erovnulerovnul- ---ganmatavisuflebeli mozraoba ... · meore msoflio omi, sadac saqartvelodan 700...
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SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti
HganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti
istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnologiis departamenti
…
daviT ecadeiSvili
erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi
XX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSi
(istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad)
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwio universitetis
asocirebuli profesori o. gogoliSvili
BbaTumi – 2012
2
Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:
Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
0.1. Temis aqtualoba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
0.2. miznebi da amocanebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
0.3. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizacia -----13
0.4. wyaroebis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
0.5. istoriografia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli: erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTan -------- 22222222
$ 1. sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi 1921-1923 wlebSi,
aneqsia, pirveli ajanyebebi svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi -------------------------22
$ 2. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. gadamwyveti brZola dakarguli
damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
$ 3. politikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi 1930-ian wlebSi. represiebi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdeg ------------------------------ 30
Tavi meore: Tavi meore: Tavi meore: Tavi meore: erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZineba ---------------------------------------- 33333333
$ 1. saerTaSoriso viTareba meore msoflio omis Semdeg ----------------------- 33
$ 2. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSi ----------------------- 35
2.1. tragediis winapirobebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.2. sazogadoebriv-politikuri mimarTulebebi 1956 wlis martis
movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli) ------------------------------------------------- 39
2.3. 1956 wlis martis movlenebis qronologia ----------------------------------------- 43
2.4. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi ---------------------------------------------- 55
Tavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveloSi XX loSi XX loSi XX loSi XX
saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ 80808080----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58585858
$ 1. pirveli disidenturi dajgufebebi ----------------------------------------------------- 58
$ 2. zviad gamsaxurdias da merab kostavas jgufebi ------------------------------- 69
$ 3. 1978 wlis 14 aprili. brZola deda-enis SenarCunebisaTvis -------------- 76
Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: sabsabsabsabWoTWoTWoTWoTa kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da erovnul_erovnul_erovnul_erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobamoZraobamoZraobamoZraoba 1980198019801980----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81818181
$ 1. qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis
saqmeSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
$ 2.qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis gadasarCenad 85
$ 3. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi-- 88
3
$ 4. 1989 wlis 9 aprili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 107
$ 5. pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi da erovnul–
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjveba ---------------------- 130
$ 6. 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgena ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133
daskvna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura ---------------------------------------------------- 140
4
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos faqtobrivi
aneqsia ganaxorciela. axalma xelisuflebam pirvelive dReebidan gamo-
amJRavna Tavisi policiuri saxe. qveyanaSi daiwyo sastiki represiebis
gatareba. istoriulad mravalWirgadatanil qarTvelebsac ki aocebdaT
is arnaxuli Zarcva-gleja da egzekuciebi, romelsac, viTomda adgi-
lobrivi xelisuflebis TxovniT, qveyanaSi darCenili saokupacio jaris
warmomadgenlebi axorcielebdnen. qarTuli mosaxleoba arasodes
Serigebia qveynis aneqsias da diqtatoruli reJimis damyarebas. 1924 wlis
ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, inteligenciis saukeTeso nawili gulSi
iklavda tkivils da Tavisi ganwyobis SeniRbuli saxiT gamomJRavnebas
cdilobda. bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebulma eniT auwerelma Zal-
adobam da represiebma 12000 adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, romelTa umr-
avlesoba eris saukuTeso Svilebs warmoadgendnen. amasobaSi moaxlovda
meore msoflio omi, sadac saqarTvelodan 700 aTasamde meomari gaiwvies,
romelTa naxevari Sin aRar dabrunebula. omis periodSi saqarTveloSi
moqmedebda aralegaluri organizacia, romelic Tvlida, rom gareSe
Zalis dauxmareblad saqarTvelo erovnul suverenitets ver aRidgenda.
es ukanaskneli Seecada arsebuli viTareba gamoeyenebina da ajanyebis
mowyoba daapira, magram sabWour uSiSroebas maTi ganzraxva ar
gamoparvia da organizatorebi sastikad daisajnen.
saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi
me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 1953 wels, stalinis
gardacvalebis Semdeg aSkarad gamoCnda ,,demokratiis” gamococxlebis
niSnebi, magram rusuli imperiisaTvis demokratia pirobiTi mcnebad
rCeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi erovnul sakiTxze ar vrceldeba, rac kidev
erTxel daadastura 1956 wlis 9 martis saSinelma sisxlisRvram. 9
martma saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axal
etaps daudo safuZveli. amis Semdegac saqarTveloSi antiimperiuli
erovnuli moZraoba ar Sewyvetila. cxadia, igi aralegalurad, iatakqve-
SeTSi xorcieldeboda da xan erT da xan meore adgils iCenda Tavs da
5
aralegaluri stambebis, antikomunisturi gamocemebis, proklamaciebis
Tu mcirericxovani organizaciebis Seqmnis saxiT.
mowinave qarTvel inteligencias sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis
manZilze erovnuli brZola ar Seuwyvetia. qveyanaSi gamefebuli
umkacresi teroris viTarebaSi, misi mTavari sazrunavi eris materialur-
kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCena da dacva gaxda. amasTan erTad, igi
mecnierul Tu mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi meTodurad aRvivebda erovnul
TviTSegnebas, nergavda erovnuli siamayis grZnobas, amaRlebda erovnul
suls, aviTarebda qarTul enas, literaturas, istorias... momdevno
xanaSi es xazi grZeldeboda da axal simaRleze adioda. axalgazrdobis
patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrda, masSi erovnuli siamayis grZnobis
ganmtkiceba, misi moraluri Tu sulieri gajansaReba, saZulveli
imperiuli reJimis mankierebaTa mxileba da mis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis
niadagis momzadeba Seadgenda XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli int-
eligenciis mTavar sazrunavs.
disidentad iwodeba pirovneba, romelic uars ambobs da ar
iziarebs saxelmwifoSi gabatonebul ideologias. disidentoba
aRiarebda reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis gzas, misi ZiriTadi iaraRi iyo
sabWoTa xelisuflebis makomprometirebeli, antixalxuri xasiaTis
mamxilebeli masalebis Sekreba da sazRvargareT gadacema, razec maSin
xalisiT nadirobdnen dasavleTis sainformacio samsaxurebi ((((mWemWemWemWedluri dluri dluri dluri
1995:1995:1995:1995:22)22)22)22)....
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa aRiareba ar niSnavda
brZolas mxolod sityvis, presis, mitingis, informaciis mopovebisa da
gavrcelebisaTvis. Tu ufro realurad SevxedavT sakiTxs, es iyo
zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa aRiareba, rac TavisTavad dasavluri
cxovrebis wess gulisxmobda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi upirispirdeboda
marqsizm-leninizmis idealebs. amdenad, dasavleTisaTvis disidentebi
warmoadgendnen idealur mokavSires. meore mxriv, dasavleTis farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac sabWoTa satusaRos ubralo aRwerac ki
SokSi agdebda, aseT urCxulTan mebrZoli adamianebi heroikul-
romantikuri gmiris saburvelSi iyvnen gaxveulni (Zab(Zab(Zab(ZabiraZe iraZe iraZe iraZe 2007:2007:2007:2007:28)28)28)28)....
6
disidentebi gamudmebul devnas ganicdidnen, magaram mainc
agrovebdnen informacias, avrcelebdnen antisabWour literaturas.
xSirad maT sazRvargareT aZevebdnen an TviTon midiodnen emigraciaSi,
Tumca es ,,bedniereba” ufro metad inteligenciis wreebidan gamosul,
ukve saxelmoxveWil disidentebs xvdebodaT wilad, sazogadoebisTvis
ucnob mowinaaRmdegeebs ki ,,Cumad” iWerdnen da xangrZlivi droiT
aTavsebdnen sapyrobileebsa da fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi.
sxvadasxva sabWoTa respublikebSi moRvawe disidentebs SesaZloa,
survili hqondaT dasavleTisTvis SeeCivlaT erovnuli siduxWirisa da
monobis Sesaxeb, magram ,,kapitalis samyaro” sul bolo dromde aSkarad
Tvals aridebda an ar cnobda erovnul problemebs da ZiriTadad
marqsistul-leninur moZRvrebaze aRmocenebul, socializmad wodebul
simaxinjes ebrZoda, romlis samxedro potenciali da militaristuli
gatacebebi didi safrTxis winaSe ayenebda danarCen qveynierebas da,
pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebul dasavleTs. amitom, dasavleTis
sainformacio samsaxurebma sabWoTa sistemas samarTlebrivi
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze susti wertili mounaxes da adamianTa uflebebis
sistematuri darRvevebis gamo gaumarTes brZola. sabWoTa disidentebis
moZraobac am mimarTulebiT warimarTa. isini eZebdnen, agrovebdnen da
gadascemdnen masalebs sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianTa uflebebis darRvevis
Sesaxeb. es saqmianoba, did xifaTTan, TvalTvalTan, konspiraciasTan,
mudmiv sifrTxilesTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
disidenturi moZraoba avtoritarul reJimTan dapirispirebis
mSvidobiani forma iyo. igi arsebuli reJimis demokratizacias
eswrafoda da miznad ar isaxavda sabWoTa wyobilebis ucilobel
damxobas.
disidentebs ar gaaCndaT raime Camoyalibebuli politikuri
programa, amitom, roca maTi dro dadga, sruliad umweoni aRmoCndnen,
mxolod Tavisi SiSveli avtoritetis amara darCnen.
disidentur moZraobas arc mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli erovnuli
xasiaTi hqonda da imperiis centrebSi igi martooden adamianTa
uflebebis darRvevebs amxelda, magram erovnul respublikebSi adamianTa
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uflebebs erovnuli uflebebic emateboda da Sesabamisad, moZraobasac
ufro myari safuZveli gaaCnda.
termini ,,disidenti”, anu ,,sxvagvarad moazrovne”, SedarebiT gvian
70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda da damkvidrda.
erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis
gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, misi ZiriTadi birTvi swored yofili
politpatimrebi iyvnen.
erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba cxaddeboda eris moZRvar
ilia WavWavaZis mier XIX s. 60_ian wlebSi wamowyebuli moZraobis
uSualo gagrZelebad (surgulaZe(surgulaZe(surgulaZe(surgulaZe 1990:1990:1990:1990:301301301301----302).302).302).302).
da mainc, vin iyvnen disidentebi? rogor aRiqvamdnen maT
saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi da bolos, rogor aRiqvamdnen isini
sakuTar Tavs?!
qarTuli disidenturi moZraoba, rogorc zogadi problematikiT,
aseve obieqturi pirobebis gamo, sabWoTaA kavSirSi arsebuli
disidenturi moZraobis nawils warmoadgenda, rac aramc da aramc ar
niSnavs imas, rom qarTveli disidentebis yuradRebis sagani ssrk-Si
arsebuli zogadi problemebi yofiliyos. ufro xSirad ZiriTadad
xdeboda qarTuli erovnuli problematikis ganzogadeba. sawyis etapze,
aucilebeli urTierTobis damyarebis Semdeg, isini ssrk-Si Semotanili
akrZaluli literarturis gavrcelebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, rac
konspiraciis aralegaluri muSaobis codnas moiTxovda. amas garkveuli,
Tundac bavSvuri gamocdileba ki maT 1956 wels dawyebuli aralegaluri
saqmianobidan ,,gaaCndaT”, Tumca disidentur moZraobas ori kaci – merab
kostava da zviad gamsaxurdia SemorCa, danarCenebma sxva gza da sxva
saSualebebi moZebnes sakuTari potencialis realizaciisTvis. Semdeg
gamoCnda TviTgamocemis Jurnali ,,oqros sawmisi”, romelic, marTalia,
Sinaarsobrivad ufro literaturuli iyo, vidre politikuri, magram
etapobrivi mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac masSi farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi qarTvel klasikosTa Txzulebebi
qveyndeboda, paralelurad ibeWdeboda Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTa
is nawarmoebebi, romlebic cenzuram ama Tu im mizezis gamo ar gauSva
(zogierTi maTgani SemdgomSi ityvis, rom ar icoda, zviad gamsaxurdia
8
TviTgamocemis JurnalSi Tu apirebda misi naSromis gamoqveynebas, magram
amas mniSvneloba aRar eqneba), naxevarsaukunovani intervalis Semdeg es
pirveli Tavisufali beWdviTi organo iyo. rogoric unda yofiliyo
Jurnalis Sinaarsi, xelisuflebas mainc ar SeeZlo am precedentis
daSveba, radgan didi gamWvirvaloba ar sWirdeboda imis mixvedras, rom,
Tu am faqts Surigdeboda, maleve gamovidoda iseTi Jurnali, romlis
Sinaarsic absolirturad miuRebeli aRmoCndeboda. principSi asec moxda
- ,,oqros sawmisi” ,,saqarTvelos moambem” Secvala, rasac logikuri
Sedegi – disidentebis represireba mohyva.
disidentTa moRvaweoba maTi represiebis gamo arc Tu ise didi xniT
iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erTgvari aforiaqebis da aqtivobis
sagani. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom erTia sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ama
Tu im movlenis, procesis mimarT da meore ufro mniSvnelovani – is
garemo, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri, romelSic es procesi
mimdinareobs, amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebriv –
politikuri situaciis gaazreba uSualod win, rom uswrebda
saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis dawyebas. miT umetes, Tu
gaviTavliswinebT, rom im periodSi dawyebulma sazogadoebrivi
cnobierebis formirebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra, rogorc 90-iani
wlebis movlenebi, aseve Cveni qveynis dRevandeli socialur-ekonomikuri
da politikuri mdgomareobac
disidenturi moZraoba saqarTveloSi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda.
pirvel etapze misi warmomadgenlebi rasac eyrdnobodnen, es iyo
simarTle, zneobrivi siwminde da zogierT maTgans misTvis arasodes
uRalatia. Tumca, SemdgomSi orientirebi Seicvala, xelisuflebam SeZlo
disidenturi moZraobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tavisi dinebiT
waeyvana da marTvadi gaexada.
niSandoblivia is faqti, rom qarTul disidentur moZraobaSi ar
Cabmula arcerTi didi mwerali, mecnieri Tu xelovani. inteligenciis
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi ganeridnen xelisuflebasTan
dapirispirebas. yovelive aman imoqmeda moZraobis xasiaTze, amitom igi
naklebad gawonasworebuli gaxda. qarTulma sazogadoebam ver
gaicnobiera disidenturi moZraobis SesaZlebloba.
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saqarTveloSi aqtiuri disidenturi moZraoba sul ramodenime
kacianma jgufma daiwyo, Tanac sakmaod mogvianebiT. sazogadoebam ver
daianaxa rom disidenturi moZraoba ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo droebiTi
movlena da adamianis uflebebis dacva ar iyo mcirericxovan moRvaweTa
axireba. igi farTod ar gaSlila saqarTveloSi, mas ar hqonia mZlavri
Senakadebi, romlebic gaaneitralebdnen da gaawonasworebdnen mis
dinebas. disidentTa mcirericxovani jgufi erT mxares idga,
sazogadoeba _ meore mxares. ZalTa aseTma ganlagebam cudi samsaxuri
gauwia TviT disidentur moZraobas. mis monawileebs Camouyaliba
sakuTari ganumeoreblobis kompleqsi, ramac Semdgom mTeli moZraobis
ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. es qarTuli sazogadoebis didi
Secdoma iyo, romlis Sedegebma mogvianebiT aSkarad iCina Tavi.
disidenturi moZraobis TvalsaCino lideris zviad gamsaxurdias
SefasebiT: ,,maTi (disidentebis _ d.e.) moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi uryevia
iseve, rogorc maTi gadawyvetileba sakuTari Tavis msxverplad gaRebisa
kacobriobis sakurTxevelze. amiT isini ufro Zveli epoqis moZRvrebsa
da wmindanebs gvanan, vidre me-19 saukunis gaorebul geniosebs. e. w.
disidenturi moZraoba dRevandel sabWoeTSi am didi adamianebis (jon
braunisa, martin luTer kingisa, albert Svaicerisa, ambrosi xelaiasi
da sxvaTa) kvals misdevs. disidentebma airCies pirveli mxare dilemisa,
magram ara erTnairi warmatebiTa da gabedulobiT. uTuod es aris
mizezi imisa, rom maT Sorisac aris doneebi msxverplis gaRebisa,
WeSmariti gzis arCevisa, am gzaze gambedaobisa Tu SorsmWvretelobisa.
igive gaxlavT mizezi maT Soris paeqrobisa da zogjer SuRlisa.
saxarebis formulis mixedviT rom vTqvaT, raoden viwroa gza
xsnisa da raoden farToa gza warwymedisa da gadagvarebisa. igive
gaxlavT mizezi sabWoTa kavSirSi disidentTa mcirericxovnobisa,
romelic xelze aqvT daxveuli WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis maradiul
mtrebs, romelnic niadag gahyvirian: ,,SexeT am erT muWa grovas,
gzaabneuli da xalxs mowyvetili adamianebisas! nuTu isini gamoxataven
mravalmilioniani masebis nebas? nuTu maT gaaCniaT ufleba ilaparakon
xalxis saxeliT? xalxisa, romelmac arc ki uwyis maTi arseboba, maTi
fiqrebi da mizan-zraxvani?”
10
diax, diax, megobrebo, bneleTis mociqulTa mravalricxovano
legionebo, istoriaSi mudam mcireni iyvnen umaRlesi sikeTisa da
WeSmaritebisaTvis Tavdadebulni, magram maTi sulieri Zala da
SemarTeba marad sZlevda mravalricxovanebis wyvdiads!” ((((gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia
1999:1999:1999:1999:16161616----17)17)17)17)
gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, naSromis mizania warmoaCinos meoce
saukunis meore naxevarSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
dRemde ucnobi mxareebi, Seiswavlos is vnebaTaRelva da peripetiebi,
romlebic Tan axlda am moZraobas, gaanalizos brZolisa da daumorCi-
leblobis is meTodebi da formebi, romelic am moZraobisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.
0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1. Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba. saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis istoriis Seswavla mudam aqtualuri iyo. sabWoTa
istoriografia am problemas Segnebulad uvlida gverds. isini am
moZraobas afasebdnen, rogorc antisazogadoebrivs da dasavleTis
specsamsaxurebis agenturuli saqmianobis Sedegs, qarTveli xalxis
erovnuli interesebis saziano movlenas. ase fasdeboda svaneTis 1921-1923
wlebis, xevsureTis 1922 wlis, 1924 wlis saxalxo ajanyebebi da
gamosvlebi. marTalia 20-iani wlebis Semdeg pirdapiri dapirispireba
sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT saqarTveloSi aRar iyo, magram
aralegaluri erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rogorc
dasavleTSi emigrirebul qarTvel emigrantebs Soris, ise saqarTveloSi
darCenili patriotebis saqmianobaSi, mainc SeimCneoda da mas Tavisi
istoria aqvs.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gansakuTrebiT axali ZaliT
gaCaRda XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis Semdeg. marTalia, pirdapiri
brZolebi sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg ar yofila, magram qarTuli
inteligenciis erT jgufSi ukve momwifebuli iyo azri erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aralegaluri formebis saSualebiT
qarTuli erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaZlierebiT Seamzadon pirobebi
mZlavri erovnuli moZraobisaTvis. es damokidebleba aSkarad ikveTeba
qarTul literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, mecnierebaSi (saistorio mecniereba,
filosofia da a.S).
11
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi _ dekolonizacia, dasavleT
evropaSi 60-70-ian wlebSi demokratiuli sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba,
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis fundamenturi principebis
realizacia, iwvevs sabWoTa kavSirSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis gaRrmavebas. iqmneba pirveli aralegaluri sazogadoebebi.
axalgazrdobis erT jgufSi gaZlierda nihilizmi (mag. z. gamsaxurdias, m.
kostavas da sxvaTa aralegaluri jgufebi). helsinkis procesebi naTlad
uCvenebs saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
aRmavlobas.
es procesebi udavod sainteresoa da misi Seswavla qarTuli
istoriografiis gadaudebeli amocanaa.
dRes es Tema metad aqtualuria. XX saukunis meore naxevris
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoria-Cveni samSoblos
sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis logikuri istoriuli procesia.
istoria ki erTiania – misi gagebaa saWiro da ara gasamarTleba. istoria
mudam politikaze maRla dgas. is eris koleqtiuri mexsierebaa da misi
arc erTi furcela ar unda daikargos, arc erTi movlena Sefasebis
gareSe ar unda darCes. dRes ki es procesebi metad sainteresoa, radgan
dRevandeli socialur-politikuri procesebis wanamZRvrebi uaxlesi ist-
oriis siRrmeebSia saZiebeli. amitom XX saukunis II naxevarSi
saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gamorCe-
ul mecnierul interess iwvevs.
0.20.20.20.2. . . . kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. winamdebare sakvalifikacio
naSromis mizania Tanamedrove istoriuli mecnierebis moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad xelmisawvdomi dokumenturi masalebis obieqturi analizisa
da urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze axsnas erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis II naxevarSi, masSi dafiqsirebuli
radikaluri xasiaTis cvlilebebi, misi realizebis meTodebi da
saSualebebi. naCvenebia saqarTveloSi social-politikuri
urTierTobebis xasiaTi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, aseve qarTveli
xalxis kulturuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, gamokveTilia is
obieqturi faqtorebi, ramac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
aRmavloba ganapiroba. aseve miznad isaxavs warmoaCinos meoce saukunis
12
meore naxevarSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dRemde ucnobi
mxareebi, Seiswavlos is vnebaTaRelva da peripetiebi, romlebic Tan
axlda am moZraobas, gaanalizos brZolisa da daumorCileblobis is
meTodebi da formebi, romelic iyo damaxasiaTebeli am moZraobisaTvis.
Sefasebulia sabWoTa kavSiris adgili da roli XX saukunis 50-80-
iani wlebis msoflioSi, sabWoTa imperiaSi arsebuli seriozuli
ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis iersaxe da Taviseburebebi,
gamokveTilia msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis xasiaTi, ramac,
mniSvnelovnad uzrunvelyo msoflios erT-erTi zesaxelmwifos _
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena _
rasac isaxavda miznad erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.
13
0.3. 0.3. 0.3. 0.3. erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizacia
erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis
II naxevarSi SeiZleba daiyos periodebad: uwinares yovlisa,
periodizaciis kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT.... ra SeiZleba avirCioT
ZiriTad kriteriumad da erovnuli moZraobis procesis Sinagani etapebis
klasifikaciis sistemad? am sferoSi, vfiqrobT, ZiriTad orientirs
warmoadgens qarTuli erovnuli idea _ saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da
erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis idea. am ideis matarebeli
adamianebi Tu socialuri jgufebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos erovnuli
moZraobis subieqts. es subieqti, cxadia, iyo garkveuli erToba,
garkveuli erovnuli moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis mqone adamianTa
apolitikuri dasi. amasTan, es koleqtiuri da ierarqizebuli subieqti,
sabWoTa imperiaSi arsebuli krizisuli situaciebis perioduli
cvalebadobis kvalobaze, TviTonac icvleboda raodenobrivadac da
xarisxiTac, ganicdida evolucias. swored am evoluciis calkeuli
fazebis konteqstSia mizanSewonili erovnuli moZraobis etapobrivi
diferenciacia. maSasadame, erovnuli moZraobis subieqtis Sinagani
dinamika - ai, ra migvaCnia am uaRresad Rirebuli da progresuli
politikuri procesis periodizaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad, misi
imanenturi Tvisobriobisa da organizaciis formebis politologiuri
analizisaTvis mecnierul ~gasaRebad”.
XX saukunis II naxevris saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis pirveli
faza SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc disidentur-latenturi faza da
moeqces qronologiur CarCoebSi 50-iani wlebidan 1986 wlis CaTvliT. es
aris erovnuli moZraobis faqtobrivi genezisis, misi miznebisa da
orientaciebis formirebis sawyisi, Canasaxovani etapi. am etapze adgili
hqonda komunisturi diqtaturisa da marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis
sulieri batonobis viTarebaSi miZinebuli erovnuli TviTcnobierebis
aRdgenisaken miswrafebas, aseve dakarguli erovnuli
saxelmwifoebriobis restavraciis tendenciebis Camoyalibebas.
amdenad, erovnuli moZraobis disidentur-latenturi etapi misi
dabadebis, erovnuli ideis bavSvobisa da siWabukis xanaa. am etapze
14
moZraobis erTaderT subieqts warmoadgenen disidentebi _ erovnul-
patriotuli aralegaluri jgufebisa da organizaciebis qseli.
erovnuli moZraobis meore faza warmoadgens misi
institucionalizaciis, formalizaciis etaps da moicavs periods 1987-
1989ww. aprils Soris. es etapi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac mis
periodSi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis instituciuri
safuZvlebi, moxda ZiriTadi politikuri partiebisa da gaerTianebebis
organizaciuli struqturireba.
amave etapis meore mniSvnelovani momenti imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
TandaTanobiT, etapobrivad gamoikveTa erovnuli moZraobis masifikaciis
da am gziT misi subieqtis gafarToebis uaRresad pozitiuri tendencia.
daiwyo krebebis, Tavyrilobebis, manifestaciebisa da masobrivi
mitingebis organizaciis faza. ~mitinguri demokratiis” am etaps,
mmarTveli reJimis permanentul dezorganiazaciasTan erTad is
Rirebuleba hqonda, rom ganapirobebda erovnuli ideis masobriobas,
erovnuli moZraobis socialuri bazis gafarToebas da mis mier
kontrolirebadi saerTo-erovnuli sivrcis konsolidacias. am dros
erovnuli moZraobis liderebma SeZles eris farTo masebis darazmva
saerTo-erovnuli problemebis gadasaWrelad.
Semdgomi moklevadiani cikli erovnuli moZraobis istoriaSi aris
misi legalizaciis faza _ 1989 w. 9 aprili _ 1990w. 28 oqtomberi. am
etapze masze udidesi mastimulirebeli gavlena moaxdina 9 aprilis
tragediam, romelmac erTgvari wyalgamyofis roli Seasrula
saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi.
erovnuli moZraobis Semdgomi etapi, romelic moicavs periods
1990w. 28 oqtombridan 1992w. 6 ianvramde, warmoadgens misi
legitimizaciis fazas. 1990w. 28 oqtombers gamarTuli pirveli
(saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg) pluralisturi saparlamento arCevnebi
erovnuli Zalebis sruli upiratesobiT dasrulda da ~mrgvali magidis”
blokma saparlamento mandatebis 62% miiRo (jojua(jojua(jojua(jojua 2003:6)2003:6)2003:6)2003:6)....
0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: naSromSi ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT
im saarqivo masalas, romelic daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi,
15
quTaisis centralur arqivSi da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba saarqivo sammarTveloSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iustriciis saministros mier
gamocemuli Jurnali ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, romelSic saqarTelos iusticiis
saministros erovnul arqivSi daculi masalebis safuZvelze
mniSvnelovani statiebi ibeWdeba.
0.5. 0.5. 0.5. 0.5. i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a: saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg ganuzomlad gaizarda Cveni sazogadoebis interesi
uaxloesi warsulisadmi, rasac ramodenime faqti ganapirobebs. jer
erTi, komunisturi ideologiis marwuxebisagan gaTavisuflebam
SesaZlebeli gaxada uaxloesi warsulis obieqturi, miukerZoebeli
aRqma; meorec, ukanasknel wlebSi samecniero brunvaSi Semovida manamade
mkvlevarTaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli, mravali dokumenti da istoriuli
wyaro, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada axleburad gaveazrebina Cveni
uaxloesi istoria, dagvemsxvria wlobiT Camoyalibebuli stereotipebi,
Zireulad Segvecvala Cveni warmodgenebi istoriis mraval saWirboroto
sakiTxze.
erT ,,ferSi” istoriis srulyofilad aRqma SeuZlebelia. miT
umetes, es iTqmis uaRresad rTul, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse Cvens
uaxloes warsulze. Cvens istoriul memkvidreobaSi aris ara marto is,
risganac gadaWriT unda ganvTavisufldeT, aramed isic, ris gareSec
SeuZlebelia Cveni Semdgomi winsvla. swored, amitom, istoria unda
davinaxoT, ise, rogorc is aris sinamdvileSi da ara ise, rogoric Cven
gvinda rom iyos (bluaSvili(bluaSvili(bluaSvili(bluaSvili 2010:2010:2010:2010:371371371371----372)372)372)372)....
sakvlevi periodis Taobaze bevri daiwera. TiTqos movlenebis
Sefasebac arsebobs, magram, samwuxarod, bevri faqti jerac ucnobi da
Seuswavlelia. mTeli rigi dokumentebi, romelic xels Seuwyobda
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis srulyofil
warmoCenas, gabneulia, damaluli an saerTod, ganadgurebulia.
faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs qarTuli disidenturi literaturac, Tu ar
miviRebT mxedvelobaSi givi maRularias romans ,,ukuqceva” – qarTuli
disidenturi mwerlobis erTaderT nimuSs. rostom CxeiZis ukanasknel
16
wlebSi gamocemul publikaciebs da zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab
kostavas TviTgamocemul Jurnalebsa da sxvadasxva proklamaciebs.
eWvi ar aris, momavalSi am xanmokle magram rTul periodze,
kvlavac mravali ram daiwereba, bevri faqti da movlena dazustdeba.
vfiqrobT, TanamedroveTa Sexedulebebi simarTlis dasadgenad saukeTeso
wyaro ar aris, magram usaTuod angariSgasawevi faqtoria. araa
gamoricxuli, rom am periodis faqtebisa da movlenebis avtorebiseuli
Sefaseba tendenciuri an araobieqturi iyos, magram drois mokle
distancia ar iZleva momxdaris ukeT Sefasebis saSualebas. radganac
sakiTxi exeba Cveni qveynis uaxloes warsuls da im pirebs, romlebic
jer kidev cocxlebi arian da met-naklebad didi Tu mcire wvlili
miuZRviT saqarTveloSi XX saukunis II naxevarSi mimdinare procesebSi,
ki erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis bolo etapze. TavisTavad
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba warmoadgenda metad Wrel da
azrobrivad erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul adamianTa kavSirs, romlebic
xSir SemTxvevaSi mtrul damokidebulebaSi iyvnen da yvelafers
akeTebdnen erTmaneTis diskreditaciisaTvis, saxelisa da Rirsebis
SelaxvisaTvis da gasanadgurebladac ki, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi mizans
aRwevda kidec.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis istoriis calkeul etapze, masSi moRvaweobdnen metad
Rirseuli da erisaTvis TvalsaCino adamianebi, romelTac didi wvlili
Seitanes erovnul moZraobaSi, mis warmatebiT damTavrebasa da
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebaSi, zogierTma Tavisi sicocxlis
fasadac ki (z. WavWavaZe, m. kostava). magram avtoritetebis gverdiT
arsebobda am moZraobas mitmasnili uamravi SemTxveviTi ,,moRvawe”,
romelTac am moZraobaSi yofna qveynisaTvis sasikeTo saqmisTvis ki ara
aramed mxolod piradi miznebis misaRwevad undodaT da maTTvis ,,qveyana
da qveynis saqme” yvelaze bolo adgilas idga.
sakvlevi Temis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania igor kveselavas naSromi:
,,gardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebriv----popopopolitikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi
saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi””””.... masSi gaSuqebulia gardaqmnis (,,perestroikis”) pirvel
wlebSi (1985-1988) saqarTveloSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikuri
17
movlenebi. naCvenebia xelisuflebis saqmianoba negatiuri movlenebis
dasaZlevad. naSromSi warmoCenelia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis pirveli nabijebi.
aseve mniSvnelovania igor kveselavas broSura ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi
moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’, , , , romelSic avtors ganxiluli aqvs
saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis istoriis sakiTxebi, misi
istoriuli Taviseburebebi da ganviTarebis etapebi. mkvlevari
disidentur moZraobas ganixilavs rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis ganuyofel nawils.
1956 wlis 9 martis tragedias TbilisSi naSromi miuZRvna
kinoreJisorma givi vefxvaZem _ ,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”
masSi im periodis movlenebis amsaxvel unikalur fotomasalasTan
erTad Tavmoyrilia 9 martis tragediis monawile avtorTa sxvadsxva
dros Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi, mogonebebi da
memuarebi.
1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesia nnnn. . . .
naTaZnaTaZnaTaZnaTaZisisisis ““““sisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevi””””,,,, romelic warmoadgens avtoris, rogorc
movlenis uSualo TviTmxilvelisa da monawilis mogonebebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am Canawerebis gakeTebiT avtors fasdaudebeli wvlili
miuZRvis Cveni qveynis uaxlesi istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
istoriuli movlenis Sesaswavlad, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es
ukanaskneli uamrav xarvezsa da urTierTgamomricxav faqts Seicavs,
aseve avtoriseuli midgoma movlenisadmi met-naklebad bundovani da
aradamajerebelia, rac misi sandoobis xarisxs erTi-orad aqveiTebs.
aqedan gamomdinare mkvlevrma naSromi Zalian frTxilad da mozomilad
unda gamoiyenos.
mravalmxrivi Sroma gaswaia 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebis
SeswavlisaTvis SoTa nozaZem. mis monografiaSi “1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9
martimartimartimarti”””” srulyofiladaa Seswavlili 1956 wlis martis avadsaxsenebel
dReebSi saqarTvelos xedaqalaqSi mimdinare movlenebi da am movlenaTa
tragikuli dasasruli.
1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur da
sazogadoebriv movlenebze avtoris dakvirvebebi da Sexedulebebi
18
gadmocemulia daviT mdaviT mdaviT mdaviT mWedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”.
masSi mocemuli periodis qarTuli presisi masalebis momoxilvis
safuZvelze wignSi vrclad aris warmodgenili zviad gamsaxurdias
politikuri biografia.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TavlsaCino moRvawis zurab
WavWavaZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba gadmocemulia werilebis krebulSi
,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle”. wigniSi Tavmoyrilia mecnierebis, kulturis
TvalsaCino moRvaweebis, zurabis kolegebis, TanamebrZolebis is
werilebi, rac moRvawis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda.
CvenTvis saintereso periodis saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxveli
masala, pirobiTad ,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria” rom ewodeba, Tavmoyrilia
amave saxelwodebis krebulSi, romelSic sruladaa warmoCenili
,,mrgvali magidis” cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli drois amsaxveli,
qronologiurad dalagebuli dokumentacia. saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi
sabWos dadgenilebebi, saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis sagangebo konferenciis dadgenilebebi, sxvadasxva dros
erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweTa mier presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebi da
sxva masalebi.
igor kveselavasigor kveselavasigor kveselavasigor kveselavas naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis
istoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxi”””” istoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli erovnuli
cnobierebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi orientaciis sakiTxebi,
daxasiaTebulia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ZiriTadi
etapebi da periodizaciis avtoriseuli sqema. wina planzea wamoweuli
saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri
cxovrebis problemebi.
disidenturi moZraobis istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania
henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis ,,,,,,,,erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrmoZrmoZrmoZraobis aobis aobis aobis
gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” naSromSi sainteresodaa ganxiluli
saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gnoseologiuri
aspeqtebi, , , , misi genezisi, rogorc moZraobis saTaveebis, ise sabWoTa
periodis peripetiebi.... gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erovnul-realisturi frTis
saqmianobis analizs.
19
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis zemoaRniSnul
periodze wigni ,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi” ” ” ” dawerili aqvs
avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils. naSromSi ganxilulia 80-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi e.w. gardaqmisa da sajaroobis fonze ,,sabWoTa imperiis”
daSlis procesi. naCvenebia erovnuli moZraobis siZneleebi da
saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgenis kanonzomiereba, rasac win uZRvoda
XX saukunis udidesi danaSauli _ 1989 wlis 9 aprilis sisxliani aqcia.
naSromSi adgili eTmoba qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri
dapirispirebis gamomwvev mizezebsa da amocanebs, cnobili mesame Zalis
rols adgils datrialebul tragediaSi.
aseve mniSvnelovania a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”,
romelSic saarqivo dokumentebisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis
gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, gaSuqebulia saqarTvelos istoriis
ukanaskneli periodis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, gaanalizebulia erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.
1990 wels irakli gociriZisirakli gociriZisirakli gociriZisirakli gociriZis mier gamoqveynebul naSromSi
,,simarTlis kvaldakval” Tavmoyrilia qarTul da rusul presaSi
gamoqveynebuli Jurnalistis kerZo gamoZiebiT mopovebuli masala,
romelic 9 aprilis tragediasa da masTan dakavSirebul movlenebs exeba.
aRebuli periodisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis
,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988----1991 ww”.1991 ww”.1991 ww”.1991 ww”.
naSromSi qarTul periodul presaSi gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi da
analitikuri masalis mixedviT gadmocemulia saqarTveloSi 1988-1991
wlebSi mimdinare rTuli politikuri procesebis kritikuli analizi.
avtori naSromSi aRwerili dramatuli movlenebis TviTmxilveli da
monawilea, ris gamoc cxadia, igi dazRveuli ver iqneba subieqturi
aRqmisagan.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis Sesaswavlad
aseve mniSvnelovania: mayvalamayvalamayvalamayvala naTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvili
““““saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria””””,,,, m. samsonaZem. samsonaZem. samsonaZem. samsonaZe ,,,,,,,,saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991
wlebSiwlebSiwlebSiwlebSi””””, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, ,,,,,,,,saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria”;”;”;”;
20
gulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi boris godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris
elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.
aseve, saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas
aRniSnul periods eZRvneba profesor giorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZis sayuradRebo
naSromi ,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.
p r e s a: p r e s a: p r e s a: p r e s a: naSromze muSaobisas gamoviyeneT perioduli gamocemebi.
presa did rols asrulebda erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebasa da
mosaxleobis totalitarizmis winaaRmed sabrZolvelad darazmvaSi.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi samoRvaweo asparzze gamoCndnen sxvadasxva
mimdinareobebisa da politikuri Sexedulebebis partiebi da
organizaciebi. Yyvela maTgans Tavisi perioduli organo hqonda,
romelSic maTi politikuri mimarTulebebia mocemuli. sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas politikuri partiebis perioduli gamocmebi TavianTi
poziciebidan afasebdnen.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sxvadasxva momentebis
Sesaxeb statiebis siuxviT, sxvadasxva istoriuli movlenebis gaSuqeba-
ganxilva-SefasebiT da patriotuli suliskveTebiT iyo ganmsWvavluli
saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis mier gamocemuli gazeTi ,,,,,,,,saxalxo
ganaTleba”, romelic XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi gamodioda.
sxavadsava dros mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebeli statiebi
gamoqveynda saqarTveloSi gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebSi: “saqarTvelos
respublika”, “literaturuli saqarTverlo”, “saqarTvelo”, “komunisti”,
“axali 7 dRe”, “axali epoqa”, “rezonansi”, “axali Taoba”, Jurnali
,,mijna” “axali qarTuli gazeTi”, “droni”, “soflis cxovreba”, “asaval
dasavali”.
m e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b i: saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis XX saukunis meore naxevarSi istoriis warmosaCenad jerovani
mniSvneloba aqvs memuarebs, romelSic asaxulia aramarto avtoris
viwro ojaxuri da megobarTa wre, aramed, is sazogadoeba da socialuri
Tu politikuri movlenebi, romelTanac avtors uxdeboda urTierToba.
amitom, memuarebi xSirad Seicavs farTo sazogadoebrivi moZraobis
mniSvnelovan faqtebs. amave dros mogonebebi kritikul damokidebulebas
saWiroebs, radgan Tavisufali ar aris tendeciurobisagan.
21
1956 wlis 5-9 marts q. baTumSi gamarTuli cnobili saprotesto
mitingebis uSualo monawilis STabeWdilebebi da mosazrebebi
gadmocemulia iuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilis mogonebebSi ,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.
erovnuli moZraobis mravali sagulisxmo faqtia asaxuli vaxtang vaxtang vaxtang vaxtang
ZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis Suq----Crdilebi”Crdilebi”Crdilebi”Crdilebi”, romlis
avtoric erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis epicentrSi idga da
piradad ganicada im wlebSi mimdinare movlenaTa sixaruli da
mwuxareba. naSromSi saintereso masalaa mocemuli disidenturi
moZraobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi, misi TvalsaCino moRvaweebisa da
mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb. gadmocemulia avtoris Sexedulebebi,
Sefasebebi da daskvnebi maTTan dakavSirebiT.
saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis
SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis
,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”.... wignSi
detaluradaa aRweili 9 aprilis sisxliani movlenebi. gamoqveynebulia
ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis komisiisa da ssr kavSiris
saxalxo deputatTa pirveli yrilobis masalebi, saqarTvelos ssr
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, ssr kavSiris mTavari samxedro
prokuraturis, saqarTvelos ssr prokuraturis dokumentebi. mocemulia
9 aprilis movlenaTa Semswavleli komisiis muSaobis procesi da
komisiis mier momzadebuli daskvna.
9 aprilis movlenebis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT aseve
mniSvnelovania egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, romelic memuaris
Janris naSroms warmoadgens.
miuxedavad aseTi intesiuri kvlebisa, mkvlevar-istorikosTa mier
jer araa Seqmnili fundamenturi gamokvleva, romelSic mocemuli iqneba
erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi da misi sruli
mecnieruli analizi.
