sidQ of the centre girder.

'-"

pIaterate 8.

tanks

'\.

~lbse tank~ are principally i~tended for the carriage ofwater bD.lla~t, but some of thoD,Day also be Dade available forholding fresh water or fuel oilQ'"

, If required pi::tlarsare placed i~,the cel1tre11ne.lof theves3el or"':J.t the C<0r:norsof ho:tch coo,r.:dngs.They serve to supportthe dock struoture, thereby also contributing to the generalwtrength of the hull~ .

Ships Day be constructed on variou~ other systeDs to Dakethom especio'lly~'suited. for the carrying of some PSlrticular kindof bulkcGrt!;ot such as, ore, oil, grain',coal etc, or they -'may be"':bu!:l t, exc::tut!ively~, for general cargo, Dostly carried in bags, bales,

""'-"

CGses, CGsks, ote,

~L::; }:1.;:.:::":'of 0. screw stetIDei' 'or Dotor vessel of ordinary

!:jizo L:-::'v~-~,~-;8 i'"'! divided bY" transverse watertigb.t bclkheadsintoseve::-l s;:.;pc.rcLto co:o.:partDents: Tho foro and after peaks, four cargoholds, Dnd the' ongine and goile,r rooD~ . ,

In genoral cargo shi~s a close ceiling fomed by plonkscovers the battoD of the holds froD wing to wing, wtiilelargebattens thO,t are fastened to the frames, 'at StJDC di$tance apartprotect the cargo froD contactwith the ship'sside.

+k ~ Fi'(A~ i '> o-r(~~ tv- ~e (}\Ad(.. o.~t- <S-k<1.,~ .

+k riV'\S O"Q. ~ vUtIl~h~~t .1"\

'..

~

.. :\

The upper de t}ks are pratected by bulwarks or' iron rails or"dvarious 'deck-houses are placed there for the purposes of, navigo:t;i..)J.!anq to s~pply aQcoDDodation for deck and engine officers.

...

VOCABUJJARIO TE CNr CD

Afmer...peak ~.~quo do PO]?a.Angles" ... Ah~a.~sBattehs Serrotae Welded !.......Bars ~.~ Barras Whito heat ~...Bar keel Quilla maziza Inner bottom......:sildge ~. .Sontina, pantoqueHull it . .'~Bulb angle ... Angular con Joggled ...........

net-vio. '

.Ar.1urada~ Kne e' ..............Maoparos Keelson ...........Calafatosdo Longitudinal girder

Ceiling. . . . .. Plan, de la bo- Marginplate......doga. Mild steol ........

Cellular double Oak, ~........bottoD Doblo,fondo ce- Pay, ttJ ..~........

lular. Pillars ...........Conter plato gir- Pino ..............dor .~ Quilla vortical Platog ............Do ck stringer 0Tracanil Poop" . . .. . . .. . .. ..Deckbean Bao de cubiertaRiveting..........Flat plate, keel. Q1;tilla horizon-Seaos-.............

tal. Sido stringer .....Fo~o p~ak p'iqu~ de proa Shell plating .....Forecastlo head. Castillo,Frar.lihg Cuo.dorna'jo.FrOLlo~ Cuadorn~sFloors. .. ... VarengasGarboard ~trake Traqa de apara-

dura.Girder TracaHatch com~ihg~ BrazolaWator ballast. Agua de lastroWatertight ERtanco.

~~W~~k ~~W\\AO

- Bulwarks'... . .Bulkheads ....Caulked ......

"

--

~J 1,AU}.A~ UAAk

~ ,t,eR~.

20

Intercostal 1?~hte~~

Sheer strake ......Strongth ..........S tringor, . . . . . . . . . ,~

Staging ...........Strakos ...........Stem. . ".. . . . . . . . . . .Stornpast ',~

Uppor dock ........

Plttncha in tOT.'-'costal.SoldadoIn cande s COY;.f:.

Fohdo intor;,':,';'

CascoUnido a abc,~

quitloniol'!-::')Consola

Sobroqui:U "',

VagraPlancha :r:l.~,:""::;"'~'C,

Acero du~.,:,(;'

RobleEn bro ar'

PuntalesPinoPlanchasToldillaRot1a chadc

Co s turaser; - ,~alr.le JarPlan chas d.::.;.

forro exi;c"',';: ,-Traca do c~,.~'":..ResiRtenc:: ~'.

VagrarAndru:rf 0: jeTracasRoda"Codasto

.Cubi.9.rtQ. 8':;'1:1(>'. "rior.

,

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...

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~

TElVIA :-!

LA TRIPULACION: SU CLASIFICACION SEGill'r EL DEPART1J.v1ENTO--Voo~bulario ..

Abl(:;}.'~erunan. ~. . . . . . .. Marinoroj!ref'oronteBoarswain Contramaestre ~Cadet ' A1.umno, agregadoCaptain .~ ~ ; EapitanCarp en to r . s: . . . .... . . .~ . ....... Carpin to ro

Ca-tto:J:'ing departmen ~ .' '...' Departalllen toCrew ~~ Tripulaci6nChief oook Cocinork jefeChief Engin90r :.., Jefe do Maquina€Ch

.f M t P . ..: 1 ,I..

~e a 0 ' rJ1D.er P.J o i>O

Chief Officer!!.. . . . ,. . . . . . . '.~ Primer C}'iciaJ.Chief Steyvard e Mayordom.o JefeDook boy O " 1i' Gruille te, mozoDack hand e...~ <>0. . "~.. . '.~ Tripulan 1i8 de cubiertD.Deck Offic<?r Oficial de cubiertaDonkeyman, 0 CaldoroteroFi roman. . . ... . . . . . . 0. . .. . ". Fo gone ro

Fir~t Engineer, .""""'... ... . . '.~ Primer oficia.l de lVI&quinD.:';Fir~t Officer" 0"n . .. . .... .. .. ~ Primer Ofi.cialFirst Radio,Officar " 0.. e Primer Rf1diotoleg.cafistaGall~y b9Y 0. .. . .. . .. .. 0 '.~ Ma.:rmi tooGreaser.. . ... ... ... . . ..... . ..'!"'... . '.~ EngrasadorcTtI11ior Ordinary Seaman , Mozo~.~a8teI' .f"" "" ". " papi tMOilers Q"... 0... ..".1'0. . . . . . ... . . ... Engrasadoros

OrclI:nary SO3Il18ll "" 1""'.~ lVIozoPurser I) 0. ... . '.' Sob:r'ocargoPettyOfficers " Maestro.l':i.zo.Radio 8fficer ~ RadiotolegrafistaRo..tings ." 0 SubalternosSecond cook ..." 0..'.."... Segundo cocineroSocond Engineer, Segundo Of'icial do Mi.\(ruiEe~:-Second efficer 00 0 Sogundo eficialStewards Q e.~. ..... . . Cl. ... . ... . ... ..e CDIilareros

Torekee:per ~ e... . 0. . . . ..... . . ..' panoleroThird Officer 0..." "" c 0 Tercor OficiaJ.Third ET,lginoor '~ " !" Tercer (bficial de M&quinc,s:Trimer 0... . . ... ".~PaloroWiper. . . ..0. ... . ... . ... ... . . . . . . . 0 Limpiador

"

de fonda

X

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~)I'

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x

THE CREW{(\~~;.The ~TOW in

departmen 1;s:tho Merchant Marine is cla.ssified into three

~\

0(;,

_.

rl.pt'

J(f (pO~ 'a . .IIY b. " 'fAUO

A I . . r (:>&!p,?tE..

\v De ok Departrle;n. i; \)JE.J\7 0

)LEngine RoOD. Department

Cattormg"DO)?l:J.rtmenV. .

The Mas-ter or Captain is t~e pwp.er! 13 ~v~sep.~at1ve and isin charge of the three departments.' ~~"\t7 .()I<G .7.() . ,~Y'(io{

. Oh/>. ()~., cAP/ff_~fe- {UJ'\r .

DECK DEPAR~T (rx- v f ~ I ~OFF! CERSi.-::.The Chie!!: Of:fficer or Chie:f!jMate JiS/ the head of (thisdepnr-menii. He is in charge of.,.loading, discharging, stoWing; thecargo and the work of Dhe crewt. The s:am.e l:is other deck ot:t1cers-,Secondl and Third, h<? has navigation duties and is in charge of awatch in the briq.gei.

Second!. O~i~ I... The Second Officer bes:ides keeping his' waiie,hustta.lly ths twelve to four watch', is in charge of thl:;; naYiwtioninstruDents, .cQrnection of chariis, no;tice to nariners etc.

Third Officer.-;. The Third Officer aii sea is in charge of the eightto twelve wo.too. The saJ:J.e as the Se cond t?fficer he is under thedirt'; et ion of -the dhi~f OUicer ond assi ts hiD. in the opera nons"of §towage the cArgo.-

Purser The Purser is the officer 111 charge of the keepingaccounts, and. the paYDenii of officerB" ang crew.

Radio Officer.- The Radio Officer belongs to the D9ck Depa~ent ---- .

but he depends' directly to the Captain of the ship!" In a'-'passell~rship or large ship will be Dore than a Radio Ot':fioe:r'. His dutiesincludu s-endingand receiving Ilessages, listening for weatherforet!D.s'tw and nttvigation warnings, and in dase of eDer~ncY tdthe shi:;J, he Dust br(jadcast to nearby ships and~ shore sta-'donsthe po;:,,~-tion 06 the ship and the necessary help~

Beside the Officers DJn'dDeok or Engine Officer A!,pren-tices, which are in a period of training, during whioh they shou1.dbe given the opportunity of taking a realistic part in the l1.D:'fi-

-.gation of the., ship and in ot..11.er functions of the deck or en~.ille -=-.::

rOOD officers.

"-'

PETTY OFFI CERS

The BoayffWain and the Carpenter are the petty officersin thi s deparfuen t.

The Boatswain is in charge of the raiiings and ii:t;le rm.intenol1ce ofdeck gear., and to keep it in good working ord.ere During theDillloeuvres of docking or undocking he will., be in thG forecastledeck under the orders of the Chief Officer.

'tL.

<:) ~

~,

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tt1e' ¥-tLrJ:~~.2.E .~ The carpenter is in charge of all wood wdtik, and8:esits the boatswain in handl:J-ng ancho~s, and keep w:tndlass atidwinches in 'good work:tng order. He take$' the soundings 0;( tanksand bildges and keeps 0. record of them. ;

In the maneouvrfng of docking or undocking he will be intho 'poop undo~the order~ of tho Socond Officor and handling theoapstan or dooking winch.

RATINGSTho classification 0+ ratings ~n this department varies

from ono t!ountry to another. In British ships thero are thecategorios:

--

, , ' ,

Able Seaman (A.B.) Efficient dock,hand.- Senior ordino'ryseo.:m.anand Junior ordinary seo.:m.an.

"

Quartermaster.- ~fle ~uctrtormastor is an able SOaDaD who steersthe vesRol.

EN GINE ROOM DE? AR1WJ:ENT

"

~Che cLief of this departDe'l1t is the Chief EngineeI' who isfn cparge of the engine rooD, whoso duties aro gonorally supervi-sory. Eo on ters infor-.oa tion on the running e;f the mQ,\jhinory in theofficial log-c:..ok, and makes important tests, such as Day becarried out on a saople of lubrication oil or the boiler wo.tpr.

On receiving new fuel-Qil, he vnll tost it for viscosityflash point Qlld settl~ng point.

......

In U..S.A. v(jsso:!EJ, 'engineers aro-naoed in ox-d(jr of rank;al.ief E~ginecrr, First Assist~t engineer, Second Assistant engineerand Third Assisto.nt ong:i.,neer.

In British Shi.ps thG officers in this departnen~ are:,

$Deconc1 -~P!9:-.£.~S:.!:who is in charge e}f all en~ine-rooLl personnel. Hoptans 'the worlr of thG engint1-room, and seos that routine overhaul~ngis carried out. At sea bo is in charge o~ .:the four to eight wqtch.

Tho Third 7~:J..5'-:!:.',oer.- H:ts duties are to in~pO'ct and t;verhatil as ro-~uired tho L1~,in engines 3J?ld nain gearing, sonotines he is in chp.rgeof ~ll olectric e~uipnent, and also of the donestiy reffigorator.At sea he is in charge of the twelve to four watch,.-

The Fourth~nBi:neer..., The Fourth e1igineer overhauls all punps andforce-draught engines. At sea he is in cho.rgo of the eight totwelve watch.

In a,larse ve ssel there will be rJ.ore than an engineer oneach watch.

PETTY OFFI CERS~\)tty Officers in dis dopo.rtrJ.ent are:

Z:)

~e Dor.ikeymanwho is in'char~ of 'the ratings in this departrnen t:,'and has control of the. stores and spare parts of the engine rOO111.

'\:'The Pu.mPD!J.!1:who i:q. tanker~ is ~ charge of the handling the pumpsfor loading and unloading.

RATINGS

'The Greasers in the United Kingtlon and eilers in the UnitedStates Merchant:;1VIarino are the members of this kind in the engineroom department. 'They attend th~ lubrication of main engfne andauxi~iary engines, other 3:"a tings are the wi~ers and in steamships f:i.~men and trimmers

'- CATERINGm~Aftmmi~

'The Chief Steward is in cHarge of this depa:tltment, he isresponsible for the 'prop~r provtsioning of the v~ssel and thearrangoroentdof meals. His duties in'dlude'., supervision of cookingand proper supp:ty and care of pr0visions. Under hiD are the ctlewin' the galley as the Chief Cook, Second Cook, and Galley boysAlso tho crew Who 'have the duty.,of cleaning- and att~ndance ofliving quarters as the S'tewards'.. The .,.members of this departrneniiare very numerous in passenger ships.

.,.

PRACTI CAS DE CDNVERSACION

.,

l.~ Des.cribo the dutie§ of the Chief Officer

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.r

2.- Describe tte duties of ~De Second and Third Mates.,.

3..- What duties would y.ou assign to the carpenter?.,

4,~ What are the duties ofwa watchkeeping officer?.,'

5'.~ What (.'.ropetty officors?,I'

6'.~ What is a ra~ing?.,

T.~ Which r2.L,k is higher: Chief Gbficer or ,Chief Mate?.1'

8!,- W]r,at are the three..departoents of, the ship?., .,

9.."" How often are exams. for CaJjtains held?.1

10..- Whore do Officer aI}prentiges get their training?

11.- What are the Mate's duties in relation to the loading the~

~.

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TEMA: 5

.... PERSONAS RELACIONADAS OON EL BUQUE

Average adjuster Liquidador do oYo~ia8

British Corporation Sociodo.cl ~)f:':1::'Gio,li.llgLoGG. qt-cG rc,.,..,.,,1 0. -. '. """""~~~'-~'- ..;!" 1<" ~-' -CO'..;

6\A-J-' ..Ld. ..~._;, .'.'.c.I.C0~uI'!- Y c a..:>.,...l...J.."""

caci6n do .h)8 lf1';'.qucs

Carrier. . . . . ... . . . . . . , .. .jb:TIador 0 J:'}C)tador q,uo subarriondo. 01 buquo"

Chartorer ~ FlctadorChartd~inga~nt ."'.'0 Corroder do flotmJonto~Conpass adjustor , Conpcnsador do conpasosConsignee Oonsignatario de j~aoargaOustOD offi cor. . . .. .. .. Ofi cial do scbanas

Dockor Obrero pO~~-',,1l8rjoDock naster Capi.tando dtTL:LO'Forwarding' agent0""'. AgoD to de ci~.l;j:J,nasHarbour m.aster e CD..pitan d:J'l'U2l";;0 .....

Health Authorities Autorid8cl8s Sc<c.i tarias

Iwigration Officer Inspoctor do l':r::J.~.graci6nInsuratice broker Agon -ijQ do SGgn'osLloyd'!:j 1:I.gent ."'.~""'. Agcn'~e dol ""Llo;tdLloyd's surveyors Inspoctoros del Lloyd'sLongshoroDOll Obroro perhlal""ioMarino Surveyor ~ 1nspootor do buquosMinistor of Transport SlU"-voyor 1ns1'Jo ,:-tor do sogt.:uiridad nari tiLlaOvrl1or Propi (~t,--~:.:'iD

Vocabulario

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Roc-Jivor Roc~""!Jt.;~'.:.-'Sailoakor Volc~oSoo.rcl1or ... ~ . . . . . . . . . . .Shipbuilder ............Shipowner ~........Ship broakor ...........Ship chandler..........Shippor ................Shipping agont.~........Shipping mastor ........Ship'e agont ...........Ship's brokor ..........Ship riggor ............Stevodore ..............

Superintond~nt.........Underwritors ...........

~_..-

C::1rcl,l:'~L:'H:::YOdo fondoo'

Ccns"S'.'J(:tor do buquosFr\.):':;:i.o -t;,srio. dol bug,uoDe :=; p;t:':J,z ad oor.", chQ. tarro ropr-cn;lsionistaCo.I'g'J.d 0 rAgon. (,0 de o.duanas

J:>:r;h:::rcador de la tripulacionCon:: 1 i:?)J.atario00'" 1:',--'(tor I.larl tiDo

.l\.:p::~rc;iadorEstioador

InspoetorAso LSU-:i.."O,dorc s

Tho follo~Qng persons are connocted with the ship and

~NsIdNEE -

The Con~igneet...lis tho person mdieateCL' in the "Bill of Lading'!to who:c:J.goods are sent by the Consigner

cm.BRIER," L" .

~e Carrier,is the person who enters into ti.'contract of carriage\w.i1:fhthe -Shipper. He can be the ovvner of the vessel or a Cha]?ter

SHIP CHANDLER.The Shipchandler is a.'Jc1eale19 'Yhlo furn!shes ves~els wi'th dack,'

cattenng fiUld engtne 'roo~ supplie'5, ~ch as coX'aage) convas, ]?aint$blocks etc. He also Supply provisions as: meats, fish a vegetables.

ro<I{ MASTER

..... The ,Dock Master is a person Who cot.l.tro!s the movement of vesselsonter~t.l.g, leaviJlg andl using docks. H~ is nosponsiblet...lfo~ dr.y~dockingof vessels, preparation and corre9t setting of blocks, shores ete,and emptying or flooding of docks 0

HARIDUR MASTER

~

The Harbour Master isenfordS:c:J.e~~ of regulationsof ve sst!ls. .

His dtitiespro eau tions andetc., vd.thin the

a governoent etiployee responsib~e forabout bertllings, loading and discharging

als~ include contr0l of ha~bour polico and safet,yaids tO,navigation, such as leading lights, buoysharbol.,U'.

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SHIPPING AGENTOR FORWARD:.hNGAGE:t1;T

The Shipping Agent' 'is a pe~son or fim eDploY9d by a shipperto prepare all docUDonte for despQ.tching the goodsa They collectthe cargo ond attend its shipping.

SURVEYORS

~ The Su~eyor is a p~rsdn who surveis ships. There are differentspecialities of surveyors as~

Nautical SurveyoreEngineer SurveyorsRQ.dio" Surveyors'M~O0 T. 1..1 Surveyors '

Llo~d's Surveyo~s

The MoO.T. Surveyor? Day board amr ship and inspect her boats,equipDont, I1achinery etc"

'2.~

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mu..po V\NER-. -The shi~ovvn9ris the person officially registered as the

owner of the sh:rp0 He may be the real owner or pa~t owner, butfreDQ.Y be a person enployed by the owner or owners to Danage theship.

SHIP'S AGENT ..

