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1/17

Water, Water Everywhere but NOT Where NASAThinks!

Recent NASA "leaks" (how can it be a "leak" if it comes from inside NASA?) regarding

the astonishing amounts of Martian water that have been detected underground in the

form of wide-spread reservoirs of ice, have ignited interest in the Red Planet not seen

since the days of the unmanned Viking missions. The latest discovery, made by Dr.

William Boynton, Principle Investigator of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS)

instrument aboard NASAs2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, is of copious amounts of

hydrogen on Mars (map, above) -- in all likelihood present in the form of frozen water.

This has prompted more speculation regarding Mars within the mainstream press than

we have seen in years. So much, in fact, that according to NASA "insiders," this "wild

press speculation" was the central reasoning behind the abrupt cancellation of the

previously planned May 30th formal NASA briefing on the new Odyssey discoveries.

One veteran space journalist even termed this "uncontrolled expression" of renewedinterest in the Red Planet "the darkest day hed ever seen in journalism ."

Regardless of that reporters curious personal opinion, the discovery of a Mars "literally

awash" in frozen oceans (if they all re-melted) has raised the stakes for ALL concerns re

Mars from the ever-present question, "Is there, or was there ever, life on Mars

including actual intelligence!?", to the more pragmatic: "When will we send men and

woman in a human expedition to the planet Mars?" Even "Pravda-On-Line"

electronic heir to the well-known newspaper of the old Soviet era, whose very title

ironically means "Truth" could not help gently chiding NASA on its startling leaks

regarding its discovery of water if not how it was coyly playing it in the press.

This is particularly intriguing, considering that the Russians are major members of
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/index.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/index.htmlhttp://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/05/27/29346.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/index.htmlhttp://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/05/27/29346.html


2/17

Boyntons Team -- having constructed the companion high energy neutron detector(HEND) on the GRS.

Said Pravda:

"The giant ice cluster is another confirmation of hypothesis that Earth-like life existed (or even exists now) on the planet. This information

caused an increase in the talk [this week] about the possibility of sending

manned exploration expeditions to Mars in the future. Some specialists

suppose that NASA plans to perform an expedition of this kind within

the nearest 20 years. In fact, regarding todays level of modern

technology, the operation could be performed even sooner. Director

General of Russias Aerospace Agency Yury Koptev says that it is

possible to organize a mission to Mars within the next two or three years[emphasis added]."

Hows THAT for "boldly going where someone has gone before ?"

Even though NASA's aborted May 30thpress conference has managed to throw a little

cold water on the increasingly hot topic of Martian ice deposits, nothing can truly stop

the inexorable curve we now find ourselves on. As militant factions of the space

agency, led by notables such as Gil Levin of Spherix Corp. (a frequent critic of NASA's

political suppression of the Labeled Release Experiment, which found highly

controversial evidence --since substantiated -- ofcurrentmicrobial life during the 1976Viking missions) have now begun to chip away at the brittle casing stones of NASA's

monolithic view of the planet's past and present, so too has this new data dealt a near

death blow to the notion of a cold, long-dead Mars. When we combine all of the

observations and data over the years -- from Viking, Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor

and now Mars Odyssey -- a newly emergent model of a living, breathing (if perhaps

lightly slumbering) Mars has taken hold, and it is unlikely that all the Kings Men can

ever put this particular genie back in the freezer.

But if, as our critics always say, NASA is truly an "open and honest civilian science

agency," why would they not want to take advantage of the biggest sea-state change in

the world's view of not only our solar system but our ownplace in it as well? Why

would they seek to downplay the biggest cash-cow news story the Agency has had sinceJohn F. Kennedy called upon them to beat the Russians to the Moon?! Why would they

seek to suppress that which they claim to have been looking for all throughout this

recent surge of unmanned Mars exploration? Whatever happened to their "follow the

water" mantra? Are they only willing to follow it if it fits with their pre-conceived

(and obviously now erroneous) notions of what Mars is and was?

