agujeros negros de masa intermedia: efectos sobre su...

Di r ecci n:Di r ecci n: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Intendente Giraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293

Co nta cto :Co nta cto : [email protected]

Tesis Doctoral

Agujeros negros de masa intermedia:Agujeros negros de masa intermedia:efectos sobre su entorno yefectos sobre su entorno y

detectabilidaddetectabilidad

Pepe, Carolina

2013

Este documento forma parte de la coleccin de tesis doctorales y de maestra de la BibliotecaCentral Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilizacin debe seracompaada por la cita bibliogrfica con reconocimiento de la fuente.

This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis FedericoLeloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the correspondingcitation acknowledging the source.

Cita tipo APA:

Pepe, Carolina. (2013). Agujeros negros de masa intermedia: efectos sobre su entorno ydetectabilidad. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Cita tipo Chicago:

Pepe, Carolina. "Agujeros negros de masa intermedia: efectos sobre su entorno ydetectabilidad". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2013.
http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.arhttp://digital.bl.fcen.uba.armailto:[email protected]

UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Departamento de Fsica

Agujeros negros de masa intermedia: efectossobre su entorno y detectabilidad

Tesis presentada para optar al ttulo deDoctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el area Ciencias

Fsicas

Carolina Pepe

Director de Tesis: Dr. Leonardo J. Pellizza

Consejero de estudios: Dra. Cristina Caputo

Lugar de Trabajo: Instituto de Astronoma y Fsica del Espacio(CONICET-UBA)

Buenos Aires, 2013

M 102104 M

102104 M

W0 8

m(r)/r

E(B V )5000 K

MBH = 1000 M

MBH = 3981 M

E(B V )9976 K

E(B V )12559 K

(P /P )

(P /P )int

2511M

3981M

100 M 1000 M

M

M

105 109 M

102 105 M

103 104M

M 10910 M

105 M

jets

scattering

B ! 1013 scattering

B 1012

L > 1040 erg s1

103

105 106 M

M 104M /t

M t

30

M ! 100 M

102 103 M

M ! 250 M

[1,3 2,3] 104 M

1000 M

5 104 M

4,7 104 M500M

4 104 M

4,7 104 M

1,7 104 M104 M

[1,5 3,9] 103 M

3 103 M 2 103 M

2 103 M 8 103 M 6 103 M 800 M

140 M

2104 M

F5 = 10

(

L

3 1031 1)0,6(

M

100 M

)0,76 (d

10

)2

.

L M

d

L M

cm3

M

LX = Mc2

M

M M

M

M M

M

LX

LX

M

M

105 106 M

100108

1010

f($r,$v) d3$r d3$v d3$r

$r d3$v $v

2 = 4G

fd3$v,

1

r

d

dr

(

r2d

dr

)

= 4G

fd3$v,

r

f exp(E/2)E

0

+ 0 E + 0 = 1

2v2,

v = |$v| E

0 f > 0 > 0 f = 0 $ 0

fK() =

1(22)

3

2 (e/2 1) > 0

0 < 0.

1

r0

92

4G0,

0

> 0

k() =4

(22)3

2

2

0

[

exp

(

12v2

2

)

1]

v2dv

= 1

[

e/2

erf

(

)

4

2

(

1 +2

32

)

]

,

erf(x)

1

r

d

dr

(

r2d

dr

)

= 4G1r2[

e/2

erf

(

)

4

2

(

1 +2

32

)

]

.

r = 0 (d/dr) = 0

r = 0 (0) > 0

(0)

(0) (d/dr) = 0

(d2/dr2) < 0 2

rt

rt M(rt) (rt)

(rt) = GM(rt)

rt.

