"marcaciones territoriales" tesis de francisca torres
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^ADXN_RDIFI IN F_YNR, BDNABDFR T BJL^ADBFBDÒAHfbu`tfi in Frtn, Idsnöj, Frqudtnbturf y Ynbaj`jcìf Fp`dbfif
Bfrrnrf in Frtns Xdsuf`ns y Hjtjcrfhìf
LF_BFBDJANR YN__DYJ_DF@NR5 N@ W_JO@NLF IN @F K^N@@F NA N@F_YN
Wrjynbtj pfrf jptfr f` Crfij Fbfiäldbj in @dbnabdfif na Frtns Xdsuf`ns yHjtjcrfhìf y f` Yìtu`j Wrjhnsdjaf` in Frtdstf Xdsuf` y Hjtòcrfhf
Wrjhnsjr Cuìf= Kucj Wftrdbdj Jsjrdj _dvnrjsLntjiò`jcj= Kucj Lfrbn`j Cfrbìf Cfrrdij
NstuidfatnHrfabdsbf in @jurins Yjrrns Kunrtf
Dab`uyn Xnrsdòa Idcdtf`, BI-_JL
Rfatdfcj in Bkd`n, Ajvdnlorn in ?762
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Fcrfinbdldnatjs
F `f Nsbun`f in Frtns Xdsuf`ns in ^advnrsdifi ^ADFBB y f tjij su bunrpj
ijbnatn, na `f natrncf in fprnaidzfmns sdcadhdbftdvjs iurfatn lds föjs in nstuidj.
F O`jb-Yutjrìfs in frtn, pjr bjlp`ntfr ld hjrlfbdòa fbfiäldbf,
fpjrtæaijln nxpnrdnabdfs y aunvjs bjajbdldnatjs.
F ld hfld`df y fldcjs pjr n` fpjyj dabjaidbdjaf` iurfatn nstn prjbnsj
hjrlftdvj.
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Ìaidbn
_nsulna!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .>
Datrjiubbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..8
6.- N` tnrrdtjrdj bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf.
6.6- Nspfbdj fatrjpj`òcdbj!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!67
6.6.6 @f prjiubbdòa y nvj`ubdòa!!..!!!!!!!!!!!!...6?
6.6.? @f pjo`fbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .6>
6.6.2 @f prjpdnifi in `f Ydnrrf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
...6>
6.6.9 @f vdif ijlästdbf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6;
6.?.- Nspfbdj frtìstdbj!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..?4
6.2.- Nspfbdj kdordij= hrfbturf in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi f trfväs in`
Dabjasbdnatn in` kfodtfr !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..29
?.- Bjlj kfodtfr n` tnrrdtjrdj.
?.6.- @f kun``f, n` insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf!!!!!.92
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?.?.- @f nidhdbfbdòa v/s dastf`fbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.....98
?.2.- @f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj rncdstrj in jorf!!!!!!!!!!!!!.....>7
2.- Kfodtfaij n` tnrrdtjrdj.
2.6.- N` vdfmn, `f bfsf bjlj bfpfrfzòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!....87
2.6.6 Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!..86
2.6.? Dif y Xun`tf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ...!.82
2.6.2 Yn davdtj f vdfmfr !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
.8>
2.?.- Lfrbfs tnrrdtjrdf`ns, na ousbf in `j prjpdj!!!!!!!!!!....83
2.?.6 N` dastdatj in `f fprjpdfbdòa pfrf n` kfodtfr !!!!!!!!!..8;
2.?.? Hutoj`dtj in 3x;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .!37
2.2.- @f pfatf``f bjlj tnrrdtjrdj, fprjpdfbdòa in` nspfbdj vdrtuf`!!!
....3?
2.2.6 IH@?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .......3?
Bjab`usdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .39
Odo`djcrfhìf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .38
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_nsulna
N` kfodtfr nstæ rn`fbdjafij bja lý`tdp`ns cäanrjs frtìstdbjs, qun aj sò`j kfo`fa
sjorn rnbjrrdij j insp`fzfldnatj, sdaj qun tflodäa in daidbdjs, pjr `j tfatj in
vnstdcdjs y in lnljrdf. Lnljrdf qun dlp`dbf `f rnbj`nbbdòa in jomntjs qun ifa
bunatf in `ucfrns, sdtufbdjans y in uaf rn`fbdòa sjbdf` qun vfa ``nafaij `js
nspfbdjs. Ns inbdr, ns uaf pnrhjrlfabn bjastfatn, uaf pdaturf lnidfatn rnsdiujs,
ua crfofij bja uaf crfa lftrdz!aunstrj bunrpj y `js jomntjs qun utd`dzfljs f
idfrdj, in frtn nhìlnrj pjr `f hrfcd`difi in `f kun``f y in hjtjcrfhìf pfrf ijbulnatfr
y tnstdljadfr. Kfodtfr sdnlprn dlp`dbf trfashjrlfr n` pfdsfmn, kfo`fljs natjabns
in `fai frt, in dastf`fbdòa lnidfatn `f anbnsdifi in frqudtnbturf, in nxpfasdòa j
in fprjpdfbdòa in rnbursjs in rnprnsnatfbdòa y sdcadhdbfbdòa in `f jorf frtìstdbf
bjatnlpjræanf.
Ns fsì bjlj vfrdfs vnrtdnatns in` frtn kfa kfo`fij sjorn lfrbf, kun``f j
ìainx, pfsfaij pjr ý`tdlj f` Ant Frt, ijain n` nspfbdj sn trfiubn na ijs5 n`
nspfbdj hìsdbj qun sn nabunatrf na n` idspjsdtdvj tnbaj`òcdbj ifij pjr n`
bjlputfijr y su pfatf``f, y jtrj vdrtuf` ifij pjr `f dahdadifi in `f Sno, na ijain
su bfræbtnr daidbdf` sn if na `f nxpnrdlnatfbdòa sjorn nstn aunvj nspfbdj y su
afvncfbdòa hun n` prdabdpf` jomntj in nstuidj.
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Datrjiubbdòa
N` jomntj in nstuidj na nstn prjynbtj snræ sjorn n` dastdatj in `f fprjpdfbdòa pfrf
n` kfodtfr, p`fatnfaij bjlj nmn prdabdpf` `fs lfrbfbdjans tnrrdtjrdf`ns y n`
prjo`nlf in `f kun``f na n` frtn. Yjij nstj vdstj insin uaf ldrfif fatrjpj`òcdbf
lnzb`æaij`f bja `f kdstjrdf in` frtn y `f hjtjcrfhìf kfbdnaij ua pfrf`n`j f `j qun kf
sdij ld trfofmj frtìstdbj pfrf insbuordr n` jrdcna in ld pu`sdòa frtìstdbf na `f
ldcrfbdòa in uaf bduifi f jtrf y na n` bjastfatn insp`fzfldnatj natrn flofs
crfbdfs f su bnrbfaìf tnrrdtjrdf`.
Insin `js dadbdjs in` snr kulfaj knljs anbnsdtfij lfrbfr, in`dldtfr y
ijldafr ua tnrrdtjrdj qun inbdidljs kfodtfr, bjlj tjij snr vdvdnatn.
ºBòlj lfrbfljs nsn tnrrdtjrdj: F trfväs in `fs lfabkfs rnsdiuf`ns, in `f
bj`jbfbdòa in jomntjs pnrsjaf`ns, in bjastrubbdòa in ‐vdvdnaif“, in `f `ìanf
(dlfcdafrdf j hìsdbf) hrjatnrdzf. Na inhdadtdvf, in tjij fqun``j qun vfa `̀ nafaij
aunstrj nspfbdj insin `f fbbdòa ldslf in kfodtfr, pfsfaij insin n` ajlfidslj
f` sninatfrdslj. Nstj pjrqun n` snr kulfaj sn prnsnatf hrnatn f ua nspfbdj y su
bjastrubbdòa sdloò`dbf in tnrrdtjrdf`difi f trfväs in `f frqudtnbturf y `f
trfashjrlfbdòa in` pfdsfmn, bjlj ua fbtj qun kf pfsfij in `j dabjasbdnatn j
dastdatdvj f `j rfbdjaf`, fsuldij bjlj anbnsdifi.
In dcuf` lfanrf, insin `f davnabdòa in `f hjtjcrfhìf n` frtn tuvj qun
rndavnatfrsn, prdabdpf`lnatn `f pdaturf rnf`dstf, y pjr nain, `f idstrdoubdòa in`
nspfbdj frtìstdbj. Rjorn tjij n` nspfbdj dastdtubdjaf` f pfrtdr in` ififìslj,
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tjlfaij bjlj prdabdpf` nmn n` insp`fzfldnatj, rnsbftfaij sus prdabdpf`ns
bfrfbtnrìstdbfs in bfif täbadbf pfrf `f n`fojrfbdòa in jorf. Fsì ns bjlj fiqudnrn
lfyjr hunrzf n dlpjrtfabdf n` prjo`nlf in `f lfabkf y `f dabdsdòa, inajldafij
kjy bjlj n` prjo`nlf in `f kun``f j ìainx.
Insin fqun` natjabns, surcn jtrf prjo`nlætdbf qun sn lfatdnan vdcnatn
kfstf aunstrjs iìfs, `f brìtdbf f `f dastdtubdjaf`difi, `f qun kf bjavnrtdij f nsn
nspfbdj na ua nspfbdj kìordij, crfbdfs f `f rn`fbdòa F_YN-XDIF bja jorfs qun
kfbna nsf rn`fbdòa y qun tflodäa ``nvfa n` prjo`nlf hunrf in` nspfbdj
dastdtubdjaf`.
Kfo`fljs in hjtjcrfhìf, pjrqun sd nstfljs kfo`faij in lfrbfbdjans,
kun``fs y `ìldtns, anbnsdtfljs ua idspjsdtdvj qun rncdstrn `js bflodjs y
trfashjrlfbdjans bjastfatns qun sn vfa prjiubdnaij. @f davnabdòa in `f
hjtjcrfhìf nrf uaf anbnsdifi sdbj`òcdbf in d`usdòa na `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f
rnf`difi5 ns inbdr, `f rnprnsnatfbdòa pdbtòrdbf qun ousbfof ua rnf`dslj na `f
dlfcna aj nrf suhdbdnatn y nxdcìf bjabnodr ua fpfrftj qun hunrf læs vnrjsìld`, in
f``ì `fs davnstdcfbdjans qun ``nvfrja f `j qun kjy bjajbnljs bjlj bælfrf
hjtjcræhdbf.
Insin su cäansds, `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf ns uaf kun``f j ìainx in `uz sjorn
`fs sf`ns in p`ftf, `j qun sn rn`fbdjaf bja ld trfofmj, pjr trftfrsn in dlæcnansqun sn bjahjrlfa bja lfrbfs in `uz rnh`nmfif. Finlæs, su bfpfbdifi in
nlof`sflfr j bjacn`fr n` tdnlpj, `f trfashjrlf na ua tnstdljadj.
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Finlæs, sn p`fatnf uaf bjlpfrfbdòa natrn nidhdbfbdòa n dastf`fbdòa yf qun
flofs tdnana nsf rn`fbdòa natrn frqudtnbturf y nspfbdf`difi, pnrj pjr sjorn tjij
pjr snr uaf nstrubturf.
Ns, pjr ý`tdlj, n` pfrf`n`j qun rnf`dzj bja ld trfofmj frtìstdbj `j qun ``nvf f
natnainr y nxp`dbfr lì jorf5 insin `f lfrbfbdòa in idstdatjs tnrrdtjrdjs (insin n`
hìsdbj f` vdrtuf`, rnhdrdäaijln f` vdrtuf` bja ld trfofmj in ant frt), `f fprjpdfbdòa in
nspfbdjs pfrf kfodtfr y bòlj n``j pnrldtn insfrrj``fr n` dastdatj in `f nxpfasdòa, y
`f rn`fbdòa natrn pýo`dbj y prdvfij. Kfbdnaij ua faæ`dsds natrn n` ajlfidslj qun
lfrbò ld trfofmj na ua prdabdpdj y bòlj n` pnsj in `f bfsf na `f nspf`if kfbn
anbnsfrdj `f oýsqunif in ua `ucfr ijain bjlnazfr uaf vdif sninatfrdf, pjr n``j
rnsu`tf fosj`utflnatn anbnsfrdj ua nstuidj fatrjpj`òcdbj y su rn`fbdòa bja n` frtn.
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D
N` tnrrdtjrdj bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf.
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6.6.- Nspfbdj fatrjpj`òcdbj.
Rncýa `f tnjrìf in `f nvj`ubdòa in Ifrwda, `js snrns kulfajs prjvnadljs in `js
prdlftns, pjr `j tfatj insin n``js knrnifljs nsn dastdatj in in`dldtfr y ijldafr
ua tnrrdtjrdj pfrf n` kfodtfr bjlj n` in `js fadlf`ns na ousbf in` odnanstfr y `f
supnrvdvnabdf.
Fatns in` sdc`j [D[ sn p`fatnfrja vfrdfifs kdpòtnsds bja rnspnbtj f` jrdcna
in `f vdif na `f Ydnrrf bjlj pjr nmnlp`j, `f brnfbdòa idvdaf. Na n` föj 6;>4
Bkfr`ns Ifrwda puo`dbf su `dorj n` jrdcna in `fs nspnbdns, ijain p`fatnf uaf
nxp`dbfbdòa bdnatìhdbf sjorn `f nvj`ubdòa j insbnainabdf bja ljidhdbfbdòa5
``ncfaij f `f bjab`usdòa in qun `js jrcfadsljs vdvjs fvfazfa kfbdf ua
pnrhnbbdjafldnatj pjr anbnsdifi, nstf anbnsdifi nstæ lfrbfif pjr n` lnidj qun
rjinf f nsn jrcfadslj y insfrrj``f `fs pfrtns læs anbnsfrdfs pfrf su
supnrvdvnabdf.
F` kfo`fr in supnrvdvnabdf, anbnsfrdflnatn inonljs kfo`fr in
f`dlnatfbdòa, yf qun ns f trfväs in nstf anbnsdifi oæsdbf ijain sn insfrrj``fa
ijs crfains nmns sjorn `f kfodtfod`difi ‒ n` ajlfidslj y n` sninatfrdslj.
N` tärldaj ajlfidslj5 inrdvf in `f pf`forf crdncf ajlfijs, qun sdcadhdbf5
vdvdr na `fs pfsturfs (Rf`zlfa, 64835 W. 66>), T nstf fbtdvdifi sn rnbjajbn bjlj
`f præbtdbf in `f brìf in knroìvjrjs na rncdjans ijain `f frdinz ns ijldafatn, fua
bufaij sn prnsnatn na idvnrsjs crfijs. Rubnin bjlj rnsu`tfij in kfbnr
insp`fzfr `js rnoföjs ousbfaij pfsturfs in nstfbdòa, y pjr nstf rfzòa, ns
anbnsfrdj fb`frfr qun aj nxdstn ua sj`j tdpj in ajlfidslj, sdaj vfrdfs hjrlfs
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datnrlnidfs natrn su nxprnsdòa (fusnabdf tjtf` in rnsdinabdf) y ua sninatfrdslj
nxtrnlj.