The Ship's agent is a person who repres(!Jntsthe captainor owner in 0.11natters concerning the ship 5,i:j: make arrangementsfor berthing, ::i:9adingand discharging the vessel, '-'clearance ofgoods and ships. They co11~9t freight due to the shipowner andattend the crew formalities.

SHIP'S BROKER...

The ship's bro1,ceris the pe'rsonwho introduces the charte-rer to the shipovvner.,He r~ceives a cot1i8ion or brokerage on theaLlount of the freight. This cOLlision is specified in the "broke-rage clause" of the charter party. ~

There are different varieties ~f ship's, brokers, who specia-lice in diff.Jrent brancp.es of the ~].siness as:

Buying and selling 'shipsArranging contracts for construction of ships.

UNDERWRI TERS ,J

Underwriters are the persons who t~ke upon th~Dselves therisk of insuronce in return of a preDiUD. They are so calledbecause tht.y vvri te theirnames at the foot of 0. docur.:J.e~t untila policy is prepared and signed by an insurance broker.

IN SUR/JT CB BROKER-.The Insurance Brok9r is a person'specially trained in itr-'

suranco law and prt!.9tico.He introduces the assured to the insu-rer' o~. underwri ter!3. He represents the asi:jured and when 0. c3::aimaris9s, he presents it to the 1hnderwriters and arrange the sottle-mont,.

CHARTERER

The Charte~er iR the ~erson wh9carriage of goods wfuth the shipowner."Con tract of Carriage" and is covereq

The Doney., that the chartor ha~called IIFreightUi

. 'Z.l-'

en t~rs in to a con tract of -

This contract is calledby a Bill of L§ding.

to pay to tho shipowner is

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TEMA

CAIJDERAS

Vocabulario

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'y

Air cock ......................

Afr draugb.t ...................Aahpit ........................Ashpit door ...................Automatic feed water regulator.Auxiliary boiler ..............Auxiliary steam valve .........Auxiliaryfeed check valve. . . .

Blow dovvncock ................Blow down valve ...............Blov/ers ........................

Boiler. . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boiler feed water ..~..........BoilerBoilerBoilerBoilerBoiler

furnace... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

:iI1ountingR ...............

:31'1e l:t ....................

:3tays ..................stop valve no' . . . . . . . . . .

Bri dge .........................fume rs .......................

CaR ing 0 . . . . . . . . . .

Combustion 'C}1amber.............

Cyclone stoam separator .......cylindrical boilor ............Direct flame boiler ...........Double ended boiler 0...Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Downco~er tubes ...............Drain et!ck ....................

E con OTIig[ er. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Feod check valve ...............Feed wattJr ....................Fire bars 0 . .

Fire tubo boilor ..............

Firo bridge...................Forced drau~t o~..o.oFuel bur11ers 0

Furnace. . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .

Furnace dtjt)r, " '.' 3 . . ....

Gauge glass.....................Generator tubes ...............Grato . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iioader 0 . . 0 . . . ~ 0 . . ..

~k-~~ ~ Zi

.~~

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~rjfo atmosferico~iro de aireJ

PeniceroPuerta de ceniceroRegulador de alimentacionCaldera auxiliar

Valvula auxiliar de vaporValvula de retencion auxiliarGrifo de extracoion de fondoValvula de extraucion de fondo

SopladoresCaldera

Agua de alimentaci6n calderaHornO de ta cald0raAccesorios de las calderasEnvolVGhte de la calder~Tirantes de las calderasV8,lvula de comunicacion de lacalderaoAltarQuemadore..s

Envolvente, ,Caraara de combust.' on,

Separador de vapor ciclonCaldera cilindrieaCaldera do llama directaCaldora de doble frontoDomoTubas doscendontes

Grifo do purgaEoonomizadorValvula de alimontaci6n

Agua do alimentacionParrillasCaldera tumllar 0 fumit~bular

Altar dol hogar:riro forzl:ldo

Quemadores de combustibleHornoPuerto. del horno

fubo indicador de;nivol~lbos generadoresParrillaCabozale <ifhc~'

lE<~ ~ b- ~.

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'v~

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Caldora do alto. prosionEnvoltura interior

Caldera do baja pregiOnCaldora principalValv":Ula de retoncion principalValvula do cOD~nicacioIT

~~erta de registroTiro no.tural

Haz tubularEnvoltura oxterior~an_6mS3treRocalentadorCaldera de llama de retorno

V~lvula do seguridadHegar de vapor recalentadoVapor sa ttlradoCaldera escocegaPared lateral de tubas roCalen-to.dos.

SJ:lolcGbox." ~ " Caja do hmJ.osSr1oko t-Llbo bo:ilor " Caldera fw:J.i tub1)~arSoot plowors , " "...Soplaelores do hoJ.linstay O.".~."O"" G""".' Estay, virotillo \~(o-d'e..t, S!t:<1.rUb<- -? t,(~te

S cl.Y v\A.be .." ~ . 'I.!,mubo 0stayStOOD (:ock e(\ !,.."...o,,~ Grifo de vaporS to l,1IDpressure gauge" Cl\I..... ..,.CI Mano:mo tro L -.. ~e""". sr().~ ., '" <;.~..() "'- V"'IW-' . /'

{

,.e¥CAAc..<M..

StoOD dru:o...".." 0 0010 ctor de vo.pon vaL. ~.k. t!<I.~., - . . "',.. . . . . ., I e4 ~Stop "Ito...t.vo (I.."...".". <).."" . . .... Va...L.vula do CODunlCQCJ.on/i~1.<,

Superhea too..furnac~ It. .. HG:r.rlo de vapor ro calon tadoSuperheated. stOaT'.1 I)".." Vapor rocalontadoSuporbeator "'..11..".,' "..".'. .-AnRecatentador

I, . 'b-\.e<e ~'\i\US <;-~~u'u<eJ< II 'Superheater tubos, Tubas do 1"0caldn tadoThree-drt1D boilor Oaldora do tres ~olectorosUp..ta.lro ' "... Conducto de h1E10SWater dr~ polector tie agua.Wator gauge ~ndicadorde nivolWatortubobailor"" 0;0.. Caldora acuotubularWator wall hoadi.;r Co.bezal de la pared. do aguaWator wall 'tu:bes /)0 " ParO'd de agua .'

Working pressure, .r.. <>.. PrO;jiOn, detrabajo (I ~,:~-~~~ .~.~~ i~:@'v-~~ \ tr~ ~ ~~trhot rAt ""'t" ~~ .

rolLER .. == '" III~- ~

.. A ,poilQr is 0. con.tainor,tha..t i~s capEtbl0 of generating steQEby 'the intornal or external application of heat~

High pre~suro poiler 0...Ihllor ct!.~ing et ~ ~.....

Low pressure boiler e..Main boiler" .,. . . 0 ... ..

Ma:i.n feod chock valve ... G ,Main stQDIJ.stop valve ,Manhole dQo~', ~ . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Naturaldr~~~t ...............Nos t ~ub~ ".'. ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .out~r casing ..................Pressure gauge ................Rehaa.tar. . . . . . . . . . . ., . ... . . . . . . .Return flame poiler ...........

.' ~a.fetp, valve , ,...Saturated furiDacg ...:w .'...Saturated steru;::t'.." f!'......Scotch boiler It !'." ',~

Sid.e water wall tubes ..........

"'11

MAIN TYPES OF rolLERS-

iF

Thore arc two genoral clasf?esof boflers: The smoke tubebailor and the water tube boiler. In the SDoke tubo boiler, the.~

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smoke gases pass through the tubes v1hich are irunersed in \mtor, and. in tho wo.tor tube boilers, the wo.tor po.sses through tho t:.1XS which0.1.'0surro~~dod by gases.

SMOKEFuBE rolLER-The most COIIJJJ.ontype of bOilor, o.mong. the smoke tube 00:1.:-

..1°rs is tho "Scotch boiler". This boilor l1['.s a cylindric8-l stoolsholl; tho ends of this shell arc callod the front end and back cnd

'The; front end has throo or fuur openings into which the furnacosaro fitted. Tho ~nacos 0.1.'0dividod in two p2rts, tho upper partfor tho fire [md gases ana tho Imver part for the o.shpit. The waterinsid0 ~lQ boiler should be kopt to G lovel above tho top of thetubOIIe

-...

The hot gases pass from' the :furnaco to tho .pombustionChQ.Inbc~ in the back of tho poilor, c.nd from thero through tho tubesto thc 3moke bo:c and funnel. The wa t::;r inside tho boiler is con-

verted into stOG.lli, which is collected a.t tho top of tho boilor and'from thoro passes through a "stop valve!!to the ongineso To compen-sate tho lost of '.vator, thore is a fO9d chock valvo through whichfresh ,,';ator is pum.pod into the bailor.

WATEH TUBE BJIIEHS--~In tb.is typo? ~~lruncG o.nd ho}; gc.sos are outsido the tuboG

and tho w~tor circulates throuGh them. I

:LlD Yo.rrow -bo}.~or is the classio vi.1.tcr tubo boilor, itconsists in two cylindriocU drums c()lllloctcdby small tubos to anuppor drum which collectstho stCClill. Tile two'cylindrioaldrums andtuoos oont2in the w2tor, r..ndthe stOCilllgoeG t9 tho onf:,l'J.no through0. stemil._.~~tffiE..E.l~~~. si tua ted in the u.ppor. drum..

T]:o wator tubo boilu1'S lw..vo tho advmltage oval" tho.. firetube ba:'i.J.'.r's in th"d; the: st-:':~:-'111IDe..y bu genorated more QQic1cly,&'1.c1

tb:) :orcj-cil t of the bailor ~.illd tho contu.inodwo.tor is loss, c.ndalso

is less ds.n.Gor of ?xplesions..

Nowc..dZlYs, wo.tor tv.bo boil-.;rs aro provided with superheatorsand eoonolliisros.Tho supcrh0Zlter is usuallylocatedbetweenthe rowsof wator tubes"

As tll,;superheat stOOlIl tc:oporo:turc tonds to fluotuatewith the rc.toof steaming of the boilor and CQuses loss of enginoeffioioncy, controllod suporhoat boilorsh~vc boen covolopod,astho .;Q..~beookWilcox D-sho.pod ._9..°ile..E"in which the stOC:l!, drum. is moun-ted vertioo..lly ov(;r the single water drum, and is int8rcon00tod bywater tubos .

A trZ1nSvvrsc b~ffle, formed by Q set of largo tubes di-vides ~~e tubes in Cl. front pass ~illdrear paRs. A singlo superheateris used ~d its tubos 0.1'0 sot b(jtvmon tha firo rows and gcnoro..tortubos of tll') J:ron"t P::WG. Dm:rpors ::.ro fi tt()d [~t tho br.1S0 of the 11P-take over oaoh p288, ~ll1d -cll\) VOlUlilU of f'urn8.oo gases oon tIc variedby operation of tho d~pors.

'10

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The fu.."ctiace is formed by. a row of "wttter WaLJ1l"tubes temi-nating in a side water h9ad.~r.. -An economiser is fi tte.& in theupt~~e abqye the 4ampo~st .

IDI13ER MOUNTINGS~ '.'

The main fittings in a boiler are:.,.

l~- Safety valve to prevent any excess of pressure in the boiler

22- Feed check valve to admit the water into the boilor iticon-junction with an autotlatic feec1 regu1ato~. All boilors.drQ .

to be provided 'with two feed.check valvee- connectec1 to sepa-rate feed, lines.

3Q- Blow down valve

"--'

to &.r:1p-tytllO 6ofldr, ~r61oWijig-cl'iewate;r' ou-t'to sea. Each boiler is to' 'be fitted o.t .);eaS"iiwi th one blow a.own valve so cure didire c.tto the

lower part of' the baileE'". .~

42- Main steaD s~_"y'D.lve' to control the passage of steaD :ff-r.ODtheboiler t.b tho engin.bs" Ever,! boilor is to.lbe f:j,.tted withone nain. stop val V9 G8 cured.. dire 0:1:; to :the shell (>

.

52- ~ir c~~ to releaso air when raising st~go.

69- .?',~b~"~._12!'~~re gal,lge to indi~ate the pressure of tho steaD .-

int'j d.e "(':.llG 'poilor" The gaugGs aro to be placed iI\'hore they areoGf.:'il~r soon\)

'19.. '{l:1.tcn:' g;c.u~o jJO j.ndicato the high of wateJ.-\inside the boiler .-

EV';1;Y-~bo'iioris to be fitted.with at least two independentDoans o:il i:adfcating,the wator level in it, one of which is"to be a glas s gaugo"

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(1) .- Ste~ druo Colector do vapor

(2) 0- Eco~zer C900'..O~O.oo. EconaDizador

(~) .- Generating tubeR .: Tubas generadoro$

(4) ..- Sa.tura.tcd furnaoe -;~ Horn;) do aa.tu:ro.do

(5) a- '\1ater arm:J. ..o...~ Colcc.t.or do agua

(6) 0.. Suporhooter .0...:: RecoJ.entador

(7) ~- Superheatertubea : Tuboadel recaleDtado~

(a). ~ Firobrick o ~..'..u~o-.- Ladr:'.llos ro£rad.arios

(9) .- 'lator wallheader:.' ~-Gt~o'Cabe:w.lde la po.!.'od de u.g'na

(lO).~ Uator vulI tubea :..,...:Pared de a~da.

(11).- Superheated furna.ce : Horno de rccalentado

(12) .- Superheated side burners Quaoadorea del racale=tcLO

(13) .,-Air inlet G ' En"'vI'a.da de niro

(I4I~"'" Outer casing ...~~.~ Envolvento exterior

(15) ."\'le. tar header fP0 "..0 Cabe:m.l do a.gu.a.

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mAQUINAS ALTERNATiVAS DE VAPOR

Vocabu;l.ario..

Air' pUIlp ." """J3edp::to.'te ~..' . . . . ... . . . . . .B:rasses " ' "......Oonpouttd e~gine ...............Condenser ......................Conuecting rod.. . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . .Crankpin. .". . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .~

Cro s she ad ." ~ '..."....

"

CylinderC;~llinderCylinderCylindorCylinderCylinder btJre ~ coo.. . .. . 0<>. 0c.!'

cover .~ ~......barrel...............bOttOD.. .,. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .liner.oso.............rillg .? 0 .. 0 . . w . .. ., .. ~ " .. 0 C C

Drain co ok:::! ".~ (>" >. 0 ~ . 0 0 . 0 r. 7

Eccentric tjhoave O.QvOos "",

Eccontric st~ap 0~~o..onO"0

Engino eal~3 ..o~oogn~O.O"..<Q

Gla:l1a. -. " c . ( < n ~ ~ c .. ~ .. " .. . .. c . 0 "

""- (.}o\"(;l"'fH:Jr' 13po.~~ .: ~ .) .. ~ .. 0 0 ~ . .. . ~ . . . 0 Q

C+t1ido shoe oe. . . ... ... .. 0. . . . e..High presap..re cy=tinder '.1'

Inter.oediate presqure 9ylinderDLow pre ssu:r'ecylindor ..........

----Pi!3 ton. 0 . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0Piston rod ~~ c~~ o.

Qucdruple expansion ...........Reliof Vo.17e '..

Shaf"lii:r:g 0 "........Slidevalv8 chost ~~e o.o.

Slid8vGlva ..o.'o.OO..o" ~

S"tJp chock valve .",oc..o."Oo"..

St'..:t:ffing box' ,. .. . c . . . .. ... 0.. . " ~... ~

Triple oxpansi6n engine .......ENGIRE

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E,.....

BODba de aireBancadaMetal antifricci6nMaquin~ conpoundCondensadorBiolaMufi6n del cigiiefialCruce to.

Tapa del cilindroCUerpo del cilindroFond~ del cilindroCauiso.dol cilindro~lillo del cilindroDiaw.etro interior del cilindro

GJ:-if'os d.G pu~"'ga'210.tillo de excentrioa

00 1 laJ.'S.e oxoen trica

Colm:maa do la :m.aquina00ro11a 0 Dangu.i to d.e prensaes-

~r.O:ro.2v

Re f!,l<.:U:1.LJ.OT.'

Po.tin de cru.co to.

Cilindro de o.ltapresi6nCilindro do media

Cilind~o d~ bo.jGpresi6nEmbolo, pist6nVD-stageM, .o.qulna

Valvula

EjObCaja deV 6.1 v"'V~a

V6.l.vulu

V 3.1 "'iTl1..1..a

CQ.~g. deMaquina

de t;ua.:1ru.pleexpansi6n

do seguridad

distr:r. bu. ('i 6nde distriiJucion(j,o oo:r::codora

do l"':>-~eh,::i6n (Cheque)

prepslJ.o s to:PD.$"'

de triplo oxpan~6n.""~-~.

III ..IF :l1li

An ongin9 1s a tJ.trcnJ.no. :tor applying ;J.ooh8JJ.fcn~}!ower, 'and 00,oonverting GnoTgy' into Dotion~ The prir..cipaJ.-Gy:;?'38 nsed for shippropulsion are:

Reciprocating steaD. enginesteaD. turbino

Internal conbv..stionorJ.gine"

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RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE..~-"~-~ . '

The'reciprocating steam engine uses the sto~ in succes~onthr(1t(ghtwo, three or more dif'f'erent cylinders, and she may beclassif'f'iecl as:

Compuund eng!:ne

Triple expansiotJ. engineQuad~:91a expansion engine

The steam pa.ssesthrough the boiler stop valve to theengine.

THE OOMPOUNDENGINEI,

The campound ~~gine i~ used for pro~ulsion of' ~al~ vessels~or in auxiliary engines~ '1t has two cJ;J..indGr!:1~The h£g1'l 'pre8surecylinder and the low pressure cylinde~o The steam passes throu~ .

the boiler stop valve to the S!..n~ne stoJ2 valve 8.."'1dthen'"'S1.:wcessi--

vely entoring in the high pross-.a.Te cylinder and low p'ressuJ~"Ef-c;y'lin....

deI', throu;g;htheir slJ:<:lGvalves, working on the pistQ1J.of eachcylinder as it eApgndse

When 'the steam" leaves- the low pressure cyJ.inderj;henpassesto the condensb'r,and is eonvertod into water'by cOwing into 'contactwi th cold pipes, and by mGans o:f the atr pll111p, th9 water gOGS intoa. f'eed tanlc fu"'1d froIl thence in to the boiler again:>

TRIPPLE EXPAlTSION ENGINE .-

~EhtJ triple expansion e'ngine has t~ree dV'linders~ Higl) pres-sure -y first i~torLiediate ]?re§§U-'Y'O and low p~ssure cylinCJ££0steam.frb'1.:I the boilers is admittod tt1.-the high pressure cylind.or-thenitpasses to the interm8diate presstire., cylinder, and f'inally to thelow pressur~ cylinder and conqensero "

This type of'engine is Yo'ry COL1Iilt1i'iin old merchant ships,and tlw boiler :for this engine ~'1asa pressure between 180 -to220 Ibs.per gqua.re inch.

QUADRrJPLEEXPANS10N ENGINE

The quadruple expansion <:mgin0 lias f'our cylinders: Higti'-pressure, f'frst inter.m.ediatG pressure, SE!aondt intermediate pressureand low pp.essure cylinder_,

As the volUDe of ~te3m increases as the pressut~ decreaseseach: succesive cylinder is largvr in diameter and works a';G J.owerpressure than the preceding one'.

PARTS 0 F TB-E ENGINE

The main parts of' the ong-j.ne are ~

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Oylin.cJ.') rsSlvd'ting3:;;d}.:lfl t.JAuxiliiJrJ

~~d thuir COlll10ctions.