22
Tavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveli
erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaTaTaTaveebTanaveebTanaveebTanaveebTan
$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. sazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebriv----politikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi
1921192119211921----1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi, aneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebebi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSav----
xevsureTSixevsureTSixevsureTSixevsureTSi
ociani wlebis dasawyisi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
respublikisTvis metad mZime saSinao da saerTaSoriso viTarebiT
aRiniSna: azerbaijansa da somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba
aSkarad mianiSnebda saqarTvelos gasabWoebis gardauvalobas. am process
saTave daedo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals. daiwyo Tu ara saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli respublikis jaris ukan daxeva, mTavrobam Tbilisi
datova da quTaisisaken gaemgzavra. ori dRis Semdeg ki baTumSi Cavida
da iq ganagrZo Tavisi saqmianoba (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:3)3)3)3)....
sabWoTa xelisuflebis gavlenis sfero farTovdeboda. 4 marts
sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda afxazeTSi, 5 marts _ samaCablos
teritoriaze, 8 marts – q. zugdidSi, 10 marts _ q. quTaisSi, 11 da 13
marts senaksa da foTSi.
Jordanias mTavrobam sruli undobloba gamoucxada okupantebs,
1921 wlis 17 marts RamiT menSevikurma mTavrobam baTumi datova da
italiis gemiT stambolisken aiRo gezi. aqedan ki safrangeTs Seafara
Tavi da emigrantuli mTavrobis statusi miiRo ((((bendianbendianbendianbendianiSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:290)290)290)290)....
18 marts aWaraSic gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba da amrigad,
saqarTvelom dakarga damoukidebloba.
qveyanas saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komiteti.
mis xelSi gadavida respublikis uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo,
ganmkargulebeli da sakontrolo organoebis funqciebi.
saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis dadgenilebiT daTxovnil iqna
damfuZnebeli kreba, senati da menSevikuri mTavrobis xelisuflebis sxva
organoebi. Seiqmna afxazeTisa da aWaris revoluciuri komitetebi.
23
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias mxolod
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva rodi mohyva. 1921 wlis 16
marts, ruseT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelos CamoerTva da
TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida artaanis, arTvinisa da olTisis
olqebi _ 12115 kv.km. teritoria _ 164 aTasi mosaxliT. cota mogvianebiT,
Sereuli komisiebis gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos CamoarTves da
mezobel respublikebs somxeTsa da azerbaijans gadasces borCalos
mazris nawili (3812 kv. km.) da zaqaTalis olqi (3564 kv.km.). 1921
sabediswero wels saqarTvelom dakarga TiTqmis 20 aTasi kv. kilometri
teritoria.
qarTveli xalxi, bunebrivia, verc Tavisuflebis dakargvas Seurigda
da verc Tavis istoriuli teritoriebis gasxvisebas. Tavidanve daiwyo
brZola komunisturi reJimis dasamxobad da damoukideblobis aRsadgenad
((((bendianibendianibendianibendianiSvili Svili Svili Svili 1991991991999:9:9:9: 291)291)291)291)....
1922 wlis martSi Seiqmna amierkavksiis respublikebis federacia.
samokavSireo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da
somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi amierkavkasiis sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikebis federaciul kavSirSi gaerTiandnen
samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. amave dros
TiToeuli es respublika, xelSekrulebis mixedviT, inarCunebda e.w.
,,srul saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas da suverenitets” (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:
6)6)6)6)....
emigraciaSi myofi sqarTvelos mTavroba eZebs gzebs Zalauflebis
dabrunebisaTvis. misi iniciativiT sabWoeTis winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis
Seqmnis mizniT, gaimarTa molaparakeba saqarTvelos, somxeTis,
azerbaijanisa da daRestnis sazRvargareT myof mTavrobebs Soris. 1922
wlis 10 ivniss parizSi aRniSnuli qveynebis mTavrobaTa
warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb. amave wlis noemberSi kavkasiis
antisabWoTa Zalebis warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze airCies komisia,
romelsac daevala kavkasiaSi ajanyebis mowyoba da ucxoeTis
intervenciis momzadeba.
24
qarTulma politikurma partiebma _ social-demokratebma, erovnul-
demokratebma, social-federalistebma da social-revolucionerebma
scades sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva da sadao
sakiTxebis SeTanxmebis gziT gadawyveta. am mizniT 1921 wlis aprilis
dasawyisSi sagangebo delegacia gaugzavnes saqarTvelos revkoms, magram
sabWoTa xelisuflebam politikur partiebTan saerTo enis gamonaxvis
magier gaaZliera maTi devna da represiebi (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:8)8)8)8)....
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva imdenad
Tavzardamcemi iyo, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fena saprotesto
ganwyobam moicva.
axali reJimi Tavs muSaTa da glexTa xelisuflebad acxadebda,
magram mis realur dasayrdens saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio armia
warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis politikuri simpatia kvlavac
social-demokratiul partias ekuTvnoda. demokratiuli respublikis
damxobam muSaTa masebis erovnuli tragediis garda pirovnuli
ukmayofilebis wyaroc iyo. muSaTa gulistkivils mmarTvelobidan misi
interesebis gamomxatveli social-demokratiis Zaladobrivi Camocilebac
ganapirobebda.
glexoba Znelad egueboda kerZo sakuTrebis xelyofas, gaurboda
axal, mZime gadasaxadebs. sabWoTa wyobilebam mosaxleobis SeZlebuli
nawili Seurigebel mtrad gaixada misTvis qonebis CamorTmeviTa da
uflebebis SezRudviT.
faqtobrivad kanongareSe aRmoCnda qarTveli samRvdeloba da
marTlmadidebeli eklesia. marto 1921-1923 wlebSi daangries da gaauqmes
1500 moqmedi taZari. eklesia-monastrebis mamulebi da qoneba saxelmwifom
miisakuTra. aviwroebdnen, apatimrebdnen da abuCad igdebdnen religiis
msaxurT, uxeSad Seuracyofdnen erovnul tradiebs.
mkacr ideologiur wnexSi moeqca inteligencia, romlisagan reJimis
erTguleba da mis samsaxurSi morCilad Cadgoma moiTxoves. sazogadoebis
am fenam umal igrZno saqarTvelos avi perspeqtiva da winaaRmdegobis
formaTa Ziebas Seudga.
axali reJimi mosaxleobis damorCilebas represiebis meSveobiT
Seudga. saqarTvelos gasabWoebidan 1921 wlis bolomde, sul raRac 11
25
Tvis ganmavlobaSi, sagangeo komisiam 150-mde kaci daxvrita. masobrivi
xasiaTi miiRo usabuTo Cxrekebma, rekvizicebma, konfiskaciebma da
dapatimrebebma. saokupacio xelisuflebis amgvari moqmedeba kidev ufro
zrdida rejimis sawinaarmdego ganwyobilebas.
protestis mSvidobiani talRa pirvelad muSaTa wreebSi azvirTda.
Tbilisis fabrika-qarxnebis, rkinigzis depo-saxelsnoebisa da sxva
dawesebulebebis muSebi krebebze gamoxatavdnen undoblobas
bolSevikebisadmi, iRebdnen saprotesto rezoluciebs. 1921 wlis
oqtomberSi muSaTa delegaciam moTxovnebi saqarTvelos revoluciur
komitets warudgina memorandumis saxiT, romelsac 5000 xelmowera
erTvoda. muSebi moiTxovdnen saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenas, saqarTvelodan saokupacio jarebis gayvanas, politikuri
patimrebis ganTavisuflebas da sxva.
xelisuflebam muSebs ar mousmina, maTi wargzavnilebi daapatimra
da cixeSi Casva (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:157)157)157)157)....
1921 wlis maisidan Tavi iCina glexTa ukmayofilebam svaneTSi,
xevsureTSi, raWa_leCxumSi da a.S. romelic male bevrgan SeiaraRebul
gamosvlebSi gadaizarda.
es erovnuli moZraoba sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ,,politikur
banditizmad” moinaTla.
kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs saTaveSi edga
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos armiis oficeri, cxenosani diviziis pirveli
aseulis ufrosi qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili.
qaquca ColoyaSvilis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT qarTlsa da
kaxeTSi Seiqmna da moqmedebdnen SeiaraRebuli razmebi, romlebic
mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs,
sastikad uswordebodnen revkomsa da sagangebo komisiis muSakebs.
saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma moindoma sagangebo
RonisZiebebis gatareba. 1921 wlis 7 oqtombris dadgenilebiT
respublikis yvela kuTxeSi Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis
razmebi (,,Coni”), romlebsac daevalaT dauyovnebliv CaexSoT yovelgvari
antisabWoTa aqcia.
26
1921 wlis miwurulSi, ramdenime Tvis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis Semdeg,
Sinagamcemlebis xelSewyobiT CaaxSes svaneTis ajanyeba. aseTive bedi ewia
ajanyebebs guriasa da fSav-xevsureTSi.
svaneTis ajanyebis eqo gascda saqarTvelos farglebs da
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradgReba miipyro. saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis emirirebulma mTavrobam genuaSi mimdinare
konferencias sTxova, aeZulebinaT ruseTs xelisfleba, Seewyvita
samxedro moqmedebebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
1922 wlis gazafxulze menSevikebi da sxva politikuri partiebi did
imedebs amyarebdnen saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic
mimdinareobda q. genuaSi. Tavis mxriv sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqi ambrosi xelaia genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias ugzavnis
memorandums. magram, uSedegod damTavrda yovelgvari cda sqarTvelos
saqmeebSi Careuliyo genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia. imis gamo, rom am
ukanasknels ar ecala, sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad misi mTeli
yuradReba mipyrobili iyo ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebisaken _
daebrunebina nedleuliTa da masalebiT umdidresi ruseTi saerTaSoriso
bazrisaTvis, amave dros daeTanxmebia igi mefisdroindeli valebis
ganaRdebaze (beniZe(beniZe(beniZe(beniZe 1991199119911991::::13)13)13)13)....
unda aRiniSnos, rom 1921_1923 wlebis saprotesto RonisZiebebi,
SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi stiqiur da epizodur xasiaTs
atarebdnen, ris gamoc sayovelTao SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi ver
gadaizarda.
27
$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba, gadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakarguli i i i
damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis
qarTveli xalxis brZolas saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg
agulianebda da imeds matebda qarTuli politikuri emigracia.
emigrirebuli mTavroba da politikuri partiebis mesveulebi TavianTi
mimarTvebiTa da mowodebebiT amxnevebdnen ers. parizSi Camoyalibebuli
,,saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti” samSobloSi drodadro
fulsac gzavnida, romelic sabrZolo razmebis Seqmnasa da momzadebas
xmardeboda.
svaneT-fSav-xevsureTis stiqiuri da lokaluri amboxebebis
damarcxebis Semdeg paritetuli komiteti axal ajanyebas mTeli
saqarTvelos masStabiT gegmavda da mas rogorc samxedro, ise
politikuri kuTxiT amzadebda. politikuri mxare dasavleTis
saxelmwifoTa diplomatiuri da finansuri Tanadgomis mopovebas,
TurqeTis neitralitetisa da kavkasiis xalxebis mxardaWeris miRwevas
iTvaliswinibda. rac Seexeba samxedro mzadebas, mTeli saqarTvelo daiyo
samoqmedo raionebad. raionebSi dainiSnen samxedro meTaurebi da maTi
TanaSemweebi. sabrZolo erTeulebs Seadgendnen xuTeulebad, aTeulebad
da aseulebad dayofili mosaxleobis jgufebi. grovdeboda iaraRi da
tyvia-wamali, partizanuli razmebi gadiodnen savele wvrTnebs (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe
2020202009:09:09:09:159)159)159)159)....
1922 wlis dasawyisSi molaparakeba daiwyo menSevikebis, nacional-
demokratebis, federalistebis, eserebisa da sxivelebis partiebs Soris.
imave wlis agvistoSi aRniSnuli partiebis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen
,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis” _ ,,paritetuli komitetis”
Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
ajanyebis uSualo xelmZRvanelobisaTvis 1922 wlis gazafxulze
paritetul komitetTan Camoyalibda ,,samxedro centri.” misi gegmiT
saqarTveloSi unda mowyobiliyo sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba.
,,samxedro centris” gegma ver ganxorcielda mis Semadgenel
partiebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebebis gamo.
28
politpartiebs Soris dava ZiriTadad mimdinareobda rogorc
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis gzebisa da saSualebebis, ise
gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, demokratiuli respublikis momavali mTavrobis
Sesaxeb.
,,paritetuli komitetis” araerTi gzis cda Tavisi warmomadgenlebis,
emisrebis, aqtiuri Careva _ Suamdgomlobis saSualebiT ajanyebaSi
monawileobisaTvis miemxro azerbaijani da CrdiloeT kavkasia, uSedegod
damTavrda.
ajanyebaSi darwmunebuli politikuri partiebi Rebuloben
gadawyvetilebas – daiwyon igi sakuTari ZalebiT. gamosvlis dawyebis
savaraudo dRed 28 agvisto miiCnies. es ricxvi SemTxveviT ar iyo
SerCeuli. igi dakavSirebuli iyo religiur dResaswaulTan
,,mariamobasTan.” am dResaswauls, rogorc wesi, Tan axlda xalxis
masobrivi Tavyrilobani. ajanyebis mesveurni fiqrobdnen, rom
sadResaswaulod ganwyobili xalxis Tavyrilobebi gaadvilebda maT
Cabmas stiqiuri moZraobis ferxulSi. magram Semdeg moxda am TariRis
gadatana 29 agvistos.
ajanyeba mimdinareobda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSiT.,
ruseTis gaZevebisa da saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis lozungiT. mas
mxars uWerda mravalricxovani inteligencia mcire gamonaklisis
garda,…aseve mravalricxovani Tavad-aznauroba (125-130 aTasi anu
mosaxleobis xuTi procenti) ajanyebulTa mxareze iyo.
ajanyebis bedi ukuRma datrialda. 1924 wlis 4 seqtembers
saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis muSakebma miagnes ajanyebulTa Stabs
Sio mRvimis monasterSi da daapatimres (beniZe(beniZe(beniZe(beniZe 1991:1991:1991:1991:27)27)27)27)....
1924 wlis ajanyebisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis angariSsworebam
SeuzRudavi xasiaTi miiRo, rasac Sedegad auracxeli udanaSaulo
adamianis sisxlis Rvra mohyva.
samSoblos daxsnis keTilSobilurma ideam mravalTa sicocxle
Seiwira. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam sastikad iZia Suri da mebrZol
saqarTvelos masobrivi represiebiT gausworda. marto ajanyebis dReebSi,
oficialuri cnobiT, daxvrites 980 adamiani (araoficialuri monacemebiT
es ricxvi 4 aTass utoldeba). daxvretilTa Soris iyvnen saqarTvelos
29
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis wevri noe xomeriki, qalaq
Tbilisis yofili Tavi benia CxikviSvili, erovnuli gvardiis yofili
sardali valiko juReli, generlebi s. yaralaSvili, i. furcelaZe, n.
gardafxaZe da sxva araerTi mamuliSvili. WiaTuraSi satvirTo vagonebSi
Sehyares da tyviamfrqvevebiT dacxriles 95 kaci. sofel ruisSi
mTlianad amowyvites faniaSvilebis 24 suliani ojaxi da sxva amgvari.
(janeliZe 2009:160).
1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis damarcxebiT ZiriTadad damTavrda
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis meore
etapi.
1924-1925 wlebidan daiwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aSkara
SezRudva da male igi erTiani totalitaruli saxelmwifos
ganusazRvrel uflebebSi STainTqa.
1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo erovnuli
motiviT. ajanyeba qarTveli eris pasuxi iyo ucxo Zalis mier
saqarTvelos dapyrobaze da miznad isaxavda warTmeuli Tavisuflebis
dabrunebas, dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebas.
30
$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... politikuri politikuri politikuri politikuri viTarebviTarebviTarebviTareba saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930----ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,
represiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnul----ganmaTaviganmaTaviganmaTaviganmaTavisuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdeg
sabWoTa sistemis, komunisturi xelisuflebis yvela miRwevasa Tu
damsaxurebas Crdils fens da afermkrTalebs umagaliTo represiebi,
romlebic mTeli qveynis masStabiT periodulad xorcieldeboda da
uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
1934 wlis 1 dekembers leningradSi, smolnSi teroristma mokla s.m.
kirovi – i.b. stalinis uerTgulesi mxardamWeri da piradi megobari, es
mkleloba sabWoTa xeisuflebam kargad gamoiyena Tavisi politikuri
mowinaaRmdegeebis gasanadgureblad. ukve 1936 wels, moskovSi daiwyo
sajaro procesebi trockistul-zinovievuri opoziciis
warmomadgenlobis winaaRmdeg.
miuxedavad imisa, rom represiebi kremlidan imarTeboda, iq
ganisazRvreboda dasaxvret-dasapatimrebelTa raodenoba da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi vinaobac, magram arc adgilobrivi xelisufalT uSlida
vinme Tavgamodebas “gegmis” gadaWarbebisaTvis (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:162)162)162)162)....
ideurad yovelmxriv Semzadebuli saqarTvelos komunisturi
organizacia aqtiurad Caeba am saqmeSi. l. beria, Tavisi “Cekisturi”
gamocdilebiTa da SesaSuri energiiT axorcielebda “xalxis mtrebis”
aRmoCenisa da politikuri ganadgurebis nacad praqtikas.
moskovis procesebis dawyebisTanave, saqarTvelos samrewvelo
sawarmoebsa da SromiT organizaciebSi imarTeboda mitingebi, sadac
sastikad gmobdnen trockistul-zinovievuri opoziciis liderebis
antisabWoTa moqmedebebs.
l. berias iniciativiT saqarTvlos komunisturi partiis liderebi
da aqtivistebi, vinc sxvadasxva dros monawileobas iRebdnen stalinis
sawinaaRmdego fraqciebSi (`nacional-uklonistebi” da sxv.), iyvnen
trockistebi, emxrobodnen buxarins, partiul krebebsa da disputebze
partiis generaluri xazis garkveuli kritikiT gamodiodnen - `Sav
siebSi” Cairicxnen.
1937 wlis ivlisSi Sedga b. mdivnis, m. toroSeliZis, m. okujavas da
sxvaTa `jaSuSur-diversiuli-gamcemluri organizaciis” Ria procesi.
31
amas mohyva 1937 wlis seqtemberSi aWaris `kontrrevoluciur-
saajanyo centris” procesi. braldebulebs: z. lorTqifaniZes, g.
ramiSvils, S. maTikaSvils da sxvebs abralebdnen, rom maT surdaT
`aWaris deda-samSoblosgan Camocileba, aWaraSi kapitalisturi wyobis
aRdgena.” am procesis Sedegad sxvebTan erTad daisaja qarTveli
mamuliSvili jemal qiqava, romelmac mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba
samuslimano saqarTvelos deda-samSoblosTan organulad dakavSirebis
saSviliSvilo saqmes moaxmara (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:145145145145----146).146).146).146).
represiebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fenas Seexo, magram mis
mTavar samiznes inteligencia warmoadgenda. politikuri represiebis
msxverpli gaxdnen saxelovani qarTveli mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili,
TvalsaCino poeti tician tabiZe, uniWieresi reJisori sandro axmeteli,
aRiarebuli musikosi da diriJori evgeni miqelaZe, cnobili swavlulebi
grigol wereTeli, vaxtang kotetiSvili da mravali sxva. protestis
niSnad saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris SenobaSi Tavi moikla poetma
paolo iaSvilma. fizikur ganadgurebas gadaurCnen, magram wamebis gza
gamoiares iseTma didma mecnierebma, rogorebic iyvnen ivane javaxiSvili,
Salva nucubiZe, simon yauxCiSvili, vukol beriZe, mixeil zandukeli da
sxvebi.
politikuri wmenda da represiebi Seexo wiTeli armiis qarTul
nawilebs: daapatimres diviziis meTauriebi Tuxareli da quTaTelaZe,
polkovniki gedevaniSvili da sxvebi.
represiebi ganicades avtonomiuri respublikebisa da olqis
xelmZRvanelebma, SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma: v.
lakobam, k. inalifam, d. jergeniam, s. filiam, i. jojievma, v. xubaevma, gr.
sanakoevma da bervma sxvam.
me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvis totalitarulma reJimma qveyanaSi
Seqmna imgvari fsiqologiuri klimati, rom sxvaTa usafuZvlo dasmena,
ciliswameba da misT. dasaZrax movlenad ki aRar aRiqmeboda, aramed
`socializmis sadarajoze” dgomad da mosawon da sapatio saqmed
miiCneoda.
politikuri represiebis Jams sazogadoebis erTma nawilma dakarga
adamianuri saxe, Caeflo uzneobisa da moraluri degrazaciis tyveobaSi.
32
erTmaneTs abezRebdnen angarebis, Suris, qonebis dauflebis surviliTa
Tu sxva mankieri sababiT. usamarTlod ganikiTxavdnen da zurgs
aqcevdnen SerisxulTa ojaxebs, gaurbodnen maTTan yovelgvar kavSirs.
msxverplis gamosarCleba uazro Tavganwirvas niSnavda.
sabednierod, mravalma im gausaZlisi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
teroris pirobebSic SeinarCuna Rirseba da gamoavlina humanizmi
represirebulTa mimarT.
masobrivma represiebma mTlianad gaanadgura antistalinuri
opoziciis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, yela SesaZlo politikuri
oponenti, ganamtkica i. b. stalinis diqtatura.
33
Tavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meore
erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZineba
$ 1$ 1$ 1$ 1. . . . saersaersaersaerTaSoriso TaSoriso TaSoriso TaSoriso viTareba viTareba viTareba viTareba meore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdeg
meore msoflio omis Sedegad saerTaSoriso asparezze mkveTrad
Seicvala ZalTa Tanafardoba sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod. sabWoTa
jarebi idgnen evropis bevr saxalxo demokratiis qveyanaSi. sabWoTa
kavSiris zewolis Sedegad socialisturi reJimebi Seiqmna poloneTSi,
CexoslovakiaSi, iugoslaviaSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ungreTsa da
albaneTSi.
kardinaluri cvlilebebi xdeboda aziis mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi.
1945 wlis seqtemberSi gamocxadda vietnamis demokratiuli respublika.
aseTive gzas daadga CrdiloeT korea, romelic iaponiis batonobisagan
gaaTavisufla sabWoTa armiam. 1948 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna koreis
saxalxo_demokratiuli respublika. 1949 wlis 1 oqtombers gamocxadda
CineTis saxalxo respublika, imave wlis 7 oqtombers ki Seiqmna
germaniis demokratiuli respublika.
amrigad, Camoyalibda msoflio socialisturi sistema, romelic
moicavda dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3-ze mets da teritoriis 26%-s.
msoflios am ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli banakis garda, qveynebis
jgufma, romlebSic Sediodnen: indoeTi, birma, indonezia, avRaneTi,
avstria, fineTi da sxva, romlebic ar SeuerTdnen aRniSnul or banaks
da Seqmnes e.w. neitraluri qveynebis banaki anu ,,mSvidobis zona”.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi msoflios politikur rukaze
xorcieldeboda e.w. ,,civi omis” viTarebaSi. 1946 wlis 14 marts aSS-s
qalaq fultonSi warmoTqmul Tavis sityvaSi u. CerCilma pirvelad
gamoiyena gamoTqma ,,rkinis farda”, rac niSnavda msoflios gamoyofas
sabWoTa kavSirisagan, mis saerTaSoriso izolacias.
u. CerCilis gamosvlas fultonSi umalve mohyva i. stalinis
interviu, romelSic aRniSnuli sityva Sefasebul iqna rogorc mowodeba
34
omisaken sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. igi miCneulia ,,civi omis”
dasawyisad.
,,civi omi” niSnavda didi saxelmwifoebis sagareo politikis axali
kursis SemuSavebas. aSS-is sagareo politikuri programa 1947 wlis
maisSi Camoayaliba prezidentma h. trumenma da igi ,,trumenis doqtrinis”
saxeliTaa cnobili. aRniSnulma doqtrinam saTave daudo farTo
samxedro daxmarebas mTeli rigi qveynebisadmi, ris Sedegadac msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynebis teritoriebze iqmneboda amerikis samxedro bazebis
farTo qseli ((((naTmelanaTmelanaTmelanaTmelaZZZZeeee 2004: 2004: 2004: 2004: 257)257)257)257)....
1947 wels SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma, jorj
marSalma, evropas ekonomikis aRdgenis programa SesTavaza. marSalis
gegma iTavaliswinebda aseve daxmarebas sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi
evropeli ,,mokavSireebisaTvis”. sabWoTa kavSirma uaryo es daxmareba.
1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi orma amerikulma (aSS, kanada) da
aTma evropulma (briuselis paqtis wevri 5 qveyana, italia, dania,
isalandia, norvegia, portugalia) saxelmwifom Sekra ,,Crdilo
atlantikuri kavSiri” _ ,,nato”.
1955 wels, nato_Si germaniis federaciuli respublikis
gawevrianebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirma saswrafod Seqmna sakuTari
samxedro-politikuri organizacia _ ,,varSavis paqti” (1955 wlis 14
maisi), romelSic Sevidnen: poloneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia,
rumineTi, ungreTi, gdr da albaneTi.
,,nato”-s SeqmniT da ,,varSavis xelSekrulebis” gaformebiT
msoflioSi dasrulda bipolarizaciis procesi.
35
$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSi
2.1.2.1.2.1.2.1. tragediis winaptragediis winaptragediis winaptragediis winapirobebiirobebiirobebiirobebi
i. stalinis gardacvalebam 1953 wlis 5 marts gamoiwvia
avtoritaruli sistemis krizisi. xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca n.
xruSCovi (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:264)264)264)264)....
qveyanaSi aSkarad gamoCnda demokratiis gamococxlebis niSnebi,
magram ruseTis imperiisaTvis demokratia pirobiTi mcnebaa da yovel
SemTxvevaSi, erovnul sakiTxze igi ar vrceldeba, rac kidev erTxel
daadastura 1956 wlis 9 martis saSinelma sisxlisRvram. axalma liderma
cvlilebebis politika pirovnebis anu i. stalinis kultis mkacri
kritikiT daiwyo.
1956 wlis TebervalSi, moskovSi skkp XX yriloba Seikriba.
yrilobis daskvniT sxdomaze xruSCovma vrceli moxseneba waikiTxa
,,stalinis pirovnebis kultis Sesaxeb”. axali ,,beladi” Zvels 30-50-ian
wlebSi ssr kavSirSi ganxorcielebul masobriv represiebSi amxelda da
brals sdebda koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis ugulebelyofaSi,
xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebaSi da sxv. n. xruSCovi amtkicebda, rom
socializmma stalinis xelSi ,,deformacia” ganicada. TiTqos sabWoTa
qveynis winaSe mdgari social-ekonomikuri Tu sxva siZneleebi
ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis piradi TvisebebiT da ara sabWoTa
totalitarul-biurokratiuli sistemis uvargisobiT.
xruSCovis Sefaseba ar efuZneboda sakiTxis siRrmiseul analizs.
igi movlenis mxolod calmxrivi, zedapiruli axsna iyo. Sesabamisad,
kritikis maxvilic reJimis mankierebaTa daZlevis nacvlad, erTi
pirovnebis, _ stalinis winaaRmdeg miimarTa. stalinis kritika nagvianeb
angariSsworebas daemsgavsa da bevrgan antiqarTuli gamoxdomebiTac
Seivso ((((jjjjaneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:186186186186----187187187187))))....
es kampania pirad da politikur faqtorebTan erTad, socialisturi
ekonomikis moaxloebul krizisis viTarebaSi gantevebis vacis Ziebis
aucileblobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. TavisTavad wamowyebuli kampania
pozitiurad da misasalmeblad CaiTvaleboda, magram misma avtorma igi
36
erTi mxriv gaugonari braldebiT da ciliswamebiT, meore mxriv ki
sakuTari personis Selamazebis mcdelobiT daamZima ((((samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15))))....
farTodaa gavrcelebuli azri, rom stalinis pirovnebis kultis
kritika n. xruSCovma stalinisadmi piradi siZulvilis gamo daiwyo. es
ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo mosazrebaa. SeiZleba iyo pirovnuli
siZulvilic, magram politikaSi zogadad da, miT umetes, did
politikaSi piradi simpaTia-antipaTia mxolod meorexarisxovan rols
TamaSobs. ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori am Tu im politikuri
jgufis da qveynis interesia.
maS, ra amoZravebda xruSCovs?!
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg misi upirvelesi mizani poziciebis
gamagreba iyo. am mxriv, misTvisac da politbiuros danarCeni
wevrebisTvisac, yvelaze saxifaTo l. berias figura Canda da amitom
yvelam erTad, stalinis gardacvalebidan sul ramdenime TveSi, moiSora
igi. amiT pirveli etapi xelisuflebis SenarCunebisa dasrulda, magram n.
xruSCovi mTlad mSvidad ver iqneboda – vin-vin da man xom mSvenivrad
icoda, rom misi avtoriteti politbiuros SigniTac da qveyanaSic
gacilebiT dabali iyo, vidre politbiuros sxva wevrebisa, is xom erT-
erTi yvelaze uferuli figura iyo stalinis garemocvaSi. etyoba,
amitomac, erTmaneTisagan urTierTdazRvevis mizniT, yvelaze uxifaTod
danarCenebma is miiCnies ck-s mdivnis postze. amdenad, n. xruCovs rom
Tavi srulfasovan xelisuflad egrZno, aucileblad unda gadaeWra ori
problema – politikuri asparezidan unda moeSorebina stalinis Zveli
gvardia da meore – rogorme gaeRviva dasavleTis qveynebis mier
oficialurad gamoucxadebeli, magram faqtobrivad arsebuli
ekonomikuri blokada. am orive problemis mogvarebis saukeTeso
saSualeba iyo pirovnebis kultis kritika. advili misaxvedria, rom
stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritika TavisTavad vrceldeboda mis
yofil garemocvasa da TanamebrZolebze, romelTa ricxvsac, Tavisi
uferulobis gamo, xruSCovi arafriT miekuTvneboda sazogadoebis
TvalSi. es, erTi mxriv, saSualebas aZlevda Seelaxa maTi avtoriteti
rogorc partiis SigniT, aseve sazogadoebaSi da Semdeg umtkivneulod
Camoecilebina gzidan (asec moxda), xolo meore mxriv, es iyo ganacxadi
37
dasavleTisaTvis, rom sabWoebis axali xelisufleba, gmobs ra stalinis
pirovnebis kults, rac, faqtiurad, stalinis sagareo politikis
dagmobasac niSnavs, uars ambobs msoflioSi komunisturi revoluciisa
da ideologiis Zalismier eqsportze. ai, realuri mizezi stalinis
pirovnebis kultis kritikisa (laparakia mxolod kosmetikur da sakadro
cvlilebeze), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom l. berias daxvretiT
mTavrdeba politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebisa da partiis wmendis
stalinisturi meTodi, axali xelisufleba ufro lmobieri da
mimtevebelia da metoqeTa mxolod politikuri ganadgurebiT
kmayofildeba (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: 40)40)40)40)....
l. berias daxvretis Semdeg misi bedi bevrma kolegam gaiziara
rogorc centrSi, aseve respublikebSi. amitom garkveuli periodi es
organo TiTqmis paralizebuli iyo, ramac xelisufleba daarwmuna, rom
imperiis SenarCuneba am organos gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram aseve
aucilebelia misi garkveulwilad modernizeba. sazogadoebaSi unda
aRdgeniliyo am organosadmi stalinis periodSi arsebuli SiSi da
Zrwola. amasTanave suk-s unda moexdina yovelgvari informaciis
Segroveba da gadamuSaveba, rac informatorTa gacilebiT farTo qselis
Seqmnas saWiroebda, vidre sakuTari iniciativiT mezoblis dabezRebaa,
xolo Segrovili informaciis gadamuSaveba – specialists; Tundac
suliT xorcamde erTguli, orTodoqsi marqsisti da brZanebis usityvod
aRmsrulebeli, magram gauTvaliswinebeli pirovneba am saqmes ver
Seasrulebda. suk-Si iwyeba sakadro cvlilebebi, mohyavdaT ra Tqma unda
erTguli da Semowmebuli, magram sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arsebulidan
SerCeuli, SedarebiT ganaTlebuli da niWieri specialistebi.
1953 wlis Semdgom periodSi, sabWoeTis xelisuflebis saTaveSi e. w.
reformator-demokratebis mosvlis Semdeg, qveyanaSi iwyeba susti
mxareebis gamovlena, respublikebSi izrdeba erovnuli suliskveTeba,
romelic ama Tu im formiT kidevac iCens Tavs (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999aaaa::::5)5)5)5)....
socialisturi sistemis xalxebi ramdenadme daabnia komunisturi
propagandis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi danergili da naloliavebi miTis
erTbaSad da moulodnelad damxobam. magram qarTvelma axalgazrdobam
es faqti gansakuTrebiT mZimed ganicada.
38
pirovnebis kultis sawinaaRmdegod xelisufleba xazs usvamda
xelmZRvanelobis koleqtiuri principis mniSvnelobas, magram igi
rCeboda formalur moTxovnad.
amgvarad, sabWoTa imperiis centrSi politikuri mesveurebis mier
Seqmnilma politikurma da ideologiurma viTarebam moamzada pirobebi
1956 wlis 9 martis tragediisaTvis.
39
2.2. 2.2. 2.2. 2.2. sazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebriv----politikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebi 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis
movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)
pirovnebis kultis kritika skkp XX yrilobaze mimarTuli iyo ara
prosabWour sivrceSi diqtatoruli reJimis, aramed mxolod i. stalinis
pirovnebis winaaRmdeg, rasac didi reaqcia mohyva saqarTveloSi. i.
stalinis samSobloSi misi kritika miiCnies rwmenisa da idealis
xelyofad, qarTveli eris damcirebad da Seuracxyofad, radgan
stalinis saxeli erovnuli siamayis simbolod iyo aRqmuli.
pirovnebis kultis dagmobam, romelic daemTxva i. stalinis
gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavs, gamoiwvia Tbilisis, goris, quTaisisa da
sxva qalaqebis axalgazrdobis gamosvla_manifestacia. gansakuTrebiT
xalxmravali iyo TbilisSi stalinis monumentTan gamarTuli mitingi.
axalgazrdoba gamovida stalinis dasacavad, radgan misTvis Zneli iyo
erwmuna stalinisaTvis miwerili borotmoqmedebani xalxis interesebis
sazianod. stalinis kritika aRqmul iqna erovnuli Rirsebis damcirebad
(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:265265265265----266)266)266)266).... amitom, usazRvro iyo xalxis guliswyroma da
aRSfoTeba, rodesac 1956 wlis dasawyisSi gavrcelda xmebi stalinis
pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ,,daxuruli werilis” Sesaxeb.
Tbilisisa da saerTod, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba moicva ,,daxuruli
werilis” mimarT saprotesto ganwyobam. qarTveli sazogadoeba am
periodSi stalinis kritikas aRiqvamda erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis,
erovnul grZnobaTa Selaxvad. arc uamisoba iyo. adre pativsacemi
qarTveloba TiTqmis salanZRavad iqca. arc xruSCovi iyo
keTilganwyobili qarTvelebis mimarT ((((gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990:::: #10)#10)#10)#10)....
siZulvilis apogead SeiZleba miviCnioT is TariRi, roca xruSCovma
didi beladis mavzoleumidan gamotana da misi gvamis dawvis brZaneba
gasca. aseTma ugunurma gadawyvetilebam mTlianad gaacofa qarTveli
xalxi. saprotesto mitingebi daiwyo rostovSi, baqoSi, kievSi da sxva
qalaqebSic (qiria(qiria(qiria(qiria 2003:#0652003:#0652003:#0652003:#065))))....
1956 wlis martis dasawyisSi, TbilisSi revoluciuri situacia
Seiqmna. movlenebi TiTqmis stiqiurad viTardeboda, magram hqonda erTi
sistemuri organizacia. yvelaze metad aqtiurobda Tbilisis
40
universitetis istoriis fakultetis studentoba. aseve, saqarTvelos
zooveterinaruli da sasoflo_sameurneo institutebis, saqarTvelos
politeqnikuri institutis studentebi ((((janeliZe janeliZe janeliZe janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009: ####42424242))))....
stalinis xsovnisadmi pativis migeba misi gardacvalebisTanave
daiwyo. 1954 wlis martSi stalinis sikvdilis dReebSi, ZeglTan
sanapiroze xalxi midioda da yvavilebi mihqondaT (cot-cota manamdec
mihqondaT, mas Semdeg, rac misi mxilebis kampania daiwo). es svla arc
winaswar dagegmili yofila vinmes mier da arc cnobili. igi stiqiuri
iyo da misi erTaderTi motivi iyo protesti (naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991:::: 7777)))).... misulni
yvavilebis dawyobis Semdeg erTxans dgebodnen baRSi Zeglis win. da,
amgvarad, im eqvsi dRis manZilze aq dRisiT TiTqmis ganuwyveteli
usityvo mitingi iyo _ pirveli araoficialuri da mTavrobis kursis
sawinaaRmdego mitingi sabWoTa kavSirSi mas Semdeg, rac stalinuri
reJimi damyarda.
momdevno 1955 wels ZeglTan xalxi Seudareblad meti iyo da utyvi
mitingic Seudareblad ufro didic. igi monawileTa da aramonawileTa
mier ukve savsebiT gacnobierebuli iyo, rogorc mitingi da arsebuli
viTarebisadmi, rogorc aseTisadmi, protestisa da winaaRmdegobis forma.
bolo erTi wlis manZilze stalinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampania
ufro farToc gaxda da ufro TvalSi sacemad usamarTloc im mxriv,
rom stalinis pirovnebis maginebeli xelisufalni arc mis Seqmnil
imperiaze fiqrobdnen xelis aRebas, arc misi meTodiT agebul
samxedro_samrewvelo kompleqsze, arc mis Seqmnil diqtaturaze, arc
kolmeurneobaze, arc ekonomikuri Tu politikuri reJimis romelime sxva
ZiriTad formaze. antiqarTuli gamoxtomebic araTu ar klebulobda
sixSiriT am xnis manZilze, aramed izrdeboda...
am mdgomareobas axali garemoebebic daerTo, _ stalinis ufro da
ufro mzardi da oficialuri gineba (XX yriloba). ruseTis
mosaxleobis nawilis TvalSi es oficialuri pozicia gadatyda rogorc
istoriis saboloo ganaCeni qarTvelobis mimarT, romelsac ,,kargi”
cxovrebisaTvis sxva araviTari safuZveli ar moepoveboda, garda
stalinis Tanamemamuleobisa. qarTvelis TvalSi ki es gadatyda rogorc
41
gadamwyveti ieriSis signali saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (naTaZe(naTaZe(naTaZe(naTaZe 1989198919891989:::: #28)#28)#28)#28),,,,
ramac moamzada kidec tragediis safuZvlebi.
1956 wlis martis dReebSi saqarTveloSi ori tragedia moxda.
pirveli _ qarTveli axalgazrdoba partiis meoce yrilobis Semdeg
gamovida i. stalinis pirovnebis dasacavad, radgan mis kritikaSi
yvelafer sxvasTan erTad dainaxa qarTvelTa erovnuli grZnobis
Seuracxyofac.
meore _ am gamosvlis winaaRmdeg mcireodeni gaurkvevlobisa da
dayovnebis Semdeg, xelisuflebam iraRi ixmara. daiRupa da dasaxiCrda
mravali adamiani.
Tu pirveli tragediis axsna kidev SeiZleba sxvadasxva realuri
viTarebiTa da mosazrebiT, meore tragedia auxsneli da upatiebelia.
amas daemata mesame tragedia, ufro sworad, tragikomedia. martis
ambebis ganxilvis dros partiis maSindel umaRles instanciaSi es
gamosvlebi Sefasda rogorc nacionalisturi gamoxdoma, qarTvel xalxs
dabralda nacionalizmi. sxvebTan erTad am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
iaqtiures n. xruSCovma, v. molotovma da a. miqoianma, xolo v. mJavanaZes
daavales respublikaSi internacionaluri aRzrdis gaZliereba! ((((buaCiZe buaCiZe buaCiZe buaCiZe
1998:#151998:#151998:#151998:#15))))
rac Seexeba ioseb stalinis moRavaweobis erovnulobas, igi
arasodes yofila viwro, erovnuli, sqarTvelos Tu amierkavkasiis
masStabis moRvawe. zogadad aRebuli igi saerTaSoriso rangis
revoluciuri moRvawe iyo. mTeli Tavisi energia, niWi da
organizatoruli talanti uZRvna saerTaSoriso da ruseTis
proletarul moZraobas. araerTgzis piradi aRiarebis Tanaxmad, igi
rusi bolSeviki iyo da mSobliur enad rusuls Tvlida da acxadebda.
ras icavda, Tundac uneburad, qarTveli axalgazrdoba, roca
martis im dReebSi i. stalinis dasacavad quCebSi da moednebze gamovida?
cxadia, xalxi ar SeiZleboda gamosuliyo stalinisdroindeli
represiebis momxred, aTasobiT udanaSaulo adamianTa mospobis momxred.
aq gadaxlarTulia sul sxvadasxva, erTi SexedviT SeuTavsebeli,
momentebi da garemoebani. TviT cocxlad darCenil, aTasobiT
represirebul, Soreul CrdiloeTSi, cimbirSi, Sua aziaSi udanaSaulod
42
gadasaxlebulTac ki swamdaT, rom stalinma ubralod ,,ar icoda” ra
xdeboda qvemoT, rom igi SecdomaSi swored mtrebma Seiyvanes. sjerodaT,
rom stalini did istoriul saqmes iyo SeWidebuli, pirnaTlad
asrulebda leninis anderZs da axal samyaros qmnida.
magram, SesaZlebelia martis ambebSi erovnuli grZnobebis
gamoricxva? arada, ara, qarTveli xalxi im dReebSi marTlac, rom
amayobda staliniT, misi roliT, misi pirovnebiT, misi saqmeebiT, imiT,
rom stalini warmoSobiT mainc qarTveli iyo.
ai es iyo tragedia, xolo, antipartiuli, antisabWoTa da
nacionalisturi im gamosvlebSi araferi yofila.