Natrn nstfs idvnrsfs hjrlfs, pjinljs nabjatrfr=
- snldajlfidslj (n` insp`fzfldnatj sn inbdiìf pjr `f anbnsdifi in pfstjs)
- snldsninatfrdslj (sj`flnatn iurfatn uaf pfrtn in` föj)
- ajlfidslj vnrtdbf` (na pfsturfs rnpfrtdifs f idvnrsfs f`turfs)
Wjr n` bjatrfrdj, n` tärldaj sninatfrdj5 punin sdcadhdbfr5 pnrlfanbnr na ua
sdtdj5 j sda n` kæodtj in nmnrbdbdj, y buyfs pjo`fbdjans kfa fpfrnbdij na zjafs læs
kýlnifs y fptfs pfrf n` bu`tdvj. Hunrja in f pjbj surcdnaij pnqunöfs Bduifins-
Nstfij ijain sn prfbtdbfof `f fcrdbu`turf pjr drrdcfbdòa, y nstj kforìf jo`dcfij f
lfatnanr uaf nstrubturf sjbdf` lubkj læs rìcdif, afbdnaij `fs mnrfrquìfs pfrf `f
bjrrnbtf idstrdoubdòa in` trfofmj, `j qun pjsdod`dtf `f jrcfadzfbdòa, qun `fs trdous
aòlfifs bfrnbna. Rdnaij n` cfafij n` bnatrj in `f vdif nbjaòldbf in `js
aòlfifs, ns anbnsfrdj qun punifa prjburfrsn in `js inlæs n`nlnatjs
anbnsfrdjs pfrf sjornvdvdr. Ns fsì bjlj `js puno`js sninatfrdjs `ns prjvnna na ua
fbtdvj datnrbflodj f`dlnatjs in sus bu`tdvjs pfrf bjlp`nlnatfr `f idntf, f`cuafs
prnaifs in vnstdr y utnasd`djs lntæ`dbjs. In tjifs lfanrfs, n` aòlfif nvdtfof
sjornbfrcfrsn na inlfsìf yf qun rnsu`tfof bjatrfprjiubnatn pfrf su bjastfatn
ljvdldnatj bjlj rnsu`tfij in su fbtdvdifi pfstjrd`.
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Na rn`fbdòa bja `j fatnrdjrlnatn nxpunstj, sn intf``frfa f bjatdaufbdòa
bjlj dah`uyn n` lnidj na `f bjahjrlfbdòa in `fs sjbdnifins.
6.6.6 @f prjiubbdòa y nvj`ubdòa
@f prjiubbdòa ns uaf bjasnbunabdf in `f fp`dbfbdòa in `f tnbaj`jcìf y n` trfofmj
kulfaj f `js rnbursjs afturf`ns. @f vdif y `f bu`turf kulfaf aj punina nxdstdr f
lnajs qun `fs sjbdnifins finbuna y trfashjrlna `f nanrcìf idspjado`n na n`
flodnatn.
@f datnrfbbdòa natrn tnbaj`jcìf y lnidj flodnatn iurfatn n` prjbnsj in
prjiubbdòa in nanrcìf ns oæsdbf pfrf natnainr bòlj `fs pjo`fbdjans kulfafs
nstæa fhnbtfifs pjr n` lnidj flodnatn qun `fs rjinf y in bòlj n` lnidj
flodnatn sn vn, f su vnz, fhnbtfij pjr `fs pjo`fbdjans kulfafs y sus
fbtdvdifins.
Na `f äpjbf in `js prdlnrjs kjlìadijs, tjif `f nanrcìf utd`dzfif pfrf n`
lfatnadldnatj in `f vdif sjbdf` prjvnaìf in` f`dlnatj. Wfrnbn snr qun n` Kjlj
nrnbtus bjasdcudò ijldafr n` huncj natrn lnidj y ua ld``òa in föjs. N` huncj sn
utd`dzò na prdabdpdj pfrf bjbdafr, bf`natfrsn, naiurnbnr `fs puatfs in `fazf y ``nvfr
`fs pdnzfs in bfzf kfbdf trflpfs.
Kfbn uajs bdna ld` föjs sn nlpnzò f fprjvnbkfr `f nanrcìf, na hjrlf in
hunrzf lusbu`fr, in fadlf`ns uabdijs f frfijs, trdanjs y vnkìbu`js in runifs.
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Fprjxdlfiflnatn sn bjasulìf uaf bjasdinrfo`n bfatdifi in nanrcìf in lfinrf
y bfroòa vncntf` na `f hfordbfbdòa in bnrældbf.
Bja `f fpfrdbdòa in nstfijs dabdpdnatns, bjldnazf f usfrsn `f nanrcìf
nò`dbf na `js ofrbjs in vn`f y `f nanrcìf in `f lfinrf na `js prjbnsjs in
huaidbdòa y vfbdfij in lntf`ns. @f nanrcìf qun cnanrf n` fcuf aj hun nxp`jtfif
datnasdvflnatn na Nurjpf kfstf n` pnrìjij lnidnvf`. Rò`j na `js ý`tdljs ?77 ò
277 föjs `js bjloustdo`ns hòsd`ns (bfroòa, pntrò`nj y cfs) nlpnzfrja f ijldafr
`js nbjsdstnlfs kulfajs.
@f nxpnrdnabdf na `f lntf`urcdf in ofmf tnlpnrfturf in` bjorn y n` nstföj
tuvj qun prnbninr, bfsd anbnsfrdflnatn, f` insfrrj``j in` kdnrrj y n` fbnrj. @js
fvfabns tnbaj`òcdbjs kfa dabrnlnatfij bjastfatnlnatn `f bfatdifi lnidf in
nanrcìf in `f qun sn idspjan, pnrj nstn dabrnlnatj aj sdcadhdbf, qun ua lfyjr usj
in nanrcìf pjr bfonzf bjlpjrtn ua advn` in vdif læs f`tj j lnajs trfofmj pjr
bfonzf, yf qun kfy qun idstdacudr natrn `f bfatdifi in nanrcìf idspjado`n y `f
nhdbfbdf bja `f qun sn prjiubn y utd`dzf.
@f prjiubbdòa in f`dlnatjs nstuvj ofsfif uadvnrsf`lnatn na `f bfzf, `f
pnsbf y `f rnbj`nbbdòa in p`fatfs sd`vnstrns. Nstf hun n` ýadbj ljij in prjiubbdòa
in f`dlnatjs iurfatn `f lfyjr pfrtn in` pf`nj`ìtdbj. @js bfzfijrns y rnbj`nbtjrns
sn nabunatrfa jrcfadzfijs na pnqunöjs crupjs ``flfijs ofaifs, bjlpunstfspjr crupjs hfld`dfrns in uafs vndatn f bdabunatf pnrsjafs, qun sn rnýana na
bflpflnatjs pjr pnrìjijs qun vfa insin uajs pjbjs iìfs f föjs, fatns in
trfs`fifrsn f jtrjs `ucfrns in fbflpfif. @f vdif in uaf ofaif ns tjtf`lnatn
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jpunstf f `f vdif in ua pjo`fij, `f buf` nstæ tìpdbflnatn fsjbdfif f ljijs in
prjiubbdòa fcrìbj`f.
Kfbn fprjxdlfiflnatn natn `js 6>.777 y 67.777 föjs, `f prjiubbdòa in
f`dlnatjs ofsfif na n` bu`tdvj in p`fatfs y `f brìf in fadlf`ns ijlnstdbfijs
nlpnzò f sup`nlnatfr j sustdtudr f `f bfzf y rnbj`nbbdòa.
@js frqunò`jcjs inajldafa Anj`ìtdbj (nifi in pdnirf aunvf) f nstf äpjbf
in trfasdbdòa kfbdf ljijs in prjiubbdòa ofsfijs na `f jotnabdòa in bjsnbkfs y
na `f brìf in fadlf`ns. @js puno`js fcrìbj`fs, vdvna na fsnatfldnatjs læs
pnrlfanatns qun `js bfzfijrns y rnbj`nbtjrns.
Yjif hjrlf in tnbaj`jcìf inon datnrfbtufr bja `js hfbtjrns prnsnatns na ua
natjraj ifij. Ydpjs in tnbaj`jcìfs sdld`frns na natjrajs idhnrnatns punina
prjiubdr idstdatjs rnsu`tfijs nanrcätdbjs. Wjr nmnlp`j, `js rnsu`tfijs in `f
fcrdbu`turf pjr rncfiìj punina snr luy idstdatjs na ijs natjrajs ijain n` bfuif`
in fcuf idspjado`n ns idhnrnatn, `f sj`ubdòa in sf`ns in` fcuf ns idhnrnatn, n`
fpjrtn in `dlj in` sdstnlf in rdncj ns idhnrnatn. Ns fsì bjlj n` snr kulfaj inon
fifptfr su hjrlf in vdif f `fs bjaidbdjans lnidj flodnatf`ns na `fs qun sn
nabunatrf.
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6.6.? @f pjo`fbdòa.
N` advn` in pjo`fbdòa nstæ intnrldafij pjr `f bfatdifi in f`dlnatjs prjiubdijs. F
lnidif qun `f pjo`fbdòa fulnatf, `f prjiubbdòa sn datnasdhdbf y fpfrnbna aunvfs
hjrlfs in prjiubbdòa pfrf sftdshfbnr `f brnbdnatn inlfaif in f`dlnatjs.
F `f vdstf in `fs davnstdcfbdjans fatrjpj`òcdbfs ljinrafs, `f pjsdbdòa qun
pfrnbn læs bjrrnbtf ns qun `f prjiubbdòa y rnprjiubbdòa kulfaf sja dcuf`lnatn
dlpjrtfatns na in`dldtfr n` bursj in `f nvj`ubdòa sjbdjbu`turf` y qun na uaf hjrlf
nqudpfrfo`n bfif uaf ns `f bfusf in `f jtrf.
@f prnsdòa inljcræhdbf datrjiubn ua n`nlnatj in danstfod`difi na tjifs `fs
bu`turfs kulfafs. Yflodäa kf insnlpnöfij ua dlpjrtfatn pfpn` na n` insfrrj``j
in `f cunrrf, `f nvj`ubdòa in` Nstfij y na `f fpfrdbdòa in `f sjbdnifi daiustrdf`.
6.6.2 @f prjpdnifi in `f tdnrrf.
Fatns in rnhnrdrajs f `f prjpdnifi in `f tdnrrf sn inon inhdadr `js sdcudnatns
bjabnptjs=
Ynrrdtjrdj5 sn inajldaf tnrrdtjrdj f ua ærnf inhdadif (dab`uynaij tdnrrfs y
fcufs), f`cuajs futjrns fhdrlfa qun n` tnrrdtjrdj ns n` jomntj in davnstdcfbdòa
cnjcræhdbf. Ns anbnsfrdj rn`fbdjafr `js usjs in` tärldaj tnrrdtjrdj bja fs idhnrnatns
trfidbdjans cnjcræhdbfs. Yrfidbdòa hìsdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj ua sdaòadlj in
supnrhdbdn tnrrnstrn, ns inbdr, rn`dnvn. Yrfidbdòa nbj`òcdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj
sdaòadlj in lnidj afturf`. Yrfidbdòa rncdjaf`5 sdstnlf bjlp`nmj hjrlfij pjr
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tjijs `js n`nlnatjs hìsdbjs y kulfajs in ua ærnf j rncdòa. Yrfidbdòa nspfbdf`5 sn
natdnain bjlj ua bjamuatj in `ucfrns datnrbjanbtfijs pjr rnins y h`umjs
kjrdzjatf`ns. Yrfidbdòa pfdsfmìstdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj pfdsfmn afturf` j bjlj
pfdsfmn bu`turf` bja ua bjamuatj in bjastrubbdjans, fprjvnbkfldnatjs y usjs qun
uaf sjbdnifi kfbn sjorn n` sun`j. Yrfidbdòa sjbdf`5 sn natdnain bjlj sdstnlf
sjbdj-nbj`òcdbj qun rnýan `f sjbdnifi y n` lnidj qun nstf kfodtf, tflodäa sn
punin natnainr bjlj nspfbdj hìsdbj ijldafij pjr ua crupj sjbdf` hrnatn f jtrjs.
Wjr ý`tdlj, `f jrinafbdòa in` tnrrdtjrdj punin bjabnptuf`dzfrsn in ijs hjrlfs5 `f
prdlnrf y læs bjlýa bjlj sdaòadlj in sun`j jrinaæaij`j pjr `js idstdatjs
fprjvnbkfldnatjs y usjs qun sn `n ifa. @f sncuaif bja ua nstuidj in `js
idvnrsjs suotnrrdtjrdjs qun `j hjrlfa (bjlfrbfs, luadbdpdjs, ntb.) bja n` hda in
`jcrfr ua insfrrj``j sjbdjnbjaòldbj nqud`dorfij y nqudtftdvj natrn nstjs.
Wfdsfmn5 ns ua tärldaj qun sn utd`dzf cnanrf`lnatn bjlj ua puatj in vdstf
frtìstdbj, sjorn tjij pdbtòrdbj, bjlj `f rnprnsnatfbdòa cræhdbf in ua tnrrnaj
nxtnasj. Wnrj qun tflodäa sun`n utd`dzfrsn na tärldajs cnjcræhdbjs bjlj
buf`qudnr ærnf in `f supnrhdbdn tnrrnstrn prjiubtj in `js idhnrnatns hfbtjrns
prnsnatns na n``f qun sja oæsdbflnatn trns tdpjs= fodòtdbjs (n`nlnatjs aj vdvjs),
odòtdbjs (rnsu`tfij in `f fbtdvdifi in `js snrns vdvjs) y fatròpdbjs (rnsu`tfij in `f
fbtdvdifi kulfaf). Intnrldafr nstjs n`nlnatjs sja `js qun bjastdtuyna n` prdlnr
advn` in faæ`dsds cnjcræhdbj.
@f prjpdnifi in tdnrrf y rnbursjs ns uaj in `js fspnbtjs læs dlpjrtfatns
in` bjatrj` pj`ìtdbj. T nstj ns tfatj pj`ìtdbj bjlj nbjaòldbj pjrqun `fs
insdcuf`ifins na n` fbbnsj f` lnidj flodnatn dlp`dbfa f`cuaf hjrlf in bjfbbdòa
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qun `js pj`ìtdbflnatn supnrdjrns fp`dbfa f `js dahnrdjrns. @f prjpdnifi in tdnrrfs
pjr pfrtn in tnrrftnadnatns, cjonrafatns j n` Nstfij, sdcadhdbf qun sn punin
nxb`udr in` usj in `f tdnrrf f `js daidvdiujs qun bfrnbna in tìtu`js in prjpdnifi j
tnanabdfs, fua bufaij nstj sdcadhdqun su lunrtn pjr dafadbdòa (hf`tf in f`dlnatj).
@f prjpdnifi in tdnrrfs supjan ua nstìlu`j pfrf `f prjiubbdòa pjrqun f `js
frrnaiftfrdjs, `js futäatdbjs prjiubtjrns in f`dlnatjs, f trfofmfr læs iurj y læs
tdnlpj pfrf pjinr pfcfr `fs rnatfs. @f rnatf ns ua pfcj na nspnbdn j na idanrj
pjr `f jpjrtuadifi in vdvdr y/j trfofmfr na `f tdnrrf in` prjpdntfrdj. Nstn pfcj jo`dcf
futjlætdbflnatn f `js prjiubtjrns f fulnatfr `f prjiubbdòa pjr `j qun, f`
fulnatfr j ofmfr `fs rnatfs, n` tnrrftnadnatn ua bjatrj` ofstfatn idrnbtj sjorn `f
prjiubbdòa.
