apunte ingles ii - ingenieria industrial 2016

UTN

FACULTAD REGIONAL CÓRDOBA

INGLÉS II 4D1 - 4D3

Selección de Material y Ejercitación

MBA Lic. ADRIANA DEZA [email protected]

2016

INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TÉCNICO II– Año 2016 – MBA Adriana Deza 2

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a traditional and longstanding engineering discipline subject to (and eligible for) professional engineering licensure in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as operations management.

Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, management engineering, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user.

Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include flow process charting, process mapping, designing an assembly workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics, consulting as an efficiency expert, developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex distribution schemes for materials or products (referred to as supply-chain management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park.

Modern industrial engineers typically use predetermined motion time system, computer simulation (especially discrete event simulation), along with extensive mathematical tools for modeling, such as mathematical optimization and queue theory, and computational methods for system analysis, evaluation, and optimization.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

EJERCICIOS DE LECTOCOMPRENSIÓN: “Industrial Engineering”

I. REFERENCIA: Diga a qué/quién remiten los términos siguientes.

a. it (l. 2)

b. such systems or processes (l. 6)

II. RESPONDA: ¿Cómo define el autor a…?. Diga qué elementos lingüísticos le permiten aseverarlo.

a. La Ingeniería Industrial (párr. 1)

b. La Ingeniería Industrial (párr. 2)


III. RELACIONES LÓGICO-SEMÁNTICAS – Traduzca el conector, diga qué tipo de relación introduce y

complete las conexiones lógicas a partir del contexto (en español)

1. While (L.6)

___________

2. Along with (L.22)

___________

3. Such as (L.23)

___________

IV. USOS DE LA -ING –Traduzca cada frase en el contexto que le da sentido. Luego identifique de qué

uso se trata.

1. Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering.

Traducción:

Uso:

2. Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines

Traducción:

Uso:

3. Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations management

Traducción:

Uso:


TIEMPOS VERBALES MÁS USUALES

SIMPLE PRESENT

A modern industrial engineer typically uses predetermined motion time system, computer simulation, along with extensive mathematical tools for modeling.

Does the industrial engineer use any tools?

The industrial engineer does not use chemical formulae as frequently as chemical engineers do.

SIMPLE PAST

Efforts to apply science to the design of processes and of production systems were made by many people in the 18th and 19th centuries. They took some time to evolve.

Were ………………………………………………………………………………………… ?

…………………………………. were not ……………………… in the 13th or 14th centuries

Did…………………………………………………………………………………………. ?

…………………………………. did not ………………………long to evolve.

SIMPLE FUTURE

By aiming at TQM, our businesses will be competitive in global markets

Will…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. ?

…………………………………. will not …………………………unless we keep focusing on TQM.

PRESENT PERFECT

Total quality management has radically changed the way organizations are run.

Has……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. ?

…………………………………. has not …………………………………………………

Quality methods in the commercial sector have led to more choice and higher quality.

Have……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. ?

…………………………………. have not …………………………………………………

IMPERATIVE

Work hard. Study a lot. Play fair.

Let it grow Don’t let it decay

Let’s study together Let’s not study alone

Let A = B

Suppose we write the formula

SUBJUNCTIVE

Suppose this statement be based on assumptions.

We don’t think it will react.

We expect the figures will not show an unusual increase.


TIEMPOS VERBALES: Identifique en el siguiente texto los diferentes tiempos verbales, las formas

compuestas, los sujetos y predicados, identifique verbos preposicionales y los cambios de significados que se producen en relación a la forma no preposicional

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - HISTORY

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Efforts to apply science to the design of processes and of production systems were made by many people in the 18th and 19th centuries. They took some time to evolve and to be synthesized into disciplines that we would label with names such as industrial engineering, production engineering, or systems engineering. For example, precursors to industrial engineering included some aspects of military science; the quest to develop manufacturing using interchangeable parts; the development of the armory system of manufacturing; the work of Henri Fayol and colleagues (which grew into a larger movement called Fayolism); and the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor and colleagues (which grew into a larger movement called scientific management). In the late 19th century, such efforts began to inform consultancy and higher education. The idea of consulting with experts about process engineering naturally evolved into the idea of teaching the concepts as curriculum.

Industrial engineering courses were taught by multiple universities in Europe at the end of the 19th century, including in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. In the United States, the first department of industrial and manufacturing engineering was established in 1909 at the Pennsylvania State University. The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in the 1930s by Cornell University.

In general it can be said that the foundations of industrial engineering as it looks today, began to be built in the twentieth century. The first half of the century was characterized by an emphasis on increasing efficiency and reducing industrial organization costs.

In 1909, Frederick Taylor published his theory of scientific management, which included accurate analysis of human labor, systematic definition of methods, tools and training for employees. Taylor dealt in time using timers, set standard times and managed to increase productivity while reducing labor costs and increasing the wages and salaries of the employees.

In 1912 Henry Laurence Gantt developed the Gantt chart which outlines actions for the organization along with their relationships. This chart later form was made familiar to us by Wallace Clark.

Assembly lines: moving car factory of Henry Ford (1913) accounted for a significant leap forward in the field. Ford reduced the assembly time of a car more than 700 hours to 1.5 hours. In addition, he was a pioneer of the economy of the capitalist welfare ("welfare capitalism") and the flag of providing financial incentives for employees to increase productivity.

Comprehensive quality management system (TQM) developed in the forties, was gaining momentum after World War II and was part of the recovery of Japan after the war.

In the seventies, with the penetration of Japanese management theories such as Kaizen and Kanban, the issues of quality, delivery time, and flexibility were promoted.

In the nineties, following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis was on supply chain management, and customer-oriented business process design. Theory of constraints developed by an Israeli scientist Eliyahu M. Goldratt (1985) is also a significant milestone in the field.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

EJERCICIOS: “Industrial Engineering History”

I. REFERENCIA: Diga a qué/quién remiten los términos siguientes.

a. we (l. 3)

b. such efforts (l. 9)

c. his (l. 20)

d. which (l. 20)

e. their (l. 25)

f. he (l. 28)

g. the field (l.38)

II. USOS DEL INFINITIVO: En el discurso científico – técnico, un infinitivo suele usarse principalmente a)

como sujeto de una oración; b) en otra posición de sustantivo; c) indicando propósito; d) completando el significado de otro verbo.

a. Efforts to apply science to the design of processes.

b. The foundations of I.E. began to be built in the twentieth century.

c. Taylor managed to increase productivity.

d. To read about I.E. History you may consult Wikipedia.

e. To err is human, to forgive, divine.

III. USOS DE LA VOZ ACTIVA vs. VOZ PASIVA (identifique de cuál se trata)

a. Industrial engineering courses were taught by multiple universities in Europe at the end of the 19th century

b. Frederick Taylor published his theory of scientific management

c. the first department of industrial and manufacturing engineering was established in 1909 at the Pennsylvania State University

d. This chart later form was made familiar to us by Wallace Clark

IV. GRADO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO – diga de qué tipo se trata y traduzcalo en el contexto

provisto

a. Fayolism grew into a larger movement called scientific management

Traducción:

Tipo:

b. In the late 19th century, scientific management began to inform consultancy and higher education.