(0) = (rt)(0)(0)

(0)

0 r0

r7/4

f (E)1/4

x r/r0 v/ W (x) (x)/2

E 2/2W (x) (x)/0M(x) M(x)/0r30

M/0r30

r0 0

f(E) =

c(E)1/4 E < W(2)3/2(eE 1) W < E < 00 E 0

,

c (2)3/2(exp(W ) 1)W1/4

f W W (xt) = 0 xt

W W (x )

x

M(x ) = 0,1,

x GM/2r0M(x ) % 104

x

W ( )

d2W

dx2+

2

x

dW

dx= (4G0r22)(W ), x > 0;

W

(W ) = 4

2W

0

f(E)2d =

1, W W2, W > W

,

1 2 W

r0 =92

4G0.

d2W

dx2+

2

x

dW

dx= 9(W ), x > 0,

x0 > 0

dW

dx(x0) = W

0,

W (x0) = W0.

x0 = x

W W

d

dr(x ) =

GM

(xBHr0)2=

G

x20r0,

W x = 9

4x2.

(,W )

0,1 x

x M(x)

x

x = GM/32r0

M = 0, 100, 1000, 4000 M W0 8

r < r0

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

r/r0

0.0001

0.01

1

100

!/"

2

sin IMBH

M = 100 M#

M = 1000 M#

M = 4000 M#

W0 8

0,8M 0,2M 0,1M

1014 1011 1

103

10 100M

H2

M

0,1 M

0,1 M

102 105 M 5 104 M

9 104 M

M R

m

Eacc = GMm/R,

R 3 M MEacc 5 1020

Enuc = 0,007mc2,

c Enuc = 61018

g1

M /R

M /R

M

LEdd = 4GMmpc/T = 1,3 1038(M/M)erg s1.

T = (Lacc/4R2)1/4,

RSch = 2GM/c2 M

104 M

T =

(

LEdd16G2M2

)1/4

3,8 106K,

kT

3

$v

$v

T L $v T

t+ ($v) = 0

$v

t+ ($v )$v = P + $f

t(1

2v2 + ) + (1

2v2 + + P )$v = $f $v $Frad $q

P $f

$q $Frad

$v T

r

$v T

v#r = v

1

r2d

dr(r2v) = 0.

r2v (v)

M

4r2(v) = M.

$f

fr = GM/r2

vdv

dr+

1

dP

dr+

GM

r2= 0.

P = K,

K

= 5/3

dP

dr=

dP

d

d

dr= c2

d

dr,

cs

1

2

(

1 c2

v2

)

d

dr(v2) = GM

r2

[

1 2c2r

GM

]

.

[

1 2c2s rGM

]

c2s c2s (r )

ddr(v2)

r

v2 < c2

v2 > c2.

rs = GM/2c2s (rs)

v2 = c2s

ddr(v2) = 0

rs

v2(r)

v2(r ) = c2s (rs) v2 r

v2 < c2s r > rs v2 > c2s r < rs

v2(rs) = c2s (rs) v

2 r v2 > c2s r > rs v

2 < c2s r < rs

v2 < c2s rddr(v2) = 0 r = rs

v2 > c2s rddr(v2) = 0 r = rs

ddr(v2) = v2 = c2s (rs) r > rs

ddr(v2) = v2 = c2s (rs) r < rs

rs

r

r

r

v2

v > 0 v < 0

M

v2

2+

c2s 1

GM

r= .

c2s (r )/( 1)cs(r ) cs(rs)

c (r ) = c ()(

2

5 3

)1

2

M = 4r2(v) = 4r2(r )c (r )

c2s 1

(rs) = (r )[

cs(rs)

cs()

]2/(1)

.

M = G2M2(r )c2(r )

[

2

5 3

](53)/2(1)

.

= 1

1

[

253

](53)/2(1)

= 5/3 e3/2 = 1

p

rc

ds2 =

(

1 2Mr

)

dt2 (

1 2Mr

)1

dr2 r2(

d2 + sen2d2)

.

r, , M

ds

J; = 0,

T ; = 0,

T = (+ p) uu pg ,

p = p()

J = u

u

ur2 = C1

(

P +

)2(

1 2mr

+ u2)

= C2,

= +

d

du

u

[

2V 2 mr(

1 2mr+ u2

)

]

+dr

r

[

V 2 u2

1 2mr+ u2

]

= 0,

V 2 =dln(P + )

dln 1.

r u

u2 = M/2r

V 2 = u2/(1 3u2).