F`cuajs fatrjpò`jcjs bjasdinrfa qun n` pfcj in rnatfs sn fsjbdf f ua
nxbninatn in f`dlnatjs= uaf bfatdifi lfyjr in `f anbnsfrdf pfrf n` bjasulj
dalnidftj in `js prjiubtjrns. Nstj aj sdcadhdbf qun `f rnatf snf supnrh`uf pfrf `js
prjiubtjrns, yf ästjs pjirìfa usfr nstn nxbninatn, sd aj tuvdnrfa qun pfcfr, na
fulnatfr su prjpdf hfld`df j n`nvfr su advn` in vdif. Rd natrncfa `js prjiubtjrns
ns pjrqun aj idspjana in` pjinr in rntnanr`js. Nxdstn uaf nstrnbkf rn`fbdòa natrn
rnatf n dlpunstjs, yf qun flojs inpnaina in `f prnsnabdf in ua pjinr bjfbtdvj,
na hjrlf in pj`dbìfs y frlfs, qun sn punina nlp`nfr sd n` bjatrdouynatn j
frrnaiftfrdj sn adncf f pfcfr.
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6.6.9 @f vdif ijlästdbf.
Yjifs `fs bu`turfs tdnana fbtdvdifins y brnnabdfs qun punina fcrupfrsn ofmj `f
bftncjrìf in` ælodtj ijlästdbj in `f vdif. N` aýb`nj in` ælodtj ijlästdbj ns ua
nspfbdj in vdvdnaif, fordcj, rnsdinabdf j ijldbd`dj qun sdrvn bjlj `ucfr na n` qun
sn rnf`dzfa bdnrtfs fbtdvdifins uadvnrsf`lnatn rnburrnatns.
Wnrj `f vfrdnifi in bjlodafbdjans in fbtdvdifins bfrfbtnrìstdbfs in `f vdif
ijlästdbf kulfaf ns tfa crfain qun ns idhìbd` nabjatrfr ua ýadbj inajldafijr
bjlýa pfrf tjifs n``fs. Wnrj læs dlpjrtfatn qun `fs fbtdvdifins qun inatrj in`
nspfbdj ijlästdbj, ns datnrnsfatn faf`dzfr bjlj nsn nspfbdj ijlnstdbj kf dij
nvj`ubdjafaij na pfrf`n`j f `fs fbtdvdifins qun rnf`dzf n` snr kulfaj y n` lnidj
flodnatn na n` qun sn insnavun`vn, sdnaij nsn nspfbdj nsnabdf` pfrf natnainr n`
insfrrj``j in `fs bu`turfs.
@js crupjs kulfajs pf`nj`ìtdbjs nrfa aòlfifs, ounaf pfrtn in `js
anj`ìtdbjs tflodäa, j nrfa snldsninatfrdjs. Inodnrja nxdstdr, finlæs in `js
rnhucdjs na bunvfs, hjrlfs in prjtnbbdòa bjatrf `f datnlpnrdn y `f fbbdòa in `js
inprnifijrns5 ns pjsdo`n qun hunrfa "bjastrubbdjans" nhìlnrfs in `fs qun aj kfa
qunifij vnstdcdjs.
Na Yurquìf, (67.777-8.777 fatns in Brdstj) sn nabunatrfa rnstjs in
vdvdnaifs nstfo`ns5 n` lftnrdf` in bjastrubbdòa nrf `f frbd``f, pfrf `fs natrfifs y
vnatfafs sn utd`dzfof n` frbj y `f oòvnif. @f hjrlf ijldafatn nrf n` buoj, `j qun
bjahdnrn uaf crfa pnsfatnz f` bjamuatj, sò`j f`dcnrfif pjr n` nsbf`jafldnatj in
`js nidhdbdjs.
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F idhnrnabdf in `fs bjastrubbdjans in frbd``f, `fs fatdcufs vdvdnaifs bkdafs
aj nlp`nfofa pfrf `f bjastrubbdòa sdaj lftnrdf`ns luy hræcd`ns, bjlj `f crnif, `f
lfinrf, n` ofloý y `f pjrbn`faf, y ljstrfofa finlæs uaf lfrbfif prnid`nbbdòa
pjr `js tfodquns in`cfijs. Nstjs tuvdnrja iurfatn sdc`js `js ldsljs tdpjs in
vdvdnaifs5 `fs in `js bjlnrbdfatns bjastfofa bfsd sdnlprn in vfrdjs pdsjs,
nstfaij instdafijs `js læs n`nvfijs f inpòsdtjs in lnrbfinrìfs5 `fs jtrfs nrfa
in ua sj`j pdsj, y sn `fs bjastruìf na jbfsdjans sjorn ua tnrrfp`äa, pfrnbdnaij in
nstf lfanrf læs f`tfs. Na cnanrf`, `fs bfsfs sn bjlpjaìfa in vfrdjs
bjlpfrtdldnatjs rnbtfacu`frns j bufirfijs, y bja hrnbunabdf sn `fs rjinfof in
mfridans. @f bfsf, cnanrf`lnatn insprjvdstf in vnatfafs, rnbdon `f `uz pjr ua pftdj
datnrdjr, `ucfr in rnuadòa in `f hfld`df bufaij kfbdf ouna tdnlpj. Wfrf bnrrfr `fs
fonrturfs nlp`nfofa pfpn` fbndtfij, cfsf, aæbfr j bjrtdafijs. Na `fs pdnzfs sn
idspjaìfa, bja sfodj insjrina qun nvdinabdfof ua sdacu`fr tf`natj, knrljsjs
odjlojs in muabjs trnazfijs, in snif j pfpn` pdatfij5 sn bjasncuìfa fsì
pnqunöjs rdabjans ìatdljs, rnsnrvfijs f `f bjavnrsfbdòa y f` rnpjsj. @js tnbkjs,
lfrbfiflnatn dab`dafijs, nstfofa buodnrtjs in tnmfs pdatfifs in bj`jrns
trfidbdjaf`ns, qun rnspjaiìfa f `fs idhnrnatns bfstfs, y bjastdtuìfa sdcajs
nxtnrdjrns in n`ncfabdf j idcadifi. @f bfsf bkdaf na sus tdpjs læs pnrhnbbdjafijs
nstuvj prjvdstf in ua burdjsj sdstnlf in bf`nhfbbdòa idvnrsjs bjaiubtjs in ofrrj,
idsdlu`fijs na `fs pfrnins, idhuaiìfa na `fs idstdatfs pdnzfs n` bf`jr prjvnadnatn
in ua orfsnrj, uodbfij na n` nxtnrdjr y bjastfatnlnatn f`dlnatfij. @js pjorns
idspjaìfa sj`flnatn in ua orfsnrj, uodbfij na `f kfodtfbdòa na qun pnrlfanbìfa.
@fs pfrnins tfpdzfifs in snifs lu`tdbj`jrns, `js luno`ns ofradzfijs j
fijrafijs bja rdbf lfrquntnrìf, `fs pjrbn`fafs y `js jomntjs in lntf` nslf`tfij
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y, na n` pftdj, `js rnvnstdldnatjs in pjrbn`faf y `fs bj`ulafs, buyf ýadbf ldsdòa
nrf `f in nalfrbfr `js rntrftjs in `js fatnpfsfijs, bjahnrìfa f `fs ljrfifs in `fs
bduifins ua bfræbtnr frtìstdbj y `umjsj. Yjtf`lnatn idstdatfs nrfa `fs bfrfbtnrìstdbfs
in `fs bkjzfs qun `js `forfijrns kfodtfofa iurfatn `f prdlfvnrf y n` vnrfaj,
bufaij fofaijafofa sus f`infs pfrf bu`tdvfr `js bflpjs, luy f`nmfijs in ästfs.
Yìpdbfs sja `fs bfsubkfs, snldnatnrrfifs.
Luy idhnrnatns in `fs ljrfifs bkdafs y mfpjansfs sja `fs vdvdnaifs in `js
puno`js in Flärdbf in `f äpjbf prnbj`jlodaf. Nstf bdvd`dzfbdòa, fuaqun prdldtdvf
y hnrjz na bdnrtjs fspnbtjs, hun härtd` na lfadhnstfbdjans frtìstdbfs.
Natrn `js fztnbfs in `fs bfstfs supnrdjrns, `fs bfsfs crfains nrfa
rn`ftdvflnatn aulnrjsfs. Rn trftfof in bjastrubbdjans dlpjanatns, in bdabj j
snds pdsjs, idspunstjs na trns bunrpjs= n` in` bnatrj nstfof rnsnrvfij f `js
iunöjs, f su hfld`df y f sus prjtncdijs, y `js jtrjs ijs, f `f snrvdiulorn y f `js
nsb`fvjs. N` pftdj bnatrf`, ``flfij "nstuhf", bjahnrìf f `f bjastrubbdòa, in hjrlf
trfpnzjdif`, ua fspnbtj crfaidjsj y inbjrftdvj. @fs lurf``fs, in crfa nspnsjr,
nstfofa bjastdtudifs pjr o`jquns in pdnirf. Na Läxdbj sn nlp`nfof pfrf
bnlnatfr nstjs o`jquns `f bf` qunlfif qun sn jotnaìf in `fs bjabkd``fs. @fs
pfrnins nstfofa buodnrtfs in nsbu`turfs y mnrjc`ìhdbjs5 n` ldslj custj inbjrftdvj
sn lfadhnstfof na n` nxtnrdjr, na `js hrdsjs in `js cjtnrjans y na `js rn`dnvns qun
fijrafofa n` tnbkj. @fs bfsfs in `js dabfs sn fsnlnmfofa f `fs qun fbfofljs
in insbrdodr. @fs vdvdnaifs in `js lfyfs pnrtnanbdnatns f `f b`fsn rdbf tnaìfa
flp`dfs tnrrfzfs, tnrrfp`nans y bdstnrafs.
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Idrdmfljs fkjrf `f ldrfif kfbdf `fs jrd``fs in` Lnidtnrræanj. Ldstnrdjsfs
pjo`fbdjans, vnadifs tf` vnz in` Fsdf, na n` bursj in` tnrbnr ld`nadj fatns in
Brdstj, sn nstfo`nbdnrja na fqun``f zjaf y na `fs ds`fs in` lfr Ncnj, y f`bfazfrja
uaf rnhdafif bdvd`dzfbdòa, buyj bnatrj nstfof rnprnsnatfij na `f ds`f in Brntf. @fs
rudafs nvjbfa `js pf`fbdjs rnf`ns bja sus pjinrjsfs lurf``fs5 `f dlpjrtfabdf in
`fs frlnrìfs, in `js inpòsdtjs y `f idstrdoubdòa in `fs inpnainabdfs ajs kfbna
pnasfr qun nsjs pf`fbdjs nrfa vnrifinrfs bduifins.
In `f bdvd`dzfbdòa brntnasn j ldajdbf (in` ajlorn in Ldajs, rny in Brntf)
tjlfrja `js crdncjs `js prdlnrjs n`nlnatjs in su frqudtnbturf. @js brntnasns
``ncfofa in` Ajrtn, y bufaij sn dastf`frja na `f pnaìasu`f vdvìfa fýa na nstfij
snldsf`vfmn.
Na Ldbnafs, Ydrdatj y Frcjs, `js fqunjs (n` prdlnrj in `js buftrj crupjs
crdncjs qun inmfrja su ajlorn na `f kdstjrdf) bjastruynrja vdvdnaifs rnf`ns, luy
snlnmfatns f `fs in `js brntnasns, cudæaijsn pjr uaf p`fadlntrìf yf natjabns
sfodif.
@js fqunjs rnh`nmfofa na sus ljrfifs `f sdlp`dbdifi in sus bjstulorns.
Ldnatrfs `js lurjs in `js pf`fbdjs nstfofa bjastdtudijs pjr crfains pdnirfs
supnrpunstfs, pfrf `fs vdvdnaifs bjluans sn nlp`nfrja pdnirfs pnqunöfs
bnlnatfifs bja frbd``f. @fs læs ljinstfs nstfofa knbkfs in muabjs y bföfs. N`p`fa in `fs bfsfs vfrdfof sncýa ästfs nstuvdnrfa sdtufifs na `js bnatrjs urofajs
j na `fs fhunrfs in `f bduifi.
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Ajs nabjatrfljs fsì hrnatn f ijs tdpjs in vdvdnaifs= `fs bjastrubbdjans in
ua pdsj y `fs in insfrrj``j kjrdzjatf`. Na `fs prdlnrfs, `fs kfodtfbdjans rnsnrvfifs
f `f hfld`df jbupfofa `f p`fatf ofmf, ijain sn idspjaìfa `fs bfof``nrdzfs j `js
inpòsdtjs. @fs sncuaifs nstfofa bjabnodifs in `f sdcudnatn lfanrf= na n` bnatrj,
uaf vfstf sf`f bufirfif (n` lncfròa), na lnidj in `f buf` sn bj`jbfof n` kjcfr5
fquì sn fsfofa trjzjs in bjrinrj j in vfbf pfrf `js ofaquntns. Rjorn n` `fij
jpunstj f `f punrtf in natrfif sn nabjatrfofa `js ijrldtjrdjs y uaf pnqunöf
pdnzf in rnbnpbdòa5 na `js `fijs rnstfatns, n` nstfo`j y `js rnid`ns. @fs
kfodtfbdjans rnsnrvfifs f `fs lumnrns nstfofa snpfrfifs in `fs qun jbupfofa
`js kjlorns.
Bja `f davfsdòa in `js ijrdjs, y sjorn tjij f pfrtdr in` föj 338 f. B., na qun
hunrja dastdtudijs `js muncjs j`ìlpdbjs, ua aunvj pnrdjij sn dadbdf pfrf Crnbdf. Rda
nlofrcj, `js kfodtfatns in `f bduifi aj insinöfrja `fs nasnöfazfs in `js
fqunjs y sn `dldtfrja f rnnlp`fzfr n` "lncfròa" pjr ua pftdj insbuodnrtj.
Na Ftnafs y na `fs bj`jadfs qun rnbdodnrja su dah`unabdf nabjatrfljs ua
aunvj tdpj in bjastrubbdòa. @f bfsf in `js rdbjs ftnadnasns, fuaqun nxprnsdòa in
ua custj rnhdafij, auabf pjiræ dcuf`fr na frljaìf y on``nzf f `js ljaulnatjs
qun fijrafofa `f bduifi, yf qun `js crdncjs idnrja lfyjr dlpjrtfabdf f `f vdif
pýo`dbf qun f `f prdvfif.
@fs ljrfifs urofafs nstfofa bjastrudifs sncýa ua p`fa uadhjrln= ua
vnstìou`j, f lnauij inbjrfij bja nstftufs, qun ifof fbbnsj, pjr uaf sncuaif
punrtf y ua pfsd``j, f ua pftdj ojrinfij in bj`ulafs, na n` qun sn `nvfatfof ua
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f`tfr bjasfcrfij f Mýpdtnr5 f flojs `fijs in nstn f`tfr nxdstìfa jtrjs ijs,
bjasfcrfijs f `js idjsns in `f prjpdnifi y in `f hfld`df. Na tjraj f` pftdj sn
nabjatrfofa `fs pdnzfs instdafifs f `js kuäspnins, `js oföjs, `fs bjbdafs, na `fs
qun sn idspjaìfa `fs lun`fs pfrf n` trdcj y `js kjrajs, y hdaf`lnatn `fs aulnrjsfs
kfodtfbdjans pfrf `f snrvdiulorn. Hrnatn f `f punrtf in natrfif sn kf``fof n`
inpfrtflnatj in `js kjlorns5 n` cdanbnj (kfodtfbdòa in `fs lumnrns) nstfof
sdtufij na n` pdsj supnrdjr. Na `fs bfsfs suourofafs, n` cdanbnj sn nabjatrfof f
bjatdaufbdòa in` inpfrtflnatj in` snöjr y sn forìf sjorn ua mfriìa bnrbfij.