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O'fLINllii:R.:- Tl:1G cyli..nclcr if=! "G}lCJpn.rt of .t:18 l'ooiproo:l.ti:ng enginoin 'whioh -th::- ate];?:]. Stot:3 to foroe; trlO I?i;::,ton fron ono ond to thoo.thor 0.11(1\ricovorG~:.. It is 1;l~1do of cQ.Bt iron. The: innur Sur:f5:00of the cylindC:c is .fOr:!':10cLlY,y ~'1linen:. Tho pistor.. is G,tt,:'..o~led toth0 :Ei-8to.2~_~.o_C!.o..."'1dthis ono to tho O~:..C:oting :C0~ "vhioh fitsto tll~; _o!,~lkp~~.

Tho U})pu:' T<lrt of -~hG cylindor is 0[;110<1 o;r1indGr hoad- --..----~(l iD ~~t-::2ohGd to thu b:1.rrol bJ. Borms of' stud 8.:"ld nuts.

1Jl'.c~...: :lmiTor qovcr is fi tt;Jd vd.th n. stuffing box 2nd g;;I~i1Ildto rn:r.;mi~t thu ])i'i)']S1,!:S') of the r:iGtO:rl roel. -~u-t to provont -tiho s'C§.})?G("\,p

,' <-,.,~. . ;",.. ' ,,'40, "" l~ """",-.

. l'hc r:diQaJ'.l i,s dis'vri butod into tb.ocylindor by a [~lid:~ vol-V;,.;7 v/Lie:'. 13" conto.inod in [::, box or S.to8J:1 chos~~ on ono sido of'the cylindor. Ti1ic v;~lv.:) i8 drivon froIl the ora..11kshaf't by LlOQ.'-'lS

of Lj', o~<{o0ntr:~0.. Th:) top rmd bO-';;;tO:3l of oo.oh oylinclor is proYldocl",:,,1 .1:,- '. " -~() l ~'-' f' " r,-"'; -;r--' -I-, ) p:r """"""' nt .:, .0'."'"l

'n c-~.b "'"VI .:j,uo I ' l' '30 r' f n y ,,-.s, 'S ',.,oy, o n'YI d., .'- u~- '.:::': ..J..l..... \...L I.;:. v, ." v -.J. Cv.;::,-,. ) "'-'-.J.lA. .,~.1-' u .. vu.. <--W..J.

alGo ". d~C8i:,'1 (':,.c;: iA t'i tt'-Jd o.ttho bottoD of tho oyJ.inclor..

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RECIPRO GATING STEfwl ENGINE: HAQUINA AIJTERt1'ATIVA DE VAPOR-- - -.

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(1).- Qrlinder cover ...e Tapadelcilindro

(2).- Piston 8.Ebbolo, p1s~6n

(3).- Piston rod ";~...: V~stago

(4).- C;ylil1der... ..~ Cilindro

(5)03- Crosshead ""c.. Crucoto.

(6)",- Guide shoe .~~.~ Patfn cle cruceta

(7)';- Guido ~ Corredera

(8).- Coluon ' ~ COIW::'lOO

(9).- Conneot.ing rod Bie1.a

(10).- Ma.in bearing :;..'~' Cojinete principal....

(11).- Main condenser ~ ODndensador principa.l

(12).eo: Eduction pipe Tubo eductor

(13).- Dedplate BaDoada.

(14)."': Cro.nk c Mu.nivelo.

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MOTORES DE OJTJIBUSTILONIN TERNA

Vooabu1C1rio- . .

IComprosor c.10 aireVa1vulC1 do admision do o'iro

Va1 vLlla do 2,rrnnquo

CojinotoS'O[~rgQs on cOJjinotosSoportos do los cojinotos:8ancada '

Sdp1adorcs, von tiladoros:Puonto'Oarliono g,

Ejo do CQ.Ulonos00

" ,:m;proslon

:13io10. -iCojinoto caboza do bio1aACOcl)12.do

JRbfrigoradorOooling \r"tcr l)ipo OQ10etar do aguo. do rofrigol~

-""I C .; Ll'1.J... -,-u...-.

C:c[:n1r:ca;J9.. ~ .. .~. . .. . ... . .~.~. ... ... ...' " (CigUo£.b.:). Carto'r(!-y. ""1i"r"'" lv~'f l'(',- qll'~" 1 .-, rln 1 Cl." .o110I ~'"' 1I~'. L...,-:";.1.':'",?.. .. f .. f .. .. . . . . ~ ." . . . ... ..',~J.t~VW-'-' ~..J L ' ',-,-,-, b~ J."...,

Cmc,' '1:~""'1"".p.J.. ""-'"') d '"' l .~ ""<""' 1...",w.l.,~,o.L~..L.U .. L J ',- v ql ~~lu.

Guitarro...

Air conprosor .',~.~Q. . . . . . . . ... . .Air inlot val vo ..." . . . . . fet... .A' J t ..

1.ii.lr S 0201" l.ng va Vo ............150arinGs .'..'.'..'.' ".'.".

Boaring 1 0 ~1d s .. ..~ . . . . .. ....... . . .Boaring SD.d(}los...............Bodplo..to, ... . .. . .. . .'.' ... . . . .. . . . . .. . .BloY1Cr? .........................~d.go.. ,~...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~

08L1S . .. .... . . . . ..... . .. . .'"..o.'JI!lG!:laft . .. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .Co:w:-r>rcssion ..."..""."."""'.'.'OOT,nocting rod .. ..,. . . . .. ,t.1'

OOTHa cting rod bo.::"ring eo.

Couplo Q000101"

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Or.~'.nJ::.;o b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cro SBh~' ad ~

OrOG rl" .r.;C'.:J. DOc.rulg .............

Ol.""OSi::'c,J.d,slwo ................

'trucol;o...00Ji1:l'OtoFo,tin

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do oruco ta

OyJ..:l.n~l()r ,. ........... OiJ.:LnclroQrJ-~.:c~(I()r bl0 cL,. . . . , . . . . 0. . . ..... TIlo g.-uo do

0 '-1 '; "1,1., .r }""" ,,1 1""'1 "' t ,~'.Y ..[.;-".-.).' -,-,': """"~ '.~" ".' 0L-L-~c.c ,-~

GT ::l;J:.:' liEOr O:-:.:r,lisa dol cilllldro. \

"fe",n"'",../.- IQ ~ "l .,._LXl,.,..':_L:~U ~. . . . . . . . . . . ... .DV,..,Cl1c..,ClonE:X:::,1:':.1;i..LDtL1El:::dfolcl OO"lCCtOl" el0 .:':;SCQ,P(j'E"~-l-l '-'"-(,'+ -,,-1'~"', rp-;' D'O (le) --""" 0 "'"" 0'

'A! '-"c-l..J U 1-'.J...JJ'-'. .1".1"~. . . . . . . . . . . . .. _VI.. ~-'-' Vi::'\'c".U ,.EX:10;USt ports dg.. . . .. IJulnD1"oras do 0 SC8.po~

Ex11m.:u:r'Gv2.1vo V~:;.lvLlln. do 0 s 0'0.150-, F-1 . ';' ( '4'"r, 1 "," O

'nr n2: .,f..'.' ..'...'. ,-.D~,.p__O'Jl'

Flcxiblo qoupling ' '0' Aco~lruuio~~o flox~~~offlyv":;-}Qc1 ~..~ ~.~.1" ',I"' VclcLntoFour strol;:o ongino 1\~ot()~C do cu.a ti"ot:toril:Qo sFu.ol illjoctJ.,9nIJUmp.. . e. ,. '~. .',~ l5o1litaa."0i.tfo cGfon .Fuol'valvo .. ~... 'Vo.lv1.l:1..o.1fry-oct&ra~"pr-h()y 1f'1-,"'i~...; C~'o O'-""..,.-y>"" n n J

'O '"Tv"" ..'. ~,~..~.. .°. .'. . . . . .' . . . . . . . . .. 'V'.C<.J~',.t l-'-b.J.. U... '... ,,;::;

Gland C-o ""/ )n n a.~ o pI

"ons '-'r.""!- OT'~'..,~. .... . . . .. . . ... . .~. . . . . . . . ..t. '- do..,' . '-,-~ Q li .1.""""

Inlot - . ~.. . . . . . . . . . ...... ~dml si <SnInlot pipo ~ T~(jo 'do adm5:sionIntornal combu.stion ongino I.'~-. Lr(o-tor do ~:tt.rllbu.sti6n intornal

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~rwJe ~ uk7JL ik%~Q2ll1isa .1:) . . ,<.D8.Jo'pro Slon

~.. ~}-ori8' [looito de lnbr:i..cacion.. t~ u "S~ ~ua' .

Potonci~

... . . . 1" " . " " " . . .." . . ..~.',~EDbolo ,

. ,Corona dol pistonAros dol pistonvasta~o ......

Rohoator ..." ".". .\2e..O~-~lontC1,dor.:'-Rolic'\r.o valva "", "" Valvulo. do seg'.1ridad",3cQ.veng-c PUD]? ,.." J30I!lba do barrido

.Scavon~?l1g ." "." . . . . . . '.~ J33.rridoSm,";.von,!,ing air cooler. fI,,'",..."" Enfric.dor do bar1"idoSco.v~nging ~ir m~~ifold Ooloctor do barridoScavon3;i.ng ports.... " .. . . . . . ... Lumbr0ras do barridoSiloncor , SilonciadorSt2.rting, ya.lvv, Val vu.lD. dio arranqueStroke. . . fI " " . . .1'. . . . . . " . . . . . . . . " Embolado.Sup0rho at" . . .. .. . . .. . . .. ,Sobro-calontarTic-rods ,.,.'.'.,.,.".,..,' Tirantes:Trw.llt-piston .',. ,. . .. . " . . . .,. . . ,. Cilindro do trnncoTwo-stroko ongine ,.' ".. Motor do dos" tiorTpo,sV3.lv') 'gor3..r "' "".."",, l\1oc~israO;8 valvu.lc.. distrib..li-

,..'. clora.-

Galo:rict do, """'0.' tII

.. ""volA-C-,.

k~\"'- l,tc.ri"'l ~0-1'~ p-u1\AA~

..h~o~ ~:J.. ..~fI., . . ,;.. . .., ... . . ,!,Lovv prosl:3u1"o (Jh.P..) .!' ""'."

Lu bri,?a:1iin~ ~;p-.~:j.~ .............0 tl -""- . ',H" S .....U u u. . . .. . .. . . .. ... . . . . . .8. . . 8'... ,OutputPistonPi 8 ton cruwn ,~~" .. . .. . .. . .. . " .. . ... . . .PistdlnPiston

rings.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .8.. .8. ...1"09-.," . .. . ~ . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . .

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VIa to r j 0.eke t ~.. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . rofrigoraci6ndc....

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, ., I T'Tmp F'.T':'- L t'Y\~'.""j USTIO'-

NY -r.\1\Tr" ..r ,\'c-n

J,' .u!. '1~A' VJlvlD' I lJ.l~,;r__':".b-~

In (tll ill t0Y£lal 001"11::>u;:;tion ongino, the:: pOi{'iur is d.07<310.;..,p,-'d 2,fJ 2 r0m::.l t O:i? tllC oonbustion of o.ir ,]'11.d fuel" 'IyIX;f) o:E.' in-t'.J:GJ.s.l (;CJ'~JUd"lj.on c11..o.:"lno8 .::'1"0 tho Diusel or 30:;11-Di")80.1.- \viJ.ioh~. , .a1."0, used 3.8 lIJ.:~),in anginasin rD,otor ships~ and' auxiliQ,~cy' 0::'1.gi1'108in (j'""tj('":G1~18}liI'3" 1~t1oy 111Cy-bo ei thaI' of tho tVIO..-strekG oyclo t;jI}jO

., .., .t 1 1 ..J' l .. "

V.J.!:llO.!.l grV'us ::'~powor S rOLW ono(; OYory rovo u GlOn~ or 'CIW IO1.n.."stroko c;yolo, which givGS 0. powor strol:o ovory iJ:.vo revolutions~~')

In tho DiosoJ. engino, ci:c is dravm :into tb.o c;yl"ln,-dor :::w."'lClth0r... compros;3ed by thu J,::,I.sto11.; \"1ho11. tllO air. if] oompressed

'I'fuel is sprayod into-.thc cyl1iL:ldor at a higb. prossw."o, 8::1(1 isigni to, 1.;y tho hot aij] O-Yldmalws it to oA})8.nd n.:nd drive thoyiston. '

Phe oylinQcrhoad has 0.:1. ['..~r inlotyetlve, Q f:lOlval vc cu1.d a e xhaus:t val vo , o..'1.d0. starting val vo.. Thu oylindors,

\ cylind.er hO2.c1~3 n.nd piston L'.ro all wator cool,:;d to provontcraoking duo to tho high tOL.l'porc,tu.re of 0~JIlbustion.

The cvolos in p. fou1"-str()}~Q "'T..rlJOarc callod~- ) ~l.~ '" ..\

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r~3~MA i!ckPtA~ ~ I)fNtJkrk ~"'"~R-oe-Kuo{/oJA ~~u.vt'"

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St!.O-vt\A.~ <9i(l ~vJa So~k rM ~(e dQ ~~.. ~H tJe~~ .. ~ ~ -

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Suction.- Compression.- Firing and Exhaust.

'. In tho fi1mt stroke, when the :piston is movingdOWIlvr.:n-ds,air goos into the cylinder through the air inletvalve.

In tho second stroko, the air is compressed whilethe pist9n is driven upwards and its teDperature roaCije~ about1, 200 Q F.. . . .

In tho. t;hird st;r'0ke, the fuel valve is opened Dndsprays fuol i,..11to the cylinder, whiep. is igy.i ted and when thegas expa..1'lds i t drives the pis ton downwards.

In tho four.th. s.tr.oke, tho piston goos upwar<;ls o.ndthe burnt gases arc driven o:u.t through the exhaust valve.

TWO STROKE ENGINE

. . .

~e tWo-stroke onginehas much power than the four-s troke engine. .

In tj:lO two-.s.t:r:olro, ,engine, ono out-stroke and ono-1n-stroke reL'rosont.i.n.g.. °Il.G,.c.op:p.l<to rC,volution of t..ho cranlmho.f-;,couplotos tho cycle.

. - . . . . '..' . .

Comprossion. takoE!placo about tho beginning of theupvvard stroke of tp.e piston; at tho ond of .tho stroke fuol isinyoctod andfirei.. Expansion takes pla.ce on the d.o\'ffiWo.rd stroke'~tUltil th9 ex.."V}.o.ust:po~ts aro. uncoverod, whon a.ir tUldor prossure isadmi ttod.

. A popular type of the two-stJ:<oko engine is the "BritishPalaril. The cyjinder hea.dhas only two valves: Starting air valve,and fuel vLtlve.. Oontr~rLod by the piston aro tho scavenge air in-let [~ld exb.aust valve.

To produce starting air arc used 90mpressors. ~1e ?iris storodin lc.rgocylindorsat about 300 Iba. per aquCU'u inch.

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MO'roR DE ros TIENPOS "SULZF.R 141>.It~ . -

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tu1at~ ~~ ~..., Cy~inde~hea~, , < '1 , ,. ,., " "

~'!V'ct;vula.lt1Y.eotora.". h Fu~l valVG

(1) ~-

(2)

~3. ) ~~ ~C)mbade inyeooi~n". ~:. pruel lnyeotio~ pumIl

(4) ,- Galer!aa de refrigeraoionQ ~. N{ater ~aoketl?"" ,..

(~) ~~ Oamisa ~ ~Lirter-

(~) ~ Lumbreras de barr:ldo n [S;E:,71~,~...n,g,pprj;s. ..

(i) .- Lumbreras de oXl1anstaQiono f':r;haus~tb:porta

~8) ~- Ooleotor ague. refrigeraci6n,.. £!ooJ..1:1g)mter .pip~

(9) .'" PistcSn , "" Q ]':ts'/i,on

(lO);~Vtstago ~ ~ ~iston rod

(11).- Oruoota e prosshead

(~)..- Cojinete de oruoeta O:rosshead bearing

(13):- Cojinote oabozade b1e1a ..~ CQ~n~o~ing rod be~ring

(14).-:- Biala .~ .,' .', fJ('Q.1.U.~ot:1.ngroft.

(15).-:- Eje oigUefial .C!,~nk~ha:ft..

(~6).- Munequi11a. del oigtiefial .. jO0 ~~'!.~in-. '. ~

h. 7)~~ Gui.tarra. e ~nge1>

(18),- Aro;e dol pist5n ~ u.~1P1~s.ton rine;s

(19) .-00109tor de escape " E.i.::Fust rnani!olCl.

(2e) ~~ !I:'urbosop1ante .. ~ " T1J,:!:'bo-'blowcr

(~1) ~- J!hfriador de ba~I'ic1o .,. u u Cl ~\TGIlgP.. ait' cooler,

(22), Co1eotor airo do bar~~do r~OO'\1'G!l~!1g air rnani£old:.' .,."

(2)~- ,Esoape " ~EZ1fa,ust pipe

(24):- ![,1rente ...o ""~.""<'O""'f! A-'1.chor 'bolt~~ --

!25)~-Danoada ~...~oe...~~~"."..'~~~Gdplato

26. Teclc e.'" """ If.. fi !!Cto. a " ~ c .. e e . ~ :i?ITi,fo:l.'m.27 ~- J3a:::rand3..1':a fIo"'" (,.. ~"C' ~... f'. 0" <siBail'29 ;.. 1?atin c-r'!."" "to.", ~".."".~ <Ie.. ~ ~a2'O30hood shoo"30 G,.~ r d 1 . . +..if', )'1'r.~' " d _.4,;1,, .- , 0. G pu, ..,1.,£1c.~c.", ~.,... Ill"" IJ"...'os.:>c.e""5 "",0'31

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O'"'.r,""" r .- "'1"~'--"1k ""' as "".- u. Vv o"."..~~"c>o" e.".". ,'...u,~-".v"32 .'" :P'Llorta de aOO000 aJ. oari.;or.. prE1~ii:':oa(4C aocess doo],33 ." Co1cotor de aocl'tG Lu'brlce:l:iih.g o:f1 P'!Ji?q

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EJERCICIO DE LECTUlli\ Y TRADUCCIONu

Desi~ f'eat1.~:es of engine type ~84EF"

The K84 EF' is a twoJ..stroke, single acting, high tJressureturbochargqd crosshead diesel e11gine, w:j..th poppet valves and unifiowscavtmging. The cyl~nder bore is 840 mm. and the stroke 1,800 IJIIIl'..I t is built ill uni ts of f.rem 6 to 12 cy1inders, coveri:t!g an outputra:ttgo frot! 15,~O bhp to 30,900 bhp, max:i.Inum continuous rating ona single s.haft. . .

Its predecessor, the 84VT2BF-~80 type, sdon after its intro"duct~on in 1959 bc9ru::J.eone of the most widely used. "large .:>ore" e:t1...gines in th~ world. By the end. of 1968, aroURc1 2~0 enginos of' thistype, representing a total output df about 5,000,000 brako horsepower h!:td. beon oo:opleted:. by Bumeister & Wain and thC'ilr liconseesi.The first 12-cylinder unit, with a maximum co:t!tinuous ratiRg of27,600.. bhp, was btiil t in Japan in 1964 and installed,in 96,500 Tens'.tankers Tho largest tal1.ke:r so :far to be powered by a 1284V~~2BF-180engine io -the 2Q?,900 t;~;!;.. UBsrg". CorTTI8.:b'd()l,I1;JWhich aT. tho -C:1.f+:t0 ofits delivery in 1968 wa$ also the world~ largest motor tanker,w

O'-Ghar notable instal:!_ations with 8tt~tY11e engines are those

intended fa I' the 29:000 -tdw. oontainer ve~sels or9.ered. by theSwodish/Norwegia!1/Dan~E1h donsoJ:it5:ud. "Scanservice II!" The triple screwmachinery in these voss~ls consists of ono 12-cylinder a~d -two9-c;rli.nd.o~ K84BF enginee with 'a tota:lov.:Gput of abm.:t!l 72.~OOO bhP3-Ghohighest-powered diesel instal:etion::lG't orcleJ.:'6d".