Traducción:

Tipo:

c. This chart later form was made familiar to us by Wallace Clark.

Traducción:

Tipo:


V. Traducciones posibles de la forma –ing. Traduzca las frases / oraciones que se consignan a

continuación y diga de qué uso se trata.

a. precursors to industrial engineering included some aspects of military science

Traduccion:

Uso:

b. the quest to develop manufacturing using interchangeable parts

Traduccion:

Uso (1):

Uso (2):

c. the idea of teaching the concepts as curriculum

Traduccion:

Uso:

d. The first half of the century was characterized by an emphasis on increasing efficiency and reducing industrial organization costs.

Traduccion:

Uso (1):

Uso (2):

e. Comprehensive quality management system (TQM) was gaining momentum after World War II.

Traduccion:

Uso:

f. Following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis in the 90’s was on supply chain management

Traduccion:

Uso:

VI. Busque en el texto SINONIMOS / ANTONIMOS de los siguientes términos.

SINONIMOS ANTONIMOS

Carried out -1 decreasing - 23

Categorize - 3 untrustworthy - 20

search - 5 former - 25

Turned out to be - 8 minor - 26

granted - 15 relapse - 31


MODO CONDICIONAL (ver también en Dificultades Especiales)

Suppose you work at McDonalds assembling Big Mac’s. You are told the formula for a Big Mac is: “two all-beef patties on a sesame seed bun”. This is your balanced equation. Now suppose your manager gave you 12 patties and 10 buns. If you start making up Big Macs, what input (buns or patties) will you run out of first?

The answer is that patties are limiting. You have enough buns to make 10 Big Macs, but you can only make 6 Big Macs with the patties you were given (because you have to put two patties on every bun). In this example beef patties are the limiting agent.

www.scribd.com/doc/.../Energy-and-the-Environment

Tomemos el ejemplo de la línea de armado de Big Macs del párrafo anterior para hacer un repaso del Modo Condicional en Ingles. Recordemos que las gramáticas tradicionales dividen las oraciones condicionales en cuatro tipos principales, según la secuencia de tiempos verbales entre ellas y el grado creciente de verosimilitud que el autor asigna a la posibilidad que se cumpla la predicción, si se cumple la condición.

TIPO 0 o neutro:

Refiere a las “verdades eternas” (eternal truths) o leyes naturales, y presenta igual tiempo verbal en condición y predicción; el ejemplo clásico es: “If you heat ice, it melts”, en el cual, dada la condición, la predicción se cumple con total seguridad. En el ejemplo elegido, si el grado de certeza del autor fuera absoluto, podría decir la siguiente oración condicional: If you buy a Big Mac, you get two patties per bun.

TIPO 1

(Alta Probabilidad) (Presente + will/imperativo): If you have 20 patties and 10 buns (plus the other ingredients and seasoning) you will be able to make 10 Big Macs

TIPO 2

(Contrario a una realidad presente) (Past + would): If you had 20 patties and 10 buns you would be able to make 10 Big Macs

TIPO 3

(Contrario a una realidad pasada, es decir, imposible) (Past Perfect + would + Perfect): If you had had 20 patties and 10 buns you would have been able to make 10 Big Macs.


TRADUCCIONES POSIBLES DE LA FORMA -ING

Las palabras en inglés terminadas en –ing (Participio Presente, en Inglés) pueden ser utilizadas en ese idioma para desempeñar una serie de funciones dentro de la oración que no pueden ser desempeñadas en idioma español por el gerundio (–ando / –endo). A continuación veremos las diversas traducciones que pueden tener las palabras terminadas en –ing según sea su función dentro de cada oración.

1. Como SUSTANTIVO

In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and control process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan.

While the terms may differ from industry to industry, the actual stages typically follow common steps to problem solving—"defining the problem, weighing options, choosing a path, implementation and evaluation.

Traditionally, project management includes a number of elements: four to five process groups, and a control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project management processes will be used. Major process groups generally include:

i. •Initiation ii. •Planning or design

iii. •Production or execution iv. •Monitoring and controlling v. •Closing

Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable.

2. Como ADJETIVO

The initiating processes determine the nature and scope of the project.

This kind of the DIY (do-it-yourself) approach is also applicable to the qualifications of software, computer operating systems and manufacturing processes.

3. Como gerundio, indicando el MODO en que algo sucede o se realiza

Projects are planned and managed to ensure that the resources are ready when the critical chain tasks must start, subordinating all other resources to the critical chain

4. Como gerundio, indicando el MÉTODO de realización

Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through a focus on outcomes (the benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs, and then measuring the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track.

5. Como gerundio, en los tiempos verbales CONTINUOS

The engineer cannot be disturbed. He is currently working on the restricted area of the manufacturing plant.


I was working hard on my new paper when the people from a nearby construction started making a terrible noise. They are not working now, but they were working all weekend.

It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification by "Are you building it right?"

"Building the right thing" refers back to the user's needs, while "building it right" checks that the specifications are correctly implemented by the system. In some contexts, it is required to have written requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance.

6. Como gerundio, indicando anterioridad

Having demonstrated excellence in academic performance by being in the top 5% of their year of study, the Faculty of Engineering is proud to recognize the following students: …

7. Como INFINITIVO, indicando propósito

These are the clues for understanding the chart.

The elements for designing the matrix can all be found in the manual.

Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose.

8. Como INFINITIVO, como objeto de una preposición

Project Management is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.

9. Como INFINITIVO, acompañando a otro verbo

The students started making a great noise despite the QUIET sign on the wall.

An example of delivering a project to requirements might be agreeing to deliver a computer system that will process staff data and manage payroll, holiday and staff personnel records. Under BRM the agreement might be to achieve a specified reduction in staff hours required to process and maintain staff data.

In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results.

10. Como INFINITIVO, reemplazando a un sustantivo

Reading is an excelent habit.

11. Como QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO, cuando se usa para simplificar una oración adjetiva post-modificadora

Using complex models for "projects" (or rather "tasks") spanning a few weeks has been proven to cause unnecessary costs and low maneuverability in several cases.

Supersonic aerodynamic problems are those involving flow speeds greater than the speed of sound.

Mixtures containing a solid and a solvent can be separated by using a decanter, and then simply pouring the liquid off.


TRADUCCIONES POSIBLES DE LA FORMA -ING – DIGA DE CUÁL USO SE TRATA Y

TRADÚZCALO EN EL CONTEXTO QUE LE DA SENTIDO

1. System suitability test parameters to be established for a particular procedure depend on the type of procedure being validated. In the late 19th century, crude oil, as recovered from the ground, could be distilled to separate the liquid materials by their boiling points. These early refiners discarded the low boiling fractions, the part we now call gasoline, and recovered the more valuable, higher boiling, kerosene for lighting and heating. But the internal combustion engine required a lower boiling fuel than kerosene because the fuel had to vaporize in the engine cylinder, and electrical service replaced much of the demand for kerosene. So turn of the last century chemists developed the refinery practice of "cracking"; heating the crude to very high temperatures in the absence of air. They found they could produce additional amounts of the gasolene fractions by what seemed to be a process of rupturing chemical bonds to get smaller molecules. But they also found that the hydrocarbons produced in the cracking process had no better quality;

2. A process cannot be understood by stopping it. Understanding must move with the flow of the process, must join it and flow with it. Frank Herbert, Dune (First Law of Mentat) US science fiction novelist (1920 - 1986)

3. If you receive a "The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process" error message when you try to start a Web site, try using the cache file.