F`cuafs vnbns sn instdafof n` prdlnr pdsj f `js inpòsdtjs y f` f`jmfldnatj in `js
nsb`fvjs. Læs tfrin, `js ftnadnasns `nvfatfrja bfsfs in ijs j trns pdsjs, qun
pjiìfa snr f`qud`fijs snpfrfiflnatn.
Na ua bjldnazj `js ntrusbjs vdvìfa na bkjzfs bdrbu`frns qun bjlprnaiìfa
uaf sj`f pdnzf y sda læs fonrturf qun `f in `f natrfif. @fs pfrnins, in rflfs
rnbuodnrtfs in frbd``f, sjstnaìfa ua tnbkj rnijainfij, bja hunrtn dab`dafbdòa f hda
in hfbd`dtfr n` ins`dzfldnatj in `fs fcufs in ``uvdf. Læs tfrin vfrdfrja `f hjrlf in
`f vdvdnaif y `js lftnrdf`ns nlp`nfijs na `f bjastrubbdòa5 `uncj in ua pnrìjij na
buyj trfasbursj sn fijptò pfrf `f bkjzf `f hjrlf jvf`, bja pfrnins in lfinrf y
frbd``f, sn ``ncò f` p`faj rnbtfacu`fr. Wjr ý`tdlj, kfbdf n` sdc`j X j DX f. in B.,
inspuäs in kfonr suhrdij aunvfs trfashjrlfbdjans, `f vdvdnaif ntrusbf f`bfazò su
nxprnsdòa læs bjlp`ntf. @f bfsf in `js rdbjs sn fpjyf sjorn uaf ofsn in pdnirf
(na `fs in lfyjr `umj sn nlp`nfrja n` trfvnrtdaj y n` pnpnrdaj) y tdnan ua pdsj
supnrdjr bjastrudij in lfinrf. N` tnbkj, dab`dafij kfbdf n` datnrdjr, prnsnatf uaf
fabkf fonrturf ``flfif bfvfnidul, f `f qun bjrrnspjain, na n` pftdj bnatrf`, ua
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nstfaqun instdafij f rnbdodr `fs fcufs in `fs ``uvdfs. Na tjraj f nsn pftdj sn
nabunatrfa `fs idstdatfs inpnainabdfs5 ästfs snræa tfatj læs aulnrjsfs y vfstfs
bufatj lfyjr snf `f hjrtuaf in` prjpdntfrdj. Ofmj n` tnbkj, uaf cf`nrìf insbuodnrtf,
fijrafif bja bj`ulafs in pdnirf j in lfinrf, kf sdij idspunstf f`rninijr in`
bfvfnidul. Na n` nxtnrdjr, `f bfsf prnsnatf uafs pjbfs fonrturfs, uodbfifs
bjlýalnatn na `j f`tj in` nidhdbdj5 `f punrtf tdnan pjr `j cnanrf` hjrlf in trfpnbdj,
y nstæ bustjidfif pjr pnrrjs vdcd`fatns. Na n` datnrdjr, n` tnbkj fojvnifij in `fs
idhnrnatns pdnzfs y n` frbj qun fijraf `f punrtf in natrfif ajs lunstrfa n` crfij
in pnrhnbbdòa f`bfazfij pjr `f frqudtnbturf ntrusbf. Rd odna `f oòvnif kfoìf sdij
nlp`nfif pjr jtrjs puno`js, mflæs kfstf fkjrf sn kfoìf `jcrfij in n``f uaf
nmnbubdòa tfa pnrhnbtf. @js ntrusbjs flfofa `f vdif, n` `umj y n` bjahjrt, y ofmj `f
dah`unabdf in `js hnadbdjs y in `js puno`js in Jrdnatn qudsdnrja qun sus bfsfs
hunrfa fcrfifo`ns y bòljifs. Wjr nstn ljtdvj sn idj f bfif pdnzf ua instdaj
pfrtdbu`fr, `fs pfrnins hunrja inbjrfifs bja pdaturfs y n` sun`j rnbuodnrtj in
f`hjlorfs. Rn idspusj na `fs idstdatfs kfodtfbdjans= `nbkjs in orjabn j in
lfinrf, bjhrns, nsbrdtjrdjs, sd``fs sda nspf`ifr, sd``jans, pnontnrjs, nstfatns,
bfain`forjs, fpfrfijrns, lnsfs in muncj bja uaf sj`f pftf y jtrjs jomntjs qun
bjastdtuìfa n` rdbj ljod`dfrdj in `fs ljrfifs in fqun``f äpjbf.
Bufaij `js rjlfajs bjlnazfrja f jbupfr ua `ucfr na `f kdstjrdf tjlfrja
aulnrjsjs n`nlnatjs in `f bu`turf ntrusbf, lubkj læs fvfazfif qun `f suyf. Na
`f äpjbf in `js Rdntn _nyns y kfstf n` sdc`j D f. in B., `fs vdvdnaifs rjlfafs,
insprjvdstfs in tjif n`ncfabdf, rnprjiubìfa `fs bfsfs ntrusbfs na sus hjrlfs
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læs sdlp`ns5 sn `dldtfofa, na nhnbtj, f` ftrdura bja n` frbf in fcuf y f f`cuafs
kfodtfbdjans. @f fonrturf in` tnbkj rnbdodò n` ajlorn in "dlp`uvdj", y n` nstfaqun
qun sn kf``fof inofmj in ästn sn ``flò "bjlp`uvdj". Bja hrnbunabdf n` tnbkj
nstfof sjstnadij pjr buftrj bj`ulafs in lfinrf. Na n` ftrdj sn nabjatrfof n`
kjcfr (qun sn usfof, sncýa `fs jbfsdjans, pfrf `f prnpfrfbdòa in `js f`dlnatjs j
`f bn`norfbdòa in `js sfbrdhdbdjs na kjajr in `fs idvdadifins), y na `js prdlnrjs
tdnlpjs, n` `nbkj. Ästn kforìf in fiqudrdr bja n` tdnlpj uaf crfa dlpjrtfabdf,
punstj qun `fs lftrjafs rjlfafs sn dastf`fofa na ä` iurfatn n` iìf pfrf vdcd`fr
bòljiflnatn `fs tfrnfs in `js nsb`fvjs. @fs kfodtfbdjans nstfofa insprjvdstfs
in punrtfs y, bufatj læs, prnluadifs in tfpdbns j bjrtdafijs.
Ofmj `f dah`unabdf in `f rnhdafif bdvd`dzfbdòa crdncf, _jlf hun
pfu`ftdaflnatn fofaijafaij sus bjstulorns pftrdfrbf`ns y `fs ljrfifs cfafrja
na idlnasdòa y bjahjrt. @f bfsf in @dvdf, lumnr in Jbtfvdj Fucustj, ajs if ua
fbfofij nmnlp`j in `j qun nrfa `fs vdvdnaifs in nsn tdpj.
Rfodnaij qun `f vdvdnaif rjlfaf sdrvdò in ljin`j f bfsd tjijs `js puno`js
in` Dlpnrdj, rnsu`tf datnrnsfatn nstuidfr sus ljidhdbfbdjans na vdrtui in `f
dah`unabdf cæ`dbf iurfatn `js sdc`js X y XD. Na nhnbtj, n` p`fa hun ajtfo`nlnatn
sdlp`dhdbfij. Rn cnanrf`dzò n` usj in `f pdnirf y `f lfinrf (lnajs nlp`nfif pjr
`js rjlfajs, qudnans kfstf natjabns kfoìfa prnhnrdij n` `fird``j)5 sn fcrncò ua
tnbkj bja hunrtn dab`dafbdòa, f ijs fcufs, y bja hrjatòa5 jtrfs vnbns, sn kdzj na
hjrlf in bfsquntn. Yjijs nstjs n`nlnatjs bjahdrdnrja f `fs bfsfs rjlfafs
bfrfbtnrìstdbfs luy pfrtdbu`frns, y rnhdrdäaijsn f nstfs bjastrubbdjans punin
kfo`frsn in ua nstd`j cf`j-rjlfaj.
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Na f`cuajs pfìsns in Nurjpf, sdcudnaij uaf bjstulorn qun vdnan insin
`js tdnlpjs læs rnljtjs, sn utd`dzfa `f pdnirf tf``fif y n` `fird``j pfrf `f
bjastrubbdòa in `js pdsjs dahnrdjrns y `f lfinrf pfrf `js tnmfijs. Bja n` jomntj in
cfafr nspfbdj y lnmjrfr `f d`uldafbdòa in `fs kfodtfbdjans sn fijptf uaf nspnbdn
in cf`nrìf, pdatfif f lnauij na n` nxtnrdjr y rdbflnatn inbjrfif bja ofmjs
rn`dnvns.
@js tdpjs in vdvdnaif qun fbfofljs in insbrdodr fpfrnbna na `f sncuaif
ldtfi in` sdc`j [DD. Rn lfatnairæa iurfatn `frcj tdnlpj, y sn punin inbdr qun na
`f frqudtnbturf aj kuoj crfains daajvfbdjans kfstf n` sdc`j [X5 `f trfashjrlfbdòa
qun sn jpnrf ns, nhnbtdvflnatn, uaf utd`dzfbdòa in `fs hjrlfs knrnififs in Crnbdf
y _jlf, qun `fs nxbfvfbdjans kfoìfa trfìij f `f ftnabdòa pýo`dbf. Rn fulnatò n`
tflföj in `fs bfsfs y sn suprdldnrja n`nlnatjs buyf rfzòa in snr nrf purflnatn
inhnasdvf. F` ldslj tdnlpj sn datrjiumj læs `umj na n` ljo`fmn.
Na n` sdc`j [X, f` fulnatfr n` odnanstfr nbjaòldbj y n` pjinr pj`ìtdbj in `fs
b`fsns fbjljififs, fpfrnbn ua aunvj tdpj in lfasdòa snöjrdf`. Ns n` pf`fbdj,
crfa bfsf rnbtfacu`fr j bufirfif qun sn n`nvf f`rninijr in ua pftdj bnatrf`,
daspdrfif na n` pnrdstd`j rjlfaj, y qun bjlprnain uaf natrfif ljaulnatf`, ua
flp`dj vnstìou`j, uaf nsbf`nrf pfrf `js iunöjs, jtrf pfrf `js ijlästdbjs, uaf
snrdn in kfodtfbdjans y sus inpnainabdfs na `f p`fatf ofmf, pdnzfs in rnbnpbdòa
na n` prdlnr pdsj, kfodtfbdjans pfrf `js fljs na n` sncuaij y pfrf `js ijlästdbjs
ofmj n` tnbkfij.
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@f vdvdnaif in `f b`fsn lnidf, iurfatn `js sdc`js [XD y [D[, bjasdstn na ua
inpfrtflnatj bja pdnzfs lnajs flp`dfs qun `fs in `fs lfasdjans frdstjbrætdbfs,
pnrj dcuf`lnatn odna inbjrfifs. Bfif uaf in n``fs tdnan ua instdaj prnbdsj= `f
fatnbælfrf, n` bjlnijr, `f sf`dtf, n` sf`òa, `f inspnasf, `fs pdnzfs in snrvdbdj.
@js frqudtnbtjs y urofadstfs ljinrajs jpdafa qun nstfs kfodtfbdjans nstfofa
dasuhdbdnatnlnatn d`uldafifs, lf` bjabnodifs y insprjvdstfs in kdcdnan. Rda
nlofrcj, kfy qun fildtdr qun, sd odna lnajs `umjsfs, sja na bflodj læs
bjahjrtfo`ns qun `fs vdvdnaifs in `fs b`fsns prdvd`ncdfifs in `js sdc`js fatnrdjrns.
Bja lnajs cfstj, `f bfsf in` sdc`j [XD bjasdcun finlæs snr dcuf`lnatn n`ncfatn.
Na `fs vdvdnaifs ourcunsfs n` pfpn` pdatfij bjrrnspjain f `j qun nrfa `js tfpdbns
y `js hrnsbjs na `fs ljrfifs frdstjbrætdbfs, y n` pfrqunt jbupf n` `ucfr qun f``ì
tnaìfa `fs `jsfs in lærlj` j in ljsfdbj.
Tf knljs rnvdsfij vfrdjs tdpjs in vdvdnaifs, ijain pjinljs vnr qun su
nstrubturf y frqudtnbturf inpnainræ in `js rnbursjs, `f äpjbf y `f bjahjrlfbdòa in
`fs sjbdnifins. Kjy na iìf, `fs tnjrìfs in `js idsnöfijrns bjatnlpjræanjs,
pjinljs rnsuldr`fs idbdnaij qun `f bfsf inon snr fatn tjij fcrfifo`n, ns inbdr,
qun inon sftdshfbnr n` custj in `js daidvdiujs pjr uaf bfsf knrljsf, inon snr
bjahjrtfo`n n kdcdäadbj. Ynadnaij na bjasdinrfbdòa qun na `f brnfbdòa j
ljidhdbfbdòa in` nspfbdj ijlnstdbj inon sj`ubdjafr `js prjo`nlfs in
kfodtfod`difi in` kjlorn sncýa sus fbtdvdifins, lnidfatn `f fp`dbfbdòa in
n`nlnatjs huabdjaf`ns, nstätdbjs y ajrlftdvjs, tjlfaij na bunatf tflodäa,
fspnbtjs psdbj-sjbdf`ns, pnrbnptdvjs, nbjaòldbjs y `ncf`ns. Na nstn prjbnsj sn
inon=
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- Bjlpjanr5 fsjbdfaij lftnrdf`ns, bj`jrns, tnxturfs, ljod`dfrdj n d`uldafbdòa,
natrn jtrjs.
- In`dldtfr5 inhdadnaij `f bjlpjsdbdòa nspfbdf` insin n` puatj in vdstf
lätrdbj j `dlìtrjhn ijain `f nsbf`f idlnasdjaf`, hfld`dfr, sjbdf`, daidvdiuf`
sja huaiflnatf`ns.
- Bjahdcurfr ljrhj`òcdbflnatn5 nstj ftdnain f `f pnrbnpbdòa in` kjlorn na
rn`fbdòa f` nspfbdj-fonrturf b`fsdhdbæaijsn na datnrdjrns/ nxtnrdjrns y
fodnrtjs/ snld-fodnrtjs/ bnrrfijs/ snld-bnrrfijs intnrldafijs pjr `f
rn`fbdòa pfrni-tnbkj-pdsj.
- Jrcfadzfr5 ftnaidnaij prdabdpf`lnatn f `j huabdjaf`, mnrfrqudzfaij ærnfs
sncýa `fs fbtdvdifins f rnf`dzfr pjr n` kjlorn, cnanrfaij b`fsdhdbfbdjans j
suoidvdsdjans sncýa nspfbdjs prdlfrdjs, snbuaifrdjs j in trfasdbdòa.
