2. dr grazia soc trang gbf presentation
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!"#$%&
The ICCA
Consortium
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based onTenure and use of natural resources based on
common propertycommon property regimes, regulated byregimes, regulated by
customary lawscustomary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based onTenure and use of natural resources based on
private and state propertyprivate and state property regimes, regulatedregimes, regulated
byby written lawwritten law
Focus on securing communityFocus on securing community livelihoodslivelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporateFocus on the generation of private, corporateor stateor state wealthwealth
AreAre subsistencesubsistence--orientedoriented IsIs marketmarket--orientedoriented
Based onBased on local knowledge and skillslocal knowledge and skills,,
local experimentation and adaptationlocal experimentation and adaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science and theand the
reduction of local decisions andreduction of local decisions anduncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim atAim at longlong--termterm sustainable livelihoods,sustainable livelihoods,
defined in a general sensedefined in a general sense
Aims at relativelyAims at relatively shortshort--termterm, precisely, precisely
measurable productionmeasurable production resultsresults
ImportantImportant religious and symbolic valuereligious and symbolic valueattached to natureattached to nature
Nature isNature is mattermatter to be controlled andto be controlled anddominateddominated
IntegrationIntegration of conservation and use, focusof conservation and use, focus
onon sustainable usesustainable use
SeparationSeparation betweenbetween conservationconservation andand use,use,
focus onfocus on strict conservationstrict conservation andand maximummaximum
useuse
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of naturalTenure and use of natural
resources based onresources based on
common propertycommon propertyregimesregimes, regulated by, regulated by
customary lawscustomary laws
Tenure and use of naturalTenure and use of natural
resources based onresources based on privateprivate
and state propertyand state propertyregimesregimes, regulated by, regulated by
written lawwritten lawFocus on securing community livelihoodsFocus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
SubsistenceSubsistence--orientedoriented MarketMarket--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, the recognition ofBased on local knowledge and skills, the recognition of
indeterminacies, riskindeterminacies, risk--aversion behaviour and an emphasis onaversion behaviour and an emphasis on
experimentation and adaptationexperimentation and adaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science, aiming at the reduction of subjective,, aiming at the reduction of subjective,
local decisions and uncertaintieslocal decisions and uncertainties
Aim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationationand maximum useand maximum use
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyTenure and use of natural resources based on common property
regimes, regulated by customary lawsregimes, regulated by customary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state pTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyroperty
regimes, regulated by written lawregimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securingFocus on securing
communitycommunity
livelihoodslivelihoods
Focus on theFocus on the
generation ofgeneration of
private, corporate orprivate, corporate or
statestate wealthwealthSubsistenceSubsistence--orientedoriented MarketMarket--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation andBased on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and
adaptationadaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science and the reduction of local decisions andand the reduction of local decisions and
uncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationation
and maximum useand maximum use
-
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based onTenure and use of natural resources based on common propertycommon property
regimes, regulated byregimes, regulated by customary lawscustomary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based onTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyprivate and state property
regimes, regulated byregimes, regulated by written lawwritten law
Focus on securing communityFocus on securing community livelihoodslivelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or stateFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthwealth
AreAre subsistencesubsistence--
orientedoriented
IsIs marketmarket--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation andBased on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and
adaptationadaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science and the reduction of local decisions andand the reduction of local decisions and
uncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationationand maximum useand maximum use
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyTenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyregimes, regulated by customary lawsregimes, regulated by customary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state pTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyropertyregimes, regulated by written lawregimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securing community livelihoodsFocus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
SubsistenceSubsistence--orientedoriented MarketMarket--orientedoriented
Based onBased on locallocal
knowledge and skillsknowledge and skills,,
local experimentationlocal experimentationand adaptationand adaptation
Based onBased on objectiveobjective
sciencescience and theand the
reduction of localreduction of localdecisions anddecisions and
uncertaintiesuncertaintiesAim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationation
and maximum useand maximum use
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyTenure and use of natural resources based on common property
regimes, regulated by customary lawsregimes, regulated by customary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state pTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyroperty
regimes, regulated by written lawregimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securing community livelihoodsFocus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
Are subsistenceAre subsistence--orientedoriented Is marketIs market--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation andBased on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and