Or, is it that they have now foundprecisely what they were looking for all along -- and

need to make sure the rest of us don't catch on too soon to the realgame being played?
http://www.biospherics.com/marshttp://www.biospherics.com/marshttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie2/spie98.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/marshttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie2/spie98.htm


3/17

Clearly, flatly, NASAs duck and cover behavior on May 30th makes no sense at all

except in apoliticalcontext. Just as we have argued that the Cydonia debate has

long since passed the Rubicon of a scientific question into the realm of blatant politics,

so too does this notion of water in abundance on Mars with NASA running from even

formally addressing its amazing implications -- now has fallen into that same category.

The striking evidence of water in great quantities on Mars, not just at the poles but alsodistributed in the equatorial regions -- just as we predicted in ourMars Tidal Model

almost a year ago -- not only now answers many long fought debates about the planet, it

also raises many more uncomfortable questions NASA obviously wishes to noteven

address, let alone answer, at this moment .

Serious anomalists should certainly be asking: why!?

We, of course, we were not surprised by these developments -- either by the latest

NASA Odyssey discoveries, nor by their treatment in the international media. We notonly specifically predicted Odyssey would find such significant amounts of "fossil

water", we also predicted that the mainstream press (prompted by the "roosters") would

use this as its next carefully timed "cue" to publicly ramp up serious discussion of a

manned Mars Mission. We even went as far as to specifically predict last yearwhereOdyssey would find important concentrations of this water in addition to the polar

regions, in two equatoriallocations, spaced 180 degrees around the planet which Dr.

Boynton and his GRS team have now so graciouslyconfirmed (see map).

There is only one small problem with this elegant depiction -- NASAs official

description of its own Mars data (below).

"Observations by NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft show a global

view of Mars in intermediate-energy, or epithermal, neutrons. Soil

enriched by hydrogen is indicated by the deep blue colors on the map,

which show a low intensity of epithermal neutrons. Progressively smaller

amounts of hydrogen are shown in the colors light blue, green, yellow

and red. The deep blue areas in the polar regions are believed to contain

up to 50 percent water ice in the upper one meter (three feet) of the soil.

Hydrogen in the far north is hidden at this time beneath a layer of carbon

dioxide frost (dry ice). Light blue regions near the equator contain

slightly enhanced near-surface hydrogen, which is most likelychemically or physically bound because water ice is not stable near the

equator ..."

Some background:

It is critical to be clear on what NASAs actually found: Odyssey has not directly

detected any Martian water. What NASA has detected is hydrogen on Mars LOTS ofit (through neutron absorption) which is assumed(for good scientific reasons -- see

below) to then be bound in the familiar water molecule.

The existence of afrozen planetary ocean on Mars, at this point, is therefore only alogical deductionby Boynton and his Team; the deep blue (again, see map) --
http://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/expect.htmhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020528a.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020528a.htmlhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA03800http://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/expect.htmhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020528a.htmlhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA03800


4/17

corresponding to the lowest number of "epithermal neutrons," and thus the highest

concentration of Mars hydrogen -- is the directmeasurement. The "leap" to water (ice)

is based on simple chemistry and the projected "universal abundances" of elements

in the primordial solar system. Mars, in this extended logic chain, is presumed to have

formed (like the other planets) from the water-rich materials of this primordial solar

nebula. Thus, the massive amount of hydrogen now observed on Mars ispresumedtobe contained in some cosmically abundant compound, and in similar amounts, to that

observed in the current Sun and in recovered meteorites water. Hydrogen alonewould have long escaped from Mars, and there just isnt any other abundant hydrogen

compound which would be found on Mars under past or present temperature conditions

and certainly not in these observed amounts. So it is this step-by-step process of

cosmic elimination of all other possibilities that forms the basis of the staggering new

NASA claim that the "degree of blue" on Boyntons map represents a concentration of

vast fields ofwater ice beneath the Martian soil -- and not something slightly more

exotic like Champaign!

However, since Odysseys GRS cannot detect neutrons coming up from Mars muchbelow three feet (graphic, below), the presumed concentration of ice currently reported

in the soil near the poles (50% to 60% by volume), is only a lowerlimit to such ice. If

the Martian "permafrost" extends significantly deeper (some investigators have

speculated it may go down well over a mile ), the amount of water still undetectedby

Odyssey could truly be enormous. Already, NASAs published estimates project that

the water Odyssey is currently inferring if completely melted and spread around the

planet would cover the surface of Mars to a depth of over 1500 feet!