V 2 u2 > 1/3

r < 6M

uT; = u

, + (+ p)u; = 0.

ux2 exp

[

d

+ p()

]

= A,

u < 0

x = r/M

(+ p)

(

1 2x+ u2

)1/2

x2u = C1,

r = 2M

C1

(+ p)

(

1 2x+ u2

)1/2

exp

[

d

+ p()

]

= C2,

C2 = C1/A = + p()u = u(2M)

= (2M)

A

4

+ p( )

+ p()= A

2

16u2(2M)= exp

[

2

d

+ p()

]

.

+ p( )

+ p()

[

1 + 3c2( )]1/2

= exp

[

d

+ p()

]

.

r u

M = 4r2T r0

M = 4AM2 [ + p()] .

M

+p() < 0

M

ds2 = edt2 edr2 r2(d2 + sin2 d2),

r, , t

r

m(r)

r

m(r) = M

= = ln(1 2M/r)

p = p

T = (+ p)uu pg ,

g u = dx/ds

uu = 1

M = 4 lmr2M

r2T r0 ,

p

u = 0

(p+ )(

e + eu2)1/2

ur2e1

2(+3) = C1,

e

d

+p e1

2(+)ur2 = C2,

C1 C2

(p+ )e

d

p+(

1 + eu2)1/2

e/2 = + p.

+ p r

M = 4( + p)C2,

r 2M

+ = 0

C2

C2

[

(e + eu2)1eu u

]

du+[

1

2(e + eu2)1(e + ( )u2e)+

2+

3

2+

2

r (1 + )

(

2+

2+

2

r

)]

dr = 0,

1

2 (rc)(1 )

2

rc= 0,

u2c =

1 .

< 0

> 0

(r) =2m(r)

r [r 2m(r)] .

rc

m(rc)

rc=

2

1 + 3.

C2

M = (1 + )[

ec(1 +

1 )] 1

2

(

1

)1

2

m2(rc)

(

1 + 3

)2

e1

2c .

M m2(rc)

M2 (Mgc + M)2 Mgc

Mgc M

r0rt

cgcRgc

M 3000MRgc

DM 4,0 1021kg m3DE 7,7 1027kg m3

10 K

p = /3

r0 = 0,35 pc cgc = 1,8

M = 3000M

r 0 M/r r/r0 10

1

m(r)/r r r0

rc uc M

M2

= 7, 0425 1031 3

=

= 5 105,

crit

= 1,878 1029h3,

h = 0,75

H0 = 7,5 107 1 1

M = 1,7 1029 M yr1

M

M(r)/r 0 r 0

m(r

)/r

0

1e-09

2e-09

3e-09

4e-09

5e-09

6e-09

7e-09

8e-09

9e-09

1e-08

0

1e-09

2e-09

3e-09

4e-09

5e-09

6e-09

7e-09

8e-09

9e-09

1e-08

r /r0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

m(r)/r

2/(1 + 3)

700 1

p = 1

% 1,5109

% 5 1010

m(rc) M + Mgc

3109

rc

> t = 1,5 109

= DMc2 DM

rc 3 1010 rcr r

M(v) v

M0

M(v) = M0c3s

(v2 + c2s )3/2

,

c2s = c2

0

M(v) M0

v = 0, 100, 200

M

t 10Gyr % 109 Mm(rc) rc r0

M Mt ! 104 M

r/r 0

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

1e10 1e09 1e08 1e07

Solucin interna

Solucin externa

Tasa d

e a

cre

ci

n (

Msol/y

r)

1e12

1e10

1e08

1e06

0,0001

0,01

1

100

1e10 1e09 1e08

v = 0

v = 100 km/s

v = 200 km/s

v = 500 km/s

v

! 109

109

< 1/3

= 1

< 0

rc < 2M

M = 16(1 + )M2.

