introducción a las de redes de banda ancha hfc
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5/20/2018 Introducci n a Las de Redes de Banda Ancha HFC
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Fundam en to s de lo s
S is tem as de Cab l e
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BROADBAND
El trmino Broadband es generalmente usado para describir sistemaso equipo de banda ancha que pueden llevar una gran parte del espectroelectromagntico.Una comunicacin de banda ancha acomoda el Brodcast (difusin) ascomo muchos otros servicios.En sistemas analgicos, el ancho de banda es dado en ciclos porsegundo (Hz). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de banda anchaanalgica incluyen la difusin de canales de TV de 6Mhz de ancho debanda o un sistema de cable completo con anchos de banda de 450,550, 750 o 1000 MhzCuando se describen sistemas digitales, la transmisin es dada en bi tspor segundo (bps). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de bandaancha digi tal incluye sistemas DS-3 con tasas de transferencia de 44.736Mbps sistemas con tasas de 100Mbps en interfase digital de fibra(FDDI).
BROADBAND generalmente se usa para indicar un sistema analgicode banda ancha integrado con un sistema digital de alta tasa detranseferencia de datos.
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RED DE COMUNICACINES DE BANDA ANCHA
La definicin de una red de comunicaciones de banda ancha consiste de5 componentes bsicos:1.- Localidad de subida satelital (Uplink). Sitio donde las seales songeneradas o adquiridas para ser subidas al satlite para su transmisina las localidades de cabecera final (Headend).
2.- Localidad de Cabecera final local. Sitio donde son recibidas ydescargadas las seales provenientes del satlite para ser procesadaspara la distribucin masiva a clientes.3.- Sistema de Distribucin. Red o dispositivos de transmisin usadopara entregar seales de video y audio (programacin de canales) y/odatos digitales a los clientes.
4.- Sistema de concentracin/retransmisin. Localidad o dispositivosencargados de la concentracin, recuperacin, regeneracin yretrasmisin de las seales del sistema de distr ibucin.5.-Localidad del cliente. Localidad del suscr iptor donde las seales sonrecibidas y presentadas para ser vistas, escuchadas o atendidas.
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Transmisin de enlace satelital de subida
En una localidad de subida, las seales de canales de programacin sonprocesadas con alguno o todos los procesos tales como Codificacin,Encriptacin, Compresin, etc. y transmit idas en la banda de 5.9 a 6.4 Ghz y 11.7
12.2 Ghz a un satlite de rbi ta geoestacionaria sobre el ecuador (velocidad angularigual a la rotacin de la tierra) a 36000 Kms sobre la tierra dodne el satli temantiene su posicin relativa ajustada a la de la tierra) (equivalente a 3 veces laaltura de crucero de un avin comercial de pasajeros).Un transpondedor a bordo del satlite convierte la seal a la banc C de 3.7 4.2 Ghz Banda Ku 11.7 12.2 Ghz y usando antenas direccionales ests son redirigidas ala tierra en la zona de cobertura designada a las localidades de cabecera final(Headend).
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Procesamiento de la Seal
CONVERSION DE SEALES SATELITALES A RFEl la localidad de la cabecera, una antenda de la estacin terrena satelital (ESA) recibe la seal, unbloque de bajo ruido (LNB) reconvierte la seal digital a banda L (950 1450 Mhz) y la encamina alequipo de procesamiento en el HE digital.
DECODIFICADOR DE SEALES ANALOGICASLa seal de Banda L es decodificada y demodulada en componentes de Audio y Video usando unreceptor/decodificador satelital
MODULADOR DE RFEl modulador asigna el video y audio a portadoras seleccionadas (Canales de TV). La frecuenciaIntermedia IF dela portadora de video es 45.75 Mhz y 41.25 Mhz para la portadora de audio. Larelacin de seal de salida del Audio Video esta revertida (Formato NTSC).
Procesamiento de la Seal
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Procesamiento de la Seal
Antena peridica tipo Log
Una antena peridica tipo Log es usadapara recibir canales de TV VHF y estlocalizada en el la localidad de lacabecera.
Antena Peridica tipo Yagi
Las antenas peridicas tipo Yagi sonusadas para la recepcin de sealesgeneradas por compaias para ladifusin de TV fuera de aire; canales 2 a6 (Banda baja de VHF) o 7 a 13 (Bandaalta de VHF)
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PROCESADOR HETERODINOEl procesador Heterodino reconvierte las seales de entrada a una frecuencia intermedia (IF)para filtrado, procesamiento y control de nivel. La seal es entonces reconvertidanuevamente a la frecuencia original de la portadora de RF o a una nueva frecuencia deportadora deseada.
Procesamiento de la Seal
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Procesamiento de la Seal
Canales de TV fuera de aire (Offf-Air)
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Procesamiento de la Seal
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Los canales individuales de los moduladores y procesadores heterodinos de
TV (RF) son combinados usando una red combinadota pasiva.
Las seales combinadas son amplificadas por un post amplificador de bajoruido y distorsin para proveer el suficiente nivel de seal de entrada apropiadaa los transmisores pticos.