5/17

But a curious thing happens in NASAs scenario, when they move from interpreting the

dark blue (high hydrogen/water concentrations) draped around both poles, to the areas

of lighter blue. As we said before, this hydrogen is suspiciously concentrated in two

regions along the Mars equator 180 degrees apart -- the Tharsis Bulge and Arabia

Terra.

Suspiciously consistent with ourMars Tidal Model.

In the simplest interpretation, this lighter blue obviously corresponds to less subsurface

hydrogen i.e. less water. The actual amount is color-coded from Boyntons

published calibration, so the amount of hydrogen (water) can be read pretty much

directly from the map: in these equatorial regions it is approximately halfthat proposed

around the poles.

Thats still a LOT of water about 15 to 20 % of the Martian surface soil -- and

remember, only measurable in about the top three feet .

At this point in the logic, theres a major NASA hiccup.

The Agency -- suddenly switching from its own interpretation -- insists in the officialcaption accompanying the map of water distribution (above), that the lighter blue areas
http://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htm


6/17

at the equator(remember strikingly confirmatory of our Tidal Model), unlike thedeeper blue around the poles, is NOT indicative ofwater but "free hydrogen," bound

somehow (they don't even attempt to speculate) to the surface soil itself. Quoting:

" Light blue regions near the equator contain slightly

enhanced [slightly?!] near-surface hydrogen, which ismost likely chemically or physically bound because water

ice is not stable near the equator[emphasis added]."

This is a crucial point easily the most important (if overlooked in the excitement) of

NASAs entire new "water Mars" extravaganza .. ..

For, it should be obvious from this official NASA statement -- the outright denial of

water right where weve specifically proposed it, at the equator, in two regions 180degrees apart-- that there is a severe contradiction between what NASA is now willingto admit about the history of Mars and "water" and what weve figured out.

So, how do we clear up these significant discrepancies? Does the new Odyssey data

truly validate our Tidal Model ... or does it support NASAs standard story after all?

To answer these important questions, it is obvious that we must unravel several hidden

assumptions built into NASAs latest water model.

First, the assumption that the current quantities of ice detected by

Mars Odyssey HAVE to be "primordial," i.e. present in their

current locations on Mars from literally billions of years ago --

the only time Mars (in NASAs scenario) had a far more

temperate environment.

Second, the assumption that this early Mars thenslowly froze --across up to half a billion years -- leaving the then icy planetary

ocean exposed to solar radiation to slowly evaporate over

millions of years, with any water originally located near the

equator migrating toward the poles to permanently refreeze.

It is this last assumption that is the major basis for NASAs official claim that the

hydrogen detected by Odyssey on the Martian equator cannotcurrently be ice or

liquid water. The reasoning is simple: if Mars truly "died" billions of years ago (asNASA publicly espouses), during its so-called "Naochian Period," any ice then on the

equator would have by now completely sublimated from the lower latitudes and moved

to the coldest places on the planet the poles. This, in NASAs interpretation, is why

we see the darkest blue (most ice) now only at the highest latitudes; in their model, this

simply represents the slow but inexorable migration of all the evaporated/refrozen water

to the coldest regions. Therefore, the hydrogen currently observed by Odyssey on the

equator -- in this official view -- has to be some kind of "chemical signature" offormerequatorial reservoirs of ancient water (perhaps some kind of hydroxyl radical -- like

HO, not H2O) but certainly not currentquantities of water (or even ice).

What is unexplained in this view is why these former ancient water reservoirs turnout to be located only in two locations -- counter intuitively coincident with the tops of


7/17

the major geological bulges on the planet (why would the ancient water lie on the topof such bulges, and not in the valleys in between?) and spaced 180 degrees apart --

Precisely as the Tidal Model mandates.

Also unexplained in NASAs current thinking is the nagging presence of thosemysterious, dark "stains" -- which we discovered "leaking" all across Mars in2000,

long before Odysseys latest revelations (below).