43
2.3.2.3.2.3.2.3. 1956 wl1956 wl1956 wl1956 wlis martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologia
1956 wlis martis tragikul movlenaTa qronologia aseTia:
1956 wlis 3 marts, dilis 8:30 wuTze, didma qarTvelma msaxiobma
spartak baRaSvilma miitana pirveli gvirgvini beladis ZeglTan
(maWavariani(maWavariani(maWavariani(maWavariani 2007:2007:2007:2007:#9)#9)#9)#9)....
1956 wlis 5 marts, SuadRis 12 saaTisaTvis, studqalaqidan
universitetisaken axalgazrdebis kolona WavWavaZis prospeqtiT daiZra.
xelSi eWiraT transparantebi warweriT: ,,dideba did stalins”, stalinis
suraTebi da gvirgvini. universitetTan manifestantebs SeuerTda
studentTa didi jgufi. mozrdili kolona meliqiSvilis, leninis
quCebisa da rusTavelis prospeqtis gavliT gaemarTa leninis
moednisaken. gzadagza demonstrantebs uerTdeboda mosaxleoba,
ZiriTadad axalgazrdoba. leninis moedani demonstrantebiT gaivso.
isini SeCerdnen qalaqis sabWosTan, xelovnebis muzeumTan (sasuliero
seminariis yofili Senoba, sadac swavlobda stalini) lozungebi aseTi
iyo: ,,dideba did stalins”, ,,uari vuTxraT ,,daxurul werils”, ukan
waiRon daxuruli werili”. xalxi puSkinis quCisa da kolmeurneobis
moednis gavliT mivida sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan da gvirgvinebiT
Seamko Zeglis kvarcxlbeki. aq demonstnantebi, ZiriTadad studenti
axalgazrdoba, stalinis ideebisadmi erTgulebis fics sdebda.
universitetis studentTa magaliTs qalaqis sxva saswavleblis
studentebma da moswavleebmac mibaZes. 5-8 marts TbilisSi faqtiurad
Sewyda mecadineoba. gvirgvinebiTa da lozungebiT darazmuli
axalgazrdoba miemarTeboda stalinis qandakebisaken, rogorc meqas Savi
qvisaken. manifestaciaSi monawileobis misaRebad TbilisSi mosaxleoba
saqarTvelos sxvadsasxva raionidan Camovida. qalaqSi SeZaxilebiTa da
sirenebis gamayruebeli xmauriT daqrodnen axalgazrdebi. cxovreba
paralizebuli iyo. momitingeebi jer ,,yofiT” problemebs uyenebdnen
qalaqis partiul xelmZRvanelobasa da administracias. magaliTad,
iTxovdnen stalinis Zeglis mimdebare teritoriisa da leninis moednis
radioficirebas, rac dauyovnebliv Sesrulda ((((janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#42424242)))). . . .
44
sayuradReboa, rom Ramec ki, roca ZeglTan 1500_2000 sulze meti
aRar rCeboda xolme, radioqselis Camogleja ar ucdiaT.
oficialuri cnobebiT, 50_60 aTasi kaci Seikriba. mitingebi daiwyo
agreTve gorSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi, cxinvalSi (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos
respubrespubrespubrespublika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48)))). . . .
9 marts baTumis pedagogiuri institutis studentoba gamovida
yvavilebiT mownuli araCvelebrivad didi girliandiT. xalxis simravle
imanac gamoiwvia, rom dilidanve gaxda cnobili, rom mitings partiis
saolqo da saqalaqo xelmZRvaneloba Caatarebda. marTalia, momitingeTa
Soris gadacmuli samarTaldamcavebic ki mravlad iyvnen, magram
arcerTi maTgani ar mosula momitingeebTan da ar mouTxoviaT an
mitingis Sewyveta da daSla an raime sxva saxiT gafrTxileba. aSkarad
Canda, rom xelisuflebac solidarobas ucxadebda momitingeebs
samSoblos Rirsebis dacvaSi. ((((m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s., partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18aaaa, aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq.
51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)
9 marts dilis 11 saaTze i. b. stalinis ZeglTan daidga samTavrobo
mitingisaTvis saWiro yvela atributi. gaimarTa mitingis radioficirebis
sistema da daiwyo i. b. stalinis gardacvalebis sami wlisTavisadmi
miZRvnili oficialuri saqalaqo mitingi. prezidiumSi idgnen
saqarTvelos kp aWaris saolqo da saqalaqo komitetis biuros wevrebi,
mdivnebi, ministrebi, saxelmwifo komitetis Tavmjdomareebi saqarTvelos
kp aWaris saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis daviT mamulaZis
meTaurobiT. ((((bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:22222222----23)23)23)23)
baTumSi mimdinare mitingi mSvidobianad damTavrda 9 martis saRamos
8 saTze. TbilisSi mimdinare mitingis darbevisas datrialebuli
tragediis Sesaxeb baTumSi mimdinare mitingis monawileebma mxolod
meore dRes diliT Seityves. ((((bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:33)33)33)33)
im dReebSi xSirad Tovda, wvimda magram zRva xalxi daCoqili
mReroda beladis sayvarel simReras _ ,,gafrindi, Savo mercxalo”.
yvavilebiT iyo morTuli qalaqis centraluri _ dRes Tavisulebis
moedani. iq Sekrebil axalgazrdebs xSirad uCvenebdnen mxatvrul films
,,lenini oqtomberSi” _ sadac proletariatis ori beladi _ lenini da
da stalini xvdebodnen erTmaneTs.
45
qalaqis sxva adgilebic (pirvel yovlisa, sadguris moedani)
xalxiT ivseboda, Tumca sxvagan, garda zemoxsenebuli ori adgilisa
(sanapiroze ZeglTan da leninis moedanze), tribuna ar gaumarTavT
(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28))))....
stalinis suraTis demonstraciaze gamotaniT demonstrantebma
gamoiyenes eSmakuri iaraRi, ruseTis istoriaSi yofila msgavsi sxva
SemTxvevebic. magaliTad: 1905 wlis 9 ianvaris kargad cnobil
demonstracias win miuZRoda nikoloz II-is suraTi ((((comaia comaia comaia comaia 2003: #402003: #402003: #402003: #40))))....
mitingiT isargebles ucxoeTis sadazvervo samsaxurebmac da
Tavidan mxolod stalinis Rirsebis damcvel am mravalaTasian
Tavyrilobaze ukve mesame_meoTxe dRes gaCnda Semogdebuli mowodebebic.
da, bolos saqme iqamde mivida, rom gamoikveTa saerTo azri, da
ganwyobileba, gamoveyoT sabWoTa saxelmwifoso.
demonstaraciebisa da manifestaciebis dReebSi gamoCnda mTavrobis
sawinaaRmdego xelnaweri furclebi. amas mohyva dabeWdili
proklamaciebic, mcire formatis broSurebi, TviT maRal poligrafiul
doneze Sesrulebuli axali, arasabWouri, gerbiani feradi
proklamaciebi, furclebi soliduri teqstebiT, romelSic dagmobili
iyo skkp, sabWoTa mTavroba. maTi Semdgenel-gamavrceleblebi xalxs
mouwodebdnen ebrZolaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis (nozaZe (nozaZe (nozaZe (nozaZe
1992:1992:1992:1992:103)103)103)103)....
erTi sityviT, damoukidebel saqarTveloze daiwyo laparaki. es ki
ukve is sakiTxi iyo, romelzec maSin iluziasac veravin Seqmnida.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs informaciis sxvadasxvaoba
mitingis monawileTa Siris. 1956 wlis martis dReebSi stalinis
pirovnebisa da qarTveli eris Rirebis dasacavad q. baTumSi gamarTuli
mitingis uSualo minawile iuri bibileiSvili Tavis mogonebebSi wers
Semdegs: ,,axla xSirad weren, rom Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi gamarTul
mitingebze ismoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnebi. me ar
SemiZlia amis dadastureba. maSin namdvilad ar idga sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis moTxovna. saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebidan miRebuli
informaciebidan vici, rom yvelgan, sadac saprotesto mitingebi
imarTeboda, xalxi moiTxovda moskovis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT
46
Rirseul damokidebulebas, pativiscemiT mopyrobas” (” (” (” (bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili iSvili iSvili iSvili
2011:2011:2011:2011:29)29)29)29)....
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck._is pirveli mdivnis v. mJavanaZis, erTi
arcTu rigiTi (rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena)
reaqcia... SesTavazes, momitinge axalgazrdobas davSliT wylis WavliTo,
brandspoitebiTo. ras ambobT, dacivdebian bavSvebio. ai, aseTi pasuxi
misca.
6 marts Catarda saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas biuros sxdoma. ra
Tqma unda, Tbilissa Tu respublikis sxva qalaqebSi Seqmnil
mdgomareobaze iyo msjeloba. miTiTeba erTaderTi iyo, ramenairad unda
miRweuliyo arsebuli mdgomareobis normalizaciisaTvis.
magram ise moxda, rom 7 martidan viTareba kidev ufro damZimda.
erTi SexedviT, amis sababad iqca CineTis saxalxo respublikis
Tavmjdomaris marSal ju des da mis Tanmxleb pirTa Tbilisuri viziti.
momitingeebma Seityves, rom sapatio stumrebi krwanisSi daabinaves da
dauyovnebliv gadawyvites, rom swveodnen ju des da mitingze sityvis
warmosaTqmelad daepatiJebinaT
mitingis erTi nawili aiSala da krwanisisken wavida. es iyo ara
delegacia, aramed 500-600 kaci (nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:13)13)13)13).... radgan Sors iyo, qalaqis
avtobusebi gaaCeres da krwanisSi wayvana mosTxoves. leseliZis quCaze
demonstracias gza gadauRoba quCis gardi_gardmo dayenebulma sabargo
manqanebma da Tbilisis saartilerio saswavleblis kursantebma.
demonstrantebma waarTves maT avtomatebi da iqve manqanebze miumtvries.
kursantebs srola ar ucdiaT. demonstracia mivida krwanisSi.
demonstrantTa jgufSi iyo studenti konstantine ciciSvili. igi
ju des miesalma, didi pativiscemiT moikiTxa mao Ze_duni da orives
janmrTeloba usurva. amasTan, auwya, rom rakiRa misi Camosvla stalinis
gardacvalebis sami wlisTavis aRniSvnas daemTxva, sTxovs sapatio
stumars, mobrZandes stalinis monumentTan gamarTul mitingze da iq
gamovides sityviT.
ju dem delegaciis wevrebs auxsna, rom avadmyofobis gamo ver
axerxebs xalxis Txovnis Sesrulebas, magram TbilisSi, mitingze
siamovnebiT gagzavnis Tavis warmomadgenels.
47
xalxma daujera da Tbilisisken Semobrunda. mas Tan axldnen m.
giorgaZe, ju des warmomadgeneli da Tarjimani. sanapiroze gamarTul
mitingze ju des warmomadgenelma sul raRac xuTwuTiani sityva
warmoTqva. aRniSna, rom ju de da CineTis mTeli delegacia kmayofilebi
arian saqarTveloSi CamosvliT da Tavis rezidenciaSi, krwanisSi
dabrunda.
7 Tu 8 marts diliT, studqalaqidan (sadac moZraobis centri iyo)
Zeglisken mZlavri demonstracia wamovida. universitetis quCaze maT
raRaca gangebiT daewia wyneTidan momavali saqarTvelos kompartiis
ck_s pirveli mdivnis, vasil mJavanaZis manqana. manqanam demonstaraciis
garRveva da gaswreba moindoma, igi ar gauSves, gaaCeres, mJavanaZe
gadmoiyvanes da aiZules demonstraciasTan erTad, lozungebis
,,gaumarjos stalins” da a.S. ZaxilSi gamoevlo is xuTasiode metri, rac
universitetamde rCeboda (iq demonstracia cota xniT SeCerda Zeglisken
wasvlamde). miliciis generali janjRava, romelic mJavanaZes axlda da
misi bedi gaiziara, braziT xorcs iglejda da TavxedebTan angariSis
gasworebas iTxovda, magram mJavanaZem aiZula igi, uxmod gadmosuliyo
manqanidan masTan erTad da demonstraciaSi masTan erTad gaevlo. es
faqti cnobili gaxda maSinve da ara Semdeg, roca janjRava
demonstrantTa daxvretis brZanebis gacemis erT-erTi Tanamonawile
gaxda. (dRes igi sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSia) ((((naTaZenaTaZenaTaZenaTaZe 1989:#281989:#281989:#281989:#28)))). . . .
9 marts diliT 5 saaTsa da 30 wuTze, kavSirgabmulobis saxlis win
gaCerda sami Tu oTxi satvirTo manqana. maT axalgazrdebi moiyvanes,
zogierTi fexiTac mosuliyo. maT, gamoyves 5-6 kaciani delegacia da
wamoayenes TavinTi moTxovnebi, rac iTvaliswinebda Semdegs:
9 marts diliT saqarTvelos radiogadacemebi dawyebuliyo
saqarTvelos himniT. ara marto musikiT, aramed teqstiT, rogorc es
adre iyo, Semdeg dRis ganmavlobaSi gadacemaTa programaSi
gaeTvaliswinebinaT qarTuli simRerebi, maT Soris ,,gafrindi Savo
mercxalo”.
axalgazrdebs Sedgenili hqondaT depeSis teqsti ssrk_s sxvadasxva
qalaqis axalgazrdobisaTvis gasagzavnad, riTac moiTxovdnen
48
mxardaWeras. teqsti mTavrdeboda sityvebiT: ,,gaumarjos lenins,
stalins!”
diliT 6 saaTze radiom gadacemebi ise daiwyo, rogorc
axalgazrdebis delegaciam moiTxova. dRis bolomde kavSirgabmulobis
saxlSi simSvide iyo (ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili 1989:#1141989:#1141989:#1141989:#114))))....
am dRes sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan, dilidan Tavi moiyares
Tbiliselebma da raionebidan Camosulebma, ZiriTadad axalgazrdobam.
daaxloebiT dRis pirvel saaTze stalinis Zeglis kvarcxlbekTan
gamarTul tribunaze movida saqarTvelos partiuli xelmZRvaneloba
vasil mJavanaZis meTaurobiT. masTan erTad movidnen msaxiobebi, maT
Soris akaki xorava, Tamar WavWavaZe, isini gamovidnen mogonebiT
stalinze, waikiTxes misdami miZRvnili leqsebi.
respublikis saxalxo artists emanuil afxaiZes mitingze
warmoTqmuli sityva ase daumTavrebia: ,,dido stalin, yrilobaze
Segadares to kudas (iaponiis kompartiis lideri) erTi wuTiT wamodeqi,
dainaxav kto kuda”...
kargad werda im dros erT_erTi indoeli Jurnalisti: ,,sabWoTa
kavSirSi pirveli Tavisufali demonstracia gaimarTa im adamianis
samSobloSi da im adamianis pativsacemad, vinc mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze axSobda demonstraciebs”.
ioseb noneSvilma waikiTxa SesaniSnavi leqsi ,,mamav, Zvirfaso”. maSin
studentis, axla ki cnobili poetisa da sazogado moRvawis jansuR
Carkvianis gamosvla, man SesZaxa, gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTveloso.
vaSa, iquxa xalxma, iyo taSi (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo 1997199719971997:#5:#5:#5:#5)))). . . .
mitingze 818 SekiTxva, winadadeba, rCeva, moTxovna iqna aRricxuli
da fiqsirebuli. maTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom isini exeboda socialur,
politikur, ideologiur, erovnul Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sakiTxebs. erT-erT SekiTxvaSi Riad aris moTxovna saqarTvelos
damoukideblobaze da ase JRerda: `SeiZleba Tu ara konstituciis
safuZvelze, saqarTvelo gamoeyos ssr kavSirs?” iyo mowodebebic
Tavisuflebis brZoliT mopovebis Sesaxeb.
qalaqSi satvirTo manqanebic moZraobdnen, romlebzec msaxiobebi
,,lenins” da ,,stalins” ansaxierebdnen. aqa_iq politbiuros wevrebis
49
suraTebic moCanda. iyo xruSCovis suraTic, mxolod is Tavdayira ekida.
(rusulad) ia xruSCev! aseTi warweriT darbodnen qalaqSi Casuqebuli
Rorebi ((((uruSaZe uruSaZe uruSaZe uruSaZe 2005:#54)2005:#54)2005:#54)2005:#54). . . .
arc erTi dawesebuleba, sawarmo, instituti, universiteti, skola
ar muSaobda.… mTeli qarTveli axalgazrdoba quCaSi iyo. wesrigs
xalxis mier gamoyofili razmelebi icavdnen (lurji zortebi hqondaT
mklavze). Camodioden da Camodioden warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos yvela
kuTxidan,… araviTari areuloba ar iyo!
saocari is iyo, rom araviTari xelmZRvaneloba ar arsebobda,
araviTari centraluri komiteti an msgavsi ram. yvelaferi mitingebze
xmis micemiT da xelis aweviT wydeboda. namdvili saswauli iyo.…
mere, TandaTanobiT da sakmaod swrafad saprotesto mitingebis
saerTo wamyvani Tema gaxda saqarTvelo da qveynis damoukidebloba.…sul
ufro xSirad gaismoda `qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar~ da sxva am xasiaTis
simRerebi! mitingebze sityviT gamomsvlelebi msjelobdnen imaze, vin
daudgeboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxarSi. zogi CineTs iZaxda
(Cineli komunistebi am dros ukve magrad iyvnen wakidebulebi rusebTan)
da zogi ki amerikas (SedarebiT naklebi).
im dReebSi TbilisSi Camovida skkp centraluri komitetis
partiuli organoebis ganyofilebis gamgis moadgile Sikini _
velikoderJaveli Sovinisti da antistalinisti, romelmac martis
movlenebis tragikulad ganviTarebaSi mTavari roli Seasrula. mas
Tavisi Zveli armieli xelqveiTi v. mJavanaZe Zlieri gavlenis qveS hyavda
moqceuli.
komkavSiris centraluri komitetis xelmZRvaneloba jer kidev ar
kargavda imeds, rom partia darTavda nebas, procesebis mimdinareobaze
garkveuli zemoqmedebis mizniT, saTaveSi moqceodnen am saprotesto
gamosvlas da am winadadebiT respublikis partiul xelmZRvanelobas
mimarTes kidec.
magram, es winadadeba ar gaiTavliswina saqarTvelos partiulma
xelmZRvanelobam, radgan swored Sikinis mosazrebam iTamaSa mTavari
sapiriswonis roli: Sikinis azriT _ komkavSiri antipartiul da
50
antisamTavrobo gamosvlebs uWerda mxars da XX yrilobis winaaRmdeg
ilaSqrebda.
Tamaz janeliZes da uSiSroebis ministrs _ aleqsi inaurs daevala
momitingeebTan molaparakeba. mitingis erT-erTi aqtiuri xelmZRvaneli
iyo rusTavSi mcxovrebi zaur maWavariani (is 19 marts daapatimres
leqciaze). isini sanapiroze Cavidnen da moelaparaknen zaur maWavarians,
rom 9 marts, stalinis dasaflavebis saaTisaTvis daniSnul samgloviaro
mitingis damTavrebisTanave, momitingeebi Sewyvetdnen TavianT aqcias.
9 marts mTavrobis mxridan kursi ukve mdgomareobis gamwvavebisken
iyo aRebuli. dilis 10 saaTisaTvis mitingze mJavanaZe movida da
naxevarsaaTiani sityva Tqva (damtvreuli qarTuliT). man qebiT ilaparaka
stalinze da sityvis dasasruls manifestantebs mouwoda, daSliliyvnen.
mJavanaZis gamosvliT mitingis monawileebma daijeres, rom mitingi
aRiarebuli iqna xelisufalTa mier da mTavrobam ukan daixia.
mJavanaZem da misma Tanmxlebma pirebma datoves tribuna, magram
mikrofonebisaTvis xeli aravis uxlia. sanapiroze Sekrebilma
manifestantebma TandaTanobiT iwyes daSla, daicala TiTqmis mTeli
moedani. Zegliswina teritoria miatoves milicielebmac, romlebic
wesrigis dasacavad iyvnen moxmobilni.
male daSlilma xalxma kvlav iwyo mogroveba. tribunaze erTmaneTs
cvlidnen oratorebi. maT gamosvlebSi ismis stalinis qeba_dideba da
xruSCovis kritika. saRamosTvis kritikuli gamosvlebi ufro gamwvavda
da mis lanZRvaSi gadavida. tribunebidan ismoda: ,,gaumarjos stalins”,
,,ukan gaigzavnos daxuruli werili”, ,,xruSCovi miecaes pasuxisgebaSi”,
,,wavideT arsenalze da aviRoT iaraRi! ”, ,,aqvea TurqeTi.”
daaxloebiT, dRis 3 saaTze, goris Teatris msaxiobebma
warmoadgines stalinisa da leninis Sexvedris scena tamerforsSi da
zogma mayurebelma mosTxova msaxiobebs, erTmaneTs gadaexvieTo.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom am scenas masis ZiriTad nawilSi
warmateba ar hqonia.
amasobaSi, saqmeSi CaerTvnen samxedroebi _ ZiriTadad mesazRvreebi.
sul ,,kargiT ra, biWebo” iZaxes, geyoT, davamTavroT, daviSaloT - ase
dayvavebiT cdilobdnen egzaltirebuli axalgazrdebis daSoSminebas.
51
gansxvavebiT me_8 polkis jariskacebisagan _ bavSvTa saxlebisgan
akrefili, usamSoblo, gaborotebuli biWebisagan, romlebic, rogorc ki
saSualeba miecemodaT, sastikad uswordebodnen adamianebs.
aseT saxifaTo viTarebaSi gaisma pirveli gasrolis xma.Amis mere
haerSi samxedroebmac gaisroles, avtomatebic ki akakanda. daiSala
kavSirgabmulobis sasaxlis Senobisken daZruli mTeli kolona, magram,
sanapiroze stalinis ZeglTan isev 2000 kacamde idga da iqidan fexsac
ar icvlida.
Sikinma rom dainaxa iolad gavimarjveTo, dajda
javSantransportiorze da dauyovnebliv CaakiTxa sanapiroze
TavSeyrilebs.Aaxla ukve sanapiros mTeli Zeglis irgvlivi midamo
moaqcia alyaSi me-8 polkma, Tumca momitingeebma mainc seriozuli
winaaRmdegoba gauwies da ar daiSalnen. maSin gaica brZaneba: xalxi
daSaleTo, biWebs tyviebiT da xiStebiT gaumaspinldnen.
viRac kuTxovani saxis biWma ,,duglas fernbeqsis” ulvaSiT viRacas
gasZaxa, nikoloz, moxseni erTi 2000 kaci da kavSirgabmulobis
saxlisken gauSvi, gavagebinoT erTi ambavio. am gankargulebis
gacemisTanave daiZra xalxi kavSirgabmulobisaken. aleqsi inaurma
maSinve dareka: Seamowma, ramdenad daculi iyo kavSirgabmulobis saxli,
mTavrobis sasaxle, partiis centraluri komitetis Senoba, rom maTSi
xalxis Sevardnis albaToba gamoericxa.
saRamos 8 saaTisTvis mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba. Seadgines
moskovisa da leningradis axalgazrdebisadmi mimarTvis teqsti
mxardaWeris TxovniT. Seiqmna jgufi, romelsac mimarTva unda gaegzavna
kavSirgabmulobis saxlidan. ismoda muqara, rom winaaRmdegobis
SemTxvevaSi xelSi aiRebdnen fosta-telegrafs. es ukve metismeti iyo.
sanapiroze, Camwkrivdnen tankebi da javSantransportiorebi (saarqivo (saarqivo (saarqivo (saarqivo
2010: #9)2010: #9)2010: #9)2010: #9). . . .
daaxloebiT cxris naxevarze demonstrantTa erTi jgufi gaemarTa
kavSirgabmulobis saxlisken. maT kari daketili daxvdaT.
axalgazrdebma, rodesac ZaliT moindomes Sesvala kavSirgabmulobis
saxlSi, iq myofma jariskacebma ori momitinge xiStebze aages.
axalgazrdebTan erTad iyo quTaiseli gogona, romelic mTeli dRis
52
manZilze Zlier aqtiurobda. gogonam gasisxlianebuli perangi gaxada
moklul amxanags da jorjiaSvilis quCiT daeSva sanapirosken. igi
stalinis ZeglTan, tribunaze afrialebda gasisxlianebul perangs da
momitingeebs mouwodebda SurisZiebisaken. jariskacebma quTaiseli
gogona, nana akakis asuli WoRoSvili xiStebze aages, Tumca is ar
daRupula (nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:226226226226))))....
gaxelebuli da gamZvinvarebuli xalxi jorjiaSvilis quCiT daiZra
kavSirgabmulobis saxlisken. aq, axlos misulebs, saxuravidan dauSines
tyviamfrqvevis jeri. prospeqtze myof jariskacTa dawoliT xalxis
talRam ukan daixia sanapirosken. aq mdgomma tankebma gasrisa stalinis
Zeglis win myofi xalxi. tankebs gadarCenili demonstrantebi sanapiros
jebirebs miawydnen, romelmac ver gauZlo mowolas da adamianebi
mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen, TiTqmis yvela maTgani daixrCo.
rodesac 9 marts (albaT, 2 saaTi iqneboda) srolis xma mogvesma
(igonebs mJavanaZis yofili TanaSemwe g. melaZe), pirveli mdivnis
kabinetSi Sevvardi,… magidaze damxobil mJavanaZes telefoni ekava xelSi
da bRaoda _ ar isroloT!...
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg igive mJavanaZis xelmoweriT kremlSi iseTi
informacia igzavneba, ris mixedviTac yvela codva udanaSaulo
momotingeebs aqvT miwerili.
ai, es informaciac: kavSirgabmulobis saxlTan Seikriba
daaxloebiT 2-3 aTasi kaci. provokatorebma adamianebis didi jgufi
aiZules SeWriliyo kavSirgabmulobis saxlSi. Senobis Zira sarTulze
Caamsxvries fanjrebi, moiTxoves dacvis moxsna, pistoletidan sroliT
daWres ori mebrZoli, gaismoda yvirili: ,,movklaT generali gladkovi”
(generali Senobas icavda) ramdenime mebrZolma haerSi gasafrTxilebeli
srola moaxdina. erT-erT mebrZols avtomati waarTves, mxolod am
momentSi oceuli iZulebuli gaxda iaraRi gamoeyenebina, radgan brbos
SeCerebisa da alagmvis sxva gamosavali ar iyo ...
imdroindeli kagebes Sefi aleqsi inauri ki ase amartivebs saqmes:
,,im tragikuli saRamos, mitingis erT_erT monawiles, kavSirgabmulobis
saxlis xelSi Cagdebis cdisas, jariskacisTvis droSis tari
53
mouxvedrebia TvalSi. am jariskacs ise, rom misTvis brZaneba aravis ar
miucia, avtomatis jeri gausrolia. amis gamo amtydara srola.
daWrilebi da daxocilebi saaviacio teqnikumis pirdapir,
dRevandeli aladaSvilis saxelobis klinikis foieSi eyarnen
tomrebiviT.
sul male saavadmyofos karibWe daixSo TviT WirisuflebisTvisac
ki da Tu zogierTi maTgani mainc axerxebda foieSi SeRwevas, es mxolod
iqauri erTi madliani eqimis wyalobiT. (saqarTvelos respublika
2005:#54)
oficialurad 300 mokluli gamoacxades da arc erTi moklulis
datirebis saSualeba ar misces. TviTon damarxes dabeWdili cinkis
kuboebiT mxolod ojaxis TandaswrebiT (morgidan)!
saerTod, ise daSinebuli iyo xelisufleba, rom mere arc rame didi
represiebi da arc didi propagandistuli aJiotaJi ar yofila.
miaCumaTes, viTomc ar momxdara…~
1956 wlis 9 marts daRupulTa da daWrilTa zusti raodenoba
jerac ar aris cnobili. Sss-s saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi
masalebis safuZvelze am struqturis gamocemam `saarqivo moambem~
gamoaqveyna informacia, romlis mixedviTac, maSindeli oficialuri
monacemebiT, jamSi, oficialuri informaciiT, srolis Sedegad, 27
adamiani daiRupa da 54 daiWra, Tumca, `saarqivo moambec~ da
TviTmxilvelebic acxadeben, rom msxverpli bevrad meti iyo da im dRes
70-dan 100 kacamde daiRupa ((((berulavaberulavaberulavaberulava 2011)2011)2011)2011)....
uSiSroebis komitetSi arsebuli monacemebiT pirveli Setevis dros
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT daiRupa 22 kaci, Semdeg miemata kidev 5
(arsebobs daRupulTa saxelobiTi siebic –d.e.), daiWra ramdenime aTeuli
(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)....
9 da 10 marts sabWoTa armiis jarebis qvedanayofebis mier,
romlebic axdendnen patrulirebas qalaqSi werigis dasamyareblad,
dakavebul iqna 300 kacamde. xolo Semdegi 12 dRis ganmavlobaSi
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoebis mier dasakaveblad warmoebda
gamoZieba, ris Sedegad sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi miesces 39 kaci:
54
a) mitingebze provokaciuli, antisabWoTa gamosvlebis, aseve e. w.,
mitingis ~saqmiani prezidiumis” wevrobisaTvis: v. g. kaWarava, S. d.
beruaSvili, z. n. maWavariani, i. a. kuxianiZe, i. f. qinqlaZe, a. i. Jordania;
b) sabWoTa mTavrobis mimarT Sedgenili provokaciuli moTxovnebis
iniciatorebi da monawileni: v. z. mWedliZe, k. s. CxeiZe, k. i. osaZe, k. d.
ciciaSvili, a. p. mirianaSvili da sxvebi.
1956 wlis sisxliani dReebis ganmavlobaSi sul dapatimres 375 kaci,
maT Soris: skkp wevri – 34, alkk wevri -165, upartio – 142. daxocilTa da
dazaralebulTa ricxvi dRemde ucnobia (saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010: #9)#9)#9)#9).
mitingis monawileTa sisxliani angariSsworebis Semdeg Zalian
bevri svamda kiTxvas, vin gasca brZaneba momitingeebisTvis cecxli
gaexsnaT. am kiTxvas svamdnen 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdegac, Tumca,
yvelaferi isedac naTeli iyo. rac Seexeba 9 marts, rasakvirvelia,
brZanebas ssrk-s genmdivnis gverdis avliT veravin gascemda, brZanebis
gamcemTa samkuTxedi ki maSin ase gamoiyureboda: xruSCovi (ssrk gen-
mdivani) - Jukovi (Tavdacvis ministri) - fediuninski (amierkavkasiis
samxedro olqis sardali).
55
2.4.2.4.2.4.2.4. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi
Tanamedrove istorikosTa Soris dRemde sadaod rCeba sakiTxi 1956
wlis 9 martis gamosvlebis monawile pirTa rolisa da maTi qmedebis
Sefasebis Sesaxeb. gaurkvevlobas qmnis Semdegi garemoebani: erTi mxriv
saqme gvaqvs erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa da identobis SegrZnebis aSkara
gamovlinebasTan, magram amave dros is mizezi, romelic demonstrantebma
sabrZolo lozungad aafriales, veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs. es
stalinis kultia. swored, im stalinisa, romelic rusis jariT
garSemortymul TbilisTan mdgom orjonikiZes swerda: ”axlave Seutie,
dasturia. gibrZaneb, aiRe qalaqi~...
aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego aqciebi mimdinareobda
ara marto uSualod 5-9 martis dReebSi, aramed sisxliani tragediis
Semdegac, rac imis mkafio mimaniSnebeli iyo, rom xocva_Jletam ver
daaSina qarTveli xalxi, rogorc xelisufleba varaudobda.
partiis centralurma komitetma saswrafod Seqmna am faqtebis
Semswavleli komisia, romlis Tavmjdomaredac dainiSna mixeil giorgaZe,
yovelmxriv sando da Rirseuli pirovneba, xolo cekadan mis
SemadgenlobaSi Sevida naTela vasaZe. komisiam daTvala msxverpli 83
kaci, Tumca es cifri arasodes gamoqveynebula.
tragediis ,,Sesaswavlad” moskovidan komisia gamogzavnes, romelsac
ssrk_s Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile ovsianikovi
xelmZRvanelobda. man moiTxova, rom saeqsperto komisiis aqtebSi
CaeweraT, TiTqos yvela daRupuls tyvia winidan hqonda moxvedrili.
Cveni medpersonalis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ovsianikovis es
moTxovna ar Seasrules. piriqiT, maSindelma mTavarma eqspertma
profesorma giorgi maTiaSvilma gabedulad moawera xeli daskvnebs,
sadac axalgazrdebs sikvdilis mizezad zurgSi nasroli Wrilobebi
daufiqsirdaT.
mogvianebiT Cveni sasiqadulo poeti ioseb noneSvili, romelic
momitingeebSi yvelaze meti aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda da amisaTvis
SeiZleba mkacrad dasjiliyo, qalaqis aqtivze, sadac sabWoeTis
oficialurma pirebma metad mkacri Sefaseba misces (qalaqis garnizonis
56
ufrosma _ gladkovma, olqis jarebis sardalma fediuninskim da
Camosulma maRalCinosnebma) martis movlenebs da amasTan erTad
qarTveli eric galanZRes, rogorc nacionalistebi da separatistebi,
adga da pirdapir mimarTa maT: batonebo, Tu Tqven gaivliT Cveni qalaqis
Zvel nawilSi, SeuZlebelia ver SeamCnioT, rom erT mtkavel miwaze,
romelic Tbilisis adrindel centrs warmoadgenda, TiTqmis erTmaneTis
gverdiT dgas sxvadsxva rwmenis xalxTa salocavebi _ meCeTi, sinagoga,
marTlmadidebluri, grigorianuli, kaTolikuri eklesiebi. SeiZleba ers
ewodos nacionalisti, Tu is sxva xalxebs aZlevs amis saSualebas?
miTxariT, Tu aris sadme analogi? misi gamosvla imdenad STambeWdavi
iyo, rom rusebis agresia swrafad Cacxra.
aprilis meore dekadaSi TbilisSi Camosula ,,niu iork taimsis”
korespondenti Svarci, romelmac gamokiTxviT daadgina, rom daRupulTa
raodenoba 160_mde iyo. es ricxvi ar iqneba swori, aRniSnavs TviTon
Svarci, vinaidan, uamravi gvami mtkvarSi gadayares, nawili ki ojaxebma
damales, radgan represiebis SeeSindaT. amitom daRupulTa raodenobis
dazusteba SeuZlebeliao ((((uruSaZeuruSaZeuruSaZeuruSaZe 2005: #542005: #542005: #542005: #54)))). . . .
10 marts qalaqi naomars hgavda. quCebi samxedroebiT iyo savse.
magram yovelive amis Sesaxeb erTi sityviTac ar aris asaxuli
saqarTvelos ssr-s Sinagan saqmeTa ministris v. janjRavas yoveldRiur
saidumlo moxsenebebSi, saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris g.
javaxiSvilisadmi. moxsenebebSi aRniSnulia, rom ,,1956 wlis 6, 7 da 8
marts q. TbilisSi yuradRebis misaqcevi SemTxvevebi daregistrirebuli
ar aris” (s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,82,83)82,83)82,83)82,83)....
9 martis tragikul movlenebs maSin didi rezonansi ar mohyolia, _
marTalia sabWoTa kavSiris romeliRac qalaqSi studentebic gamosulan,
sazRvargareTic TiTqosda SeSfoTebula, magram imdenad Zlieri iyo
sabWoTa manqanis sabrZolo Tu ideologiuri SeiaraReba, xmis amoRebas
vin gabedavda... ((((jaxuajaxuajaxuajaxua 2007: #442007: #442007: #442007: #44))))....
qarTveli axalgazrdebis 1956 wlis 9 martis gamosvla iyo
antisamTavrobo protesti erovnuli SeferilobiT. centrma 1956 wlis 9
martis tragedia TbilisSi Seafasa, rogorc antisabWoTa,
nacionalisturi, kontrrevoluciuri xasiaTis gamosvla.
57
9 martis gamosvlam TbilisSi stimuli misca totalitarizmis
dagmobas, istoriul RirebulebaTa gadasinjvas, qarTveli xalxis
erovnul gamoRviZebas, rasac mohyva imJamindeli xlmZRvanelis negatiuri
damokidebuleba sqarTvelosadmi. n. xruSCovis brZanebiT daSlil iqna
sabWoTa kavSiris didi samamulo omis umZimes periodSi sagmiro
saqmeebiT gamorCeuli qarTuli sajariso SenaerTebi. qarTveli
generlebi da oficrebi iZulebiTi wesiT CamoaSores SeiaraRebul
Zalebs, gadaayenes.
sxvaTa Soris, imperiis xelmZRvaneloba am SemTxvevaSic zustad
Caswvda saqmis realur arss, razec metyvelebs xelisuflebis mier am
movlenis Semdeg gatarebuli administraciul-politikuri RonisZiebebi:
gauqmda nacionaluri samxedro SenaerTebi (manamde sabWoTa armiaSi iyo
aseTi nawilebic), mokavSire respublikebSi ck-s II mdivnad dainiSna rusi,
rogorc meTvalyure erTiani rusuli imperiisa (mefisnacvlis
institutis aRdgena sxva formiT SeuZlebebi iyo!) amave periodidan
iwyeba avtonomiuri respublikebis mosaxleobis ideologiuri
damuSaveba, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tu ki imperiis erTianobas
safrTxe daemuqreba, isini gamoyenebuli iqnan, rogorc saxelmwifos
placdarmi mocemul regionSi. es, ase vTqvaT, xelisuflebis is reaqciaa,
rac uSualod mohyva 1956 wlis movlenebs da SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac
naTlad Cans.
1956 wlis 9 martis Semdeg respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba
kremlis karnaxiT yvela saSualebiT cdilobda axalgazrdobaSi Caekla
erovnuli damoukideblobis miswrafebni, magram es boroti
mizandasaxuloba ver ganxorcielda. moswavle da student
axalgazrdobis mcire jgufebi konspiraciulad eweodnen erovnuli
idealebiT axalgazrdobis ideuri da organizaciuli darazmvis saqmes.
58
Tavi mesameTavi mesameTavi mesameTavi mesame
erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis
60606060----80808080----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi
$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. pirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebi
1956 wlis 9 martis tragediam gza gauxsna erovnul moZraobas
sabWoeTis respublikaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi. protestantma-
patriotebma scades SeemnaT ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komiteti”,
“sruliad saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis kavSiri” da sxva aralegaluri
organizaciebi, romelTa wamowyeba maleve aRkveTa xelisuflebam da maT
Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena SemorCa.
aRniSnul organizaciebs Soris erT-erTi iyo organizacia ,,sag”-i -
siRnaRis axalgazrda gvardia, romelic 1956 wlis 10 an 11 marts Seiqmna
siRnaRSi, kowo beJaSvilis, leri joxariZis, givi yorRanaSvilis, Tengiz
zuraSvilis, jemal qitiaSvilis, omar natroSvilis da gaioz
sulxaniSvilis monawileobiT. jgufs TbilisSi daxocili
axalgazrdebis ideebi unda gaegrZelebina. es iyo axalgazrda moswavle
patriotTa jgufi, romelTa moqmedeba ZiriTadad xruSCovis politikuri
reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi ganmtkicda n. xruSCovis
erTpirovnuli Zalaufleba. xruSCovis momxreebma skkp XXII yrilobas
(1961 wlis oqtomberi) miaRebines komunisturi partiis axali, utopiuri
mesame programa. igi 1980 wlisaTvis sabWoTa qveyanaSi komunisturi
sistemis gamarjvebas iTvaliswinebda.
msoflioSi koloniuri sistemis intensiuri rRveva mimdinareobda.
qarTuli erovnuli Zalebi brZolis formebisa da meTodebis ZiebaSi
iyvnen. aseT viTarebaSi ki partiis XXII yrilobis mier miRebuli
programa 1980 wlisaTvis erebis gaqrobas da erTiani sabWoTa eris
Camoyalibebas gegmavda (samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001: 16).16).16).16).