Procesamiento de la Seal
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Distribucin de la Seal
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Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
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Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS)MMDS is a cable TV delivery system that rebroadcasts signals directly to subscribers.
Frequency range: 2.5 to 2.7 GHz. Transmit radius up to 30 miles. 33 analog channels available. 20 channels allocated to ITFS. Up to 14 digital services (programs/channels), depending on the compression ratio. Limited to line-of-sight. 4 MHz response channel - used for distance learning and educational programming. Telephone (Telco) return path.
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All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX. 14
Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)
LMDS systems transport the headend signals over fiber to cellnodes that transmit over-the-airto subscribers. Fiber-interconnect to cell nodes. Frequency range: 27.5 to 29.25 GHz. Cell radius 3 to 6 miles. 41 analog channels. Up to 14 programs/channel with digital transmission. Limited to line-of-sight transmission.
Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video
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Satellite Master Antenna System (SMATV)SMATV systems serve residential, multi-dwelling units (MDUs),such as hotels. Unfranchised, stand-alone system. MDUs are linked via microwave facilities. 18 GHz.
Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video
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TEORIA OPERACIONAL
Teora Operacional
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dB (DECIBEL)
Unidad de medida que expresa la relacin de dos niveles de poder en una escala logartmica esigual a una decima parte de un BEL.
El dB se puede expresar en valores positivos y negativos.
Razon de potencia contra el dB :
1-1 0 dB
2-1 3 dB
10-1 10 dB
100-1 20 dB
1000-1 30 dB
10000-1 40 dB
Los dB se deben sumar y restar para indicar cambios sustanciales en niveles con nmerospequeos.
Prdida en la Transmisin
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NODO OPTICO(TX / RX)
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dBmVMILIVOLTIO DE DECIBEL
0 dBmV = 1 Milivoltio medido a travs de 75 Ohms.
(Nivel de potencia de referencia para Redes Coaxiales)
Prdida en la Transmisin
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Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX. 21
N I VELES P O RT ADO RES DE V I DEO EN REDES DE B AN DA AN CHA
(En e l Te rm ina l d l Sus c r i p to r )
Nivel C/N Informacin Recopilada por Aceptabilidad de video
35 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Ruido transtorna la imagen
36 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1993
40 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido
40 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1994
42 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido
43 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido
43 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1995
45 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de los ingenieros no puede ver el
ruido
48 dB Laboratorios GI Excelente calidad de imagen
55 60 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Imagen con calidad de estudio
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Po r t ado ra a Ru i do
O dBmV O dBmV
C/N= 59 dB
-59 dBmV -59 dBmV
Figura deRuido 10 dB
C/N= 49 dB
Ruido Termico Ruido Termico
dBc Razon expresada en decibelesrelativos a un nivel de portadora dereferencia.
C/N Razon de portadora a ruido
Figura de Ruido La cantidad deruido en dB que el dispositivo de
amplificacion introduce al ruido yaexistente.
R id
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PORTADORA DE RUIDO DE UN AMPLIFICADOR
C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF)
Seal de entrada
? dBmV
0 dBmV
Figura de ruido
? dBmV
-59.2 dBmVRuido trmico
O
Ruido
R ido
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SUMA IGUAL DE RELACIONES PORTADORA/RUIDO :
C/N = C/N1 - 10 x Log10 N
Donde
C/N1 = Relacin de ruido de portadora de 1 contribuidor de amplificacin
N = Nmero de contribuidores iguales
C/N = Relacin de ruido de portadora en el lt imo contribuidor (Red C/N)
Ruido
Ruido
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PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DIFERENTES PORTADORA/RUIDO:
C/N = -10 x Log10 (10 +10 +10 )
Donde
C/NS = C/N de red del ltimo contribu idor
C/N1 = Primer contribuidor
C/N2 = Segundo contribuidor
C/N3 = Tercer contribu idor
-C/N310
-C/N110
-C/N210
Ruido
Distorsin
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Relacin Portadora/Ruido (C/N)
Distorsin
1. C/N a la salida de un amplificador simple cuando se conoce la figura de ruido (NF):
C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF)C/NO = Nivel de salida - (-59.2 + NF + Ganancia)
2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas portadora/ruido:
C/NS = C/N - 10 x Log10N
3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes portadora/ruido:
C/NS
= -10 x Log10
(10 + 10 + 10 )
4. Relacin portadora/ruido vs Ancho de banda:
C/N = -10 x Log10
C/N = portadora a ruido expresada como un nmero positivo
N = nmero igual de contribuidores
NF = figura de ruido
G = ganancia
-59.2 = ruido termal en ancho de banda de 4 MHz (dBmV)
Regla: En un amplificador simple la C/N se incrementa en un dB con cada incremento de 1 dB en el nivel de salida
de la seal.
Regla: El total de C/N se agrava en 3 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico C/N.
-C/N110
-C/N210
-C/Nn10
)(Ancho de BandarefAncho de Bandanuevo
Distorsin
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DISTORSION (CTB, CSO)
Cmo se ve?