Following our lead, Palermo and England subsequently plotted the first comprehensive

global distribution of these tell-tale water features now termed "seeps" and

discovered that they are also centered on the equator-- and distributed in two,suspiciously 180-degree locations precisely coincident with the most massive Martian"rises" or "uplift bulges" on the planet (see below).
http://www.enterprisemission.com/press-water.htmlhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/press-water.htmlhttp://home.attbi.com/~palermo63/Mars_Anomalies/SeepsPaper.pdfhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/images/excuses3.gifhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/press-water.htmlhttp://home.attbi.com/~palermo63/Mars_Anomalies/SeepsPaper.pdf


8/17

These seep parameters have all the earmarks of a current liquid even now,upwelling from underneath the dusty Martian surface in regions of gravitationally

determined, formertidal forces. Similar to NASA, we therefore concluded that such a

leaking liquid could only be real water because of its universal abundance, andMars current temperature regime. But unlike NASA, we believed that this water was

liquid now and obviouslystillleaking out of the ground precisely where these twoformer tidal oceans once existed. In fact, time lapse Mars Global Surveyor photography

(below) easily demonstrated before and after images of such eruptions MOC

views showing seeps newly spreading from locations dry just months before .


9/17

How then to resolve this obvious, major contradiction with NASAs current views --

which have consistently dismissed these strange flow features as mere dust

avalanches. Just as they now dismiss Odysseys equatorial detection of hydrogen

precisely in thesesame seep regions -- as just chemistry For, when overlaid on thepreliminary GRS maps of Martian water distribution from NASAs March press

briefing (below), the correspondence of the seeps -- remember, evidence of current

liquidwater in our model -- and the Odyssey regions ofenhanced hydrogen on theequator -- is striking.

Whats going on?!

Its simple. The water Mars Odyssey has now detected on the Red Planet is NOT "old,"

as NASA continues to emphatically insist, but --

Young!


10/17

In the Tidal Model, the oceans of Mars were extant up until approximately 65 million

years before the present -- just yesterday in Martian history. Because this is when the

catastrophe occurred, this is when the oceans finally froze not 3.5 billion years ago.Thus, instead of 3.5 billion years of evaporation and refreezing at the Martian poles, the

waters from the two equatorial oceans only have had ~65 million years to sublimate

out of their equatorial sediments and soils This is why Odysseys mysterious

equatorial concentrations of hydrogen, and the locations of the seeps, so neatly

correspond because the frozen sediments beneath these regions from the two former

tidal oceans --

Are still melting!

As you can see from the overlaying of Palermo and England's seeps maps with the

Odyssey Epithermal Neutron distribution, the seeps correspond almost precisely with

the equatorial water hydrogen distribution now downplayed by NASA. The correlationis inescapable.

To pretend that a phenomenon that has all the characteristics of liquid water flows,

corresponding so exactly to areas which Odyssey has now confirmed contain vast

amounts of hydrogen, and to continue to insist they are notindications of existing

water/ice, but rather some sort of exotic [but unspecified] hydrogen bonding agent, is

an unnecessarily complex ad-hoc explanation obviously devised to avoid the obvious-- that the Tidal Model is correct! For our critics, who are constantly trying to cite the

notion of "Occam's Razor" in response to our data on Cydonia (fallaciously, since the

competing notions of artificiality vs. natural genesis are hardly equal -- in terms of

their inherent geometric complexity), we ask only that they now apply the same

Occams Razor here.
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/OCCAMRAZ.htmlhttp://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/OCCAMRAZ.html


11/17

Which model is more likely the correct one now -- the model which has no good

explanation for water ice in any major quantity, on a supposedly dead and desiccated

planet, or the one which specificallypredicts both the volume and location of thatwater and with exquisite precision?

Because these Odyssey results are so consistent with our Tidal Model, it is far simplerto now concede the obvious -- that Odyssey has found so much water, and in locations

positively prohibited by the competing model, that it is increasingly obvious that Mars

had to have had liquid water and its accompanying temperate climate much morerecently than the Naochian Epoch. Occam will not permit any other conclusion from thedata. In fact, Mars was almost certainly living and breathing as recently as 65 million

years ago -- when an unspeakable cataclysm abruptly caused tremendous disruption to

its ecosphere and, simultaneously, almost every other body in the solar system.