The bedplate' and, the framos of K8~EF engities are' reither ineast or in weldod.desit!;n.In both versions the ~as forceiJ art: con-duc"lioe!.'through tie rods, from the cylindercovers to the transversegi:!:,ders of' -[;11.0. bodplate e

Th8 sottvenge air box, whicb. also is oi~her crist or welded,ha~ large covers on the.Danoettv-ringside that gfve oasy access forinspoct~;~on. lli1.d cleaning" ~Phe.. scaveng(~ ai.rbox ts i.so::;"o' ted :.r:rom ~[ihecrankcase by a 'double botto:g. ~.

The cooling jacket~ are in: cttst d~si~o The crankshaft isseTIi~,,1)~.iJ- t with crank-i:;:hrmv§, of. oast stGel",

N::::dn baariI1g .shells~ tjra:ttl?~ beu.:ci:'J.gs~ crosshGad 1JoariJ).gsand crO8S he rid shoos a~G of cast: si:;ee.:£ li:n.ed w-.i-i~h'l'/o.ilJtj ne tal " TheI:lain:"bearings are lubr!:co.t~d. throu16h s-opo.rate oil ptpo~~ whereaS' thecrosshe3.d beaI'ing and shtios" and a::tso Toh8 crank boarj.JJ.gs~ are lubrfca.-ted from telescopic yipeg iillat also supply oooling oil to the pis-tons.

The crosshoad 'ljearings are asy:rne'i;ri~al1 so that the 00-flectio:ti of the h;J9-rinGs when loaded crJnf'orms -G0 the bend.ing ofthe crosshead pin§.

.. The thrust bearing C8.J.l.1 1),8" :iesirec11 be. supplied. oitherseparate or "!:mil.t; into the engine.

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The engine ctiJ).be coupleduoither to fixed-pitch or controllablepitch propexlers. The compression forces are transmitted dire9tlyfrom the piston crovvn to the piston rod by the cooling insert. This

design allows the piston crown anc;lthe ring zone to be comparativelythi'n and consequently we3::1coolect.By employing oil cooling of the"piston, the complications of water cooling are aVQidod and there isno risk of water leaking into tho lUbricating oi~.

The piston rod stuffing box is t1ounted on a loose flange and caneither be lowered into~tillecrankcase for inspection orwreffiainon thepiston rod when this is removed during overhaul perio~s'.

The cy3:inderliners each have 10 lubrication points. The air>.Jin-'take ports in the 9ylinder litter are distributed evenly over>its>.Jen-tire circunference.This give~ unifom cooling of'"'theline~ , tjnsu---ring a minIDum.of deformation'.The cylinder liners, can, tlf5' des-irgd

be supplie~. with. or wi tb,out Jchr°I?-°pla]ing of the running surfaces'..

The crQssheads ~~,as desi~ed, b~ supplied with or'-'Without ahro-mop1ating. The crosshead sho~s are syoetrical and ~se~tly re~versible. n1e cylinder covers are of cast Chrome-mo~bdenum stee~6i'hey are each fitted with a central exhSlust valve, starting'"'Valve,t:!afetyjindicatorvalve, and fuel valves. The exhaust-valve spindle'seats are prcv+ded with welded-on Stellite, employing a spetiialwel-ding technique. The bottom piece of th~ valve housing is cast""'from at1ateri~l that is resistant to chemicals 9lldheat, and hore ~lso theseat is provided. with we::tded-on Stelli tee These :IngasurGs T-osul t ingreat~v.prolo~ged periods between ~alve overhaulg.

COl:lshaftis carried by an undorslung bearing'"'ina housing v,vhichcontains both the fuel pump drive and. the exhausjvalve drivel. The"housing is rigidlY secured to the cooling jacket..Only a l~ght silu-Din O~~l tray neads to be' removed f.or inspectit1tt of the c~s and bea-rings'. To rGI:lOve the cODshaft it is only necet:!sary to secUJ,:'o therol3:er guides for the fuel p1AILlpand. the exhaust'valve gear. ThE:1-cOLltihaft is di'Vided according to cyl~der units, and the e:xhauS"t03I1S, fuel. CaI:lS, and c.oupling flanges are adjusted and. neplaced, ifnocossary,by the appJ.,.icationof hydraulic prossure, a method whichfacilitates this worK.

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The chaindrive :!rom urankshaft is guidedin :rrn.bbO'X'-c::Lt1dlbars-

to prevont chain vibrations. Turbochargers of Bu.rr1eister's we::tl-known water cooled. smd ~obust dO'sign are a'V'a~lable for engines ofany cylindo!' numbe~. A speciaJ.,. spray gun is sttppliedl for cleaningtho chargers during'-'operation.The ain coolers for the j;urbochargorsare arranged for ea§y ,clean:Lng while remaining ,in I?lace"

The manoeuvring systeI1~is pnetU:1atic. and consists of three assem-bli~s: the- manoeu:vring'"'desok, the governor unit, and the cOLlponentbox. The system can, as desired, be arranged either for engiJ;leFoamconDrol alone or fqr conbinqd engine-roam and bridge con~rol.

Mano(:)1;.vring is by m~ans of a control handle with posi tio~s forstop and start as well as a range for engine speed regulation.

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;

The revorsing hbhdie Il:( in'dorpQrated ion tJ;J,g.engine-rooD tele-graph. Tho DOJ:1ooeuvring desk i!:J conne~ted to thQ"b~gine merely by'Deans of pipos'-'and cables, this leaves a wide Dapgin for the loca-tion of the dosk. ~

The m.ano~U"'fring system can be ext~~dGd with an autoDatic elec-tric rOLfmto SYSt~D, o'ffering three, ;I?9ssi bili ties of manoeuvringthe engine: .

~

1.- Manoeuvring froLl the bri dge2.- Manoeuvring froD the enginE;; rlD'OD3.- EDergency running, which is perfort1~d via a conpJ...e

te~y independent system for engine speed control.

The ine'tX"l,1l:lentation can be extended acoording to individualrequirODonts. lVlany B & W engino ships are tjporated with 'no watch'in the engine roon for 16 hottrs on weekdays and 44 hotirs at weelt-ends,i.e. the ~~gine rOOD is unattended for 124 hours of theweek's 168 hours.

'A mOI1el1t CODpel1~ator can be fitted on engines with six cyitn-ders but is ul1neces,sary on engines with other 9ylind£r nUIJlbers..,

~ Hydraulic jacks for handlittg the large nuts are supp~ied asstandard oquipnent. They are used fo~.tighteningartd loo~ening~piston r~a nuts, the nut~ on' crosshGad-bearf~gs bolts, crank~bearing bolts, Dain-bea~ing studs, and tie boltso Hydraulic jacksfor the fOillldation bolts are also aV4ilable.

"..

The use of hydraulic jacks offers two advantages wich contri-bute to faci~iting and improvin~ naintonancG eff~ciency; they arelight and easy to handle, 'releasing the engineers f~OD the heavywork with large hand tools and harmers, and they (jnsure that thejoints are al\fays given the correct amount of tensi6n~

--- VOCABULARIO TECNI CO

Air cooler Enfriador de aireAir intake TODa de aire

~o~plate BancadaBore ' DiOLletro interiorBrake horsepower ~otencia ef~ctivab~1sI{aft Eje de levas'Controllable pitch propeller EOlice de paso variable(1 1

. .1 " .' t .:J . f . ..' ,.vOO1.ng 01. . ..':. . . . . . . . . . . .. p.ce1. c....le re r1.gerac1.on

Cooling-jackets C3nlaraSde refrigpracicnOro.nk .1J!j-:~_rings Cojinotes dol cigUofialCro.rr.kcQ,'e .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Carte r

Cro~~hoad beartng Cojinote do la cru~otaCrosshoad shoos Patines do la crucotaCylindor cover ,f! To.pa' 'dol cilindro~Jiindor liner C~~isa del cilindro,Exhaust valve Valvulade o~capeFixod pitch propeller Relice de paso fij@

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Flange.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :B:rfda

F:rru::J.e "'.!" e...". J c.. R'lstietorGirder ~ o..o.? Vagras esloraGovernor. . . . . .. . . ... . . .... i!le"gulador

Hydrati.lic jack ~ .{}ato hidrauli_cqReversing hatidle Palatica de 'dOLlbio de 'marohaRoller guidesd 0 . ........~Guia~ de log rodilloS'Rubber-clad. , Revosti:t:lionto de g0maS cavonge air box , Oole ctor de aire de barridoSemi;";ouil t ~ , Semi-empo tradoSingle a9ting ."..0 ' Simple efectoSpindle.. .~.. . ... . ~.~. .....,Husillo, v6.stagoSpray gun , Pistola pulverizadoraStarting valve , Valvula ae arranqueStroke. . . . . .. .. . . . ... . .., {E:mbolada,carrera'"Thrust b~aring ~ rdhumacera TIe empujeTie-rod , TiranteTightening.. . . . ..~. . ".' Aprotaa.oTurb(j<,?hqrger "' f ~ '" C. 0 f' Sobrealimen'Bao.or;? a~imontadorTwo-strok~ eng1...ne ", , motor de dos tiODpOSValve hoti.sing ~ ".~".. °.° A~lojamiento de la vo.lvu.l_8.Uniflow scavenging Q"e.".. furrido d~ flujo unidi-

reociony,l.Welded Soldado~

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Air cooler enfriador de aire

" intaque toma de aireBedplate bancadaBare (cliametro inter ior]Brake horsepower potencia efectivaCamshaft eje de levasControllable pitch propeller ... helice de pasoCooling oil aceite de refrigeracion

11 jackets camara de refrigeracionCrank bearings cojinetes del ciguenalCrankcase cartercross~~ad bearing cojinete de la cruceta

"shoes patines de la crucetaCylinder cover tapa del cilindro

"liner camisa deicilindroFixed pitch propeller...helice de paso fijo

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variable

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EJEHCI 010 DE LEOTUIlA Y TRA-DUCOION

B & W DIESEL ENGINES,'"'<

Type 26 MTJ3-40V is a four-stroke, non-reversible, tJ.-unk....I>iet~n V-engine"'! th e~aust turbo charging an~ inter-cooling ofthe ;'harging air. The cylinder bore is 260 mm. and the stroko400 IT';I11.The cylinders are ranged in two banks forming an angleof 45Q.+'oGach others a deaign that has resulted in a low andcompact c1J..;ino Guj.table for installation in engine rooms with re-latively little headroom.

The 26I:ITi3-40V en,;ine is available in units of 10,1~, 1410 or 18 oylinders, covering a power range from 1, 800 bhp to3,240 bhp. It :'Ls of:fered in the following three vorsionc:-

26 NTBF-40V: ~.~ain marine en{;ine for geared or die sel-ole etrioinstallf:;tions.r,;larine 'fru.xiliary engine for generator operatio:.:..Stationary engine for driving generators orpUL'lpS 0

26 IVITrlI-40V~26 ELTJJS-40V:

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In marine propulsion plants the following three drives8.r(~ JXii'3si bIG ~

a) One or 111.01'8,;ngines ~0uplod throus-h reduction al1.0. rover-'sing Ge;:~rs to fixed 'pi'Gcb. propellers.

b) One Ol more engines coupled through reduction gear onlyc~lQ employing controllable pitch propellerso .

c) ~ivBel-elGctric drive with engines ,coupled direot to ge-nerators supplying power to alleleotric motor on thepropeller shaft.

..........

, The o::-'c~nk!,.::::.::-'d.conei sts o:f two par'ts: a frarne and a bedpla te boltecLtnD"<' ~lL3r. :n!.,:~ oronkcase is provided vdth ventilation ducts whichCSUl 03 lod i:c1tothe evir.. On both sides cf the orankcase, large ..

port,s Give <:~,asyaOO8SfJto connecting-rods and main journal beari:c.€.;s"ThcS0 ports have light motal COvers.

The f~..?~. which is made of oast iroD1 fOrTile the main struoturalmember 0:;: the en,sine. It carrios the main, boaJ..;Llgsfor .the cra..'Ylk-shaft ~ the bO2.rings for the t1:VOoamshafts, and pousing with g'clidesfor the Qotuating goar of valves and fuel pumps~ Each cylinder isattaohed to thG frame vdth four long studs of special steel.

Tho bed2Ip~~ is of cact iron, and serves as reservoir for the lu-brioating oiJ..It can 'Geprovided \vith an amply dimensioned oiloutlet with strainer to tank, if desired.

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The t19in journal bettri.Ili.~llGll~ are replaceable precision CO1:1po-'nemts~ They are of steel +inelliwith leaded b~onz~uand a thin gal-vaniclo.yer ~f leaded tino The 'Dain bearin&, shellS" are carried in

tbe frOI:lo and have bear=!-ng caps of steel design~d to, allow,' repla-

QG,me:qt pt' tp.~ srell~ W;:!ygutJ.gwer~ng the cr~shaft.!he oyiinders are of smple design, eaoh oonsistingof a separatocylinde~ oover, a a,viindorliner, and a~ooli~g Jacko~ fiX9d tothe top of the tVaJ;}ewd.th ~our iohg stud.s- of special s-teel.

!J,'Pe oylinde~ liners are cast in f1ne-grttitted. high qual1ty perliteiron. The top flan~ of each linele' rests on Yhe cooling jttoket,while th~ lower ends a~ :rotained:~ by the fraD.e. Rubber rings are.'used,t~ seal the joints between the cooling jacket and the liner,and also between the crankcase,and the liner.

The cDo~in~ jackets are of cast ~ron. They encase the cylindersand each is provided.wij;h nipples-and rubberrings for inlet andoutlet of oooling yyater.

The cx.linder covers a:r:'eDado of. f:Lno-grained cast ird:flo ThOY areeach fitted with two a~r-inlet and two oxhaus-t valveS", a centrallyloctttedfuel valv~, a starting and. s-afety vaJ.ve, and. 0.valve forneasuring gas-pressure in,the cylindGr c'over to prevent cDntani-nation of ci~culating oi10 The cylinder coverS" are arranged fonquick, and easy diSDantling and refitting with the aid of hydra1L1.ictools<t

The crank!:ihaf'f;is a single forging of high quaJ,.ity steeJ_, and tho--,~ --cro.r.Lk :t;;ins [LYJ.dj oumlals art inc1u~Giol'l-hard8ntJd.~ Each erm,t'k :pincarries ~vo connoctin~ rods Dounted.~ide by sid~f one froD eaChof 0.pair of cylinders forning the V.. The crankshaft ~s proviooclvdth a coupling flange for connectingto ~ generatorshaftor fo~fien ble coupling'he tweon ongine D..."ldwgGo'J:*e ~

.The con:t1ec;..ti.ng rods are open-hearth steel forgingsi" The SDall 'endSare closed and providedwith bronzelinerseThe big ends- aro spli iiat rnl c'cuto anGl.o to the centre line of the connecting rod toalTow. "vi thdraw2.1~ of piston and connecting rOd. through the cylinderlinorf-

.1:p.ec.O~cti~l'ocl bearJpg she1J.s aro replaceable procision unitsof steel and have leadod prollZelinings providod.with a thin gctl-vanio layor of loadtld tin... The Dating s!u-faces betvveen tho' rodsand tho boar'i:ng caps artJ., serrato(l~ ~nd tho bonring cap j-S' erecurodwi th nickel stoel screws'/)

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ThoVpist~ are of-'cast iron with floating case-ha~dened gudgeonpins. Three, cOD:pression rings and two scraper rings are fitted toeach pi§ton.

The cODshafts one on ai ther side of the engine, are gear-wheel--driven froD the after ona of the engine and are carried i11 bettringsbuil t in th0 fronei. ~e shafts can b~ extracted frOD the sides ofthe;, engines, and ettch of" the bearings can be replaced withoutdisturbing the con8~afts.

--- Air-inlot and oxha.ust valV<?s are actuated by push-rods and rocke:rsft'on co.-tis on the cao.shafts. The valve goti.r on' tho cylinder 90veris encased an~ lubrication of rocker ~r.os etc, is autonatbc.

The 'fuel punps, 'one 1:9r each cylinder, are driven by, adjusttibleCODs on tho canshaftse Fron the top end of each P11I;1P,a pressurepipe leads to the fuel valve on the cylinder cover. The engine is~quipped with 0. hydraUlic governor and a device for autonatiastopping qt too high speed. ,

Fuel oil suP'P~y pump ana lubricatin~ punp, are driven by theen~e. If desired, froshwat<;)r and salt water cooling punpscanals 0 be dri ven by the engine e

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VOOABULARIO TEaNI 00

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Actuating gear Mecattisno de transDisi6nAir inlet ~ A~isi6n do aireAvailable ~ DisponibloBank.. . . . ,~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..' Banda, lti.do

Bearings OojinetesBearing oaps Tapas del cojinete u

Bearing shells ~.. Envol turas do los cojinotosB9dplcuto " '.' ",~ Bancadab.h.:p.. (broa.k horse power) . Potencia. o.ih.lfi'renr..,Bolted .~ EnpornadoBuil t in :~ Enpo tradoOOJ.:l '.. . . . ,~ . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . .. Le va

COJ::lshaft ',' ~ E jo de levasCas't iron... ,1'. .. . . ".. . .. . . . ... irI..G:O;:Of'l:P.IDa:O'Chargi1!~ air "" ~. . . .. .... Air0' de aliDontacionOonprossion rings Aros do cODpresi6nConnecting rod BielaOontrollable pitchpropoller Helico de paso variableCooling punp ~ Bonba de refrigeraci6nCouplec1 ' " ,1' AcopladoCO'..rer " ' '...',~,~. tt'qp...aCrank~a.se . " .. e,. C6.rterCrankshaft ..., Oiguenal

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Cylinder, bore .......Di!3IJ.e-tro d~l ~ilindroEx:hau~t .~, . ... Evacila'ci-6n" e,sqp-peExho:u.:::d;valve ,.>e.. 9. "..0. a VDJ.vuJ.a'de evacuacionFixed pit~ propeller ~.~ H~lice aa-paso variableFloating ...'..."...~.""" ;F;totb.nte . '.

For dr~ v:j..ng .-. . , 11...~. .Para propulsD.X',FrOJ:le ,.. t' .. .. .... .. .. . .., fus tidor . -

Fuel pun.p .'e .~.. .. ,. .~..., BombS.'de conbusti bloGeared installatioI,ls !,., Inatalacionos. de. ongranajeGear-wheel driven ~ ,'.., ,AccioJ?rado'per ruedadontadaGudgoon p~n, ... 4)."."." ...,." ,~.6p.t 'paso,dor dol oDboJ;oHardGnod,. ".. . . . ..",""... ~nd~r...Q.~i..oD .". .HeadrooD, ~ ..... "." .. "" ... ,umra- de, un conpartiDiontl1Housing. .. . . .. . ... . . ., ..'.'.. "', ,:hInvo1 t1.:tra, alo j OJ:liontoHydraulic govop:1or ' .",RoguIadar ,hidrb,ulicoIntol-cooling,. (".. ".0-0" '.~. RC:fi-igoraeion; intoroediaMain bearing '"~..,. 09;; in~ te princ:tpaJ.Mo.iJj jO1:lrn.al bearing '. ;Cojih~top.rincipalOu-tIe -t <t.o. .f. . .~.... ...... . .. ".. Salfda':. ' .'Power rar:..ge oo , c :Q;q.p,ade. :pG:tencia.r-'rbpellor. ~haft :"0 -:.. <;." Eje' Cio ~a~ 1161ice

1~-v:sh-ro9- ' ~ . !tTarll:la, flQ. eD~u.j'eRanged.. .. q"..." "01.. .. . . . , . . 'o:Alip.~qqo.s "

, . - ,,_.. " -..Reductionged.~-,."...;,:;; ;'f ~:g;n~~;les roductoX'es,Reversi:n,.g gear,;;;;; ;.~.~. .MG~i~~oda CD.14blo demarcha. " ,. . ... . ~ - .1 -,.