4. These and other environmental topics are being discussed and debated more vigorously than ever.

5. It is often tempting to launch straight into an evaluation without taking the time to plan first. Planning is a crucial part of the process. The APCRC Checklist has been designed to help with the process of carefully planning your evaluation. It will enable you to become clear about what you intend to do, what data you need to collect and how you will undertake the analysis. It will enable you to think about creating a steering or advisory group of stakeholders. As well as seek advice from the right people at the outset of the process, agreeing roles and responsibilities.

6. Let’s start by considering the effects of marketing on sales.

7. Let’s start by considering the effects of marketing decisions on sales.

http://www.chemcases.com/fuels/fuels-07.htm

http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Frank_Herbert/


RELACIONES LÓGICO-SEMÁNTICAS (Nexos y Frases Conectoras)

Los conectores lógicos son el medio que utilizamos para lograr que un texto no sea una mera juxtaposición de oraciones. Los conectores y subordinadores unen una oración con otra, un párrafo con otro, una idea con otra, estableciendo relaciones de diversos tipos, como veremos a continuación. Pueden situarse al principio o final de una de las ideas para indicar su relación lógica con la idea posterior o la anterior. Otras veces vinculan ideas que no están necesariamente cercanas. Analicemos los tipos más comunes de nexos:

ADICIÓN: Agregan datos o información a lo ya dicho.

And Both … and In addition / to

Also As well / as well as Besides

Apart from Furthermore Moreover

CAUSA / CONSECUENCIA: Si bien en general se encuentran en relaciones que contienen ambos elementos, se debe indicar si el nexo introduce la causa o la consecuencia.

o CAUSA / RAZÓN

Because / of Since As

On account of In view of For

Owing to Due to

o CONSECUENCIA / EFECTO / RESULTADO

So As a result For this reason

And so As a consequence So that

Therefore Then Consequently

Hence Thus With the result that

CONDICIÓN: Introducen la condición que debe cumplirse para que se cumpla lo expresado en la proposición principal.

If Or else As / So long as

But for Otherwise Should (sintaxis invertida)

Unless Provided / providing Have / Be (sintaxis invertida)

TEMPORALES: Establecen una relación de tiempo, indicando un suceso anterior, simultáneo o posterior.

First/ly Earlier At the same time

After Next In the beinning

When / As Before At this point

While / As Later / on Up to this point

Lately Ultimately Then

At last Meanwhile Eventually

Since then From … to Since

EJEMPLIFICACIÓN: El componente que sigue al nexo complementa, ejemplifica o redefine lo que se dice antes.

e.g. For instance Such as

For example Namely That is


COMPARACIÓN: confrontan semejanzas o diferencias entre dos o mas elementos de igual valor, o a uno con todo el universo comparable.

Like Likewise In much the same way as

As … as Unlike

PROPÓSITO, INTENCIÓN, FINALIDAD: Indican precisamente el propósito por el cual se realiza lo expresado en la oración principal.

To + infinitivo In order to + infinitivo For + ~ ing

So that So as to

RESÚMEN, RECAPITULACIÓN, CONCLUSIÓN: Introducen un enunciado que cierra, resuelve o concluye lo anteriormente dicho en el texto.

In conclusion In summary To summarize

CONTRASTE, OPOSICIÓN, CONTRADICCIÓN, CONTRAJUNCIÓN: vinculan frases cuyos contenidos son opuestos, adversos, contrarios, prevaleciendo la idea introducida por el conector. En la CONCESIÓN, prevalece la idea no introducida por el conector.

Though But Nevertheless

Although However Yet

Even though In contrast While

Whereas Instead On the other hand

Despite Conversely In spite of

DISYUNCIÓN O ALTERNANCIA: implican oposición entre dos ideas.

Either … or Neither … nor Whether … or

REPETICIÓN O ÉNFASIS:

Above all Particularly Actually

In other words In particular Indeed

Most importantly In fact Really

ACLARACIÓN: Se ilustra la idea antes expresada.

That is That is to say i.e.

o Despite the increasing significance of precious metals secondary sources, the bulk are still recovered by traditional mining processes.

A pesar de

o Hydrometallurgical schemes deal with the fundamental chemistry of the precious metals as well as extraction mechanisms.

asi como también


o Liquefied propane gas (LPG) fracturing, or simply "gas fracking," is a waterless method developed by a small energy company, in Calgary, Alberta. Aside from being better environmentally, using propane for fracking can also be more efficient, because it allows more gas to flow from wells than water-based fracturing. All the propane leaves the fractured rocks, unlike water, part of which remains behind and can be absorbed into rock and so partially block the pathways for gas to escape. The propane method uses only about one quarter of the number of truck trips that water-based fracking employs, so the impact on local roads, the noise and dust annoyance to neighbors, and the trucking costs for drillers are reduced. However, propane costs more initially to use, even though it can be resold once recovered. It is also explosive, and requires special equipment to be handled properly and reduce risk

Because

_________

_________

Aside from

_________

_________

unlike

_________

_________

Even though

_________

_________

so

_________

_________

and so

_________

_________

however

_________

_________


CAUSATIVE USE OF VERBS

A los verbos MAKE, CAUSE y HAVE a menudo se los encuentra en construcciones “causativas”, que en general se interpretan como “Hacer que XX(un sujeto) haga ZZ (una acción)” en sus distintas conjugaciones (es decir,

alguien hace algo por nosotros, hacemos hacer algo, o se nos hace algo). Comportamiento similar tiene el verbo ALLOW, con el significado de “Permitir que XX haga ZZ”

Corrosion is a natural process. The primary driving force of corrosion is based upon the

transformation of iron from its natural state to steel. The refining of iron ore into steel

requires the addition of energy. Steel is essentially an unstable state of iron and corrosion is

the process of iron returning to its natural state. The energy used in the refining process is

the driving force of corrosion. Corrosion cells are established on underground pipelines for a

variety of causes. A primary cause of corrosion is due to an effect known as galvanic

corrosion. All metals have different natural electrical potentials. Where two metals with

different potentials are connected to each other in a common environment, current will flow

causing corrosion to occur. The coupling of steel to a different metal, such as copper, will

cause a corrosion circuit to be established. Direct coupling of copper to steel will cause the

steel to corrode much faster than normal. Another form of this is the coupling of rusty pipe

to new, clean steel. The natural difference in potential causes the new steel to corrode more

rapidly than the old steel. Other causes of pipeline corrosion cells include the effect of

different soil types, oxygen availability, stray current interference and microbiological

growth.