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6.?.- Nspfbdj Frtìstdbj
‐@f jorf ns dasnrbdòa na n` tnmdij in` luaij bjabrntj“ (Frinaan, ?77?, p.66)
Fsì bjlj n` nstuidj fatrjpj`òcdbj prnsnatfij fatnrdjrlnatn, lunstrf bòlj
ajs knljs insfrrj``fij bjlj kulfadifi, n` nspfbdj frtìstdbj kf dij
nvj`ubdjafaij f trfväs in `f kdstjrdf in` frtn, pfsfaij in `f pdaturf rupnstrn f`
Ant-Frt. Wnrj nsf nvj`ubdòa sdnlprn sn kf bjaidbdjafij pjr `f nvj`ubdòa in`
kjlorn, `f kdstjrdf uadvnrsf` y `js fvfabns tnbaj`òcdbjs.
Kjy n` frtdstf vdsuf` aj punin ins`dcfrsn in` luaij qun `j rjinf5 anbnsdtf
snatdr, rnbjrrnr, vdsdtfr y rn-vdsdtfr pfrf pjinr brnfr y natnainr `f afturf`nzf in su
trfofmj.
‐@f nxpnrdnabdf ‒ na n` jrdcna, `f nxpnrdnatdf `ftdaf-
inrdvf in` tnrldaj nxpnrdrd , ‛kfbnr `f prunof in—, uaf prunof
``nvfif f bfoj in lfanrf vj`uatfrdf y na uaf pnrspnbtdvf
nxp`jrftjrdf, buyf hdaf`difi ns ‛uaf flp`dfbdòa j ua
nardqunbdldnatj in` bjajbdldnatj, in` sfonr, in `fs
fptdtuins—. Wjrqun ns uaf prunof, `f nxpnrdnabdf tdnan bjlj
afturf`nzf idafldzfr `f brnfbdòa. _nburrdr f n``f pnrldtn
fhnrrfrsn f hnaòlnajs daäidtjs qun n` frtdstf prjvjbf y
prnbdpdtf, nspnrfaij in su insfrrj``j ua fulnatj in
nxprnsdòa in` luaij y uaf pjsdod`difi in kfodtfr`j lnmjr“ “
(Frinaan, ?77?, p.2?).
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Ns inbdr, n` frtdstf nstæ bjaidbdjafij pjr n` bjatnxtj, äpjbf, `f kdstjrdf, n`
ljlnatj y n` `ucfr pfrf qun su trfofmj tnacf uaf bjahrjatfbdòa dalnidftf bja n`
nspnbtfijr, ijain n` prjbnsj ns tfa dlpjrtfatn bjlj n` rnsu`tfij jotnadij y
ijain aj sò`j sn trftf in prjiubdr jomntjs.
‐^af jorf b`æsdbf, rnf`dzfif na nstuidj, punin
bjrrncdrsn. ^af jorf ‛na bjatnxtj rnf`— inpnain, f` bjatrfrdj,
in `f rnf`difi, `f hjrlf nstæ intnrldafif pjr `js cfmns qun
sja `js in` luaij rnf` na ljvdldnatj, luaij ijain ‛`j
fbbdinatf`—, pfrf bdtfr f Wfu` E`nn, tdnain f tjlfr n` rfacj in
nsnabdf“ (Frinaan, ?77?, p.28)
Fordnaij pjsdod`difins danspnrfifs bjlj uaf nspnbdn in `fojrftjrdj j
nxpnrdlnatj, ijain `f fprjpdfbdòa in `f rnf`difi flp`df n` bflpj in` frtn. Fsì,
tflodäa `j p`fatnf Kj`lns=
‐^af in `fs hunrtns pjtnabdf`difins in` frtn fbtuf`
prjvdnan in bdnrtf snasdod`difi pjr `f lfanrf na qun
rdcjrjsfs davnstdcfbdjans hd`jsòhdbfs, sjbdj`òcdbfs j
bdnatìhdbfs punina bjlodafrsn bja hjrlfs nstätdbfs pfrf
dlpu`sfr prjbnsjs bj`nbtdvjs qun insajrlf`dzfa n` bursj in
`f prjpdf davnstdcfbdòa, fordnaij snainrjs brìtdbjs ybjastrubtdvjs. @js prjynbtjs qun rnsu`tfa in nsf snasdod`difi
bjatdnana uaf inasf trflf bjastrubtdvf, pnrj sn sustnatfa
fsì ldslj na n` nmnrbdbdj `ýidbj y futjrrnh`nxdvj in `fs
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bfpfbdifins oæsdbfs in` snr kulfaj= pnrbnpbdòa, fhnbtj,
pnasfldnatj, nxprnsdòa y rn`fbdòa“ (Kj`lns, orulfrdf.ant)
Insin jtrj puatj in vdstf, ]ycluat Ofulfa na su `dorj ‐Frtn, º`ìqudij: ajs
p`fatnf qun n` frtn inon trfsbnainr `f ljrtf`difi kulfaf, pjr nain `f in` frtdstf,
ijain `f daljrtf`difi in `f jorf intnrldaf `f bf`difi in nstf, natnaidnaij qun
nsf daljrtf`difi sn sjstnairæ lnidfatn `f lnljrdf bj`nbtdvf, `f ijbulnatfbdòa y
n` dlpfbtj j datnräs in` nspnbtfijr f `f kjrf in su nxkdodbdòa. Wjr jtrf pfrtn,
tflodäa p`fatnf qun sd odna n` bjatnxtj ns dlpjrtfatn, `f supnrvdvnabdf in `f jorf
tnairæ qun nstfr f`nmfif in `f huabdjaf`difi y utd`difi
‐@fs jorfs aj sja ‛ýtd`ns—, ‛huabdjaf`ns—! N` frtn
trfsbdnain `f ljrtf`difi kulfaf sò`j na `f lnidif na qun
`jcrf nsbfpfr in` bn`j fbfpfrfijr in `js ljrtf`ns. @f jorf
in frtn, idbn Frnit, ns uaf fpfrdbdòa, ‛purf fpfrdnabdf—, y `f
fpfrdnabdf sn muzcf aj pjr su utd`difi sd aj pjr su on``nzf“
(Ofulfa, p. 63).
Tf kfo`fljs in` bjatnxtj y `f trfsbnainabdf in `f jorf, pnrj ajs qunif
uaf prncuatf ºVudäa `ncdtdldzf uaf jorf:
Lfrbn` Iubkflp f` dastf`fr n` urdafrdj na n` Lusnj in Aunvf Tjre bjlj ua
fbtj in bdadslj y our`f kfbdf `f dastdtubdòa `j qun kfbn ns rnfhdrlfr qun n`
bjabnptj in frtn sn `ncdtdldzf f trfväs in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi, ns inbdr, ns n`
lusnj j cf`nrìf `f qun `n ifa n` vf`jr in jorf in frtn f `fs præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs.
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‐@f nxpjsdbdòa ns n` ljlnatj na n` qun n` prjynbtj
frtìstdbj sn vf`jrdzf na aunstrf sjbdnifi5 pjr tfatj, sn trftf
in` ljlnatj na qun `fs bjaidbdjans nbjaòldbfs in su
prjiubbdòa vdnana f dah`udr sjorn su ldslj prjbnsj,
bjamuatflnatn bja `fs dinj`jcìfs suoyfbnatns qun
nalfsbfrfa tf`ns bjaidbdjans. T pjr n``j subnin kfstf tf`
puatj qun snrìf dacnauj kfo`fr in` idspjsdtdvj frtìstdbj sda
kfbnr`j tflodäa in sus ljif`difins nxpjsdtdvfs“ (Kj`lns,
orulfrdf.ant)
Wnrj nstf tnjrìf trftfrnljs in rnoftdr`f na bfpdtu`j sdcudnatn.
Dlfcna 65 _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Hunatn in Lfrbn` Iubkflp 64635
_nfiy-Lfin5 urdafrdj in pjrbn`faf5 86x9;x28 bl. (rnvdstfrnp`dbfatn.bjl)
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Wnrj ºVuä ns n` idspjsdtdvj: N` idspjsdtdvj ns n` sdstnlf in rn`fbdjans, uaf
nspnbdn in nstrftncdf y, f su vnz ua lnidj, qun qudnrn inbdr qun bjlj frtdstfs
anbnsdtfljs uaf lntjij`jcìf qun ajs fyuin f nstfo`nbnr rn`fbdjans j bjabnptjs
pfrf b`frdhdbfr y natnainr insin ijain prjvdnana aunstrf pu`sdòa frtìstdbf, quä `f
ljtdvf. Wfrf nsj inonljs rnspjainr ºVuä kfbnljs: ºWjr quä `j kfbnljs: T
ºBja quä `j kfbnljs: Ns na nstf ý`tdlf datnrrjcfatn ijain n` idspjsdtdvj
fiqudnrn uaf rn`nvfabdf lfyjr, ns ijain inonljs rnspjainr buf` ns n` lnidj
qun utd`dzfrnljs na aunstrf præbtdbf frtìstdbf. Nstf nstrftncdf bj`fojrf tflodäa na
`f oýsqunif in rnhnrnatns, aj sò`j na n` bflpj frtìstdbj, sd aj tflodäa na `f
rnf`difi j bjatnxtj.
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6.2.- Nspfbdj kdordij= hrfbturf in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi f trfväs in`
dabjasbdnatn in` kfodtfr
‐Datnatfr rnh`nxdjafr fbnrbf in `js idsbursjs qun punina
surcdr, f pfrtdr in `f rnbnpbdòa in f`cuafs nxpjsdbdjans qun
ajs ifa f bjajbnr f` lnajs uaf pfrtn in `f nxpfaidif
prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf bjatnlpjræanf, y nspnbìhdbflnatn in
fqun``f qun lunstrf uaf rn`fbdòa bja `f afturf`nzf bjlj
n`nlnatj bfrfbtnrìstdbj, sn kf vun`tj prjcrnsdvflnatn
dabdnrtj f lnidif qun `f kdordifbdòa in `fs täbadbfs, `f
utd`dzfbdòa in sjadij j dlfcna na ljvdldnatj, lnstdzfmn in
dinfs ``ncfifs bjlj lftnrdf` in f`uvdòa insin tjijs `js
bflpjs in `f bu`turf, j `f ijbulnatfbdòa in nvnatjs
pròxdljs f `f pnrhjrlfabn j f `f nsbnadhdbfbdòa kfa dij
cfafaij tnrrnaj na `fs prfbtdbfs lfyjrdtfrdfs in `f
prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf“ (Xdif`, brdtdbfrtn.te)
Na nstn bfpìtu`j trftfrnljs in fojrifr n` frtn na qudnorn bja `f
dastdtubdjaf`difi y bjlj vfrdfs præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs sn rn`fbdjafa bja `f fbbdòa
ldslf in kfodtfr.
Tf knljs kfo`fij qun n` kfodtfr nstf snclnatfif pjr ijs bjaidbdjans,aòlfin y sninatfrdf, flofs tdnana rn`fbdòa bja `f bjastrubbdòa in nspfbdj5 yf
snf nstf nhìlnrf y trfaspjrtfo`n j nstætdbf ‒ dafljvdo`n.
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‐Nstfs ijs lfanrfs in kfodtfr `f tdnrrf sn
bjrrnspjaina bja ijs ljijs in bjabnodr `f prjpdf
frqudtnbturf= uaf frqudtnbturf natnaidif bjlj bjastrubbdòa
hìsdbf in` nspfbdj y in `f hjrlf, bjatrf uaf frqudtnbturf
natnaidif bjlj pnrbnpbdòa y bjastrubbdòa sdloò`dbf in`
nspfbdj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p. 28)
Ijain n` sninatfrdslj nstæ lfrbfij pjr n` trfzj y `f nstrubturf, na
bjatrfrdnifi bja n` ajlfidslj, qun nstæ lfrbfij pjr n` insp`fzfldnatj, ijain
bfif `ucfr in trfasdtj ns trfashjrlfij pjr uaf frqudtnbturf prjvdsjrdf qun
ljidhdbf n` pfdsfmn bja ua fbtj brnftdvj.
Na n` föj 64?6, n` ljvdldnatj ififìstf, dadbdfa uaf snrdn in rnbjrrdijs bja
fbbdjans pýo`dbfs bjlj `f `nbturf in tnxtjs tjlfijs f` fzfr in ua idbbdjafrdj
@frjussn j `f natrncf in rncf`js f `js trfasnýatns, ns n` pfsj in` nspnbtæbu`j f`
fdrn `dorn.
‐N` prdlnr rnfiylfin urofaj in Ifif snöf`f `f
trfasdbdòa insin `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in` ljvdldnatj kfstf `f
bjastrubbdòa in uaf fbbdòa nstätdbf qun inoìf ``nvfrsn f
bfoj na `f rnf`difi in `f vdif bjtdidfaf! F pfrtdr in `fs
vdsdtfs in Ifif y in `fs pjstnrdjrns inflou`fbdjans in `jssurrnf`dstfs, n` fbtj in rnbjrrnr n` nspfbdj snrìf utd`dzfij
bjlj hjrlf nstätdbf bfpfz in sustdtudr `f rnprnsnatfbdòa y,
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pjr bjasdcudnatn, tjij n` sdstnlf in` frtn“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?,
p.37)
Ifaij `f pjsdod`difi f `js frtdstfs in datnrvnadr na `f bduifi
‐!rnprnsnatf uaf ``flfif rnvj`ubdjafrdf f `f vdif y
bjatrf n` frtn, y in `j bjtdidfaj bjatrf `j nstätdbj, qun
bjatnstf fodnrtflnatn `fs ljif`difins trfidbdjaf`ns in `f
datnrvnabdòa urofaf, n` bflpj in fbbdòa pnrtnanbìf pjr
trfidbdòa tfa sò`j f `js frqudtnbtjs y `js urofadstfs“ (Bfrnrd,
?77?, p.38)
Wnrj sda inmfr kun``f, sò`j `f ijbulnatfbdòa in `f jpnrfbdòa.
Læs tfrin @juds Frfcja, Fairä Orntja, Lfx Ljrdsn y _jcnr Xdtrfb
jrcfadzfa ua rnbjrrdij pnrj nstf vnz f bflpj fodnrtj ijain nxp`jrfr `js `ìldtns
natrn n` bjasdnatn y n` dabjasbdnatn, f pfrtdr in nsn inflou`fr rnsu`tfrìf n` prdlnr
lfadhdnstj surrnf`dstf. Wnrj f idhnrnabdf in` Ifif (trfofmf bja fbbdjans
bjtdidfafs/sdloò`dbfs, ijain davdtf f `js frtdstfs f fofaijafr `fs hjrlfs in
rnprnsnatfbdòa trfidbdjaf` n datnrvnadr n` nspfbdj pýo`dbj), N` surrnf`dslj utd`dzf n`
faifr bjlj hjrlf in nxp`jrfr n` dabjasbdnatn.
Na 64>3, `f Datnrafbdjaf` Rdtufbdjadstf dastf`f n` bjabnptj in inrdvf, ijain
prjpjan n` inflou`fr surrnf`dstf, aj sò`j bjlj uaf davnstdcfbdòa suomntdvf n
dabjasbdnatn, sdaj tflodäa ua lätjij jomntdvj in nxp`jrfbdòa fpjyæaijsn na n`
bjabnptj in psdbjcnjcrfhìf.
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‐@f iärdvn ns uaf bjastrubbdòa y uaf nxpnrdlnatfbdòa
in aunvjs bjlpjrtfldnatjs na `f vdif rnf`, `f lftnrdf`dzfbdòa
in ua ljij f`tnraftdvj in kfodtfr `f bduifi, ua nstd`j in vdif
qun sn sdtýf hunrf y na bjatrf in `fs rnc`fs in `f sjbdnifi
ourcunsf, y qun sn prjpjan bjlj uaf supnrfbdòa in `f
inflou`fbdòa surrnf`dstf“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p.4?)