Barras sincronizadas se mueven a travs de la imagen Efecto desempaador
Imgenes mltiples de canales adyacentes
Separacin de imgenes
Lluvia de puntos negros
Distorsin
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PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA (CTB)
Portada
Contribucin CTB
Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel picodel nivel promedio de los componentes de distorsin centrados en esafrecuencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvatura de tercer ordende la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal en cada equipo delsistema.
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PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA
Un amplificador (Nivel de operacin):
CTB = CTBR - 2 (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia)
Donde
CTBR = Relacin de referencia del fabricante (dB)
CTB = Nueva contribucin del amplifi cador (dB)
Distorsin
CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10 N
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PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DE DIFERENTES C/CTB:
CTBs = -20 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )
Donde
CTBS = C/CTB de red en el ltimo contribuidor
CTB1 = Primer contribuidor
CTB2 = Segundo contribuidor
CTB3 = Tercer contribu idor
-CTB120
-CTB220
-CTB320
Distorsin
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Relacin de Pulsacin Triple Compuesta (CTB)
Distorsin
1. CTB a la salida de un amplificador simple operando a nivel de salida dado:
CTB = CTBref- 2 (Nivel de salida - Nivel de referencia)
2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas de pulsaciones triples compuestas :
CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10N
3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes de pulsaciones triples compuestas:
CTBS = -20 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )
4. Pulsacin triple compuesta vs. Carga de canal:
CTB = 10 x Log10
CTB = Pulsacin triple compuesta expresada como un nmero positivo
Regla: En un amplificador simple el CTB se incrementa en 2 dB con cada disminucin de 1 dB, en el nivel de salida
de seal.
Regla: El total de CTB se agrava en 6 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico CTB
-CTB120
-CTB220
-CTBn20
)(Nmero de pulsacionesrefNmero de pulsacionesnuevo
Distorsin
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DISTORSION DE SEGUNDO ORDEN
PORTADORA/COMPUESTA (CSO)
Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel picode la seal de interferencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvaturade segundo orden de la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal encada equipo del sistema.
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CSO
1. Distorsin de segundo orden compuesta para un amplificador en un nivel deoperacin:
CSO = CSOref - (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia)
2. Para sumar relaciones CSO iguales:
CSOS = CSO - 15 x Log10 N
3. Para sumar relaciones CSO diferentes:
CSOS = -15 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )
4. CSO vs Carga de canal:
CSO = 10 xLog10
CSO = Distorsin de segundo orden, expresada con un nmero positivo (+).
Regla: El cambio de 1 dB en la salida de un amplificador cambiar la CSO en 1 dB.
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N IVELES D E D ISTORS ION EN RED ES
(EN EL TERM INAL D EL SUSCR IP TOR )
Distorsin Funcionamiento Recomendado por
CTB > 53 dB Prcticas y Estndares NCTA
> 51 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones
CSO > 51 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones
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Cana l de TV Ana log i ca NTSC (6 M hz )
4,2 Mhz
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La radiodifusin de TV se logra transmitiendo y recibiendo 2 campos uno par y otro
impar de 262.5 lneas cada uno.
La reproduccin de una escena de TV en una pantalla de rayos catdicos requiere de la
sincronizacin entre cada lnea pares e impares de manera independiente, para lograr la
reconstruccin de la imagen se aade una seal pulso de sincronizacin.
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Con la incorporacin de impulsos sincronizadores horizontales y
verticales en el intervalo de extincin, los receptores de TV
puedes reconstruir la informacin de video recibida
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Espect r o de R F
AVANZADA
Downstream
RETORNO
(Upstream)
5 8 12 15 40 50 550 860
MONITOREOY ESTADO(5.5 Mhz) TELECOMUNICACIONES
CanalesAnalogos
Informacion digital Comprimida:Video, Telefonia, Datos, HDTV,VOD
1 Canal Analogico NTSC = 6 MhzHDTV: TV de Alta DefinicionVOD : Video en Demanda
5 40 Mhz : Seales de retorno50 500 Mhz : Seales Analogas y Digitales de FWD
CONTROL YMULTIMEDIA
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Espect r o de R F (Re to rno )
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Sealizacion deRetorno para
VOD y NOVD
Servicio de DatosDe Alta Velocidad
Y Telefonia (Docsis)MonitoreoDe Estado
-15
-10
-5
0Sealizacion de RETpara servicios demonitoreo y control
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Espect ro de R F (Re to rno )
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0
-5
-10
-15
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750
dB
FREC
54-88 MHz
Canales anlogos
inferiores VHF
108-552 MHz Canales
anlogos de banda
media, alta y superior
88-108 MHz Estacioneslocales de FM y servicio deopcin musical 72-76 MHzZona que puede utilizarsetambin para serviciosde FM incrementados
552-750 MHz
Modulacin QAM,
transmisin comprimida
digitalmente
FSK Seal de interrogacin del monitoreo de estado LIFELINE
Servicios de
informacin
de alta
velocidad
Espect r o de Avan zada (Mode l o 1 )
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Transmisin
de video
digital
Servicios deinformacin
de alta
velocidad0
-5
-10
-15
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750
dB
FREC
VOD
Espect r o de Avan zada (Mode l o 2 )
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Red HFC Tpica
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CONVERSION ANALOGA / DIGITAL
Tono puro (Sinusoidal) Tiempo
Anlisis #A
mplitud
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 121011
Tiempo
Anlisis #Amplitud
Seal anloga + Anlisis digital = Seal digital
Anlisis # Vlvula Digital
1 10101110
2 11100100
3 11111001. .. .. .