New method allows to encapsulate substances in nanospheres. The method allows for the

creation of micro and nanospheres by joining two units: an organic or binding molecule,

which acts as an "adhesive", and a metal ion. Please allow us to introduce the subject first.

Methylated vinyl sulfides made the reaction to be more sluggish than substitution of alkyl

group in that system.

Protective metal coatings: As protective coatings metals have advantages and disadvantages.

Thus they resist damage well, and are usually far less sensitive to heat, light, water and

oxidation than are organic coatings. Moreover, metal coatings still permit high electrical and

heat conduction through the surface and allow metals to be joined by soldering.

I had my fellow teacher help me with the introductory class.

She cannot blame anyone else for the delays. She had the results delivered hours ago!


CAUSATIVE USE OF VERBS: LEA EL SIGUIENTE PÁRRAFO Y COMPLETE LAS

ORACIONES ABAJO

THE CALC-ALKALI GROUP

The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main magma series in igneous rocks, the other magma series being the tholeiitic. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic magma, which is high in magnesium and iron and produces basalt or gabbro, as it fractionally crystallizes to become a felsic magma, which is low in magnesium and iron and produces rhyolite or granite. Calc–alkaline rocks make up a major part of the crust of the continents.

Rocks from the calc–alkaline magma series are distinguished from rocks from the tholeiitic magma series by the redox state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced, and calc–alkaline magmas are oxidized). When mafic (basalt-producing) magmas crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals. However, a calc–alkaline magma is oxidized enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.

The difference between these two magma series can be seen on an AFM diagram, a ternary diagram showing the relative proportions of the oxides of Na2O + K2O (A), FeO + Fe2O3 (F), and MgO (M). As magmas cool, they precipitate out significantly more iron and magnesium than alkali, causing the magmas to move towards the alkali corner as they cool. In the tholeiitic magma, as it cools and preferentially produces magnesium-rich crystals, the magnesium content of the magma plummets, causing the magma to move away from the magnesium corner until it runs low on magnesium and simply moves towards the alkali corner as it loses iron and magnesium. With the calc–alkaline series, however, the precipitation of magnetite causes the iron-magnesium ratio to remain relatively constant, so the magma moves in a straight line towards the alkali corner on the AFM diagram.

Calc–alkaline magmas are typically hydrous, and also typically are more oxidized, with higher oxygen fugacities.

1. A medida que los magmas se enfrían, precipitan ____________________

____________________________________, ___________________________ los magmas

______________________________________ a medida que se enfrían.

2. En el caso del Magma Toleítico, a medida que se enfría y produce preferentemente cristales ricos en

magnesio, el contenido de magnesio del magma se desploma, ____________________ el magma

__________________________________________hasta que se queda casi sin magnesio (…)

3. En la serie calc-alkali, la precipitación de magnetita _____________________ la proporción magnesio-hierro

______________________ relativamente constante, en consecuencia el magma se mueva en línea recta

_________________________________________.


RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Who, Whom, Which, That, Whose, When, Where, Why)

o Academic Achievement Awards - Department of Industrial Engineering: These awards are given annually at the end of spring semester to celebrate the accomplishments of students whose academic performance proved outstanding. Students may not apply for these awards as they are determined by the Department faculty which submits the nomination.

o Organic Chemistry Award: Given to the outstanding student of organic chemistry who has completed Chem 320A and completed Chem 320B in the Fall Semester of the current academic year.

o SUMMA Award: Given to the graduating student who has rendered an outstanding service to the department where he/she belongs.

o Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) form the main structures of all organic compounds (carbon especially) with additional functional groups of possible other elements attached. They are the elements whose compounds comprise the branch of chemistry called organic chemistry.

o Authors who sign (signing) for an article generally should not be more than five. The authors’ names should be given in as complete form as possible: surnames (last names), initials and first names. The complete mailing address (including the full name of the University or company, city, postal code) of the place where the work was done should follow the title and authors’ names.

o Hydrolysis explains why basic salts such as basic zinc acetate and basic zinc carbonate, Zn3(OH)4(CO3).H2O are easy to obtain. The reason for the hydrolysis is the high electrical charge density on the zinc ion, which pulls electrons away from an OH bond of a coordinated water molecule and releases a hydrogen ion. The polarizing effect of Zn

2+ is part of the reason why zinc is

found in enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase.

o Robert Boyle was a devout Christian who contributed much to the study of chemistry and is considered by many as the "father of modern chemistry". During the time when alchemy was very popular he made great advances in chemistry, and praised God for every discovery he made. Some of his major contributions were:

He made a vacuum pump which he used to prove that air was important to transmit sound.

He made the formulation of his gas law (called Boyle's law) which says that if the temperature is constant, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. (That means: as pressure increases, volume of a gas decreases and vice-versa.)

He changed the way the modern world thought about chemical elements (i.e that they are the smallest part of a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances).

He created the scientific method which became widely applied.

He helped others understand the way in which compounds and mixtures differ.

OMISSION

o The book on William James (that/which/-) we recommend describes the life and accomplishments of the scientist whom many scholars believe is both America's greatest philosopher and the father of American psychology.

o Given the components of the mixture, one would think (that/-) a violent reaction would follow immediately.

o The tests (that/which/-) the students took this morning were all kept in a briefcase (that was/which was/-) brought by the teacher himself.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_acetate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase

http://creationwiki.org/Robert_Boyle

http://creationwiki.org/Alchemy


SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES (Atención: Las palabras subrayadas NO necesariamente

representan la dificultad que se está ejemplificando. Se las subraya para que resulte más rápido identificarlas a los fines de los ejercicios de lecto-comprensión que se hallan más adelante, entre las págs. 23 y 28)

A. REFERENCIA

La referencia anafórica o anáfora es un mecanismo mediante el cual un elemento del texto

remite a otro que ha aparecido anteriormente, denominado antecedente. Se establece, pues,

una relación interpretativa entre dos unidades lingüísticas en la que la segunda unidad adquiere sentido por su relación con la que se ha mencionado antes.

1. Thus it frequently happens that the data that are potentially most valuable are also the ones that are likely to be the least accurate…

2. The engineer sent the results to Alice when he received her questions by email.

La referencia catafórica o catáfora es un mecanismo, simétrico a la referencia anafórica, por el

que una unidad del texto remite a otra que aparece posteriormente. Se establece, pues, una

relación interpretativa entre dos elementos por la que el primer elemento adquiere sentido por

su relación con el que viene después.

3. After he had received her questions by email, the engineer immediately sent back the results to Alice.

4. Determination of the Faraday

… the deposition of silver from a silver nitrate solution and of iodine from a potassium iodide solution have been used to determine the Faraday. Of these two methods that based on the deposition of silver is formally the more accurate owing to the greater uncertainty in the atomic weight of iodine…

5. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors

… (JIT production lines) Under the conditions of inadequate supply of certain inputs, the total output may be little different from that which occurs in the complete absence of inputs …

B. SUSTITUCIÓN

La sustitución se da cuando en un texto se utiliza un elemento no idéntico para no repetir, o para

diferenciar o redefinir a otro antes utilizado. Puede tratarse de

• Sustitución nominal, cuando el término que se sustituye es el núcleo de una frase

sustantiva.