Wrjpjaìfa fbtufr na vnz in sjöfr.
‐@js Rdtufbdjadstfs kfoìfa nabjatrfij na `f inrdvf
psdbjcnjcræhdbf ua lnidj bja n` qun pjanr `f bduifi f`
insauij, pnrj tflodäa ua ljij `ýidbj in rnfprjpdfbdòa in`
tnrrdtjrdj= `f bduifi nrf ua muncj qun pjiìf utd`dzfrsn f p`fbnr,
ua nspfbdj na n` buf` vdvdr bj`nbtdvflnatn y na n` buf`
nxpnrdlnatfr bjlpjrtfldnatjs f`tnraftdvjs5 ua nspfbdj na n`
buf` nrf pjsdo`n pnrinr n` tdnlpj ýtd` bja n` hda in
trfashjrlfr`j na ua tdnlpj `ýidbj-bjastrubtdvj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?,
p.66>).
Na `js föjs snsnatf snrìfa `js frtdstfs datnrnsfijs na n` nspfbdj nsbäadbj
in `fs pnrhjrlfabn y in `js kfppnadacs qudnans nxpnrdlnatfrìfa `fs
bjasnbunabdfs in fqun``fs davnstdcfbdjans.
Föjs læs tfrin snrìfa `js @faifrtdstfs qudnans insbuordrìfa na n` faifr ua
fbtj prdlfrdj in trfashjrlfbdòa sdloò`dbf in` tnrrdtjrdj qun aj tdnan `f anbnsdifi
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in inmfr kun``fs pnrlfanatns. Na 6483, _dbkfri @jac rnf`dzf F @dan Lfin oy
Sf`edac, uaf `ìanf rnbtf nsbu`pdif na n` tnrrnaj kj``faij sdlp`nlnatn `f kdnrof,
‐@f dlfcna in `f kdnrof kj``fif bjatdnan na sì ldslf
`f prnsnabdf in uaf fusnabdf= `f fusnabdf in `f fbbdòa, `f
fusnabdf in` bunrpj, `f fusnabdf in` jomntj. Wjr jtrf pfrtn,
sn trftf sda iuif in` rnsu`tfij in `f fbbdòa in ua bunrpj y in
ua jomntj, f`cj sdtufij f lnidj bfldaj natrn `f nsbu`turf, `f
pnrhjrlfabn y `f frqudtnbturf in` pfdsfmn!ijain `f
prnsnabdf in` frtdstf bjastdtuyn yf pjr sì ldslf ua fbtj
sdloò`dbj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p.69;)
Ijain n` luaij sn bjavdnrtn na ua tnrrdtjrdj nstätdbj, uaf tn`f ijain sn
idoumf ldnatrfs sn faif.
Dlfcna ?= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf F @dan Lfin oy Sf`edac _dbkfri @jac,
6483 (aftdjaf`cf``nrdns.jrc)
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@j fatnrdjrlnatn nxpunstj kfbnljs lnabdòa bjlj bdnrtfs tnainabdfs
frtìstdbfs sn f`nmfa in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi (sda insvdabu`frsn pjr bjlp`ntj) pfrf
rnf`dzfr præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs `dcfifs f `j bjtdidfaj y f `f fbbdòa ldslf in kfodtfr.
F bjatdaufbdòa prnsnatj ua prjynbtj bkd`naj in 6444 ``flfij Kjhhlfaa—s
Kjusn, nstn bjasdstn na uaf cf`nrìf pjrtætd` qun rnutd`dzf uaf lnidfcuf pfrf ifr
vdsdod`difi f` frtn nlnrcnatn, ijain `f nlnrcnabdf in ifr bfodif f nstuidfatns j
frtdstfs pjbj rnbjajbdijs na n` bdrbudtj frtìstdbj `jbf` nrf bfif vnz læs nvdinatn.
Wrjynbtj cnstfij pjr Mjsä Wfo`j Iìfz y _jirdcj Xnrcfrf. Lfbkubf sn rnhdnrn f
Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn in `f sdcudnatn hjrlf5
‐Afif læs rnbjajbdo`n ‒ bfrnatn in nstd`j y sda n`
nxbninatn in `f hjrlf- qun uaf vdvdnaif oæsdbf. Ru
nstrubturf, lòidbflnatn ‛ldadlf`dstf—, na`fzf bja bdnrtf dinf
qun idbn qun tjij nspfbdj frtìstdbj inon snr fatns qun afif
anutrj, læs f``æ in `js dlpjainrfo`ns dinj`òcdbjs n
dastdtubdjaf`ns qun suoyfbna f ästn. ^af vdvdnaif oæsdbf
rnprnsnatf, pjr fsì inbdr`j, n` crfij bnrj in `f nspfbdf`difi=
sdlp`n, ljiu`fr, `dvdfaf, trfaspjrtfo`n, sdnlprn insljatfo`n
in fbunrij f `f bjatdacnabdf y f `f anbnsdifi (Lfbkubf,
?779, p.??).
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Dlfcna 2= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn, na Rf`ja in
Wrdlfvnrf 6444 (kjhhlfaaskjusn.bjl)
Wjr jtrf pfrtn, Wu`dij kfbn uaf brìtdbf nstn prjynbtj,
‐Fatn tf` pfajrflf in aunstrjs cf`nrdstfs in
Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn, idcæljs`j, sja ua hdfsbj, vdnana
jhrnbdnaij bjaidbdjans dainbnatns in lunstrf= uaf
lnidfcuf o`fabf, ‛f `j fpdöfidtj—, bnrj bj`nbbdòa, pfrf qun
kfo`fr in vnatfs. Ru fbjljij, kf bjasdstdij na suo`dlfr tf`
‛prjynbtj f pnridif— f `f bftncjrìf in frtn! Fsì, `fs jorfs
nxkdodifs f` datnrdjr in n``f y `fs bjatnadifs pjr n` bufirj-
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cfodantn aj prnsnatfa lfyjr idhnrnabdf. @f lnidfcuf,
prdlnrflnatn, sn inhdan bjlj jorf. F pfrtdr in fkì tjijs `js
trfofmjs qun f`onrcf `ubkfa hnrvjrjsjs pjr aj nxpdrfr bjlj
bdtfs= uajs trftfa in sf`dr in` yucj, ord``fr pjr sì ldsljs5
jtrjs sn lfatdnan suldsjs, qudzæs bjahjrlns bja `f
davdsdod`difi prjvjbfif pjr n` ijldafatn cnstj in Mjsä Wfo`j
y _jirdcj“ (Wu`dij, ?779, p.92).
In nstf hjrlf vj`vnljs f `f datnrrjcfatn p`fatnfif na n` bfpìtu`j fatnrdjr,
ºNs `f dastdtubdòa `f qun `ncdtdldzf `f jorf in frtn: Læs odna sn p`ftnf, qun ns n`
frtdstf qudna `ncdtdldzf `f jorf, aj `f dastdtubdòa, `f dastdtubdòa vnairìf f snr ua lnrj
idspjsdtdvj, n` lnidj pjr n` buf` bdrbu`f y sn idhuain `f jorf. Rd odna Iubkflp (uaj
in `js prnbursjrns in` Ififìslj) hun qudna p`ftnò qun n` jomntj frtìstdbj ns uaf
jorf in frtn pjrqun sn nabunatrf inatrj in uaf dastdtubdjaf`difi frtìstdbf f`
dastf`fr ua urdafrdj. Ns n` ldslj ljvdldnatj Ifif, n` prnbursjr in sfbfr `f
præbtdbf frtìstdbf hunrf in `f dastdtubdòa bjlj `j knljs rnvdsfij f` prdabdpdj in nstn
bfpìtu`j.
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DD
Bjlj kfodtfr n` tnrrdtjrdj
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?.6.- @f kun``f, n` insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf
F` kfo`fr in kun``f, kfo`fljs in lnljrdf, in `j qun qunif5 bufaij kfo`fljs in
insp`fzfldnatj, kfo`fljs in ljvdldnatj, trfs`fij5 y pfrf kfo`fr in
insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf inonljs nxtrfnr y trfs`fifr bjabnptjs
huaiflnatf`ns in bfif idsbdp`daf f bflpjs aj trfidbdjaf`ns in bfif uaf in n``fs.
Na n` bfsj in` crfofij nstjs bjabnptjs huaiflnatf`ns sja= dabdsdòa,
lfrbf, lftrdz y rnprjiubtdvdifi5 pfrf `f pdaturf, `f lfabkf5 sdnaij pfrf flofs `f
kun``f n` bjabnptj qun `fs uan.
F bjatdaufbdòa prnsnatj ua trfofmj in Mustj Wfstjr Ln``fij qun ajs
fyuifrf f nmnlp`dhdbfr `f dinf in insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij.
Mustj Wfstjr Ln``fij muatj f trns bjlpfönrjs bjavjbfrja f burfijrns y/j
tnòrdbjs in frtn f rnf`dzfr uaf nxbfvfbdòa na ua `ucfr in Rfatdfcj, sò`j tnadnaij
ua pftròa na bjlýa, n` cudòa in `f pnrhjrlfabn y `f `donrtfi in nsbjcnr n` `ucfr
ijain bfif uaj rnf`dzfrìf `f fbbdòa. Ln``fij nsbjcnrìf n` pfrqun J—Kdccdas, `f
jorf sn tdtu`f ‐Burfijr nxbfvf su prjpdf tulof, j odjcrfhìf in` pfdsfmn bkd`naj“. F
trfväs in nstn nmnrbdbdj nvdinabdfljs `f dabdsdòa lnidfatn `f nxbfvfbdòa in
Ln``fij, pfrf n``j ns nstn ldslj qudna sn rnhdnrn f `f kun``f.
‐Frtns in Nxbfvfbdòa aj ns n` rnsu`tfij in uaf
fp`dbfbdòa frodtrfrdf, sda rn`fbdòa f`cuaf bja `f lftnrdf`difi
in `fs jorfs, sdaj pjr n` bjatrfrdj, nstæ intnrldafij pjr sus
idfcrflfs in ofsn. Rd kfy lnabdòa in nstf ajbdòa ns
pjrqun kfy rnhnrnabdfs idrnbtfs f `js lätjijs in nxbfvfbdòa
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frqunj`òcdbf y f `js nstuidjs in `f nsbnaf in` brdlna na `f
davnstdcfbdòa pj`dbdf`, davnrtdijs bjlj prjbnidldnatjs in
bjastrubbdòa in jorf na `f nsbnaf p`æstdbf bkd`naf in `f
ý`tdlf trndatnaf. @js bunrpjs nstæa f``ì. F`cuajs kfa sdij
nsbfljtnfijs, kfa suhrdij vdj`natjs prjbnidldnatjs in
rniubbdòa. Wnrj hdaf`lnatn, f trfväs in sus rnstjs, sdcuna
nstfaij“ (Ln``fij, ?77>, p.?, bdtfij na tnsds in Mjsä
]uodbuntf).
Wjr jtrf pfrtn, pfrf kfo`fr in `f lfabkf, sn vdnan dalnidftflnatn f `f
lnljrdf n` trfofmj in Nucnadj Idttojra, Jd` Wfdatdac , ijain vdnrtn 2>7 `dtrjs in
fbndtn in futj qunlfij na n` insdnrtj in ftfbflf, na nstn nmnrbdbdj, n` rnsdiuj
snrìf n` pdclnatj y n` insdnrtj su crfa tn`f.
Dlfcna 9= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Jd` Wfdatdac Nucnadj Idttojra, 64;6
(lnljrdfbkd`naf.b`)
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Na flofs fbbdjans, `f bjrpjrf`difi y n` cnstj sdloò`dbj, fsulna ua rj`
huaiflnatf`, ijain trfashjrlfa n` pfdsfmn sfbfaij in` bflpj trfidbdjaf` `f
lfabkf y `f dabdsdòa, sdnaij n` tnrrdtjrdj ua su crfa idspjsdtdvj.
‐Na `f kdstjrdf in` frtn bjatnlpjræanj sn kf tnaidij f
utd`dzfr f`cuajs tärldajs bja n` hda in flp`dfr j ids`jbfr
insin sus bjabnpbdjans trfidbdjaf`ns bdnrtfs täbadbfs qun yf
aj bulp`drìfa bja `fs nxpnbtftdvfs in `f prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf
fbtuf`. Ns `j qun sn natdnain pjr ‛insp`fzfldnatjs—. Nstn
tärldaj qun tflodäa pjirìf snr natnaidij bjlj uaf
rnvf`jrdzfbdòa in præbtdbfs trfidbdjaf`ns insvdabu`fifs in su
b`fustrj pnrpntuj fkjrf kjstdcfifs pjr n` aunvj nsbnafrdj
in `j idcdtf`“ (]uodbuntf, ?766, p.29).
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?.?.- @f nidhdbfbdòa v/s `f dastf`fbdòa
Na nstn bfpìtu`j prnsnatj f`cuajs nmnrbdbdjs ijain `f bjabnpbdòa in
vdvdnaif ns utd`dzfif bjlj lftnrdf` dastf`ftdvj. Wnrj fatns uaf pnqunöf inhdadbdòa
in dastf`fbdòa=
‐@f dastf`fbdòa in frtn inajtf ua `ucfr in
ins`dzfldnatj in `f præbtdbf frqudtnbtòadbf, rnvn`faij
lfanrfs in vnr `f nxpnrdnabdf in` usufrdj y n` nspfbdj bjlj
uaf hjrlf in frtn na sì ldslj! Na nstf zjaf in læxdlf
kdordinz, `fs inhdadbdjans nxfbtfs sja idhìbd`ns in lfatnanr !
Rurcn in `f bfìif in `f nspnbdhdbdifi in` lnidj y in `js
`ìldtns qun kfoìfa inhdadij `fs idsbdp`dafs inatrj in `fs frtns
vdsuf`ns, f pfrtdr in `f iäbfif in 6487“ (Lu`nt5 Bfofönrj,
?766, p.?)
Ijain sda iuif nstæ bjlpunstf pjr uaf lu`tdtui in fbtdvdifins bjlj `f
frqudtnbturf, nsbu`turf, pdaturf, prjynbbdjans lu`tdlnidf, natrn jtrfs. Na bjlp`ntf
rn`fbdòa bja `f nspfbdf`difi, `f vdsuf`difi, fuidtdvdifi y n` flodnatn in dcuf` hjrlf
qun n` sdtn-spnbdhdb .
‐Rn bflodf pfrf ``nafr vfbìjs“ ns uaf dastf`fbdòa in Tnaayhnrtk Onbnrrf na
Cf`nrìf Lntrjpj`dtfaf. Ns ua vj`ulna trfzfij bja kd`j o`fabj qun idoumf na n`
nspfbdj uaf nstrubturf frqudtnbtòadbf qun `nvfatf, pjr lnidj in rj`ifafs, `js
tnasjrns fab`fijs f jomntjs in ynsj, sjstnadnaij nstjs `f nstrubturf tjtf`.
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Finlæs, utd`dzf n` trunqun, bflodfaij jvd``js in `faf pjr rjpf vdnmf bja `f buf` vf
``nafaij `js vfbìjs.