11 100100100
12 201010010
Anlisis # Vlvula Digital1 10100110
2 10011001
3 10101011. .. .. .
11 11001111
12 00010010
7 1210119861 2 3 4 5
Tono complejo (aleatorio)
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Muestreo y Error de Cuantizacin
Teorema de Nyquist
Define la mnima velocidad de muestreo para reproducir fielmente la seal original
de muestreo, define como la menor velocidad de muestreo el menos 2 veces lafrecuencia mas alta de la seal a muestrear
Si la frecuencia de muestreo es muy baja menor a la frecuencia mas alta de lafrecuencia a muestrear, se genera un efecto llamado aliasing el cual imposibilita arecuperar la seal original muestreada
Error de Cuantizacin ocurre cuando el nmero de niveles de codificacin es insuficientey la seal muestreada cae entre dos valores asigandos.
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DIGITALIZACION A DS
Un DS es un circuito de voz
La banda ancha NYQUIST para un DS es 3.5 kHz x 2 = 7.0 kHz.
La relacin de anlisis prctico es 8.0 kHz.
8 kHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 64 kbps.
DIGITALIZACION DEL VIDEO
La banda ancha NYQUIST para video NTSC es 4.2 MHz x 2 = 8.4 MHz
La relacin de anlisis prctica (Estndar mundial CCIR 601) es 13.5MHz
13.5 MHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 108 Mbps.
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Modulacin Digital
PM (Phase Modulation)
M d l i Di it l
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Modulacin DigitalFSK (Frecuency Shift Key)El menos eficiente
Consume gran cantidad de BW
El mas confiable
BPSK (Bi-Phase Shif t Key) modulacin digitalmas simple
El Poco eficiente
Muy robusto
Consume significante BW
QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Key)Medianamente eficiente
El mas confiable
Poco Robusto
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)El mas eficiente
Medianamente confiable
El menos robusto
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QPSK (Quaternary Phase ShiftKey) Eficiente y el mas confiable
BPSK (Bi-Phase Shift Key)La forma de modulacin digital mas simple, maseficiente, muy robusto, consume significante BW
Modulacin Digital
Mod lacin QAM
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Modulacin QAM
Q Amplitud
I Angulo de Fase
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Modulacin QAM
Cada cuadrante en la costelacin esta formado por fronteras de decisin:
Si la seal cae dentro de esa frontera, se recibir la seal correcta.Si la seal cae fuera de esa frontera, se recibira la seal incorrecta.
En un instrumento de medicin, la forma y distribucin de los puntos son indicadores deltipo de las imparidades.
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Modulacin Codificacin BW (Hz) Baudio Eficiencia BW(bps/Hz)
FSK Bit fb fb 1
BPSK Bit fb fb 1
QPSK Dibit fb / 2 fb / 2 2
8-QPSK Tribit fb / 3 fb / 3 3
8-QAM Tribit fb / 3 fb / 3 3
16-QPSK Quadbit fb / 4 fb / 4 4
16-QAM Quadbit fb / 4 fb / 4 4
RESUMEN DE LA MODULACIN DIGITAL
Modulacin Relacin C/N (dB) Relacin Eb/N0 (dB)
BPSK 10.6 10.6
QPSK 13.6 10.6
4-QAM 13.6 10.6
8-QAM 17.6 10.6
8-PSK 18.5 14
16-PSK 24.3 18.3
16-QAM 20.5 14.5
32-QAM 24.4 17.4
64-QAM 26.6 18.8
Rendimiento (BER = 10-6)
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FUNDAMENTOS DE LA COMPRESION
Algunas porciones son muy similares azonas de cuadros subsiguientes concierto grado de desplazamiento que sedebe al movimiento de la porcion.
en este caso la persona caminandomientras cruza la calle donde el restodel paisaje se mantiene inerte.
Ciertas zonas pequeas dentro de uncuadro son similares a zonascontigiuas.
Esto equivale a indicar de manera decodigo cuales zonas consiguientes son
parecidas y las cuales no incluyenmovimiento con lo cual solo ciertasporciones contien informacion demovimiento y diferencias entre zonasreduciendo de esta maneraenormemente la informacion de laimagen.
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COMPRESION ESPACIAL
Imgenes 8 Pixeles
8 Pixeles
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ETAPAS DE COMPRESION
Informacin
redundante
Video
comprimidoCodificacin
de fuente
(DCT)
Digitalizacin
Correccin
del error
Co
mpensacin
de
movimiento
C
odifiacin
Huffman
Correccinde error
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Cana l de TV D ig i t a l
U na Se al d ig i ta l es m u cho m as ro bus ta a l ru ido de l s is tem a a l in c lu i r u n
a nch o d e b an da d ed ica do p ara la d et ecc i n y co rre cc i n d e e rro re s.