Tavidan bolomde ekonomikurad mcdari da socialurad
iluzoruli dokumenti varaudobda sul raRac oc weliwadSi, qveyanaSi
59
iseT fantastikur ekonomikur aRmavlobas, ris safuZvelzedac
ganxorcieldeboda komunisturi principi ,,TiToeulisagan _ unaris
mixedviT, TiToels _ moTxovnilebis mixedviT!’ ((((naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004: 295).295).295).295).
erTi mxriv demokratiis susti niavis, meore mxriv ki centris mier
imperiaSi waqezebuli aSkara antiqarTuli, Sovinisturi ganwyobilebis
fonze, qarTuli erovnuli suliskveTeba kidev ufro mZafrdeboda.
erovnul Tavisuflebaze fiqrma, misi miRwevis gzebis Ziebam eris ukeTesi
nawilis goneba moicva. moazrovne qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi erovnulma
problemam yvela sxva gadafara.
saqarTveloSi erovuli moZraobis axali etapi iwyeboda.
erovnuli Tavisuflebis suliskveTebis arsebobas sxva
aralegaluri organizaciebis saqmianobac adasturebs. erTi maTgani iyo
1961-1964 wlebSi TbilisSi Camoyalibebuli ,,samSoblos Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiri.” am organizaciis erT-erTi
damaarsebeli da aqtivisti iyo igor patariZe ((((kveselava 1999kveselava 1999kveselava 1999kveselava 1999bbbb::::5555----6)6)6)6)....
1961 wels radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebisagan Seiqmna
organizacia, romlis pirveli wevrebi iyvnen politeqnikuri institutis
studentebi enver geldiaSvili, adilar gugulaSvili, leri nozaZe, ia
maRlakeliZe, sasoflo-sameurneo institutidan daviT kapanaZe da muSa-
mosamsaxure givi natriaSvili.
kavSiri 1964 wlisaTvis 16 wevrs iTvlida. misi programa ramdenime
punqtisagan Sedgeboda da iTvaliswinebda brZolas amierkavkasiis
damoukidebeli da neitraluri respublikis Sesaqmnelad; momavali
damoukidebeli respublikis ekonomikuri koncefcia efuZneboda princips:
,,yvelasagan SesaZleblobis mixedviT, yvelas gamomuSavebis mixedviT.”
Tavdapirvelad organizaciis saxelwodeba iyo: ,,samSoblos
Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis organizacia _
amierkavkasiis xalxTa ruseTis borkilebisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZolTa kavSiri”, romelsac eqneboda filialebi kavkasiis yvela
respublikasa da avtonomiur erTeulSi. organizacias mogvianebiT
,,saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis xsnis kavSiri
ewoda”, romelic uSualo amocanad isaxavda saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebas da demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnas.
60
unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul etapze organizaciis calkeuli
wevrebi gaitaca individualuri teroris taqtikam da sabWoTa imperiis
mmarTveli birTvis fizikuri ganadgurebis aucileblobis lozungma. mag.
es jgufi givi natriaSvilis meTaurobiT gegmavda teroristul aqts n.
xruSCovze, rac ver ganxorcielda 1964 wlis oqtomberSi ~kremlis
gadatrialebis” Sedegad am ukanasknelis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis
gamo.
ukve 60_iani wlebis dasasruls TbilisSi Seiqmna aralegaluri
organizacia ,,erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRorZineba” (v. Rlonti da sxv.).
axalgazrda inteligentTa es dajgufeba uSiSroebis organoebis
represiis msxverpli gaxda.
1961 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisa da
saqarTvelos kompartiis Seqmnis me-40 wlisTavTan dakavSirebul sazeimo
dResaswaulze dagegmili iyo n. xruSCovis stumroba saqarTveloSi.
antisabWourad ganwyobil pirebs, Sinagani da sagareo politikis
Secvlis mizniT, gadawyvetili hqondaT sabWoTa meTauris likvidacia.Aam
mizniT Seiqmna teroristuli dajgufeba. dajgufebis daarsebis
iniciatori iyo S. meqvabiSvili, romelic 1960 wlis ivnisSi
mizanmimarTulad daukavSirda cixeSi gacnobil a. melaZes da gaacno
Tavisi Canafiqri. sabWoTa xelisuflebis siZulviliT ganmsWvalul a.
melaZes S. meqvabiSvilis idea WkuaSi daujda.Mmoilaparakes, gaezardaT
TanamzraxvelTa raodenoba. TiToeuls 2-3 sando piri mainc unda
moeZebna. miznis misaRwevad SearCies feTqebadi saSualeba _ bombi.
a. melaZe daukavSirda Tavis megobars a. baToSvils. isini Sroma-
gasworebis koloniaSi erTad ixdidnen sasjels. igi daiyolia
borotmoqmedebaSi monawileobaze. S. meqvabiSvilma teraqtis mowyobis
Sesaxeb ganzraxva gaacno Tavis Soreul naTesavs a. mdinaraZes,
romelsac daevala bombis korpusis damzadeba. maTi gegmis mixedviT
Tavdasxma ganxorcieldeboda n. xruSCovis quCaSi moZraobis dros.
SeTqmulebma imsjeles teroristuli aqtis Cadenis Semdeg mimalvisa da
momxdaris Sesaxeb eTerSi gadacemis sakiTxebze. TiTqos yvelaferi awon-
dawones da detalebSi gaTvales, magram maTi qmedeba, faqtobrivad,
61
saubars ver gascda. Canafiqris praqtikulad ganxorcieleba maT ver
SeZles.
kgb-s TanamSromlebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT maTi saeWvo
Sexvedrebi da Sedegmac ar daayovna: 1960 wlis 14 dekembers dapatimres
sami eWvmitanili: SoTa (oTar) biqtoris Ze meqvabiSvili, albert (aleko)
Salvas Ze melaZe da abram (aberki) SabaTis Ze baToSvili. xolo, 1961
wlis TebervalSi maTi kidev erTi Tanamoazre akaki platonis Ze
mdinaraZe. gasamarTlebis Sedegad S. meqvabiSvils daxvreta miesaja, a.
melaZes _ 15 weli, a. baToSvils – 10 weli, a. mdinaraZes – 10 weli.
mogvianebiT, msjavrdebulTa da maTi damcvelebis Txovna-saCivrebisa
da protestebis Semdeg, braldebulebs sasjelis zoma SeumcirdaT da
bolos gaTavisufldnen kidec braleulobis gadakvalificirebis gamo,
radganac, faqtobrivad, S. meqvabiSvilis jgufis wevrebs teroristuli
aqtis Casadenad araviTari danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar CaudeniaT da arc
iaraRi an sxva feTqebadi saSualebebi hqondaT SeZenili. isini mxolod
msjelobdnen, Tu rogor SeZlebdnen teroristuli aqtis Cadenas.
1964 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna antisabWoTa organizacia, romlis
wevrebi saidumlod ikribebodnen sazogadoebis wevris daviT
aladaSvilis saxlSi, saubrobdnen patriotul sakiTxebze da
avrcelebdnen proklamaciebs. uSiSroebam wevrebi daapatimra da oTx
maTgans: d. aladaSvils, vasil margvelaSvils, giorgi axalaias da
nodar megrelaZes miesaja 15 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (q. c. a.(q. c. a.(q. c. a.(q. c. a., f. 186, , f. 186, , f. 186, , f. 186,
aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22----26)26)26)26). . . .
60_iani wlebidan qarTvel inteligenciaSi saTave daedo erovnuli
problematikisadmi SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas. meti gabedulobiT gaisma sistemis kritika, wina planze
wamoiwia humanizmi, zogadkacobriuli Rirebulebani.
erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi axali etapis mekvled gamovida
studenti axalgazrdoba, romlis moTave da winamZRolni iyvnen m.
kostava da z. gamsaxurdia. maTi TaosnobiT Seiqmna TviTgamocemani. maT
aralegalur JurnalebSi (,,oqros sawmisi”. ,,saqarTvelos moambe”,
,,saqarTvelo”, ,,matiane”) warmodgenili iyo erovnuli suverenitetis
idealebi, dagmobili iyo komunisturi ideologia, misi funqcionerebi.
62
erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba cxaddeboda eris moZRvar
ilia WavWavaZis mier XIX s. 60_ian wlebSi wamowyebuli moZraobis
uSualo gagrZelebad. respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba, misi
uSiSroebis organoebi daundoblad ebrZodnen am axalgazrdebs.
gansakuTrebiT mwvave represiebi iwvnies m. kostavam da z. gamsaxurdiam,
romlebic 70_ian wlebSi araerTxel iyvnen dapatimrebulni da sasjels
ixdidnen Soreul sapatimroebsa da gadasaxlebaSi (su(su(su(surgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990: 301)301)301)301)....
60_iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSkara gaxda, rom n. xruSCovis
iniciativiT 50_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi ganxorcielebuli
reorganizaciebi araefeqturi iyo.
ekonomikuri reformebis CaSlam da sagareo urTierTobaSi
warumateblobam, sabolood Searyia xruSCovis poziciebi. 1964 wlis 14
oqtombers, formalurad sakuTari TxovniT, igi Tanamdebobidan
gadaayenes. misi adgili l. breJnevma daikava. ,,daTbobis” periodi
,,uZraobis” periodiT Seicvala. axalma xelmZRvanelobam TandaTan
gaauqma n. xruSCovis wamowyebebi da siaxleebi da yvelaferi Zvel
kalapotSi Cadga. magram SeuZlebeli Seiqmna komunizmis naTeli
momavlis rwmenisa da qveyanaSi globaluri SiSis sindromis dabruneba.
axalma viTarebam da asparezze axali Taobis gamosvlam komunisturi
faseulobebisadmi masobrivi nihilizmi ganapiroba. sistemis krizisis
maCvenebeli komunisturi partiis avtoritetis aSkara dacema iyo, ramac
xelisufleba aiZula misi mmarTveli prerogativa konstituciurad
daekanonebina.
70-iani wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom komunisturi mmarTvelobis
stili ar Seesabameboda cxovrebis moTxovnebs. centralizebulma
marTvis sistemam, romelic mxolod sabWoTa beladebis Teoriul
warmodgenebze iyo damokidebuli, azri dakarga. socializms Camocilda
SemoqmedebiTi suliskveTeba da dogmatizmis WaobSi Caeflo. `Cevens
magivrad beladebi fiqroben”, `unda SevaTanxmoT, yvelaferi Cvenze
rodia damokidebuli”, `Cven xelqveiTebi varT, gadawyveta Cveni saqme ar
aris”... am da sxva amdagvari azris safuZvelze mimdinareobda
mmarTvelobiTi struqturis Camoyalibeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi
63
saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSic. saSemsruleblo sawyisi ufro
Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre damoukidebeli, SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba.
damkvidrda uzado Semsruleblis sindromi; xelmZRvanelebs,
romelTac ar surdaT mieRoT damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba, Tavis am
nabijs ususrobiT ki ar xsnidnen, aramed maRali pasuxismgleblobiT,
discipliniT, romelic icavda adamians da sazogadoebas Secdomebisagan.
aseT viTarebaSi Zneli iyo zRvaris gavleba Semsruleblobasa da
demagogias Soris. ar iyo gamarTlebuli pasuxismgeblobis pirwmindad
politikur kategoriad monaTvla. am fonze profesionalizmisaTvis
SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba maSin, rodesac win wamoiwia
`kargi organizatoris” gagebam da misi avtoritetis winaSe profesiulma
avtoritetma ukana planze gadaiwia.
aqcentebis aRreva moxda partiul, sabWoTa, komkavSirul,
administraciul Tu sxva sferoebSi. swored kadrebis aseTi SerCevis da
ganawilebis pirobebSi, profesionalizmis organizatoruli mxareebiT
Secvlam daarRvia marTvis demokratiuli sawyisebi, dabada ufrosis
gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelmac saerTo jamSi Zlier Seaferxa
politikuri, sameurneo-ekonomikuri da ideologiuri muSaoba
respublikaSi. xelmZRvanelis arakompetenturobam nebismieri pirobebi
gadaaqcia eqstremalur, kritikul pirobebad. normaluri muSaoba
gadaiqca wvalebad, ieriSad, brZolad gegmisaTvis, mosavlisaTvis,
SromisnayofierebisaTvis.
oficialuri statistikiT, 70_iani wlebis meore naxevari da 80_iani
wlebis dasawyisi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri winsvlis periodi iyo, ris
gamoc saqarTvelo mudam gamarjvebuli gamodioda sakavSiro
socialistur SejibrebebSi da permanentulad iRebda gardamaval wiTel
droSas. mowinave qarTvel inteligencias sabWoTa xelisuflebis
arsebobis manZilze erovnuli brZola ar Seuwyvetia. qveyanaSi
gamefebuli umkacresi teroris viTarebaSi, misi mTavari sazrunavi eris
materialur_kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCena, dacva iyo. amasTan
erTad, mecnierul Tu mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi igi meTodurad aRvivebda
erovnul TviTSegnebas, nergavda erovnuli siamayis grZnobas, amaRlebda
erovnul suls, aviTarebda qarTul enas, literaturas, istorias...
64
momdevno xanaSi es xazi grZeldeboda da axal simaRleze adioda.
axalgazrdobis patriotuli suliskveTebis aRzrda, masSi erovnuli
siamayis grZnobis ganmtkiceba, moraluri da sulieri gajansaReba,
imperiis reJimis mankierebaTa mxileba da mis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis
niadagis momzadeba Seadgenda XX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli
intligenciis moRvaweobis mTavar mizans (samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001: 18)18)18)18)....
1970-ian wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Seiqmna
antisabWoTa jgufi, romlebic studentebSi eweodnen
antisaxelmwifoebriv agitacias.
quTaisSi 1972-1973 wlebSi moqmedebda antisabWota jgufi, romlis
wevrebi filologebi vaxtang nadaraia, simon amaRlobeli, eqimi kaxa
menTeSaSvili da istorikosi merab lorTqifaniZe avrcelebdnen
antisabWoTa mowodebebs mosaxleobaSi da eweodnen ZirgamomTxrel
saqmianobas. masalebidan rogorc irkveva, isini quTaisSi vaxtang
nadaraias binaSi Sexvdnen inglisel da amerikel Jurnalistebs maikl
sanderss da piter klarks da gadasces antisabWoTa xasiaTis masalebi.
am jgufs quTaisis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis kulturis ganyofilebaSi
yavdaT Tanamzraxvelebi. isini daapatimres da sxvadasxva vadiT miusajes
patimroba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis disidentur-latenturi fazis
erTi niSandoblivi furcelia disident vladimer Jvanias mier
mowyobili teroristuli aqtebi soxumsa da TbilisSi 1975-1976 wlebSi.
sabWoTa sivrceSi es iyo daujerebeli, warmoudgeneli faqti. msgavsi ram
kontrrevoluciur epoqasac ar axsovs. pirvelad, 1975 wlis 22 ivniss,
10:50 sT-ze, soxumSi, afxazeTis saolqo komitetis Senobis mTavari
fasadis marcxniv, engelsis quCis mxridan, gaisma afeTqebis gamayruebeli
xma. iyo msxverplic - daiRupa damsvenebeli, leningradeli sergei
levitini. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 1976 wlis 12 aprils, 17:05 sT-ze,
saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos Senobis fasadTan, imave xelweriT,
kvlav moxda afeTqeba. oTxi dRis Semdeg ki, 14 aprils, 10:12 sT-ze,
afeTqebis xma gaisma quTaisis al. wulukiZis saxelobis centralur
baRSi. mTeli tragedia is iyo, rom uZleveli sabWoTa kavSiris
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aparati uZluri aRmoCnda, danaSauli gaexsna.
65
sakavSiro uSiSroebis komiteti ukmayofilo iyo saqarTveloSi
sagamoZiebo komisiis muSaobiT da mkacr direqtivebs iZleoda. saqmis
gaxsnas piri ar uCanda. moskovidan mosuli eqspertizebis daskvnebiT
afeTqebis adgilebze napovni asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi kustarulad
iyo damzadebuli, amfeTqebelis SesaZlo profesiebi gamnaRmveli,
seismologi, samTo momwyobi an fizikosi unda yofiliyo. gadamowmda
yvela SesaZlo versia da saeWvo pirTa kartoTeka, magram xelCasaWidi
araferi Canda. sagamoZiebo jgufi mxolod erTaderT Rirebul
informacias flobda: samive SemTxvevis dros, TviTmxilvelTa CvenebebiT,
diversiuli aqtis Camdeni gamxdari, saSualoze maRali, marjvniv
Tmagadavarcxili mamakaci unda yofiliyo. ...magram vin iyo da ratom
afeTqebda saxelmwifo obieqtebs - gaurkveveli rCeboda.
samarTaldamcavi da saxelisuflebo organoebi panikam moicva.
afeTqebebis saqme gauxsnel saqmed miiCnies da saqmis Sewyvetasac ki
fiqrobdnen...
bolo afeTqebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg saqarTvelos kompartiis
centraluri komitetis, saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumisa da
saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos saxelze Semovida 1976 wlis 19 apriliT
daTariRebuli "saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis" mimarTva,
romelic warmoadgens Tavisebur erovnul deklaracias
damoukideblobis miRwevis sakmaod originaluri variantiT _ sabWoTa
konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi referendumis mowyobis gziT.
deklaraciis preambula ganmartavs 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos samxedro okupaciisa da aneqsiis faqtebs da xazs usvams
imas, rom ~frontis” mTavari mizania saqarTvelos ssrk-dan gamoyofa da
sruli erovnuli damoukideblobis mopoveba. Semdgom deklaracia
moiTxovs damoukideblobis sakiTxze saerTo-erovnuli referendumis
mowyobas (1976w. bolo TveebSi), ~frontisaTvis” winasareferendumo
kampaniaSi srulfasovani monawileobis uflebas. Tu referendumis
monawileTa 70%-ze meti xmas miscems ssrk-dan gamoyofas, maSin unda
moiwvion saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos sesia da man unda daadginos
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba; qveynidan ruseTis jaris
gayvana; saqarTvelo neitralitetis aRiareba; demokratiuli partiis
66
cnoba; saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis dauyonebliv daniSvna.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi komunikaciebisa da maRali Zabvis anZebis
afeTqebiT imuqreboda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aparati
SokSi Cavarda. yvela qalaqSi sagangebo kontroli dawesda. 1976 wlis 11
maiss "baTumis sursaTvaWrobis" direqtors werili mouvida. igi metad
ucnaurad iwyeboda da avtori nacionaluri frontis saxeliT 1000
maneTs iTxovda. werili saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetSi moxvda...
orive zemoaRniSnuli werilis xelwera emTxveoda.
14 maiss, 11:00 sT-ze, "baTumis sursaTvaWrobis" direqtoris kabinetSi
gamocxadda "gamxdari, saSualoze maRali mamakaci...". organos muSakebi
direqtoris kabinetidan gamosul "gamxdar, saSualoze maRal mamakacs..."
iqve axlos, avtobusis "sazRvao vagzlis" gaCerebaze wamoewivnen da
sabuTebi mosTxoves. ucnobma pasporti gauwoda. pasporti ekuTvnoda
vladimer grigolis Ze Jvanias. mas Tan aRmoaCnda: patimrobidan
gaTavisuflebis cnoba, 17 cali kafsuli detonatori, werilebi, baraTSi
Cadebuli 300 maneTi da kidev 4 man. da 50 kap.. imave dRes baTumis
rkinigzis Semnaxvel sakanSi didi raodenobiT asafeTqebeli
nivTierebebi iqna napovni... misi dakaveba afeTqebebis saqmis gaxsnas ar
niSnavda. gamomZieblebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom amfeTqebli da
organizatori sakmaod didi da organizebuli jgufis wevrebi
iqnebodnen. gamoZiebas dakavebuli hyavda martoxela, usaxlkaro,
gamxdari usinaTlo, romlis mxedveloba -14 iyo. misTvis bralis dadeba
daujerebeli iyo. eWvmitanilma uaryo afeTqebaTa ciklSi monawileoba...
asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis saWiroeba Tevzaobis siyvaruliT axsna.
dakiTxvebze, gamomZiebel a. mirianaSvilis profesionalizmisa da
mizanmimarTuli midgomis Sedegad, vl. Jvania gatyda. man dro iTxova,
raTa gulwrfelad eRiarebina yvelaferi... marTlac, vladimer Jvaniam
1976 wlis 23 maiss 30 gverdiani gancxadebiT mimarTa gamoZiebas,
romelSic avtori acxadebda, rom man fsiqologiuri barieri gadalaxa
baton a. mirianaSvilis daxmarebiT da mTlianad miendo mas. eWvmitanili
sTxovda gamoZiebas, sworad aReqvaT misi qmedebebi da ar gamoeyvanaT igi
"xulignad, borotad an giJad". igi aRiarebda, danaSauls Cadioda da
67
damnaSaved iqca mxolod imitom, rom ibrZoda bolSevikuri ruseTis
klanWebisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis.
gamoZieba intensiurad grZeldeboda. Catarda araerTi sagamoZiebo
eqsperimenti, dazustda eWvmitanilis biografiuli monacemebi,
gaanalizda misi ganvlili cxovrebis gza. gairkva, rom 1935 wels q.
quTaisSi dabadebuli vl. Jvanias mama 1938 wlis politikuri represiebis
msxverpli iyo. is ki, me-9 klaseli, skolidan garicxes TamaSis dros
saklaso oTaxSi kedlebidan beladTa SemTxveviT Camoyrili suraTebis
gamo. 18 wlis iyo sazRvris gadakveTa pirvelad rom scada. mere cud
amindSi swrafmavali katarRa ,,gliseriT" undoda TurqeTSi gadasvla.
SeamCnies, esroles, ukan mobrunda da miimala. sabWoTa kavSiridan vl.
Jvanias gaqcevis mcdeloba Woroxze gadasvliT 1955 wlis 6 dekembers
sabediwerod dasulda. sasazRvro patrulma is saguSagoze daakava da 3
weli miusajes. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg iwyeba vl. Jvanias afeTqebebis
seria...
sabolood dadginda, rom vl. Jvania metad ucnauri damnaSave iyo.
misi qmedebebi ar jdeboda klasikuri damnaSavis CarCoebSi. igi Tavidan
bolomde marto moqmedebda da imisi dajereba, rom sabWoTa imperia vl.
Jvanias mier erTi xelismosmiT gaxda ususuri, SeuZlebeli iyo. aseve
warmoudgeneli iyo aseTi masStabis afeTqebebi erTsa da imave
pirovnebas martos Seesrulebina. magram faqti faqtad rCeboda.
eWvimitanilis varaudma ki - afeTqebebs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis gamococxleba mohyoloda - fiasko ganicada. samagierod,
Seikera 15 tomisagan Semdgari sisxlis samarTlis saqme N118. 1997 wlis
17 ianvars gamarTul sasamarTlo sxdomaze braldebuli sityviT
gamovida, magram misi gulwrfeli aRiareba, iseve rogorc sxva
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi, sasamarTlo ganxilvisas ar iqna
gaTvaliswinebuli da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 303-304
muxlebiT vl. Jvanias miesaja sasjelis umaRlesi zoma - daxvreta... 1977
wlis 7 Tebervals gazeT "komunistis" bolo gverdze "saqinformma"
gamoaqveyna Setyobineba "damnaSave daisaja", romelSic mokled
iuwyebodnen vl. Jvanias braleulobas da mis mimarT damdgar ganaCens,
68
romelsac "sxdomaTa darbazSi myofni kmayofilebi Sexvdnen" (q. c. a(q. c. a(q. c. a(q. c. a, f. , f. , f. , f.
186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22----26)26)26)26). . . .
saqarTveloSi aseve aRmocenda radikaluri erovnuli moZraobac.
meore mimdinareobas radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebi
warmoadgendnen, romlebic ver iTvaliswinebdnen sabWouri warsulis
gamocdilebas da Tvlidnen, rom Seupovari brZoliT daasustebdnen
ruseTis imperias, Semdeg ki msoflios demokratiuli Zalebis
mxardaWeriT, Cagrul xalxebTan kavSirSi, SeZlebdnen mCagvrelis
uRlisagan Tavis daRwevas. es gza metad sarisko da ambiciuri iyo.
bunebrivad mimdinare procesebis ramdenadme daCqarebis motiviT, igi
safrTxeSi agdebda aTasobiT patriotis sicocxles. magram misi
mimdevrebi xSirad, ukompromiso, Tavganwiruli moqmedebiT, masebis
simpatias ixveWdnen da wamebulis gvirgvinebiTac imosebodnen. yvelaze
savalalo is iyo, rom radikaluri mimarTulebis momxreebi araviTar
sxva gzas, alianss, integracias ar scnobdnen. ara Tu raime
TanamSromlobaze ar Tanxmdebodnen, aramed gansxvavebuli azris mqoneT
daundoblad naTlavdnen erovnuli moZraobis mtrebad, kremlis
agentebad da a.S.
69
$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... zzzzviadviadviadviad gamsgamsgamsgamsaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merab kostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebi
1956 wlis 9 martis ambebiT gaRizianebuli zviad gamsaxurdias
yofili aralegaluri jgufis wevrebi kvlav Seikribnen. seqtember-
oqtomberSi jgufs ukve organizebuli saxe hqonda da wevrTa
raodenobac gazrdili iyo. organizacias ~gorgasliani” ewoda. maT
Seqmnes fuladi fondi sawevros saxiT. Seagroves 30-30 maneTi da
SeiZines sabeWdi manqana, romelzedac 1956 wlis 1 dekembris Rames Svidi
antisabWouri Sinaarsis werili dabeWdes. 2 dekembers, diliT,
rusTavelisa da plexanovis gamzirze adamianebma ucnauri Sinaarsis
werilebi ixiles kedlebze gakruli,… jgufis wevrebma sabWoTa reJimis
mimarT protesti proklamaciebis gavrcelebiT gamoxates.
misia warmatebiT dasruldeboda, rom ara erTi incidenti. jgufis
wevrebi warmatebis aRsaniSnavad restoran ~darialSi” Seikribnen,
saRamos ki rusTavelis gamzirze g. doCanaSvilsa da T. metrevels Cxubi
mouvidaT, ris Sedegadac doCanaSvili zurgSi mZimed daiWra.
1956 wlis 15 dekembers ki uSiSroebis komitetma daakava antisabWoTa
aralegaluri jgufis wevrebi: zviad gamsaxurdia, Tbilisis 42-e saS.
skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; anatoli miqaZe, 42-e saS. skolis
meaTe klasis moswavle; merab kostava, Tbilisis musikaluri skolis
meaTe klasis moswavle; Teimuraz cercvaZe, Tbilisis pirveli saSualo
skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; Tamaz gunjua, Tbilisis pirveli
saSualo skolis moswavle; vladimer sixaruliZe, pirveli saSualo
skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; Temur metreveli, Tbilisis 47-e
saSualo skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle.
1956 wlis 28 dekembers saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWosTan
arsebuli saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis mier grifiT ~sruliad
saidumlo” werili moskovSi gaigzavna, romlis adresati gaxldaT ssrk
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis sagamoZiebo sammarTvelos ufrosi,
iusticiis general-maiori m. p maliarovi. werili iuwyeboda, rom 1956
wlis 9 marts TbilisSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg ukmayofilo
axalgazrdebis erTma jgufma aralegaluri formireba Seqmna, romlis
mizani sabWoTa wyobilebis sawinaaRmdego saqmianoba iyo. jgufis wevrebi
70
nacionalisturad iyvnen ganwyobili, amJRavnebdnen rusi erovnebis
mimarT agresias da marTavdnen quCebSi deboSs. faqtad, erT-erTi aseTi
konfliqtis dros mZimed daiWril jgufis wevr g. doCanaSvilis Sesaxeb
da danarCenebis daapatimrebaze miuTiTebdnen. daiwyo gamoZieba, raTa
srulad gamovleniliyo am dajgufebis saqmianoba, Semadgenloba da maTi
mokavSireebi… marTlac, ~gorgaslianis” wevrebi daikiTxnen,
gasamarTldnen kidec, magram sabolood isini mainc sakuTari
principebis erTgulni darCnen. radikalurad ganwyobili es
axalgazrdebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze ocnebobdnen.
70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan xdeba qarTveli disidentebis
organizaciuli SekavSireba. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebis
gadadgma zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas saxelTan aris
dakavSirebuli (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999b b b b ::::7)7)7)7)....
70_ian wlebSi msoflioSi, aseve, TiTqmis dasrulda
dekolonizaciis globaluri procesic. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
gaeros egidiT aziis, amerikis, afrikis kontinentebze axali,
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis procesi Tavis logikur
dagvirgvinebas eloda da moskovis ganusazRvrel diqtaturaze mTlianad
damokidebuli (mokavSire respublikebis) da naxevrad damokidebuli
(socialisturi banakis) qveynebis erovnul_patriotul ZalebSi imedebs
aRZravda, rom ukve Sors ar iyo sanukvari Tavisufleba.
70_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aSkarad SesamCnevi gaxda sabWoTa
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri CamorCena dasavleTis qveynebTan SedarebiT.
Zvirad ujdeboda sabWoTa qveyanas ,,zesaxelmwifos” politikuri imiji.
saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZraobis, moskovisadmi loialurad
ganwyobili reJimebis (libia, vietnami, laosi, kamboja da sxvebi)
mxardaWera, materialuri da, rac mTavaria, samxedro daxmreba.
dasavleTis demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen sabWoTa
totalitaruli sistemis Semdgomi eqspansiis SeCerebasa da
teroristebis mfarveli diqtatoruli reJimebisaTvis mxardaWerisa da
daxmarebis Sewyvetas.
am mizniT Seiqmna evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiri,
romelmac miznad daisaxa Semajamebeli dokumentis SemuSaveba. 1973_1975
71
wlebSi mimdinareobda intensiuri molaparakeba evropisa da Crd.
amerikis saxelmwifoebs Soris. 1975 wlis 1 agvistos, helsinkSi,
kongresebis sasaxleSi xeli moaweres ,,evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis helsinkis daskvniT aqts”, romelic aRirebda omis
Semdgomi saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRveobas, erTmaneTis saSinao
saqmeebSi Caurevlobas, adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis moTxovnebis
upirobo aRiarebas, Sesrulebas, informaciis gacvlas da a.S. (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe
2004:2004:2004:2004:323 _ 324)323 _ 324)323 _ 324)323 _ 324)....
helsinkSi xelmoweril dokuments, SeiZleba iTqvas melani arc ki
SeSroboda, rom aRmosavleT evropis socialistur qveynebSi,
baltiispireTis respublikebSi, ukrainaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi,
moskovsa da leningradSi Seiqmna helsinkis kavSiri. es bunebrivic iyo,
radgan adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi imdenad yovlismocveli
Temaa, rom, rogorc calkeul pirovnebaTa problemebze saubris, aseve
zogadad erovnuli problemebis ganxilvisa da gaazrebis saSualebas
iZleva.
70-iani wlebis bolos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli represiebis
miuxedavad, swored am faqtorma gamoiwvia axali disidenturi talRa,
romelic Tavisi geografiuli arealiTac da raodenobrivadac ufro
masStaburi iyo, vidre 60-ian wlebSi.
helsinkis kavSiri imperiis centrsa da ganapira regionebSi
rogorc organizaciuli formiT, aseve muSaobis stiliT da
problematikiT erTi SexedviT TiTqos ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan,
magram saboloo mizani aSkarad sxvadasxva iyo.
qarTuli disidenturi moZraobis mTlianad gamoyofa ssrk-Si
moqmedi sxva analogiuri jgufisagan da misi calkeuli ganxilva,
gansakuTrebiT 70-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, vfiqrob, swori ar iqneba.
obieqturi mizezebis gamo, mokavSire respublikebSi moqmedi
helsinkis kavSiris wevrebi moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvar saSualebas
dakavSirebodnen dasavleTis sainformacio da politikur wreebs.
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi akreditebul ucxoel
Jurnalistebs mxolod moskovSi hqondaT SedarebiT Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis saSualeba. kgb-s agenturis TvalTvali arc iq akldaT,
72
magram moskovs gareT gasvlisTvis specialuri nebarTva sWirdebodaT.
garda amisa sabWoTa kavSirSi aralegaluri literaturis Semotana
moskovSi xerxdeboda da Semdgom xdeboda misi ganawileba. yovelives
isic emateboda, rom, rogorc, ukve avRniSneT, disidenturi moZraobis
sawyis etapze problematika identuri iyo, rac, rogorc, qveynis SigniT
rus disidentebSi, aseve qveynis garT, dasavleTis politikur da
sazogadoebriv centrebSi, qmnida disidenturi moZraobis erTianobis da
aqedan gamomdinare, sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTiani qveynis aRqmis
iluzias. gamonakliss mxolod baltiispira qveynebi warmoadgenda da
isic nawilobriv.
dasavleTi pirvel etapze mxolod aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
problemaTa gadaWriTa da am qveynebSi demokratiuli principebis
damkvidrebiT dakmayofilda ((((ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:26)26)26)26).... maTi mxridan baltiispira
respublikebis sakiTxis wamoWra sabWoTa qveynis liderebTan ufro
diplomatiuri paeqrobis procesSi ,,dasaTmobad” gamiznul pakets hgavda,
vidre principul pozicias. sabWoTa imperiis aseT swraf rRvevas isini,
etyoba, yvelaze radikalur Teoriul versiebSic ki ar ixilavdnen,
amitom, roca procesi daiwyo, dasavleTi sruliad moumzadebeli
aRmoCnda axladSeqmnili politikuri realobis winaSe da imasac ki
Seecada, rogorme SeeCerebina es procesi (garegnulad mainc –
gavixsenoT prezident buSis gancxadeba kievSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiri
erTiani saxelmwifoa).
swored amitom, Tu aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis
qveynebma SedarebiT iolad gadaitanes gardamavali periodi, xolo
danarCen respublikebSi es procesi gacilebiT gaWianurebuli da
mtkivneuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri TvalsazrisiT.
erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom dasavleTma am qveynebisadmi Tavisi
damokidebulebis gansazRvra, politikuri kursis SemuSaveba mxolod mas
Semdeg daiwyo, rac maT damoukidebloba gamoacxades.
ssrk_m da misma satelitebma evropaSi, marTalia xeli moaweres am
daskvniT aqts, magram arc ki ucdiaT misi principebis realizeba,
gansakuTrebiT ki pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis msoflioSi
aRiarebuli kriteriumebis damkvidreba. magram sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve
73
arsebobda Zalebi, romlebic radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovdnen. maT
sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqebSi Seqmnes antisabWoTa poziciebze
mdgomi aralegaluri jgufebi.
1974 wels zviad gamsaxurdiam, merab kostavam da viqtor rcxilaZem
daarses ,,adamianis uflebaTa damcveli sainiciativo jgufi
saqarTveloSi”. Mmas Semdeg, rac 1976 wlis 12 maiss, moskovSi
Camoyalibda ,,helsinkis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis xelSemwyobi
jgufi”, xsenebuli qarTuli jgufi mogvianebiT ,,helsinkis jgufad”
gadakeTda, iseve, rogorc es moxda ukrainaSi da sxvagan (gams(gams(gams(gamsaaaaxurdia xurdia xurdia xurdia
1990:#71990:#71990:#71990:#7)))). . . .
1975 wlis maisSi gamovida Jurnal ,,oqros sawmisis” pirveli nomeri,
romlis gamocemac gagrZelda 1976 wels. sul gamovida 4 nomeri _ ori
1975, oric _ 1976 wels. masSi ibeWdeboda komunisturi cenzuris mier
akrZaluli mwerlebisa da poetebis nawarmoebebi: iv. javaxiSvilis ,,XIX
saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi”, merab kostavasa da zviad
gamsaxurdias statiebi da leqsebi, konstantine gamsaxurdias novela _
,,mtrebis megobroba”. aqve ibeWdeboda sabWoTa gamocemebis mier
ugulebelyofili mwerlebisa da poetebis _ gabriel jabaSnauris, adam
bobRiaSvilis, oTar maisuraZis, SoTa CantlaZis, aseve qarTuli
literaturis klasikosebis vaJa-fSavelas, akaki wereTlis, lado
asaTianis da sxvaTa gamouqveynebeli da ucnobi nawarmoebebi.
(oqropiriZeoqropiriZeoqropiriZeoqropiriZe 2010:1172010:1172010:1172010:117))))
1975-1976 wlebSi am jgufma gamouSva ori nomeri politikuri
Jurnalisa ,,saqarTvelos moambe”.
dRes saqarTveloSi ,,helsinkis jgufs” bevri ,,helsinkis kavSirSi”
urevs. saqme is aris, rom es ukanaskneli z. Gamsaxurdiam Seqmna m.
kostavs gardacvalebis Semdeg, rogorc Tavisi mxardamWeri partia,
,,helsinkis jgufTan” mas araferi esaqmeba (imnaZeimnaZeimnaZeimnaZe 1989: #1)1989: #1)1989: #1)1989: #1)....
saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufi respublikaSi pirveli aralegaluri
opoziciuri organizacia iyo, romelic ibrZoda qarTuli enis, eklesiis,
kulturis Zeglebis dasacavad. igi aseve icavda patimarTa da devnilTa
uflbebs, hqonda aralegaluri ofseturi gamomcemloba, uSvebda
74
aralegalur Jurnalebs, TanamSromlobda moskovis demokratiul
moZraobasTan da aralegalur Jurnal ,,mimdinare ambebis qronikasTan”.
70-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebma mwvave kritikis
sagnad aqcies qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis umaRles sasulieri
pirTa ,,moRvaweoba”. isini ,,aaSkaravebdnen” eklesiaSi gamefebul anarqias,
uwesrigobas, mamaTmavlobas, mZarcvelobas, sasuliero pirTa agenturul
saqmianobas. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1) ) ) ) saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriaqis ilia II-s mimarT miweril Ria werilebSi z.
gamsaxurdias mier mkacrad iqna dagmobili 1980 wlis aprilSi
saqarveloSi ilia II-is mowveviT Camosuli vazgen somexTa kaTalikosis
viziti da misi wirvaze daswreba sionis taZarSi. (s.u.(s.u.(s.u.(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1,
saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7) gamsaxurdias azriT somexTa kaTalikosi xels uwyobda
antiqarTul (prosomxur _ d.e.) saqmianobas saqarTveloSi, rac
gamoixateboda qveynis sxvadsxva raionSi qarTveli bavSvebis
grigorianuli wesiT monaTvlaSi, maTTvis somxuri saxelebisa da
gvarebis darqmevaSi. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 71111) ) ) ) epistoleebSi
mravalmxriv gakritikebulia ilia II-is moRavaweoba, ris gamoc dialogi
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebsa da saqarTvelos
eklesiis sapatriaros Soris Sewyvetili iyo. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq.
386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) sapatriaqo z. gamsaxurdias saqarTvelos eklesiaSi
nacionaluri SuRlis Camogdebasa da qarTveli, somexi da rusi erebis
erTmaneTisaTvis gadakidebas abralebda. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279,
gvgvgvgv. 9) . 9) . 9) . 9)
1977 wlis 1 aprils gazeTma ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”
gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos eklesiis xelmZRvanelTa erTi jgufis werili
,,ara cili swamo”, romelSic uaryofili iyo z. gamsaxurdias da misi
jgufis pretenziebi qarTuli eklesiis zogierTi mRvdelmsaxuris mimarT
da gamoTqmuli iyo sapasuxo braldeba. kerZod, Tvildnen rom erovnuli
moZraobis liderTa mier xalxSi erovnuli grZnobebis spekulacia da
radio ,,Tavisuflebis” saSualebiT qarTul enaze mociqulTa, msoflio
da adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa mTeli rigi dadgenilebani da
eklesiis umaRles ierarqiul pirTa pirad RirsebaTa xelyofa da maT
75
wmida samwysoSi SfoTisa da arevdarevis Setanis mcdelobis mizezi
saqarTvelos eklesiis z. gamsaxurdias Carevisa da ,,Wkuis” kiTxvis
gareSe damoukideblad saqmianobaao. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4----
8)8)8)8)
niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli eklesiis garSemo atexili xmauris
gamo inglisurma gazeTma ,,taimsma” kamaTi gamarTa aRniSnul problemaze.
imJamad cnobilma ingliselma qarTvelologma, profesorma d. langma da
sxvebma qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti daicves.
rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi Seqmnili viTareba marTlac arasaxarbielo iyo. adgili
hqonda datacebebs, zogierTi maRali saeklesio Tanamdebobis piris
uzneo saqciels, seklesio qonebis ganiavebis faqtebs. mdgomareoba
imdenad rTuli iyo, rom saqmeSi saqarTvelos sagamomZieblo organoebic
Caerivnen, sabolood, igi erT-erTi saeklesio maRalCinosnis
dapatimrebiT damTavrda.
cekas aparatSi bevri TanaugrZnobda z. gamsaxurdias brZolas
sapatriarqoSi moxdari incidentis gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT.