Rockor ~.. GO,t. .:"'~'...~ ..:. \,t.'!> '. Bb.lb.n9~' .~, ",: . J '.'"" . '" '.. ,Ro clror am .. i. 'iI'; .. .. '. '. '. '. a.~'.' !Btllcr.ncin .;;:,','d .. . . . .Scrapor rings ~ :Arcs rascak16re:sStationary engine ...',t. M6.quina. fijQ: "Stra.ine +' , ~.....",",' til tro .Stroke" ..0. o. ... . . .. . . . . ,",,'.:. En:bolada, 'carreraStuds... . .. . . . . . . . . " .0 " ".~ ~spd.rrago-S'

Suitable"... ".f." " AdecuaaoTrunk piston -.' Cl.. O.f>-EDbolo. de tronco'Turbo ohargin.g "...; So brealiDen taci6nV0.1ve ge.ar " .'.0 " ~"" MoviBien to do' la v8J. vulaVentilo.tion ducts ~ ~ 'fd'Onductos de ventilaci6n~

C R.O<;~Ht;.~t CJ'v.u.-k.- I" SHO'GS ~ W1J * k tJ\Avl.\).L

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Actuating gea~ ,!~...mec~nismode transmision

'jja~~i§i6h de aite

Avilabilie

Bank

Bearings

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caps:

I I'" 'shells)~\h i" , ,

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b~"h.p. (break horse

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Charging air

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LINEA DE EJES .- er GUENAL..

VocCtbu1ario

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Bedplate B~ncadaCrankahaft Ci~~ng~Cranlrweb~ Brazos'del ciguonal, guitarrasCrankpins '.'.!".'.'.."".'." Munone~ de bielaCrank~axles Munones principalesCollar CollarinLine of shafting Linea de ejesLiner" .. , . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. OsDioa - --Gunnotal , Bronce de caff6nJournals LuChader~s, Dunonos ~rincipalosmain bearing!3" Cojinetes principalesPropeller"boss (Nu.cleode la helice-Tail-cnd-shaft ~je de colaScrew ship Buque do propulsi6nmecMicaStGrn tube BocinaThrust bearing ChUDacera do ODpUjO

Thrust shaft Ejo de eDpujo.

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LINE OF SHAFTING

, A lihe ~f shafting in a screw ship consists of: The crank~shaft, thrust shaft at one end, and at the other the tail-shaft~ ~ - .

and betweon thom the intermediate shafts.

CRANKSHAFT

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J Tho crilllkshaftis a portion of the shafting composed ofcranks rigidly attachod to one another. :et cOr,lvertsup-and-dmV!lmotion ef pi~tons into rotary notion of ~haft.

. Oro.nln"§ho.:~'ts,t:j.ay be oi ther ~forged' or bui:tt-1ql. The bufl t-".OLp

crankshaft.. is c :posed of. t1 series of 'Orankpins, crank axles, andcrank-~bs~ Tho crank axles or.~ournals are supported Qy the nainbearings in the engine bodp+ate, ~d the conne~tingrods work ontho crarikpins. \ I" .,;,. , , , . < " " " " ,

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THE THRUST SHAFT

The thrust shaft rests in tho thrtistboarin~. It is fittediDDediatoly o.baftthe crankshaft"and consi§ts of a shaft with 0.nUDbor of collars which tronsI.li ts tho thrust of the propeller to...

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t110. tf'.I'U8t blocl::: slF~':J3 <:tnd SO to tho Sllip. Tho thru.st 321.~~ftis supported in bearinGs. Th:) propollor thrust t0nds to pushthe sho.fting forvvard buteach collc.r on the thrust =hC'~ft rubs2ga.inst the fo.ce of tho thrust ~hoo and so tra.nsmi ts tho thrustto ~ho 'block and so to tho shij;). . " ..

IHTERIIEDIATE SHAFTS

Tho intormodia to shafts: c.ro fi ttod bo two on the th~'ll f>t

shaft Dnd tho tail-ond-shaft.. They hg.vo a couplingG"7. -:;c~oh cnd~.-for bolting to .tho other shafts by mOlli1.Sof the couplJ..ng'bolts.

TAIL-m'JD-SHAFT ~~ & cJ1-.

.' Tb.o to.il~ond-sho.ft is tho shaft to which the propelleris fixo'd. The part of it whic..'IJ. is insido tho stom tube is :fit-ied vrltll [1 liner of gLu1Lloto.l which C3.l1 bq rone\vod v/hon worn.

In tho C1.ftDrond of tho t[dl-ond.-s~t en tors tho -propol-ler bOGS v~lich is s8curod te th0 Ghaf~ by 0.key c~~nd0.la.r0Dnutwhich is scrO\vod tigb.tly 0:1 the ShLlft.

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(1)'.~:J-ou.rn::1......).- Crc.Dkwoh........

( 4 y~'~ Crc.nl: pin ~~:l£on ~:"bi ol c.

( ~ ) l'1"' U T' l ' n g' 0 """; "'~ o- ,,- 4.., ..,,;J. ,".' --'-' -'~';""'- .",v .

(s)."": Do':1o1pi:"l.....

Hu5..0:l, 1uchc..d oroQu,i"tl'.,rrt.., b'.f;c.a~~ cl oi G,i!:JJ.e.l "

Ruzillo.!l

'.

ICJERCI CIa DE LE CTTIRAY TRADUCCION

,

""' IoTh~ or~shaft

The rigid o~a.nkshe.ft is 0. highoarbon steel drop forging .,

carefully heat-treated to insure utmost strengthand durability.'All main and connecting rod bearing. journal surfaces areelo.otri.-~ally hardenedby the Tocco prooess.

"Completo static !::mddynamio balance of the rota:tingpartshB-s boen aohieved by countervveights forged, integral vvith thecrankohaft.

'-'

Tb.0 orankshaftwashors on 0 Ccoh side

is urillod for fUll

tin Tod bearings.

thrust is taken through:tvvo-pio 00 bronZBof'the roar main bearing. The o1"anlmhaft

pressure lubrication to the main and conneo-

Two dowels aro provided in the oranlq3haft flange at t}lSroar for looatingthe flywhoelon "bllO shaft. Six tal)I)od holos.,'ono unequ2lly spacod,'aro providod for attaching the fl:y-whoc:l~Owing to, this foO,turc, a fJ_ywheol~~oan bo attachedin only onol?ooi tit):n.

The six-oylindor orankshaf::t has 7 main bearings, each31/2:1 in. dil:;Jllotor and 1 1/811 long.

"""

'Y'

:Jinco boaring loads talw place on the lower half of th;:;,ms-in ooarL1.G s}wllo and the uppor half of the connooting rod-bO8.ril:1gshells, 'vvear' on the shells talw placo at thoso pointsfirst..If, therefore t main bearingor oonnoctL1J.g rod boaring ...

trouble is 3USl)Octod, the oil pan Ol1cl the main boaring oz>.psa;uVioll 2.8 "tJJ.Q conrlGcting rod bearing oapsshould bo romovod, oneat s.. time;, and the lovvor half of tho main boaring sholJ. and.tho uJll)()r }'.,~~1:?e:[:' thu corUle ctinG' roel boc~ril'lg shol1s inspectodfoJ::'scoring, oorro;::lion, chipping? craoking~ or sign.;::~ of OVO1'<:'hC2ting. If cr;].nkshaft 112S boon overhoated, oxamine tho jour-nals for cracks. Tho b,,:.,oks of tho boaring sho11s should a100

be inspoctod fc;r ony bright spot;].. Bright spots on backs of t}bsholls will indicato that s11011s havopeon shifting in thoir

su:-pports andaro u..1'lfit for further usc..

"

. If the cranlmhaft jouTI'lalsdo not 1ib.raTfsigns of scoring.cv.:!,rheating? or abnOl"IllLll -v/oar? it vrill be u.nnecossa:r.'y to removetho crankshs£t as tho cO:"Jc1itionmay be c0rroctod by ol'langing

tho .v-rormhalf of tho boaring sJ).ells onJ-y, providing tho °P1Josi...

to h:.11£ is in usable oondition..

1Jo080 mcdn 'boo-rings Vlill bc Qvidynco by the \;,robling oftj:lC :;?lyvvhnr.:>. (;1"a drop in oil prossuro*

If tho cral'lkslwftjournals show signs of ovorheating orar;) badly soorod., -them t}-w oranl::shaft must be romoved and a

..........

now 0110 8ubsti tutod..

'""'"'"

'!Vl-\O::1.~;. crO,n}(shaft h8.s boon romoyod for re condl. tioningfor C'-Wlyroason whe tsoove:r, [l throug.h inspo ction shc'~Lld 1')0carriod out bofore the shafrt is again installed in -tho engino.Such a cllock should include:

Blowout all 011Mo~suro all main

jOUrlle-I.:3.Tho journals should be mauDurod ut soyeral placos on tho

di~~ator in orthor to 3how tho ~Nallest dicillletor in case thojourn.als havo worn out of round.

p9.ssagos \vi th air..boarings ond COilnec'ting rod bearing

Measuro thothickness of the main bOQring cmd connoctingrod boaring shells.

'-"VO CA BU I,A ill 0 TI~ CHI CD

, ~

Bearing CCLP " ~ ~ ~..... . ~. . .'D) 3ring j olll'no,l ..............Bearing oholl .oo..coe..oo.CO1'l:n.octirig I'Qd beo.r'ings ~",Bri E9:1t sp 0t "0 <.. ... . . . . . 0. . .oca olein g " "CrcJ.'ll:sl;L8,f'-[; ~. ... . ..... . . 0. .

TapG ..d.o-J:.-cD-:finetoCoj :l110~ (IqJ l11cJ;.lacloroEmbolturadel ooji:JctoCln:um.\cel'us do biG:ls, .Prm-Go bril12nto

Dri~ lu cl .. . .. . . . .. . .

Grio -tf.lGr!"' ~ '

.~n .',lil,:)1. . N-

OOI:'l)ro bar, R',rrc:nac1o

"-- (]:;:;e1;: .',~". 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......

'-"

-"r.,'1"\ I .J'.r" 1 ,'-'\l ll r, '"J..!.,-y"l~..'- " ~. . . . . . . " . " . ,". .J.L.coJ.~. ~"..", JC'" 0" ',' ril -"'" "',1,- ,-', ,'. ."i" +. ,n ..t :-..J... cp J.O:r;.;:,l,1.1g, ..!: OL J~,"U,) ',." .I..L.-,-Y' ulYl<.,; i..,

Flr1'i,1go . ~ ~ ... . . . . . . . ". . . . . ... J3ri c1rl,

JT'l~':'.v}~lOGl" ~,~... VolantoHih-oarboYl stoel Q"'"..,. Aooro de alto onrbono

'.. " "

J OllL'llEJ,l ".. 0 ". . r. ". .. ~.. - -IJowor C(Y:.Yl.JIJ'tine; red lX.Jdringo C11u:rIl2COr[~ do bj.(;lo.. in-

.I' :f()rior~

M::.:in 1.'0iJTings c C. . " ., OlTLllilD.COY'Q3l')rincipalosOil :pCLn0 futot::1~ colootor do acoiteOVUY'f1.C!:.i:ti)d" , 0 Ro ca.10E -'cc-do

Sooring, Q. ... . . . . . . . c~. " . . .. Ho,ynd urClS

Thr'ust Q 0 . . .o. Er:1I)'LljO

Tapped halo ~. 0. . . . " . . . . , .. j\.S"1)..joropc-lrn rOBcarWashors ...".. ,.. ....... . . . . . . .. A:cnndcl.':J,sWobling ', 0. . . . ." 0 s cilL'tciono:3.

" 1-'1

'" .J

( Oon't:i.nuaci6n).,< T}~ U A ...~..

LA HELIcr:;, , ""---'."---

'"'

Ve ca bulario---

'--'

AllGad !"..""..."".,"'.""""" AV;lrl t~Blad.e' '.. .. ..o'~.. . .. . . ... . . ... . . . . . . ~. j?alctBIs.deflk-lllge.' ,.. . . . . . . . . .. JRlsede la pa1a13oss' e. .'.. '.'. '.'. '. '.-.'...,..,..~ucleq..BttiJ.t propeller """;~.'...' , H6iice de palas indepen-

. , , , , , ' . '. dien te sCo.vitation '. .'.'.. '0' ~ ~ ~ Cavi taci6n

::... ,., ..

Controllable pitch propeller H'lice de paso vario.ble1!'our blad~) d propeller.."" Heli co de cun iro })alas11u b CUboKey. . «. . . . . . . . . . . . . . to,," . . .. . . . .:... ~ Cfllaveta

Left-ho.lldGd lJr°'P{;Jller H,Slico do g'iro a 18 izq.I)i .t 0:.1 Pas 0

Pi toh PJ1;~l::! Ang1l1o do pasoT'!" '" RI

" ~,;l'~C~.n r':I..t~o 'le ac~on (.le pas 0r:cc~')01'! ~)1' Helico1;. .. :>"':,..,., l ~' ,," 'r' R b l ' . "o1~. t n ." -", 1""'1~ rv'"

ropt).""J..\';11 s, ..!..,j! « es a c.1l11J..\:j~... 1I Ut:> .1..::. ;,8..;.., v'-;;-..,' , ... cl ~ '

] ,. "1 ' 1'

d 1 r:j ,.b.~{~1'G:1011 oc". prol)o ..;e:e " ~0 1,8 ~ce e 1)<:180 a .._~~ ,-,-SY'2011EI.

Six-blGc1ocl ;u'opc!llor & ft... II61ice de sois pdlu.sSJJ.l) " Hos ba)31ui <:}:1:'.toSoJi.(l .Q2'()pt::;l,'.:.,:!l" ".""".~..""".""'. Helice solidcc.\, .

~Fhr()e-bl,:.:J.edpro}y~ller .';".."."." H61ioC\ elC! -Gros :palas2,\ipo. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c"~. . . ... Purl to' ,de .la palSl

Twin pro:pollers HelioosgoillQIaso

--",...

'--" - ----.--.--.

':'::10 PI': ~,"',:!EE ~D-Jq' ~< ~-QIl"O '" tu. V"e$::;::1,:',1'oroi)cllor is a devico which drives the ship throuD:h

, , . ".~' ...~ H..<..tb ~ ' :- -. <) . , .'.. , '," 1'~"", ,., ...," .j.." .C' . "(.- ."'" It.L1"" tk, !.J},.c.. -'- v \~Oa,~).!- LI~1 OJ. a boss or liu Cdrr In>-' throo or fouJ.: radla~.fc::U!CV) , ,,<;.;>

bladou of n..n .c,t})prOx~2:" tolyhelioal sur:t'L:.co.h..~ JUM.CvJ,,' />.CUU?

. "!,., -. .,'L' -'YV;;' t:'Ia~ -p "C1at . ..on a te 1 '" 1'"1 -"n,.."~,."1.1.,1: fA"", .t,.o,)(:..I..('r'J. ~'~'" ill,.: co o,~ Ccc-v ~l ,;;;> e} L~ no__-cor.L,J,.::.L/'::..-

alloy or 1l1,::m,3cr:,:iS8G 'brOll;ljO.

'-, <......

-.,

- .L A -r::r'o'QoIIGr is rir2;!:l t-h;Jlldod 'when v:.rith enpj.nc-Ji:1 t11.rninp~o..vi!'MNe. ... .. - ~, .,-1..L_'~)".d.f i 'tu u.~)!,ler IJ.cllf r<)volvCG .from port to starboard, cnd 18:f-[;hc:.l1docl ;i,(~!' t.;,::: :"\0t:..on if' i'rom stnrbo~;rc1 to port.

,:' ~-':"dw"TllC 'c::'o'Y'I(:~l(;r bos3 f(Y".\fl.3 thlj: J". . , , , ,.'..'-

C3.rri08 .t1e bl:~(]('3:~::1d :fr;;~:::2Scc::.rc-ra.l l,ortio:'l. 0:1..' the 'prc;.'j)ol::.r::Jr ""/h1ci:;'1-l1°~ l >'1;>('1J.."1 ] ';1 O .? p.J.l :+~~ci~'-:> n

-t' wi *1~ tJ"'jr> t o",';-;-,\/..v ,...J' .'-" ,.,:~v t;J... ,>v ,.'-

" n e' S1-1p r7t ..f ~'-; C'" r.,."'t ny.r, ;." to +' 10 "<

) 'J"> Ci p ">11r:-. r h 08 '" '...nO ;<-:< T7-j""":-, (1 .",i'c,';,) .:c,'" .t ,- .. ..~ " ?or..: J:;, ~J. -' - ,J ..l.,:C \" ,,1 ~ ~ ,"'" _.L.,~ '-' >,) '- -..l. '" - l> t,-".. ., .!. l,;~.. ~,, ~ -\- r.-e I., t "'. .1 . 1 1 .J.." t " ,. '"

rC:('-GJLD1.l.L,"""'" ;r,->";- r,'-;i.J. 0"1'01."> 11~'" j{° Y <{ -1"(.'\8 P. S ClJ OT Q.',-;> 'D1'O"('" 101"_.- ': . <.J ..I,," """11' ',.. 101.-'""11/1:;...q,':;) '" ~-:..'" .., J:. 1:' j .,-

boss. 1j~iP :'I'o::1)1~Lor i., :{L~.:r:'-~~-lGI'SGCi.-1.:ccJby a nut vlhich is sorc'Nodti(.:;t1.tly C:'l th"" 3~:r'8wod portion of tho shaft.

rs

I

J

?~I:ti this type of prop~11eJ1-t 'the blades may be turned on

t4~ir respectivq vertical ~fis, as to neutral position, aster.n~' ~

pbsition or ~aad pbsition. 2hey are fitte~ in nodern soall vesselsusually in tug~ whose engines' of intornal combust~on type turnthe propeller snaft aontinuously in one d~rection.

P.ITCH.- Pitch is a terra applied to tho distance a prope'lloJ,'!.JwilJadvance during a revolution, su:possing the~ is no slip..

, .. . ~tt..e- . ~"'~'d" .~ ~ SLIP. .- SI),}) i~ the ~tff'er(3nce betwoen the actual 8J?eett of yhe

ship and the sPb~ the propeller 'Or engine spoed.,.. ---.

~CONTROLJ~BLE 1:1TCH PROPELLER

~

". dIII1II~ ~=::I

VDCABULARIO TE aNI CD..

.. >.

'--'Ptston de accionaoientoEspiga de alineacionValvula re'gul~dorade lacontrapresion.