Dlfcna >= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Rn bflodf pfrf ``nafr vfbìjs in
Tnaayhnrtk Onbnrrf, ?77> (cf`nrìflntrjpj`dtfaf.jrc)
Ns, bja nstn nmnrbdbdj qun `f frtdstf kfbn uaf davnstdcfbdòa na rn`fbdòa f `f
vdvdnaif y `f anbnsdifi in kfodtfr kfbdnaij pfrtdbdpn f `f bjluadifi na n` prjbnsj
brnftdvj.
Yrfbny Nlda tdnan ijs trfofmjs qun ln datnrnsfa. N` prdlnrj, ‐Nvnryjan D
kfvn R`npt wdtk“, uaf tdnaif in bflpföf bja ajlorns bjsdijs na su datnrdjr. Aj
sò`j dab`uìf sus bjlpfönrjs snxuf`ns sdaj tflodäa `fs pnrsjafs in su dahfabdf,
hfld`df y fldcjs.
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Dlfcna 8= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Nvnryjan D kfvn R`npt wdtk in Yrfbny
Nlda, (frtjosnrvni.bjl)
N` Rncuaij, ‐Ly Oni“ ajs lunstrf su prjpdf bflf, ojtn``fs vfbìfs in `dbjr,
bj`d``fs in bdcfrrjs, sæofafs lfabkfifs, orfcfs usfifs. Bja `f prnsnatfbdòa in
su bflf bjlj frtn, Yrfbny Nlda bjlpfrtn su nspfbdj læs pnrsjaf`, rnvn`faij
qun n``f ns tfa dasncurf n dlpnrhnbtf bjlj n` rnstj in` luaij.
Dlfcna 3 (Kjhhlfaaskjusn)= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Ly Oni in Yrfbny
Nlda, (frt-rnvdnwni.bjl)
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Nstjs trfofmjs sja datnrnsfatns pjrqun pjr qun davj`ubrf f` nspnbtfijr bja su
nxp`jrfbdòa in nljbdjans y pjr prnsnatfrsn bjlj uaf nspnbdn in bjahnsdòa,
Nlda rnvn`f intf``ns ìatdljs in su vdif qun pnrldtn nstfo`nbnr uaf datdldifi bja
n` nspnbtfijr. Na n` prdlnrj pjr nxpjanr `f bfrpf, n`nlnatj qun bjlj jomntj in
nstuidj ns datnrnsfatn y n` sncuaij, pjrqun nxpjan uaf datdldifi kfodtfif,
idspjadnaij jomntjs qun n``f kf usfij.
Wfrf flofs frtdstfs `f kfodtfod`difi y `f nidhdbfbdòa in uaf nstrubturf qun
pnrldtn nstfo`nbnr ua finatrj y ua fhunrf sn pnrbdona na sus trfofmjs, na `f buf`
`f bjabnpbdòa in vdvdnaif in Onbnrrf y `j prdvfij nxpunstj in Nlda, sn fbnrbfa f
pfrtn in `j qun rnvdsfrnljs læs fin`fatn.
Wjr jtrf pfrtn, b`frflnatn `f nidhdbfbdòa y `f dastf`fbdòa tdnana su puatj in
nabunatrj na `f frqudtnbturf y `f nstrubturfbdòa in` nspfbdj.
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?.2.- @f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj rncdstrj in jorf
F` kfo`fr in lfrbf, anbnsfrdflnatn kfo`fljs in kun``f, kun``fs qun sja
nhìlnrfs, nvj`ubdjafa y sn trfashjrlfa5 inodij f nstj, n` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj sn
kfbn dlprnsbdaido`n.
Fsì, bjlj tjij snr vdvj tdnan nsn dastdatj in lfrbfr y in`dldtfr ua tnrrdtjrdj
pfrf kfodtfr, ns dastdatdvj n` knbkj qun insin qun fpfrnbdò `f hjtjcrfhìf y `jcrf
uaf rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f rnf`difi vnrjsìld`, `f pdaturf rnf`dstf sn vn insp`fzfif,
ns qun n` luaij in `fs frtns tuvj uaf nvj`ubdòa sdcadhdbftdvf y bjastfatn kfstf
aunstrjs iìfs.
‐Ru prnsnabdf datrjiubn aunvjs pfrælntrjs y
prjo`nlætdbfs, prjpdbdfaij f trfväs in su dah`unabdf,
datnrfbbdòa y prjpdj insfrrj``j, aunvfs hjrlfs in natnainr,
rnprnsnatfr y nxprnsfr na `fs frtns vdsuf`ns! hfvjrnbdnaij
uaf snrdn in brubns, insp`fzfldnatjs y idsbursjs qun kfa
``nvfij f `js `dldtns `fs pjsdod`difins brnftdvfs,
bjluadbftdvfs y täbadbfs in nstn lnidj“ (Crjanlnynr, W.96)
Ns pjr n``j, qun bufaij surcn n` frtn nhìlnrj y `f pnrhjrlfabn, natrn jtrfs,
sn rnqudnrn in ua dastrulnatj qun rncdstrn nsjs cäanrjs frtìstdbjs, pjr su bfræbtnr
ldlätdbj y su dastfatfandifi. Bjlj `j p`fatnf Fairä Ofzda na su `dorj Jatj`jcìf
in `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf, `f davnabdòa in `f hjtjcrfhìf bjrrnspjain f uaf
anbnsdifi sdbj`òcdbf in d`usdòa na `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f rnf`difi. Ns inbdr, `f
rnprnsnatfbdòa pdbtòrdbf qun ousbfof ua rnf`dslj na `f dlfcna aj nrf suhdbdnatn y
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anbnsdtfof bjabnodr ua fpfrftj qun hunrf læs vnrjsìld`, in f``ì `fs davnstdcfbdjans
qun ``nvfrja f `j qun kjy bjajbnljs bjlj bælfrf hjtjcræhdbf.
‐! `f hjtjcrfhìf sn onanhdbdf bja uaf trfashusdòa in
rnf`difi in `f bjsf f su rnprjiubbdòa. ^a idoumj
fosj`utflnatn hdn` pjiræ qudzæs ifrajs læs daidbfbdjans
fbnrbf in` ljin`j, pnrj aj pjsnnræ mflæs, f pnsfr in
aunstrj nspìrdtu brìtdbj, n` pjinr drrfbdjaf` in `f hjtjcrfhìf qun
ajs jo`dcf f brnnr na n``f“ (Ofzda, 649>, W.6;)
Wnrj `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf tdnan su prnbninatn na `f bælfrf jsburf, tfa
fatdcuf qun yf `j kfoìf lnabdjafij Frdstòtn`ns, qun bjasdstn na ua bunrpj vfbìj
jsburj bja ua jrdhdbdj, qun prjynbtf `f dlfcna in` nxtnrdjr davnrtdif lnidfatn `uz
rnh`nmfif. @f bælfrf jsburf, f hdans in` _nafbdldnatj fyuifof f idoumfatns y
pdatjrns f `f rnprnsnatfbdòa nspfbdf` y `f pnrspnbtdvf, pfrf ifr`n lfyjr rnf`dslj y
hdin`difi f` idoumj. In nstf hjrlf, pjinljs inbdr, qun `f hjtjcrfhìf tdnan uaf
idrnbtf rn`fbdòa bja `f pdaturf, sjorn tjij afturf`dstf, læs fua bufaij
bjasdinrfljs qun Ifcunrrn (pdatjr pfdsfmdstf) y Yf`ojt (pdatjr fhdbdjafij in
pfdsfmns), sja pnrsjafmns huaiflnatf`ns na n` insfrrj``j in `f hjtjcrfhìf. Insin
su cäansds, `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf ns uaf kun``f j ìainx in `uz sjorn `fs sf`ns in
p`ftf (ntdlj`òcdbflnatn, hjtjcrfhìf sdcadhdbf nsbrdturf bja `uz, nanrcìf nsnabdf`
pfrf qun `js jomntjs snfa vdsdo`ns f` jmj y f `f bælfrf). Yflodäa nxdstna
hjtjcrfhìfs jotnadifs sda bælfrf hjtjcræhdbf, pjr `f sdlp`n fbbdòa in `f `uz, bjlj
`js hjtjcrflfs (Hjrlfs prjynbtfifs ofmj fbbdòa in uaf hunatn `uldajsf).
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‐In nstn ljij, n` prdabdpdj in `f kun``f afturf` j nstf
cäansds futjlætdbf, aj huabdjaf na tjif su purnzf, læs qun
natrn nsn fatns y nsn inspuäs, natrn nsfs ijs snrdns in
bòidcjs j hrfbbdòa in sncuaijs na qun jpnrf `f trfashnrnabdf
`uldajsf. Ýadbflnatn na nsn tdnlpj in lìadlf iurfbdòa `f
hjtj ns purj fbtj kun``f, ijain tdnan uaf rn`fbdòa in
prjxdldifi hìsdbf bja su rnhnrnatn n` rn`ælpfcj dastfatæanj,
punin inbdrsn qun `f hjtj ns ua lnasfmn sda bòidcj= ns na
nsn dastfatn futòajlj, natrn `f `uz qun nlfaf in` jomntj y `f
kun``f qun inmf na `f pn`ìbu`f, ijain n` snr kulfaj aj
datnrvdnan y aj punin datnrvnadr n` bfræbtnr huaiflnatf` in `f
hjtjcrfhìf“ (Cfrbìf, W.63).
In nstf hjrlf, ajs rnhnrdljs f `f dlfcna `ftnatn, `f dlfcna `ftnatn ns=
‐uaf dlfcna davdsdo`n hjrlfif na `f nlu`sdòa trfs `f
nxpjsdbdòa, f `f dlfcna rnvn`fif y `uncj hdmfif. Wjr jtrf
pfrtn, `f bjabnpbdòa ofrtknsnfaf in` tdnlpj hjtjcræhdbj,
nxdstn `f ajbdòa bjatdauf n datnrrulpdif in` tdnlpj, y, pjr
tfatj, in `f insfpfrdbdòa in `j hjtjcrfhdfij. N` jomntj, su
pjsdbdòa na n` nspfbdj tdnlpj, insfpfrnbn na n` dastfatn
ldslj qun bfpturf `f hjtjcrfhìf su hjrlf, in ljij qun,
bufaij fpfrnbn `f dlfcna rnvn`fif, n` rnhnrnatn kf inmfij
in nxdstdr y sò`j snræ ua rnbunrij“ (Cfrbìf, W.6;)
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^a nmnlp`j, pfrf pjinr natnainr nstn bjabnptj, ns `f pn`ìbu`f O`jw ^p in`
idrnbtjr Ldbkn`facn`j Fatjadjad.
Finlæs, f` nlof`sflfr j bjacn`fr n` tdnlpj, su vf`jr sdloò`dbj rnhnrnabdf`
`f trfashjrlf na ua tnstdljadj, pjr su ftrdoutj dbòadbj. Fsì `j p`fatnf tflodäa
Crjanlnynr.
‐Ns `f hjtjcrfhìf rn`fbdjafif bja n` bjajbdldnatj, bja n` ijbulnatj,
rnsu`tfij in su bfrfbtnrìstdbf rnf`dstf (dbjajbdidifi) y in su afturf`nzf daidbdf`,
qun ajs fivdnrtn in `f anbnsfrdf nxdstnabdf in` rnhnrnatn, yf qun ns uaf kun``f,
uaf nvdinabdf, supunstflnatn jomntdvf n dabunstdjafo`n“ (Crjanlnynr, W.67)
Dab`usj _j`fai Ofrtkns `j rnfhdrlf na su `dorj @f bælfrf `ubdif5 qun ‐tjif
hjtjcrfhìf ns ua bnrtdhdbfij in prnsnabdf“ (Wæc. 6>6), ‐pjr `j qun n` rntrftj
hjtjcræhdbj snrìf n` bnrtdhdbfij in prnsnabdf in` daidvdiuj, bjlj n` ijbulnatj qun
`ncdtdlf sjbdf`lnatn, `f bjastftfbdòa dab`usj in aunstrf nxdstnabdf“ (Ræabknz5
Hnraæainz, W.6;4. Kfbdnaij rnhnrnabdf f `f hrfsn in _j`fai Ofrtkns). Ru snatdij
ijbulnatf` y utd`dtfrdj fpjrtf iftjs prnbdsjs y b`frjs in aunstrj luaij, hfbd`dtfaij
n` nstuidj bdnatìhdbj, sjbdf`, bu`turf` n kdstòrdbj.
‐@fs hjtjcrfhìfs ijbulnatf`dstfs afbdnrja pfrf tnstdljadfr
ua fbjatnbdldnatj intnrldafij, tjlfaij in` afturf` `fs
dlæcnans, in hjrlf qun n` hjtòcrfhj `nvfatfrf uaf nspnbdn
in fbtf ajtfrdf` in `f rnf`difi lnidfatn su bælfrf. @nn
Hjatfan``f idbn qun `f hjtjcrfhìf Rn pjpu`frdzj bja
datnabdjans rn`ftdvflnatn læs utd`dtfrdfs qun frtìstdbfs,
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inodij f` bfræbtnr prfclætdbj in `f hjtjcrfhìf
ijbulnatf`dstf. Tf na `fs ldsdjans bdnatìhdbfs in `f sncuaif
ldtfi in` sdc`j [D[, vdfmfofa na `js nqudpjs nxpnidbdjafrdjs,
hjtòcrfhjs qun tjlfofa p`fbfs pfrf ijbulnatfr p`fatfs (`f
ojtæadbf), pnrsjafs (fatrjpj`jcìf), fadlf`ns (zjj`jcìf),
pfdsfmns (`f cnjcrfhìf), ntb“ (@frf, W.9).
Instfbfrfa na n` pfpn` ijbulnatf`dstf Rusfa Rjatfc, hjtjcrfhdfaij `fs
b`fsns lfrcdaf`ns in `js suourodjs. Ni _uskf dadbdj na 6482 Ywnaty-Rdx Cfsj`dan
Rtftdjas, na nsf bj`nbbdòa hjtjcrfhdfof tjif `fs cfsj`danrfs qun sn nabjatrfofa
na `f bfrrntnrf qun snpfrfofa `f bfsf in `f frtdstf na @js Æacn`ns in `f in sus
pfirns na Je`fkjlf, ns ua prjbnsj sdstnlætdbj in ijbulnatfbdòa vdsuf`.
Rdcudnaij bja nsn ldslj prjbnsj nabjatrfljs f hdans in `js bdabunatf f Onrai
Onbknr y Kd``f Onbknr, bja su trfofmj ‐Bjpfs in Fcuf“.