76
$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... 1111978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili, brZola deda_brZola deda_brZola deda_brZola deda_enis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvis
XX saukunis II naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis
istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlenaa brZola deda-enis SenarCunebisaTvis.
1977 wlis 7 oqtombers ssrk umaRlesma sabWom miiRo axali sabWoTa
konstitucia, romelic zogadi ritorikis garda didad ar
gansxvavdeboda 1936 wlis konstituciisagan, gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis,
demokratiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantiebis
TvalsazrisiT. magram mokavSire respublikebis konstituciis proeqtebSi
,,stalinuri” konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT, amoiRes mSobliuri enis
saxelmwifo statusi. am faqtma ukiduresad aaRelva qarTuli mowinave
inteligencia. umaRles saswavleblebSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis institutebSi, saqarTvelos kp ck warmomadgenlebs
ganumartavdnen aseTi gadawyvetilebis mavne xasiaTs ((((nnnnaTmelaZeaTmelaZeaTmelaZeaTmelaZe
2020202004:04:04:04:311_312)311_312)311_312)311_312)....
mSobliuri enis dasacavad pirvel rigSi aRsdga Tbilisis yvela
umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebi saxelmwifo universitetis
studentTa meTaurobiT. 1978 wlis 12 aprilidan TbilisSi daiwyo
demonstraciebi da mitingebi. studentebs skolis moswavleebma dauWires
mxari – rusTavelis prospeqtze moewyo `mjdomare gaficva”.
gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas mainc Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis studentoba iCenda. imarTeboda msjeloba Tu rogor
aeZulebinaT centraluri xelisfleba daTmobaze wasuliyo.
universitetis yofili studentis, disident gela nikolaiSvilis
mogonebiT studentTa msjelobaSi is azric figurirebda, rom moewyoT
masobrivi msjeloba qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriobis dacvis
moTxovniT, Tumca, imis SiSic hqondaT, rom xelisufleba quCaSi
gamosul xalxs ZaladobiT upasuxebda. amitom Seadgines peticia
ramdenime egzemplarad, romelic gaeroSic unda gaegzavnaT. igi
Tavdeboda Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cven migvaCnia absolutur WeSmaritebad,
rom saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo ena unda iyos qarTuli da moviTxovT
amis aRiarebas saqarTvelos ssr xelisuflebis mier”.
77
cxadia, es yvelaferi SeumCneveli ar rCeboda uSiSroebis
organoebs. TviT universitetis partiuli komitetisa da gansakuTrebiT,
komkavSiruli aqtivistebis mxridan, adgili hqonda studentTa mimarT
muqaras, devnas, binis gaCxrekvas. magaliTad. 1978 wlis 11 aprils
Zirfesvianad gaCxrikes jgufis erT-erTi lideris, Tamar CxeiZis bina.
xelisufleba yvela saSualebas mimarTavda imisaTvis, rom
studentebs SeewyvitaT antisabWouri propaganda da ar miemarTaT
saprotesto aqciebisaTvis, magram miuxedavad amisa, 1978 wlis 14 aprils
universitetidan mTavrobis saxlisaken aTasobiT axalgazrda daiZra. maT
Soris profesor-maswavleblebic iyvnen. aqciis monawileebs gzadagza
uerTdebodnen sxva umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebic, warmoeba-
dawesebulebebis axalgazrdoba. sabolood mTavrobis saxlTan
aTiaTasobiT kaci Segrovda. amave periodSi mTavrobis saxlis gverdiTa
quCidan gamoCndnen sabWoTa jaris SeiaraRebuli koloniebi, romlebic
mwyobrad iwyebdnen gadaadgilebas da mTavrobis saxlis garSemo
poziciebs ikavebdnen (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999gggg:::: 23232323----24)24)24)24)....
respublikis xelisuflebam xalxTan dialogi gamarTa da
daSlisaken mouwoda, magram demonstracias axal-axali jgufebi
emateboda. maT gverdiT idgnen moswavleebi, romlebic perangebs
ixdidnen da masze werdnen: `ena”, `mamuli”, saqarTvelo, `ai ia” da sxva.
1978 wlis 14 aprilamde qarTulma erovnulma-patriotulma
moZraobam araerTi mZime tvirTi zida. iyo mitingebi, gamosvlebi,
sisxliani 1956 wlis 9 marti, aralegaluri organizaciebis Seqmna,
pirveli disidenturi warmatebuli saqmianobac da msxverplic, magram 14
aprili erT-erT gamorCeul movlenad rCeba erovnul moZraobaSi.
gardaqmnis da sabWoeTis daSlis periodis saqarTveloSi ukve
ikveTeboda ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis momenti, politikuri Zalebi
iwyebdnen yvela saSualebis gamoyenebas xelisuflebis Sesacvlelad.
magram 1978 wlis 14 aprils yvelas mxolod erTi, erovnul-patriotuli
suliskveTeba aerTianebda - sruliad uangaro brZola qarTveli eris
Selaxuli uflebebisaTvis, fanatizmis, fsiqozisa da intrigebis gareSe.
samarTlianad SeniSnavs Tamar CxeiZe: `iq ar iyo ama Tu im
`beladis” garSemo Sekrebili brbo, romelsac beladi Tavisi
78
politikuri interesebisaTvis iyenebs, aramed Tavisufali adamianebis
Sekreba, romeliTac srulad hqondaT gacnobierebuli TavianTi
moTxovnac da isic, rac SeiZleba iq yovel wuTSi datrialebuliyo.
1978 wlis 14 aprils erTi centri ar arsebobda. demonstraciaze
gadawyvetileba aravis miuRia, anu gadawyvetileba miiRo yvelam erTad.
daZabul, kritikul situaciaSi xSirad moqmedebs meqanizmi: vinme
wamoisvris ideas, romelic momentalurad poulobs mxardaWeras da
yvelani iwyebs mis realizebas ise, rom realurad aRaravis axsovs, vin
iyo avtori.
aqve aRsaniSnavia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebis gamoZaxili
saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi. 1978 wlis maisSi q. baTumSi, baTumis
pedagogiuri institutis studentebis moTxovniT aWaris assr
konstituciaSi Caiwera qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusi.
1978 wlis aprilSi soxumSi gaimarTa didi mitingi, sadac afxazi
erovnebis warmomadgenlebma moiTxoves qarTuli enis amoReba afxazeTis
konstituciidan, e. SevardnaZis soxumSi Casvlam ganmuxta viTareba da
afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi datoves qarTuli ena afxazur da rusul
enebTan erTad saxelmwifo enad.
sabWoTa istoriaSi pirvelad mouxda sakavSiro imperias xalxisTvis
daeTmo. es ar momxdara komunisturi xelisuflebis iniciativiT. piriqiT,
saqarTvelos sazogadoebam gadalaxa im periodSi Seqmnili
winaaRmdegobani, mravalaTasianma masam gaarRvia yvela kordoni da
moipova didi gamarjveba. es iyo eris gamTlianebis dRe.
- sabolood 75-e muxli ase Camoyalibda: saqarTvelos sabWoTa
solialisturi respublikis saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli ena.
saqarTvelos ss respublika axorcielebs saxelmwifo zrunvas
qarTuli enis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs mis
xmarebas saxelmwifo da saxogadoebriv organoebSi, kulturis,
ganaTlebisa da sxva dawesebulebebSi.
saqarTvelos ss respublikaSi uzrunvelyofilia Tavisufali
xmareba rusulisa da sxva enebisa, romelebiTac mosaxleoba sargeblobs;
raime privilegia an SezRudva ama Tu im enis xmarebaSi ar daiSveba
(kvesel(kvesel(kvesel(kveselava 1999ava 1999ava 1999ava 1999gggg::::25)25)25)25)....
79
cxadia, komunisturi xelisufleba cdilobda xalxisaTvis
informacia ise moewodebina, rom momgebiani yofiliyo maTi
ideologiisaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi iyo 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebis
ise warmoCena, rom TiTqos 14 aprils yvelaferi winaswar iyo
momzadebuli komunisturi xelisuflebis mier, Tumca, jerjerobiT, amis
damamtkicebeli dokumentebi ar gamoqveynebula. Cveni azriT es masalebi
rom aqamde ar aris cnobili sazogadoebisaTvis, imaze miuTiTebs, rom
xelisuflebas namdvilad ar hqonda `dagegmili” saxalxo gamosvlebi
qarTuli enis statusis dasacavad. amis cocxali mowme dRes aseulobiT
adamiani SeiZleba moiZebnos, romlebic im dros movlenebis SuagulSi
iyvnen.
sxva mxriv 1978 wlis 14 aprils televiziiT gadmocemuli
saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos sesiis videoCanaweris naxva adasturebs,
rom sesiaze gamosvlis dros e.SevardnaZe aSkarad Wimavda dros, igi
pasuxs elodeboda moskovidan da rodesac sasurveli pasuxi miiRo, igi
umalve Seexo 75-e muxls da sityvac male daasrula.
rogorc Cans, mTavrobis sasaxlis win aTasobiT Sekrebil
adamianTan gasaubrebam igi aiZula piradad dakavSireboda l. breJnevs
da xalxis moTxovna gadaeca. moskovi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia.
qarTveli axalgazrdobis gmirobam qarTul enas kvlav daumkvidra
saxelmwifo statusi konstituciaSi. 15 aprils IX mowvevis umaRlesi
sabWos VIII sagangebo sesiam miiRo saqarTvelos axali konstitucia,
romelmac kvlav daakanona qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusi.
niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom e. SevardnaZes 1994 wlamde arsad ar
uTqvams Tavisi aqtiuri rolis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT. 1994 wlis aprilSi ki man moulodnelad daadastura
xalxSi gavrcelebuli versia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis mRelvarebis
farulad organizebis Sesaxeb.
1978 wels saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli da erTaderTi respublika,
romlis konstituciaSic Caiwera norma erovnuli saxelmwifo enis
Sesaxeb da mxolod Semdeg gaimeores analogiuri normebi somxeTis,
azerbaijanis da mTeli rigi sxva respublikebis konstituciebma (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki
2000:2000:2000:2000:190)190)190)190). . . .
80
ruseTis antiqarTuli Zalebis xelSewyobiT 1978 wels seriozuli
daZabuloba Seiqmna afxazeTSi, ZirZvel qarTul kuTxeSi. stalinis
gardacvalebis Semdeg moskovi farulad mudam xels uwyobda afxazeTSi
antiqarTuli ganwyobis eskalacias: politikur da kulturul
orientaciaSi, kadrebis SerCevasa da ganawilebaSi da a.S. afxazeTis
axal konstituciaze muSaobisas adgilobrivi eTnokratiis Tavgsulma
liderebma miiRes werili skkp centraluri komitetisadmi, romelSic
afxazebis mimarT sabWoTa xelisuflebis yvela danaSauli qarTvel ers
daabrales. moiTxovdnen afxazeTis statusis Secvlas. sqarTvelos kp_is
centraluri komitetis xelmZRvanelobam afxaz liderebTan morigeba
amjobina da moskovTan SeTanxmebiT erToblivad SemuSavda skkp ck da
sssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebis proeqti: ,,afxazeTis assr
ekonomikisa da kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic miiRes 1978 wlis ivnisSi. dadgenileba iTvaliswinebda
avtonomiur respublikaSi mniSvnelovani socialuri da ekonomikuri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, rac xels Seuwyobda adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas. magram dadgenileba faqtiurad
amkvidrebda afxazi eTnokratiis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas. am
dadgenilebis negatiuri aspeqtebi mogvianebiT aSkarad gamovlinda.
81
Tavi meoTxeTavi meoTxeTavi meoTxeTavi meoTxe
sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
1980198019801980----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi
$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis
saqsaqsaqsaqmeSimeSimeSimeSi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saqarTveloSi ramdenime
ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda. maT Soris umTavresi sakuTari
saxelmwifoebriobis arqona iyo. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis marcxisa
da 30-iani wlebis didi represiebis Semdeg komunistur reJimTan
SeiaraRebulma dapirispirebam azri dakarga da TavisuflebisaTvis
brZolis asparezmma mSvidobian frontze gadainacvla.
imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi TiTqmis srulad iqna likvidirebuli
yovelgvari antisabWoTa politikuri partia Tu jgufi, erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis meTauroba erovnul-patriotuli
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma _ mwerlebma, mecnierebma da sxv.,
ikisres. 70-ian wlebSi qarTul literaturaSi gamoCndnen axalgazrda
mwerlebi, romlebic TavianT moTxrobebSi, leqsebSi ilaSqrebdnen
pirovnebis uflebebis Selaxvis, rusifikaciis politikis gaZlierebis
winaaRmdeg, iRwvodnen erovnuli TviTSegnebis asamaRleblad. maTi
moRvaweoba ufro legaluri iyo da amitom mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebis
Sedegebi _ ufro STambeWdavi da Zlieric gaxda.
70-80-iani wlebis saqarTvelos inteligenciis demokratiul
Tvalsazriss da reJimisadmi kritikul damokidebulebas gamoxatavda
mwerali, kritikosi da publicisti akaki baqraZe. misi obieqturi,
patriotuli da ukompromiso statiebi da publikaciebi, saintereso
sajaro gamosvlebi moswonda sazogadoebas.
50-70-iani wlebi qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis oqros xanaa. 1980
wels saqarTveloSi 40-ze meti samecniero_kvleviTi instituti, 25
aTasze meti mecnier-muSaki iyo. qarTvelma mecnierebma: aleqsandre
janeliZem, giorgi wereTelma, giorgi Citaiam, aleqsandre baramiZem,
82
Salva amiranaSvilma, paata guguSvilma, akaki surgulaZem, mamia dumbaZem,
iuri kaWaravam da bevrma sxvam gamoaqveynes vrceli monografiuli
gamokvlevebi. Seiqmna ,,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”,
,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis”, ,,qarTuli literaturis istoriisa”
da ,,saqarTvelos enciklopediis” mravaltomeulebi.
50-70-iani wlebi ,,oqros xana” iyo qarTuli literaturisTvisac.
axali SedevrebiT amdidrebdnen qarTul poezias galaktion tabiZe,
ioseb griSaSvili, giorgi leoniZe, irakli abaSiZe, grigol abaSiZe,
simon Ciqovani, lado asaTiani, ioseb noneSvili, revaz margiani, ana
kalandaZe, murman lebaniZe, muxran maWavariani, SoTa niSnianiZe. maTi
Semoqmedeba gamsWvalulia patriotizmiT, humanizmiT, sicocxliT,
siyvaruliT, sixaruliT, sevdiTac da umjobesi cxovrebis dauokebeli
surviliTac.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam gamoaqveyna romanebi ,,daviT aRmaSenebeli”,
,,didostatis marjvena”, ,,vazis yvaviloba”. levan goTuam ,,gmirTa varami”,
axali romanebi da moTxrobebi Seqmnes leo qiaCelma-Sengelaiam, giorgi
SatberaSvilma, konstantine lorTqifaniZem, giorgi ciciSvilma, giorgi
leoniZem, grigol abaSiZem da sxv. 60-iani wlebidan mweralTa ufros
Taobas mxarSi amoudgnen nodar dumbaZe, guram rCeuliSvili, Wabua
amirejibi, revaz jafariZe, revaz inaniSvili, Tamaz WilaZe, oTar WilaZe,
otia ioseliani, guram fanjikiZe, arCil sulakauri, moris focxiSvili,
jansuR Carkviani... maT nawarmoebebSi gansxierebulia mravali pirovnuli,
erovnuli da sakacobrio ideali, dagmobilia sabWoTa cxovrebis
negatiuri movlenebi.
ganviTarda qarTuli literaturuli kritika da publicistika.
gafarTovda qarTuli literaturis saerTaSoriso kavSirebi sxva
qveynebis literaturasTan. qarTulidan msoflios xalxTa enebze
iTargmna mravali mxatvruli nawarmoebi da piruku. mTelma msofliom
aRiara SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis” sakacobrio mniSvneloba,
gansakuTrebiT misi 800 wlisTavis iubilis Catarebis Semdeg, 1966 wels.
momdevno wlebSi Catarda nikoloz baraTaSvilis 150 da ,,SuSanikis
wamebis” 1500 wlis iubileebi.
83
aRsaniSnavia mwerlisa da mecnieris vaxuSti kotetiSvilis
iniciativiT dawyebuli ,,folkloruli saRamoebis” mniSvneloba,
romelmac ara marto xeli Seuwyo axali saxalxo mTqmelebis,
Semsruleblebis gamovlenas, aramed uzrunvelyo Zlieri patriotuli
grZnobebis ganviTareba.
qarTul literaturasTan erTad patriotizmisa da humanizmis
sakacobrio idealebs qadagebda qarTuli Teatri, kino, samusiko
xelovneba, romlebmac 60-70-ian wlebSi didi aRmavloba ganicada. mTel
msoflioSi gaicnes rusTavelis, marjaniSvilis dramatuli da
faliaSvilis saopero Teatrebi, sadac moRvaweobdnen reJisorebi _
dimitri aleqsiZe, mixeil TumaniSvili, vaso yuSitaSvili, vaxtang
tabliaSvili, vaxtang Wabukiani, aleqsandre wuwunava, dodo anTaZe, giga
lorTqifaniZe, robert sturua, Temur CxeiZe. diriJorebi – odisei
dimitriadi, jansuR kaxiZe... msaxiobebi _ akaki xorava, akaki vasaZe,
spartak baRaSvili, giorgi daviTaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, Tamar
WavWavaZe, giorgi gegeWkori, erosi manjgalaZe, ramaz CxikvaZe, vaso
goZiaSvili, sergo zaqariaZe, aleqsandre JorJoliani, sesilia
TayaiSvili, oTar meRvineTuxucesi, iusuf kobalaZe da mravali sxva.
didad ganviTarda da sazRvargareTac cnobilia qarTuli saopero,
sabaleto-saTeatro da vokalur-instrumentuli xelovneba. klasikur da
uaxles evropul-amerikul musikasa da qoreografiasTan erTad
nayofierad viTardeboda mravalsaukunovani qarTuli simRera da cekva,
romlebic evropa-amerikisaTvis ,,XX saukunis brwyinvale aRmoCena” iyo.
msoflio Semoiares qarTuli simRerisa da cekvis saxelmwifo
ansamblebma anzor kavsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, ansamblma ,,rusTavma”
anzor erqomaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, qarTuli cekvis ansamblma nino
ramiSvilis da iliko suxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da mravalma sxvam.
didi aRmavloba ganicada qarTulma kinom. Seiqmna yvela Janris
rvaasamde filmi, romelTagan saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso premia
wilad xvda asamde films.
1955 wels gamovida Tengiz abulaZisa da rezo CxeiZis ,,magdanas
lurja”, 1956 wels _ ,,baSi-aCuki”, 1962 wels Tengiz abulaZis ,,me, bebia,
iliko da ilarioni”, 1964 wels rezo CxeiZis ,,jariskacis mama”, 1967
84
wels _ oTar ioselianis ,,giorgobisTve”, 1968 da 1974 wlebSi eldar
Sengelaias ,,araCveulebrivi gamofena” da ,,Serekilebi”, 1977 wels giga
lorTqifaniZem da giorgi gabeskiriam gadaiRes ,,daTa TuTaSxia” imave
xanebSi Tengiz abulaZem _ ,,vedreba” da ,,monanieba” (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili
1997:1997:1997:1997:58585858----60)60)60)60)....
erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didi damsaxureba
miuZRvis r. TabukaSvilis patriotul kino-publicistikas. misi ,,alpiuri
varskvlavi”, ,,vitorio sela” da sxva dokumenturi filmebi swored
pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis problemebs exeboda. es filmebi
amkvidrebdnen erovnuli Rirsebis, patriotizmis, humanizmis idealebs.
udidesi erovnuli aqcia iyo r. TabukaSvilis iniciativiT italiidan
cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, italiaSi moRvawe patri mixeil
TamaraSvilis gadmosveneba (1978 w.) (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:3252004:3252004:3252004:325----326)326)326)326)....
amrigad, qarTuli inteligenciis erTi nawilis mier Tavisi
damsaxurebis, avtoritetis, didi Zalisxmevisa da riskebis,
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas rig SemTxvevebSi Tavganwirvis fasadac
ki ZiriTadad moxerxda 70-80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdobaSi, erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZeba,
ganviTareba da ganmtkiceba, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT damTavrebaSi.
85
$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis
gadasarCenadgadasarCenadgadasarCenadgadasarCenad
qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias yovelTvis eWira
gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTveli eris sulier cxovrebaSi da es
adgili mas arc sabWoTa diqtaturis dros daukargavs. erovnuli
moZraobis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis paralelurad, marqsistuli
ideologiis mier aTeizmis qadagebis pirobebSi mosaxleobaSi sul ufro
SesamCnevi xdeboda qarTuli eklesiis, eris sulieri winamZRolis,
kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is rolisa da avtoritetis zrda. farTo
ideologiuri propagandis Tu partiul-komkavSiruli struqturebis
mxridan akrZalvebis miuxedavad, axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili
eklesias miawyda. mravali studenti da moswavle stiqarosani gaxda da
adamianTa cxovrebaSi sarwmunoeba Tavis kuTvnil adgils ikavebda
(janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:198)198)198)198)....
ilia II-m aRadgina urTierToba bevr qarTvel inteligentTan,
mecnierTan, mweralTan, romlebTan erTadac igi araerT saerTo-erovnul
RonisZiebaSi monawileobda. erTi maTgani iyo ,,SuSanikis wamebis” 1500
wlisTavi, zeimiT rom aRiniSna 1978 wels. 11 dekembers. kaTolikos-
patriarqi pirvelad moevlina farTo saero sazogadoebas SuSanikis
martvilobisadmi miZRvnil sazeimo saRamoze operis TeatrSi. igi
monawilebda da sityvac Tqva Tbiliss Camosvenebuli mixeil
TamaraSvilis dakrZalvis dros didubis panTeonSi. patriarqis sityvis
dedaazri iyo debuleba, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesia da qarTveli eri ganuyofeli iyo da axlac aseao.
80-iani wlebidan qarTulma eklesiam ilia II-is meTaurobiT
gaafarTova urTierToba ucxoeTis qveynebis eklesiebTan, romelTa
meTaurebi ewvivnen saqarTvelos, ilia II ki mraval sxva qveyanas. amas
Sedegad mohyva ekumenisturi moZraobis centris mier qarTveli
kaTolikos-patriarqis eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos Tanaprezidentad
arCeva. msoflio patriarqma dimitriosma mas iberiis eklesiis
kaTalikosi uwoda, rac imas moaswavebda, rom mwifdeboda saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis cnoba msoflio eklesiis mier V saukunidan da
86
es kidec iqna aRiarebuli 1990 wlis ianvarSi., rac qarTuli eklesiis
didi warmateba iyo.
qarTuli qristianul_humanisturi azrovneba dRemde icavs
saRmrTosa da saeros erTianobis mravalsaukunovan Tvalsazriss. ilia II
ostaturad azavebda Tavis qadagebebSi religiur-dogmatur da erovnul-
patriotul ideebs. (gafrindaSvili 93-94)
ilia II-is locva-kurTxeviT daiwyo axali taZrebis mSenebloba,
ferweriT Semkoba, xatebisa da marTlmadidebluri
mRvdelmsaxurebisaTvis saWiro liturgiuli daniSnulebis nivTebis
Seqmna. moixata uamravi axali taZari. marTlmadidebluri kultis sxva
dargebTan erTad xatweris xelovnebamac daikava mniSvnelovani adgili
eris religiuri cxovrebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. ilia II-is udidesi
RvawliT aRsdga saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, monumenturi mxatvroba,
xeze da qvaze kveTa, minanqari.
saeklesio xelovnebis sxva ganStoebebis msgavsad, qarTuli
naqargobis aRorZinebac 1980-iani wlebidan iwyeba. axlad agebuli Tu
amoqmedebuli taZrebisaTvis RvTismsaxurebisaTvis aucilebel
Sesamoselebs, dafarnebs da a.S. saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebul
saqargav saxelosnoebSi qmnian ((((TumaniSviliTumaniSviliTumaniSviliTumaniSvili 2008:2008:2008:2008:24242424----35)35)35)35)....
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi saWeTmpyrobeli arc
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa da moRvaweTa mimarT iyo
gulgrili. amis gamovlineba iyo 1987 wels ilia WavWavaZis wminda ilia
marTlad Seracxva.
1988 wlis noemberSi axalgazrdobis jgufis mier dawyebuli
SimSilobisas zviad gamsaxurdiam qarTul eklesias usayvedura,
moSimSileebs misi moraluri mxardaWera ara aqvTo, kaTolikos-
patriarqma jer Tbilisis samebisa da qaSveTis winamZRvrebi gagzavna
moSimSileebTan, mere TviTonac mivida maTTan.
1989 wlis aprilis aqciebis dros patiaSvilma da misma gundma
kaTolikos-patriarqs sTxoves daSla erCia moSimSileTaTvis. 9 aprils
ilia II mRvdel giorgi gamrekelis TanxlebiT MmTavrobis saxlTan
mivida da daufaravad ganucxada demonstrantebs: tragediaa
87
mosalodneli, qaSveTis taZarSi SevideT, vilocoT da mere daviSaloTo.
Tumca amaze uari Tqves moSimSileebma.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurni xSirad gamoTqvemdnen mosazrebas,
eklesia politikaSi ar erevao, magram uaRresad politizirebuli
mrevli aiZulebda maT, araiSviaTad zomaze metad Careuliyvnen
politikaSi. magram im rTul viTarebaSi ver xorcieldeboda umaRlesi
saeklesio da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ara Tu erTianobis mZime, aramed
urTierTndobis principic ki. marTlmadideblobis damcveli
mRvdelmTavarni patriarqis meTaurobiT ebrZodnen uzneobas,
cdilobdnen dapirispirebul ZalTa Serigebas, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi
amao iyo.
88
$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore
naxevarSinaxevarSinaxevarSinaxevarSi
70_iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa politikuri elita aSkarad kargavda
realizmis grZnobas. 1979 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSirma avRaneTSi
jari Seiyvana da samxedro gadatrialeba moawyo. amis gamo dasavleTis
samyarom radikalurad gaamZafra damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSirTan.
avRaneTSi iZulebiT gawveuli aTasobiT qarTveli axalgazrda
ibrZoda. saqarTvelomac udidesi msxverpli gaiRo am uazro omSi.
xelisuflebaSi ronald reiganis mosvlisTanave amerikis
xelisuflebam SeimuSava sabWoTa imperiasTan urTierTobis efeqturi
politikuri kursi, romelsac mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda. es iyo
mowinaaRmdegis ekonomikuri gamofitvis, gamalebuli SeiaraRebiT
moqancvis, ekonomikuri gakotrebis kursi. am kursma Tavisi Sedegebi male
gamoiRo.
erT-erTi udidesi tragedia da erovnuli moZraobis mniSvnelovani
movlena, romelmac 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa saqarTvelo (da ara marto
saqarTvelo) SeZra iyo ,,TviTmfrinavis biWebis” ambavi (SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2))))....
sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmebze dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom TviTmfrinavis
gatacebis erT-erTi monawile da organizatori Teimuraz CixlaZe (mama
Tevdore) 1979 wels apirebda ssrk-dan gasvlas ukanono gziT Tanmxleb
pirebTan erTad da am mizniT daiwyo Tanamoazreebis Zebna. man kavSiri
daamyara ioseb wereTelTan da daviT miqaberiZesTan. es ukanasknelni
iyvnen dasavluri cxovrebis wesis mimdevrebi da sionis taZarSi
xvdebodnen CixlaZes. Tavis mxriv 1981 wlis zafxulSi wereTeli da
miqaberiZe daukavSirdnen germane kobaxiZes, imave wlis Semodgomaze ki
kaxa iveriels. Semdeg paata iveriels da TinaTin fetviaSvils, 1982
wlidan g. tabiZes (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 4)4)4)4)....
jgufis wevrebma ucxoeTSi wasvlisaTvis daiwyes legaluri gzebis
Zieba. sxvadasxva varientebs Soris ganixileboda ucxoelze qorwinebac.
paralelurad ganixilavdnen qveynidan gaRwevis aralegalur gzebsac. am
mizniT 1983 wlis zafxulSi miqaberiZe da wereTeli araerTxel Cavidnen
baTumsa da soxumSi, sadac eZebdnen sazRvarze gasvlis saxmeleTo,
89
sazRvao an sahaero saSualebas. aseve ramdenimejer iyvnen talinSi,
sadac gaicnes v. Smoilovi, romelTan erTadac gegmavdnen motoriani
naviT sazRvris gadalaxvas.
mogvianebiT gaCnda TviTmfrinaviT gaRwevis azric. CixlaZis
argumentiT TviTmfrinaviT swrafad Dda usafrTxod SeiZleboda
sazRvris gadakveTa (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 5), radganac maTTan
erTad TviTfrinavSi iqnebodnen mgzavrebic da amitom sabWoTa
xelisufleba ar miiRebda TviTmfrinavis Camogdebis gadawyvetilebas.
maTi gegmis Tanaxmad mama Tevdore mRvdlis anaforaSi damalavda
iaraRs, xalxTan erTd avidoda TviTmfrinavis salonSi, xolo afrenis
Semdeg CixlaZe TiTqos interesisTvis Sevidoda pilotebis kabinaSi
gadascemda maT werils TviTmfrinavis afeTqebis muqariT aiZulebda
SeecvalaT frenis mimarTuleba da TviTmfrinavi daejinaT TurqeTis
teritoriaze.
am mizniT 1982 wlis dasawyisSi miqaberiZem ucnobi pirisagan
,,naganis” sistemis erTi revolveri SeiZina. 1983 wlis aprilSi
wereTelTan erTad - meore, xolo ivnisSi iaraRis raodenoba kidev
erTiT gaizarda. 1983 wlis 13 agvistos kobaxiZe da wereTeli gafrindnen
leningradSi dasaZinebeli gazis balonis SesaZenad (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1.
saq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gv 6), magram gegmis Cavardnis gamo (gazis balonis ver SeiZines)
1983 wlis noembris dasawyisisTvis 4 iaraRi da 2 xelyumbara SeiZines.
1983 wlis noembris dasawyisSi jgufis wevrebma sabolood miiRes
gadawyvetileba moexdinaT SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma TviTfrinavze. am
droisaTvis maT gadawyvites CamoecilebinaT CixlaZe, radgan maT Soris
ukve uTanxmoeba iyo.
Svid da rva noembers miqaberiZem, wereTelma, fetviaSvilma da
kobaxiZem g. kobaxiZis binaSi Sexvedrisas ganixiles TviTfrinavSi
SeRwevisa da iaraRis Setanis sakiTxi.
1983 wlis 11 noembers kobaxiZis binaSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen g.
kobaxiZe, d. miqaberiZe, g. tabiZe, i. wereTeli da T. fetviaSvili. aq maT
SesTavazes Zmebs p. da k. iverielebs TviTfrinavis gatacebaSi
monawileobis miReba da gaacnes maT ,,tY-134”-is gatacebis gegma,
romelSic monawileobazec iverielebma Tanxmoba ganacxades. aqve
90
wereTelma da miqaberiZem daniSnes Tavdasxmis dRec _ 1983 wlis 18
noemberi. ganixiles ,,tY-134”-is marSruti Tbilisi _ baTumi _ kievi _
leningradi da es arCevani motivirebuli iqna imiT, rom TvTmfrinavSi
bevri mgzavri iqneboda da mas ar Camoagdebdnen.
1983 wlis 14 noembers k. iverielma miqaberiZisagan miiRo fuli da
pasportebi bandis wevrebisaTvis da iyida 7 samgzavro bileTi.
1983 wlis 15 da 16 noembers miqaberiZis mSoblebis agarakze wyneTSi,
erTmaneTs Sexvdnen jgufis wevrebi: wereTeli, d. miqaberiZe, p. iverieli,
k. iverieli, g. tabiZe da g. kobaxiZe. Sexvedrisas gadawyda, rom jgufs
uxelmZRvanelebda k. iverieli (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 8). am
Sekrebas ar eswreboda T. fetviaSvili, radganac is saqorwino
samzadisSi iyo.
1983 wlis 18 noembers i. wereTelma, miqaberiZem, fetviaSvilma da
kobaxiZem miiRes gadawyvetileba (wereTlis winadadebiT) iaraRiT savse
CanTa ekaterine SalutaSvilis (fetviaSvilis megobari) daxmarebiT
SeetanaT TviTmfrinavis bortze. ra Tqma unda SalutaSvils amis Sesaxeb
ar unda scodnoda (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 9).
miqaberiZem iTxova fetviaSvilisagan Savi feris marTkuTxedis
formis qalis CanTa, romelSic jgufis wevrebma Caalages ori cali
,,TT”, revolveris sistemis ,,nagani”, revolveri ,,revstveri,” ori
saswavlo xelyumbara da sabrZolo tyviebi.
jgufis wevrebs Soris winaswar ganawilebuli rolebis Tanaxmad
fetviaSvilma sTxova SalutaSvils misi kuTvnili xelCanTa Seetana
TviTmfrinavSi da ,,gaumxila” TiTqos CanTaSi iyo narkotikebi sigaretis
formiT. SalutaSvilma pirnaTlaT Seasrula megobris Txovna.
winaswari molaparakebis Tanaxmad k. iverieli, p. iverieli, g. tabiZe
danarCen mgzavrebTan erTad Sevidnen TviTmfrinavis salonSi, isini
ganTavsdnen pirvel salonSi, sadac daikaves adgilebi 4, 5 da 6 rigebSi
(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gv 10).
cudi meteorologiuri pirobebis gamo TviTmfrinavma daagviana
gafrena. jgufis wevrebi TviTmfrinavSic agrZelebdnen qorwilis
Semdgom mxiarulebas da svamdnen Rvinos.
91
moskovis droiT, 15 saaTsa da 43 wuTze TviTmfrinavma kursi aiRo
baTumisken. afrenidan 5-10 wuTis Semdeg kobaxiZem gamoarTva iaraRebiT
savse CanTa SalutaSvils da jgufis wevrebma gainawiles iaraRi.
16 saaTsa da 13 wuTze kaxa iverieli wereTelTan erTad gaemarTa
pilotis kabinisaken. es faqti jgufis wevrebma CaTvales operaciis
dawyebis niSnad. miniSnebis Tanaxmad p. iverielma miiRo ra meore rigSi
mjdomi mgzavri a. solomonia miliciis TanamSromlad, mas TavSi
Sampanuris boTli Caartya, xolo tabiZem TavSi esrola revolveri.
mgzavri iqve gardaicvala. aseve, SecdomiT miiRes ra ekipaJis wevrad
pilotis formiani mgzavri, tabiZem samjer esrola mas (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880,
aR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gv 11), ris Sedegadac mgzavri daiWra, xolo miqaberiZem
mkvlelobis ganzraxviT esrola mgzavr o. gvalias da gauxvrita
filtvi.
mgzavrebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis SesaCereblad p.
iverieli da g. kobaxiZe xelyumbarebis afeTqebiT imuqrebodnen, maT
mgzavrebs ubrZanes ar ganZreuliyvnen radgan TviTmfrinavi mifrinavda
TurqeTSi.
k. iverieli, wereTeli da tabiZe SeiWrnen pilotebis kabinaSi.
tabiZem esrola SarbaTians, xolo k. iverielma eqvsjer esrola, ris
Sedegadac SarbaTiani gardaicvala. k. iverieli iaraRis muqariT
(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 12) sTxovda pilots a. gardafxaZes
Seecvala kursi da gafreniliyo TurqeTisaken. pilotebis kabinaSi
imyofeboda Sturmani gasoiani, romelmac maT gauxsna cecxli, ris
Sedegadac tabiZe mokla, xolo wereTeli da k. iverieli daiWrnen. aman
saSualeba misca pilotebs Signidan CaeketaT kabinis kari.
am drois ganmavlobaSi g. kobaxiZe da p. iverieli xelyumbaris
afeTqebis muqariT aiZulebdnen mgzavrebs Tavi daexaraT da adgilidan
ar ganZreuliyvnen.
aseT daZabul viTarebaSi 1983 wlis 18 noembers 16 saaTsa da 40
wuTze pilotebma moaxerxes daesvaT TviTmfrinavi Tbilisis aeroportSi
(ris Sesaxebac jgufis wevrebs Seatyobina fetviaSvilma). maTi gegmis
Cavardnis gacnobierebis Semdeg miqaberiZem TviTmfrinavSi Tavi moikla
(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 13).
92
TviTmfrinavis dajdomis Semdegac g. kobaxiZe da p. iverieli
ukrZalavdnen mgzavrebs amdgariyvnen adgilidan, daxmareba gaewiaT
daWrilTaTvis, esargeblaT wyliTa da tualetiT.
g. kobaxiZis da p. iverielis miTiTebiT, fetviaSvili TviTmfrinavis
Ria lukidan Txovda Tbilisis aeroportis warmomadgenlebs sawvaviT
SeevsoT TviTmfrinavi, SeecvalaT ekipaJi axliT, raTa gafreniliyvnen
TurqeTSi. maTi moTxovnis ar dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi fetviaSvili
TviTmrinavis afeTqebiT imuqreboda. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 14)
TiTqosda moTxovnis dakmayofilebis mizniT jer sawvavis cisterna
moitanes, viTom TviTmfrinavis gamarTva daiwyes, sinamdvileSi ki
piriqiT _ baki sawvavisagan mTlianad dacales (kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe 2001:2001:2001:2001: 26)26)26)26)....
TviTmfrinavSi (romelSic imyofeboda 58 mgzavri da Svidi ekipaJis
wevri) Tavdasxmis Sedegad mokluli iqna ekipaJis 3 wevri da 1 mgzavri,
daiWra ekipaJis 1 wevri da 7 mgzavri. Tbilisis samoqalaqo aviaciis
sammarTvelom TviTmfrinavis dazianebiT miiRo 560 839 maneTis zarali
(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.gv.gv.gv. 15151515).
1984 wlis 13 agvistos saqarTvelos sssr sasamarTlos sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo kolegiam T. gersamias TavmjdomareobiT,
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 78-e da 2422-e muxlebiT
gamtaceblebs sikvdiliT dasja miusaja (gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12))))....
Temur CixlaZem sasamarTloze Tavmjdomares mimarTa: ,,upirveles
yovlisa minda giTxraT, rom me, rogorc msjavrdebuli aq ar unda viyo.
arcerT qveyanaSi udanaSaulo adamians ar sjian, miT ufro xvreten.
Tqven iciT, rom me RvTismsaxuri kaci var da amis gamo masamarTlebT.
batonebo da qalbatonebo, araviTari borotmoqmedeba me ar
Camidenia, kacTmoZule arasodes vyofilvar. sasamarTlo bralad mdebs
bandis xelmZRvanelobas. diax, me viyavi jgufis xelmZRvaneli, romelsac
Teologias vaswavlidi, magram bandis organizatori arasodes
vyofilvar. rogorc yvela morwmune vswavlobdi saxarebas, da vqadagebdi
kacTmoyvareobas, simarTles WeSmaritebisadmi rwmenas. am mizniT
aRvikvece berad. aq myof braldebulebTan mqonda mxolod
sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri, iseTi, rogoric aqvs erT morwmunes meore
morwmunis mimarT. me kargad vicnob am axalgazrdebs, TiToeuli maTgani
93
niWieri da RrmadganaTlebulia. Tavad, dagidastureben, rom yovelTvis
WeSmaritebisa da patiosnebisaken movuwodebdi... ((((kvkvkvkvinikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001: 42424242----43)43)43)43)....
me Tavs damnaSaved araferSi ar vcnob, magram... saxlSi maqvs erTi
Zveli qarTuli ruqa, sadac saqarTvelos yvela taZari da monasteria
aRbeWdili. Tu Tqven sicocxles SeminarCunebT, sadac xels daadebT iq
waval da iq gavatareb Cems gatanjul cxovrebas.
... da Tu mainc momklavT, da amiT sxvas eSveleba, an qveyanas
sWirdeba es msxverpli, siamovnebiT waval im qveynad...