adaptationadaptationBased onBased on objective scienceobjective science and the reduction of local decisions andand the reduction of local decisions and
uncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim atAim at longlong--termterm
sustainablesustainablelivelihoods, defined inlivelihoods, defined in
a general sensea general sense
Aims at relativelyAims at relatively
shortshort--termterm, precisely, preciselymeasurable productionmeasurable production
resultsresultsImportant religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominatedIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationation
and maximum useand maximum use
-
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyTenure and use of natural resources based on common property
regimes, regulated by customary lawsregimes, regulated by customary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state pTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyroperty
regimes, regulated by written lawregimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securing community livelihoodsFocus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
Are subsistenceAre subsistence--orientedoriented Is marketIs market--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation andBased on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and
adaptationadaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science and the reduction of local decisions andand the reduction of local decisions and
uncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
ImportantImportant religiousreligiousand symbolic valueand symbolic value
attached to natureattached to nature
Nature isNature is mattermatterto be controlled andto be controlled and
dominateddominatedIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable useIntegration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservSeparation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservationationand maximum useand maximum use
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Traditional NRM systemsTraditional NRM systems AgroAgro--industrialindustrial--market systemmarket system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common propertyTenure and use of natural resources based on common property
regimes, regulated by customary lawsregimes, regulated by customary laws
Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state pTenure and use of natural resources based on private and state propertyroperty
regimes, regulated by written lawregimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securing community livelihoodsFocus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealthFocus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
Are subsistenceAre subsistence--orientedoriented Is marketIs market--orientedoriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation andBased on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and
adaptationadaptation
Based onBased on objective scienceobjective science and the reduction of local decisions andand the reduction of local decisions and
uncertaintiesuncertainties
Aim at longAim at long--term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general senseterm sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively shortAims at relatively short--term, precisely measurable production resultsterm, precisely measurable production results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to natureImportant religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominatedNature is matter to be controlled and dominated
IntegrationIntegration ofof
conservation and use,conservation and use,
focus onfocus on sustainablesustainable
useuse
SeparationSeparation betweenbetween
conservationconservation andand use,use,
focus onfocus on strictstrict
conservationconservation andand
maximum usemaximum use
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8(,) 9 8(,) 9
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8(,)98(,)9 48(,):548(,):5
VIVI ManagedManaged
ResourceResource
VV ProtectedProtected
Landscape/Landscape/
SeascapeSeascape
IVIV
Habitat/Habitat/
SpeciesSpecies
ManagementManagement
IIIIII NaturalNatural
MonumentMonument
IIII NationalNational
Park (ecosystemPark (ecosystemprotection;protection;
protection ofprotection of
cultural values)cultural values)
II -- Strict NatureStrict Nature
Reserve/Reserve/
Wilderness AreaWilderness Area
CommunityCommunity
Conserved AreasConserved Areas
-- declared anddeclared and
run byrun by
traditionaltraditionalpeoples and localpeoples and local
communitiescommunities
Indigenous bioIndigenous bio--
cultural areas &cultural areas &
TerritoriesTerritories--
declared and run bydeclared and run by
Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples
by forby for
profitprofit
organisatorganisat
ions (e.g.ions (e.g.
corporatcorporate lande land--
owners )owners )
byby
nonnon--
profitprofit
organisatorganisat
ions (e.g.ions (e.g.NGOsNGOs,,
univuniv..
etc.)etc.)
DeclaredDeclared
and runand run
byby
individuindividu
al landal land--ownerowner
JointJoint
managementmanagement
(pluralist(pluralist
managementmanagement
board)board)
CollaborativCollaborativ
ee
managemenmanagemen
t (varioust (various
forms offorms ofpluralistpluralist
influence)influence)
TransTrans--
boundarboundar
yy
managemanage
mentment
GovernGovern
mentment--
delegatedelegate
dd
managemanagementment
(e.g. to(e.g. to
an NGO)an NGO)
Local/Local/
municipmunicip
alal
ministryministry
ororagencyagency
inin
changechange
FederaFedera
l orl or
nationnation
alal
ministrministry ory or
agencyagency
D. Indigenous Peoples &D. Indigenous Peoples &
Community GovernanceCommunity Governance
C. PrivateC. Private
GovernanceGovernance
B. Shared GovernanceB. Shared GovernanceA. Governance byA. Governance by
GovernmentGovernment
GovernanceGovernance
typetype
CategoryCategory
((managmanag..
objective)objective)
8(,) 9 8(,) 9
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8(,)98(,)9 48(,):548(,):5
VIVI ManagedManaged
ResourceResource
VV ProtectedProtected
Landscape/Landscape/
SeascapeSeascape
IVIV
Habitat/Habitat/
SpeciesSpecies
ManagementManagement
IIIIII NaturalNatural
MonumentMonument
IIII NationalNational
Park (ecosystemPark (ecosystemprotection;protection;
protection ofprotection of
cultural values)cultural values)
II -- Strict NatureStrict Nature
Reserve/Reserve/
Wilderness AreaWilderness Area
CommunityCommunity
Conserved AreasConserved Areas
-- declared anddeclared and
run byrun by
traditionaltraditionalpeoples and localpeoples and local
communitiescommunities
Indigenous bioIndigenous bio--
cultural areas &cultural areas &
TerritoriesTerritories--
declared and run bydeclared and run by
Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples
by forby for
profitprofit
organisatorganisat
ions (e.g.ions (e.g.
corporatcorporat
e lande land--
owners )owners )
byby
nonnon--
profitprofit
organisatorganisat
ions (e.g.ions (e.g.