The reason this is now a highly likely scenario, is thatso much water still remains

(according to Odysseys observations) in the equatorial latitudes (concentrated in

Tharsis and Arabia). It simply has not yet had time (compared to the competing model)to significantly sublimate and migrate to the poles!

This model is even strongly supported by the Odyssey observations that the peaks of

Tharsis (over 16 miles up) are almost bereft of hydrogen (in the upper three feet,

anyway) -- yet still have great numbers of seeps showing in the MGS images taken of

the area. Obviously, the water sublimation process is going to be more far rapid and

dramatic at higher altitudes, where the atmospheric density is low and thus even modest

daytime temperatures can drive more water from the soils. Yet, even in this high

altitude region, there is apparently still enough water below the GRS detection limit to

account for continuing, abundant seepages in the MGS images that have been taken,

virtually guarantying that -- even at this amazing altitude -- our theorized former "tidal

Tharsis Ocean" is the ultimate source.

And there is more. When you consider this new Odyssey data for these two regions,

together with all the relevant supporting data from ourTidal Paper-- the seeps; visible

flow erosion signatures all across these regions, identified by MGS; other, massive

catastrophic flow channels identified by University of Arizona researchers on other

MGS photography; and the subsurface, literally buried massive outflow channels

discovered in the MOLA data -- it quickly becomes obvious that the newly discovered

hydrogen deposits in these same regions simply have to be the remnants of the two

former tidal oceans predicted by our Model.
http://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/tide.htm


12/17

Looking elsewhere on Mars, as you can see from the above animation the source of

most of the northern hemisphere NASA-acknowledged water (deep blue) is

unquestionably also our former, twin bi-modal tidal oceans. When the tidal lock with

Planet V was severed, the water took the path of least resistance and flowed out fromTharsis and Arabia, carving massive flow channels identified by MOLA (teal) and MGS

(white arrows). These raging outflows ran "downhill," down from Tharsis through the

ancient and pre-existing Valles Marineris, and off the Arabia rise through the Oxia and

Luna Pallus regions (causing massive, literally miles of vertical erosion in the process).

These incomparable streams eventually joined up right around Kasei Valles, and then

flowed together into the Arcadia region, where the densest concentration of northern

hemisphere near-surface hydrogen has now been mapped. Another massive flow

(50,000 times the flow rate of the Amazon river and 10 times the size of Kasei Valles)

ran northwest of Arsia Mons and around Olympus Mons, ending up in the same massive

northern reservoir of water -- all of these raging, rushing floods converging to form a

literal new northern Martian ocean.

The seeps overlaid on the above image confirm where the highest concentrations of

liquidwaterstill exist today -- in the equatorial (though high-altitude) beds of these two

former tidal oceans.

Remarkably, if somewhat belatedly, at the recent Spring 2002 Meeting of the American

Geophysical Union (AGU), three very mainstream planetary scientists -- O. Aharonson,

S. Khatiwala, and N. Schorghofer -- presented, from a completely independent analysis,

a similar possibility ofcurrentliquid water on the surface of the planet.

The Mars Orbiter Camera on the Mars Global Surveyor

spacecraft has returned images of numerous dark streaks
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001AGUFM.P22A0538H&db_key=AST&high=3cfc0885eb09011http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?2002AGUSM.P31A..11Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?2002AGUSM.P31A..11Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?2002AGUSM.P31A..11Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001AGUFM.P22A0538H&db_key=AST&high=3cfc0885eb09011http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?2002AGUSM.P31A..11A


13/17

that are the result of down-slope mass movement

occurring under present-day Martian climatic conditions.

We systematically analyzed over 23,000 high-resolution

images and demonstrate that in addition to forming

exclusively in regions of low thermal inertia and steep

slopes, streaks form only where daily peak surfacetemperatures derived from TES data exceed 275 K. The

northernmost streaks, which form in the coldest

environment, form preferentially on warmer south-facing

slopes. Repeat images of sites with slope streaks show

changes only if surface temperatures exceeded the melting

point of water during the time interval between the two

images. These correlations suggest the possibility that

small amounts of water are transient and undergo phase

transitions at times of high insolation, providing a trigger

for the formation of the features.