6. I met the co-author of the book today. He is a very nice guy.

7. The chief of the plant is a rude man. Everybody is afraid of the boss.

• Sustitución verbal: los sustitutos verbales en español son los verbos hacer y ser,

generalmente acompañados por el pronombre complemento lo. En Ingles son los verbos DO

y BE, acompañados por SO.

8. When hydrogen burns in air, it does so explosively

9. Students in Course A proved to be very skilled, while those in course B were not so.


10. The different roles of the managers reflect the profound, in many respects contradictory, differences between the two parts of the design/development process. Analysis is time limited; it presses for clarity and closure. Interpretation plays on ambiguity; it is open-ended and ongoing in time. If the conversation about alternatives is not at some point closed and a basic design chosen, the product will never reach the market. But if the conversation is closed prematurely, the wrong product may be designed; the design will be uninteresting so there will be no customers when it is completed. Competitive pressure discourages interpretation. It does so in part through the incentives which it creates for secrecy, which in turn forecloses the free and open exchange of ideas that underlies the interpretative process. But it also creates pressures to resolve ambiguity quickly and push toward closure. The problem is then how to combine these two antagonistic processes into a single institutional structure.

(http://economics.mit.edu/files/3099)

11. Analysis is essentially the process of problem solving or rational choice. The first step is to define and carefully specify the goals of the new product. A limited number of feasible design approaches are then identified. But more generally, and particularly when technological innovation is not closely linked to a particular product, the basic design alternatives are not at all obvious, and before the design can be analyzed and optimized the broad character of the product must be specified. And thus the design/development process involves a stage prior to analysis in which the design specification ultimately emerges. We came to call this interpretation. This second stage is not anticipated in the standard literature on product development, therefore the managers interviewed did not have a standard vocabulary or an easy way to talk about it. What the interviews ultimately suggested is that in this phase people seem to “discuss” and “play around” with the new technology. As they do so, they look for how it might be combined with existing technologies and for ways in which it can be applied to products that will prove useful in this world and then image how those products will fit into daily life. This phase involves the crossing of barriers and borders, the merging of technologies and of different organizational cultures.

(http://economics.mit.edu/files/3099)

C. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES – Casos especiales

Adicionalmente a las formas tradicionales de expresar condiciones que vimos más adelante

(Condición + Predicción en una secuencia de verbos determinados que indican el grado de

certidumbre que el autor asigna a tal relación), podemos encontrar casos especiales que, cuando no son transparentes a la traducción, pueden complejizar la comprensión

a. Were to + Infinitivo en la condición (if) para indicar suposición sobre el futuro

12. If you were to touch the wire, you would be killed instantly // Were you to touch the wire, you would be killed instantly // (Should you touch…)

13. If we start from copper metal, the copper equilibrium is already completely to the right. If it were to react at all, the equilibrium would have to move to the left.

b. Unless en la condición (en reemplazo de if) con el significado “if…not” o “except on

condition that”

14. Unless you prefer to do it yourself once you finish, the office shall be closed by 10 pm.

15. Results will not be delivered unless the consultancy is paid in advance.

c. Whether … (or not) en la condición (en reemplazo de if… (or not))

16. The CEO decided to open a new branch, whether the stakeholders like it or not.


17. According to industrial property Act 2001, an industrial design is defined as "any composition of lines or colours or any three-dimensional form whether associated with lines or colours or not, provided that such composition or form gives a special appearance to a product of industry or handicraft and can serve as pattern for a product of industry or handicraft"

Este uso es diferente del usual uso de Whether como ALTERNATIVA:

18. The new Act, now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any article, whether in two- or three-dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual or mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction

d. Expresiones Varias: On condition that / Provided (that)/ Providing (that) / so

long as / as long as en la condición (en reemplazo de if)

19. Please read this Software License Agreement carefully before commencing the download of the software through this website. You are authorized to use the software on condition that you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Should you not agree to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, you may not download the software.

20. There are several design projects throughout the year, complemented by modules in the areas of design techniques, manufacturing, ergonomics and business. At the end of year two, you can opt to switch to the four-year MEng degree provided that you have obtained at least 55 per cent in the end of year assessment.

21. Admission requirements, Integrated Product Design: A Bachelor’s degree, or equivalent, preferably in Mechanical Engineering. Other corresponding degrees within engineering or science may be considered providing that they include relevant courses in mechanical engineering and product development.

22. Product designs that capture the attention of the marketplace — not for their utility, but due to creativity, innovation or fashion cachet — can be hugely valuable assets. There are three primary sources of protection for nonfunctional product designs: trade dress, copyright and design patents. Of the three, trade dress protection offers the longest-lasting protection, but likely is the most difficult to establish. By law, the design of a product is protectable so long as the claimed trade dress is distinctive, i.e. when consumers identify the trade dress with a particular source.

23. The trademarks can last indefinitely as long as they are used in commerce. After all, they exist as long as someone remembers them.

D. EXPRESIONES

IN THAT

24. The Cape Wind case study showed that a stakeholder-assisted system representation was superior to the equivalent expert-centered system representation used by the agency as a basis for decision-making, in that it served as a thought expander for stakeholders, captured some effects that the expert-centered representation could not capture, better took into account social, economic and political feasibility and was more useful in suggesting better alternative strategies for the system.


TOO (ADV) + ADJETIVO / ADVERBIO + TO inf. y expresiones análogas

25. Estimates can sometimes be either too high or too low to be of practical use.

26. Stock market's rigged. The United States stock market, the most iconic market in global capitalism is rigged. All is being done by computers. It's too fast to be done by humans. Humans have been completely removed from the marketplace. "Fast" is the operative word. Machines with secret programs are now trading stocks in tiny fractions of a second, way too fast to be seen or recorded on a stock ticker or computer screen. Faster than the market itself. High-frequency traders, big Wall Street firms and stock exchanges have spent billions to gain an advantage of a millisecond for themselves and their customers, just to get a peek at stock market prices and orders a flash before everyone else, along with the opportunity to act on it.

27. Based on experience gained over the past half century in developing artificial programming languages, the common wisdom has been that human-oriented and machine-oriented languages are necessarily mutually exclusive in terms of their understandability: natural languages, which are intuitively understood by humans, are much too difficult to be processed by computers, while (programming) languages, which are easily “understood” by computers, require much training and effort to be deciphered by humans. The underlying assumption has been that the syntax of human-understandable language must necessarily be totally different than that of machine-digestible language.

The Visual Semantic Web: unifying human and machine knowledge representations with Object-Process Methodology.

SO + ADJETIVO + AS TO inf.

28. Document quality was so poor as to cause Customer Experience issues and agent frustration, leading to lowered Net Promoter scores and increased service center costs. Response time to compliance changes were so slow as to require costly manual workaround solutions.

IT IS BELIEVED THAT

29. Although the automation technique has been employed widely in industry, there are still lots of manual operations, especially in assembly and maintenance jobs due to the flexibility and the feasibility of human Inappropriate posture and physical fatigue might result in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in such physical jobs. Among these manual handling operations, there are occasionally several physical operations with high strength demands. The magnitude of the load, posture, personal factors, and sometimes vibration are potential exposures for MSDs. It is believed that one reason for MSDs is the physical fatigue resulting from physical work.