Las sea le s D ig i ta le s pueden ser com pr im idas u san do de es ta m anera
m e no s an ch o d e b an da .
Las sea les D ig i ta les pueden se r cod if i cada s y encr ip tadas desde su
o rig en p ara p rev en ir e l u so n o a ut or iz ad o.
E l es t nd ar in te rn ac io na l p ara v id eo co m p rim i do d ig ita l es e l M P E G.
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Diagrama de Flujo de Cabecera Digital
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Segm en to s de Red
Transporte Distribucion Acceso
Cliente
Hub Hub Node
HE
HubHub
Metro
Amplificadores
Taps 2, 4, 8 y 16 puertos
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Head End
Procesamiento de Seal
TV
Planta Externa o Red HFC(Hibrida Fibra y Coax)
Amplificador deDistribucion
Tap
Cable Modem
Datos &Telefonia
Nodo deDistribucion
Set-Top Box
1) El Headend o cabecera tiene la funcion de recolectar las seales digitales de video, datos y RF.2) Las seales recolectadas incluyen la entrega de seales satelitales Analogicas y Digitales, Difusion de RF (VHF,UHF), video pregrabado, microondas AM y FM, Video Banda Base, Datos y Telefonia.3) Las seales recolectadas son Multiplexadas y/o Combinadas (Intercaladas) para la entrada en el Sistema dedistribucion via los amplificadores de distribucion o amplificacion de luz por laser (Nodos)4) El Headend tambien procesa todas las seales de retorno del sistema de distribucion.
Componentes de un Sistema de Cable(Red de Comunicaciones de Banda Ancha)
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Arqu i t ec tu r as de R ed
Arbol y Ramas (Tree
and Branch)
-Arquitectura original de CATV.
-Largas cascadas de amplificadoresla caracterizan (40+).
-Sin derivadores entre losamplificadores troncales.
-Derivadores en los cables dealimentacin
-Extensores de Lnea en la
cascada.
-Acondicionado para servicios devideo.
-Bajo desempeo, confiabilidad yalto costo
HE
A it t d R d
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Arquitecturas de Red
Fiber Backbone
Este fue el metodo inicial de desarrollo e implementacin de fibra donde los nodosfueron colcados en segmentos de la red en areas de servicio mas peqeas (5mil a 10milcasas pasadas) para reducir las cascadasd e amplificadores e incrementar el desempeo.
Adicionalmente increment el desempeo del retorno y su capacidad.
Solo una pequeo porcentaje de sistemas nuevos implementaron esta arquitectura.
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Arqu i t ec tu r as de R ed
-La arquitectura de red mas usada.
-Se introduce dentro de la redsegmentandola.
-Reduce las cascadas deamplificadores incrementeando eldesempeo,Confiabilidad y reduciendo el altocosto por uso de amplificadores.
-Incrementa la capacidad ydesempeo del retorno.
-El cable de fibra optica es inmune
a los tradicionales problemas comolas variaciones de Temperatura einteferencias de RF.
-Flexible adecuandola para Video,Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos.
HE Node
Amplificadores de distribucionNo taps en cable troncal
HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coax
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Arqu i t ec tu r a de R ed Ac tua l
HFC Hibrido Fibra-Coaxial
Node
Hub
HE
HubHub
Metr
o
GX2
-La arquitectura de red masusada.
-Se introduce dentro de la redsegmentandola.
-Reduce las cascadas deamplificadoresincrementeando el
desempeo,Confiabilidad y reduciendo elalto costo por uso deamplificadores.
-Incrementa la capacidad ydesempeo del retorno.
-El cable de fibra optica esinmune a los tradicionalesproblemas como lasvariaciones de Temperatura einteferencias de RF.
-Flexible adecuandola paraVideo, Voz, Datos y Serviciosinteractivos.
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BLASTER
AENABAC
Arquitectura Estrategica de Niveles de Banda Ancha para Aumentar
Confiabilidad
Diseo Convencional
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Diseo Convencional
AREA DE 2000 CASAS
500
CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
60 V
60 V
60 V
60 V
BTD
BTD
BTD
BTD
NODO
CENTRO DE
LA MASA
SECTOR 1
SECTOR 4
SECTOR 3
SECTOR 2
Diseo ConvencionalMIGRACION????? RETORNO?????
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AREA DE 500 CASAS PASADAS
SECTOR 1
60 V
BTD
MIGRACION????? RETORNO?????
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Common Path Distorion
Puntos de Falla Diseo Convencional
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NODO
Puntos de Falla Diseo Convencional
12 PUNTAS De FALLA
Puntos de Falla Blaster
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NODO
2 2 PUNTAS De FALLA
Puntos de Falla Blaster
10 PUNTAS MENOS
7
26 CASAS PASADAS
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23
20
20
17
23
26
23
14
17
23
20
17
20
10
14
147
10
14
BTD
26 CASAS PASADAS
26 CASAS PASADAS
26 CASAS PASADAS
CELLULA 1
BTD
104 CASAS PASADAS
AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS
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BLASTER - Area de servico con multi celulas
MB
MB
BT
BTMB
MBBT
MB
MB
BT
BT
MB
MB
MB
AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS
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BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y se conectan las celulas. El numero de activos
por cada rama es determinado por la densidad y el tamao de el nodo..