Boaringri~g .o o ~ Aro do apoyoCrankpin ~...o 0 0 ... Mufiondo accionDL1ientoCrank pin ~ng Aro de ~ccionQQientoEnd cover !,4.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tapa posteriorFairing p1ato 1' Placa de recubriDientoFill and static pressure line 0 Tub~ria d~ llena~o y de

, " t't'

pres1on es a 1ca.Flange. .; 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... PIe tina

High presRure seal o~ Obturador de alto.prosionHub body Cuerpo del nucleoHub cone 1 Cono del nucleoIndicator laop for engine load$ Lampara indicadora de la

cacga de la maquina.Inlet pressure rogu.latingvalve Va1Wla reguladora"dc la

presion de entrada.Interoediateshaft " 0 Ej~ inter.medioKey .o ~ , PasadorLinkage to yoke lover Transmisiona la palanoQ

do accionamiento.

Lower oil stora@G tank .o ~o Tanque do a1DacenaQientode aceite inferior.

Low pressure seal ...~~ 'f'Obturador"'"'debaja presi6nOil distribution box caaara distribuidora de

aceite.

Passages for equalizing pressure Galerfas para igualarla' presi6n.

Piston crank .~ Piston de acc£onaoientoCon trol 'de paso

RodiIlos de guiaJ:I.rO se lladoI:l

Manguito deslizante --Palanca de accionaniemt.c~,

Actuating piston, o...Alignmont'-'dowel ...0 ..~Back pressure regulating valve.

"--""

Pi tch control" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~

Roller guide ,

Sealingring .."..............Sliding slo9ve ................Yoke lever....................

..re.