30. The book [Systems Engineering Methods]... covers (1) the environment for systems engineering, (2) system organization, scheduling, and record-keeping, (3) formulating and structuring the system, (4) factors for judging the value of a system, (5) cost-estimation and cost-effectiveness analysis, (6) operational meanings and effects of time, and PERT-type network analysis, (7) reliability, and (8) future opportunities for systems engineering. It is believed that few subjects are covered deeply enough to make the book useful as a text or self-study guide without considerable supplementary reading.

IT FOLLOWS THAT

31. .Predicting the future will always be difficult, but the world will probably soon face a number of major environment/resource challenges, including global climate change and oil depletion. Accommodating the consumption aspirations of industrialising countries, particularly fast-growing Asian economies such as China and India, in a world of finite


resources and pollution absorption capacity, will increase our difficulties. If serious, these challenges promise a sharp break with trends of the past half-century for both production and consumption. Both Industrial Engineering practice and education will need to change due to a number of reasons. First, both oil depletion and climate change are serious and global problems. Second, technical fixes alone will not solve these problems, given the environmental problems of even ‘clean’ industrial systems. Third, it follows that industrial engineering teaching/practice will need to change, the extent of change depending greatly on both how serious the problems are, and the degree to which further technology can overcome them.

IT FOLLOWS FROM THIS THAT… / IT DOESN’T FOLLOW FROM THIS THAT…

32. The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next is called the ecological efficiency. Consumers at each level convert on average only about 10% of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic tissue. For this reason, food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels. At the lowest trophic level (the bottom of the food chain), plants convert about 1% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy. It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001%

IS / ARE FOUND TO BE

33. With the evolving needs of today’s manufacturing industries in the area of product development, 3D CAD model has become very important. Often in many situations there is a need to remanufacture a physical part where the CAD data is not available with the manufacturer or is lost because of several reasons. In such cases reverse engineering is found to be an effective and efficient tool. Reverse engineering is an approach where the physical parts are digitized in order to obtain a virtual model. Digitization can be done either manually or it can be fully automatized for better and faster scans. The virtual models so obtained are helpful in many applications, nevertheless they are often used for redesign operations.

IT BEING NOTED THAT

34. The arrangement of table 3-2 is quite consistent with the periodic chart of table 3-1, it being noted that elements with the electrons only with principal quantum number two (but no greater) fall in the second period, and so on and so forth.


EJERCICIOS de LECTO-COMPRENSIÓN – TEXTOS de las PÁGINAS 16 a 20 (numerados del 1 al 34). Atención! Los números entre paréntesis

refieren al número de párrafo. Ver subrayados.

I. REFERENCIA – (¿A qué remiten las palabras en negrita?)

1. It (8)

2. It (10 – 4 ocurrencias)

3. Which (10)

4. It (11 – 2 ocurrencias)

5. This phase (11)

6. This second stage (11)

7. They (21)

8. Their (22)

9. They (23)

10. Them (23)

11. Their (26)

12. Themselves (26)

13. Their (27)

14. That (27)

15. The next (32)

16. Their (32, 2 ocurrencias)

17. They (32)

18. Such cases (33)

19. It (33)

20. Where (33)


II. COMPARATIVOS / SUPERLATIVOS – (diga si son de superioridad, igualdad, inferioridad y traduzca la estructura comparativa que les da sentido)

21. The least accurate (1)

22. The more accurate (4)

23. The greater (4)

24. The most difficult (22)

25. the longest-lasting protection (22)

26. The most iconic (26)

27. Faster (26)

28. The lowest (32)

29. Better and faster (33)

30. Greater (34)

III. CONECTORES – (diga QUE TIPO DE RELACIÓN ESTABLECEN y traduzca la estructura lógica que les da sentido)

If (101)

_________

_________

If (102)

_________

_________


So (10)

_________

_________

Before (11)

_________

_________

Thus (11)

_________

_________

As (11)

_________

_________

Therefore (11)

_________

_________

Should you not agree (19)

_________

_________

i.e. (22)

_________

_________

although (29)

_________

_________


Due to (29)

_________

_________

Both / and (31) (3 ocurrencias)

Either / or (33)

Nevertheless (33)

_________

_________

In order to (33)

_________

_________

IV. USOS DEL INFINITIVO Y LA FORMA -ING – (diga QUE TIPO DE USO se trata y traduzca la estructura lógica que les da sentido)

31. Competitive pressure creates pressures to resolve ambiguity quickly (10)

32. Analysis is essentially the process of problem solving or rational choice (11)


33. Please read this Software License Agreement carefully before commencing the download of the software (19)

34. You are authorized to use the software on condition that you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement (19)

35. The Cape Wind case study was superior as a basis for decision-making (24)

36. It served was more useful in suggesting better alternative strategies for the system (24)

37. Machines with secret programs are now trading stocks in tiny fractions of a second (26)

38. Wall Street firms and stock exchanges have spent billions to gain an advantage of a millisecond for themselves (26)

39. The experience gained over the past half century in developing artificial programming languages (27)

40. Programming languages, which are easily “understood” by computers, require much training and effort to be deciphered by humans. (27)

41. The underlying assumption has been that the syntax of human language is totally different than that of machine language (27)

42. Manual handling operations(29)

43. Scheduling and record keeping (30)

44. Formulating and structuring (30)

45. Factors for judging (30)

46. Considerable supplementary reading (30)

47. Predicting the future will always be difficult (31)

48. Accommodating the consumption aspirations of industrialising countries, particularly fast-growing Asian economies such as China and India, in a world of finite resources and pollution absorption capacity, will increase our difficulties (31)

49. Industrial engineering teaching/practice will need to change, the extent of change depending greatly on how serious the problems are (31)


V. USOS de VERBOS MODALES – (diga de QUE TIPO DE USO se trata y traduzca la estructura que les da sentido)

50. May (5)

51. Could not (24)

52. Might (29)

LONG NOUN PHRASES

http://www.singlestoneconsulting.com/ INDUSTRY CASE STUDY

http://www.singlestoneconsulting.com/


SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES (2) ALTERACIÓN DE LA SINTAXIS Y OTRAS ESTRUCTURAS

NO TRANSPARENTES - CONSIGNA: Una vez analizadas las dificultades, ARMA EJERCICIOS con las palabras destacadas en gris, según la metodología aprendida para cada tipo de estructura.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

[1] The Second Law. Entropy and free energy.

An adiabatic process is one during which no heat is exchanged between the system and the

surroundings.

Since the energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only, its energy change for an

isothermal process is zero.

The heat absorbed per mole during isothermal expansion or compression is hence found,

from the first law, to be equal to the work done, as given by equation 7.1

1

2

3

4

5

6

[2] Since the energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only, it does not vary with

volume at constant temperature.

CvdT = - δw

For simplicity it will be assumed that Cv is constant; this is strictly so only for the rare

gases helium, argon, etc., but is approximately true for other gases over a short range of

temperature.