Dlfcna ;= _ncdstrj Hjtjcræhdbj jorf ‐ Sftnr Yjwnrs“ Onrai Onbknr y Kd``f
Onbknr, 6482-6442 (ljlf.jrc)
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Xfrdjs frtdstfs kfa utd`dzfij n` rnbursj hjtjcræhdbj pfrf kfo`fr in` tnrrdtjrdj
bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf, fojrifaij n` tnlf in` pfdsfmn y su trfashjrlfbdòa. Na
Bkd`n nstf prjo`nlætdbf sn nabunatrf insin n` ldtj in @gJrdnatf`n, ldtj qun kfo`f
sjorn `f ``ncfif in `f hjtjcrfhìf f Bkd`n, qun na 6;24 ``ncf n` prdlnr Ifcunrrjtdpj
fbjlpföfij in fpjinrfijs y mòvnans hrfabnsns y On`cfs qun nlprnaina ua
vdfmn in nstuidj, ns fquì ijain sn bfpturfa `fs prdlnrfs pfajrældbfs in `fs
bjstfs in Xf`pfrfìsj ijain f` zfrpfr ruloj f @dlf sn kuain. Iurfatn n` sdc`j [D[
`f crfa lfyjrìf in nxtrfamnrjs, bja bdnrtj fhæa bj`jadzfijr, rntrftfrja pfdsfmns,
pnrsjafs y trfidbdjans, ijain n` sumntj sn bjavdnrtn na jomntj in davnstdcfbdòa j
na trjhnj in nxpnidbdòa. Inspuäs, pjr nabfrcj in `f _npuo`dbf, bja hda
prjpfcfaiìstdbj, rnf`dzfa rntrftjs in lutd`fijs in `f Cunrrf in Wfbdhdbj5 æ`oulns
qun dinatdhdbfa `js fvfabns daiustrdf`ns, vdstfs pfajrældbfs in` nspfbdj
ijlnstdbfij. Föjs læs tfrin, n` BFIF sn sjstnairìf in su vf`jr tnstdljadf` f
trfväs in` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj y `f anbnsdifi ifif pjr `f bjatdacnabdf in `f pj`ìtdbf
idbtftjrdf`, `js frtdstfs rnqunrìf prjiubdr jorfs qun rnh`nmfrfa `f fbtuf`difi pj`ìtdbf y
sjbdf` in` pfìs. Wfrf kfo`fr in ijbulnatj nabjatrfljs n` trfofmj in _jirdcj
Còlnz _jvdrf5 trfs n` nxd`dj pjr n` Cj`pn Ld`dtfr na 6432, sus hjtjcrfhìfs nstæa
`dcfifs pjr n` rntjraj y n` æ`oul hfld`dfr. Mfvdnr Cjijy5
‐Ld trfofmj ns in bjrtn ijbulnatf`, na vfrdfijs
hjrlftjs in insfrrj``j `f lfyjrìf in `fs vnbns na o`fabj y
ancrj. Natrn lds tnlætdbfs instfbf `f bduifi in Rfatdfcj y
`f vdif bjtdidfaf in sus kfodtfatns, n` pfdsfmn urofaj y `fs
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trfashjrlfbdjans na qun nstn invdnan pnrlfanatnlnatn.
@js mòvnans, n` Rur, n` Ajrtn, `fs ofrrfs orfvfs, `f hdnstf, n`
trfaspjrtn pýo`dbj5 tnlætdbfs vfrdfifs qun fojrij bja uaf
ldrfif pfusfif y rnh`nxdvf, pnrj sdnlprn brdtdbf“ (Hjtjcrfhìf
bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.98).
Wfj`f Bfrjbf5 rnf`dzò uaf snrdn in hjtjcrfhìfs qun ajs kfo`fa in `j
ijlnstdbj na `f sjbdnifi bkd`naf ‐!bfpturj sj`j nsbnafs rntrftjs sda rjstrjs, sj`j
rncdstrj in jomntjs bjlj pfdsfmns datnrdjrns qun sn natrnlnzb`fa, sn kfbdafa y
fbulu`fa!
“ (Hjtjcrfhìf bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.>9).
Mjrcn Crjanlnynr5 sn rnhdnrn f sus trfofmj ‐Yrnac-Yrnac“,
‐hun ua trfofmj rnf`dzfij na tdnrrfs lfpubkns (?773).
@js Yrnac-Yrnac sja `fs f`turfs in bdnrtjs ljatns y bnrrjs
sfcrfijs pfrf n` puno`j lfpubkn, ijain rnf`dzfa sus
rjcftdvfs y hjrlfa pfrtn huaiflnatf` in sus ldtjs jrdcdafrdjs
y su bjsljvdsdòa. Na nstf snrdn nxp`jrj `f hfbntf læs pj`ìtdbf
in` pfdsfmn, `f ajbdòa in tnrrdtjrdj, tärldaj qun na `f rncdòa
in `f Frfubfaìf inhdadtdvflnatn nstæ luy prnsnatn y
fiqudnrn uaf ajtfo`n inasdifi. @js rncdstrjs pfajrældbjs
in 287½ nlu`fa n` rnbjrrdij in `f ldrfif, na ua fbtj sndaspnbbdòa y bjastftfbdòa tnrrdtjrdf`, uaf hjrlf in pjsnsdòa y
ijldadj sdloò`dbj in` tnrrdtjrdj. N` pfdsfmn, f` snr rncdstrfij
in nstf hjrlf ajs rnldtn f` bflpj tjpjcræhdbj, ijain n`
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natjraj rnprnsnatfij sn bjavdnrtn na ua nspfbdj nxp`jrfo`n
qun ajs kfo`f sd`nabdjsflnatn in su dajhnasdvf fpfrdnabdf,
in uaf najrln tnasdòa kdstòrdbf, pj`ìtdbf y bu`turf`. Nstjs
pfdsfmns, sja n` rnsu`tfij in bfpfs cnj`òcdbfs bj`lfifs in
dahjrlfbdòa `ubkfs, damustdbdfs y rndvdaidbfbdjans (Hjtjcrfhìf
bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.48).
Tf knljs kfo`fij in hjtòcrfhjs qun kfbna jorfs utd`dzfaij `f hjtjcrfhìf
bjlj lnidj, ns n` ljlnatj in kfo`fr in frtdstfs qun utd`dzfa `f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj
rncdstrj na jorfs nhìlnrfs bjlj `f pnrhjrlfabn. Wjr nmnlp`j, @fs Tncufs in`
Fpjbf`dpsds, Wnirj Lfrijans @nlnon` y Hrfabdsbj Bfsfs, su pnrhjrlfabn aj nrfa
prjcrflfifs, nrfa læs odna datnrvnabdjans danspnrfifs, pjr `j tfatj kfy nsbfsj
rncdstrj in n``fs= sò`j f`cuafs hjtjcrfhìfs in Wfz Nrræzurdz, inodij f nsf
ijbulnatfbdòa qun cnanrfbdjans læs tfrins pjinljs sncudr kfo`faij in su
jorf, bjlj uaf fbbdòa rnf` y aj bjlj ldtj. Ru prdlnrf datnrvnabdòa hun n` ?? in
jbtuorn in 64;;, iurfatn `f natrncf in` prnldj in pjnsìf Wfo`j Anruif f` pjntf
_fý` ]urdtf na @f Bkfsbjaf, `f bfsf in Anruif na n` ofrrdj On``fvdstf. Na idbkf
prnsnatfbdòa, `fs "Tncufs" drrulpdnrja na `f bnrnljadf pfrf pjanr`n f ]urdtf uaf
bjrjaf in nspdafs. Rò`j quniò uaf hjtjcrfhìf fpfrnbdif na n` idfrdj @f Äpjbf.
Yflodäa tnanljs n` trfofmj pnrhjrlætdbj in Bfr`js @nppn. Ru prdlnrf jorf
bjrpjrf` hun N` kfppnadac in `fs cf``dafs (6439) ijain sdlu`ò ljrdr f` pjanr ua
kunvj, rjinfij in cf``dafs in ynsj, jomntjs pnrsjaf`ns y lubkìsdljs kunvjs. F
pfrtdr in nsn trfofmj fpfrnbdnrja n`nlnatjs qun sn vj`vdnrja uaf bjastfatn5 `f
flodcðnifi snxuf` y n` bunstdjafldnatj in su dinatdifi f pfrtdr in `f
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nxpnrdlnatfbdòa bja su prjpdj bunrpj snxufij. F`cuafs in sus pnrhjrlfabns,
bjlj N` pnrbknrj (643>) y Rf`f in nspnrf (64;7) sj`j hunrja prnsnatfifs f`
pýo`dbj f trfväs in `js rncdstrjs in hjtjcrfhìf y vdinj, `j qun fbnatýf n`
bunstdjafldnatj in` prjbnsj in rnbnpbdòa f` nvfidr `f josnrvfbdòa prnsnabdf`.
F`cj læs rnbdnatn na ?773 na n` lfrbj in `f nxpjsdbdòa Kfai`n Sdtk Bfrn,
rnf`dzfif na LFB Vudatf Ajrlf`, `f frtdstf Kd`if Tæönz rnf`dzf `f pnrhjrlfabn
‐Ljldjpj`dj“ ijain jbkj pnrsjafs `ubkfa pjr jotnanr læs pjinr na ua tfo`nrj in
Ljajpj`dj, ijain `js mucfijrns fsulna n` rj` `fs hfld`dfs læs dah`uynatns in` pfìs
datnatfaij prdvftdzfr `j pýo`dbj y fiqudrdr læs prjpdnifins utd`dzfaij nstrftncdfs,
nacföjs y f`dfazfs.
Ns fsì bjlj n` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj sn vun`vn huaiflnatf` pfrf n` frtdstf,
sjorn tjij bufaij aj sdnlprn tnanljs fbbnsj f `f jorf na vdvj, n` ijbulnatj
pnrldtn `f idhusdòa y qun `f jorf sn lfatnacf na n` tdnlpj.
‐Dastf`fbdjans ljatfifs ldnatrfs iurn `f nxpjsdbdòa y
insljatfifs n` iìf qun fbfofa, kfppnadacs qun iurfa `j
qun iurn `f ftnabdòa in `js vdfaifatns, navj`vnr bja p`æstdbj
n` punatn in Orjje`ya sò`j pjr uafs kjrfs! nstn tdpj in frtn
afbn, bjlj tjij na n` luaij pjstljinraj, pfrf ljrdr
dalnidftflnatn“ (Ofulfa, p.?2).
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DDD
Kfodtfaij n` tnrrdtjrdj
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2.6 N` vdfmn `f bfsf bjlj bfpfrfzòa.
‐@js bfrfbj`ns bjastruyna uaf bfsdtf qun ``nvfa
bjasdcj. Fsì n` bfrfbj` nstæ sdnlprn na su bfsf, vdfmn pjr
ijain vdfmn“ (Ofbkn`fri, Cfstja, @f pjätdbf in` nspfbdj,
uaiäbdlf dlprnsdòa ?767, pæc. 6>8, bdtfaij ‐@n spnbtfb`n in
`f afturn, pæc. ?26)
Ns na nstf prdlnrf ntfpf ijain bjldnazj f insbuordr ld pu`sdòa frtìstdbf,
sdnaij `f nxpnrdnabdf in vdfmfr lftnrdf` in nstuidj na insp`fzfldnatj, dlfcna y
bfrcf. Wnrj tjij vdfmn supjan ua fofaijaj y uaf pnrtnanabdf, rnsuldij na
pfrtdifs y nspnrfs. Ns nsf pnrtnanabdf qun ousbj rnsj`vnr f trfväs in lds
trfofmjs rn`fbdjafijs bja n` vdfmn, ns pjr nsj, qun `f ajstf`cdf in aj sfonr ijain
nstæ n` fquì y n` f``æ lfrbf nstf prdlnrf ntfpf.
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2.6.6 Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf (stjpljtdja, ?77;).
Lunstrf ua æroj` qun sn trfashjrlf na ua pfsfmnrj in uaf ldbrj, ldbrj qun `uncj
sn idsun`vn pfrf trfashjrlfsn na n` ldslj æroj` rnpdtdäaijsn `f nsbnaf dahdadtfs
vnbns.
Dlfcna 4 Dlfcna 67
Dlfcna 66 Dlfcna 6?
Dlæcnans 4-67-66-6?= Hrfln in vdinj stjpljtdja Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf
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Rn punin trfiubdr na ua vdfmn bjastfatn y `j qun vnljs f trfväs in `f
vnatfaf. Oæsdbflnatn, `j qun ljtdvò nstn trfofmj, pfrtdò insin `f nxpnrdnabdf in
pfsfr ofstfatns kjrfs snatfif na uaf ldbrj y/j ous, p`fslfaij `j qun vnj
cnanrf`lnatn bufaij vdfmj, tfatj hunrf in `f vnatfaf bjlj `j qun sn nabunatrf
finatrj.
Rn tdtu`f ‐Nspnbdf`difi nhìlnrf“ aj sò`j pjrqun n` nspfbdj sn idsun`vn y
trfashjrlf na jtrj iurfatn n` vdinj, sd aj qun, tflodäa pjrqun bufaij vdfmfljs, n`
pfdsfmn qun vnljs f trfväs in `f vnatfaf bflodf sncuaij f sncuaij y n` nspfbdj
qun jbupfljs na n` fsdnatj ns aunstrj sò`j `j qun iurn n` vdfmn. Ns nstn faæ`dsds,
`j qun bja``nvf ua sncuaij trfofmj tdtu`fij ‐Dif y vun`tf“.
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2.6.? Dif y vun`tf (Xdinj sda fuidj, 66=77 lda. ?774)
Na nstn nmnrbdbdj bjasdstn na uaf tjlf bnadtf` in uaj in lds pfsfmns ijain bj`jbj
`f hnbkf in dif y rncrnsj in ua hda in snlfaf pjr lns insin lfrzj in` ?773 (föj
in dacrnsj f `f nsbun`f in frtns na Rfatdfcj) kfstf fcjstj in` ?774, nsbrdodnaij
finlæs, n` aýlnrj in fsdnatj.
Dlfcna 62= Hrfln in dadbdj in vdinj Dif y Xun`tf
Dlfcna 69= Hrfln in` hdaf` in vdinj Dif y Xun`tf
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Ns fsì, bjlj n` nspfbdj (rnh`nmfij na n` aýlnrj in fsdnatj) y n` tdnlpj (na
`f hnbkf) sn vfa dasbrdodnaij uaf sjorn jtrf kfstf vj`vnr`f d`ncdo`n ojrrfaij y
fau`faij tjij daidbdj in` ljlnatj y `ucfr. Bjlj `j lnabdjafof fatnrdjrlnatn,
nstn nmnrbdbdj surcn f pfrtdr in `f josnrvfbdòa in `f fprjpdfbdòa in ua nspfbdj
nhìlnrj, qun tn pnrtnanbn pjr ua pfr in kjrfs y qun `uncj fofaijafs pfrf
bninr`j f jtrj, ua insbjajbdij5 ijain `f pnridif in tnlpjrf`difi fulnatf nsn
snatdldnatj in aj pnrtnanbnr ad fquì ad f``æ j qudzæs f` datnrlnidj lòvd`.
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2.?.2 Yn davdtj f vdfmfr (Yrfofmj sjajrj 6? lda. ?774)
Nstn nmnrbdbdj ns ua rn`ftj insbrdptdvj in uaj in lds vdfmns, na n` buf`, ln pnrldtj
tflodäa, `f nspnbu`fbdòa f trfväs in nmnrbdbdjs in lnljrdf, ijain nsn bjastfatn
dr y vnadr hfbd`dtf `f pnrbnpbdòa in `js bflodjs na n` pfdsfmn y `f josnrvfbdòa in
tjij `j qun rjinf nsn trfynbtj insin n` ljlnatj qun bjlprj ld pfsfmn na n`
tnrldaf` in Rfatdfcj kfstf ld ``ncfif f` tnrldaf` in Burdbò.
Nstn trfofmj pfrtn in `f josnrvfbdòa y faæ`dsds in `f rutdaf qun dlp`dbf insp`fzfrsn
natrn ijs puatjs. Wnrldtdnaij sfonr buf`ns sja `js lnmjrns fsdnatjs5 qun bkjhnr,
fuxd`dfr n daspnbtjr fbjlpföfrfa tu vdfmn5 buf` snræ `f kjrf in ``ncfif5 n` sjadij
qun daidbf n` nabnaidij in` tn`nvdsjr pfrf `f pn`ìbu`f5 natrn jtrjs.
Dlfcna 6>= davdtfbdòa utd`dzf
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