Gratifyingly, the authors even remembered England and Palermos global seepsdistribution paper, published last year, and included it as a reference in their 2002 AGU

presentation. Unfortunately, they apparently were unaware of our even earlier proposal

to Palermo and England, on March 11, 2001 that Palermo and England plot the

seasonal distribution of the seeps, with an eye toward flows appearing when theMartian ground temperatures were above the freezing point of water.

From Hoaglands e-mail exchange that week:

Efrain,

How are you

coming with

the Map, and

its derivative

-- the

SEASONAL

map? If

these

"present"

flows are on

MGS images

taken only

during theSummer,

then we've

REALLY

got

something.

Still working

on the bi-

polar

"longitude"

anomaly ....

Veryinteresting.


14/17

RCH

England subsequently attempted such a statistical analysis -- plotting seeps against the

Martian seasons. But, working part time, and only having the computer facilities to

analyze a couple hundred images -- as opposed to the literally thousands in the present

NASA-funded study -- her results were disappointingly inconclusive.

On March 18, 2001, however, England did discover a series of overlapping MOC

images of the same regions containing before and after evidence conclusively

proving that the seeps are a currently occurring Martian phenomenon. Seeps werent

just old, dark stains indicative of some kind of ancient water flow -- Mars was still

leaking!

All three of us are therefore very gratified that Aharonson, Khatiwala, and Schorghofer

finally found what we were searching for compelling statistical evidence supporting

the currentliquid water model. Their work, of course, also now strongly supports our

previous assertion: that the hydrogen Odysseys discovered at those two key equatorialpositions, is not some kind of funny chemistry but realground water.

Others, for different reasons, agree with these seminal conclusions. Dr. Gilbert Levin of

Spherix Corp., has staged a two decade long political battle with NASA regarding the

positive results of hisLabeled Release Experimenton the Viking Landers (See "Sir

Arthur Up's the Ante" - 2001). He hasrepeatedly argued that experimental results from

Viking, Pathfinder and now Odyssey support the conclusion that water can exist in a

liquid state not just in the ground beneath, but actually on the surface of the current

Mars. His calculations show that there is sufficient atmospheric pressure to provide for

water in this state, and he has argued that images from Viking appear to show simple

plant forms, like lichens -- growing and receding on rocks within view of the Lander

cameras -- with the Martian seasons.

The only chilling element in this equation -- up until now -- has been the NASA view

that Mars was simply too cold to support liquid water. The carefully crafted political

notion that Mars was a frozen, uninhabitable hell is called into serious question by

images such as those Levin has cited, and also other, orbital examples images that

show current water spouts on Mars. Add in the seeps evidence and Odysseys latest

results, and it is quiet clear that water is indeed present in some form everywhere on

Mars and certainly as a current liquidin the equatorial latitudes of the Red Planet.
http://www.biospherics.com/marshttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie2/spie98.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie2/spie98.htmhttp://www.lauralee.com/JPL.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/marshttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie/spiehtml.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.enterprisemission.com/sir.htmhttp://www.biospherics.com/mars/spie2/spie98.htmhttp://www.lauralee.com/JPL.htm


15/17

The final proof of this has come, ironically, not from Odyssey, but from the venerable

old Mars Global Surveyor. Surveyor has carried an instrument which up until now has

been pretty much an afterthought, called the Thermal Emission Spectrometer(TES).

One of the most stunning (and stunningly ignored) results from this instrument has

been its finding that during the summer on Mars (remember, Mars' year is about twice

that of Earth's), the regions of Mars even above 40 lat. warm to a ground temperature

of over 60 F! Obviously, this is well above the threshold at which water can exist in a

liquid state, and resoundingly destroys the last objection to the seeps as liquidwater.

So, what we have here is an increasingly open and shut case -- not just for the reality of

liquid water on the current Mars, and the suddenly, vastly increased probability ofsomeform of lifebecause of it ("Arthur's Bushes" anyone?)-- but for a dramatic rethinking

of Mars' entire past . a past that now has enough time and the resources to potentially

evolve indigenous intelligence--

Which has left us haunting clues to its existence the remnants of which we have been

pointing out for more than 20 years.