1

2

3

4

5

6

[3] Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis

Faraday’s first law states that the amounts of primary product formed by electrolysis are

directly proportional to the amounts of electricity flowing.

Faraday’s second law states that the passage of a given quantity of electricity causes the

amounts of primary products formed by eletrolysis to be in the ratio of the chemical

equivalents of those products.

1

2

3

4

5

[4] The Faraday

The Faraday is the amount of electricity required to liberate one gram equivalent of a

metal from its ions (…) Thus, one Faraday liberates one gram equivalent of any metal from

its ions and, using Faraday’s first law, it follows that any stated quantity of electricity

liberates amounts of metals from their ions in the ratios of their equivalent weights.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

[5] Applicability of Faraday’s Laws

The universal applicability of Faraday’s laws is demonstrated by tha fact that the

coulometers described above have been based not only on anodic and cathodic processes

but also on a variety of electrolytes, and on gaseous, liquid, solid, and ionic electrode

products.

On the other hand, if Faraday’s Laws were not of universal practical utility, the choice of a

design for a coulometer would rest chiefly on such qualities as chemical stability,

availability, price, conductivity, etc. These tend, however, to become subsidiary

considerations (…) For example, suppose that a gas coulometer be based on the electrolysis

of sodium chloride solution using platinum electrodes. In this cell, each Faraday liberates a

volume of hydogen and chlorine one third greater than the corresponding gas volume from

an electrolytic gas coulometer. This possible advantage in sensitivity is entirely lost due to

the high solubility in water of the hydrogen chloride which is readily obtained as a

secondary product by the combination of primary electrode products.


NEGOTIATION: The effect of the partner’s emotions

Most studies on emotion in negotiations focus on the effect of the negotiator’s own emotions on the process. However, what the other party feels might be just as important, as group emotions are known to affect processes both at the group and the personal levels. When it comes to negotiations, trust in the other party is a necessary condition for its emotion to affect, and visibility enhances the effect. Emotions contribute to negotiation processes by signaling what one feels and thinks and can thus prevent the other party from engaging in destructive behaviors and to indicate what steps should be taken next: Positive Affect signals to keep in the same way, while Negative Affect points that mental or behavioral adjustments are needed.

Partner’s emotions can have two basic effects on negotiator’s emotions and behavior: mimetic/ reciprocal or complementary. For example, disappointment or sadness might lead to compassion and more cooperation. In a study by Butt et al. (2005) which simulated real multi-phase negotiation, most people reacted to the partner’s emotions in reciprocal, rather than complementary, manner. Specific emotions were found to have different effects on the opponent’s feelings and strategies chosen:

Anger caused the opponents to place lower demands and to concede more in a zero-sum

negotiation, but also to evaluate the negotiation less favorably. It provoked both dominating and yielding behaviors of the opponent.

Pride led to more integrative and compromising strategies by the partner.

Guilt or regret expressed by the negotiator led to better impression of him by the

opponent, however it also led the opponent to place higher demands. On the other hand, personal guilt was related to more satisfaction with what one achieved.

Worry or disappointment left bad impression on the opponent, but led to relatively lower

demands by the opponent.

NEGOTIATION: Problems with lab negotiation studies

Negotiation is a rather complex interaction. Capturing all its complexity is a very difficult task, let alone isolating and controlling only certain aspects of it. For this reason most negotiation studies are done under laboratory conditions, and focus only on some aspects. Although lab studies have their advantages, they do have major drawbacks when studying emotions:

Emotions in lab studies are usually manipulated and are therefore relatively ‘cold’ (not intense). Although those ‘cold’ emotions might be enough to show effects, they are qualitatively different from the ‘hot’ emotions often experienced during negotiations.

In real life there is self-selection to which negotiation one gets into, which effects the emotional commitment, motivation and interests. However this is not the case in lab studies.

Lab studies tend to focus on relatively few well defined emotions. Real life scenarios provoke a much wider scale of emotions.

Coding the emotions has a double catch: if done by a third side, some emotions might not be detected as the negotiator sublimates them for strategic reasons. Self report measures might overcome this, but they are usually filled only before or after the process, and if filled during the process might interfere with it.


TEXTOS CON EJERCICIOS – TEXTO I

Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found associated with fossil fuels, in coal beds, and is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source, a major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas. Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen. Fossil natural gas can be "associated" (found in oil fields) or "non-associated" (isolated in natural gas fields), and is also found in coal beds (as coalbed methane). It sometimes contains significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane—heavier hydrocarbons removed prior to use as a consumer fuel—as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is commercially produced from oil fields and natural gas fields. Gas produced from oil wells is called associated gas. The natural gas industry is producing gas from increasingly more challenging resource types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane. The world's largest proven gas reserves are located in Russia. Russia is also the world's largest natural gas producer, through the Gazprom company. Major proven resources (with year of estimate) (in billion cubic metres) are, Russia 47,570 (2006), Iran 26,370 (2006), Qatar 25,790 (2007), Saudi Arabia 6,568 (2006) and United Arab Emirates 5,823 (2006). The world's largest gas field is Qatar's offshore North Field, estimated to have 25 trillion cubic metres of gas in place—enough to last more than 200 years at optimum production levels. The second largest natural gas field is the South Pars Gas Field in Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf. Connected to Qatar's North Field, it has estimated reserves of 8 to 14 trillion cubic metres of gas. Because natural gas is not a pure product, when non-associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical (pressure/temperature) conditions, it may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing—an effect called retrograde condensation. The liquids thus formed may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir. One method to deal with this problem is to reinject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and to allow reevaporation and extraction of condensates. Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in Siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form). However, as of 2009 no technology has been developed to produce natural gas economically from hydrates.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

EJERCICIOS

I. ¿Cuál es el párrafo que mejor representa la Idea Principal del texto?. Fundamente su respuesta II. Enumere 3 ideas secundarias


III. RESPONDER estas preguntas en español

1. ¿Puede el gas natural ser utilizado directamente del pozo? Explique. 2. Enumere y distinga las reservas de gas que menciona el texto según su importancia (l. 17 a 20). 3. Describa un problema asociado a la condensación retrógrada y un método para solucionarlo. 4. ¿Cómo puede encontrarse el gas natural fósil? (l. 9 10) 5. Compare el área gasífera de Qatar con la del Golfo Persa. (l. 21 25) 6. Describa el efecto de condensación retrograda.