EJERCIOIO DE LEOTURA Y TRADUOCION

PROPELLERS

~~~. c.e. ,r.o.uJ0..

The most commo~ f~r.mof propeller today is the soli~ propeller; ,

which is a single cJstitig, the blados being cast integral with -the bOs~but also a very common type is "Tho built propeller" 4A"'-

P~.ao~j!.~e..-A'.,.r 'Do.,::. L",,(lt... 'The built propeller has the blades and boss cast seTIarately, ~~e_. 0...".:. ~,. '" .<...,

blades being seoured to the boss with s'ruds iJl1d nuts, the heads of whichare usually faired into the boss wi~h oement.

, The IJ ~ief advantago is that, if 0J.1.0 blade beoomesdamaged beyond

repair, it is a relatively cheap'm~r~,? renew the blade rather thanthe whole propelloro As a result, we find th~ a lar@8 number of tbetwin-sorewv8ss8ls-Plyingb0tween:mho BritishIslandsand the East. ha-:-- G;s\(t.t-t.-f<""'.,.t.(~ t . ,:' ~ tA.

"'-' ving to pass through the Suez Oanal, vvi th i ts a:p1iend~~riskof damage-to the blades, ?-,re~fitted with built propellers. A rur\)ier advantage isthat, by olongati\ig tho holding-down stud holes, allowanoe is usuaJ.,.lymade tor SOill8adjustment to the pitch, should this prove desirable.One dr~back, howevor,is that the ratherlarge boss necessaryto aocom-modate tlt° blade flange, o:r palm as it is usually known, loads to oertainminor iosses in efficiency. Nevertheless, if the boss is well designed,these losses should not amount to more than 1 or 2 per oent as oomparodwith the equivalent solid propeller.

.'

~ontrol}a~le-:e.i to.h...Pro}2e~llers

~~ ,...d As it name implios, ~t is, possi blo to'alter, atwil.l, the pitch 9f this type of propeller to suit the prevailing resii3"'"tanGo conditions.. This change in pitch is effo cted by rotating the ola-t.>u "t{ '1'-""""-

do about its vort~oal axis, t~is movement usually being oarried out byhydraulic or mochanical means. Tho most obvious application is for the'

..Jc..h-.f," odouble-duty ves..se171'

.'.SUO..las the tug or trawler whoro the opera,ting con-

4 !, ! (.40..-'Y'A. ~di tions when towr:.g or running freo are entirely'different. Since it is

usuCtlly possi ~o ~l;o<C3vorso the pi toh completely, and so reverse thedireotion of thrU'set,it has one obvious. advantage wb,enused in con~unc-tion with a uni-diroctional prime-mover. In this-~~er connection, itwould soem to have a considerable futuro whon tho internal-combustion

turbiI1.o b~t;oItlos"-a force to bo~re~ka;y{';d'\iliith in the marine-ongineeringworld. ~."

r""" , ,'it,.tT)In multi-engine vossols, whore varying numbors of onginos have

to be oporQto~qf~iciently , many large oontrol~aple-pitchpropollers,,')..'~.. ..", & ~ ~ . ..t:l.."...(.~U f"" .-'~"'~',,~...

havo boen S:upp.Lled. .;:,1any propellers 01: thlS dOSlgn, for horse-powerratL~gs varying froill'500 to over 8~OOO, aro now. in operation,throughoutthe world in f'urries, oro-g;.:).rriors,pilot ships,' cargo ships, cross-channol ships, canal" c:..nd river traders? trawlers, ice-breakers, Yvhalers,t"Llgsand other ships.

Hydrauli caIly Ope ro.!e_o Prope 110rs

l:'Iostvvidelyused of tho hydraulically operated..

.....

-,.

'\-.;

'""-:-'

= "'I '

prdpellersis the "KAlVIEWA",a Swedish propellerwhosebasiodesign was .develo:ped from experience of 'the K~plan water turbi-l1e; and, 1.1ILl.fke'.the othq~..:t?rinc1pal ty:pe~., hqs ...~e operatingservomotor ,posi t1oned ou=ffiOard in th~, h{fp ooa.y. ~ ,

The servomotor control valve is also in the"hub body, andis re~ated, P.y ~ tube down the hollow propeller sh~ting. Thistube also 6otrdeCYsthe operating oil fromthe oil distributingbox inboard to the control valve.

e". ...-~"t! ".' .. cb ~

The fonward end.of th~ shaft tube conne,ctS'with a k~y which

is moved ft)::e and ~fLtt by a slidingring wi'¥hin" the oil distri-buting box"

Arl,auxiliary' servom~toLp1ounted exte~al;llto th~ pox is..-used~to move 'the sliding s1e(:Yv~ throug1l ~ for'K(me chanism. Oil.

pressure is supp~ied to the system' py ~ans of electrically drivenor shaft driven scrow or gear pum:p,s.

v-e r{.t!!.Ft:.I '

~ t Advantages claimed from this design are, first, that thea1f.?ili ty to chquge..,pi tch' in the event of the shaft .bep:omingbent.is in no way futpa:iift6dtsecond, that all the ve~ t'igllfo1:tces in-voJl:vod/in the pitch-changingoperationare constrained, withinthe boes. ol""~. ~ .

Ca.:J.~ .t.o-,'" - riM .""

~ ..' In the!tU1likely event of elect~ioal or hjt'dramio f'aj:1.urej r

a sprfng tir,in the larger propellens, a series of springs, movesthe blades- ~nto full ahead pitch.

---

VO CABULARIO TB C,1NICO

Blade.........,........,. .:-...".' Pa2t~ ~ .Bl~do flange "'..".'.0.'.."." Base de la ~aBoss".. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. Nucleo

Built propellers... . . . . . . . . . . . ". Holi ce~ palas indepent:l!

dienttfs.

Oanal and river traders .'0.'.'.' Buques de rios y canales

Co.;.Jt:'~ to F-u.n.dirOondici6n del casco

Helice de paso'variabloBtlquepara el sorviciodel canal

Direction of thrust .'0' '.0.' Dirocci6n del ompuJoDoble-duty vessel 'Q Buqucrde fUnci6n dobleFerry '.9,.~o,'..n c.'.'..,.., TransbordadorFore and aft De proa a popa

:Corkmechanism Mocanis.mo do orquil1a. \

GGar pump." C>0.... . . . . . ... . . . . '.~'.9 Bomba de engranajes

Holding-down stud holo Agujoro p~ra alojar losespilrragos

Hollow propoller shafting Eje hueco de la holice

:J<

~

Oondition of fouling ............Oontx-ollablo pi'tch propeller. 0 . .Cro ss channol ship :..."...

'\

' "

-- '"

\",../

,-

'.

Hud- bodyIce pre 3.1rer .," .. . i ~... . i . .. . . .. ... . . .

".KeyLeft-handed propeller ~........Non-uniform pitch "............Pit ch, . . . . . . ,~ " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,~ . . . . ,~

Pit ch angle ,!""""""."""""'"Pi tch ratio """"""""

Plying. . . ~ . . . ..'. . 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .Propeller ~...................Propeller bl~de ....................Riglrt-h2..c'1dAdJ?ropeller ................

"!"" "'.0".. 0'"

. . . . , . . . .. . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Screw prope+ler ....................Sore'w pu:m,p , "Sealing ring .p , ~Shaft driving..........................Solid propeller ,.........Studs

TipTorq ue Cl '.""."."""'."'" ~ . " .

'Trt.1'Vvlers "","""""."".""""""""." <,

Twin propeller~ a.....\. Uniforrn pi tah """""""""""~'.!"

0 0 '.'

... ........

V.[ake. . . .. . . e . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ~~.. .Whal""r ......... .................

Hollow propellerGear pump

/"/

<...; I '

Oono del nucleo

~'peJ}ie'l6s 1Pasador ..

L_,-He li ce de giro aPaso no UlliformePasoAngulo de pas 0Relaoion de pasoNavegando' (viajesPropulsor, helicePalo. de la helioeHelice' dextr9giraa la de re chatPropulsor heliceBomba de husilloAnillo deslizanteMovidos par el ejeHelice solido.EsparragosPwlta de la palaTorsionpasquerosHelices gemelasPaso constanteEstelaBallenero"

la izquierda0 variable

re gu.lare s)

giro0 de

shafting ejebomba

hueco de la he lice

de engranajes

j-,

. "

. \

'--'

'-'"

\

'"

~ .J.i4l\'IA : 10

/

ELECTRICIDAD

NOMENCLATURARELATIVA A LA ELECTRI Cl DAD-,Accumulator """",".4. AcumuladorAdmittance ~ ~ AdmitanciaAlternating current \a.co) Corriente alternaAlternator Erternaaor-Ammeter ..11 ; hmperimetroAm.pere Am.perioAmplitude """""""" Am.plitudAnode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. AnodoArc ArcoArmature Inducido

- . Ar.maduroBa.ttery ;Ibt'Efrio.Braided cables Cables trenzadosCo.thode CD:todoCell <0""""""""""0' Pilo.Circuit 0 CircuitoCircuit breaker DisyuntorCollector ColectorConductor ; ConductorConductor wire.. .,. . ..... . .. ~ fliio -conductorConductor lead" , a, !Hila conductorConductance e..o Conduc tanciaConduction current Corrientt) de COJ:1df~6c:L

tI- --4:"-Connection,"", .". " . ~ ~... ..". .onesi.cD.

Cut-out. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .. : s'ycuttorCycle 0"""".""""" C~clo

Dielectric ,..,..Dielectric current .......Di scl1o.rge .,..,.. ~. . . . . . .,Dry cell...................

Earth line ..,..."., ;»Electric bell ~ (J

Electriccircuit" ~'

Electric field ~ o..q

Elootrio field strength .gElect'.cio intensity..., " 11EJ.ectrio s-Grength .,.' ~. . . .Electric fJux "......Electrode QP""~~"'<"'Q~Electrolyte ~,;"o""".CJ

Electromagnet ~..&.o..~..~Electro-motive force 0.."..;

Electron" . . . ~.0. .,~. . . . . . ~

Electrospope ""'0"""."

(6

( de un im&'1.) .(en I1l1D.dinuL~)

Dielectric 0COrTiente de desplazrunien:tc.De se 0.r go.Fila seco.

Womo.-a tierr'D.Timbre e16ctriooCircuito e16ctriooCampo el~ctrico ,

lntensidad de CCiJll"DOelec~:c;i ':0Intensidad e16ctr-3.Co.Res;Lstencia electrico.Fluj 0 el~ctri coEle c-trod ClEIe ci::r.61i toElectro1...ruanFuo:"za 8leetromo"~ri,,::;ElectrOn--Ele ct::.-ose ()pi ():

r--, .

. ...

\ <

--,

"-'

.~

Farad .~ ~

Field ...~..................Filo.r.1ont ".8 "

Flexiple cord ..............

~,

Galvo.nOI:letE?r 8 . . . . .8

Generator ...~ ~..~~High frequoncy c¥I'rent ,Induced cvrrent ............Inductor .,.................Insul~tar ..................LCJIJ.p .~......................

Lead ...,~ ~

de alto. frecuonciainducida

Leakage ....................Live .,......................

Magn(';t:i.c fiold '0

.,

.~ '"

~ ..

Shunt J.eads .~..""..........Skin effect ~..............Socke t """""""."""".~Soft iron.a.r1Deter .........Solenoid ."""""""'"S:parlt ."".'" ~. ... . . . . . . . . . .Surfaoe,oondenser ,..SVllitCh """"."""""'.'Switohbo~rd...............Teminal s "." .~ .........,Ter.uinalvoltage ~....Three-phasegenerator.....Two-phase gonera tor 11""" (>

"'-"

Volt ..0.."""""""'"

Vol tag;o Q!"""""" ~. ... . . . . " . ,Voltage dr9P cO?...Voltoeter $""""""""Wo. tt "...o...' 0. . . . . . . . . 'IWindiJ:lg ...................Wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

't

~..

'-/

10 L

Conductores de derivacionEfocto do Kelvin, efeoto peli-cular ..

CasquilloAoperfDetro de hierro duloeSolenoide

Chispa'Condensador de superfioie

T..Il,ie rruptor'Cuadr~ de distribuoi~nBorrrosTension entre bo~esAltoTILador trif~sicoAlternador bifasicoVoltioVoltaje '

Caida de tensionvoltinotroVatioDovanadoAlanbro

, '

" "

---

'-"

\.

T E M A : 11

""'

JiQ.MENCLATUF..ARELATIVA A US MAQUINAS ELECTRICAS

Air g-ap ~ . . . . . ... . . . . . . . " " .. . . . . .Al.terna ting current genera tor~Alternating current motor ..".A~terna~9+ ,~",..."."" "A:t'J;a ture 0 ... ~ 8 . 8 ." . . . . . . . " . "... .Arrnature. winding. . . . -,80""". .".Bearin'g ~ "..."..'."."""Bipolar '..." "...........Bipola+dyhamo...............BJ:ru~h '. . ". "-

Brush hold~r "",~.."...........Carbon brushes ." 0 "

Coil "."."',~ ". e. . 0. . . . . "Commu ta to r . e" . " . ... . . . ~ . . . . . . .Compound dynamo "" Q" "Compound winding ~..eCore ".." "

Direct current generator.. 0" '""Diroct curren.t motor G" 0 .. " ~ . .. "

Double magnet ...oe o oDrum a:r.rnatur'e ... 0. . ..0. . . . . . . . ..Electromagnete...............Elect~ostatio generator 0"..."External cfrcuit ..0..........Field coils 0"..." " "

Field magnets ~

1!'our po].o dynamo., ('i. . . . . .. . . . . ..High frequency alternator""..Ind'llctcr ." ". . . . . . . . . . . . ..Induction motor o ~.In paral~el <~~~ oo...o~III sel"ios ,0' "'...0

I r'on co re . '>. . ,~ .. . . ., 0 . . 0 .. . 0 . . 0"

Loops of wire ~ " " 0 .. , . . . 0 . . . . 0Q

I~Ia&le to 0...... .. . . . . " " 0. .."Permanent magnet alternator Oe

Piec~s .0 '..."

Polos " ", ,...Polyphase" . ... . . . ..... . " . . . . . . . "Rlleostat .",.'...................RL"1.garLla ture e ~............Rotat~g armature "..~a Q

Rotor e..".....................G~

En trehierroDinamo de corrientealternaMotor de corriente alternaAlternadorInducidoDevanado de inducidoCojineteBipolarDtnamo bipolarEscobil~aPtJrta esct1billa

~cobillas de oarbonBobinaCo le ctor

Dinamo de excitacion compuestaBabinado compoundNucleoDinamo de corriente continuaMotor de corriente continuaIman dobleInducido de tambor

Ele ct~oimanGeneI' dol" electrostaticoCircufto externo

Bobi.nas de campoInductor

Dinamo tetrapolarAlternador de alta frecuenciaInductorMotor de induccion

Acoplamiento en paralelo.AooplL1IJ1iEnto en serie

Nnoleo 'de hierro

EspirasMagrlG to

Alternador de iman permanentePiGz:=ts polaresPolosPOlifasicoReostatoInducidoInduoidoRotor

gira toriogiratorio

.-

~ ~

'-"

"-"

.. ."

'.

Solf oxci tod dyno..mo0' . . . . '.' .. ..~.. ~ ...

SoparCl toly oxcitod dyna::lO ,

Series dyn;~lJD.O .'.." "...00' .

Series:, WO1;il1d,~,O,". ~. . , , , , . . . . . . , 0 .Shunt . ~ . . . I . ,i, " ,.. ,. . . . I. .. . , . .. . ..Shunt dynamo '~ :" " " .. . .., '. , . .Synohronous m<;:>to:!:, ..,.. " ... , , 0, . ... ..SiJilgle phaso ','..,' 0" , . , , .. , . , . .'0 0. 0Single rp.Q,gnet, ...", "",.Slo eve. . , . ,.,. ' , . ~. .' . . ,. . . . , . . . . . . . .Slip rings.,.,..., " " , ,. ...." .. "0. . .Soft iro~ discs ..................Spindlo', . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StG to r ""."'.".'.".'.' ~. . . . . . .

Stcn:.ting rhGostat" ,. . . '.' ' . .. . . ... ..Turbo-al tornD.~9+". . ... .... . . .. . . . ..'Tur bo.-dyn2.1Ilo.. ,. " . , . . . . . . . , ~, ... . . . . ..Tro'nsforrnor .., I.,.Yl'il1dir.L{; .. I . . . . . . . , . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wirc' ;~mlzo bY'llsho d. ..' I.. . . . . 0. . .Yoke ,... ""..".,.,., ... 00 ...

b

b"f

DinaQo do autooxcit~ci6nDinamo dG~excitaci6n indo-po:ndien to ,Din~19 con oxcitaci6n ensoric.DovQJJ.O,do"on eerie,Dor1vacionDinamo con excitacion shuntMotor" sincronicoMonof'asicoDo un imanlVIanguitoAnillos do frotamiontoDiscos de hierro aulcoHusilloEstator( inducido do un altor-nador)Reostato do arranquo1'urbo 8.1tcrno.dor~rbo dinomoTro.l1sf'or:a:1-dorDevill1ado "

Escobi:;Lla.s do tela moto.licaOUlato..

'--"

EJERCICIO DE LECTURA Y TRADUCCION

Eleotr2c1tr and ~roduct1on of a c~entc... /4. t~

e/ ~ . L, .. J?:;tectr1c1ty is a form of energy; that is, capable-ofdoing \lvor1<:Scientist have. 9.volvod, a modorn theory callod the'-"electron theory 11-v{hich eiP'i&Ins.. the nature of electricity, but

it will be"sUff:i..clont for our purpQso if JVcq upd9rstoood how an -electriccurront is produced Wld YlhD:'t"1-tcan do. Electri }?~rents:;are proc1uceclin tvvo \v.ays, vl~, by chemicc.laction in t.1~ or~attcry, ~r by ma~1Gtic monns in a dynamo or gQnerator.

.1'

'-

"'-~")>, There are tl-J.J;'Oo ,fl,Q.

ner31 effects:; caused by, olqctri DUrrents'...'-<.1"- ,..'<) ..A ~...;..r-r...T'nQso arc: mo.gnotic, noa~in'g Ol1.d chemical effects. If a wJ.+,e car-

b-J. "".r..o ~ lh ,,~ 1< '.

r;}TJ.ng a our..ont of eloctrici"tiJ ;is brougnt near' a sma 1 compass'~~ c.,,~.I.- di"""tc.,le";,. ~ .. .nqOQJ..o, tll\) needlq wi~l bQ de:fIc c lied from tho magi:letj,c-morJ.dJ.~,-q. . -+- ei!JZ.t, , 1 Q..1.4;,.IL * t lA. , '.' t . -+-h t .

1 """" d fl tiJ..e., J. \J-vn..L 00280- 0 pOJ.n 1:;:0 lJ. e IDc.grlO J.c'-poe. -L:~.J.ee ec on

will dOI>ond ~lpoh -the direction of the current fl,?~g in the wiro8...1'ldon the posi tio:n of the'vlire relo.tive to the nb<1{f.1o. This-;:-is

onc oX[,Jrl~le of the magnotic effoct or inf'luenceof a ourrent.'0-/ ~ t ... I J -, , -. -

~ 7""\A-, <'~.J. 1.' 't . ~.. '.. ...

After some timo has elapsed it will also discoveredthatt119 vvire, has bocomo heated by the passage of the current throughtit. rll1s the phiQieal propertiesof the wirehavG buo!). chango&

"" .t.~t;'" 'to' o ~ -..0 /-VP2 .. " ~ ~ ~ ~ .c.- ..

when. L,'v~urrcnt.,-fIowa ID ~t, 0.1 thoug1l v{o crnmO-ij actUa.Lly sce tnoC-o-1.'\,.<."". .tcurrOI11i :L self.

" c ,.~/ The chomical effect is observed \vhenan elQotric: current

is"paasoCLlthroug;.1;.cortain solutions er" cdn1pOfu1d i:LCJ.u:Lds'~ Those'.-liquids are fO1L~d to descompose in~o thoir ffoparato constituents.under the influence of the current.

... CJv\.":- "'--

.., y ~ 4 r'1o.-

The foux principal 1L.1.its w:hi~ are used to compare olec~=tl".,ic currp.nts .def:i;n,P t1).o::Lrpfos~ure i s~~ifu, the resistanceset-up ag'J.ins-ttll0ir"':flov/by the m.atQrial through which the -currents---'

8.repassing, and pO'Ner developed., Those units are called: The volt,81Ilporo, OM and watt respootivoly.

The Volt is tho ole9tricalunit of p:rressure or eloctromo-t . d . -+- t " )~,

tJ.ve foroo an. J.~ lJho prcssu:r:;o npccsaary 0 cause a curren -of,,""-.~~~';"""'-- ~. ~~ ~ ,I

one ampore -~() :t'.LOWalong a wJ.ro W11090 resistanoo is ono ohm.

1:ho Ampere is the eloctric£llunit of current strengthand is c1.ofinodby,{tl1;f. chemical offect of 0. curront on. 0.SObutionof nitrate of sil'V-~~ water, deposita' silver at tho '~dt-~~r0,001118 g:r:'owa.os per seoond.

rl-""v-..~h The Ohm.is the olectrico.l u-1'lit'of-resisto.nce to current-floVl, an§.. is dofined as tho ~.i~~~~o¥~.t-up by a mltml11 of ner-o1D:"J'106.3 CLlS long and ono square millimetre; ip. pross: ~oct1o1half1T<!:J. whon at tho tonrporC1.turov:fmelting ioe, i.e. OQ o.

~

-.,

..,

10 -..: '" ....

'Thq v'{at~ :is tho oloctrn.cal unit of powor and is tho powor::-dovo- "

';LOVoq":p,y"\a c:p,r:r9nt 0:6 0110'.~ldoro at a pressuro of ono tJo~.t... . '~ . . .

'-"

'i!frGdu~tion of a current by Bag~?p_iE-~~or~: If a v/.i~~'-movod.bct\'/oen thUO1os of a magnot in suol~mannor alto~,:out th(2) .

. magnotio fJ..el§!! or linos of forae b~oot.l tho N and 8. polos, an

oleotr10 current is 1n~\1.ood in the tvlrcr .'-TJ.1.Qvol tagc dovclo~od'and curront ~Mth depend u~n tho ~~e l4o~.QU~t!ng tho fio~t;' )

k("-"'tEf'£: 1 .It-. -!f-c ~ le...(I~ . .:f' -DJ.1.don tho s .poe a. a+1iwnJ..an 1Jno wire. is move u... .

'. ~1s pr-",..n.ciple isr'uti11aed'1n tho dynamo, wh~,'2-s anolootri.al maohine f~F generating curront when a.kvon by"'moc11ani-cal ~o~l1 such ~a"i ;-torun or oil enginos'~ A loop o~ wire 19' f+xedto a spindle and rotated by it betvvoen tho polliS:Of a magp.et.b-A ~

curront is:: induood in both sikes:: of the loop when the fio"'la:' is (>cu~If the onds of the wire are oonnoctoq. ;in somo '.vay with a oomplote~extornal circuit this current will :rro~round t:po cirau.it fromono ha lE' of the loop and baok to tho othor half~,

.' ~ ' ... ~"""'. ..;..c..- (f(.t.. "lA --

Tho Llaximum. ourrent strength will oocur v/hen the wiro ismoving c,t right cmglo s to tho fiold and \1yill diminishto -zero- ..

whon thG',~~6"6P is in a vort~oal pps~ tion and .9-°t outting tho linesof foroo ~ Tho typo of ~ront so drormo~ i7tos.TIoa an "o.l ternatingGmrrc:ntn,: tho current oontinually 0.1tomatoa-: or :v.6"'orlro1iits-. ~. ,

diroction. If JJdirect" ct:trrent is requirod a -Jommuta.;tor is fi ttodto tho dynamo shaft -co re otIhf'y the ourren t diro otion.

<2/~. .f.e.~ "- u-.. ,.t.\'" C'. r;. .q,...~' IIn cm actual ,dynamo tho shaft oarrioa3 a ~umber of cOils, ...~

o.nd e6.o]:\"onCi of eaoh boil oonnocts:- to Q, s6-ghoht in the cO!l'JDutator,so t~8t tho oormnut~tor Aas, as many sogments as thore are coil

. ."""""" rGndg, Tho coils are WOU1].d:wound in slots in tho oircunforence '9:fc.:"cOro constrctod 01; tf1in soft ironplates mounted on the shaft.This forms tho "o.m.cr-tU:rc!land is made of soft iron inmorder' -tofom 2nd O;:1:ilY'Path for tho :pagnoti.a. fi91cI, botV'fOPP.

&h~hO :poloG~ The

, aI ~-' " ~A - 'C<' GJ.' t,t,. ' ,J:: tt-. '0.,: "t &\I\,:.., ,

, polos Gro oxc~tod oy vv.Lnd~ngthom v~tn w~ro ~n su aAa~roct~on"1:

. that tboTCCrl:Lrod polari t:v :tSJ gi von when Ii1 ou:rront flO\vg through.' f':nf'\.;::J"y' :fi

. 01d}

1:IP'!3nD~1:5, as they n.:ro.

fro,.

"

..

J_J.oa..

The.: ma gn ot CO:cBS3are. U~t') cI", "".h ~ . ..

made of' har' slieol so that tho'Jl'bocomo~p'eriTfanont ma~t.:;J... Thoourront which producoa tho poles is taken from tho b:r-:u.SJ1bS::'of'themachino so thattho dynamo is S'ol:r' o~~~i::ol'fd.. ~

"--'

, , I

"t" ~ . Tho' usual ship's dynOI1l0 :t'or jJ. O. supply has tvvo "so-ts ofp'. . ':' . I,'~ 1'\...,. ~"". too. 'l.' ,;' .~.. .w~nd~ng on ~t8 f~ola magnot's, ono is of hoavy w~re oo.rry~ng thoou.r~en t from tl1.0 brus..1J.os round "tho magna tm and thonoe to tho lcJr!.ps,~ilO' 1;42 other is of finor wiro 81'1d is: OOrLrwctod s:Gparatoly :from.'. '. ,..~~ v.<>-.ono. ,brush -bothe mgrlotEf. and back 10 tho othor brush. Tho former -is ctsfta to bo J'in sQrias~' wtth.Jhomidn 9~rc:q.i t aI;ld, is :Qafrod-tho

'serio~¥:1~c;t.ing, whj)o"~thb-latto~iS ?t.'-branc1{~:t~cur'f'dri"cf is callodtho ushunf,f winding. Suoh a dyn8IilO is callod a Jlcompound.dynamo 11and tl'.J.8 typo of "vvinding produoos 0.woll rogulatoc1 ourrent.

\...-

~

. ,,.

T E M A: 12

TURBINAS: DIVERSOS TIPOS

,

Vocabulo.rio:

Action turbine Turbino. de.. acci6n, turbina de. . iQpulsi6n.

Ahead turbine Turbina de illarchaAstern turbine ' Turbina de uarcho.

Axial flow presAure turbine Turbitta axial deBlades Palotas, alabosBack pressure turbinod ~rbina de contraprosi6nCarbon :packing EDpaquctadura de crtrb6n.Casing blades Paletas directrices.CODp~und ~lrbine Turbina Dultiple 0 coupuestaCruising turbine Turbina de cru~eroDiaphragp ~ DiafragmaEJ~aust gas turbi~e Turbina de escape do gasExpanding nozzle Tobora do expcrnsfon.Disc tur:Jine Turbina de discosDrl.1D turbine furbina do .tODbor

Durn.ly rir:gs '.~" " 0bturadoro s do vaporFacial dur~y rings Obturador ,devapor laberlntico

de tipo axial.Fix blade Paleta diroctriz 0 fijaFloxibIo ~oupling Acoplonion to flcxibloF~ll aili~isionturbine Turbina de adoision total

Fl'..llinjc ctm.on iillrbino ... Turbina dc inyoccion totalGcs turb~ne TurbinD. do gas J