NGOsNGOs,,
univuniv..
etc.)etc.)
DeclaredDeclared
and runand run
byby
individuindividu
al landal land
--
ownerowner
JointJoint
managementmanagement
(pluralist(pluralist
managementmanagement
board)board)
CollaborativCollaborativ
ee
managemenmanagemen
t (varioust (various
forms offorms of
pluralistpluralist
influence)influence)
TransTrans--
boundarboundar
yy
managemanage
mentment
GovernGovern
mentment--
delegatedelegate
dd
managemanage
mentment
(e.g. to(e.g. to
an NGO)an NGO)
Local/Local/
municipmunicip
alal
ministryministry
oror
agencyagency
inin
changechange
FederaFedera
l orl or
nationnation
alal
ministrministr
y ory or
agencyagency
D. Indigenous Peoples &D. Indigenous Peoples &
Community GovernanceCommunity Governance
C. PrivateC. Private
GovernanceGovernance
B. Shared GovernanceB. Shared GovernanceA. Governance byA. Governance by
GovernmentGovernment
GovernanceGovernance
typetype
CategoryCategory
((managmanag..
objective)objective)
shared go ernanceshared governance
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shared governanceshared governance(co(co--management)management)
;;;; ;;;; 00
1 9 1 9
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1919
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how are power, authority
and responsibility actuallyshared?
#4
5 ;
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45
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00
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Sharing power in decision-making about natural
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Sharing power in decision making about naturalresources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)
Full control byFull control by
local actorslocal actors
Type C & DType C & D
Shared control byShared control by
agency in chargeagency in charge
and local actorsand local actorsType BType B
Full control byFull control by
governmentalgovernmental
agencyagencyType AType A
recognising/recognising/
transferringtransferringauthority andauthority and
responsibilityresponsibility
sharing authoritysharing authority
& responsibility& responsibilityin a formal wayin a formal way
(e.g., via seats in(e.g., via seats in
aa governancegovernance
body)body)
negotiatingnegotiating
specificspecificagreementsagreements
consulting &consulting &
seeking consensusseeking consensus(at times via(at times via
benefit sharing)benefit sharing)
enforcingenforcing
rules &rules &repressingrepressing
violationsviolations
from the point of view of a governmental agency
Sharing power in decision-making about natural
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Full control byFull control by
local actorslocal actors
Type C & DType C & D
Shared control byShared control by
agency in chargeagency in charge
and local actorsand local actors
Type BType B
Full control byFull control by
governmentalgovernmental
agencyagency
Type AType A
Conserving ortaking on full
managementauthority &
responsibilityand remaining
staunchly
independent
Asking for thesupport of some
partners(e.g., technical
or financialsupport) but
controlling all its
conditions
Negotiating agreementsand contracts to share
formally or informally themanagement authority
and responsibility
Lettingthe
governmenttake mostdecisions
Losing allcontrol on
land andresources
from the point of view of local actors(e.g., a local community)
g p gresources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)
Sharing power in decision-making about natural
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Full control byFull control by
local actorslocal actors
Type C & DType C & D
Shared control byShared control by
agency in chargeagency in charge
and local actorsand local actorsType BType B
Full control byFull control by
governmentalgovernmental
agencyagencyType AType A
from the point of view of a supporting NGO
Letting the
local actors
deal with thatalone!
Proposing various
forms of support
but letting thelocal actors chosewhat they need
Facilitating the
negotiation of
specificmanagement
agreements amonggov. agencies and
local actors
Supporting the
government to
communicatewith localactors andachieve theirsupport
Letting the
government
deal withthat alone!
g p gresources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)
I it h dI it h d
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!!
Is it sharedIs it shared
governance/ cogovernance/ co--management?management?
Phases of a co-management process
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Phases of a co management process
I. Preparing
II. Negotiating
the management agreement
and governance bodies
III. Implementing
and revising the agreement
(learning-by-doing)
Start-up Team
Social communicationOrganising of IPs andcommunitiesAgreeing on negotiationprocedures
Situation analysisPatrimonial visionStrategyFacilitation, conflictmanagementtowards AGREEMENT (e.g.
management plan + sharingfunctions, rights andresponsibilities +complementary accords +resources)Setting up the
GOVERNANCE BODIES
Implement, enforce, clarifyAction researchMonitoring and evaluationImproving as learningproceeds
"" coco--managementmanagement
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pluralistpluralist
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governance bodiesgovernance bodies
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