IV. RELACIONES LÓGICAS: Qué tipo de relación determinan estos conectores. Traduce las dos ideas

que le dan sentido.

such as (l. 5)

as well as (l.12)

Because (l.26)

however (l.35)

V. REFERENCIA – (¿A qué remiten las palabras en negrita?)

1. it (l. 10)

2. it (l. 24)

3. it (l. 27)

4. that (l.33)


5. those (l.34) VI. GRADO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO – (Diga de que tipo es y traduzca la oración que completa

su sentido)

1. (Párrafo 2)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. (Párrafo 5)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. (Párrafo 3)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (Párrafo 4)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

VII. Usos de la TERMINACIÓN –ING y del INFINITIVO ¿Qué tipo de uso es? Traduzca la frase / oración que lo contiene y que a continuación se transcribe

1. Natural gas may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing

Traducción: Uso:

2. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane Traducción: Uso:

3. The liquids thus formed may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir Traducción: Uso:

VIII. SINÓNIMOS Y ANTÓNIMOS – Transcriba del texto sinónimos y antónimos de las palabras que se indican a continuación (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)

SINÓNIMOS ANTÓNIMOS

formed (2) major (11)

usually (4) biggest (23)

Has to (5) since (26)

except (6) keep (30)

occasionally (8) immense (32)


THE SHOESTRING APPROACH – EJERCICIOS

I. REFERENCIA – Diga a qué / quién remiten o reemplazan los términos destacados (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. their (L.7)

2. this approach (L. 13)

3. in which (L. 25)

II. RELACIONES LÓGICO-SEMÁNTICAS – Traduzca el conector, diga qué tipo de relación introduce y complete las conexiones lógicas a partir del contexto (en español) (0.75 x 4 = 3 p)

1. HENCE (L.7)

___________

2. DUE TO (L.15)

______________

3. IF (L.28)

_____________

4. MOREOVER (L.36)

_____________

III. Usos de la terminación –ING – ¿Qué tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los contienen que se transcriben a continuación (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. The approach assists evaluators operating under limited budget

Traducción: Uso:

2. Budget constraints may be addressed by simplifying the evaluation design Traducción: Uso:


3. The approach includes data collection methods such as using volunteers to collect data

Traducción: Uso:

IV. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS – Diga de qué tipo se trata. Traduzca la oración que los contiene y que se transcribe a continuación(0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1 y 2) There is a greater need for evaluation processes that are more rapid and economical

Traducción:

Tipo:

3) … to design an evaluation to achieve the highest standards available.

Traducción:

Tipo:

V. SINÓNIMOS Y ANTÓNIMOS – Transcriba del texto sinónimos (primera columna) y antónimos

(segunda columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuación (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)


HELP (L.1) INOPERATIVE (L.3)

TRUSTWORTHINESS (L.9) CEASE (L.8)

LIMITATIONS (L.12) FINISHED (L.28)

CRUCIAL (L.19) EASY (L.24)

IN ADVANCE OF (L.38) DECREASE (L.35)

VI. Responda estas preguntas (en Español) (0.5 x 3 = 1.5)

1. Which are the main temporal restrictions that may be faced by an evaluator? (párr. 3)

2. Name two data constraint sources. (párr. 4)

3. Why was the shoestring approach created? (Parr. 5)


PETER PRINCIPLE – EJERCICIOS

I. REFERENCIA – Diga a qué / quién remiten o reemplazan los términos destacados (0.5 x 4 = 2 p)

1. they (L. 2)

2. this topic (L. 12)

3. his/her (L. 30)

4. their (L.36)

II. SINÓNIMOS Y ANTÓNIMOS – Transcriba del texto sinónimos (primera columna) y antónimos (segunda

columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuación (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)


Unapt - 2 Deny - 36

Verified - 3 Covers up - 23

Hilarious - 11 Promotion - 19

Compose - 6 Retreat - 8

Climb - 17 No longer - 5

III. RESPONDA ESTAS PREGUNTAS (en español) (0.5 X 3 = 1.5)

1. ¿Qué sucede a medida que los empleados ascienden en la escala jerárquica? (párr. 3)

2. ¿Quiénes llevan adelante un negocio según Peter? (párr. 5)

3. ¿Por qué dice el autor que el tema parece no tener solución? (párr. 6)

IV. RELACIONES LÓGICO-SEMÁNTICAS – Traduzca el conector, diga qué tipo de relación introduce y complete las conexiones lógicas a partir del contexto (en español) (0.75 x 4 = 3 p)

1. AS (L.7)

_____________

2. NEVERTHELESS (L.5)

______________


3. THUS (L.21)

___________

4. IN ORDER TO (L.35)

_____________

V. Usos de la terminación –ING – ¿Qué tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los contienen que se transcriben a continuación (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. The concept of the Peter Principle is best explained by imagining the familiar pyramid-shaped business

model

Traducción: Uso:

2. Managers risk having to recognize that they may have achieved their own level of incompetence

Traducción: Uso:

3. The Peter Principle is a management theory suggesting that organizations may be run by incompetent people

Traducción: Uso:

VI. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS – Diga de qué tipo se trata. Traduzca la oración que los contiene y que se transcribe a continuación (0.5 p)

An employee who would perform better outside of management has no proper way to resolve the situation.

Traducción: Tipo:

VII. DIFICULTADES ESPECIALES –Traduzca la oración que se transcribe a continuación (0.5 p) This sort-of selection causes the average quality of the company’s employees to decrease over time


MOTIVATION – EJERCICIOS

I. RESPONDA ESTAS PREGUNTAS (en español) (0.5 X 3 + 1 = 2.5)

1. What justifies the usual managerial belief that pressure makes diamonds? (párr. 1)

2. Describe Maslow’s Pyramid (párr. 3)

3. According to a recent study by psychologist Susan David, what are highly engaged employees’

motivations at work? (párr. 5)

4. What is meant by “the power of small wins“? (párr. 4. - 1 punto)

II. RELACIONES LÓGICO-SEMÁNTICAS – Traduzca el conector, diga qué tipo de relación introduce y complete las conexiones lógicas a partir del contexto (en español) (0.5 x 4 = 2 p)

1. IF (L.3)

_____________

2. MOREOVER (L.8)

___________

3. THEREFORE (L.18)

______________

4. AS (L.15)

_____________

III. Usos de la terminación –ING – ¿Qué tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los contienen que se transcriben a continuación (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. In a wide-ranging study of employee motivation (L. 25/26)

Traducción: Uso:

2. They’re attempting to hit a base need in Maslow’s hierarchy of safety and security to motivate (L.20/21) Traducción: Uso:


3. Having talked with 600 managers about what they thought was the single-most important motivator for

employees at work (L.30/31)

Traducción: Uso:

IV. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS – Diga de qué tipo se trata. Traduzca la oración que los contiene y que se transcribe a continuación(0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1) … you need this touchy-feely stuff for only your weakest employees (L. 42)

Traducción:

Tipo

2 y 3) … Non-hierarchical thinking about employee needs is even more important when it comes to your highest

performers. (L.43/44)

Traducción:

Tipo (1)

Tipo (2)

V. REFERENCIA – Diga a qué / quién remiten o reemplazan los términos destacados (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. their (L.4)

2. the latter (L. 19)

3. the former (L. 19)

VI. SINÓNIMOS Y ANTÓNIMOS – Transcriba del texto sinónimos (primera columna) y antónimos (segunda

columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuación (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)


CONSIDERABLE (L.6) FAILING TO REACH (L.4)

SINCE THEN (L.10) ABSURD (L.22)

FOUNDATION (L.16) LEAST (L.33)

JUSTIFICATION (L.17) OLD-DATED (L.37)

FIT (L.39) RIGHT (L.43)

apunte ingles ii - ingenieria industrial 2016

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