TviTmfrinavis gatacebis SemTxevis ganxilvas ar dasWirda erTi
weli an ramdenime Tve, am ambavs TvenaxevarSi daesva wertili. mSoblebs
ki ganaCenis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb mxolod 5 wlis Semdeg, 1989 wlis 13
marts acnoba jumber patiaSvilma partiis biuros dadgenilebiT.
sabWoTa kavSirSi socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba radikalurad
Seicvala 1985 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac m. s. gorbaCovma da misma gundma
daiwyo e.w. gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis procesi, rac miznad isaxavda
sabWoTa kavSiris modernizacias da aqedan gamomdinare mis gadarCenas.
sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebulma gardaqmnis procesma adekvaturi
asaxva hpova saqarTveloSi (gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4). 1988 wlis SemodgomisaTvis
respublikaSi gamoikveTa ori tendencia. pirveli: sazogadoeba ar
egueboda wlebis manZolze dagrovil damaxinjebebs, cru dapirebebs,
formalizms, moiTxovda Zireul gardaqmnebs yvela rgolSi. meore:
adamianebs rwmena hqondaT dakarguli, ar sjerodaT, rom maT
winadadebebs da SeniSvnebs miiRebdnen. partiuli struqturebi maT
TvalSi kargavda avtoritets. axasiaTebdaT gulgatexilobis, uimedobis
sindromi. isini naTlad xedavdnen, rom nebismieri donis dadgenileba Tu
gadawyvetileba qaRaldze rCeboda. respublikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
xdeboda gegmebis gayalbeba, partiuli xelmZRvaneloba Tavis gamorCenis,
politikuri eiforiis tyvebobaSi iyo.
saqarTvelos xelisufleba urTules viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. erTi
mxriv pozitiuri iyo gardaqmnis perspeqtiva da mas Tavisi kvali unda
daemCnia respublikis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, magram
meore mxriv respublika mZime ekonomikur kriziss ganicdida. irkveoda
rom partiuli xelmZRvanelobis saqmianobaSi kvlav adgili hqonda
94
subieqtivizmis mkveTr gamovlenas. centraluri xelisuflebis winaSe
Tavis gamoCenis tendenciebma, specialurad samrewvelo Tu sasoflo-
sameurneo Sesasrulebeli gegmebis uzomod gadidebam, gansakuTrebiT
respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wamyvan dargebSi – meCaiobasa da
mevenaxeobaSi, gamoiwvia xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis uaRresad dabal
niSnulamde daweva. marTalia, produqciis raodenobis gazrda
SesaZleblobas aZlevda respublikas mieRo sakavSiro biujetidan
gamoyofili finansebi, romelic moixmareboda respublikis
saWiroebisaTvis, magram sxva mxriv, qarTulma produqciam uxarisxobis
gamo TandaTanobiT iwyo dakargva sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikur sivrceSi,
araferi rom ar vTqvaT socialisturi Tanamegobrobis qveynebze.
samwuxarod, aRniSnuli damoukideblobis Sedegebma mogvianebiT
mkveTrad iCina Tavi sabWoeTis yofil sivrceSi, qarTulma Caim da Rvinom
dahkarga Tavisi Rirseba da prestiJi. magaliTad, sakaSiro xelisufleba
ukve 1987 wels miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelos meCaiobaSi seriozuli
problemebi iyo Seqmnili. maTi azriT, respublikaSi meaTe da meTerTmete
xuTwledebSi (70-iani wlebi da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisi) damzadebis
moculobis zrda, Cveulebriv, xdeboda Cais foTlis krefis
agroteqnikuri moTxovnebis uxeSi darRvevis gziT, ris gamoc
respublikis Cais plantaciebis farTobis 45 procenti (30 aTasi heqtari)
amortizirebuli iyo. Cais axali plantaciebis gaSenebis davalebebi ki
meTerTmete xuTwledSi mxolod 27 procentiT Sesrulda.
respublikaSi, faqtobrivad, wlebis manZilze TiTqmis ar eqceoda
yuradReba rTuli da prestiJuli nakeTobebis gamoSvebas.
manqanaTmSeneblobaSi saxalxo moxmarebis 304 ZiriTadi dasaxelebis
saqonlidan, romelTa gamoSveba 1988 wels iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,
prestiJuloba pirobiTad SeiZleboda mogvekuTvnebia mxolod 20
saxeobisaTvis.
respublikam ver SeZlo mosaxleobisaTvis miewodebina adgilobriv
pirobebSi gamoSvebuli dapirebuli axali saqoneli. saqmes ver Sveloda
sainJinro centrebis Seqmna, sxvadasxva gamofenebis mowyoba. bevri
qalaqisa da respublikis, TviT sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebis
gacnoba. praqtikuli Sedegi ar Canda, aurzauri ki didi iyo.
95
ar sruldeboda marcvleulis warmoebis gegmebi. gansakuTrebuli
SeSfoTebis obieqti iyo mecxoveleoba. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
saerTo suladobaSi 99,97 procenti jiSiani iyo, magram dabali iyo
Sedegianoba, rac imis damadasturebeli iyo, rom jiSiani pirutyvi
mxolod qaRaldze arsebobda.
respublikaSi wlebis manZilze ver mowesrigda sabinao problema.
binebs ver Rebulobdnen adamianebi, romlebic aRicxvaze 1962 wlidan
idgnen. TbilisSi aRricxvaze iyo 60 aTasze meti ojaxi, romelTagan 13
aTasi avariul da farRalala saxlebSi cxovrobda. 12 wlis manZilze
rigma mxolod 4 wliT gadaiwia, ris Sedegadac ganvlil xuTwledSi
ubinaoTa ricxvi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaizarda, vinaidan aRricxvaze
ufro meti xalxi dgeboda, vidre binas iRebda. sabinao problemas iseTi
rezonansi hqonda respublikaSi, rom igi xSirad xdeboda sakavSiro
gazeTebis `pravdisa” da `trudis” kritikuli Sefasebis sagani. xolo
sacxovrebeli farTobis ukanonod miRebis mizniT, 80-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi cnobili iyo mravali kuriozuli da amaSfoTebeli SemTxveva.
kvlav izrdeboda organizebuli da individualuri damnaSaveoba.
1987 wels gamovlinda saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi miwebis datacebis,
spekuliaciis, piradi qonebis moparvis, Zarcvis yaCaRobis, sastiki
Zaladobis 500-ze meti faqti. swored, es iyo korufcirebuli jgufebis
aqtiuri reaqcia gardaqmnis pasuxad. bevr sferoSi dabudebuli iyo
meqrTameoba ((((kveselkveselkveselkveselava 1999ava 1999ava 1999ava 1999aaaa::::15)15)15)15)....
1987 wlis 31 oqtombers Seiqmna `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba”. misi
aqtivistebis umravlesobas (40-ze meti kaci) Seadgenen umaRlesi
humanitaruli ganaTlebis inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. sazogadoebis
gamgeobas saTaveSi Caudgnen g. o. Wanturia, g. s. mamulia, m. e. qurdiani,
c. d. ardaSelia. 1987 wlis noemberSi gamgeobam TxovniT mimarTa
saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiums sazogadoebis registraciis
Sesaxeb, magram pasuxad uari miiRes. sazogadoeba ganagrZobda
moqmedebas, daiwyo e.w. `saTviTgamo” Jurnalis `moambis” gamocema.
1987 wlis 11 dekembers damfuZnebel krebaze miRebuli sazogadoebis
programidan: `...ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” mizania, daicvas qarTveli
xalxis uflebebi da interesebi, izrunos kulturuli memkvidreobis,
96
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, amasTan
gaiTvaiswinos araqarTveli mosaxleobis uflebebi. sazogadoebis
devizia: ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba” (sobCaki(sobCaki(sobCaki(sobCaki 2000:2000:2000:2000:56)56)56)56)....
1987 wlis Semodgomaze `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” Seqmnam
saTave daudo qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
legalizacias.
cixeebidan axaldabrunebulma politpatimrebma da sazogadoebis
garkveulma, arcTu mravalricxovanma jgufma miznad daisaxes erovnuli
idealebis sajaro propaganda, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena,
Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis axali politikuri, socialuri-ekonomikuri da
zneobrivi normebis SemuSaveba da damkvidreba. `ilia WavWavaZis
sazogadoebis” Seqmna moulodneli da uCveulo ar yofila arc qarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis da arc xelisuflebisaTvis, piriqiT: sazogadoebaSi
garkveuli molodinic ki arsebobda, radgan ukve naTlad igrZnoboda,
rom `perestroikiT” gamowveuli da misi arqitetqorebisagan xeldasmuli
kritikuli talRa ver Caeteoda maTTvis sasurvel garglebSi. sakiTxavi
iyo, Tu ra formasa da mimarTulebas miiRebda `perestroikiT” dadgenil
farglebs gacilebuli arakontrolirebadi kritikuli talRa.
ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebasa da mis irgvliv Tavmoyril
inteleqtualur Zalebs ar moswondaT ara marto radikalTa erTi
nawilis mier gamoyenebuli brZolis formebi da meTodebi, aramed
pirvel rigSi, inteligenciis, eris zomieri nawilis mimarT misi
damokidebuleba, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis erT-erTma aRiarebulma
liderma zurab WavWavaZem gabedulad amxila zviad gamsaxurdias
intrigebi, saqme Rirsebis sasamarTlomde mivida, z. WavWavaZem
konkretuli faqtebiT, mowmeTa CvenebebiT daamtkica, rom z. gamsaxurdia
uRirs, ormag TamaSs eweoda, magram radikalTa umravlesoba jer kidev
gamsaxurdias hipnozis qveS imyofeboda.
sasamarTlom dapirispireba ver moxsna, piriqiT konfliqti kidev
ufro gaRrmavda ((((blublublubluaSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:15)15)15)15)....
xelmZRvanelebs Soris dawyebuli uTanxmoebis gamo 1988 wlis
martSi moxda `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” gaTiSva da reorganizacia.
mas gamoeyo jgufi “meoTxe dasi” m. i. kostavas, z. k. gamsaxurdias, g. o.
97
Wanturias, i. s. wereTlis, T. i. janeliZisa da i. g. xuxunaiSvilis
SemadgenlobiT, romlebic ufro radikalur da nacionalistur
Sexedulebebs iziarebdnen.
sazogadoebis pirvel yrilobaze, 1988 wlis 8 oqtombers xazgasmiT
aRiniSna, rom `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba” ar aris aralegaluri
sazogadoeba, ar eweva marTlsawinaaRmdego, antikonstituciur
saqmianobas. amave dros sazogadoebis programa Seicavs mTel rig
punqtebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba ssr kavSirisa da saqarTvelos ssr
konstitucias (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000: 56)56)56)56).... kerZod, yvela sakavSiro da sakavSiro-
respublikuri saministros gadasvla respublikur daqvemdebarebaSi,
respublikis moqalaqis statusis daweseba, erovnuli sajariso
formirebebis Seqmna, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolikis (droSa,
gerbi), fulisa da safosto niSnebis gamoSvebaze respublikis uflebebis
aRdgena.
cota xnis Semdeg xelisuflebis locva-kurTxeviT Seiqmna
`rusTavelis sazogadoeba”, rogorc `i. WavWavaZis sazogadoebis”
sapirwone da xalxma, maT Soris Tavad `rusTavelis sazogadoebis’’
wevrebmac, es faqti zustad ase aRiqva.
aSkarad Canda, rom xelisufleba poziciebis daTmobas ar apirebda.
ufro metic, cdilobda xelSi aeRo iniciativa da radac unda
dasjdomoda, imTaviTve ekontrolebina erovnuli moZraoba. miT umetes,
rom xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi iyo mkacrad centralizebuli
Zlieri da morCili biurokratiuli aparati, Zalovani struqturebi –
milicia, prokuratura, suk-i, monopolizebuli presa da televizia
(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)....
1988 wlis martis dasawyisSi `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebas” gamoeyo
jgufi `meoTxe dasi”. 1988 wlis 26 maiss (1918 wlis 26 maiss menSevikurma
mTavrobam saqarTvelo damoukidebel respublikad gamoacxada) `meoTxe
dasma” SeZlo, moewyo mitingi (500-mde kaci) axalgazrdul klub
`berikonSi”. Tavyriloba damTavrda imiT, rom daiwyes xelmowerebis
Segroveba qarTveli xalxisa da respublikis mTavrobisadmi, romliTac
moiTxovdnen, xelisuflebas uzrunveleyo adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier
samxedro samsaxuris gavla respublikis teritoriaze, gaeuqmebina
98
brZanebuleba mitingebis, demonstraciebisa da quCis msvlelobis
mowyobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
1988 wlis ivnisSi `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi” Camoyalibda
damoukidebeli dajgufeba `erovnuli fronti” (xelmZRvanelebi i.
wereTeli da i. baTiaSvili), romelic Semdeg daiSala da Seerwya
`meoTxe dass”. 1988 wlis agvistoSi gamocxadda, rom `meoTxe dasis”
bazaze Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia (sedp),
romlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda brZola saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da demokratiuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis.
1988 wlis dekemberSi `meoTxe dasis” da sedp-is moTaveTa swrafvas
erTpirovnuli liderobisadmi mohyva am dajgufebaTa gaTiSva. sababi
gaxda 1988 wlis 30 noembersa da 1 dekembers gamarTuli sedp-s kongresi,
romelzec kostava, gamsaxurdia, wereTeli da baTiaSvili miiwvies
saTaTbiro xmiT. Wanturiam ganacxada, rom `partia” gamoeyofa `ilia
WavWavaZis sazogadoebas” (`meoTxe dasi”). amasTan dakavSirebiT kostavam,
gamsaxurdiam, wereTelma da baTiaSvilma 1988 wlis oqtomberis damlevs
gamoacxades, rom `meoTxe dass” ewoda wminda ilia marTlis
saxogadoeba.
`wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis” wesdebaSi, romelic
aralegalurad gamomaval gazeT `samSoblos” pirvel nomerSi
gamoqveynda, gacxadebulia, rom `wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba”
aris saqarTvelos erovnul-partiuli gaerTianeba, romelic miznad
isaxavs, daicvas qarTveli eris uflebebi da interesebi, upatronos
kulturul memkvidreobas, gauRvivos qarTvel xalxs erovnuli
TviTSegneba da aRadginos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukidebloba”.
partiis Seqmna 1988 wlis 30 agvistos mitingze gamocxadda. imave wlis 30
noembridan 1 dekembramde gaimarTa sedp-is pirveli damfuZnebeli
yriloba, romelmac gansazRvra, rom `misi mizania saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgena”. politikuri brZolis meTodebi – erovnuli
urCobis mowodeba da am urCobis realuri ganxorcieleba. partiis
ideologiuri bazisi aris Teodemokratia. partiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
principia ar Seurigdes kompromiss xelisuflebasTan. partiis
Tavmjdomare – g. o. Wanturia
99
`ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi” momxdari gaTiSvis Semdeg,
romelic dakavSirebuli iyo misi Semadgenlobidan saqarTvelos
erovnuli damukideblobis partiis gasvlasTan da `wminda ilia marTlis
sazogadoebad” wodebasTan, i. s. wereTeli mis bazaze qmnis `saqarTvelos
erovnuli damoukideblobis partias”.
axali partiis Seqmnis sababi gaxda daZabuli urTierToba i. s.
wereTelsa da g. o. Wanturias (sedp Tavmjdomares) Soris, romelic
warmoiSva imis gamo, rom Wanturiam miiTvisa 1988 wlis 23-29 noembers
mTavrobis saxlis win gamarTuli SimSilobis aqciis periodSi
Sekrebili didi Tanxa....
1989 wlis 27 martis mitingze Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
pirvel kursTan wereTelma oficialurad gamoacxada partiis Seqmna da
waikiTxa misi programa da wesdeba, romelSic mTavar miznad
gamocxadebulia: `saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxoba,
saqarTvelos gasvla ssr kavSiris Semadgenlobidan, komunisturi
partiis daTxovna, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaeros jaris Semoyvana,
natos samxedro blokSi Sesvla, `damoukidebeli saqarTvelos axali
mTavrobis Seqmna”.
1988 wlis oqtomberSi ,,ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi”
ganxeTqilebisa da `liberalebis’’ frTis Seqmnis Semdeg i. g. Sengelaia
TanamoazreebTan erTad Sevida mis SemadgenlobaSi. magram cota xanSi
CamoSorda ,,liberalebs” da Seqmna Tavisi dajgufeba, e. w. “saqarTvelos
erovnuli samarTlianobis kavSiri” (sesk), romelic miemxro `moeTxe
dasis” eqstremitul dajgufebas.
1988 wlis 3 noembers sesk-is damfuZnebel krebaze waikiTxes
gadawyvetileba damoukidebeli organizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb da airCies
`samuSao jgufi” Sengelias meTaurobiT, sesk-is yrilobis
mosamzadeblad. TavianTi saqmianobis sawyis etapze sesk-Si
funqcionirebda sxvadasxva komisiebi, romlebsac unda emuSavaT
sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. saqmianobis praqtikam cxadyo, rom aRniSnuli
komisiebi ar asrulebdnen araviTar samuSaoebs, garda imisa rom
uSvebdnen da avrcelebdnen nacionalisturi yaidis Jurnal-gazeTebs -
`uwyebani”, `eri” da `klde”.
100
1989 wlis 1-2 aprils q. TbilisSi gaimarTa sesk-is pirveli yriloba,
romelsac eswreboda daaxloebiT 200 kaci, maT Soris, araformaluri
gaerTianebaTa mowveuli wamomadgenlebi. yrilobam daamtkica programa,
wesdeba da airCia xelmZRvaneli organo - `kavSiris” sabWo.
sesk-is programa miznad isaxavda socialisturi federalizmidan
erovnul federalizmze gadasvlas, rac gulisxmobda saqarTvelos
umaRlesi sabWos xelisuflebis rwmunebaTa miniWebas respublikis mTel
teritoriaze:
- bunebrivi resursebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo erovnul
sakuTrebad gamocxadebas;
- saqarTvelos moqalaqis diferencirebuli statusis miRebas;
- erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnas;
- saxelmwifos Seqmnas konfederaciis principebiT;
- TandaTan gadasvlas msoflios yvela eris TanamegobrobaSi.
- momavali mTavroba unda eyrdnobodes opoziciur partiebsa da
saxalxo fronts.
- sesk-i saboloo miznad acxadebs qarTveli eris interesebis
dacvas saqarTvelos ganTvisuflebis misaRwevad (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki 2000:2000:2000:2000: 65)65)65)65). . . .
- 1988 wels erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba garkveulwilad
ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare cvlilebebmac: aSS-ma SeimuSava
ruseTSi komunizmis usisxlo ukugdebis doqtrina. dasavleTma kargad
uwyoda, Tundac elementaruli cvlileba ruseTis politikur
struqturaSi gaamZafrebda qveyanaSi arsebul politikur kriziss, amitom
man gorbaCovis ,,gardaqmnis Teorias” gakritikebis nacvlad, aqtiurad
dauWira mxari. sabWoeTSi pluralizmis daSvebam ki gamoacocxla
politikuri azri, ramac ganapiroba erovnuli moZraobis kerebis
gaCaReba moldaveTSi, baltiispireTSi, saqarTveloSi... socialuri
pirobebis gamo ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda xalxis farTo masebi TviT
ruseTSi, xolo Cernobilis avaria, germaneli mfrinavis matias rustis
TviTmfrinavis wiTel moedanze dasma, yarabaRisa da avRaneTis
movlenebi, telexidebi moskov-vaSingtons Soris da antistalinuri
propagandis pirveli talRebi iyo utyuari niSnebi sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis dasawyisisa.
101
daaxloebiT amave periodSi TbilisSi iqmneba pirveli e.w.
araformaluri gaerTianeba _ ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba. mas saTaveSi
edgnen disidentebi: T. CxeiZe, z. WavWavaze, g. mamulia,.. sazogadoebaSi
miiwvies yvela disidenti z. gamsaxurdias garada. (Tavisi 1978 wlis
cnobili monaniebis gamo) ((((SamugiaSamugiaSamugiaSamugia 2002:882002:882002:882002:88----88889)9)9)9)....
erovnuli moZraobis axali talRa 1988 wlis 24 TebervliT iwyeba.
universitetis ezoSi studentebma swored im dRes moawyves mitingi
daviT-garejis samonastro kompleqsis gadasarCenad. im periodisTvis is
marTlac mexis gavardnas hgavda ,,mowmendil” caze. paralelurad daiwyo
aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba sxvadasxva erovnuli moTxovnebiT.
mwvaved idga agreTve sabWoTa armiaSi qarTveli jariskacebis
diskriminaciisa da maT mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxi (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili
1999:271999:271999:271999:27----28)28)28)28)....
1987 wels grandiozulad aRiniSna i. WavWavaZis 150 wlisTavi.
sazogadoebrivi azris gamoRviZebamac am dReebSi iCina Tavi: ucnobma
teroristebma aafeTqes f. maxaraZis saflavi (is 12 saaTSi aRadgines j.
patiaSvilis brZanebiT); saswrafod SeiaraRebuli dacva daayenes s.
orjonikiZis ZeglTan, ramac situacia Zlier daZaba... amas mohyva 24
dekembris aqcia didubis panTeonSi, romlis iniciatorebi iyvnen m.
kostava, g. Wanturia, a. imnaZe, kidev sxva ramdenime disidenti da
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakultetis studentebi.
is mieZRvna 1937 wels daxvretili patriotebis xsovnas.
aqcia daiSala... magram mas mohyva udaod seriozuli Sedegi.
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is plenumma pensiaze gasvlasTan
dakavSirebiT Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla a. inauri, romelic didi
avtoritetiT sargeblobda sabWoTa kavSirSi da mTeli 40 weli
xelmZRvanelobda qarTul kgb-s. es iyo erovnuli moZraobis pirveli
gamarjveba, rac gaxda safuZveli 1988 wlis movlenebisa (Samugia(Samugia(Samugia(Samugia 2002: 902002: 902002: 902002: 90----
91)91)91)91)....
1988 wlis 12 noembers TbilisSi mTavrobis sasaxlis win daiwyo
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mier organizebuli masobrivi mitingi.
noembris aqciis sababad g. Wanturiam da misma partiam gamoiyenes im
xanebSi gamoqveynebuli ssr kavSiris konstituciis SeniSvnebisa da
102
damatebebis proeqtiT qarTvel xalxSi Seqmnili sayovelTao
ukmayofileba. aRniSnuli proeqti xelyofda mokavSire respublikebis
uflebebs ssr kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlisa da saSinao saqmeebis
gankargvis Sesaxeb. 119-e muxlis ZaliT ssr kavSiris xelisuflebas
eniWeboda kavSiris nebismier regionSi samxedro Tu sagangebo wesebis
SemoRebis ufleba.
konstituciis am reaqciuli Sesworebis winaaRmdeg xma aimaRles ara
marto araformalurma organizaciebma, aramed inteligenciam,
studentobam, mSromelebma, arsebiTad mTelma saqarTvelom.
j. patiaSvilis xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo
momitingeebisaTvis. piradad patiaSvilis gankargulebiT moSimSileebs
miutanes leibebi da sabnebi, maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba eqimebis,
TviT janmrTelobis ministris mudmivi yuradRebis qveS imyofeboda.
25 noembers saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma moiTxova
konstituciis 108 da 119 muxlebis reaqciuli Sesworebebis amoReba.
xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva viTarebis Semdgomi gamwvaveba da
rogorme Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebis gareSe mieRwia aqciis
SewyvetisaTvis (bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994: 16)16)16)16)....
daZabuli situaciis gansamuxtavad 25 noembers Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi studentebsa da professor-maswavleblebTan
moewyo ssrk-isa da saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWoebis deputatebis,
mecnierebisa da formaluri gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebis Sexvedra,
romlebmac isaubres respublikaSi Seqmnili viTarebisa da misi
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. magram, vinaidan, axalgazrdebis ZiriTadi moTxovna
daukmayofilebeli iyo, gaficva grZeldeboda... ufro metic, 25 noembris
Rames uprecendento SemTxveva moxda: mitingis erT-erTi aqtivisti
mTavrobis sasaxlis Tavze avida da sabWoTa droSa Camoxsna. es iyo
gabriel (gabuli) isakaZe. am aRmaSfoTebeli saqcielis gamo, is giJad
monaTles, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses da manamade awamebdnen
iq, sanam 1989 wels m. kostavas ZalisxmeviT ar mouxsnes xulignobis
muxli (merabma mis gasaTavisufleblad mitingze 10 000 xelmowera
Seagrova).
103
29 noembers aqciis monawileebs gaacnes m. gorbaCovis sityva,
romlis mixedviT, is iTavliswinebda ra qarTveli studentebis
moTxovnas, wyvetda konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanas
29 noembers dRis 1 saaTze aqcia organizebulad Sewyda.
es iyo erovnuli moZraobis pirveli masobrivi gamosvla aSkara
antisocialisturi lozungebiT, romelsac xelisuflebam tyviebiT da
represiebiT ver upasuxa.
noembris aqciam xelisuflebas daanaxa, rom radikalebi
angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgendnen, radikalebma ki igrZnes, rom
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aSkara brZolis unari DSeswevdaT.
manifestaciebma gansakuTrebiT krizisuli xasiaTi miiRo 1988 wlis
noembersa da 1989 wlis TebervalSi. TandaTan gamoikveTa xelisuflebis
mkveTri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba mitingebisa da demonstraciebis
mimarT. amis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom am periodSi Catarebuli 38
mitingidan mxolod 4 iyo nebadarTuli, Tumca uaris Tqmis
gadawyvetilebani, Cveulebriv moklebuli iyo kanonier safuZvels. iyo
agreTve usanqcio mitingebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi _
1988 wlis 22 seqtembers, 1989 wlis 18 da 25 Tebervals. aRsaniSnavia is
garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos kp ck maSindelma mdivanma j. patiaSvilma
jer kidev 1988 wlis noemberSi skkp ck mimarTa TxovniT TbilisSi
komendantis saaTis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. Txovna ar iqna dakmayofilebuli.
yvelaferi es iwvevda xelmZRvanelobisa da xalxis poziciebis srul
polarizacias ((((ssssonRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999: 28282828----29)29)29)29)....
1988 wlis dekembris meore naxevridan respublikis presaSi,
gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi daiwyo mwerlebis, mecnierebis statiebis
gamoqveyneba noembris dReebSi TbilisSi momxdari ambebis Sesaxeb.
avtorTa erTi jgufi ar iwonebda qalaqis quCebsa da meodnebze gamosul
adamianTa kritikas komusturi mmarTvelobis mimarT.
respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda garkveuliyo am
sakiTxebSi, Seejerebina problemebi da mieca maTTvis politikuri
Sefaseba. sxvadasxvagvari arasanqcirebuli mitingebi, quCis msvleloba-
demonstraciebi gardaqmnis sasargeblod ar iyo mimarTuli. cxadia,
respublikis partiuli organizaciebi mas moumzadebeli Sexvdnen, riTac
104
isargebles kidevac araformalurma gaerTianebebma da daiwyes
politikuri Zalauflebis diskreditaciis mcdeloba.
aRniSnuli moZraoba mimdinareobda sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi
radikaluri cvlilebebisa da centraluri xelisfulebis mier
wamowyebuli gardaqmnis ideebis myisieri ganxorcielebis molodinis
fonze, magram am dajgufebebis mier gardaqmnis sawinaaRmdego azri
gamokveTili iyo. am mxriv damaluli ar iyo ilia WavWavaZis
sazofadoebis lozungebi da moTxovnebi.
amdenad, 1988 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos politikuri
azrovnebis axali talRa axdenda xelisuflebis simtkicis mosinjvas,
cdilobda gaefarToebina TavianTi gavlenis socialuri baza, TavianT
mxareze gadmoiyvana gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli adamianebi,
mitingze SemTxveviT mosul ubralo cnobismoyvareebis CaTvliT.
cxadi xdeboda, rom saqarTveloSi yalibdeboda axali socialur-
politikuri realoba, romlebsac unda ganesazRvra sazogadoebis saxe,
da Tu partia Tavs Tvlida sazogadoebis avangardis rolis
Semsruleblad, maSin Rrmad unda Cawvdomoda mimdinare movlenebs.
studentTa mitingebi daiwyo Suasaukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis unikaluri Zeglis daviT garejis samonastro
kompleqsis dasacavad da SesanarCuneblad, magram SemdgomSi
axalgazrdobis gamosvlebs farTo gasaqani mieca da masSi politikuri
Sinaarsi Caido. mitingebze sul ufro xSirad gaismoda lozungebi
`damoukidebeli saqarTvelos” Sesaxeb, romelsac, arsebiTad, araviTari
winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeboda sazogadoebis mxridan. aRniSnuli faqti
TavisTavad axsnas imsaxurebs im aspeqtSi, rom am droisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT, centralur presaSi, sxvadasxva moRvaweTa gamosvlebSi
gamoiTqmeboda mosazrebebi, romlebic akninebdnen qarTveli xalxis
erovnul Rirsebebs, rac badebda protestsa da aRSfoTebas da amiT
qmnida xelsayrel niadags sapasuxo reaqciisaTvis.
Zneli SesamCnevi ar iyo isic, rom monawileTa udidesi
umravlesobis TvalSi mitingebi gamarTlebuli iyo rogorc aqcia,
ganwyoba, mimarTuli ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze zemoqmedebis
mosaxdenad, da konstituciuri Sesworebebis bed-iRblis gansasazRvrad.
105
yvelafridan Canda, rom axali Zalebi Zalauflebisaken iswrafodnen
da SesaniSnavad SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT masebis cnobiereba mokavSire
respublikis saxelmwifobrivi statusis ideis dasacavad.
axalgazrdobas hqonda naklovanebebic – ufrosi Taobisadmi
garkveuli mowiwebisa da pativiscemis dakargva, umarTaobisa da
TviTnebobis niSnebiT, profesionaluri da saerTo ganaTlebis
nakleboba, politikuri kulturis uqonloba. magram axal Taobas hqonda
safuZveli ar moswoneboda yvelaferi ufrosi Taobis bevri ram.
dro respublikis winaSe ayenebda amocanas, mieRo optimaluri da
araordinaluri gadawyvetilebebi. arsebiTad Seecvala mravali Cveuli
warmodgena da Sexeduleba, daufleboda profesionalizms. gamoevlina
saqmiani da adamianuri Tvisebebi. unda eswavlaT kritikis yuradRebiT
mosmena, sxvisi azris pativiscema, rogorc unda yofiliyo igi. daeZlia
Zveli warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva problemebze. magaliTad, ukuegdo didxans gabatonebuli
Sexeduleba, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi erTaSoris urTierTobaSi, yvelaferi
rigze iyo da aq yvela sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod iyo gadawyvetili.
sinamdvileSi, rogorc viTareba cxadyofda, erovnuli sakiTxebis Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT mTeli sabWoebis masStabiT erT-erT pirvel adgils
ikavebda politikur cxovrebaSi.
amrigad, 1998 wlis Semodgomaze – faqtobrivad, seqtember-
oqtomberSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis analizi saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis winaSe ayenebda amocanas gadaesinja warsulis bevri
politikur-ideologiuri koncefcia. upirvelesad, daexvewa adamianebTan
muSaobis politikuri meTodebi. partiul organizaciebs Camocildeboda
sameurneo marTvis, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis
cxovrebis yvela sakiTxis gadawyvetis funqcia.
1988 wlis dasawyisidan erovnuli moZraobis radikalur nawilSi
ganxeTqileba moxda. garegnulad igi zneobriv niadagze warmoqmnili
pirovnuli xasiaTis winaaRmdegobas waagavda, magram misi fesvebi
gacilebiT Rrmad iyo gadgmuli.
80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad axsenebdnen
cnobil ,,mesame Zalas”, romelic iyo upirvelesi inspiratori
106
mzakvrulad dagegmili eTnokomfliqtebisa, eqstremizmisa,
terorisa,…magram amasobaSi yvelas daaviwyda an droze ver amCnevdnen
yvelaze veragi ,,meoTxe Zala” _ ,,qarTvelebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg”
(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:30)30)30)30). . . .
,,meoTxe Zala” pirvelad (da samwuxarod ,,warmatebiT!”) gamoicada
,,studentur poligonze”. am Zalis yvelaze ,,gegmazomieri” demonstrireba
moxda yofil politeqnikur institutTan gamarTul mitingze, sadac
cnobilma Zalebma erTmaneTs miusies e.w. komkavSireli aqtivistebi da
danarCeni axalgazrdoba.
movlenebi Semdegnairad ganviTarda: politeqnikuri institutis
asamde komkavSirels 1989 wlis 18 Tebervals daavales mitingis darbeva,
TavianTi Tanatolebisa da amxanagebis cema da Seuracxyofa. maTac
,,pirnaTlad” aRasrules davaleba. komkavSirelTa aqtiuri monawileobiT
xelisuflebam sastikad, daundoblad daarbia mitingi, romelic miznad
isaxavda miemarTa afxazi xalxisaTvis mowodebiT: ar ahyoloda
provokatorebs, romlebic afxazebs gadajiSebisken mouwodebdnen. ai, am
keTilSobiluri Sinaarsis mitings xelisufleba sastikad gausworda da
mas erTaSoris SuRlis gaRviveba, Sovinizmi da nacionalizmi daswama.
18 Tebervlis samarcxvino aqcia, rodesac qarTvelma axalgazrdebma
qarTvelive Tanatolebi scemes, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT
did erovnul tragedias warmoadgenda, vidre 9 aprilis Rame, roca
qarTvelebi erTad iyvnen marTalni, keTilSobilni da amaRlebulni.
ufro metic, 1989 wlis 6 marts saqarTvelos partiuli aqtivis
krebaze aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRes: ,,saswavlo dawesebulebebis yovel
kursze, skolebis ufros klasebSi, Seiqmnas eqstremistulad ganwyobili
moswavleebisa da studentebis winaaRmdeg moqmedi jgufebi. ase uyridnen
safuZvels qarTveli axalgazrdebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas.
107
$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4.... 1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili
,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni damoukideblobisadamoukideblobisadamoukideblobisadamoukideblobisa
iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...
konstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxurdiardiardiardia
nebismieri eri Znelad Tu egueba an xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTod ver
egueba damoukideblobis dakargvas. saqarTvelos istoriac xom
damoukideblobisaTvis ganuwyveteli brZolis istoriaa, qarTveli xalxi
ver Seegua damoukideblobis dakargvas miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis
mmarTvelobam mas mSvidoba moutana, daSlili saxelmwifos sxvadasxva
kuTxe ruseTis imperiis farglebSi kvlav gaaerTiana, da, bolos da
bolos, fizikurad gadaarCina. yoveli qarTvelis sasicocxlo ocneba
damoukideblobis dabruneba iyo.
saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoria adasturebs, rom Cveni
winaprebis Tavganwirvis, Tavisuflebisken swrafvis idealebi
nasazrdoebi iyo maRali erovnuli cnobierebiT. ramdeni
mravalricxovani, ekonomikurad da politikurad dawinaurebuli xalxi
gaqra, aRigava miwisagan pirisa erovnuli cnobierebis daqveiTebis gamo.
amitom dampyroblebi cdilobdnen waeSalaT Cveni xalxis
individualoba, erovnuli tradiciebi.
XIX saukunis II naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZe svamda kiTxvas _ ram
gadagvarCina, rogor SevZeliT aTasi juris dampyroblebTan
gamudmebuli brZolebis gadatana? rogor SevinarCuneT Cveni erovnuli
TavisTavdoba? man am kiTxvaze pasuxi gasca Tavisi praqtikuli
saqmianobiT. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis aRmavloba_ganviTareba
dakavSirebuli iyo mTel rig konkretul istoriul pirobebTan.
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli siamaye, samSoblos siyvaruli arasodes
sxva xalxis interesebis Selaxvis xarjze ar momxdara.
diax, ,,CvenSi patriotoba sxva Tvisebebisaa, sxva gvaris xasiaTisaa:
igi ipyrobs mxolod wminda grZnobas mamulis siyvarulisas... visime
siZulvili, visime daTrgunvis survili, visime gaubedurebis wadili
masSi sruliad ara ipoveba”_werda iakob gogebaSvili.
108
romelisame eris danawileba, patar_patara lukmebad gadaqceva,
daqucmaceba saukeTeso xerxs Seadgens am eris dasustebisa, daqveiTebisa
da miwasTan gasworebisaTvis.
9 aprilis tragedia saTves e.w. ,,afxazuri werilidan” iRebs
((((qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:13)13)13)13).... saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflbeli moZraobis
aRmavlobasTan erTad, avtonomiur regionebSi gamococxldnen
separatistuli Zalebi, romlebsac ruseTis reaqcia asazrdoebda.
yvelaze reliefurad, yvelaze Seuracxmyofelad es separatistuli
ganwyobileba gamovlinda gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi afxazeTis
nacionalistebis Tavyrilobaze. aq 1989 wlis 18 marts 30 000 afxazi
Seikriba. aq iyvnen afxazeTis assr afxazi xelmZRvaneli, partiuli da
sabWoTa muSakebic. ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mier waqezebulma
separatistebma Tavyrilobaze miiRes e.w. ,,lixnis mimarTva”.
separatistebi Seecadnen eCvenebinaT afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos
,,Zalmomreobis, Cagvris, kulturuli asimilaciis mcdelobis,
represiuli politikis gatarebis” procesi da iTxovdnen sakavSiro
mTavrobis daxmarebas, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas da
a.S. es werili gaegzavna sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,
daibeWda afxazur presaSi.
Tavis mxriv saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva
viTarebis gamwvaveba. 3 aprils centraluri komitetis SenobaSi moewyo
Sexvedra j. patiaSvils, z. gamsaxurdias, m kostavasa da z. WavWavaZes
Soris. afxazeTSi gamwvavebuli viTarebis gamo TbilisSi mitingebi ar
unda dawyebuliyo, vidre afxazeTSi situacia ar daregulirdeboda.
moxda SeTanxmeba z. gamsaxurdias nebis sawinaaRmdegod, 4 aprils
mTavrobis sasaxlis win daiwyo moSimSileTa aqcia, moTxovniT:
gadaeyenebinaT partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani b.
adleiba. magram, ukve 4 aprilidan TbilisSi daiwyo axalgazrdebisa da
studentebis mitingebis seria. amave dRes, saRamos 7 saaTze Tbilisis
universitetSi Sedga stiqiuri mitingi, romelmac miiRo rezolucia
afxazeTis assr problemasTan dakavSirebiT. rezolucia moiTxovda
erovnul daumorCileblobas, saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavrobis Seqmnas,
qveyanaSi avtonomiuri formirebebis gauqmebas. amrigad, qarTveli
109
inteligenciis zomier, awondawonl pozicias daupirispirda radikaluri
ideologia, egzaltirebul masaze gaTvlili ararealuri politika.
mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis mizniT mTavrobis saxlis win xalxmravali
mitingis mowyoba gadawyda. es idea ekuTvnoda ,,ilia WavWavaZis
sazogadoebas”, romlis faqtiuri lideri zurab WavWavaZe iyo. 4-5
aprils mitings swored es araformaluri dajgufeba akontrolebda.
momitingeebi afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebas moiTxovdnen. es iyo reaqcia
lixnis Sekrebaze miRebul antiqarTul dokumentze....
aqciis dasawyisSi, suk-i, rogorc Cans, Sors ixedeboda. erovnul
moZraobaSi Segzavnili ramdenime provokatoris, cru disidentis
saSualebiT, maT surdaT aqciis warmarTva mxolod afxazeTTan
dakavSirebuli moTxovnebiT. samedicino institutis ezoSi gamarTul
mitingze mavanni da mavanni cdilobdnen aqciis warmarTvas arasasurveli
gziT da winaaRmdegni iyvnen damoukideblobis lozungebis wamoyenebisa.
wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis, helsinkis jgufisa da erovnuli
damoukideblobis partiis wevrebi, am aqciis ZiriTadi organizatorebi,
damoukideblobis moTxovnas ayenebdnen uwinares yovlisa. yovelive amaSi
maT mxars uWerda agreTve erovnul-demokratiuli partia, romelmac
televiziis SenobasTan daiwyo aqcia igive moTxovniT (gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia 1990:1990:1990:1990:
#7)#7)#7)#7). . . .
provokatorebs qarTvelTa da afxazTa Soris sisxlisRvris
gamowveva surdaT _ konkretuli dRec iyo ,,barTlomes Ramis”
dawyebisTvis daniSnuli. ganmeordeboda ,,sumgaiTis” tragedia da
samxedro mdgomareoba misgan gamomdinare SedegebiT ukve ,,kanonier”
safuZvelze iqneboda SemoRebuli. erovnuli moZraobis aqtivistebic ukve
,,kanonierad” iqnebodnen dapatimrebulni, rogorc ,,erovnuli SuRlis
gamCaReblebi”. moZraoba miiRebda mZlavr dartymas, xolo adamianTa
msxverpli iqneboda gacilebiT meti vidre 9 aprilis sisxlian dilas
(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29)))). . . .
,,Cven amis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv vacnobeT Tavisufal samyaros,
vafrTxilebdiT yvelas, rom saqarTveloSi mzaddeboda sisxliani
provokacia, ris Sedegadac wiTeli armia ukve mediatorad, wesrigis
damamyareblad mogvevlineboda. Cveni mecadineobiT TbilisSi 4 aprils
110
dawyebul aqcias male mieca sasurveli forma: gaqra lozungebi
afxazeTze da mTavari yuradReba gadatanil iqna umTavresze _
saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze. daisva politpatimarTa
ganTavisuflebis sakiTxic” –werda giorgi Wanturia ((((gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia 1990: 1990: 1990: 1990:
#7)#7)#7)#7)....
erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom
afxazeTs ar davkargavdiT, radgan kremli, sakuTari interesebidan
gamomdinare, ar dauSvebda teritoriebis gadanawilebas da amis
precendents ar Seqmnida. magram aRSfoTebuli, risxvad Sekruli xalxis
energiis swori mimarTulebiT warmarTva aucilebeli iyo sisxlisRvris
Tavidan asacileblad. saWiro iyo iseTi lozungis wamoyeneba, romelic
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ,,gadafaravda” afxazeTis ,,problemiT” Sobil
lozungs da aqcias sxva mimarTulebas miscemda.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, iliasa da akakis ZeglTan, rusTavelis
prospeqtze moxda dava da kamaTi zviad gamsaxurdias da zemoxsenebul
pirebs Soris. zviad gamsaxurdias gadawyvetilebiT, erovnuli moZraobis
gegmebi saerTo saxalxo ganxilvis sagnad unda qceuliyo. am mizniT man
kolona universitetidan waiyvana ,,dinamos” stadionze da fexburTis
matCis mayureblebs mouwoda gadmoenacvlaT rusTavelis prospeqtze,
mTavrobis saxlTan, sadac unda gadawyvetiliyo kidec aqciis bedi.
mowodebisTanave daaxloebiT 40 aTasiani masa daiZra rusTavelis
prospeqtisaken. am grandiozul msvlelobas gzaSi SemouerTda mravali
adamiani, rusTavelis prospeqtze mozRvavda daaxloebiT 100 aTasi kaci.