Gearod tu.l"bino Turbina de ongrana'josGland 1ro1lZ9ing EnvoI von te de pronsae s topasGovernor ReguladorGuide bl~do Paleta diroctriz

H~gh ~~GS~ute turbine Turbina de alta presi6nIDp~llze roaction fur'bine"..Turbina DixtaIDp::l'Jo turbine .. TurbinD. do acci6nJot u Cl1.orroIOW pros~ure turbine Turbin~ de baj~ presionfucvingb~ades ~ Paletas DovilosMul ti',.,stL- _=3 turbine Turbina de oxpansi6n DuItiploNozzl0 ...'~ ToboraOil 'nozz:_o Tobera do o.ceitep~1_rson' s turhine .. Turbina de ParsonPQrttQl afu~isionturbine. Turbina do ittyeccionparcialPro~~uro tfrop Caida do pro!3ionProssuro stago Etapa de prosi6n.

avante,

a trti.s ..,prosion.

().

.''.

, "

Radial duemy ring ..~ ~..

Rc. to o.u t,rpe tur b:i.ne" . ~ .. It. ~ . .. ,:," . ,- .

Roaction blados ',t " ~hut:.ction "b:rp:,i.1.19.. '.....:~~,~ }. r"',~"" t""" l ',1 .".,~, i,;~,",.hO ')01-,1;)c,.U0 , ~ .. .. . .. ,!>,II>,~,'. ,',~

Tl.:i.rbino \'thee1 .~,.,.. to~;. .." ,~.,. "

TVlOflovv turbinG la....

, Rerluc--t'ion:gear. ~~!',~a "" . ... .. .. . ., ,!,Rovolving blO,de ... ~.H. ...,87-'"R . r ,P I~; bl

'

do ,,' ,

" 'L"Yl1'.S,I..)+ ""..:<>-", 9-,., s-. " . ~'.. . .. .. .. .. .. ..Roto~. .~.e~a..~...a.,~.~~.~~~~Singlo s t;:ttSO turbine. la .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

"---"S-t..-lg0 ff : " ,.",' ,""" .,e.,.. ,~f'

st,],tionary blaq.o... ~,,!' . ~~....SiiOUlIl~bino, J e~..-"io~.~ ,~

stator .e ~~.'.~...~..~~.~.~stG:J.TIlnozzle ~.. .. . . ~ ~ ,~',~ ,~ ,. ,f',f'

T8.Ilgential flow, ~bino.. .~.~.....T:..:.n<lol1lturbinG,.,iI it " . . .. " .. . .. . ,'.

. Tl..l.rbinerotor ,it... . _"e .. ,-" . .."'"fur bino who01 . -" ,f'..'!' ,-. . iI,.. ,." ,!""

Turb:tne nozzle~.. "e. a" . . . ,"",~,'. "Turbi:1o cD-sing...,.. ~. . - . ... - ... " ,1

~lrbin0 governor ..~., e~!,~f',!'

Turbine di~ph+'8.grn ;" - ~ . ..do'TlJ~bino disc., ,!,"... . ~..... "..TtJxbino sea tine; ......

,,'J;iITbino qh:J,f~ ." ~ .. - ~ ,!, . ,!,,!,,'"Turbin0 slu:.ft bearing ~ ,'~~.

Twc fl ( ,'N~;urbin,?, ...,,'.. - - .. ,tV,-"jl~:t~ 3t2.gG '... .'..

""

'~

r-

'-"

~~m.a

Obturador laberintico deti po ro.d:iaJ.

Tur bin 0. do Rate au

Paletas de reacciQnTurb1ilado roaccionPale to. .tdc J.. J10 to 1:"c'

Rotor de la tv~bina

Turbina d~ do ble flujo

Roduotoros do engranajoPalota :g1otriz;0 DovilCoronD- de palotas dirooi;yi coERotorTurbinade una sola expan-sionFaseS'

Palata fijaTurbina de vaporEstatoX'

Tobera de vaporTurbina tangencialfur bin a tandem

Rotor de turbinaRotor de tu.rbiJ:i.aTobera dO turbinaEmbolvente de la turbina

Regulador de la turbinaDiafragma de la turbinaDisoo de turbi~aPolineS' de la turbina

Eje de turbinaChUQaoera del eje de turbinaTurbina de doble £+ujoEtapa de velocidad.

TOO'CIT' I,T"G' #,.i. LU..LD a.. (IL~"" '- ~ t ." - ~ .. . t A'

,;~()" turbinois on cn["'iYlP in which a fluid at high ';'ressv.:::'ea- J- ',."... ,C:r-"- ~pURhlJS p.gains1;"blad0s Q,tto.ched rad:i.I:"t-,"lly to [l"rotoJ!'oausing it to

'rq,ta:Go o.rl;)bncl i:ts ax:ts. TurbiYJ.os- Day be classified by the f4-uid

~~r1ving theu--ng, Air turbines, sto!'"' turbines, gag- turbine... ,J' " "~-~

S:t11'" !lPi'. TU, "j'8I1\f1i' ( cl ' C"'..J- .L~';.~,-,- .L~"-.~ \..

.:'A sto';:..':l tT!.rbino is' ['. turbin,o in which steam at high pressweflowS' as: .inst a sories of blades ~et on 0. disks to""'}h~maiJ0 shaft'.

'~ ,

'~ ' ,

;"i'.' , In 8. stoc:.ro. turbine the'potontiQl enorgyof stOaD is changod.,<." ilito,,: uso'ful' work in two clistints stteps.' First isconvcrtod into

energy 'of m'otion, callod kinotic nnorgy, by"" bho °"'l'Dansion in a nozzle,from which ""tl1o etoc1.1JJ.OIlGrgos as a~ at high speed, and B~UVJ.J.(l bl'i1::renergy is COJ:ly,,)rtod into !!lGoha.n.ioo.i by directing tho jet against on

"-

~e t;n-bine £-onsjsts of 0. ,rotor.}. carrying the blades, ,.'the C2Sing in Whict tho rotor revolves and nozzlos or stati9-nary ble-desthrough which the steam is expandod or directed.

Tho advan ","2.goD ~f the stoOXl turbines when cOLlpo.red with re-cipr~catingengines, is that the'turbines require 1'038o~g:Gi"o~room, they are lighter in weight, and require loss o.ttondanco'.

~!',- 1.. .

The disc.dvantages are ~ "that the condensing plant is largerand more' eXpOnsive; i"4 is rpqu;irod speoial .heat resistancema-terial, and 0. r"ba.t6-tioh ~oar"~too.iiov/furbine to run at "Ghehi&~ speed necessary for high efficiency, and the pr9peller atth0 ~rn~parativelyslow spoed for its best efficiency.

"---'"TYPES OF STEI\L'~TURBINES

-~lero arc ~vo main ~JPos of steam turbinos: Impulsive

~lrbL~o v~d the reaction turbine.

" '

l_l~rrulsivo turbinq. - A~J;2ulsi ve turbine consists of 0. ring of~ozzlos followed Qy a r~of bladesmo~~e~ on a wheel.ThecteaIais expanded: in the nozzles and loaves it in the form of'

high velocityjotswhichvvill be.tlmparted to the.rotor blades, ".'

and the rotor V'rill roto.to at h:f~ ~1/6baand ~(>' d~i'vo'tthc' ~1fu.ft'~'"

nM." f"

ZlC speed of' rotationof a'singlewheel turbineis ::-'.'

vory high and is usod for S".wall powers, for driving ~amos ,etq.tbut tho impulse turbine used on ships have several wl1ceis fl~....t ,I"~'} ..

tea wi~1 blad09 ~nd ~ontninod in 0.steau tight casing. The steampaDscs throu@1. a sot of nozzles in [1,division or diaphragm'and

1;hc,jets of'~.S~~l ~.x:~ _direct9d on ~ t1t~ .b:Lq.~<?,9..of tho firstw~oel rnj,d cause i 1:' to rota.te. TP-e sp6hi! sterull enters ifl1.o secondsot of lJ.0zz1es ',i'hich 'cre- SGt ~.,., -0. steOLl ti gh t dia p hro..DT!'I between,. , ") t:r~the f'irf1'~ a.nel socond wheols. J:gain the S~Grun pressuro .:t~11s-'andin its" plscn, 19.!.o_ci ty is developed in tho f:9rm of a socond go tof jots which ffiIlffi 'thosecond whool blades.. JB1.0 stoam fro~ thiswheol:enten3 a third sories of nozzles, drives a third wheel and, ' ~ "so on.

'-"

c: '1" '. t..."

It!extracting tho velocity in steps or sj;agos theturbine is maG.oto rQtato at a more rOZ1.sonablespeed..All thQ

:~~' ' . t--',..~" ~/I: (..\c 'f>- ,.,I'...,'~

whoels arc DLLdo fEst at tho same sh(!,:t't, and all run tOg'G1iner.

:>',' Tho ir.1pulsi vc turbine is di vidod in H.P. turbine

and I..P.. tn.rbino. '\II11ontho steam has passed throu ~, sO'\fero.l. ".. .. <t... """". e...~~...~.I~ ... 11". of~,tA" el. .. ~ =....wheols, :L~. tIle H.F. turb:Lne :LS then: eXhauslJoa.l.tO tLU J..ow pressuroturbine #&""ldfinally this low :prossure turbine exhaust the stomainto tho condonser.

Reection ~lrbine.- A s~~plo reaction ~~bine consists of n ringof fixod blo.dM acting as nozzles..and followed b'<.{0. row of si-milar blados mountod an the rotor.

I " tJ.t - ('t. " Q t

One half of the stagepressuredroptakesplace'.

:LT).th9.. ~~o.q ~af!:,"(l..s~ and ~he steD.m jets enter the rotor blados;-in the' samo mD1ll1or,as an J.Il]?ulse stage. The r9.tg:r:: blqdo s aot aspovingno~~los and C~ru1d the steam over the romaining half of,~(o-- . dthe sllago prossuro drop. InnthJ.s type as the steom expan s throught~e fi?,rpd and Doving blades, resulting in a considerable endtllrotf~.

""

~is typo o~ turbino is called Parson'~ s turb:i,ne': The... ~

bJ...8d.°a 1n -tho fir,st stago or OX}'Msion are rela ti ve:;Lyshort andincreas1f in longth as the ste8l11 increases in volume. The f'ixed:;-blades aro attached to the inner surfacepf' the turbine casing.

" - ..... It.

REDUCTION GEARING

'-'"

r~ ~ v.f \'"

The gap.ring is the means b;y v/11:7-ch bo th -(;;~:rbino ana'~ ~, ."

propeller may run a~ ~heir rospocti:vo G'Ycollcni- ca1- epood, th\B' i.~T.~ui-ne at hi&~ 'spC6d and th9 propeller at T,llO CCID~0rQtivDlyslow zpoedfor its bo~i!efficioncy.d ,.~ .. , I

.. 't#'_, t:>I

Turbines, impulsi vc tl.1J.d J:>0a()~'i~l ?:.:r~ ~e8.ro..d.. tQ ,1-:')0prepeller b-.:r single er doublo roduction goar of -t;rlO'dolio'i~~e'lf-cal "V.fpe.

GAS TUHBIJ'TES - to. ',"" -'-. Tho l2'Zl...

"S t-llrb.

ines use air which i$ drawn into a.- -.,f<..-u: ~ ~" '" ... ,r

compresor and foroeQ out a~ a pressure of seveTal a~ospheres .The air thon ento1:'s a ~9¥11Justioi). oho.mbQr whore ~uel' is.. injec'tBclinto the air straao c~d~Lighited. The rosulting high-tempera~Qr8

t~ . ~. .," 't-:-. fooL t-.y...:'\-:..~c ..gDoes ur~ve ~ho turU~nG.

'-..,./

to

'"

F.JERCICIO DELECTURA Y TRADUCLq;rON, " ',;' ~

TURBINAS~~

(The follOwing information n,a!;l 1;>e6n st:!.pplied by the Superintendentengineer of the "Blue FU,ciiel Li.p.~t1 ',;.. , ',' "

.. '" ' ...

S..S. "1reSTORII TURJ3INES..

The turbine installation in the Blue Funnel Line S.S~ trNESTOR"is of the three-casing impuJ..se, double reduction gear. Steam isadmitted to the high pressure cylinder through three groups of 1n=serted nozzles containing (in order of opening), seven, threeand two nozzles.

The si2eam admision V1?lves1controlling these nozzles grol..lpsare housed in the top half cEsing and are actuated from themanoeuvringhand-wheelby:me£ne ol shaftingbevelgearsand Harc1y~Spicer flexible couplings.

...

'--" The total ma.."'Cimumoui put of the turbines, "usir..g twG170nozzles is 8,000 hor~e power.

With the H~P~ tbrbin£ running at 61000 r.p.m. a pro~Gllershaft speed of 125 r.p.m., tre maximum double-reduction goarID tio is 48%..

The glands are of the labYrinth tY'Pe,having nic1tleloadbronze sleeves with machined..' internal fins registering with pJ.."G.jections turhod on the shaft. Those sleeves are suppprtod 1)ysprings within the glandhour:ing. - " .' -- L

' '

The material is such' ihat should rubbingoccur in serv:lceclearance w:Lll rapidly be wo ~n without undue locaJ- hcati,ng" (}JD.r.dste am is controlled by means of two hand-whools on the right 2:!s.nd.side of the main control pan 31. ..

At full power the trEn'3fer piping'betwoen the HttP.. and IJ,;:Pcylinders contains steam at 125 p. s.i;g., which results in [I. f':l/:,:GOof some 3 tons ::1.n the axial direction. In order to reduce th:i..s::\)rcowhich would apply to the H,,? and IoPo casings; the transfer pipohas becn pro-stressed by an ingenious spring mechanism. This x'c:c1.u.cesthe force acting upon it wt en hot and undor pressure -to abct:.t brJ.lfa ton..

Vli11Ontho ste rn thro' ;tlo is openo}.,. i lew press UJ."e1 low "fcJuii;C)«<>

ratQresteamis automatica~lyadmitodto two points in tho L~P0ahead turbine and ono poinG in the I.P. turbine" Heat prodLwn(i bSi-windago is dissipated to this stoam as it flows to the condenscroTho HoPo turbinQ-blade heights aro small, and the problom doos notthereforo arise"

No steam whatevor is bled from the turbinos for feed waterhoating, instoad a 350 Allon back-pressure turbo gonerator isusod continuously at soa and exhaust to tho direct contact feod

hoater. ')..1

"'-"

1"-

'-'

,

f".

In ordor to provent diatorti.bn of tho' rotora duo to'teLlpcra turo ve.ria tj,o~s durin~:;Jnanottvr1ng pcriods. a qu1ok-.cnga.-'ging turninggear is provided. As soon as'; a stop ord.or is recei-ved, a lever mounted 8entrally on the turbine control desk ismovod, and the main turbines bo still trailing, a mechanical in-torlocJ;ccomes into operation which prevents tho ongagement of aclutch.

Onco.the turbine has come to rest, the interlock per-mits an electro-pneumatic valve to pass comprossod air to aWestin&~omse servomotor. This engages a fino-t~othod dog-clutchm9~tod at t~e aftor ond of the first reduction pinion of thoL.P. turbine. ~Len contactor relays c10so to start the turninggoar motor, which rotates the turbino, goaring:,and shaft assemblyat a vory low spood (six revolutions per hour). Conversoly shouldan engine is moved to the appropiato position, whon the Westing-house electro-pncuma~ic cylinder will operato instantanoously tothrO1tlout the clutch.

.'

The length betweon bearing centres is 57 in.~LO mean di8Llotor of 1st and 2nd rows of blados is 22in;Tho mean di'2t.llie-~erof 3rd to 9th rows of plados. i1318 in.Tho hoight of the 1st row of b+ado& i$ 0.6875 in.The hcight of tho 9th row is 1.292 in. .' ..

~10 height of the last row of blades in tho L.P. is 10 in..f

VO CA BU LA RI 0 TB an ro

Astorn throttle Valvula do ostT~ngulaci6nde marcha atrc"s

Pa1e.~a'Prot. d(;n vorbo To blood=:san gTar .

B.loclr ~ J ,~ !' . . ..'........ ... .... ~ Corrodora d0Cloo.rfL.'YJ.ge ."'!" Intersti cio ,Cl u t ch .. -"--:: . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. Ern braguo

Oontc.~r rolays .~~ '.. .~Rolovador, role autom6.tico,, con tactor. ..

Doublo rodupttoI,l goar .',~ ,fI,~.. . !" ..' .Engranajo do roduccion doblo.Engagomont ~'.. ,!,!'. . . . . ..' . .. !',!,'... . ,!,AcopleDo g olu teh ?..f.f ,,!,!,.~.. . ..., ,!,,!, Embraguo do garrasFood water hoating Rocalonta~or do agua do ali-

" montacion.F~o coupl:)..1}.g~..~ Acopl3L1ino toGl~:d housing. ,.., ..... . '.~...... .. . .. EnvoI tura do~COI:l." ... . .. .... . ... . .. .. .. Vapor do 108

HanG whp 01.. .~ " . . . .'. . . . . .". . . . . . . . ... V 0 lan to

-Housod ,tt.'. ..!',!,,!,..'.~ ",.. . . . . .,. . . . ... .. Alo jadesGlands .., ObturadorosFin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. Alo ta, OJ.lillo.

~

B~., ,!, ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blc cl ".......................

so ctorospacio libro

floxible108 obturadorosobturadoros

. +

" 't

'-'

\,.

\........-

Dientes finos

Acoplamiento flexible0 bturadorEnvolvente del obturadorVapor de obturadorVolanteCilindro de alta presionAlo;Jado

BloqueoLaberintico

Palenca

AjustadoPanel de man do princiI\o,l

Volante de maniobraToberaPotenciaReforzadoV 1

"d d d 1 e " ~o },~1~nDe OCl a e Je u.~,..x:";'..1.";'"

Engranaje automaticoPropoI'~onPounds squarefnch g;]u.(~()

Filas do/alabes

Fricbi6n~ I'ozamientoSucesian, sorieCierre

Engranaje conicomangu.::tto

Do resorteTub "+'; d

", - .

r J...Ll.13,e accJ..on at"! "t.;-'!;) ;:t

e tiipas <t

DesengJ:Ianar

Mi tad, superior de 18. on:.I(:J."vent~..

Arrastre ..J

Tuberia de pasoAlabeTablero de control ~sturbina

Turning gear" r;<).." ... . . . . .0. . . ~. .ViradorWindage Q..".C "OC Pe~dida de energlaWorn e~Q o ~."CQ Gastado

,.

. !

...1... 'h ~. . . .

~~"...Jx! ~ ~ka~\..

Fine teethed 0 .. . .. .. . ..

-Flexibl~ coupling,...............

"r-".."

-~d::.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~~ousing 0..................Gland steam ......................Hand whe~l ,. . . .. '.' . . . . . . . ..

High preSRure cylinder..........Housed ..........................Interlock .~., '...Labyrinth ........................Lever ...........................Maohined, ........................Main control panel ,.........ManeouV:r:'inghand wheel.. e . . ... . .

Nozzle ., ~ . . . . . . . . . . . .

Outptit . '-: ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Pre-stresse'd. .0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,

Propeller shaft$peed e oe8oS

Quiok engagIng 8 . . .. .. . . 0 . . . . " .. (0

R13, ti 0.. '.~ . .. . .. 0 . . .. 0 . . .. . . 0 . . . . . .. . .. ..

,"

po St. l <Ig. . ()0 ... . 0 . . . . . . . ... . . . 0 . . . .

Rows of blades ..................

Rubbing ~ ~ . . . . .. " ... . . . . . . . . . .

Se quel'1 ce ".~.. .. .. . .. . . .. e .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . 0

Seal stop c"""" '.!0 .. . . . . . .. " 0 . 0

Shafting bevel gear eo O..

Sleeve" . . .. . . . . 3 . . .. . . " 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

Spring leaded. It... . . . .!8 . . " . . . . . ..

Three casing impulse ~.8...0.0..O

.Throvv out.. '" " ... . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 . ..

Top half casing 0 " 08

Traifl1.in~ . g c . " . . . . . 0 . . . . . " 0 " . . 0 C>..

Transfer piping 0...9 ~.......~lrbinG blade ~o..................Turbine control desk eo".........

Oo~ ~kM-ttl.t.. (,f\~V

1-~

..

"

~ t'Jt~~ L'-o.~~-.f? lJ,A.~(~ «..1, '\ '~~~

",

--

'--'

,>

TEN A ........13

MAQUINARIA AUXIIJIAH

Vocabulario--Anchor..'l11.chorIb.rrol

cablo . . . . . . . . . u. . . . . . .. .'.10r 1-::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'

Bod plato130~rin.3 1.:0Gp])0 or::.J3J.."'::.kc s

O<s1.blo li:ftor ' '. e."e.. . . . . . . . .Col~_octing ro~ = ~..'JrOJl!~: (liD::::.. .. e .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ~

Oro S01'l~.)~;,d .~.....................CyliI'_:lorsG,ylindordrQir~ cocko ..........

..., ~

................... . .8 . . . . . . r.. . . . . . . ~.. . . ~. . . .

. . . . . . . . ~ ~ . . . . . . . ... . . . . .

.........................

0'11cd 11 10 cl::::;x' 0 . . . . . . . .0. . . . . . . .OllD.ill ]?i.p9 .. ~ . . " . <'.~... . . . " . 0" ..D:ru::i;lc,,_:.d ,..................E:;-c.'J.:::.ni:d:;l)i:;.:>s "..0 ' ".F,;)x\;e~:G"!:;lu!1GC.J...."... 0. . . . . . . 0.Go Gl." s t...:; 0.. ~ 0. . . " . «.. . . . . . . . . . ...0Foe t brc..lc:; ... ~ . >0. ... 0" . . . ... . " . .lL-','r;ci::',7::Y.........................Huuocr.i1Jc...""" 0. . . . 0. .T- . ,11C:~,.\t.l"l;:.;=:l:n......................J-l0 l. L. ..;..,~

, ,.J iJ ~ v'..' .." ...................

CLdOllr.1 Qcl :::.:lC:1.:::.FD.Ollf'.O con 01 ::-mcl~~

0 cilindroT;.'J:.;.bor

Th::.ncaJ.:..

OojirwtoPl'UI:~:::,deLi'ron0B:B~'.rbo tin:&:~rr2. do

do]. 0 ne principclO~1l"'g2.,pUJlto.l

. ,conoJO.Orl

Pl,~ toO"'.Ctl cu to,

CilindrosGrj.f():~~ dodrcs.\J;-i.j::~ do

do 108 ci1L"I'l-J?urg~1

c8.d~:n.GS:Bo C il'L:

SOLbrorc' (d..:lTu.bo .1:,) v:.r[WrCJ:.:~8i;illo

Encrsnc.rPod::-.:.l del frc:!lC3oc~~ clo oscoti11c.Eo co bon

C""'" "At">.""+."' + , )'-0 VJ,. "'. 1, """" .,'

do C<XlltiUstacic.n

do cin tLt

Viro.rIzc.r

Y~.:53.::.-,/!.:.8ul ~ 0 . Engr:::.n.J.jo pri.ncip.:.lr:'.~ ~ . - ~. 1 ' , . ro c.-,h' '" ~ -, ,. ""'-.,",~'vrlJIG. ,.l.:.."';p , ..-'-'~'-'j.J Qv ,...;.l';Or.!......?i:n:;..(;.;~ "".""'.".'."""""""""""" PinollP:Ls tC'"l rl ;cl V::::'8t~;,g()

Rc:'!,; r:3i:::lS lu7Qr ~..." Sf>~lo 0 pLlcJ.1.c2 do CGD.bioScre?" br~k0 nut ~ .LL:. c:mic:, ',0 d() i)1'l.';rC:!.1:ljo dol

bo.rbotin.EjuSh:::ft . . . . . . . . .. . .!'. . .. . .. . . Itco.. . . . .

i1i:iClt,; }?1..l2."'Chc.B0.!t 0. . . 0 .. . .. .. .S"il:.;.11 O:pl1X'Vih0o1 ... 0 . . . . . .. . . >.. .Spur 'Nb.Gel 0~0" . .. . .. .. .." .,. . . . ..0. "S t~:!!"JI:.olio st. .. .. .. . 0 . . .. . .. .. " .. 0 . . . ..

St~:[,ll pip:)StC::.:l ripu

v:.:~l-.;;,,()

.. . .. . . .. ... .. ... . . .. ." , .. . . ~

fl:J.D.g() .0..' "

stopSpi::,-d1aTio rod'17.~.rpingWildc::ltt~!...

.. . . . . . " . .. .. .. .' . .. " . . . .. ... . . .. . 0.. . 0. . . .." . . . . . . . . ,.. 0 . 0 ..~ .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .onds .0. . . .. . . . 0. . .. ... ~ .. . ~

. ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .1.1./

Gu '.!.1"n.:"L6.G ( \'~..! ! S0!l CiJ.~L::;

EniS.r'.':',j). '.;' j i.' cl~~; (, j i) ~;0 CUl1d,~.~ri.)

Engrc..J.r-;,;jo r:::ctc .C~ "'. /1 ~'. ..' ~ .-, 'J.; ; ~, ....0

,.vJ'-. '--'~ \.t.J u... __", ",1 Il

rjh., o") cl,', ",r'-' I"

)OI " /L., ..,/1,.,.-jC"'; 6'?'>.L'u" \-.. ,., u.v -.~l.i..i "'.I,

llrj.d,:'. ti':; 1", -tubor::...:.: d:) "',-:::;;orV::~l Vtl~L.:~. (:"1.".,-~ Vi.}Jor

EjoE s t~~r0: ,bil'ol~s:Bc.rbo tin

~ I'~ ~ I.P t '4.Ll"-(.,1...

"

Winch ~ It. " .. . . ... . . . . . . ..... . .. Chigro, IJ.c.quinil~[',Windlass .~ Molinoto.

WINCHA winCh is Q hoisting or pulling nachino v~1ichturns Q shaft,

on which is fittod a dru:J. Gnd tvJO warpind onds, o..nd usod pl~:L(loipa;b-l;y- for th0 purpose of hondling, hoisting, and loworing cargO from

, f.1 wharf' or lighter to t18 hold of c:. ship. It i~ also used i;r; -ccJw uplines in tho. )ZlQ.l1ouvrO;Jof docking or tmdocldng.

Morcha.ni:phipo u3uo,lly 110,1"80 [1,tlec-st two winches at 0 l~r~,tch-

way.The ~~l1g powor is uou[:lly stoCXl or oloctrici ty,; 1:1:'\,'t,iw

Co.so of stQQ:tD" this is s1.1pplivd fron tho boilor and tho st:<.I)-P;-Yiscorltrollod by 0. stOOD stop -valve, o"1.dtho oxhc.ust stOQ.t1fJ."on oaohcylinder rottu'ns to t1l0 OOndeD.Dor..

'-' Th0 stCI.1lJ.is o.dLJ.ittqd to tho cylindor and thon by L10t)JJ,~?sf thopiston, p:lston rod c"nd connccting rod C.2U!30S'tho cro:nk to ::Xi'CgtoOJ'J.d so convorts tho rociproco.tingDotion of tho piston into rotarymotion of tI1Oonb~~O shQft.

The oylinders Qro fittod '\7it11 a drain cook, DO that any wo.to!"fo:::ned by oond:::mso. tion of tho ste8.D in tho cold cylinder w119n star-ting can bo ronoved and thus provent dons-go to tho cylinder.

Thc ranch co.n be; goarod ill singlo purcha£30 to lift liD:1t loads :~-

quickly or put into doublupurchaseto lift hoavierload more slowly.

VJIHDLA8G

TflO vvindl::wd is Q iJ.',1]JO of winoh dosignodfor heavingi~ cmc.:l.1chorc;:-"blu. Vfr.:.oll not ouployod iT,lD.11ohorwork tho windlamj c:::jh bo

usod ~fGr hOE;,ving in r2oorinG lin0s."--'

It i8 insto.l10d on t110 forocastlohoed so 'liha:t chainc 0',,1 'Jothbo'ner ~,chors Ion,a 3trn.ight.ovor thoir reopoctivo yrildco.:b;;f\"(~lhc,wsopipos to oho.in lockers.

Tho Qriving power io usuo.lly stoOD or oloctrici ty; t1:':) ;::.1":,;:JIJ.'

wincUass }:;.[1S t-1IO cylindors which by DOOJlS of 0.. piston, piE;';\~ll ):'I)d,

conno Oti:!.lg rod :~'nd crank, dri VG tho angine s11.(>.ft; and triO c;~ noshaft by I:1.00l1.;2;of a pinion DOVOS 'j;ho intormodiate sha.ft.On 't::,isshaft are fitted the yvarping ondD.

~,

Tho intJr:r:wclio.to shaft h:::~s tvro pinions which DOvo tho ~Y.0:'-nv/ho018 on tho main sho.ft QJ:ld the so who uls, Llc.y bo COll!lOCtC)(-:J3,~;"vvill,by r.1OOllSof a clutch to its rospocti vo co.blo liftor or wiJ (lr)fxt;~ andso it is :possiblo to hocvo in both anchors whon both olutc})c~j C).::'o.cng~tgc)d, or to h9D.VC in ono only, whon it is r.hngagcd tho PO:i:'t orstcrbourd clutch.

1-5