M < 1

DEc2

M = 9,5 1034 M yr1(1 + )(

M

M

)2

.

102 104 M

M = 6,9 0,9 M

M = 0,3 0,2 M

R = 3 R

U = 105 16, V = 98 16,W = 21 10 1

vBH 140km/s

10

Macre

tada

1e06

0,0001

0,01

1

100

1e12 1e10 1e08 1e06

velocidad nula

v = 145 km/s

Facto

r de c

orr

ecci

n

1e08

1e06

0,0001

0,01

1

1e12 1e10 1e08 1e06

4

103132 erg s1

1 arcsec

2 104 M

=

1014 1011 yr1

104 103

1

r2d

dr(r2u) = ,

r u

udu

dr= kBT

d

dr GM(r)

r2 u,

G kB

M(r)

r MBH

q =

q/ q = ur2

dq

dr= r2,

du

dr=

u

u2 c2s

(

2c2sr

GM(r)r2

(u2 + c2s )r

2

q

)

,

cs = kBT1

q =

r

0

r2dr + q0 =M(r)

4+ q0,

q0

= rr10 = u1 s = cs

1 = q(0r30)

1

() = M(r)(40r

30)

1BH = MBH(40r

30)

1() = () +

BH r0 0

2 = 4G0r20/9

= () + 0,

d

d=

2 2s

(

22s

dd

(2s + 2)

9()

2

)

.

st u = 0

(st) = 0,

st

st

st

s

f () = 22s

(

1

1

d

d

)

9()2

= 0.

0.1 1 10 100

r(r0)

-20

-10

0

10

20f s

T = 9976 KT = 12559 KT = 15811 K

T = 9976, 12559 15811 KM

f ()

M

T = 9976, 12559 15811 K

fs() = 0

du/dr = 0

st

st

T =3,99, 4,09 4,19

st

st

cGC

r0 r0 0

M(r)

M(r)

cs/ BH

r0 0 cGCkm s1 pc M pc

3

105105

103104

M/M L/L

5000 15000 K

102 104M

st

(st)

cs/ BH

M M = (st)0r30

cs/

rst r0cs/ 1

cs/ ! 1

rst % r0

cs/ < 1

rst r0

cs/

BH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

cs

2/!

2

0.1

1

10

100

r st

(r 0

)

M 15Liller 1 " CenM 28

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

cs

2 / !

2

0.1

1

10

100

"#(r

st)

M 15Liller 1$ CenM 28

BH

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

BH

1

10

100

r st(r

0)

M 15Liller 1" CenM 28

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

!BH

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

!"

(r s

t)

M 15Liller 1# CenM 28

c2s/2

1 3

100 1000 10000

MBH

1

10

100

1000

10000r s

t/r a

cc

M 15

Liller 1

! CenM 28

M

MM

racc = GMBH/c2s

M

rst/racc MBH

M M2BH

= 1011 yr1

M r0 0

MGC

M

MBH = 1000M

T = 5000, 10000, 12600 K

T = 5000K

MBH = 1000, 4000, 10000M

T cs/

M 0r30

M

rst MGC

MGC

M

MGC

0r30

10000

!(m/s)

1e-08

1e-07

1e-06

1e-05

Acc

reti

on r

ate

(MS

un y

r-1)

NG

C 6

388

M 1

5M 2

8

" C

en

Lil

ler

1

T = 5000 KT = 10000 KT = 12600 K

10000

! (m/s)

1e-08

1e-07

1e-06

1e-05

Acc

reti

on

rat

e (M

Sun y

r-1

)

NG

C 6

388

M 1

5"

Cen

Lil

ler

1

M 2

8

M = 1000 MSun

M = 4000 M Sun

M = 10000 MSun

M M MM

0 5e+05 1e+06 1.5e+06

MGC

(MSun

)

1e-08

1e-07

1e-06

1e-05

Acc

reti

on r

ate

(MS

unyr-

1)

NG

C 6

38

8

M 1

5

Lil

ler

1

M 2

8

T = 5000 KT = 10000T = 12300 K

! C

en

0 5e+05 1e+06 1.5e+06

MGC

(MSun

)

1e-08

1e-07

1e-06

1e-05

Acc

reti

on r

ate

(MS

un y

r-1)

NG

C 6

38

8

M 1

5

Lil

ler

1

M 2

8

M = 1000 MSun

M = 4000 MSun

M = 10000 MSun

! C

en

M MM

MGC

MGC

398 M 1000 M

3981 M

M

9976 K

rest

0.01 1 100

r (r0)

0.0001

0.01

1

100

10000

!