MB
MB
BT
BTMB
MBBT
MB
MB
BT
BT
MB
MB
MB
500
CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
90
AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS
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BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y conectar los celulares. El numero de activos
por cada rama es determinado por la densida y el tamano de el nodo..
MB
MB
BT
BTMB
MBBT
MB
MB
BT
BT
MB
MB
MB
500
CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
500 CASAS
LINE
EXTENDER
LINE
EXTENDER
90
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MB
MB
BT
BTMB
MBBT
MB
MB
BT
BT
MB
MB
MB
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MB
MB
BT
BTMB
MBBT
MB
MB
BT
BT
MB
MB
MB
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splice
90
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BLASTER Diseo #1
Comparacion
Nodo de 2,000 casas pasadas
Area de 9.5 km
Densidad de 210 casas por km
BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder
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BLASTER Diseo #1Comparacion Resultados
3
1.5
4
1
00.5
1
1.52
2.53
3.544.5
55.5
66.5
7
Activos por km Cascada
Fiber-To-Feeder BLASTER
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BLASTER Diseo #1Comparacion Resultados
BLASTER FIBER TO FEEDER
17 Activos 28 Activos
Ahorra de 40% en Activos
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BLASTERComparacion
$9001 - BTD @ 4-LINE EXTENDERS @ $ 300
BLASTER CONVENCIONAL
TOTAL $900 $1,200TOTAL
AHORRO= $ 300
PRECIO DE LISTA
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BLASTER Diseno #2Comparacion Resultados
BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder
Area de 12 km
Densidad de 208 casas por km
Nodo de 2,500 casas pasadas
BLASTER Diseno # 2 ComparacionR lt d
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Resultados
$14,40016 - BTD @ $900 4-BTD @ $900 = $ 3,600
BLASTER CONVENCIONAL
TOTAL $15,600 $22,200TOTAL
AHORRO= $ 6,600 POR NODO
62-LINE EXT. @ $300 = $ 18,6004-LINE EXT. @ $300 $ 1,200
AHORRO= 42% en equipos
PRECIO DE LISTA
BLASTER Diseno # 2 ComparacionResultados
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Resultados
19.2016 - BTD @60v =1.20a 4-BTD @60v =1.20a 4.8
BLASTER CONVENCIONAL
TOTAL 21.68a 43.24aTOTAL
Fuentes de Poder =
62-LINE EXT. @60v=.62 38.444-LINE EXT.@60v-.62 2.48
AHORRO= 2 Fuentes de Poder
Consume Consume
Fuentes de Poder = 4.02.0 =
BLASTER Disenos con Blaster en LatinA i
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America
CLIENTE
MEXICO
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
BLASTERCONVENCIONAL
117 Activos 54 Activos
51 Activos
PERU
28 Activos
15 Activos
2 Activos
28 Activos
10 Activos
CHILE
CASCADA
6 - 3
5 - 2
3 - 1
2 - 1
3-130 Activos 15 Activos
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13 Activos @ $600 = $7,800 USD6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD
Ahorro de $2,400 USD
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9 Activos @ $800 = $7,200 USD6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD
Ahorro de $1,800 USD
BLASTER - Ventajas
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20-50% reduccion en activos reduccion el consumo de poder y en costos de electricidad
reduccion en mantenimiento
Mayor parte de los cellulas son Nodo & 1 en
cascada
Flexibilidad en migraciones en el futuro
El cable coaxial se utiliza para mantener el servicio
de la fuente de poder a los nodos en la migracionde el futuro .
El mejor diseo para obtener confiabilidad de la
red
Reduce la condicion de Common Path Distortion
BLASTER - Desventajas
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17% adicional de cable paralelo Arquitectura arbol y rama tiene 20 % de cable paralelo
Con Blaster este numero se sube hasta 37%
Los ahorros de Blaster se reducen en densidades
menos de 80 casas por km, pero conservas las
cascadas bajas ms un ahorro de activos.
Transpor te
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Transporte Distribucion Acceso
Cliente
HE Hub Node
HE
HEHE
M
etro
Arqu i t ec tu r as de T ranspo r t e
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HE
Hub
Hub
Hub
De Anillo (Areas Grandes / Alta densidad de usuarios) Caracteristicas
Transporta servicios a grandesareas.
Menos fibra es necesaria si serequiere redundancia.
Misma seal de ingreso (canal) acada Hub.
Posibles configuraciones
1550 nm Digital
Arqu i t ec tu r as de T ranspo r t e
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HE
Hub
Hub
Hub
De Estrella (Areas Pequeas / Baja densidad de usuarios)
Caracteristicas:
Diferentes seales de ingreso(canales) para cada Hub.
Generalmente usa menos fibrasi el area a cubrir por el Hub esgrande.