6 aprils mitingze iniciativa ufro radikalebis _ erovnuli
damoukideblobis partiis _ i. wereTlisa da g. Wanturias xelSi
gadavida, romlebic moiTxovdnen: ,,ruseTis imperiis daSlas”,
,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobas”, ,,saqarTveloSi gaeros jarebis
Semoyvanas” da a.S.
moSimSileebs saqarTvelos yvela kuTxisa da raionis
warmomadgenlebi uerTdebodnen. aqciaSi yvela erovnuli partia
monawileobda, tribunebze ki mitings uSualod z. gamsaxurdia, m.
kostava, g. Wanturia, z. WavWavaZe, T. CxeiZe, i. wereTeli da sxvebi
uZRvebodnen.
111
aqcia 14 aprilamde unda gagrZelebuliyo. Mmere erovnuli yriloba
unda moewviaT da amis Semdeg apirebdnen daSlas. es xelisuflebamac
icoda, magram imperiis mesveurebma CaTvales, rom sisxliani darbeviTa
da dasjiT qarTvel erSi Tavisuflebis suliskveTebas Caklavdnen.
artalia momitingeebi 9 aprils darbevas elodnen, magram daxocvas
aravin moeloda, radganac manamdec araerTxel daurbeviaT mitingebi
Tumca msxverp;i ar yofila (miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe 2003: #0952003: #0952003: #0952003: #095)))). . . .
partiis cekaSi, 3 aprilidan, yoveldRe imarTeboda samdivnosa da
biuros sxdomebi, eZebdnen gamosavlis. aRsaniSnavia 7-8 aprils
gamarTuli sxdomebi, romlebic daxurul xasiaTs atarebda SekrebaTa
saoqmo Canawerebi ar keTdeboda.
7 aprils (moskovSi gamarTul _ d. e.) skkp cekaSi gamarTul
TaTbirze momxsenebeli iyo viqtor mixeilis Ze Cebrikovi.
man detalurad gadmosca j. patiaSvilTan Tavisi saubris arsi,
aRwera arsebuli mdgomareoba da moaxsena saqarTvelos
xelmZRavnelobis Txovna centris mier gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis
miRebis Sesaxeb.
mere gamovida TaTbiris yvela monawile, Tanac ramdenjerme. yvela
ixsenebda sumgaiTis tragikul SemTxvevas. xelisufalTa umoqmedobis
gamo aTeulobiT mSvidobiani mcxovrebi daiRupa. yvelas gamosvlis
RerZi, gulisguli iyo kiTxva, Tu ra profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis
miReba SeiZleboda, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT movlenaTa dramatuli
ganviTareba.
yvelaze gadamwyveti pozicia daiWires n. sliunkovma da a.
lukianovma, romelnic swored sumgaiTis ganmeorebis SiSiT
gvTavazobdnen jarebis momzadebas, raTa arafriT ar daeSvaT masobrivi
uwesrigobani.
rogorc Cebrikovis moxsenebidan irkveva, arasanqcionirebuli
mitingebis lozungebs Soris iyo aseTebic: ,,xalxTa sapyrobilea”, ,,ruso
dampyroblebo, waeTrieT Sin!”, ,,Sewydes qarTvelTa diskriminacia
saqarTveloSi!”, ,,Zirs TurqeTis agentura!” da sxva lozungebi naTlad
gamoxatuli nacionalisturi SeferilobiT. ai amitom iyo, rom TaTbiris
monawileni dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen jarebis prevenciul dislokacias
112
saqarTveloSi. rac mTavaria ar iqnes daSvebuli erovnebaTaSoriso
komfliqti da axali msxverpli _ aseTi iyo laitmotivi yvela
gamomsvlelisa, romelTac mowonebiT xvdebodnen. saWiroa sumgaiTis
tragediidan gakveTilis gamotana, kmara dagvianeba (ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2002:002:002:002: 29292929----30)30)30)30)....
Cebrikovis daskvnebi aseTi iyo: ,,kargia, rom respublikis
xelmZRvaneloba gvamcnobs momxdaris Sesaxeb, magram qarTvelma
amxanagebma TviTon unda miiRon zomebi, amasTanave Tavs iCens tendencia,
rom adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas surs pasuxismgeblobas gaeqces, unda
gadawyvetilebis miReba centrs gadaabaros.
TaTbiris bolos azrebi Seajama e. ligaCovma da Tqva: Cven veranair
seriozul gadawyvetilebas ver miviRebT, sanam ar gavigebT mTeli
saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis azrs. Cven xom axla mxolod patiaSvilis
piradi azri viciT. mas unda mieces rekomendacia ganixilos situacia
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-Si, respublikis umaRles sabWoSi, ministrTa
sabWoSi _ Semdeg ki daumata: _ garda amisa, jerjerobiT Cven gvaqvs
mxolod satelefono informacia e. i. Tqven, amxanago Cebrikov da Tqven,
amxanago razumovski, Tqveneul daskvnebs afuZnebT satelefono
saubrebze patiaSvilTan. Cven ki, konkretuli RonisZiebis misaRebad
gvWirdeba depeSebi mainc. dae, Seikribon qarTveli amxanagebi,
kolegiurad ganixilon mdgomareoba da saswrafod auwyon depeSiT ck-s
TavianTi azri.
am azrs yvelam mxari dauWira. sabolood TaTbirma Semdegi
rekomendaciebi miiRo: jer erTi, saqarTvelos partiuli da sabWoTa
xelmZRvaneloba kabinetebSi ki ar unda isxdes, aramed dauyovnebliv
mitingze gamovides TavianTi poziciis axsna-ganmartebiT. ra Tqma unda,
es ar aris moxerxebuli da myudro, SeiZleba gistvinon, magram mainc
aucilebelia misvla da dalaparakeba uSualod xalxTan. meorec,
masobrivi uwesrigobis saSiSroebis gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebelia
umTavresi, sasicocxlod aucilebeli sameurneo obieqtebis dacvis
gaZliereba, xalxis dacva gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebisagan, rasac
SesaZloa erovnebaTaSoriso mtrobis afeTqebebi mohyves, am mizniT
TbilisSi gadasrilili unda iqnes jaris nawilebi, maT Soris maTi
somxeTidan mobrunebis xarjze.
113
imis Sesaxeb, rodis unda gadasroliliyo sajaro nawilebi da ra
raodenobiT, es sakiTxi ar ganxilula.
TaTbiris mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi saRamos unda
moxseneboda inglisidan dabrunebul m. gorbaCovs (ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:30303030----31)31)31)31)....
7 aprils, m. gorbaCovi, e. SevardnaZe, iakovlevi da delegaciis sxva
wevrebi, inglisidan moskovSi dabrundnen. wesiamebr, generalur mdivans
aeroportSi mTeli politbiuro daxvda. moikiTxa gorbaCovma ra xdebao
qveyanaSi. aq mas ligaCovi cvlida. gorbaCovs regionebSi mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb moaxsenes: ,,saqarTveloSi garTulebulia situaciao. didi
raodenobiT ikribeba xalxi, magram daSla sirTules ar warmoadgens, am
dReebSi Seikribeba partaqtivi da imsjeleben...” ((((SevardnaZeSevardnaZeSevardnaZeSevardnaZe 2006: 224)2006: 224)2006: 224)2006: 224)....
aseve Cebrikovma garkveviT Camoayaliba muSa TaTbiris daskvnebi,
gorbaCovma maSinve gadawyvetiT dauWira mxari da Tqva;
_ amxanagebi SevardnaZe da razumovski xvalve unda gafrindnen
TbilisSi. gaerkvieT iq, adgilze viTarebaSi, mesmis, rom bevri saqme
gvaqvs, magram gafrena aucilebelia. mTeli Zala unda vixmaroT, rom
konfliqti ganimuxtos politikuri RonisZiebebiT. Tu saWiro iqneba
unda SexvdeT mitingis monawileebs.
_ winaarmdegi ar var _ iyo SevardnaZis pasuxi _ magram iqneb jer
respublikis xelmZRvanels vkiTxo, Cemi Casvla daexmareba Tu
gaurTulebs saqmes?
saministroSi misvlis Semdeg, e. SevardnaZem daureka j. patiaSvils,
uambo, ra moxda aeroportSi, ra daavala gorbaCovma da kiTxa Tu ra
azris iqneboda is.
patiaSvilma upasuxa, rom: SevardnaZis Casvla TbilisSi daZabavda iq
arsebul situacias. xval aqtivis kreba iqneba da albaT, gamTeniisas,
roca mitingze cota xalxi iqneba, aqcias mSvidobianad davSliTo. Tqven,
rom CamobrZandeT, SeiZleba situacia garTuldes (xalxis axali
talRebis mozRvaveba hqonda mxedvelobaSi)...
SevardnaZem patiaSvilTan satelefono saubris Sesaxeb moaxsena
gorbaCovs, romelic daeTanxma mis mosazrebas, rom wasvlas marTlac ar
hqonda azri (SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe 2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225). . . .
114
gorbaCovis winadadebis Tanaxmad, 8 aprils ck-Si Cebrikovis
TavmjdomareobiT Sedga saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili axali TaTbiri,
romelSic monawileoba miiRes ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma bakatinma,
politbiuros wevrma e. SevardnaZem (ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002: 40)40)40)40)....
TaTbiri Seudga patiaSvilis Sifrogramis ganxilvas. pirveli
depeSa miRebulia 7 aprils 20 saaTsa da 40 wuTze. depeSa Semdegia:
,,ukanasknel xans respublikaSi mkveTrad gamwvavda viTareba. sababi gaxda
afxazeTis assr sofel lixnSi 18 marts gamarTuli Tavyriloba,
romelmac daayena sakiTxi avtonomiuri respublikis saqarTvelos ssr
Semadgenlobidan gasvlis Sesaxeb. magram movlenebi gascda aRniSnulis
farglebs. eqstremistuli elementebi amwvaveben nacionalistur
ganwyobilebas, mouwodeben gaificon, ar daemorCilon xelisuflebas,
iwveven areulobas, saxels utexen partiul, sabWoTa organoebs. Seqmnil
situaciaSi sagangebo zomebia misaRebi.
saWirod migvaCnia: dauyovnebliv miecnen sisxlis samarTlisa da
administraciul pasuxisgebaSi eqstremistebi, romlebic gamodian
antisabWouri, antisocialisturi, antipartiuli lozungebiTa da
mowodebebiT. saamiso samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi arsebobs.
meore, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da amierkavkasiis samxedro
olqis damatebiTi Zalebis gamoyenebiT SemoRebul iqnes TbilisSi
sagangebo mdgomareoba _ komendantis saaTi.
mesame, ganxorcieldes partiuli da sabWoTa, sameurneo aqtivis
ZalebiT viTarebis stabilizaciis politikur, organizaciul da
administraciul RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi mdgomareobis stabilizaciis
mizniT.
saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivani _ jumber
patiaSvili (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000: 15151515----16)16)16)16)....
rogorc depeSidan Cans, ukve 7 aprils, ck-s biuroze, centraluri
da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Zalovani struqturebis xelmZRvanelTa
monawileobiT gadawyda, wesrigi aRdgeniliyo uiaraRo Sinagani jaris
daxmarebiT, radgan miliciis ZiriTadi Zalebi viTarebis gamwvavebis gamo
afxazeTSi iyo gadayvanili. aqve koCetovis winadadebiT gadawyda
oficialuri TxovniT miemarTaT moskovisaTvis. yvela vinc gamodioda
115
xalxis daSlis momxre iyo. mxolod cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawe
nodar WiTanava, poeti jansuR Carkviani da saqarTvelos komkavSiris
centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani sesili gogiberiZe gamovidnen
aqciis ZaliT daSlis winaaRmdeg.
moskovSi mimdinare TaTbiris winaSe wardga samxedroTa jgufi,
general koCetovis xelmZRvanelobiT. am ukanasknelma xelmZRvanelobis
mxardamWeri sityva Tqva, magram samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba ar mouTxovia
(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe 2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)....
8 aprils TbilisSi Catarda respublikis partiuli aqtivis kreba,
sadac jumber patiaSvilma aRniSna, rom ,,respublikaSi Seiqmna
ukiduresad daZabuli, feTqebadi, saSiSi politikuri atmosfero.
eqstremistulad ganwyobili liderebi mouwodeben sabWoTa
xelisuflebisa da socialisturi wyobilebis damxobisaken.” aqtivze
miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba momitingeTa moednidan gasaZeveblad
jaris nawilebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. imave dRes patiaSvilis saxlTan
mitingze Seikribnen qalebi. swored 8 aprils dilas Catarda samxedro
Zalis demonstrireba, qalaqis Tavze dafrinavdnen Sveulmfrenebi,
TbilisSi Caiara javSantransportiorTa samma kolonam. mosalodneli
efeqtis sawinaaRmdegod am aqcias mohyva momitingeTa ricxvis mkveTri
zrda mTavrobis sasaxlesTan. sxva sityvebiT, 8 aprils mdgomareoba
qalaqSi sul ufro metad iZabeboda, patiaSvilis Tbilisur gamosvlebSi
gaismoda sul ufro sagangaSo, rom ara vTqvaT, panikuri notebi.
moskovSi ki uceb midis Sifrograma sruliad gansxvavebuli.
Sifrograma gagzavnili 8 aprils 20 saaTsa da 50 wuTze. ,,gacnobebT,
viTareba TbilisSi kvlav daZabulia. mTavrobis saxlTan mimdinareobs
mravalaTasiani mitingebi, romlis ZiriTadi lozungebi igivea: ssr
kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvla, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Seqmna,
avtonomiebis likvidacia da sxva.
afxazeTis ass respublikaSi gaimarTa qarTveli erovnebis pirTa 3,5
_ aTasiani mitingi, romelic mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos ss
respublikis Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gamoyofis winaaRmdeg.
mTel rig umaRles saswavleblebSi studentTa nawilma momitingeTa
mxardasaWerad SimSiloba gamoacxada. mTlianad, saqarTvelos kp
116
centraluri komiteti, mTavroba, adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa
organoebi floben situacias, iReben saWiro zomebs viTarebis
stabilizaciisaTvis.
guSin, 7 aprils, gaimarTa saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis
biuros sxdoma, dRes _ respublikis partiuli aqtivi, romelzec
moiwones partiuli, sabWoTa da samarTaldamcveli organoebis
RonisZiebani SromiT koleqtivebSi da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT
politikuri, organizaciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis
gasaZliereblad, agreTve, miiRes saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri
komitetis, umaRlesi sabWosa da ministrTa sabWos mimarTva respublikis
komunistebis, mSromelebisadmi. kerZod, dasaxulia, saqarTvelos
kompartiis centraluri komitetis biuros wevrebisa da ck-is wevrebis
monawileobiT respublikis yvela regionSi moewyos aqtivebi, pirveladi
partiuli organizaciebis krebebi, sadac miRebul RonisZiebaTa
gasaviTareblad SeimuSaveben praqtikul samoqmedo gegmebs.
televiziiT da radioTi, presiT organizebulia respublikis
mecnierebisa da kulturis TvalsaCino moRvaweebis, muSaTa klasis,
glexobis warmomadgenlebis gamosvlebis seria. umaRles saswavleblebSi
ewyoba ,,mrgvali magidebi”, axalgazrdobis Sexvedrebi saqarTvelos
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aqtualur sakiTxebze, marTlsawinaaRmdego
moqmedebis damRupvelobis, CadenilisaTvis pasuxisgebis RonisZiebebis,
demokratiisa da sajaroobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis disciplinisa
da wesrigis ganmtkicebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aqtivis Semdeg yvelani
gavidnen adgilebze... Tbilisis 111 sawarmo-dawesebulebaSi Seiqmna
muSaTa razmebi 4 aTas 685 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romlebic xels
Seuwyoben disciplinisa da organizebulobis damyarebas. Sinagan saqmeTa
saministrosTan da amierkavkasiis samxedro olqTan erTad SemuSavebulia
da xorcieldeba konkretuli RonisZiebani marTlwesrigis dasacavad,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi areulobis, marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT amomwuravi zomebis misaRebad... skkp
centraluri komitetis da ssr kavSiris mTavrobis mxriv ukve miRebuli
zomebis damatebiT raime RonisZiebebis miReba am momentisaTvis ar aris
saWiro.
117
gacnobebT informaciis wesiT jumber patiaSvili.
8 aprili, 20 saaTi da 50 wuTi (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:16161616----17)17)17)17)....
igive toni gaisma moskovTan satelefono saubrebSi. ratom moxda
aseTi mkveTri cvlileba patiaSviliseul SefasebebSi?... aki winadRis
saRamoTi igi daJinebiT moiTxovda centrisagan daxmarebas, miuTiTebda
ra, rom viTareba ,,praqtikulad gamodis kontrolidan”. amasTanave
centrma ar misca mas Tanxmoba sagangebo moTxovnaTa pirveli da meoTxe
punqtebis Sesrulebaze.
patiaSvilis moulodneli sazRvrebs gadasuli optimizmis gamo,
ramac mas uari aTqmevina SevardnaZis wasvlaze, xom ar daikarga
mSvidobiani politikuri daregulirebis Sansi?
am kiTxvaze pirdapiri pasuxia gacemuli qarTuli komisiis
daskvnaSi, sadac naTqvamia: ,,krebis (partiuli aqtivis) mimdinareobisas j.
patiaSvili elaparaka moskovs. j. patiaSvilma krebas acnoba
politbiuros winadadeba TbilisSi amxanagebis DSevardnaZisa da
razumovskis daxmarebis gasawevad Casvlis Sesaxeb. j. patiaSvilma es ar
CaTvala saWirod, ris gamoc ar iqna gamoyenebuli respublikaSi
Seqmnili situaciis politikuri daregulirebis damatebiTi
SesaZlebloba.” (ligaCovi 2002: 42-43)
diliT ki, imis Semdeg, rac tragedia TbilisSi ukve datrialda,
patiaSvilma gamogzavna depeSa Semdegi SinaarsiT: ,,1989 wlis 8 aprils
RamiT TbilisSi, 21 saaTis Semdeg partiuli, samarTaldamcveli
organoebis mier miRebuli mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis miuxedavad,
respublikis mTavrobis saxlis SenobasTan 15 aTasamde kacis
monawileobiT mimdinare mitingebze, agreTve qalaqis sxva nawilebSi,
eqstremistebi ukiduresad Zabavdnen viTarebas, romelic kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareboda. antisabWouri, antisocialisturi, antirusuli
mowodebebis garda gaisma eqstremistTa mimarTva, fizikurad
gasworebodnen komunistebs, respublikis xelmZRvanelebsa da maTi
ojaxis wevrebs, momitingeni romelTa Soris mravlad iyvnen mTvralebi,
narkotikebiT gabruebulni, mouwodebdnen mTeli respublikis
mosaxleobas, darazmuliyo gaficvisaTvis, samoqalaqo urCobisaTvis,
imaTi rbeva_dawiokebisaTvis, vinc maT ar uWers mxars. daiwyo
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eqstremistTa jgufebis delegireba mitingis monawileebTan erTad
respublikis axlomdebare qalaqebsa da raionebSi. qalaq rusTavSi
ganxorcielda metalurgiuli qarxnis xelSi Cagdebis cda. egreT
wodebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi sajarod
acnobdnen xalxs respublikaSi Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gegmebs.
am situaciaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da
ganuWvreteli Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, miRebul iqna
gadawyvetileba, dilis 4 saaTze gamoyenebuli yofiliyo Zala mTavrobis
sasaxlis Senobis mimdebare moednis momitingeTagan gawmendisaTvis.
kompetenturi organoebis mier winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis Sesabamisad
gamoyenebuli iqna respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da
amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis qveganayofebi...
ra gamodis? 20 saaTsa da 50 wuTze ,,situacias flobdnen”, 21 saaTis
Semdeg ki ,,situacia arakontrolirebadi gaxda”... patiaSvilis
optimizmma, ase moulodnelad rom gaiJRera moskovTan 8 aprils Semdgar
saubarSi, realuri movlenebis gamocdas ver gauZlo.
gaocebas iwvevs SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros im qvedanayofebis CamonaTvali, romlebic mSvidobiani
mitingis darbevaSi monawilebdnen: motomsrolelebi, qveiTebi, sahaero
desanti, Sinagani jarebi, sagangebo daniSnulebis qvedanayofebi, tankebi,
javSnosani manqanebi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT cecxlmsrolel, qimiur
iaraRsa da mesangreTa xelbarebze. gorkidan gadmoisroles samxedro
kursantebi, baqodan _ ZerJinskis saxelobis diviziis meomrebi, amave
nawilebis meTaurebi Camofrindnen moskovidan, Camovidnen qvedanayofebi
voroneJidan, permidan, da es yvelaferi ganxorcielda yovelgvari
dokumentaciis gareSe (sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:32)32)32)32)....
1989 wlis 8 aprils gamoqveynda ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos mkacri
brZanebuleba, mitingebisa da deminstarciebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb.
7 aprils TbilisSi moulodnelad Camosuli ssrk-s Tavdacvis
ministris moadgile generali koCetovi safiqrebelia, Seudga imis
samzadiss, rac 9 aprils unda momxdariyo. cnobili faqtia, rom
tragediis Semdeg generalma rodionovma scada mTeli pasuxismgebloba
sakuTar Tavze aeRo _ viRacis dafarvis mizniT, magram arc koCetovi da
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arc rodionovi aravis dausjia. radgan i. rodionovi saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas dadgenili ,,wesis” mixedviT ar emorCileboda, amitom is
ver Seasrulebda respublikis xelmZRvanelis gankargulebas. koCetovisa
da rodionovisaTvis SeeZlo ebrZanebina mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris
Tavdacvis ministrs general iazovs. magram iazovi damoukideblad ver
miiRebda gadawyvetilebas, miT umetes Tbilisis mitingis darbevaSi
monawileobda Sinagani jaric, romelic mas ar emorCileboda. amdenad,
iazovisa da bakatinisaTvis aseTi ufleba SeeZlo mieca mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares, an politbiuros, ufro zustad, umaRles mTavarsardals -
m. gorbaCovs
8 aprilamde mTavrobis saxlsa da ezoSi didZali milicia iyo
mobilizebuli. 8 aprils naSuadRevs daiwyes maTi gayvana manqanebiT.
mTavrobis saxlis gaswvriv darCa mxolod ramdenime aTeuli milicieli
(romlebic ganiaraRebulni yofilan winaswar). amasobaSi zviad
gamsaxurdias acnobes, rom cxvariWamiaSi Semosula Sinagani jarebis
didi nawilebi, romelnic uTuod daarbevdnen demonstracias da maT
aTasamde adamianis mokvlis nebarTvac hqondaT, magram es yovelive morig
SantaJad CaiTvala.
9 aprils 2.50 saaTze momitingeTa winaSe gamovida q. Tbilisis
Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos ufrosi, polkovniki r. v. gvencaZe,
romelmac mouwoda xalxs daSliliyo, sanam jarebi Zalas
gamoiyenebdnen. magram w. gvencaZe momitingeebma mikrofoniT ar
alaparakes da iZulebuli iyo gadasatani megafoni exmara. operaciis
dawyebamde 45 wuTiT adre momitingeebs mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTalikos-
patriarqma ilia meorem. kaTalikosis gamosvla Rrma dumiliT moismines,
keTilgonierebisaken mowodebis Semdeg, Svid wuTs yvela dumda, mere ki
amas mohyva saerTRo locva ,,mamao Cveno”. momitingeebma SeinarCunes
wesrigi, simSvide, aravis etyoboda SiSis xiluli niSnebi. bevrni
mRerodnen da cekvavdnen. Semdeg gamovida araformalebis erT-erTi
lideri i. wereTeli da xalxs mouwoda, ar daSliliyvnen, ar gaewiaT
winaaRmdegoba, SeenarCunebinaT simSvide. mere urCia umjobesia
davsxdeTo (,,mjdomare kacs ar erCian!”), rac bevrma gaakeTa kidec,
umTavresad mTavrobis saxlis kibis midamoebSi. man Tavisi mowodeba
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daasrula 3. 59 saaTze. 4.00 saaTze general-polkovnikma i. rodionovma
brZaneba gasca, daewyoT gamodevnis operacia (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:162162162162----163)163)163)163)....
am dros zviad gamsaxurdias sTxoves xelisuflebis
warmoamdgenlebma Sesuliyo mTavrobis saxlis TaRebqveS, sadac qalaqis
miliciis ufrosma r. gvencaZem mas amcno, rom jari da samxedro teqnika
mosulia ukve moedanze da 15 wuTSi Tu ar daSlida mitings, moxdeboda
tragedia. zviad gamsaxurdiam mitingis dasaSlelad dro iTxova.
man ganumarta, rom mitingis daSla mxolod masze ar iyo
damokidebuli, saWiri iyo TaTbiri, rasac erTi an oro saaTi
dasWirdeboda mainc da moiTxova dro dilamde. magram isini mainc
Tavisas gaiZadxnen da mitingis dauyovnebliv daSlas moiTxovdnen. Uamis
Semdeg zviad gamsaxurdias mimarT gaisma muqarac: saxls agifeTqeben
col-Svilianad da Senc gaganadgurebeno (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia 1990:1990:1990:1990:#7)#7)#7)#7)....
am droisaTvis moedanze realurad Seqmnili viTareba (daaxloebiT
10 aTasi kacis arseboba) da mzadyofna, romliTac mitingis monawileebs
ganzraxuli hqondaT gaegrZelebinaT igi, moiTxovda gansakuTrebiT awon-
dawonil, windaxedul gadawyvetilebebs. magram es garemoebani ar iqna
miRebuli mxedvelobaSi azrTa gaziarebis dros, romelic 3.30 saaTze
gaimarTa j. patiaSvilsa da i. rodionovs Soris telefoniT. aRniSnulma
Tanamdebobis pirebma gamoiCines aRmaSfoTebeli upasuxismgebloba,
rodesac usityvod daadastures winaT miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
operaciaSi monawileobisaTvis mobilizebuli iyo 2550 kaci; 6
javSantransportiori (btr); 8 desantis sabrZolo manqana (bmd); 4
saxanZro manqana da 2 sanitariuli avtomobili...
4.05 saaTze, rusTavelis prospeqtze gamoCnda 4
javSantransportiori. isini prospeqtis mTel siganeze modiodnen, xalxi
Seuferxeblad atarebda maT, nawili mTavrobis saxlisaken gadavida,
nawili _ mxatvris saxlisa da qaSveTis eklesiisaken. javSanteqnikas
mohyveboda sajariso jaWvebi, romlebic 4.07 saaTze gaCerdnen mijnaze;
mxatvris saxlis Sesasvleli _ mTavris saxlis winamdebare marjvena
gazoni. amasTan momitingeTa ZiriTadi masa mTavrobis saxlis kibesTan
SeCerda.
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podpolkovnikma a. baklanovma megafoniT SesTavaza mitingis
monawileebs, daecalaT rusTavelis prospeqti da gaafrTxila, rom
uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi Zalas gamoiyenebdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom
moednis gugunis gamo es gafrTxileba bevrs ar gaugia.
sawyis poziciebze jarebis gamosvlis Semdeg momitingeebma iwyes
moednis datoveba, magram sakmarisi dro daclisaTvis ar miuciaT,
amasTan mxedvelobaSi ar iqna miRebuli arc is, rom moednidan TiTqmis
yvela gasasvleli gadaketili iyo avtotransportiT, e.i. evakuaciis
gzebi mkveTrad iyo SezRuduli. 3 wuTis Semdeg moednidan adamianTa
gamodevnis operacia gagrZelda (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:163163163163----164)164)164)164)....
me-4 motomsroleli polkis sajariso jaWvebma Seviwroeba dauwyes
momitingeebs rogorc mTavrobis saxlTan, ise rusTvelis prospeqtis
gayolebiT. amasTan, mitingis monawileTa didi nawili, romelic
mTavrobis saxlis marcxena mxares imyofeboda, kvlav adgilze rCeboda
da uneblied uSlida xels frontidan gamodevnil adamianTa Tavisufal
gasvlas. situacia seriozulad gaaRrmava iman, rom am dros me-8
motomsroleli polkis pirvelma batalionma, romelic general-maior i.
efimovis sityvier brZanebas asrulebda, daiwyo moZraoba moedanze
WiWinaZis quCidan erTi mxriv, samxedro mosamsaxureTa jaWvis moZraobisa.
meore mxriv, momitingeTa winaaRmdegobiT gamowveuli adamianTa masebis
mzardi SemWidroebis Sedegad, marcxena gazonis midamoebSi warmoiSva
WeWyva, swored aq aRmoCnda yvelaze meti daRupuli da dazaralebuli
samoqalaqo mosaxleobis ricxvidan.
am etapze momitingeTa nawili aRmoCnda alyaSi, e.i. moqceuli iyo
samxedroebsa da demonstrantebs Soris, romlebsac jer ver moeswroT
gamosvla. moxda gaafTrebuli Setakeba instruqciis yovlad uxeSi
darRveviT. rezinis xelketebisa da momwamvleli nivTierebebis
gamoyeneba, momitingeTa garekvisas mcire qveiTTa barebis xmareba.
Seiswavla ram mis xelT arsebuli yvela dokumenturi masala
sobCakis komisiam, gamitana mtkice daskvana, rom araviTari damajerebeli
argumentebi, romlebic amarTlebdes moednidan momitingeTa gamodevnis
operaciaSi sabWoTa armiis sahaero-sadesanto polkis aseulis Seyvanas,
ar arsebobs.
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4.21 saaTisaTvis mTavrobis saxlis winamdebare moednis gawmenda
damTavrebuli iyo, me-8 motomsroleli polkis 1-li batalioni SeuerTda
motomsroleli polkis me-4 batalions, romelic ganagrZobda
momitingeTa gamodevnas.
operaciis am etapze Sinaganma jarebma, sZlevdnen ra rusTavelis
prospeqtze Seviwroebuli mitingis monawileebis aqtiur winaaRmdegobas,
araerTgzis gamoiyenes specsaSualeba ,,Ceriomuxa”.
respublikis moedanTan miaxloebisas (gasasvleli troleibusebiTa
da avtobusebiT iyo Caxergili). mzardi winaaRmdegobis gamo
podpolkovnikma a. baklanovma TviTneburad gasca brZaneba, exmaraT
arasatabelo nawarmi k-51, romelic momwamvlel nivTierebas si-ess
Seicavs. gamoiyenes oTxi xelyumbara, romelTagan erTi ar afeTqda.
gamodevnis operaciis damTavrebis stadiaze adgili hqonda mitingis
erT-erTi monawilis cecxlsasroli iaraRiT TavSi daWris faqts.
amrigad, momitingeTa gamodevnis operaciis realuri mimdinareobis
erToblivi analizi utyuarad adasturebs, rom mxolod, erTi mxriv,
maSin moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, wesdebebis, miTiTebebisa da instruqciebis
uxeSi, danaSaulebrivi daudevrobis tolfasi darRvevebisa da meore
mxriv, organizatorebisa da mitingis monawileTa erTi nawilis
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis Sedegad tragikulad damTavrda.
ramdenime wuTSi rusTavelis didebuli prospeqti sasaflaos
daemsgavsa... gazafxulis im dilas 19-ma mSvidobianma qarvelma Seswira
sicocxle saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas. maTgan ufrosi iyo 70 wlisa,
umcrosi 16 wlisa (gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli 1990: 244)1990: 244)1990: 244)1990: 244).... maT Soris 16 qali iyo, 1000-ze
meti daWril-dasaxiCrebuli da gaziT mowamluli saavadmyofoSi
moaTvses. maT Soris arcerTi ar yofila mitingis momwyobTagan. isini
TavianT binebSi gaqceulni daapatimres. meore dResve daapatimres z.
gamsaxurdia da merab kostava. meSvide dRes (9 aprilidan) daapatimres
irakli wereTeli. Tumca isini male gaanTavisufles, radgan maTi
dapatimreba zrdida daZabulobas axalgazrdobaSi (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997:
69)69)69)69)....
barbarosuli aqciis msxverplni gaxdnen: 1. adamia aza raJdenis
asuli _ 22 wlis; 2. beJaniSvili eka Tamazis asuli _ 16 wlis, komarovis
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skolis X klasis moswavle; 3. giorgaZe nato aleqsis asuli _ 23 wlis;
4. doliZe Tamuna grigolis asuli _ 28 wlis; 5. enuqiZe Tina severianis
asuli _ 70 wlis; 6. ToiZe nino Suqris asuli _ 25 wlis; 7. kikviZe zaira
abelis asuli _ 61 wlis; 8. lolaZe manana levanis asuli _ 33 wlis; 9.
mamulaSvili Tamari ivanes asuli _ 50 wlis; 10. nozaZe mamuka givis Ze _
22 wlis; 11. samarguliani nana aleqsandres asuli _ 41 wlis; 12. Wyonia-
samarguliani marina tristanis asuli _ 31 wlis; 13. WipaSvili eliso
giorgis asuli _ 25 wlis; 14. WoveliZe Tamari arkadis asuli _ 16 wlis;
15. jangiraSvili nodari SoTas Ze _ 40 wlis; 16. jinWaraZe mzia mixeilis
asuli _ 43 wlis.
miRebuli travmebis Sedegad saavadmyofoSi 11 aprils
gardaicvalnen: melqaZe manana amiranis asuli _ 23 wlis da qarselaZe
gia giorgis Ze _ 25 wlis.
tragediis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda saxteleradios Senoba.
ubedurebis momaswavebel niSnad iqca muxluxebiani manqanebis ganlageba
televiziis Senobis mopirdapire mxares. televiziis vestibiuli
jariskacebiT aivso, magram darbeva qvemodan daiwyo.
,,ikarusebiT” moiyvanes sami aseuli xelketebiani jariskaci
samasamde uiaraRo kacis dasarbevad. aq orlesuli barebi ar hqoniaT.
veraguli gegma iTvaliswinebda momitingeTa zeviT, Senobisaken garekvas,
rom vestibiulSi avtomatmomarjvebulebs tyviiT daecxrilaT isini da,
ra Tqma unda, yofiliyo sababi politikuri ambiciisaTvis _ televiziis
aReba undodaTo.
daiwyo aqcia! gmirTa moedanze mdgarma jariskacebma xalxi SeniSnes
da zooparkSi kiJiniT Secvivdnen. gaqceulebma zooparkis sibneles
misces Tavi.
9 aprils TbilisSi daZabuli mdgomareoba grZeldeboda. qalaqis
sxvadasxva nawilSi _ saburTaloSi, vakeSi, leninis moednis mimdebare
quCebsa da sxva adgilebSi _ grovdeboda momxdari faqtiT aRSfoTebuli
adamianTa jgufebi _ ZiriTadad axalgazrdoba da gamoxatavdnen
ukmayofilebas Cadenili vandalizmis gamo.
TbilisSi zogierTi sawarmo, maT Soris samecniero-sawarmoo
gaerTianeba ,,elva’, ,,Tbilisis sawarmoo gaerTianebebi _ ,,CarxmSenebeli”,
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,,baxtrioni”, ,,isani”, ,,kamvol-maudis kombinati”, ,,grexili avejis
kombinati” da mTeli rigi sxva sawarmoebi ar muSaobda, ar gamarTula
mecadineoba Tbilisisi metwil umaRles saswavleblebsa da zogierT
saSualo skolaSi.
daRupulTa Sesaxeb arsebuli oficialuri cnobebis miuxedavad,
vrceldeboda xmebi asobiT adamianis daRupvaze, rac kidev ufro
amZimebda mdgomareobas. grZeldeboda mjdomare gaficvebi samaxatvro
akademiasTan (sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:51)51)51)51)....
aRniSnuli viTarebis gamo sazogadoebrivi transportis mravali
mZRoli samuSaoze ar cxaddeboda, ris Sedegadac moiSala miwiszeda
transportis grafikiT muSaoba. rogorc Cans amas moiTxovdnen
araformaluri jgufebi. maTi azriT saqalaqo transportis moZraobis
paralizeba xelisuflebisadmi protests gamoxatavda.
mcire raodenobiT xazze gamosuli transportis moZraobas win
aRudgnen mopiketeebi.
isini unomro manqanebiT daqrodnen qalaqis quCebSi da transportis
mZRolebs manqanis farebsa da minebs umsxvrevdnen. mgzavrebi CamoyavdaT
avtobusebidan da aiZulebdnen fexiT evloT. iyo manaqnebis dawvis
muqarac Tu maT moTxovnas ar daemorCilebodnen.
respublikis vaWrobis saministrom TbilisSi, 10 aprilidan
viTarebis normalizaciamde, Sewyvita alkoholiani sasmelebis
realizacia sacalo vaWrobisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis yvela obieqtSi.
saqarTvelos mTel rig qalaqebSi: quTaisSi, yvarelSi, samtrediaSi,
baTumSi, axalgorSi, soxumSi, gagraSi, rusTavSi, borjomSi, duSeTSi
imarTeboda saprotesto mitingebi momxdari taragediis gamo. mxolod
duSeTSi gamarTul manifestaciaSi 1500 kaci monawileobda. gamosvlebs
xelmZRvanelobdnen, rogorc Tbilisidan Casuli, aseve adgilobrivi
erovnuli moZraobis liderebi.
9 aprils qalaqis quCebSi dadiodnen manqanebi Savi lentebiTa da
mudmivad CarTuli signalebiT. adamianTa jgufi cdilobda qalaqis #1
saavadmyofodan sionis sakaTedro taZarSi gadaesvenebina micvalebulTa
gvamebi, magram samxedroebma gafantes es adamianebi. gavlili manqanidan
125
esroles quCaSi gamvlel moqalaqeebs, daiWra ramdenime kaci. maT Soris
13 wlis biWi.
imave dRidan samxedro SenaerTebma da sabrZolo manqanebma daikaves
xidebi, ganlagdnen mniSvnelovani obieqtebis axlos. Tbilisis Tavze
dafrinavdnen vertmfrenebi, quCebSi moZraobdnen tankebi da javSniani
manqanebi. patruli moqalaqeTa avtomanqanebidan xsnida Sav lentebsa da
samgloviaro niSnebs.
9 aprils 23 saaTidan TbilisSi dawesda komendantis saaTi. 23
saaTidan dilis 6 saaTamde qalaqSi wydeboda qveiTebis Tavisufali
siaruli. Tbilisis samxedro komendantad dainiSna sisxliani aqciis
erT-erTi mTavari iniciatori general-polkovniki – i. rodionovi.
komendantis saaTi gagrZelda 1989 wlis 18 aprilamde.
11 aprils saqarTveloSi glovis niSnad Zirs iqna daSvebuli
saxelmwifo almebi. TiTqmis yvela ojaxis aivnidan gadmofines Savi
droSebi. aikrZala sanaxaobani, respublikurma gazeTebma gamoaqveynes
mkiTxvelTa werilebi, raSic gamoxatuli iyo Rrma mwuxareba momxdaris
ubedurebis gamo.
komendantis saaTis SemoRebidan 2 saaTis Semdeg patrulma mokla
udanaSaulo kaci gia qarselaZe. rogorc samxedro patruli amtkicebda
manqanaSi msxdom axalgazrdebs TiTqos winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da
gaqceuliyvnen, arada axalgazrdas tyvia SublSi hqonda moxvedirili.
mogvianebiT dazustda gia qarselaZis mkvlel – kapitan loxinis vinaoba.
rogorc vxedavT jariskacebma dausjelobis imediT qarTvelebze
nadiroba gamarTes.
15 aprils aTasobiT Tbiliselma gaacila ukanasknel gzaze
tragikulad daRupulni. dakrZalvis ceremoniebi gaimarTa vakis,
saburTalos, kukiis, muxaTgverdis, diRmis, Tbilisis zRvisa da
avlabris sasaflaoebze. dakrZalvis dros moewyo samgloviaro
mitingebi.