M = 0M = 398 M

Sol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

0 50 100

r (r0)

-5

0

u (!)

M = 0M = 398 M

Sol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

rest

rest

fs() = 0

rest

rt

Pt = (rt)c2s .

rest

R z

n (R, z) =

[

2,5 + 1,5 exp

( |z|70 pc

)]

(

2

1 + RR0

)

104m3,

R0 = 8 kpc

n

T = 100 K

P = nkT,

k

rest

rest

Pext

rest

rest Pt

Pmarea rest

Pt

rest M

T = 9976K

rest

1 10 100

rest

(r0)

1e-17

1e-16

1e-15

1e-14

1e-13

1e-12

Pm

are

a(P

a)

T = 5000 KT = 9976 KT = 15811 KP

ext

1 10 100

rest

(r0)

1e-17

1e-16

1e-15

1e-14

Pm

are

a(P

a)

M = 398 MSol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

Pext

M

M M M

u

T =

10000 K

MEdd = LEdd/c2 c

LEdd = 1,26 1038(MBH/M) erg s1

MBH = 4G2M2BHac

3s a

a = 0,2 cm3

0.01 1 100

r (r0)

0.0001

0.01

1

100

10000

1e+06

!

M = 398 MSol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

r (r0)

-0.5

0

0.5

u (

cs2

)

M = 398 MSol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

rest

a

1014 1011 yr1

M2BH

M

100 10000

Mbh

(MSun

)

1e-12

1e-08

0.0001

Acc

reti

on

rat

e (M

Sun y

r-1)

M 15Liller 1! CenM 28Eddington limit

Bondi-Hoyle

0.01 1 100

r(r0)

1e-10

1e-09

1e-08

1e-07

1e-06

1e-05

Tas

a de

acre

cion (

MS

ol y

r-1)

M = 398 MSol

M = 1000 MSol

M = 3981 MSol

M = 1011 yr1 M

M

= 1011 yr1

LX

= LX/Mc2

= 0,1 = 1011 yr1

1037 1041 erg s110321041 erg s1

103840 erg s1

LX, NGC6388 = 2,7 1033 erg s1LX, NGC6388 = 8,31032 erg s1

T MBH

M

T = 9976 K

= 1011yr1

LX, NGC6388

1011 1014 yr1LX % 10

31erg s1

= M/MEdd,

M < 0,1MEdd

= 0,1 = 0,001

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

rest

(r0)

1e+32

1e+34

1e+36

1e+38

1e+40

1e+42

LX

(erg

s-1

)

M = 100 MSol

M = 10000 MSol

= 0,001 = 0,1M M

= 1 1011yr1

udu

dr= dP

dr d

dt u,

d

dr=

d

dr

(

P

)

+P

d

dr,

c2s P = cp/cv cp

cv

u

(

1 +c2su2

)

du

dr= 1

(

dc2sdr

+c2sq

dq

dr 2c

2s

r

)

ddr

r2u

q.

h =u2

2+

1P

+ =

u2

2+

c2s 1 + ,

1

r2d

dr(qh) = (+ ),

h = +

q

r

r

r2dr.

rest q = 0

r > rst c2s

c2s

du

dr=

1

u(

1 c2su2

)

[

( 1) ddr

(h ) + 2c2s

r d

dr

r2u2

q

(

c2su2

+

)]

.