Posibles configuraciones
1550 nm 1310 nm
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Arquitectura de Anillo
Head
End
Trayecto Bi-direccionalde doble va
HUB 1 HUB 2
HUB 3
HUB 4HUB 5
HE
HUB 5 HUB 1
HUB 2HUB 4
HUB 3
Enlace Primario
Enlace Secundario o Redundante
Enlace Primario
Topolog ia Lg ica
Topo log a F s i ca
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System)
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Transporte Optico
An il lo deTransporte
HEADEND HUB
BROADCAST
NARROWCASTRETORNO
NC RET
An il lo deTransporte
CMTS
MBT (SDH) MBT (SDH)
GX2GX2
RedHFC
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1550 nm
1550 nmps
ps
Swpt
Tx - p
Tx - s
1550 nm Rx
ps
1 2 .. 50RF
Tx
Tx
Tx
...
1
2
50
Elementopasivo
HE
RF
50 870
TV-A TV-D
4 : 1
550
85 ch 35 ch
7 ch
Hasta 245 ch
ISP
SW SDH
SDH SDH
SDH
Rx
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Tx
1
2
50
CMTS
1 50
RPD 1 : 2 RXRFEth RF
hub2
hub1
hub3
I t i R i l
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Interconexin Regional
INTERCONEXION REGIONAL A LA CABECERA
NODO
CABECERA2000 HOGARES
500 HOGARES
CABECERA PRINCIPAL
NODO
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Componentes del Sistema de Transporte
1x8Optical
Splitter
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
AM-OMNI-LOA/xxAM-OMNI-LOA/xx
9
OmniStar
1550nm DFB
TRANSMISORLASER
HUB or OTNHEADEND MAESTRO PLANTA HFC
(NODO)
SG-2000
47 ~ 860 MHz
VideoBroadcast
AmplificadorLaser
AmplificadorLaser
Cable de Fibra Optica
OMNI-LM/LD
Fibra Optica
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Transporte Distribucion Acceso
Cliente
HE Hub Node
HE
HEHE
M
etro
NODO OPT ICO
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Al sistema deDistribucion(Amplificadoes)
Fibra Optica
Video
Satelite
HE
Procesamiento de Seal
HUB (Seal de RF)
La funcin del nodo es la de Transreceptor donde recibe seal de la fibra ptica la cual viajalibre de distorsin, ruido o interferencia para hacer llegar la seal a lo largo de grandesdistancias, esta es reconviertida a seal de RF (50-870 Mhz) la cual se enva al sistema dedistribucin va cable coaxial la cul ser reacondicionada para viajar por lneas coaxiales
para su distribucin al usuario.
Se requieren bsicamente 2 FO para la comunicacin Full-Duplex, una FO del Hub al nodopara la transmisin del Broadcast en la ruta de avanzada (Forward) de video y/o datos yuna FO del nodo al Hub para la transmisin de la ruta de retorno (return) de datos.La seal de avanzada y retorno en RF viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial.
NODO OPTICO(Forward)
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(Forward)
Distribucin
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PRIMARY RING
SECONDARYRING
MASTERHEADEND
OPTICAL NODE
OPTICAL NODE
OPTICAL NODE
SECONDARYHEADEND
DISTRIBUTIONHUB
125 - 500 HOME
SERVING AREA125 - 500 HOME
SERVING AREA
500 - 2000 HOME
SERVING AREA
500 - 2000 HOME
SERVING AREA
1550 nm Transmission
1550 nm Optical Amplifier
SG-2000
or BTN
Optical Node / 4 Output
RF Launch Amplifier
Cableoptics
Network Solutions:
Long Distance Transport and
Distribution applications using
Bi-directional Broadband links
for the delivery of video, voice
and data.
Products Supporting
Fiber-to-the-Serving Area
and Fiber-to-the-Last Active
Architectures
OPTICAL NODE
Origination point of
Primary
Broadcast Analog Video 1310 nm Optical Platform
Access to
Local Distribution Network
Narrowcast - Node Targeted Services
Access to
Regional Area Network
1550 nm TSD via Dense Wave Division
Multiplexing
SG-1000
Optical Node / Dual or 3
Output RF Launch Amplifier
Acceso
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Transporte Distribucion Acceso
Cliente
HE Hub Node
HE
HEHE
M
etro
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Conec to res y Cab l eado de R F
Concep tos Gene ra l e s
CONECTORES
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Los conectores de espigo conectan los cables troncales
de alimentacin a las estaciones amplificadoras oelementos pasivos.