But Mars previous incarnation as a tidal satellite, of a now-destroyed, larger parent

world, has even far greater implications .

Whatever cataclysm nearly sterilized the Red Planet, also cleared the way acrossmillions of miles of space and several million years for the emergence of our own
http://emma.la.asu.edu/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_blotches_020130.htmlhttp://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_blotches_020130.htmlhttp://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/m07_m12/images/M08/M0804688.htmlhttp://emma.la.asu.edu/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_blotches_020130.htmlhttp://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_blotches_020130.htmlhttp://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/m07_m12/images/M08/M0804688.html


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species here. The cautionary tale is this: whatever overtook "Planet V" and blasted

Mars with such a scorching vengeance, could also happen here. Until we fully

understand what it was that caused the destruction of the Suns Fifth Planet, we cannot

rest foolishly believing that Earth is somehow immune. And the only way we will

ever know how great the danger is, is if we fully explore Mars with a truly open mind --

beholden not to our outdated preconceptions of Mars history, but rather to its owninevitable Truths and soon.

On this last point.

We have yet another coming opportunity to separate our own revolutionary Tidal Model

from the conventional (and now almost totally discredited) Mars history put forth by

NASA since the days of Mariner. If we are correct, there will be yet another tell-tale

sign of our ancient Martian oceans found by Odyssey in the near future. Just a few days

ago, the Mars Odyssey teamextended the boom that holds the spacecraft's Gamma Ray

Spectrometer. This will allow a much more accurate reading of the chemical

composition of the Martian surface, and should reveal at least one additional clue thatforever seals the Tidal Model as the only game in town.

Chlorine.

AsEnterprise principal investigator Richard C. Hoagland first pointed out in

Monuments, over 15 years ago (page 179)--

the surprising abundance of chlorine in the Chryse samples,

not explained by the Viking team, seems evidence to me that Viking

was sampling stuff which had formerly been on the bottom of a salty

(!) ocean. The presence of so-called duracrust around the spacecraft,

as a chemical cementing process from salts seeping upward from below,

is also consistent with this concept.

Shades of the immortal Edgar Rice Burroughs dead sea bottoms of Barsoom .

If Mars once had oceans, certainly for anything approaching half a billion years

those oceans hadto have left behind specific signatures of the chemistry of oceans .Former massive oceans ofsalt water, bi-modally locked on the Tharsis and Arabia

uplifts, will have left inevitable traces ofsodium chloride in the soil. Odysseys GRSwill certainly be able to verify the existence of these areas of dried up salt within the

next few months, and in the process determine the extent and location of these formerocean beds. Our prediction, based on the Tidal Model, is that major concentrations of

these ocean salts will be found on Tharsis and Arabia ... precisely where Odyssey has

found its excess equatorial hydrogen. Lesser amounts will be found in a trail of

channels leading down to the northern ocean, -- as the chlorine, sodium and other

dissolved compounds dried in place after the catastrophe, and the release of the two

former tidal seas.

Confirmation of this predicted ocean chemistry should finally, ultimately put to rest

all further questions regarding whether Odysseys equatorial hydrogen is actually

contained in water. At that point NASA will have an interesting problem: admit the

obvious that the Tidal Model is correct or continue to pretend that were allwet.
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020604a.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020604a.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20020604a.html


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Stay tuned .

Update: 6/19/02 - In this space.com article by staff writer"> Leonard David,Dr.

William Boynton, Principle Investigator of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS)

instrument has now admitted that low latitude (i.e. equatorial) water ice is "possible."This shift in opinion is an indication that NASA's stance on the hydrogen discovered on

the Tharsis and Arabia bulges may be softening. Now, if they'd just notice it is bi-

modally distributed ...
http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/mars_ice_tech_020619-1.htmlmailto:%3C?php%20echo%20encode_email(mailto:%3C?php%20echo%20encode_email(http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/mars_ice_tech_020619-1.htmlmailto:%3C?php%20echo%20encode_email(http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.htmlhttp://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/profileBoynton.html

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