= () + 0,

d

d=

1

(

1 2s2

)

[

( 1) ddr

(had ad) + 22s

d

ad

d d/d

(

2s2

+

)]

.

ad = /2

had = h/2

T = 4000 K

R = 70 R M = 0,8 M ve 35km s1

=k T

m+ 0,5v2,

kb mH

Tef

=kbTefmH

.

15km s1Tef [10

4 105]K

Tef

q

d(qh)

dr= q

dh

dr= 0.

h = ht ht

(r) Mcum +MBH

= 0

c2s = dP/d T

100 KT 0

T

0 2 4 6 8 10

r(r0)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

f s

T = 100000 KT = 50811 K T = 10000 K T = 2000 K T = 1000 K

fs() 1 1032103 1104 5104 1105 K

M

1 103 2 103 1 1045 104 1 105 K M

fs = 0

r < rest

T % 2103 K

intson

rest

T ! 30000K

fs() = 0 < tidal

fs() = 0

h

0

fs() = dad

d+

(hadtidal ad)

,

c2s =

(hadt ad)/2 dad/dr =ad/r

hadt

= 0.

ht = 0 u

d/d = 0 > marea u = 0

m0

AV = V V0.

EBV = (B V ) (B V )0.

A = m

EBV = (B B0) (V V0) = AB AV .

A

R

R = A/E(B V ).

E(B V )

R

R

RV

RV 3,1

RV

RV

d

d

I Id

d

+ d ddl

I

Idds

dIds

= I + .

= 0

I,0

I(s) = I,0 exp

(

s

0

ds

)

,

s

T

= ne,

e n = polvo/mpolvo

103 gasgas

a q

e = qa2.

I = I,0 expe

s0

n(s)ds .

I m

m = 2,5 log I+cte

1 m

mm0 = X X0 = 2,5 log(

IX0 exp s0

X(s)(r)ds

IX0

)

= 2,5 log(expX s

0

(r)ds)

= 2,5 log(expe,X s

0

n(r)ds)

m0

A

A = 1,08e

s

0

n(r)ds.

AV

AAV

=e,

e,V.

EV = 1,08e,

s

0

n(s)ds 1,08e,V s

0

n(s)ds

= 1,08

s

0

n(s)ds(e, e,V )

= 1,08

s

0

n(s)ds e,V (e,

e,V 1)

= 1,08

s

0

n(s)ds e,V (AAV

1).

A/AV RV

|A/AV | = a(x) + b(x)/RV ,

x = 1 m1

a(x) b(x)

A/AV

E(B V )

0,1 r04 r0 4 r0

rp 1m mp 1014g q = 0,1

s

sen

p

p

Rt

z

T = 5000, 9976

12559 K

MBH = 0, 398, 1000 3981 M

E(BV )E(BV )T = 5000 K

T ! 10000K

Rt z

E(B V )5000 K

M = 398 1000 M

MBH = 1000 MMBH = 3981 M

E(B V )9976 K

M = 398 1000 3981 M

T = 5000 K

MBH = 1000 MMBH = 3981 M

102

MBH

103

max{E(B V })1,32 1061,13 1075,52 1051,38 107

E(B V )

1000 M

T = 9976 K NGC 6681

100 M

MBH !600 M

E(B V )12556 K

M = 398 1000 3981 M

T = 5000 K

MBH = 1000 MMBH = 3981 M

1017kg m3

p+ e n+ .

c = 3,2 1014kg m3

R 106 cm

> 1011 kg m3

P 1015s1P/P 107 yr

http : //www.naic.edu/pfreire/GCpsr.html

P < 0

r % 3 r0

P

Pint

al al

Pint

as

aG

rc RTa

al

ac

(P /P ) =a

c+

a

c+

a

c+ (P /P ) ,

P a

a

c=

2D

c,

D c

a

1(R, z) =G M1

{R2+[a1+(z2+b21)1/2]2}1/2

,

2(R, z) =G M2

{R2+[a2+(z2+b22)1/2]2}1/2

,

3(r) = G Mcrc[

12ln(

1 + r2

r2c

)

+ rrcarctan

(

rrc

)]

,

R r

as aG

(P /P )obs

(P /P ) al ac

(P /P ) = P/(2 ).