Espigo
CONECTORES
CONECTORES
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Espigo Cuerpo
(Con mecanismo de agarre
al conductor central)
Tuerca
principal
Manguito
integral
CONECTORES
CONECTORES
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CONECTORES
Conductor centralManguito integral
Punto de asentamiento
del conductor central
Espigo
Punto de agarre al
conductor centralPunto de asentamientodel conductor externo
Tuerca posterior
CABLE DE BAJADA
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Dielctrico
espumoso
de polietileno
Coraza plsticaConductor central
de acero revestido
con cobre
Malla de aluminio
Cinta de alumino-polipropileno
Composicin de cables coaxiales tpicos
Conductor C d
CABLE DE BAJADA
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Forro
Conductorcentral
Dielctrico
Capa dealuminiotrenzado
Capa adhesivade aluminio
laminado
Capa de aluminio
laminado
Forro
Conductorcentral
Dielctrico
Capa de aluminio
trenzado
Capa adhesiva dealuminio laminado
Capa de aluminio
laminado
Capa de aluminio
trenzado
Construccin de
Revestimiento estndar
Construccin de tres
RevestimientosConstruccin super-
Revestida (Quad)
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1/8
(3.2mm)
Conductor
central
1/4
(6.3mm)
CABLE DE BAJADA
CABLE DE BAJADA
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1/16 (1.6mm)
Conector F
(hembra)
Conector F
(Macho)
Mecanismo
de agarre
CABLE DE BAJADA
CABLE DE BAJADA
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Pegado
CABLE DE BAJADA
Porqu hablar de DROP ?
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The Power of Innovation
Suscriptor
70%
Drop
25%
Troncal
5%
Porcentaje de Ingress en una red HFC
Fuente CED MagazineCommunications Engineering & Desing
General
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The Power of Innovation
Servicios de una red HFC
Video Analgico
Video Digital
Datos (Banda Ancha)
Telefona IP
Problemas de seales Analgicas
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The Power of Innovation
Carrier to Noise m a l a s ea l ( l l u v i a , r u i d o s o s )
Desadaptacin de impedancias
Sea l e s f a n t a sm a s y d e s b a l a n c e o d e n i v e l e s
CTB y CSO
Ma l la d o i n t e r f e r e n t e
Ingress
Sea l e s n o d e s e a d a s s o b r e c a n a l e s d e TV
Problemas de seales DigitalesVideo/audio/Data
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The Power of Innovation
Ingress y CPD
P i x e l a c i n y pr d i d a d e I m a g e n
D i sm i n u c in d e B i t r a t e
Co r t e d e sea l d e v o z
CPD versus Ingress
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The Power of Innovation
CPD: Common Path Distor tion, tambin conocido como PIM: PassiveInterModulation. Ocurre cuando el downstream y upstream comparten el mismo path
Productos de intermodulacin de seales de forward presentes en banda de retorno
Ingress: seales de aire que entran a la red coaxial Usualmente causado por el mal apantallamiento del cable
CPD
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The Power of Innovation
RF Level
Que origina el CPD e Ingress
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The Power of Innovation
P r o b l em a s d e c o n t a c t o c a u s a d a s p o r
e f e c t o s n o l i n e a l e s S u p e r f i c i e s o x i d a d a s
Su p e r f i c i es d e c o n t a c t o c o n t a m i n a d a s
B a j a p r e s in d e c o n t a c t o
Ma l a p r e p a r a c in d e c o n e c t o r
Cmo enfrentamos el Problema?
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The Power of Innovation
P r o d u c t o s d e Ca l id a d
I n g r e so d e A g u a
Cap ac i t a c i n Tcn i ca A d ecu ad a
PRODUCTOS DE CALIDAD
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L a b o r a t o r i o s d e Pr u e b a s q u e ce r t i f i q u e n p r o d u c t o s d e a l t ac a l i d a d
Niebla SalinaASTM B 117-94 and Bellcore GR-1503-CORE
RFI Leakage Using
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The Power of Innovation
Red Dye TestingSCTE IPS-TP-013
RFI Leakage UsingGTEM CellSCTE IPS-TP-403B1
Vibration Testing Pull Strength
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gBellcore GR-1503-CORE SCTE IPS-TP-401
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The Power of Innovation
n u e s t r o p e o r
Conector de Crimpar
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The Power of Innovation
Ingreso de Agua
Conector de Crimpar
La Solucin
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The Power of Innovation
Lnea Estndar CMP Lnea Premium EX
Conectores de Compresin Cilindricos
Serie CMP
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The Power of Innovation
Tres Sellos en formaredundante elimina lapresencia de polvoconductor causante deproblemas elctricos.
Dispone de anillo tipo Dupont Delrin con tope,de forma que el conector resulte uncomponente de una sola pieza eliminando as el
riesgo de extraviar la parte trasera comoacontece en productos de la competencia.
Cobertura exterior de platanquel evita los tpicos temasde salud, seguridad yambientales producidos porlas coberturas a base decadmio.
Dos barreras dehumedad en la roscadelantera que proveeuna total aislamientoque impide el ingreso
de humedad..Anillo oring de altaresistencia.
.Muesca maquinada depreescisin con tope.
Problema
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Ingreso de Humedad
Corrosin
CPD + INGRESS
Prdida de Ground
Solucin
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Instalacin de Weatherseal
Sin Capacitacin Tcnica Adecuada
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The Power of Innovation
Conectores mal Construidos Herramientas Incorrectas
Con Capacitacin Tcnica Adecuada
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Consideraciones importantes para la buena instalacin de un conector
Longitud del Dielctrico
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Correcta Medida 1/4 Incorrecta Medida
Longitud de la malla (Braid)
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Correcta Medida 1/4 Incorrecta Medida
Longitud del conductor central
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