33 wlis winaT, 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediisas qarTvel
xelisufalT eyoT ,,sindis-namusi” kvlav gaegrZelebionaT xelisuflebis
saTaveSi dogma. magram amjerad xelisuflebs is vajkacoba mainc eyoT,
rom gadamdgariyvnen Tanamdebobebidan (yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71).... 10 aprils
126
TbilisSi Camofrenilma e. SevardnaZem da generalma razumovskim cekas
jumber patiaSvili gadaarCevines da mis nacvlad givi gumbariZe
aarCevines pirvel mdivnad. ((((axali xelmZRvaneloba viTarebas ver
akontrolebda da respublikis saWirboroto skiTxebs e.w. araformalebi
wyvetdnen. Seqmnes 9 aprilis tragediis gamomkvlevi komisia, romlis
muSaobaSi monawileobze saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m
uari Tqva ((((gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:96969696----97979797))))....
dasavleTis sazogadoebrivi azri, saxelmwifoTa politikuri
speqtris didi nawili mxars uWerda sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi
mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTvisuflebel procesebs, magram saxelmwifoTa
xelisuflebebi, ra Tqma unda, oficialurad Tavs ikavebdnen, erovnuli
moZraobebis mxardaWerisagan. 1989-1990 wlebSi, jer kidev ar damdgariyo
is dro, roca dasavleTis romelime qveyana da maT Soris aSS Riad
gamoxatavda simpatias, romelime sabWoTa respublikis
damoukideblobisaken miswrafebisadmi.
am realuri kanonebiT aixsneboda, is Taviseburi gulgriloba,
romliTac dasavleTis mTavrobebi Sexvdnen 1989 wlis 9 aprils
TbilisSi datrialebul tragedias. arc erTi dasavluri saxelmwifos
meTauri an umaRlesi rangis moxele, sagareo saqmeTa ministris doneze
mainc, ar gamosula da oficialurad ar daugmia sabWoTa xelisuflebis
qmedeba, ar mouxdenia momxdaris politikuri Sefaseba.
samagierod 9 aprilis movlenebi sruliad saRad da obieqturad
Seafases dasavleTis qveynebis xelisufalTa da politikuri elitis
meore eSelonis warmomadgenlebma. samwuxarod gamoxmaurebebs Tu
mxardaWeras mxolod moraluri mxare hqonda, radganac ar asaxavda
SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur kurss.
Tavis droze Seiqmna sami komisia: irakli menaRariSvilis
(maSindeli jandacvis ministri) iniciativiT Seiqmna 9 aprilis pirveli
sazogadoebrivi komisia, (,,sazogadoebrivi samedicino saeqsperto
komisia”, romelic sxdomebs jandacvis saministroSi atarebda. komisia
sazogadoebrivi iyo, amdenad _ Tavisufali da rakiRa masSi brwyinvale
eqspertebi Sediodnen, principuli da uSiSari moRvaweni, pirvelad
swored man daarqva saxeli yvelafers _ momwamvlel gazebs, sabrZolo
127
niCbebs, samxedroTa sicrues (SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:227227227227----229)229)229)229).... ssr kavSiris
umaRlesi sabWosi (ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis wevris
belorusiis us Tavmjdomaris g. trazevinis TavmjdomareobiT).
saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWosi (iurist Tamaz SavguliZis
TavmjdomareobiT) da ssrk saxalxo deputatTa yrilobisa (aseve iurist
anatoli sobCakis TavmjdomareobiT). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom meore
komisiaSi 37 piri Sedioda da aqedan arc erTi ar gaxldaT istorikosi!
xolo mesame komisiis 24 wevrTagan mxolod segei stankeviCi (moskoveli)
iyo istorikosi.
dasaxelebuli komisiebidan arc erTi ar gamoirCeoda
obieqturobiT. am mxriv yvelaze meti Sescoda trazeviCiseulma komisiam.
Tamaz SavguliZiseul komisiaze cota metad obieqturi iyo anatoli
sobCakis komisia, magram sasurvelamde am SemTxvevaSic Sors idgnen.
kerZod, saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos komisiis mTavar samizned iqca
respublikis imJamindeli umaRlesi xelisufali jumber patiaSvili.
saocaria, rom aRniSnuli komisiis wevrebma, upirvelesad misma
Tavmjdomarem, veraferi kritikuli ver SeniSnes saqarTvelos
imdroindeli umaRlesi xelisuflis givi gumbariZis qmedebaSi (roca
respublikis uSiSroebis komitetis xelmZRvaneli iyo). motivic gasagebia:
ar moisurves aRzevebuli piris ganawyeneba. didad saeWvo iyo agreTve
Sss imJamindeli ministris qmedebac, magram komisia im SemTxvevaSic
aSkarad Seecada misTvis xeli daefarebina. Tamaz SavguliZiseul
moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs S.
gorgoZes da mas daqvemdebarebul saqarTvelos milicias faqtobrivad
undobloba gamoucxada da igi TviT iqca sajariso nawilebis damfarav
obieqtad”.
am TvalsazrisiT ufro kritikuli, da Tanac obieqturi iyo
anatoli sobCakis komisia. misma wevrebma aSkarad SeniSnes gumbariZis
ukeTesi qmedeba. xolo SoTa gorgoZis Sesaxeb komisiis daskvnis mexuTe
punqtSi aRniSnulia: `garkveulwilad ekisreba valdebuleba
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs gorgoZesac, romelic ganze
gaudga Tavis uSualo movaleobaTa Sesrulebas da romlis moqmedebis
Sedegadac ver moxerxda samxedro mosamsaxureebisa da miliciis Zalebis
128
moqmedebis erTgvari Sesatyvisoba, ramac ukve gamoiwvia gansazRvruli
tragikuli Sedegebi im dRes”.
saerTod, araobieqturobam, tendenciurobam ise mkveTrad iCina Tavi
respublikis doneze, e.i. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mimarT, maSin raRa
unda iTqvas sakavSiro doneze, Sesabamis umaRles xelisufalTa mimarT.
am mxriv TiTqos solidurad gamoiyureboda a. sobCakis komisia, misi
wevrebi Seexnen umaRles centralur xelisuflebas, magram es mxolod
erTi SexedviT. saqarTveloSi am SemTxvevaSi mTeli dartyma gadaitanes
egor ligaCovze.
Tumca, vin iyo konkretuli damnaSave? Seqmnilma komisiebma am
kiTxvaze pasuxi ver gasces.
es kiTxva dResac pasuxgaucemelia.
1989 wlis 9 aprilis Rames TbilisSi momxdar tragikul movlenebs
moixsenieben `Tbilisis saqmis” saxeliT.
`perestoikis” wlebSi es masobrivi uwesrigobis pirveli da
ukanaskneli msxverpli rodi iyo. Tbilisis movlenebamde cota xniT
adre saSineli darbeva moxda azerbaijanis sumgaiTSi, rasac aTobiT
udanaSaulo emsxverpla. Tbilisis Semdeg uwesrigobam moicva ferRana
(uzbekeTi), sadac msxverpli kidev ufro meti iyo. uprecendento iyo
sisxliani Setakebebi oSSi (yirgizeTi), bolos ki dnestrispireTSi
(moldova), sadac miliciam srola autexa mosaxleobas, iyo msxverpli...
magram arcerT am Rrmadsamwuxaro movlenas, romelTac gaamwvaves
viTareba calkeul raionebSi, ar hqonia iseTi mZlavri politikuri
rezonansi, rogoric `Tbilisis saqmes”. arcerTi maTgani, garda
Tbilisis istoriisa, ar ganxilula sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo
deputatTa yrilobebze, arcerTi ar yofila amden komisiaTa gamoZiebis
sagani.
9 aprilma gamoavlina sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Seuqcevadi procesi.
miuxedavad wina drois (1956 wlis 9 martis) sisxliani gamocdilebisa,
qarTveli xalxi Tavis momavals damoukideblobaSi xedavda da am
SegnebiTa da cnobierebiT SemarTuli arafrisgan ukan daxevas ar
apirebda.
129
9 aprilis aqciis darbevis Semdeg daiwyo aqciis xelmZRvanelTa
mimarT represiebi, meore dResve daapatimres z. gamsaxurdia da merab
kostava. meSvide dRes (9 aprilidan) daapatimres irakli wereTeli
(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe 2003: #0952003: #0952003: #0952003: #095)))).... mis mimarT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme
saqarTvelos ssr ssk-is 263 muxliT. misi dapatimrebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis yvelaze aqtiuri
wevrebi ganagrZoben TavianT saqmianobas, romlis mizania
destabilizacia; mimarTaven cdebs, moawyon Tavyrilobebi da
msvlelobebi ,,politikur tusaRTa’’ ganTavisuflebis moTxovniT.
amrigad, 1989 wlis 9 aprils, SuaRamisas, rusi jariskacebis mier
mSvidobiani momitingeebis mxecurad da veragulad darbevam kidev
erTxel naTlad aCvena sabWoTa imperiuli manqanis pirsisxliani saxe da
masTan erTad gamoavlina saqarTvelosA mTavrobis uunarobac sakuTari
savarZlebisa da cru ideebis nacvlad sakuTari xalxisaTvis mieniWebina
upiratesoba da masTan erTad moeZebna gamosavali Seqmnili rTuli
viTarebidan. xelisuflebisa da mitingis organizatorTa (erovnul-
gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderTa) xistma da gauTlelma,
aragegmazomierma qmedebebma gamoiwvia TbilisSi 9 aprilis tragikuli
movlenebi. amasTanave, 9 aprilma aCvena qarTveli xalxis uaRresad
mtkice nebisyofa, udreki suli, misi ukompromisoba samSoblos
erTianobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi da kidev erTxel
daadastura erisaTvis am umaRlesi da maradiuli ideebisa Tu idealebis
ukvdaveba.
130
$ 5$ 5$ 5$ 5.... pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi da
erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul––––ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjveba
9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg Seiqmna ramodenime politikuri partia,
Catarda 26 maisis WeSmaritad sayovelTao-saxalxo zeimi, dainiSna
uzenaes sabWos axali arCevnebi.
saqarTveloSi sul ufro met gavlenas iZendnen ultra-radikalebi.
e. SevardnaZis piradi miTiTebiT cixidan gaaTavisufles z. gamsaxurdia,
m. kostava, g. Wanturia da sxvebi (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:351351351351).
1989 wlis 13 oqtombers sof. boriTTan momxdar avtokatastrofaSi,
romlis mizezebic dRemde gaurkvevelia, daiRupa saqarTvelos erovnuli
gmiri merab kostava. Tamar CxeiZem da zurab WavWavaZem miiRes sxeulis
umZimesi dazianeba. mkurnalobis Semdeg, romelic utardeboda Tbilisis
nevrologiur institutSi, zurab WavWavaZis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
nela, magram dRiTi dRe umjobesdeboda, mdgomareoba sabediswerod
gaarTula moulodnelad Seyrilma botkinis daavadebam. Zneli
saTqmelia, ra iyo amis mizezi, sabWoTa sistemaSi yvelgan gamefebuli
danaSaulebrivi daudevroba Tu sxva ram...
zurab WavWavaZe gardaicvala 1989 wlis 21 dekembers.
avtokatastrofidan 69-e dRes.... ((((aaaabJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993:::: 4444----5555))))....
erovnuli moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis gaardacvaleba
aunazRaurebeli danaklisi iyo. merab kostava, romelic did avtoritets
warmoadgenda, yovelTvis Semarigebel poziciaze idga
urTierTdapirispirebul erovnul Zalebs Soris. misi daRupvis Semdeg
ganxeTqileba erovnul moZraobaSi kidev ufro daCqarda, gaRrmavda da
mogvianebiT savalalo Sedegebic gamoiRo.
1990 wlis 13-15 marts TbilisSi Sedga sxvadasxva politikur
partiaTa sagangebo konferencia, romelmac sabWoTa xelisuflebis
sapirispirod da axali arCevnebis mosawyobad Seqmna erovnuli forumi,
romelic 1990 wlis 24 aprils gaiTiSa. danarCenebTan ideur-politikuri
da taqtikuri uTanxmoebis gamo forumis rigebi datoves ,,helsinkis
kavSirma”, ,,wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebam”, ,,monarqistulma partiam”
131
da ,,merab kostavas partiam”, romlebmac imave wlis 7 maiss axali
politikuri gaerTianeba `mrgvali magida” daafuZnes.
`mrgvali magida” gaemijna forumis mier saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis gzad dasaxul `sayovelTao
erovnuli daumorCileblobis” ideas, igi ararealisturad miiCnia da
sazogadoebas sayovelTao arCevnebi SesTavaza. arCevnebis TariRad
dadginda 1990 wlis 28 oqtomberi.
momavali sakanonmdeblo organos deputatTa raodenoba 250 kaciT
ganisazRvra. maTgan 125 proporciuli da 125 maJoritaruli sistemiT
unda arCeuliyo. sadeputato mandatebis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo 4%-iani
barieris gadalaxva.
erovnul forumSi darCenilma politikurma partiebma am arCevnebsac
boikoti gamoucxades, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mravalpartiulobis
pirobebSi tardeboda. maT jer erovnuli yriloba moiwvies, Semdeg ki
arCevnebis gziT erovnuli kongresi Seqmnes.
amas uzenaesi sabWos saarCevno kampania ar Seunelebia. arCevnebSi
monawile organizaciebi Tavidan or banakad gaiyvnen: erT mxares
kompartia iyo, xolo meore mxares - yvela danarCeni. uSualod arCevnebis
win ZalTa es ganlageba dairRva. komunistebisadmi dapirispirebulma
banakma erTian blokad gamosvla ver SeZlo. sabolood Camoyalibda 6
saarCevno bloki da 8 damoukidebeli politikuri organizacia
(saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partia, saqarTvelos komunisturi
partia, saqarTvelos saxalxo partia, sruliad saqarTvelos rusTavelis
sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos saxalxo fronti da sxv.).
registracia gaiara proporciuli gziT asarCevma 2400-mde da
maJoritaruli sistemis 1000-mde damoukidebelma kandidatma.
28 oqtombris arCevnebs saerTaSoriso damkvirvebelTa soliduri
korpusi daeswro. maT msoflios gasagonad ganacxades, rom arCevnebma
saqarTveloSi obieqturad Caiara.
kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevlebis saerTo raodenobis
daaxloebiT 70%-ma. xmebis umravlesoba, rogorc proporciul, ise
maJoritarul arCevnebSi moipova `mrgvali magidis~ blokma. maT 114
deputati gaiyvanes, meore adgilze gasulma kompartiam miiRo 61 mandati.
132
danarCeni adgilebi sxva partiebs ergoT. xelisuflebis saTaveSi
`mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ movida.
,,z. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT: ,,saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli
demokratiuli arCevnebi Catarda 1990 w. 28 oqtombers, igi iqca usisxlo
revoluciad, romelSic komunistebi iZulebulni Seiqmnen xeli aeRoT
Zalauflebebze blok `mrgvali magida Tavisufali saqarTvelos” da Cemi,
rogorc misi meTauris sasargeblod. amis Semdeg komunistebma moskovsa
da TbilisSi da mTelma maTTan dakavSirebulma mafiam daiwyes revanSis
mzadeba” ((((saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995: 3)3)3)3)....
28 oqtombers saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi axali
etapi daiwyo, komunisturi reJimi mSvidobiani gziT Seicvala.
Zalaufleba kanonierad, demokratiul, mravalpartiul arCevnebSi
warmatebis Sedegad xelSi aiRo erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenelTagan
dakompleqtebulma `mrgvali magidis~ blokma.
1990 wlis 14 noembers Sedga saqarTvelos axlad arCeuli uzenaesi
sabWos pirveli sxdoma. sesia daloca saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqma ilia II-m. deputatebma uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris postze
faruli kenWisyriT erTxmad airCies `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali
saqarTvelos~ spikeri zviad gamsaxurdia. damtkicda axali mTavroba
Tengiz siguas TavmjdomareobiT.
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas Seecvala
saxelwodeba - qveyanas ewoda `saqarTvelos respublika~. aRdgenil iqna
saxelmwifo simbolikac - saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis (1918-1921w.w.)
gerbi, droSa da himni.
saqarTveloSi komunisturi xelisufleba daemxo. saqarTvelos
respublikaSi gamocxadda gardamavali periodi, romlis xangrZlivoba
gansazRvruli ar yofila. axlad arCeul xelisuflebas saqarTvelos
suverenuli arsebobis politikur–samarTlebrivi, aseve saTanado
ekonomikuri safuZvlebi unda Seemzadebina.
133
$ 6$ 6$ 6$ 6.... 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRdgenagenagenagena
1990 wlis gazafxulidan sabWoTa kavSiri dezintegraciis gzas
daadga. latviam, litvam, estoneTma da sxva mokavSire respublikebma, maT
Soris ruseTis federaciamac damoukideblobis deklaraciebi
gamoacxades. amis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos
yofna ukanonod iqna aRiarebuli TviT komunisturi mmarTvelobis mier.
uzenaesi sabWos sesiam dagmo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis gasabWoebis aqti,
rogorc bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos intervencia da
okupacia. baTilad gamocxadda 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo
xelSekruleba ,,amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli
respublikebis kavSiris Sesaxeb”. aseve ukanonod iqna cnobili 1922 wlis
30 dekembris xelSekruleba, romliTac safuZveli Caeyara sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs.
politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi, demokratiuli gziT arCeuli
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo, rogorc qarTveli xalxis nebis
gamomxatveli legitimuri umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo, ufro
mizanmimarTulad Seudga saqarTvelos erovnuli miswrafebis -
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas.
saqarTvelos erovnul xelisuflebas mZime memkvidreoba daxvda.
politikuri problemebis garda, Tavi iCina ekonomikuri, socialuri,
erovnuli, eTnikuri Tu sxva xasiaTis sirTuleebma, romlebic moskovTan
dapirispirebis paralelurad kidev ufro mwvavdeboda.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos prioritetul amocanebs sabWoTa
institutebis gauqmeba da sanacvlod erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi,
demokratiuli struqturebis formireba warmoadgenda. Sewyda sabWoebis
uflebamosileba, daiwyo kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis
daSla, wvrili sawarmoebisa da obieqtebis privatizacia, Caisaxa
Tavisufali mewarmeoba, gaCnda kerZo bankebi, momravlda damoukidebeli
Jurnal-gazeTebi, gamoikveTa samoqalaqo sazogadeobis formirebis
pirveli niSnebi. uzenaesma sabWom qveynis teritoriaze SeaCera sabWoTa
kavSiris kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, romlebic
134
ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebsa da interesebs.
Seiqmna Sinagari jari – erovnuli gvardia. 1991 wlis martSi Catarda
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis - sakrebuloebis deputatTa
arCevnebi da sxva.
mogvianebiT daweril Tavis SefasebaSi z. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs,
rom: ,,im dRidan, rac arCevnebSi gaimarjva `mrgvalma magidam”, ar
Sewyvetila mcdeloba destruqciuli Zalebisa Ceni xelisuflebis
damxobisaken mamrTuli, rac maT ver ganaxorcieles, vinaidan `mrgval
magidaSic” vinarCunebidiT erTianobas da mteri, miuxedavad aTasgvari
xrikebisa, ver axerxebda Cvens dezorganizebas da damarcxebas.
pirveli bzari Cvens erTianobaSi mainc gaCnda, rodesac Tavi iCina
Ralatma, rodesac yofil partokratebTan da mafiasTan mWidrod
dakavSirebulma fsevdoopoziciam SesZlo TandaTan gadabireba `mrgvali
magidis” jer calkeuli wevrebisa, xolo Semdeg – mTeli partiebisa da
organizaciebisa. amasTan, ZiriTadi ieriSi mohqondaT Cemze, rogorc
`diqtatorze”. `demokratiis mterze”, romelmac, Turme, saqarTveloSi,
daamyara totalitaruli reJimi. moskovs gadaxvewili saqarTvelos
moRalate partokratebi, SevardnaZis meTaurobiT, imperiul ZalebTan
aliansSi, kargad axerxebdnen dasavleTis dezorientirebas, ris
Sedegadac ara mxolod moskovSi, aramed dasavleTSic, uprecnedento
dezinformaciis kampania gaaCaRes Cems winaaRmdeg.
me ar msurs imis mtkiceba, TiTqos me Seumcdari viyavi Cems yovel
qmedebaSi, an ar mimiZRvis araviTari brali, Tundac imitom, rom droze
ar miviRe mkacri zomebi eris mtrebisa da moRalateebis asalagmavad.
magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT is udidesi sirTuleebi, rasac wavawydi
komunistebis 70-wliani mmarTvelobiT gapartaxebuli qveynis marTvisas.
me ver vipove Tanamdgomi da mxardamWeri Cems brZolaSi. amasTan e. w.
opozicia da misi mokavSire partokratia ostaturad moqmedebdnen, raTa
CvenTvis ar moecaT muSaobis saSualeba, esargeblaT Cemi uneblie
SecdomebiT da TavianTi sabotaJisa da destruqciuli qmedebebis
Sedegebi CemTvis gadmoebralebinaT” ((((saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996: 3333----5)5)5)5)....
imperiis SesanarCuneblad kremlSi axali samokavSireo
xelSekruleba SeimuSaves. sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri
135
suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis kavSirad – axal, nebayoflobiT,
demokratiul federaciul saxelmwifod unda gardaqmniliyo.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam am xelSekrulebis xelismoweraze
kategoriuli uari ganacxada. mas zogierTma sxva respublikamac dauWira
mxari. Seqmnil viTarebaSi sakavSiro saxelmwifos gadarCenis bolo
saSualebaT miCnies plebisciti, romlis Catareba 1991 wlis 17
martisaTvis dainiSna.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze akrZala sakavSiro plebisciti da mis sapirispirod
erovnuli referendumis Catarebis dadgenileba miiRo (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009: 2009: 2009: 2009:
204204204204----205)205)205)205)....
1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos masStabiT moewyo mosaxleobis
saerTo saxalxo gamokiTxva. mis monawileebs unda epasuxaT kiTxvaze:
`Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis
safuZvelze?~ referemdumSi monawileoba miiRo 3 milion samasi aTasze
metma amomrCevelma. gamokiTxulTa 98%-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas, maT Soris respublikis araqarTveli mosaxleobis
umetesobamac.
referendumis Sedegebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos uzenaesma
sabWom 1991 wlis 9 aprils aRadgina saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba.
1991 wlis 14 aprils uzenaesi sabWos sesiam saqarTvelos pirvel
prezidentad zviad gamsaxurdia airCia. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared
akaki asaTiani. imave sesiis dadgenilebiT 26 maisisaTvis dainiSna
respublikis prezidentis sayovelTao-saxalxo arCevnebi. damajereblad
gaimarjva da saqarTvelos prezidenti gaxda zviad gamsaxurdia. mas xma
misca eleqtoratis 87%-ma. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv - politikur
cxovrebaSi axali xana daiwyo.
136
d a s k v n ad a s k v n ad a s k v n ad a s k v n a
qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis da XX saukunis II
naxevarSi mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba warmatebiT
dagvirgvinda. es iyo uaRresad rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
procesi romelSic CarTuli iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fena,
rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi, romelTa
damsaxurebac, rogorc am moZraobis warmmarTveli da sulisCamdgmeli
Zalisa uaRresad mniSvnelovania, aseve inteligencia, marTlmadidebeli
eklesia da sazogadoebis didi nawili.
erovnul_ganmaTvaisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT
dagvirgvinebamde (1991 wlis 9 aprili) saqarTvelom brZolisa da
Tavdadebis garkveuli etapebi gaiara, romelic saTaves aneqsiisa da
gasabWoebis (1921 wlis 25 Tebervali) pirvelive dReebidan iRebs. XX
saujunis II naxevarSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba gavakeToT
Semdegi daskvnebi:
1.... svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi 1921_1923 wlebSi ganviTarebuli
saprotesto RonisZiebebi, SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi
stiqiur da epizodur xasiaTs atarebdnen, ris gamoc sayovelTao
SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi ver gadaizarda.
aseve uSedegod dasrulda 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. 1924 wlis
agvistos ajanyebis damarcxebiT ZiriTadad damTavrda saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli respublikis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis meore etapi.
1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo erovnuli
motiviT. ajanyeba qarTveli eris pasuxi iyo ucxo Zalis mier
saqarTvelos dapyrobaze da miznad isaxavda warTmeuli Tavisuflebis
dabrunebas, dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebas.
2. me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitarulma
reJimma qveyanaSi (ssrk-Si) Seqmna imgvari fsiqologiuri klimati, rom
sxvaTa usafuZvlo dasmena, ciliswameba da misTanani, dasaZrax movlenad
ki aRar aRiqmeboda, aramed `socializmis sadarajoze” dgomad da
mosawon da sapatio saqmed miiCneoda.
137
politikuri represiebis Jams sazogadoebis erTma nawilma dakarga
adamianuri saxe, Caeflo uzneobisa da moraluri degradaciis tyveobaSi.
erTmaneTs abezRebdnen angarebis, Suris, qonebis dauflebis surviliTa
Tu sxva mankieri sababiT. usamarTlod ganikiTxavdnen da zurgs
aqcevdnen SerisxulTa ojaxebs, gaurbodnen maTTan yovelgvar kavSirs.
msxverplis gamosarCleba uazro Tavganwirvas niSnavda.
sabednierod, mravalma, im gausaZlisi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
teroris pirobebSic SeinarCuna Rirseba da gamoavlina humanizmi
represirebulTa mimarT.
masobrivma represiebma mTlianad gaanadgura antistalinuri
opoziciis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, yela SesaZlo politikuri
oponenti, ganamtkica i.b. stalinis diqtatura.
3. XX saukunis meore naxevri daiwyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi
momxdari udidesi targediiT. qarTveli axalgazrdebis 1956 wlis 9
martis gamosvla iyo antisamTavrobo protesti erovnuli SeferilobiT.
centrma 1956 wlis 9 martis tragedia TbilisSi Seafasa, rogorc
antisabWoTa, nacionalisturi, kontrrevoluciuri xasiaTis gamosvla.
9 martis gamosvlam TbilisSi stimuli misca totalitarizmis
dagmobas, istoriul RirebulebaTa gadasinjvas, qarTveli xalxis
erovnul gamoRviZebas.
aRmocenda radikaluri erovnuli moZraobac. romlis mimdevrebic
radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebi iyvnen, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom
Seupovari brZoliT daasustebdnen ruseTis imperias, Semdeg ki
msoflios demokratiuli Zalebis mxardaWeriT, Cagrul xalxebTan
kavSirSi, SeZlebdnen mCagvrelis uRlisagan Tavis daRwevas. es gza metad
sarisko da ambiciuri iyo. bunebrivad mimdinare procesebis ramdenadme
daCqarebis motiviT, igi safrTxeSi agdebda aTasobiT patriotis
sicocxles. magram misi mimdevrebi xSirad, ukompromiso, Tavganwiruli
moqmedebiT, masebis simpatias ixveWdnen da wamebulis gvirgvinebiTac
imosebodnen. yvelaze savalalo is iyo, rom radikaluri mimarTulebis
momxreebi araviTar sxva gzas, alianss, integracias ar scnobdnen. ara
Tu raime TanamSromlobaze ar Tanxmdebodnen, aramed gansxvavebuli
138
azris mqoneT daundoblad naTlavdnen erovnuli moZraobis mtrebad,
kremlis agentebad da a.S.
4. qarTveli axalgazrdobis erTsulovanma gamosvlam mSobliuri
enis dasacavad 1978 wlis aprilSi kidev erTxel aCvena sabWoTa imperias
qarTveli xalxis Seupovroba erovnuli idealebisaTvis brZolis saqmeSi
Dda gamarjvebamc ar daayovna. 1978 wels saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli da
erTaderTi respublika, romlis konstituciaSic Caiwera norma erovnuli
saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb da mxolod Semdeg gaimeores analogiuri
normebi somxeTis, azerbaijanis da mTeli rigi sxva respublikebis
konstituciebma.
qarTuli inteligenciis erTi nawilis mier Tavisi damsaxurebis,
avtoritetis, didi Zalisxmevisa da riskebis, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba
iTqvas rig SemTxvevebSi Tavganwirvis fasadac ki ZiriTadad moxerxda 70-
80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
axalgazrdobaSi, erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZeba, ganviTareba da
ganmtkiceba, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT damTavrebaSi.
5. erovnuli moZraobis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis
paralelurad, marqsistuli ideologiis mier aTeizmis qadagebis
pirobebSi mosaxleobaSi sul ufro SesamCnevi xdeboda qarTuli
eklesiis, eris sulieri winamZRolis, kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is
rolisa da avtoritetis zrda. farTo ideologiuri propagandis Tu
partiul-komkavSiruli struqturebis mxridan akrZalvebis miuxedavad,
axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili eklesias miawyda. mravali
studenti da moswavle stiqarosani gaxda da adamianTa cxovrebaSi
sarwmunoeba Tavis kuTvnil adgils ikavebda.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurni xSirad gamoTqvemdnen mosazrebas,
eklesia politikaSi ar erevao, magram uaRresad politizirebuli
mrevli aiZulebda maT, araiSviaTad zomaze metad Careuliyvnen
politikaSi. im rTul viTarebaSi ver ganxorcielda umaRlesi saeklesio
da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ara Tu erTianobis, aramed urTierTndobis
principic ki. marTlmadideblobis damcveli mRvdelmTavarni patriarqis
139
meTaurobiT ebrZodnen uzneobas, cdilobdnen dapirispirebul ZalTa
Serigebas, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi amao iyo.
6. 1989 wlis 9 aprils, SuaRamisas, rusi jariskacebis mier
mSvidobiani momitingeebis mxecurad da veragulad darbevam kidev
erTxel naTlad aCvena sabWoTa imperiuli manqanis pirsisxliani saxe da
masTan erTad gamoavlina saqarTvelosA mTavrobis uunarobac sakuTari
savarZlebisa da cru ideebis nacvlad sakuTari xalxisaTvis mieniWebina
upiratesoba da masTan erTad moeZebna gamosavali Seqmnili rTuli
viTarebidan. xelisuflebisa da mitingis organizatorTa (erovnul-
gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderTa) xistma da gauTlelma,
aragegmazomierma qmedebebma gamoiwvia TbilisSi 9 aprilis tragikuli
movlenebi. amasTanave, 9 aprilma aCvena qarTveli xalxis uaRresad
mtkice nebisyofa, udreki suli, misi ukompromisoba samSoblos
erTianobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi da kidev erTxel
daadastura erisaTvis am umaRlesi da maradiuli ideebisa Tu idealebis
ukvdaveba.
140
gagagagamoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:literatura:literatura:literatura:
1.1.1.1. saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:
1. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba
saarqivo sammarTvelo (a.a.r.m.s.d.s.s.), partiuli fondi 18a, aRw. 1, saq. 51,
fur. 40.
2. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqvi ((((s.u.i.c.a.), fondi
1880, aRwera 1, saqme # 279, gv., 1....
3. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 7.
4. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 71.
5. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 14.
6. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 279, gv. 9.
7. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 279, gv. 4-8.
8. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 4.
9. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 5.
10. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 6.
11. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 8.
12. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 9.
13. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 10.
14. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 11.
15. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 12.
16. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 13.
17. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 14.
18. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 15.
19. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81.
20. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 82.
21. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 83.
22. quTaisis centraluri arqivi (q.c.a.), f. 186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22-26
141
2. literatura:2. literatura:2. literatura:2. literatura:
1111.... abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993: ,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle”, gamomcemloba ,,merwyuli”,
Tbilisi.
2.2.2.2. ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009: gulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi
Boris godunovidan boris elcinamde da
v. putinamde”, Tbilisi.
3333.... beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991: beniZe valeri, ,,1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi”,
gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.
4444.... bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999: bendianiSvili aleqsandre, ,,saqarTvelos
istoria”, gamomcemloba ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi.
5.5.5.5. berulava 2011:berulava 2011:berulava 2011:berulava 2011: berulava laSa, 956 wlis 9 marti - `maoxrebeli
gziris~ kidev erTi sisxlis kalo”. (on-lain statia)
(ganTavsebulia 9 martidan, 2011); mis.: http.// www.presa.ge.
6666.... bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011: bibileiSvili iuri, ,,saqarTvelosaTvis~,
gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universiteti~, baTumi.
7777.... bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010: uCa bluaSvili, ,,qarTul istoriografiaSi
Damkvidrebuli zogierTi stereotipis Sesaxeb”,
istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da
propagandis samecniero centris Jurnali
,,analebi” #6, gamomcemloba ,,universali”,
Tbilisi.
8888. bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994: bluaSvili uCa, ,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli
moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988 _1991 ww~,
gamomcemloba ,,xationi~, Tbilisi.
9. 9. 9. 9. buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998: buaCiZe Tengiz, ,,1956 wlis martis tragedia”, gaz.
,,literaturuli saqarTverlo”, 8 aprili, # 15,
Tbilisi.
10. 10. 10. 10. gamsaxurgamsaxurgamsaxurgamsaxurdia 1990:dia 1990:dia 1990:dia 1990: gamsaxurdia zviad, ,,9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde” gaz.
,,saqarTvelo”, 9 aprili, #7, Tbilisi.
11111111.... gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999: gamsaxurdia zviad, ,,dilema kacobriobis winaSe”,
Jurnali ,,mijna”, #12, Tbilisi.
142
12. 12. 12. 12. gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998: gamyreliZe oTar, ,,isev TviTmfrinavis gatacebis
saqmis gamo”, gaz. ,,axali saqarTvelo”, 14-20 maisi,
#12, Tbilisi.
13131313.... gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997: gafrindaSvili mixeil, ,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi
istoria”, Tbilisi.
14141414.... gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990: gociriZe irakli ,,simarTlis kvaldakval”,
gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.
15151515. goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007: goguaZe vaxtang, ,,stalini da saSineli samsjavro”,
gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo-ruseTis megobrobis
kavSiri”, Tbilisi.
16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011: gvenetaZe ediSer, ,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis
dokumenturi masalebi”, gamomcemloba ,,meridiani”,
Tbilisi.
17171717.... gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990: gvasalia jondo, ,,sisxliani 1956”, gaz.
,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 9 marti, #10, Tbilisi.
18181818. . . . gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990: ,,mixeil sergis Ze gorbaCovs”, 9 aprili, Tbilisi.
19191919. . . . ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili ilia, ,,im avadsaxsenebel 56 wels”
gaz. ,,soflis cxovreba”, 18 maisi, #114, Tbilisi.
20202020. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001: vefxvaZe givi, ,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT”,
gamomcemloba ,,marji”, Tbilisi.
21212121. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008: TumaniSvili dimitri, ,,qarTuli qristianuli
xelovneba~, gamomcemloba Sps ,,sezani~, Tbilisi.
22222222.... imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989: imnaZe avTandil, ,,erovnuli moZraoba farTo speqtriT”
gaz. ,,saxalxo fronti”, 21 ivnisi, #1, Tbilisi.
23232323. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a: kveselava igor, ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis
istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi”, gamomcemloba
,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.
24242424. . . . kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b: kveselava igor, ,,disidenturi moZraoba
saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.
25252525.... kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g: kveselava igor, ,,gardaqmna ("perestroika") da
sazogadoebriv-politikuri procesebi
saqarTveloSi”, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”,
Tbilisi.
143
26262626. . . . kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007: kveselava igor, ,,1989 wlis tragedia kremlis mier iyo
dagegmili” gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika”, aprili,
#61, Tbilisi.
27272727. kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe 2001:2001:2001:2001: kvinikaZe nestan, ,,amargi”, gamomcemloba ,,saari”,
Tbilisi.
28282828. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999: kupraSvili henri, ,,erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi”,
gamomcemloba ,,sazogadoeba codna”, Tbilisi.
29292929. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002: ligaCovi egor, ,,Tbilisis saqme”, gamomcemloba
,,respublika”, Tbilisi.
30303030.... maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007: maWavariani zaur, ,,51 wlis winaT, 9 marts, Tbilisis
sanapiroze”, gaz. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 9
marti, #9, Tbilisi.
31313131. . . . miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003: miqautaZe zaira, ,,9 aprilis sisxliani dila”, gaz.
,,rezonansi”, 9 aprili, #095, Tbilisi.
32323232.... mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999: mWedliZe giorgi, ,,istoria udistanciod”,
gamomcemloba ,,stamba”, quTaisi.
33333333. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995: mWedluri daviT, ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT~,
gamomcemloba ,,merani~, Tbilisi.
34343434. . . . naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989: naTaZe nodar, ,,9 marti, 1956” gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”,
14 ivnisi, #28, Tbilisi.
35353535. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991: naTaZe nodar, ,,sisxliani paraskevi”, gamomcemloba firma
,,ornati”, Tbilisi.
36363636. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004: naTmelaZe mayvala, dauSvili aleqsandre,
,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria”, gamomcemloba
,,mematiane”, თბilisi.
37373737. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992: nozaZe SoTa, ,,1956 wlis tragikuli 9 marti”,
gamomcemloba ,,merani”, Tbilisi.
38383838. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010: oqropiriZe uCa, ,,zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab
kostavas sasamarTlo procesis istoriisaTvis”,
niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi IX,
gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi.
144
39393939. . . . rafi 1990:rafi 1990:rafi 1990:rafi 1990: rafi serJ, ,,Tbilisi _ barikadebisgan ganTavisuflebis
Jami”, gaz. ,,saqarTvelo”, 29 ivlisi, #14, Tbilisi.
40404040.... saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010: Jurnali ,,saarqivo moambe” 2010 w. #9, Tbilisi.
44441111. saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997: ,,tragikuli 9 marti”, gaz. saqarTvelo, 10-13 marti,
#5.
42424242.... saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006: ,,wiTeli imperiis pirveli
Setortmaneba”, gaz.
saqarTvelos respublika, 8
marti, #48, Tbilisi.
43434343.... saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006: ,,wiTeli imperiis pirveli
Setortmaneba”, gaz.
,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8
marti, #48, Tbilisi.
44444444.... saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989: ,,qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba”, gaz.
,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 21 ivnisi, #29,
Tbilisi.
45454545. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995: saluaSvili mixeil, ,,zviad gamsaxurdiadan zviad
gamsaxurdiamde”, gamomcemloba ,,xma erisa”,
Tbilisi.
46464646. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996: saluaSvili mixeil, ,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,
Tbilisi.
47474747. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001: samsonaZe mixeil, ,,saqarTvelo 1921_1991 wlebSi”,
gamomcemloba ,,mematiane”, Tbilisi.
48484848. sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: sobCaki anatoli, ,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis
sisxliani kvira”, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.
49494949. . . . sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999: sonRulaSvili avTandil, ,,9 aprilis sisxliani
tragedia”, gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi.
50505050. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010: sonRulaSvili avTandil, ,,istoriuli
narkvevebi”, gamomcemloba ,,universali”,
Tbilisi.
51515151. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990: surgulaZe akaki, surgulaZe paata, ,,saqarTvelos
istoria”, Tbilisi.
52525252.... uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005: uruSaZe oTar, ,,Cemi Taobis revolucia” gaz.
145
,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8 marti, #54, Tbilisi.
53535353. . . . qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990: qinqlaZe oTar, ,,mwuxrisa da gankiTxvis Jami”,
gamomcemloba saqarTvelos kp ck-i, Tbilisi.
54545454. . . . qiria 2003:qiria 2003:qiria 2003:qiria 2003: qiria Salva, ,,9 martis sisxliani kvira” gaz. ,,rezonansi”,
10 marti, #065, Tbilisi.
55555555. . . . yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001: yoranaSvili guram, ,,9 aprili miTi da sinamdvile”,
gamomcemloba ,,axali saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.
56565656. . . . Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002: Samugia medea, ,,masalebi XX saukunis oTxmociani wlebis
saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis istoriis
SeswavlisaTvis (1988 weli)”, kavkasiologiis
saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi
institutis Jurnali ,,amirani”, VI, Tbilisi.
57575757.... SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006: SevardnaZe eduard, ,,fiqri warsulsa da momavalze”,
gamomcemloba ,,palitra L”, Tbilisi.
58585858.... SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006: SukakiZe maka, ,,TviTmfrinavi, romelic caSi darCa”, gaz.
,,axali versia”, 9-15 ianvari, #2, Tbilisi.
59595959. . . . comaia 2003:comaia 2003:comaia 2003:comaia 2003: comaia aleqsandre, ,,saqarTvelo 1956 wlis marti”, gaz.
,,axali 7 dRe”, 10-16 oqtomberi, Tbilisi.
60606060. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007: ZabiraZe vaxtang, ,,erovnuli moZraobis Suq-Crdilebi”,
gamomcemloba Sps ,,Tbiliselebi~, Tbilisi.
61616161. . . . Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990: Wanturia giorgi, ,,erovnuli moZraobis koncepciis
sakiTxebi” gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”,12 aprili, #29,
Tbilisi.
62626262. . . . WanturiSviliWanturiSviliWanturiSviliWanturiSvili 1998:1998:1998:1998: WanturiSvili T., ,,ramdenime faqti erovnuli
moZraobidan” gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 24
marti, #71, Tbilisi.
63636363.... janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009: janeliZe oTar, ,,saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove
istoria~, gamomcemloba ,,universali~, Tbilisi.
64646464.... janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009: janeliZe Tamaz, ,,rac mogonebad aikinZa” gaz.
,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 7 marti, # 42, Tbilisi.
65656565. . . . jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007: jaxua givi, ,,mRelvare gulTa afeTqeba”, gaz.
,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8 marti, #44, Tbilisi.
66666666. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003: jojua dazmir, ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis
146
periodizaciis sakiTxisaTvis XX saukunis II
naxevarSi”, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis
saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis
organizaciis Jurnali ,,saistorio Ziebani”, #6,
Tbilisi.
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