(P /P )

a(r)

al

al = a = ar ( (RT/r)),

RT

al(r)

M = 1000M

RT

r z

z

(P /P )int

(P /P ) = (P /P ) ac

(P /P ) = (P /P ) ac

,

0 20 40 60 80 100

r (r0)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

|an

orm

al |(!

2/r

0)

Rt = 0.94 r0

Rt = 0.27 r0

M

(P /P ) < (P /P ) < (P /P )

(P /P )

P /P int (s1)1,4 10181,43 10181,66 10181,47 10181,33 10181,41 10181,29 1018

P /P int

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Pulsar #

-6e-17

-4e-17

-2e-17

0

2e-17

4e-17

6e-17

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximo

47 Tuc

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Pulsar #

-6e-17

-4e-17

-2e-17

0

2e-17

4e-17

6e-17

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximo

47 Tuc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pulsar #

-5e-17

0

5e-17

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximo

NGC 6440

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pulsar #

-5e-17

0

5e-17

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximoNGC 6440

-1 0 1 2 3 4

Pulsar #

-1e-16

-5e-17

0

5e-17

1e-16

1.5e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)


-1 0 1 2 3 4

Pulsar #

-5e-17

0

5e-17

1e-16

1.5e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)


(P /P )int

P /P

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pulsar #

-2e-16

-1e-16

0

1e-16

2e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximoM 62

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pulsar #

-3e-16

-2e-16

-1e-16

0

1e-16

2e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximoM 62

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pulsar #

-3e-16

-2e-16

-1e-16

0

1e-16

2e-16

3e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximoM 15

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pulsar #

-5e-16

-4e-16

-3e-16

-2e-16

-1e-16

0

1e-16

2e-16

3e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)

MinimoMaximo

M 15

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Pulsar #

-1e-16

0

1e-16

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)


-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Pulsar #

-2e-15

-1e-15

0

1e-15

2e-15

Vari

acio

n i

ntr

inse

ca (

s-1)


(P /P )int

P /P(P /P )int < 0

DM

z

(r)

z

DMcum

DM

DM = DMcum +

z

z

ne(r(z))dz.

DMcum (P /P )int

2 =

NP

1

(DM DM)2DM2

,

(P /P )int

P DMobs

DM

2

RT

z

z

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

Rt (arcmin)

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

Rt (arcmin)

220

221

222

223

224

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

100 M

Rt z

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Rt (arcmin)

24.32

24.34

24.36

24.38

24.4

24.42

24.44

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

100 1000 M

MBH % 100 M

M 6000 M

3981 6309

10000 M

[1014 8 1012]yr1

1000 M

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Rt (arcmin)

113

113.5

114

114.5

115

115.5

116D

M (

pc

cm-3

)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

2511 M

Rt z

0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Rt (arcmin)

67.1

67.15

67.2

67.25

67.3

67.35

67.4

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Rt (arcmin)

67.1

67.15

67.2

67.25

67.3

67.35

67.4

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Rt (arcmin)

67.1

67.15

67.2

67.25

67.3

67.35

67.4

DM

(pc

cm-3

)

T = 6294 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

3981 M6309 M 10000 M

M ! 6000 M

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Rt (arcmin)

33.24

33.26

33.28

33.3

33.32

33.34

33.36

DM

(p

c cm

-3)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Rt (arcmin)

33.2

33.25

33.3

33.35

DM

(p

c cm

-3)

T = 5000 K T = 9976 K T = 12559 K

100 M1000 M

MBH % 100 M

rest % r0

E(BV )

PortadaResumenAbstractndice generalndice de figurasAgradecimientos1. Introduccin2. Consideraciones generales3. Acrecin global de materia no barinica4. Acrecin global de materia barinica5. Efectos del IMBH sobre el medio intracmulo...6. ConclusionesBibliografa

agujeros negros de masa intermedia: efectos sobre su...

Documents